中國軍隊智能戰爭典型作戰方式研究
現代英語：
Intelligent warfare is a new form of warfare that has gradually developed with the continuous advancement of science and technology. It widely uses intelligent technology to achieve all-round informatization, digitization and intelligence of war. The Russian-Ukrainian conflict can be seen as a microcosm of intelligent warfare, from which we can see the transformation and application of high-tech in actual warfare in the past decade, as well as the astonishing military effectiveness it has produced.
In recent years, major military countries around the world have listed artificial intelligence, big data and other emerging technologies as priority development, and analyzed their military applications and impact on modern warfare based on theoretical research, combat experiments and other methods. The Russian-Ukrainian conflict has become an important window and key testing ground for its perspective on actual combat effectiveness. After this actual combat test, countries around the world have been inspired to accelerate war preparations to cope with the upcoming era of comprehensive intelligent warfare. A new round of AI arms race has quietly begun!
✦✦
02
Characteristics of intelligent warfare
Different from traditional warfare forms, the characteristics of intelligent warfare are: with artificial intelligence and big data as the core, through advanced artificial intelligence algorithms and large-scale data sets, to achieve rapid information acquisition, processing and sharing, and provide more comprehensive and accurate information support. Based on network information, on a highly networked information warfare platform, comprehensive information control and efficient transmission are achieved, and each combat unit can share and coordinate actions in real time to improve command efficiency, combat coordination and flexibility. Command and control is the key, and through intelligent command and control systems, intelligent decision-making systems and autonomous combat systems, the combat situation is monitored throughout the process, and combat operations are efficiently coordinated and accurately controlled. High-quality talents are needed to support it, and talents with high-level intelligent technology can better use intelligent technology. Promote the transformation of combat styles. With the development of intelligent technology, combat styles are constantly innovating, and tactical response requirements are constantly changing. Networked combat, intelligent reconnaissance and strike, unmanned combat, cognitive domain combat, etc. are more typical combat styles in intelligent warfare.
✦✦
03
Essential characteristics, application scenarios and tactical response requirements of typical combat styles of intelligent warfare
(I) Networked combat
- Essential points
Networked combat is to build a networked combat platform through a series of information technology, communication technology, network technology and computer technology, interconnect various combat units, combat systems, etc., realize information acquisition, processing, sharing and coordinated actions, and achieve the purpose of comprehensive control of battlefield information, efficient decision-making and coordinated combat. Its essence emphasizes sharing and coordination.
- Application scenarios
Networked combat covers multiple application scenarios such as command and control, intelligence collection, combat coordination and logistics support: ① In terms of command and control, networking connects various command and control systems, sensors and weapons and equipment, so that commanders can grasp the battlefield situation in real time, improve decision-making ability and accuracy, and realize efficient command and control and coordinated processing. ② In terms of intelligence collection and analysis, networking realizes information sharing and collaborative analysis between various intelligence collection equipment, systems and personnel, enabling intelligence departments to obtain and analyze intelligence more comprehensively, accurately and timely, and provide more reliable data support for decision-making. ③ In terms of combat force coordination, networked connections enable information sharing and coordinated actions between various units, equipment and resources, and achieve more accurate combat operations. ④ In terms of logistics support, networking enables efficient logistics support through intelligent support systems, improves the efficiency and accuracy of logistics support, and achieves optimal allocation and efficient scheduling of logistics resources.
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of networked operations
- Tactical response requirements
Networked operations require tactical response: First, information reliability. In networked operations, information is an important factor in leading operations. All combat units and systems must fully understand the importance of accurate information and provide reliable data support for decision-making. Second, network globality. Networked operations are not just the behavior of individual combat units, but the global behavior of the entire combat system, which requires coordination and cooperation from the perspective of the entire combat system. Third, high coordination. All combat units and systems must have a high degree of coordination capabilities, be able to quickly respond to various combat tasks, and achieve accurate combat operations. Fourth, technological advancement. All combat units and systems must have advanced technical capabilities, be able to master and apply various information technologies and equipment proficiently, and ensure the smooth progress of networked operations. Fifth, security and stability. It is necessary to ensure information security and network system stability, take security measures and technical means to prevent network attacks and data leakage, establish a strong network security protection system, adopt encryption technology and protocols, implement data management and access control, regularly detect and repair security vulnerabilities, adopt backup and fault-tolerant mechanisms, and avoid equipment failure or network interruption affecting combat effectiveness.
