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“Studying the Military, Studying War, Studying Fighting” Chinese Military Special Topic: The Key to Winning Cognitive Warfare

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「學軍事、學戰爭、學打仗」中國軍事專題：打贏認知戰爭的關鍵

現代英語：

Information Network: The Key to Winning the Cognitive War

■Zhai Chan

introduction

In today’s era of information and intelligent integration, information networks, with their advantages of deep reach, wide popularity, and strong interactivity, will play an irreplaceable and important role in cognitive warfare. With the support of information networks, cognitive warfare will be more powerful and more scalable. A deep understanding of the mechanism, laws, basic forms, methods and means of cognitive warfare of the role of information networks will help to timely control the initiative of cognitive warfare and lay the foundation for victory.

The Mechanism and Laws of Information Networks and Cognitive Warfare

The essence of cognitive warfare in the role of information networks is to provide massive amounts of information through core algorithms, create biased cognitive scenarios, and influence the thinking and cognition of people and intelligent machines. This process integrates the operating rules of information networks and the internal mechanisms of thinking and cognition, has strong predictability, and is the underlying structure and key point that must be grasped in information network cognitive warfare.

The stickiness effect based on path dependence. The highly developed information network in today’s society provides a platform that people cannot live without for learning, working, living, entertainment, military construction, combat and military struggle preparation, forming an interconnected path dependence between each other. This platform uses information as the core and the network as the medium. Through invisible stickiness, it connects different groups of people, societies, countries and the military together, connecting the entire world into a closely connected global village. Objectively, it also provides a bridge and a link for conducting cognitive operations, influencing the opponent’s thinking and cognition, and winning cognitive wars. In 2009, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton delivered an “Internet Freedom” speech, advocating the “Internet Freedom” strategy, attempting to use the channel formed by people’s high dependence on the Internet to influence the thinking and cognition of the people of the opponent country, especially the younger generation, and spread American values.

Interactive influence based on information exchange. Education believes that interactive communication can effectively overcome the cognitive barriers formed by one-way information transmission, reach consensus, form empathy, and strengthen empathy through mutual information exchange, emotional integration, and mutual needs. A big difference between information networks and traditional communication media is that they provide a carrier that can interact and communicate on a large scale, at a fast pace, and with high efficiency. In this carrier, the party with strong information can repeatedly confirm the influence, adjust methods and strategies, and intervene in the thinking and cognition of the other party through the interactive mechanism provided by the carrier, based on the other party’s thought fluctuations, emotional changes, attitude feedback, etc. For a long time, the United States has maintained a “engagement + containment” strategy toward China. One very important consideration is that this kind of engagement can effectively overcome the communication barriers and information gaps formed by simple blockade and confrontation, enhance the interaction between the two governments and peoples, and thus find opportunities to open gaps and influence our ideas and ideologies. Although this strategy takes place in the traditional field, it is inherently consistent with the interactive influence mechanism of information networks based on information exchange.

The seductive influence based on the preset scene. The concealment, virtuality and permeability of the information network allow its controllers to create extremely deceptive, tempting and inflammatory information scenes through water army flooding, information filtering and “fishing in troubled waters” and other technical and strategic means, so that the opponent is deeply trapped in it without knowing it, and instead develops towards the preset process and results. This directional manipulation of the information network can subtly and efficiently influence, infect and shape the opponent’s thinking and cognition, so that the opponent is unconsciously led by the rhythm, and the combat effect is far better than the confrontation. On the eve of the Iraq War, the US media spread false information such as the existence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq through the Internet and other platforms, accusing the Saddam regime of collusion with al-Qaeda, rampant corruption, and unprovoked harm to the Iraqi people. At the same time, they tried every means to cover up the truth, filter out the anti-war voices of their own people, and strive to create an atmosphere that the Saddam regime is evil and hateful and that the whole of America is united in hatred of the enemy.

The basic form of cognitive warfare in the role of information networks

The laws of war and the mechanism of victory determine the basic form of war. The laws and mechanisms of cognitive warfare based on information networks inherently determine the external forms of this war. The most basic and representative ones include information confusion warfare, misleading thinking warfare, and will-destroying warfare.

Information confusion warfare. It is to infuse the network with a large amount of complex information that combines the real and the fake, which is both true and illusory, so that the enemy’s information network capacity is overloaded, malfunctions, and disordered operations, or causes specific audiences to become “deaf, blind, and insensitive”, have cognitive abilities blocked, and their thinking, cognition, and decision-making judgments are hindered. This form of warfare is often used in the early stages of combat and in opaque battlefields. The party with information advantage can make the enemy fall into a state of panic and bewilderment, resulting in perception failure, loss of thinking, and self-disorder. Bloomberg reported that the Space Force, the sixth branch of the U.S. military that was recently established, plans to purchase 48 jammer systems by 2027, aiming to disrupt satellite signals “in the event of a conflict with a major power.” Many national militaries generally feel that the information they receive is not too little but too much. The massive amount of information coming from all directions has put tremendous pressure on situation perception and analysis and judgment.

Misleading thinking warfare. This is to form a biased information scene by instilling specific information that contains the intentions of the party controlling the information network, misleading, deceiving and influencing the thinking of specific countries, armies and people, causing them to deviate from the correct development track and deviate in a direction that is beneficial to oneself and detrimental to the enemy. It is the highest level and common practice of cognitive attack. This kind of misleading is based on strong external pressure, on specious strategies, and on information mixed with water as a weapon. It targets the opponent’s thinking characteristics and weak links, and implements clear-cut deception, causing the opponent to lose his way in tension and panic, and fall into the “trap” unknowingly. In recent years, while implementing the great power competition strategy, some countries have used cyber trolls to fabricate false situations, create false information, and spread true rumors to fan the flames around our country and encourage some countries that have historical grievances with our country and frictions with our country in reality to seek trouble. The purpose is to induce us to divert our attention, weaken the investment of resources and strength in the main strategic direction, deviate from the track of great power rejuvenation, and seek to reap the benefits of the two fishermen.