(II) Intelligent reconnaissance and strike
- Essential points
Intelligent reconnaissance and strike is to achieve accurate reconnaissance and efficient strikes on enemy targets through intelligent technology, quickly and accurately discover combat targets, and reduce combat losses. Its essence emphasizes: high precision, using high-resolution sensors, high-precision positioning technology, image recognition technology, etc. to achieve high-precision reconnaissance and positioning of targets; high speed, using advanced missile technology, artillery technology and drone technology, etc. to achieve high-speed strikes and destruction of targets; intelligent decision-making, using artificial intelligence technology, big data technology and cloud computing technology, etc. to achieve automatic identification and decision-making of targets, and improve damage effectiveness and efficiency.
- Application scenarios
Intelligent reconnaissance and strike are widely used in various combat fields: ① In ground warfare, use intelligent equipment such as satellites, drones and ground robots for reconnaissance, obtain high-precision image data of enemy positions, analyze enemy force deployment, weapons and equipment, and action patterns; use intelligent shells to achieve comprehensive coverage and strikes on enemy areas by accurately calculating shooting elements. ② In naval warfare, use intelligent reconnaissance equipment to identify and track targets at sea, grasp the dynamics of enemy ships in real time, and provide accurate coordinate information for strikes; through real-time perception and tracking, guide intelligent missiles to achieve long-range precision strikes on mobile targets. ③ In special combat environments, such as urban street fighting, use intelligent reconnaissance equipment to conduct reconnaissance inside buildings, and achieve precision strikes inside buildings through high-precision sensors and strike algorithms; in mountain warfare, use intelligent reconnaissance equipment to conduct reconnaissance and analysis of mountain terrain to provide accurate terrain information support for troops’ marching and combat.
Figure 2 “Reconnaissance and Strike” Wheeled Reconnaissance Robot
- Tactical Response Requirements
Comprehensive, accurate and efficient intelligent support and guarantee services are the key to supporting the effectiveness of this combat style, mainly as follows: First, realize all-round highly intelligent intelligence collection and analysis. Use advanced intelligent equipment (such as satellites, drones, etc.) and technologies (such as machine learning, big data, cloud computing, etc.) to conduct highly automated reconnaissance and intelligence collection, and automatically analyze and process the massive heterogeneous data obtained, so as to achieve comprehensive perception, monitoring and deep mining of battlefield conditions, and provide comprehensive, accurate and fresh data guarantee services for target indication and strike. Second, intelligent command, control and strike. On the basis of intelligent, efficient and accurate collection, reconnaissance and analysis of battlefield data, it is also necessary to use artificial intelligence technology and automation systems to conduct highly automated command and control, identify and track enemy targets, make decisions quickly and guide weapon systems to carry out precise strikes. Third, formulate accurate emergency plans. The battlefield situation changes rapidly, and emergency response capabilities are crucial. Use intelligent technology to analyze battlefield situations in real time, predict possible emergencies or prejudge the actions of mobile targets, formulate emergency plans or strike ideas in advance, and ensure that rapid response and strike response can be made when emergencies occur.
(III) Unmanned combat
- Essential points
Unmanned combat is the use of unmanned technology to realize the combat use of unmanned equipment. Its advantage is to reduce casualties and perform combat tasks in some high-risk and complex environments. The key point is the development of unmanned equipment, such as drones, unmanned vehicles, and unmanned boats. These equipment can achieve high-precision and high-speed reconnaissance, strike and other combat operations in combat.