Will-destroying war. Futurist Alfred Toffler said that whoever controls the human mind controls the entire world. War is ultimately a confrontation between people. People’s psychological activities largely affect their mental state, which in turn affects their will to fight. Will-destroying war is different from traditional warfare that indirectly affects people’s will through material destruction. It directly affects the psychological activities, mental state and thinking decisions of key figures, thus affecting military morale, fighting will and combat actions. With the development of science and technology and social progress, the intervention in people’s will has entered the stage of “technology + strategy” from the traditional strategy-based intervention. More than a decade ago, scientists developed a “sound beam” weapon that uses an electromagnetic network to emit extremely narrow sound waves from hundreds of meters away, interfering with the enemy’s judgment and even causing mental confusion among strong-willed soldiers. In recent years, studies have shown that artificial speech synthesis technology based on brain wave signals can extract signals from the brain and synthesize speech that humans can directly understand.

Information networks are the main means of cognitive warfare

“Technology + strategy” constitutes the basic means of modern cognitive warfare. As a product of modern scientific and technological development, the information network’s means of effecting cognitive warfare are also mainly reflected in “technology + strategy”. This provides us with a basic entry point for understanding and grasping the ways and scientific paths of information network’s effect on cognitive warfare, thereby winning the war.

Big data construction. As the core component of the information network, data is not only the carrier of information, but also the “new oil” driven by the value of the information network, and the basic ammunition for cognitive warfare. Through massive data, complex information scenarios are constructed for my use, or the opponent’s cognitive confusion, or misleading and deceiving thinking, or destroying beliefs and wills are formed, which constitutes the basic logic of cognitive warfare in the information network. In this logical framework, data is undoubtedly the most basic resource and the most core element. A few years ago, authoritative departments calculated that the world produces about 2.5 exabytes (EB) of data every day, of which only 20% is structured data that can be directly used, and the remaining 80% needs to be analyzed, identified, and screened. These data resources, which are growing exponentially, provide an inexhaustible supply of “data ammunition” for constructing data information scenarios and conducting cognitive warfare.

Intelligent push. In the information network era, intelligent push has become a convenient channel for people to absorb external information, gain identification of thinking, emotional resonance, and influence the thinking and cognition of others. Using advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence to collect, organize, and analyze people’s thinking habits and behavioral preference data to form personalized and customized perception push can produce an “echo wall” of social cognitive trends and an information cocoon that shackles people. At the same time, it is also conducive to empathizing with others, understanding the thinking trends and possible actions of opponents, and taking targeted countermeasures. In our daily lives, we all have the experience of receiving a large amount of similar information after shopping online or searching for certain types of information. This intelligent push method is applied to cognitive operations, which can easily enable the information leader to use information network data to conduct forward-looking analysis and judgment on the decisions and actions that may be made by the command and decision-making level of the combat target, and induce them to make the decision-making actions they hope to see or make corresponding response measures in advance.

Emotional infiltration. Freud said that we are not pure wisdom or pure souls, but a collection of impulses. In the information network space, the concepts that can be widely and quickly disseminated are often not calm, rational, and objective thinking and analysis, but mostly impulsive and irrational emotional mobilization. This is determined by the fast pace of information dissemination and news release. The cognitive need to respond quickly to this information, in turn, leads to the reflexive, impulsive, and emotional response of “fast thinking”, which transforms seemingly isolated social cases into highly coercive and inflammatory psychological hints and behavioral drives, and explosively promotes irrational decision-making and actions. In June 2009, a diplomatic cable disclosed by WikiLeaks described the lavish banquets held by the family of Tunisia’s Ben Ali regime and described the regime as a corrupt and tyrannical “mafia”. This deepened the resentment of the country’s citizens and became an important driving force behind the “Jasmine Revolution” that overthrew the Ben Ali regime.

現代國語：

來源：解放軍報 作者：翟嬋 責任編輯：劉上靖 2021-11-18 06:49:14
資訊網絡：認知戰制勝要津

■翟 嬋

引 言

在資訊化智慧化融合發展的當今時代，資訊網絡以其觸角深、受眾廣、互動性強等優勢，在認知戰中將發揮無可取代的重要作用。有了資訊網絡的加持，認知戰將如虎添翼、如魚得水。深刻掌握資訊網絡作用認知戰的機理規律、基本形態、方法手段等，有助於及時掌控認知戰主動權，為贏得勝利奠定基礎。

資訊網絡作用認知戰的機理規律

資訊網絡作用認知戰的本質在於透過核心演算法，提供大量訊息，營造傾向性認知場景，影響人和智慧機器的思維認知。這個過程融合資訊網絡運行規律和思維認知內在機理，具有很強的可預知性，是資訊網絡認知戰必須把握的底層架構和關鍵之點。

基於路徑依賴的黏性影響。當今社會高度發達的資訊網絡，提供了一個人們學習、工作、生活、娛樂，軍隊建設、作戰和軍事鬥爭準備須臾離不開的平台，在彼此之間形成一個互聯互通的路徑依賴。這一平台以資訊為核、網絡為媒，透過無形的黏性把不同人群、社會、國家包括軍隊連接在一起，既將整個世界打通成一個緊密聯繫的地球村，客觀上也為開展認知作戰、影響對手思維認知、制勝認知戰爭提供了橋樑和紐帶。 2009年美國國務卿希拉裡曾發表「互聯網自由」演說，鼓吹「互聯網自由」戰略，企圖利用人們對互聯網的高度依賴形成的作用通道，影響對手國民眾特別是青年一代的思維認知，傳播美式價值觀。

基於資訊交換的互動影響。教育學認為，互動交流能有效克服訊息單向傳遞所形成的認知屏障，在彼此訊息交換、情感融通、需求相促中達成共識、形成同理心、強化同理。資訊網絡與傳統交流溝通媒介的一個很大不同，在於提供了一個能大範圍、快節奏、高效率互動交流的載體。在這一載體中，資訊強勢一方能透過載體提供的互動機制，依據另一方的思想波動、情緒變化、態度回饋等，反復確認影響，調整方法策略，幹預另一方的思維認知。長期以來，美國對華保持「接觸+遏制」戰略，一個很重要的考慮就在於這種接觸能有效克服單純封鎖對抗形成的溝通壁壘和信息鴻溝，增強兩國政府和民眾之間的互動，從而尋找機會打開缺口，影響我們的思想觀念和意識形態。這項戰略雖然發生在傳統領域，但與資訊網絡基於資訊交換的互動影響機理內在一致。