- Application scenarios
Unmanned combat has a variety of combat scenarios, including but not limited to: ① Drones can be used in ground warfare. Use drones to conduct high-altitude reconnaissance and surveillance outside the enemy’s air defense system to obtain high-definition image data; they can also be equipped with weapon systems to accurately strike and destroy enemy targets. ② Unmanned vehicles can be used in urban combat. Unmanned vehicles equipped with high-precision sensors and weapon systems can be used to replace human soldiers to perform reconnaissance, patrol, attack and defense tasks in urban streets to avoid casualties. ③ Unmanned boats can be used in maritime operations. Unmanned boats equipped with a variety of sensors and weapon systems can be used to perform maritime reconnaissance, patrol, anti-submarine warfare, attack and anti-piracy tasks.
Figure 3 UAVs equipped with ammunition on the Russian-Ukrainian battlefield
- Tactical response requirements
Unmanned combat requires the following tactical requirements: First, autonomy and intelligence are at the core. Unmanned combat systems need to have a certain level of autonomy and intelligence, and be able to complete combat tasks autonomously without human intervention. The system needs to have advanced autonomous action control technology, intelligent perception technology and decision-making planning capabilities. Second, target recognition and decision-making speed must be fast. The timeliness requirements for unmanned combat systems to quickly identify targets and make decisions require high-precision sensors and efficient image processing capabilities, as well as real-time data analysis capabilities and powerful decision-making algorithms. Third, information sharing and collaboration are very necessary. Unmanned combat systems need to share information and collaborate with other systems. The system needs to have efficient information transmission capabilities and powerful collaborative combat algorithms to achieve functions such as task allocation, action coordination and information sharing. Fourth, safety and stability are the bottom line. Unmanned combat systems need to be safe and stable and able to operate stably in complex battlefield environments. The system needs to have advanced security assurance technology and stability control capabilities to cope with various emergencies and dangerous situations.
The above requirements are the key to achieving efficient, accurate and reliable unmanned combat, and are also important considerations for the development and deployment of unmanned combat system equipment.
(IV) Cognitive domain combat
- Essential characteristics
Cognitive domain combat is the use of theories of relevant disciplines such as cognitive science, system science, communication, linguistics, social culture, and social behavior, with multiple information carriers such as text, pictures, sound, and video, and the comprehensive use of various combat methods and technical means to compete for the spirit, thought, thinking, and thinking of the target object, to achieve cognitive influence, cognitive shaping, cognitive control, and cognitive manipulation of the target object, and promote the formation of a cognitive situation that is beneficial to oneself.
- Application scenarios
Cognitive domain combat is not a unique combat style of intelligent warfare. Its ideas are reflected in military tactics and strategies in ancient and modern times, both at home and abroad. With the promotion and empowerment of artificial intelligence technology in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, social robots, deep fake videos, etc. are widely used in online media, influencing social public opinion, manipulating public cognition, and exerting power efficiently and accurately, making cognitive warfare a “brain battle” for global digital communication. Its application scenarios are: ① Military fraud. Through propaganda, psychological suggestion, induction and other deception and fraud methods, try to make the enemy misjudge the situation, affect their cognition, emotions and behavior, and thus disintegrate their morale and fighting will. For example, during World War II, the Soviet Union used large-scale propaganda activities to promote the strength of the Soviet Union and the defeat of Germany to German soldiers, thereby affecting the morale and fighting will of German soldiers. ② Media propaganda. Information dissemination through television, radio, the Internet, etc., affects the public’s views and attitudes on specific issues. For example, in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, Ukrainian politicians and ordinary people intensively spoke on social platforms such as Twitter, gaining widespread attention and sympathy from the international community, and creating a cognitive situation that is beneficial to Ukraine in the international public opinion field. ③ Long-term consciousness infiltration. Through the long-term cultivation of concepts, culture, religion, ideology, etc., people’s cognition and values are unconsciously influenced. This is a very covert and effective combat strategy.