基於預設場景的誘導影響。資訊網絡的隱蔽性、虛擬性、滲透性，使其掌控者能通過水軍灌水、資訊過濾、「渾水摸魚」等技術和謀略手段，營造極具欺騙性、誘惑性、煽動性的信息場景，使對手深陷其中而不自知，反而朝著預設的過程和結果發展。這種對資訊網絡的指向性操控，能潛移默化地高效影響、感染和塑造對手的思維認知，使之不知不覺被帶節奏，收到遠比對抗硬槓好得多的作戰效果。伊拉克戰爭前夕，美國媒體透過網路等平台大肆散佈伊拉克存在大規模殺傷性武器等虛假訊息，指責薩達姆政權與基地組織相互勾連、腐敗成風，還無端殘害伊拉克人民，同時又想方設法掩蓋事實真相，過濾本國人民的反戰聲音，極力營造薩達姆政權邪惡可恨、全美上下同仇敵愾的氛圍。

資訊網絡作用認知戰的基本形態

戰爭規律和製勝機理決定戰爭的基本形態。資訊網絡作用認知戰的規律機理內在規定著這種戰爭的外在呈現形態。其中最基本、最具代表性的包括資訊迷茫戰、思維誤導戰和意志毀傷戰。

資訊迷茫戰。就是用海量虛實結合、亦真亦幻的復雜信息灌注網絡，使敵對方信息網絡容量過載、功能失常、運轉失序，或導致特定受眾對象“失聰失明失感”、認知能力擁堵、思維認知和決策判斷受阻。這一戰爭形態常用於作戰初期和不透明戰場，擁有資訊優勢的一方能使敵對方陷入茫然不知所措的恐慌狀態，從而感知失靈、思維失據、自亂陣腳。彭博社稱，美國成立不久的第六大軍種——太空軍，計劃2027年前採購48套幹擾系統，旨在“與大國發生沖突情況下”，幹擾迷茫其衛星信號。不少國家軍隊普遍感到，現在獲取的資訊不是太少了而是太多了，來自四面八方的巨量資訊大量聚集，給態勢感知和分析判斷造成巨大壓力。

思維誤導戰。就是透過灌輸包含資訊網絡掌控方意圖指向的特定訊息，形成傾向性訊息場景，誤導欺騙和影響特定國家、軍隊和人群思維理念，使之偏離正確發展軌道，朝著於己有利、於敵有損的方向偏移，是認知攻擊的最高境界和慣常做法。這種誤導以強大的外部壓力為前提，以似是而非的策略為基礎，以摻雜水分的信息為武器，針對對手思維特點和薄弱環節，實施導向鮮明的誘騙，使對手在緊張慌亂中迷失方向，不知不覺落入「圈套」。這些年來，一些國家在實施大國競爭戰略的同時，通過網絡水軍虛構假情況、製造假信息、散佈真謠言，在我國週邊煽風點火，鼓動一些在歷史上與我國有積怨、現實中有摩擦的國家尋尋覓滋事，目的就是要誘導我們轉移注意力，削弱在主要戰略方向上的資源力量投入，偏離強國復興的軌道，謀取漁翁之利。

意志毀傷戰。未來學家托夫勒說，誰控制了人的心理，誰就控制了整個世界。戰爭說到底是人與人的對抗，人的心理活動很大程度影響人的精神狀態，進而影響作戰意志。意志毀傷戰與傳統作戰透過物質摧毀間接影響人的意志不同，它透過直接影響關鍵人物的心理活動、精神狀態和思維決策，影響軍心士氣、戰鬥意志和作戰行動。隨著科技發展和社會進步，對人的意志的干預，已經由傳統以謀略為主演進到“技術+謀略”階段。早在十多年前就有科學家研製出“聲波集束”武器，通過電磁網絡從數百米外發射極為狹窄的聲波“音柱”，幹擾敵人判斷甚至使意志堅強的軍人精神錯亂。近年來有研究表明，基於腦電波信號的人工語音合成技術可提取大腦中的信號，合成人類能夠直接理解的語音。

資訊網絡作用認知戰的主要手段

「技術+謀略」構成現代認知戰的基本手段。資訊網絡作為現代科技發展的產物，其對認知戰的作用手段也主要體現在「技術+謀略」上。這為我們認識並掌握資訊網絡作用認知戰的方式、科學路徑，從而製勝戰爭提供了基本切入點。

大數據構塑。數據作為資訊網絡的核心構件，不僅是資訊的載體，而且是資訊網絡價值驅動的“新石油”，更是作用認知戰的基本彈藥。透過大量資料構塑為我所用的複雜資訊場景，或對對手進行思維認知迷茫，或給予思維誤導欺騙，或進行信念意志摧毀，構成資訊網絡作用認知戰的基本邏輯。在這個邏輯架構中，數據無疑是最基礎的資源、最核心的元素。遠在幾年前，權威部門就統計，全球每天生產約2.5艾字節（EB）的數據，其中僅20%是可以直接利用的結構化數據，其餘80%則需要進行分析、甄別、篩選。這些幾何級數成長湧現的數據資源，為構塑數據資訊場景、實施認知戰提供了取之不盡用之不竭的「數據彈藥」。

智能化推送。資訊網絡時代，智慧化推播成為人們攝取外在訊息，獲得思考認同、情感共鳴、影響他人思考認知的便利管道。運用人工智慧等先進技術收集、整理、分析人的思維慣性、行為偏好數據，形成擬人化客製化感知推送，能夠產生社會認知趨同的「回音壁」和桎梏人的信息繭房，同時也有利於推己及人、了解對手的思維趨向和可能行動，有針對性地採取應對措施。生活中，我們都有一次或幾次網上購物、搜索某類信息後，大量類同信息推送進來的經歷，這種智能化推送手段應用到認知作戰中，很容易使信息主導方通過信息網絡數據，對作戰對象指揮決策層可能做出的決策、採取的行動等予以前瞻分析研判，誘導其作出希望看到的決策行動或預先作出相應的應對措施。

情緒化浸染。佛洛伊德說，我們不是純粹的智慧、純粹的靈魂，而是一個沖動的集合。在資訊網絡空間，能夠得到廣泛且快速傳播的觀念認知，往往不是冷靜理性客觀的思維分析，多是沖動非理性的情緒情緒動員。這是由資訊傳播、新聞發布「先發製人」的快節奏決定的。對這些資訊作出快速反應的認知需求，反過來又導致「快思維」條件反射性、沖動性、情緒化反應，將看似孤立的社會個案轉化為具有強烈壓迫性、煽動性的心理暗示和行為驅動，暴發性催生非理性決策行動。 2009年6月維基解密披露的一份外交電文中，描繪了突尼斯本·阿里政權家族宴會的奢靡場景，並煞有介事地將該政權形容為腐敗暴政的“黑手黨”，這加深了該國國民怨恨情緒，從而成為引燃推翻本·阿里政權的「茉莉花革命」重要推手。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4899062.html?big=fan

#intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Forum: Exploring the Way to “Total Victory” in Modern Warfare

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中國軍事論壇：探索現代戰爭「全面勝利」之路

現代英語：

Exploring the Way to “Total Victory” in Modern Warfare

■ Zhao Siyang

Introduction

“Sun Tzu’s Art of War” is a representative work of ancient Chinese military theory, which contains rich wisdom for defeating the enemy. Entering the era of information-based and intelligent warfare, the limited, shocking, and mixed characteristics of war are more prominent, highlighting the invaluable thoughts of Sun Tzu such as “conquering the enemy without fighting”, “destroying the enemy’s plots and alliances”, and “ensuring the country and the whole army”. The wisdom of victory contained in “Sun Tzu’s Art of War” still has important practical implications for solving the current national security and war problems, limiting war violence to the maximum extent, and achieving “total victory”.

The core idea of ​​”total victory”: the method of attacking and defeating the enemy without fighting

Sun Tzu discussed military affairs, but he did not believe that force was the only means of victory. He proposed the concept of “total victory” of attacking the enemy with strategy and conquering the enemy without fighting. He advocated that the enemy should be subdued by non-violent means as much as possible to achieve the greatest victory at the lowest cost.

The key to Sun Tzu’s “total victory” idea is the word “total”. “Total” means to make the enemy completely surrender and not suffer any losses, thus minimizing the damage of the war. Sun Tzu advocated that with superior strength and full preparation for war as the prerequisite, we should use political, economic, diplomatic, and military intimidation means comprehensively, and stop the outbreak of war by taking the initiative, being flexible and maneuverable, and creating momentum. According to his idea, we can make the enemy surrender without fighting, from the enemy country to the enemy army, and from the enemy brigade to the enemy soldier, so as to achieve the goal of defeating the enemy and ensuring the safety of the lives of both armies. In Sun Tzu’s conception, we should not only cherish the lives of our soldiers and civilians, but also attach importance to protecting the enemy’s soldiers and civilians to avoid the confrontation between the two sides ending up in the destruction of the country and the family.

In order to achieve the goal of “total victory”, in terms of strategic planning, we must have an advantage over the enemy, “the one who is good at calculations has more calculations”; in terms of power comparison, we must be in an advantageous position, “the victorious army is like a hammer against a hammer”; in terms of war preparations, we must be thorough and meticulous, “first make ourselves invincible, and then wait for the enemy to be defeated.” “Subjugating the enemy without fighting” is an ideal outcome, but in real wars, it is often necessary to win a certain part of the war in exchange for “subjugating the enemy without fighting” in another part. This principle is equally applicable from the national strategic level to the combat level. It not only plays an important role in stopping and containing wars in peacetime, but is also widely applicable even in the course of a war to weaken the enemy’s strength, strike the enemy’s arrogance, and cooperate with the victory of military struggle.

The destructive power of war is enormous. “One hundred thousand soldiers were mobilized, and the daily expenditure was thousands of gold coins.” “Nothing was seen when going out, and the plain was covered with bones.” Sun Tzu proposed the way of “total victory”, advocating that by relying on one’s own superior strength, various means should be used in a comprehensive manner, and through comprehensive preparation and continuous maintenance of absolute superiority, the enemy’s political foundation and strategy should be disintegrated, and the enemy should be isolated and helpless. He emphasized the use of military means to form a strategic posture that intimidates the enemy, to achieve maximum benefits with relatively small consumption, and to achieve the goal as much as possible without fighting. This idea is different from the Western theory of strategic intimidation and reflects the flexibility of Chinese strategic thinking.

Sun Tzu regarded “complete victory” as the best outcome of war, rather than just seeking “victory”, with the goal of minimizing the losses of war. The key to “complete victory” is the change in thinking and strategic concepts: not only winning the military, but also winning the political; not only winning the war, but also winning the peace; not only winning the interests, but also winning the hearts of the people. Informatization and intelligentization of war, the destructive power of war is unprecedented, but the means of controlling war have not increased significantly. Therefore, if you want to form a winning trend in wartime and achieve the goal of “no delay in the army and the benefits can be complete”, you cannot wait until the war breaks out before taking action. Instead, you should win the enemy in peacetime and in war preparation activities.

The way to achieve “total victory”: destroy the plots and alliances, and attack the troops and cities

Through in-depth research on war issues, Sun Tzu proposed the strategic idea of ​​”conquering the enemy without fighting”, advocating to avoid bloodshed as much as possible to achieve strategic goals.

Sun Tzu’s “subjugating the enemy without fighting” can be divided into two Fan Tu. “Attacking the enemy’s plans” and “attacking the alliances” belong to the “no-war” Fan Tu; “Attacking the soldiers” and “attack the city” belong to the “cautious war” Fan Tu. Among them, “Attacking the enemy’s plans” and “Attacking the alliances” belonging to the political and diplomatic struggle Fan Tu put the first place in the means of war, through strategic planning and diplomatic games, without losing a single soldier, which is the best strategy. “Attacking the soldiers” and “attack the city” and other military means are the worst strategies used when necessary. Sun Tzu took “subjugating the enemy without fighting” as the highest principle to guide war, opposed the use of military forces, and advocated the greatest victory at the lowest cost. Sun Tzu believed that in order to achieve certain political goals, both military and non-military means can be adopted, and these two means and two ways can be used to comprehensively plan strategic strategies. The best way to resolve contradictions and conflicts between countries and political groups is to use non-violent means to achieve the desired goals, that is, to use a strong military force as a backing, comprehensively use a variety of forces, and through means such as thwarting the enemy’s schemes and destroying the enemy’s diplomacy, divide and disintegrate the enemy’s alliance and make it surrender. Carry out actions with the most complete preparations and the least cost, reduce the harm of war to the lowest level, and avoid causing major losses to the country and the people.