Figure 4 Cognitive Domain Operations
- Tactical Response Requirements
Cognitive domain operations have the following tactical requirements: First, accurately locate the target object, formulate different strategies according to different target objects, understand their cognitive characteristics, needs, values, etc., and formulate more targeted strategies. Second, multi-dimensional information dissemination, and comprehensive use of multiple information carriers and dissemination channels for dissemination. Third, use psychological principles and master psychological knowledge and skills, such as suggestion, induction, group effect, etc., to better manipulate cognition. Fourth, flexibly respond to protective measures, and adjust strategies in time through information detection and counterattack, network tracking and attack, etc., to ensure its effectiveness and safety. Fifth, emphasize effect feedback evaluation in order to adjust strategies and means, and continuously optimize and improve tactics.
(V) Other combat styles
Some other new combat styles have also emerged in intelligent warfare. These combat styles have their own characteristics and advantages, and play an important role in improving combat effectiveness: Directed energy weapon combat is a combat method that uses high-energy beams to attack. This weapon can destroy enemy targets at a long distance, and has the characteristics of high precision, high speed and high destructive power. Directed energy weapons include laser weapons, particle beam weapons and microwave weapons, which can be used in various combat fields such as air, ground and sea. Cross-domain combat refers to leapfrogging attacks and defenses between different fields such as space, cyberspace and land, sea and air battlefields, using intelligent technology to achieve leapfrogging actions between different fields to achieve a surprising victory. For example, air power can be used to strike enemy ground targets, and ground power can be used to strike enemy sea targets. Stealth combat is to use various technologies and means to hide and disguise oneself on the battlefield, avoid enemy reconnaissance and attack, and improve one’s own survivability and attack effect. For example, in air and sea combat environments, stealth fighters and stealth submarines use their installed stealth materials and stealth technology to avoid enemy radar, infrared, sonar and other detection.
Figure 5 Directed energy weapons
Figure 6 Cross-domain combat
Figure 7 US “B-2 Spirit” stealth bomber
In short, there are many new combat styles in intelligent warfare, all of which are innovative to improve combat effectiveness. As technology continues to advance and develop, more new combat methods and innovative applications will emerge, providing more support and guarantees for winning intelligent wars.
✦✦
04
Comprehensive analysis of typical combat styles
Comprehensive analysis of typical combat styles shows that: (1) “Controlling energy with intelligence”, “Gathering energy over a wide area” and “Precisely releasing energy” are its fundamental strategic ideas, achieving maximum war benefits at the lowest cost. Networked combat and cross-domain combat realize battlefield information perception, monitoring and coordination in all fields and dimensions, such as air, land, sea and network, and cross-domain integration enhances strength; intelligent reconnaissance and strike realize accurate intelligence analysis and precise target positioning and strike, reducing damage to surrounding evasion facilities and ordinary people; unmanned combat emphasizes reducing casualties of one’s own manpower, and autonomously carrying out combat missions through unmanned equipment systems; cognitive domain combat uses intelligence to control invisible competition, achieving the goal of defeating the enemy without fighting. (2) Highly dependent on technology, coordination and intelligence, with algorithm computing power as the underlying support. All combat styles, without exception, rely on information, network, communication and other technical support to achieve the coordination of various combat forces and weapons and equipment, and have the ability to execute tasks and make decisions intelligently and autonomously. As its underlying support, algorithms dominate the operation and decision-making of intelligent weapons, and computing power provides faster response speed, more accurate decision-making and more efficient execution capabilities, which directly affects combat effectiveness and victory or defeat. (3) Combat effectiveness increases geometrically. Through high-speed, high-precision and high-efficiency human-machine collaboration, decentralized, fast and flexible tactical actions are used to form a non-linear, non-contact and asymmetric combat method to quickly achieve combat objectives. Compared with traditional combat, the combat effectiveness it releases is exponentially increasing.
Disclaimer: This article is transferred from Shigao Technology Online, the original author is Kou Jingxing, Yang Pei and Li Qingqing. The content of the article is the personal opinion of the original author. This public account is compiled/reprinted only for sharing and conveying different opinions. If you have any objections, please contact us!