The concept of “conquering the enemy without fighting” does not advocate completely abandoning war, but rather that the key to victory lies in strong military strength and careful advance preparation, supplemented by a variety of means such as politics, economy, military, and diplomacy, to force the enemy not to take the risk of launching a war, thereby avoiding the occurrence of war. “No war” does not mean that military struggle can be abandoned, but is the result of the comprehensive deterrence formed by the comprehensive use of various military and non-military means. At all times, military struggle is the last and most powerful means of all means.

We must clearly realize that “conquering the enemy without fighting” is a special phenomenon and a special law, and “conquering the enemy by fighting” is a universal law. In many cases, the “cause” of “conquering the enemy by fighting” can give rise to the “result” of “conquering the enemy without fighting”. Only when one side is in an absolute advantage and the other side is in an absolute disadvantage in the comprehensive comparison of power, “conquering the enemy without fighting” can be achieved. Without the support of strong military strength, it will be difficult to obtain the expected benefits in the construction of state relations, and the existing benefits will also be lost. Judging from the many military treatises and war practices after Sun Tzu, the idea of ​​”not fighting” has been constantly developing with the evolution of the times and the changes in technical conditions. More and more military strategists of later generations no longer regard absolute non-war as the highest goal, but are more concerned with how to win first and then fight. This evolution reflects the unity of preparing for war, being cautious about war, and daring to fight in Chinese strategic thinking.

The realistic choice of “total victory”: safeguarding the country and the army and maintaining peace

Since ancient times, people have known that war is not about warmongering. The Chinese nation has always loved peace. “War is dangerous” and “Warfare leads to destruction” are the basic attitudes of Chinese traditional culture and the Chinese people towards war. On the issue of war and peace, Sun Tzu advocated resolving disputes by non-war means. Even if military means are used, he opposed the narrow military view that relies solely on force to achieve goals. In Sun Tzu’s view, war is not only about the survival of a country, but also about the rise and fall of a nation. Whether it is “conquering the enemy without fighting” or “the best strategy is to attack the enemy’s plans”, the essence is “stop fighting and seek peace”, which reflects the values ​​and ideals of benevolence and justice, peace-oriented values ​​and ideal pursuits that have been passed down in Chinese history, and strives to resolve disputes by non-war means.

In today’s international society, local wars and terrorism are still huge obstacles to world peace and development. Sun Tzu’s “total victory” thought may provide new ideas for solving these problems. From the perspective of war practice, in today’s world, war is still the “Sword of Damocles” hanging over the heads of mankind. Controlling the scale of war, reducing war casualties, reducing incidental losses, and protecting people’s lives and property have become inevitable requirements for the development of human society and political civilization. The abuse of war means is neither in line with the world’s people’s desire for peace, freedom and development, nor does it help to fundamentally eliminate the inherent contradictions that cause disputes. It may even intensify the conflicts and confrontations between different civilizations, affecting regional and even world peace and stability. Avoiding casualties and destruction is the development trend of human civilization. Relying on power advantage to achieve goals at the lowest cost and in the shortest time is often the best choice. How to reduce the possibility of war, effectively reduce war losses, and better control the scale and progress of war, this trend embodies the goal pursued by Sun Tzu’s “total victory” thought and gives it modern value.

In today’s world, opposing war and maintaining peace have become the common aspirations of all countries in the struggle for their own survival and development. Of course, the jungle law of international competition has not changed, and history is far from the era of turning swords into plowshares. In international politics, we need to proceed from the most fundamental overall interests of mankind, abandon the power politics mentality, understand each other, seek common ground while reserving differences, fully understand the historical traditions of different cultural groups, use war and other violent means prudently, handle international affairs fairly, and promote the formation of a mutually beneficial and win-win world pattern.

現代國語：

探析現代戰爭的「全勝」之道

■趙巳陽

引 言

《孫子兵法》是中國古代軍事理論的代表作，蘊含著豐富的克敵制勝智慧。進入資訊化智慧化戰爭時代，戰爭的有限性、震懾性、混合性等特徵更加突出，凸顯了孫子「不戰而屈人之兵」「伐謀伐交」「安國全軍」等思想的彌足珍貴。 《孫子兵法》所蘊含的製勝智慧，對於破解當今國家安全和戰爭難題，最大限度地限制戰爭暴力並獲得“全勝”，仍具有重要的現實啟示意義。

「全勝」的核心思想：謀攻之法，不戰屈敵

孫子談兵論戰，卻不認為武力是製勝的唯一手段。他提出以謀攻敵，不戰而屈人之兵的「全勝」觀，主張盡可能地透過非暴力手段使敵方屈服，以最小的代價獲取最大勝利。

孫子「全勝」思想，要義是一個「全」字。 「全」就是使敵完全屈服，我方不受損失，從而將戰爭的傷害降到最低。孫子主張，以優勢的實力和充分的迎戰準備為前提條件，綜合運用政治、經濟、外交、武力威懾等手段，通過先機制敵、靈活機變、謀勢造勢，制止戰爭的爆發。按照他的主張，大到敵國敵軍，小到敵旅敵卒都可以不戰而使其屈服，從而達到既打敗對方，又保證兩軍生命安全的目的。在孫子的構想中，不但要珍惜我方軍民的生命，而且要重視保全敵方將士和民眾，避免對抗雙方走向國破家亡的結局。

為達到「全勝」的目的，在戰略謀劃上，要勝敵一籌，「廟算勝者，得算多也」；在力量對比上，要處於優勢，「勝兵若以鎰稱銖」；在戰爭準備上，要周到細緻，「先為不可勝，以待敵之可勝」。 「不戰而屈人之兵」是理想的結局，但在現實戰爭中，往往需要用某一局部的戰而勝之，換取另一局部的「不戰而屈人之兵」。這原則從國家戰略層次到戰鬥層次，都同樣適用。不僅和平時期對制止和遏制戰爭有重要作用，即便在戰爭進程中，也廣泛適用，以削弱敵方實力，打擊敵之氣焰，配合軍事鬥爭的勝利。

戰爭的破壞力是巨大的，「興師十萬，日費千金」「出門無所見，白骨蔽平原」。孫子提出「全勝」之道，主張憑借己方優勢力量，綜合利用各種手段，通過全面的準備和絕對優勢的持續保持，瓦解敵方的政治基礎和戰略，陷敵於孤立無援境地。他強調以軍事手段運用形成威加於敵的戰略態勢，以較小消耗實現最大化收益，盡量用不戰的方式達成目的。這一思想不同於西方的戰略威懾理論，體現了中國戰略思想的彈性。

孫子將“全”作為戰爭的最佳結局，而非一味求“勝”，其目的是將戰爭的損失降至最低限度。 「全勝」的關鍵是思維方式和戰略理念的轉變：不僅贏得軍事，更要贏得政治；不僅贏得戰爭，更要贏得和平；不僅贏得利益，更要贏得人心。資訊化智能化戰爭，戰爭的破壞力空前巨大，但控制戰爭的手段並未明顯增加。因此，要在戰時形成製勝之勢，達到「兵不頓而利可全」的目的，就不能等戰爭爆發以後再行動。而應在和平時期，在戰爭準備活動中就勝敵於先。

「全勝」的實現途徑：伐謀伐交，伐兵攻城

孫子透過對戰爭問題的深入研究，提出「不戰而屈人之兵」這一戰略思想，主張盡量避免用流血手段來達成戰略目的。

孫子「不戰而屈人之兵」可分為兩個範疇。 「伐謀」和「伐交」屬於「不戰」的範疇；「伐兵」和「攻城」屬於「慎戰」的範疇。其中，把屬於政治外交鬥爭範疇的「伐謀」和「伐交」擺在戰爭手段的首位，通過謀略運籌與外交博弈，不損一兵一卒，是為上策。 「伐兵」「攻城」等軍事手段則是不得已而用的下策。孫子以「不戰而屈人之兵」作為指導戰爭的最高原則，反對窮兵黷武，主張以最小的代價換取最大的勝利。孫子認為，為實現一定的政治目的，既可以採取軍事手段，也可以採取非軍事手段，以這兩種手段、兩種方式去綜合籌劃戰略策略。解決國家之間、政治集團之間的矛盾和沖突的最佳方法是採用非暴力手段達成預期目的，即以強大的軍事實力為後盾，綜合運用多種力量，通過挫敗敵方的計謀、破壞敵方的外交等手段，分化瓦解敵人的聯盟，使之屈服。以最全的準備和最小的代價實施行動，把戰爭的危害降到最低程度，避免對國家、人民造成重大損失。

「不戰而屈人之兵」理念並非主張完全擯棄戰爭，而是講取勝的關鍵在於強大的軍事實力和周密的預先準備，並輔之以政治、經濟、軍事、外交等多種手段，迫使敵人不敢冒險發動戰爭，進而避免戰爭發生。 「不戰」絕不代表可以放棄軍事鬥爭，而是綜合運用軍事與非軍事的各種手段所形成的綜合威懾力的結果。無論何時，軍事鬥爭是一切手段中最後也是最有力的手段。

必須清醒地認識到，「不戰而屈人之兵」是特殊現象和特殊規律，「戰而屈人之兵」才是普遍規律。很多時候，“戰而屈人之兵”的“因”才能催生出“不戰而屈人之兵”的“果”，只有在力量的綜合對比中，一方處於絕對優勢，而另一方處在絕對劣勢的情況下，「不戰而屈人之兵」才有可能實現。缺少了強大軍事實力的支撐，在國家關系構建中，預期的利益就難以獲得，已有的利益也將喪失。從孫子以後的諸多兵家論著與戰爭實踐來看，「不戰」的思想隨著時代的演進和技術條件的改變而不斷發展。更多的後世兵家不再把絕對化的非戰視為最高目標，而是更重視如何先勝後戰。這種演變，體現中國戰略思想中備戰、慎戰、敢戰的統一。

「全勝」的現實選擇：安國全軍，維護和平

自古知兵非好戰。中華民族歷來熱愛和平，「兵兇戰危」「好戰必亡」是中國傳統文化和中國人民對待戰爭的基本態度。在戰爭與和平問題上，孫子主張以非戰爭手段解決爭端。即使是運用軍事手段，也反對單純依賴武力達成目的的狹隘軍事觀點。在孫子看來，戰爭不僅事關國家存亡，也事關民族興衰。無論是“不戰而屈人之兵”，還是“上兵伐謀”，其精髓均在於“止戈謀和”，這集中反映了中國歷史上一脈相承的仁義為本、以和平為取向的價值觀和理想追求，力求以非戰爭手段解決爭端的文化傳統。

當今國際社會，局部戰爭與恐怖主義仍然是橫亙在世界和平與發展道路上的巨大障礙。而孫子的「全勝」思想或許能夠為破解這些難題提供新的思路。從戰爭實踐講，當今世界，戰爭仍然是懸掛在人類頭頂上的「達摩克利斯之劍」。控制戰爭規模，減少戰爭傷亡，降低附帶損失，保護人民生命和財產，成為人類社會政治文明發展的必然要求。濫用戰爭手段，既不符合世界人民追求和平、自由與發展的願望，也無助於從根本上消除引發紛爭的固有矛盾，甚至加劇不同文明之間的沖突與對抗，影響地區乃至世界和平與穩定。避免傷亡和破壞是人類文明的發展趨勢，以最小代價和在最短時間內實現目標往往成為最佳選擇。如何把戰爭可能性降低，有效減少戰爭損失，更好地控制戰爭規模和進程，這一趨勢正體現了孫子「全勝」思想所追求的目標，並為其賦予了現代價值。

當今世界，反對戰爭、維護和平，已成為各國在爭取自身生存和發展鬥爭過程中共同的心願。當然，國際競爭的叢林法則並沒有改變，歷史遠沒有走到鑄劍為犁的時代。在國際政治中，需要從人類最根本的整體利益出發，放棄強權政治思維，相互理解、求同存異，充分理解不同文化群體的歷史傳統，慎重運用戰爭等暴力手段，公平處理國際事務，推動形成互利共贏的世界格局。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16354594.html

#intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知域戰

What Kind of Victory Concept should China’s Military have in Information Warfare?

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我軍在資訊化戰爭中應有怎樣的勝利理念？

現代英語：

The army is first and foremost a fighting force that exists to fight. The ability to win battles is the fundamental meaning and value of the army’s existence. The new era has given our army new missions and tasks. Scientifically understanding and grasping the new era connotation of the concept of victory will not only help improve the pertinence of our army’s military struggle preparations, but also provide a new perspective for our army to build a world-class army and win future wars.