Transferred from | Kou Jingxing, Yang Pei and Li Qingqing
Author | Shigao Technology Online
Introduction to the Institute
The International Institute of Technology and Economics (IITE) was established in November 1985. It is a non-profit research institution affiliated to the Development Research Center of the State Council. Its main function is to study major policy, strategic and forward-looking issues in my country’s economic, scientific and technological social development, track and analyze the world’s scientific and technological and economic development trends, and provide decision-making consulting services to the central government and relevant ministries and commissions. “Global Technology Map” is the official WeChat account of the International Institute of Technology and Economics, dedicated to delivering cutting-edge technology information and technological innovation insights to the public.
Address: Block A, Building 20, Xiaonanzhuang, Haidian District, Beijing
現代國語：
智慧化戰爭是隨著科技的不斷進步而逐漸發展起來的一種新型戰爭形態，其廣泛運用智慧化技術實現戰爭全方位的資訊化、數位化和智慧化。俄烏衝突可視為智慧化戰爭縮影，從中看到近十年高新科技在實際戰爭中的轉化運用，以及產生的令人瞠目的軍事效能。
近年來，全球主要軍事國家都將人工智慧、大數據等列為優先發展的新興技術，依托理論研究、作戰實驗等方法分析其軍事應用及對現代戰爭影響。俄烏衝突便成為其透視實際作戰效果的重要窗口和關鍵試驗場。經此實戰檢驗，世界各國從中獲得啟發，必須加速推進戰爭準備，以因應即將到來的全面智慧化戰爭時代。新一輪的AI軍備競賽悄悄開啟！
✦✦
02
智慧化戰爭特徵
與傳統戰爭形態不同，智慧化戰爭其特徵體現：以人工智慧和大數據為核心，透過先進人工智慧演算法和大規模資料集，實現資訊快速獲取、處理和共享，提供更全面且準確的資訊支援。以網路資訊為基礎，在高度網路化資訊作戰平台上，實現資訊全面掌控、高效傳遞，各作戰單元能即時共享和協同行動，提升指揮效率、作戰協同性和彈性。以指揮控制為關鍵，透過智慧化指揮控制系統、智慧決策系統及自主作戰系統等，全程監控作戰狀況、有效率協調並精確控製作戰行動。需高素質人才支持，具備高水準智慧化技術的人才能更好地運用智慧化技術。推動作戰樣式變革，隨著智慧化技術發展，作戰樣式不斷創新，戰術反應需求不斷變化。網路化作戰、智慧偵察與打擊、無人化作戰、認知域作戰等是智慧化戰爭中較為典型的作戰樣式。