Explore the basic attributes of victory

When people talk about victory, they often limit the judgment of victory to a certain dimension, such as the supremacy of national interests, the gains and losses of economic interests, the elimination of living forces, and the achievement of political goals. However, victory or failure has multiple inherent attributes.

The multidimensionality of victory. Victory has multiple meanings and standards, which are reflected in multiple dimensions such as politics, military, economy, and diplomacy. In terms of politics, victory in war is unified with the political purpose of war. War is the continuation of politics, and war itself is an action of political nature. Only when the political purpose is achieved can victory in war come; in terms of military, victory must be based on a certain military advantage, and the advantage of military operations only provides the premise for victory in war; in terms of economy, victory in war means gaining economic or material benefits, and “defeating the enemy without fighting” becomes the highest realm; in terms of diplomacy, victory can demonstrate military and national prestige, especially the long-term peaceful environment brought about by lasting victory, which brings huge potential value for the long-term development of the country.

The evolution of victory. Victory changes with the development of the times, especially with the evolution of war forms, generating new connotations. From the era of cold weapons to the mechanized era, land is the basic material of social production. Victory in war is often marked by annihilation of the enemy and seizure of land. Conquering territory has become the core of victory in wars in the industrial era. In the information age, the proportion of traditional material resources in productivity has gradually decreased, and spiritual factors represented by information technology have become important means of production, with spiritual destruction and control becoming more prominent. With the development of artificial intelligence technology, the intelligent society and war forms are gradually coming, and the connotation of victory will inevitably undergo new changes.

The dialectic of victory. From the perspective of war as a whole, the subject of victory is dialectical. The two sides of a war are a pair of typical offensive and defensive contradictory relationships. It is impossible for them to reach a consensus on victory. The victory of one side means the failure of the other side. In the dialectic of victory and defeat, arrogant soldiers will surely fail, and mournful soldiers will surely win. If the victorious side cannot prevent pride, it will easily encounter defeat in the next war and turn into failure. On the contrary, if the losing side endures humiliation, it may win the next victory. In the dialectic of victory and defeat in time and space, long-lasting or short-term, global or local victories have different meanings. Temporary and local victories often hide the crisis of failure. Only by transforming short-term and local victories into long-lasting and global victories can the value and significance of victory be maximized.

The fundamental nature of victory. “If we cannot win the battlefield, everything else is zero.” The basic premise for winning a war is the victory of military operations, which lays the fundamental foundation for the final victory of the war. Without the victory of military operations, there is no premise for other victories. The army was born to fight and built to win, and its core is the ability to win. Different armies in different times and countries have different tasks, but their fundamental functions as combat teams have not changed, and the fundamental requirements for winning battles have not changed. Military victory is the fundamental starting point for all victories, and there should be no misunderstanding or hesitation on this point.

The significance of the era of cognitive victory

There are multiple attributes to judge victory, and the most important one is whether the army has effectively fulfilled the mission and tasks entrusted by the times. In the new era, we must resolutely fulfill the mission and tasks entrusted by the Party and the people to the “four strategic supports” based on the requirements of national security and development strategies, and ensure that we can come when called, fight when we come, and win when we fight.

To provide strategic support for consolidating the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the socialist system. Providing important force guarantees for the party to consolidate its ruling position and safeguard the socialist system with Chinese characteristics is not only a fundamental reflection of the nature and purpose of our army, but also a new requirement for the army. Especially in the face of various hostile forces stepping up their implementation of the Westernization and differentiation strategy against our country, if political security is not guaranteed, there will be no talk of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. We must stand firmly under the banner of the party, resolutely safeguard the security of the state power, system, and political security, consciously enhance the “four consciousnesses”, strengthen the “four self-confidences”, and achieve the “two safeguards”, implement the responsibility system of the Chairman of the Military Commission, and temper the political character of loyalty, cleanness, and responsibility, and implement the original intention and mission in our posts and in our words and deeds.

Provide strategic support for defending national sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity. Victory requires the effective implementation of military operations and the achievement of combat superiority as the basic prerequisite, requiring us to deter and resist aggression, resolutely defend national sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity, and safeguard people’s security and social stability. my country is at a critical stage of moving from big to strong, and the security environment has undergone complex and profound changes. The comprehensiveness, complexity and variability of security issues have significantly increased. In particular, the issues of sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity are the core interests of the country, involving complex historical entanglements and geopolitics, and contain major political, diplomatic, trade and military risks. These issues cannot be avoided or avoided, and are major challenges to winning victory. We should strictly guard against all kinds of cannibalization, infiltration, sabotage and harassment activities, resolutely defend the security of border defense, coastal defense and air defense, and dare to defend national unity by stopping war with war, controlling the war situation and winning the war when necessary.

Provide strategic support for safeguarding the country’s overseas interests. Victory is to protect the country’s economic security and development interests as an important criterion, requiring us to safeguard overseas economic security. my country’s strategic interests continue to extend overseas, and business personnel and assets are widely distributed all over the world. Wherever the national interests extend, security guarantees must follow, especially at present, when the security of overseas economic interests is prominent, and international and regional turmoil, terrorism, and piracy pose real threats. We should actively promote international security and military cooperation, focus on improving the ability to carry out diversified military tasks, implement maritime escort, maintain the security of maritime strategic channels, carry out overseas evacuations, maritime rights protection and other actions, and effectively ensure the security of overseas interests.

Provide strategic support for promoting world peace and development. Victory means maintaining world peace, opposing aggression and expansion, and creating an international security environment conducive to the peaceful development of the country. Humankind is increasingly becoming a community with a shared future where interests are intertwined and safety and danger are shared. Faced with an increasingly complex diplomatic environment, especially the prominent contradictions brought about by the struggle for dominance of regional order, the struggle for rules, and the struggle for development paths, we must adhere to the concept of common, comprehensive, cooperative, and sustainable security, uphold the correct concept of justice and interests, faithfully practice the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind, deepen bilateral and multilateral security cooperation, promote coordination, inclusiveness, and complementary cooperation among different security mechanisms, create a security pattern of equality, mutual trust, fairness, justice, and common construction and sharing, provide more public security products to the international community within our capacity, and actively contribute to maintaining world peace and stability and building a community with a shared future for mankind.