✦✦
03
智慧化戰爭典型作戰樣式本質特徵、應用場景及戰術反應要求
（一）網路化作戰
1.本質要點
網路化作戰是透過一系列資訊科技、通訊技術、網路技術和電腦科技等，建構形成網路化作戰平台，將各個作戰單位、作戰系統等相互聯通，實現資訊取得、處理、共享及協同行動，達到全面掌控戰場資訊、高效決策與協同作戰目的，其本質強調共享及協同。
2.應用場景
網路化作戰涵蓋指揮控制、情報收集、作戰協同和後勤保障等多個應用場景：①指揮控制方面，網路化將各種指揮控制系統、感測器和武器裝備進行連接，指揮官可即時掌握戰場態勢，提高決策能力與準確度，實現高效指揮控制及協同處理。 ②情報收集和分析方面，網路化實現各種情報收集設備、系統和人員之間的資訊共享和協同分析，使情報部門更加全面、準確、及時獲取和分析情報，為決策提供更可靠的數據支持。 ③作戰力量協同方面，網路化連結實現各部隊、裝備和資源之間的資訊共享和協同行動，實現更精準的作戰行動。 ④後勤保障方面，網路化透過智慧化保障系統實現高效率後勤保障，提升後勤支援效率與精確度，實現後勤資源最佳化配置與高效調度。
圖1 網路化作戰示意圖
3.戰術反應要求
網路化作戰對戰術反應需求：一是資訊可靠性。在網路化作戰中，資訊是主導作戰的重要因素，各作戰單位和系統要充分認識準確資訊的重要性，為決策提供可靠的數據支援。二是網路全局性。網路化作戰不只是個別作戰單位行為，而是整個作戰系統全局性的行為，需從整個作戰系統的角度出發進行協同配合。三是高度協同性。各作戰單位和系統要具備高度的協同能力，能夠快速回應各種作戰任務，實現精準作戰行動。四是技術先進性。各作戰單位及系統要具備先進技術能力，能熟練及應用各種資訊技術及裝備，並保障網路化作戰順利進行。五是安全穩定性。必須保障資訊安全和網路系統穩定，採取安全措施和技術手段，防範網路攻擊和資料洩露，建立強大的網路安全防護體系，採用加密技術和協議，實施資料管理和存取控制，定期偵測和修復安全漏洞，採取備份和容錯機制，避免設備故障或網路中斷影響作戰效果。
（二）智能偵察與打擊
1.本質要點
智慧偵察與打擊是透過智慧化技術實現對敵方目標精準偵察和高效打擊，快速準確發現作戰目標，減少作戰損失，其本質強調：高精度，利用高解析度感測器、高精度定位技術和影像識別技術等，實現對於目標高精度偵察和定位；高速度，利用先進飛彈技術、砲彈技術和無人機技術等，實現對於目標高速度打擊和摧毀；智慧化決策，利用人工智慧技術、大數據技術和雲端運算技術等，實現對於目標自動辨識與決策，提高毀傷效能和效率。
2.應用場景
智慧偵察與打擊在多種作戰領域廣泛應用：①在地面戰爭中，利用衛星、無人機和地面機器人等智慧型設備進行偵察，取得敵方陣地高精度影像數據，分析敵方兵力部署、武器裝備和行動規律等資訊；透過精確計算射擊諸元，利用智慧砲彈實現對敵方區域全面覆蓋和打擊。 ②在海上戰爭中，利用智慧偵察設備對海上目標進行識別和跟踪，實時掌握敵方艦船動態，為打擊提供精準坐標信息；通過實時感知和跟踪，引導智能導彈實現對移動目標遠程精準打擊。 ③在特殊作戰環境下，如城市巷戰中，利用智慧偵察設備對建築物內部進行偵察，透過高精度感測器和打擊演算法，實現對建築物內部精準打擊；山地作戰中，利用智慧偵察設備對山區地形進行偵察分析，為部隊行軍作戰提供精準的地形資訊支援。
圖2 「察打一體」輪式偵察機器人
3.戰術反應要求
全面、精準、高效率的智慧化支援與保障服務，是支撐此作戰樣式取得成效關鍵，主要為：一是實現全方位高智慧化情報收集與分析。利用先進智慧型設備（如衛星、無人機等）和技術（如機器學習、大數據、雲端運算等），進行高度自動化偵察和情報蒐集，並對獲取的海量異源資料進行自動化分析處理，實現對戰場狀況全面感知、監控以及深度挖掘，為目標指示與打擊提供全面、精準、新鮮的資料保障服務。二是智能化指揮控制與打擊。在對戰場資料進行智慧高效準確地蒐集、偵察及分析基礎上，還需利用人工智慧技術和自動化系統，進行高度自動化指揮控制，對敵方目標進行識別和追踪，快速做出決策並引導武器系統進行精確打擊。三是製定精準的緊急應變計畫。戰場態勢瞬息萬變，緊急應變能力至關重要。利用智慧技術對戰場情況進行即時分析，預測可能出現的突發情況或對移動目標行動進行預判，提前製定應急預案或打擊思路，確保能夠在突發事件發生時迅速做出快速響應處置和打擊反應。
（三）無人化作戰
1.本質要點
無人化作戰是利用無人化技術，實現無人化裝備的作戰運用。其優勢在於減少人員傷亡，可執行一些高風險和複雜環境下的作戰任務。其要點是無人化裝備的發展，如無人機、無人車、無人艇等。這些裝備可以在作戰中實現高精準度、高速度的偵察、打擊等作戰行動。
2.應用場景
無人化作戰有多種作戰場景，包括但不限於：①無人機可應用於地面戰爭。利用無人機在敵方防空系統之外進行高空偵察與監視，取得高清晰度影像資料；亦可裝填武器系統，對敵方目標進行精確打擊與摧毀。 ②無人車可應用於都市作戰。利用無人車搭載高精準度感測器和武器系統，取代人類士兵在城市街道進行偵察巡邏、攻擊和防禦等任務，避免傷亡。 ③無人艇可應用於海上作戰。利用無人艇搭載多種感測器和武器系統，進行海上偵察巡邏、反潛作戰攻擊和反海盜等任務。
圖3 俄烏戰場上的配彈無人機
3.戰術反應要求
無人化作戰在戰術上要求：一是自主化和智慧化為其核心。無人化作戰系統需要具備一定自主化和智慧化水平，能夠在沒有人為幹預情況下自主完成作戰任務，需要係統具備先進自主行動控制技術、智慧感知技術和決策規劃能力。二是目標識別和決策速度要快。無人化作戰系統快速識別目標並做出決策的時效要求，需要依靠高精度感測器和高效影像處理能力，以及即時數據分析能力和強大決策演算法。三是資訊共享與協同非常必要。無人化作戰系統要與其他系統分享資訊和協同作戰，需要係統具有高效資訊傳輸能力和強大協同作戰演算法，能夠實現任務分配、行動協調和資訊共享等功能。四是安全穩定為保底。無人化作戰系統需要安全性和穩定性，能夠在複雜戰場環境中穩定運作。需要係統具有先進的安全保障技術和穩定性控制能力，能夠應付各種突發事件和危險情況。
以上要求是實現高效、精準和可靠的無人化作戰關鍵，也是無人化作戰系統裝備開發和部署的重要考量。
（四）認知域作戰
1.本質特點
認知域作戰是運用認知科學、系統科學、傳播學、語言學、社會文化學、社會行為學等相關學科理論，以文本、圖片、聲音、視頻等多重資訊載體，綜合運用多種作戰方式和技術手段，對目標對象進行精神、思想、思維、思考的爭奪，實現對目標對象的認知影響、認知塑造、認知控制和認知操縱，推動形成對己方有利的認知態勢。
2.應用場景
認知域作戰並非是智慧化戰爭的獨有作戰樣式，其思想在古今中外軍事兵法策略均有所體現。隨著人工智慧技術在俄烏衝突中的推動與賦能，社交機器人、深度偽造影片等大量應用在網路媒體中，影響社交輿論、操控大眾認知、高效精準發揮威力，使得認知戰成為全球數位傳播的“大腦爭奪戰”，其應用場景有：①軍事詐欺。透過宣傳、心理暗示、誘導等欺騙欺詐手段，試圖讓敵人誤判情勢，影響其認知、情緒和行為，從而瓦解其士氣和戰鬥意志。例如，在二戰期間，蘇聯透過大規模宣傳活動，向德國士兵宣傳蘇聯的強大和德國的戰敗，從而影響了德國士兵的士氣和戰鬥意志。 ②媒體宣傳。透過電視、廣播、網路等資訊傳播，影響大眾對特定議題的看法與態度。例如，在俄烏衝突中，烏克蘭政要、一般民眾在推特等社群平台上密集發聲，收穫國際社會廣泛關注和同情，在國際輿論場營造出了有利於烏方的認知態勢。 ③長期性意識滲透。透過長期培養觀念、文化、宗教、意識形態等，在不知不覺中影響人們認知和價值觀，這是一種非常隱密有效地作戰策略。
圖4 認知域作戰
3.戰術反應要求
認知域作戰在戰術上要求：一是精準定位目標對象，依照不同目標對象制定不同策略，了解其認知特徵、需求、價值觀等，制定更具針對性策略。二是多維度資訊傳播，綜合運用多種資訊載體及傳播管道進行傳播。第三是運用心理學原理，掌握心理學知識技巧，如暗示、誘導、團體效應等，更能操控認知。四是靈活應對防護措施，透過資訊偵測和反擊、網路追蹤和攻擊等，及時調整策略，確保其有效性和安全性。五是強調效果回饋評估，以便調整策略和手段，不斷優化和改進戰術。
（五）其他作戰樣式
在智慧化戰爭中也出現了一些其他新型作戰樣式，這些風格各具特點優勢，對於提升作戰效能具有重要的作用：定向能武器作戰，是一種利用高能量射線束進行攻擊的作戰方式。這種武器可以在遠距離上摧毀敵方目標，同時具有高精度、高速度和高破壞力等特徵。定向能武器包括雷射武器、粒子束武器和微波武器等，它們可以在空中、地面和海上等多種作戰領域中應用。跨域作戰，指在太空、網路空間及陸海空戰場等不同領域之間進行跨越式攻擊與防禦，利用智慧化技術實現不同領域之間跨越式行動，達到出奇制勝的效果。例如，可以利用空中力量對敵方地面目標進行打擊，利用地面力量對敵方海上目標進行打擊。隱形作戰，是利用各種技術和手段，在戰場上隱藏和偽裝自己，避免被敵方偵察和攻擊，提高己方生存能力和攻擊效果。如在空中、海上作戰環境中，隱形戰鬥機、隱形潛艇等利用其加裝的隱形材料和隱形技術，躲避敵方雷達、紅外線、聲吶等探測。
圖5 定向能武器
圖6 跨域作戰
圖7 美國「B-2幽靈」隱形轟炸機
總之，智慧化戰爭中的新型作戰樣式多元，都是為了提升作戰效能而創新。隨著科技不斷進步與發展，也將出現更多新型作戰方式與創新應用，為打贏智慧化戰爭提供更多支援與保障。
✦✦
04
典型作戰樣式綜合分析
綜合分析典型作戰樣式可看出：（1）「以智出能」「廣域聚能」「精準釋能」為其根本戰略思想，實現以最小代價獲得最大戰爭效益。網路化作戰及跨域作戰實現空、地、海、網路等全領域全維度戰場資訊感知監控與協同，跨域融合增強實力；智慧偵察與打擊實現精確情報分析與精準目標定位打擊，減少對週邊避打設施及一般民眾的傷害；無人作戰強調減少已方有生力量傷亡，透過無人裝備系統自主行動實施作戰任務；認知域作戰以智駕馭無形較量，達到不戰而屈人之兵目的。 （2）高度依賴技術、協同、智能，以演算法算力為底層支撐。各種作戰樣式無一例外都依賴資訊、網路、通訊等技術支持，實現各種作戰力量和武器裝備協同，具備智慧化自主執行任務和決策能力。作為其底層支撐，演算法主導智慧武器的運作和決策，算力提供更快反應速度、更精準決策和更有效率執行能力，直接影響作戰效果和勝負。 （3）作戰效能呈幾何倍增。透過高速度、高精度和高效率人機協同，以分散、快速、靈活的戰術行動，形成非線性、非接觸、非對稱作戰方式，迅速達成作戰目標。相較於傳統作戰，其釋放出的作戰效能呈指數級增長。
免責聲明：本文轉自事高科技在線，原作者寇靜行 楊培 李晴晴。文章內容係原作者個人觀點，本公眾號編譯/轉載僅為分享、傳達不同觀點，如有任何異議，歡迎聯絡我們！
轉自丨寇靜行 楊培 李晴晴
作者丨事高科技在線
研究所簡介
國際技術經濟研究所（IITE）成立於1985年11月，是隸屬於國務院發展研究中心的非營利研究機構，主要功能是研究我國經濟、科技社會發展中的重大政策性、策略性、前瞻性問題，追蹤分析世界科技、經濟發展態勢，為中央和相關部會提供決策諮詢服務。 「全球技術地圖」為國際技術經濟研究所官方微信帳號，致力於向大眾傳遞尖端技術資訊與科技創新洞見。
地址：北京市海淀區小南莊20號樓A座
中國原創軍事資源：https://www.163.com/dy/article/J237LVGJ0514R888.html