Grasping the practical requirements for victory

Victory is achieved in military games. Military means are the bottom line for realizing the great dream. We must fully follow the laws of war guidance, ensure that military actions are coordinated with politics, diplomacy, and public opinion in military practice, and effectively realize the victory of justice, peace, and the people.

Strong in military. We will build a strong national defense and a powerful military that is commensurate with our international status and consistent with our national security and development interests, take the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics, promote the integrated development of mechanization and informatization, accelerate the development of intelligent military, build a modern combat system with Chinese characteristics, comprehensively advance the modernization of military theory, military organizational forms, military personnel, and weapons and equipment, strengthen the ability to carry out diversified military tasks, build the people’s army into a world-class army in an all-round way, and constantly improve its ability to fulfill its missions and tasks in the new era.

Politically reasonable. Military victory provides a solid foundation for political victory. It is necessary to guide military strategy with national strategy and to serve and support national strategy with military strategy. In planning and guiding war, we must have a deep understanding of the political nature of war, insist on military subordination to politics and strategy subordination to policy, and think about war issues from a political perspective. Especially in today’s era, war public opinion is highly transparent. Military operations must be closely coordinated with public opinion and legal struggles to seize the commanding heights of politics, morality and law, and lay a solid moral foundation and value support for victory in war.

It is beneficial to development. We should adhere to the overall national security concept, follow the path of national security with Chinese characteristics, better safeguard the important strategic opportunity period for my country’s development, and ensure that the great rejuvenation process is not delayed or interrupted. In today’s world, the factors associated with victory in war have increased significantly and become increasingly complex, showing the characteristics of hybrid warfare. Military operations should be closely coordinated with political security, economic interests, trade reciprocity and diplomatic initiative, and strategic planning should be carried out closely around safeguarding and realizing national interests.

Be moderate in action. The Chinese nation has always loved peace, and China has always adhered to a defensive national defense policy. We must implement the military strategic guidelines of the new era, adhere to the principles of defense, self-defense, and post-strike, implement active defense, adhere to the principle of “I will not attack others unless they attack me, but I will definitely attack others if they attack me”, emphasize the unity of containing war and winning war, and emphasize the unity of strategic defense and offensive in campaigns and battles.

[Extended reading: See previous articles in this edition: “What kind of view of war should we have” (2018/12/20), “What kind of view of power should we have” (2019/8/20), “What kind of view of advantage should we have” (2019/8/29), “What kind of view of power control should we have” (2019/9/17), “What kind of view of combat should we have” (2019/9/24)]

現代國語：

軍隊首先是一個戰鬥隊，是為打仗而存在的。能打勝仗是軍隊存在的根本意義和價值所在。新時代賦予了我軍新的使命任務，科學認識和掌握勝利觀的新時代內涵，不僅有助於提升我軍軍事鬥爭準備針對性，也為我軍全面建成世界一流軍隊、打贏未來戰爭提供了新的視角。

探究勝利的基本屬性

人們談論勝利，往往將勝利的評判局限在某維度，如唯國家利益至上說、唯經濟利益得失說、唯有生力量消滅說和唯政治目的達成說等，然而，勝利與否具有著多重內在屬性。

勝利的多維性。勝利具有多重意義與標準，體現在政治、軍事、經濟、外交等多個面向。在政治方面，戰爭勝利與戰爭政治目的統一性，戰爭是政治的延續，戰爭本身就是政治性質的行動。只有政治目的的達成，才意味著戰爭勝利的到來；在軍事方面，勝利必須以一定的軍事勝勢為基礎，軍事作戰的勝勢只為戰爭的勝利提供前提基礎；在經濟方面，戰爭的勝利意味著經濟或物質層面有所得，「不戰而屈人之兵」成為最高境界；在外交方面，勝利能夠打出軍威、國威，特別是持久勝利換來的長期和平環境，為國家長遠發展帶來巨大的潛在價值。

勝利的演進性。勝利隨著時代的發展而不斷變化，尤其是對應戰爭形態演變而產生新的內涵。冷兵器至機械化時代，土地是社會生產的基本資料，戰爭的勝利往往以殲敵奪地為主要標誌，征服領地成為工業化時代戰爭勝利的核心；資訊化時代中，傳統物質資源在生產力中的比重逐步降低，以資訊科技為代表的精神因素成為重要的生產資料，精神上摧毀與控制更為凸顯。隨著人工智慧技術的發展，智慧化社會及戰爭形態逐步來臨，勝利內涵必將產生新的變化。

勝利的辯證性。從戰爭整體來看，勝利主體具有辯證性，戰爭雙方是一對典型的攻防對抗矛盾關係，與生俱來就不可能達成一致的勝利，某一方的勝利意味著另一方的失敗；在勝敗轉換辯證性上，驕兵必敗、哀兵必勝，勝利方如果不能防止驕傲，就很容易在下一場戰爭中遭遇失利而轉為失敗，反之，失敗方如果忍辱負重就有可能贏得下一場勝利；在勝敗時空辯證性上，持久或短暫、全局或局部的勝利具有不同意義，暫時的、局部的勝利往往潛藏失敗危機，只有將短暫局部的勝利轉化為持久全局的勝利，才能最大程度地發揮勝利的價值和意義。

勝利的基礎性。 「戰場打不贏，一切等於零」。贏得戰爭勝利的基本前提是軍事作戰的勝利，它為轉化成最終戰爭的勝利奠定了根本基礎。沒有軍事行動的勝利，就沒有其它勝利的前提基礎。軍隊為打仗而生、為打贏而建，其核心是能打勝仗。不同時代、不同國家的不同軍隊擔負的任務不同，但作為戰鬥隊的根本職能沒有變，能打勝仗的根本要求沒有變。軍事上勝利是一切勝利的根本出發點，對於這一點不能有任何誤解和動搖。

認知勝利的時代要義

勝利有多重屬性評判標準，最核心的就是軍隊是否有效地履行了時代賦予的使命任務。新時代，我們要依據國家安全和發展戰略要求,堅決履行黨和人民賦予「四個戰略支撐」的使命任務，確保召之即來、來之能戰、戰之必勝。

為鞏固中國共產黨領導和社會主義制度提供戰略支持。為黨鞏固執政地位和維護中國特色社會主義制度提供重要的力量保證，既是我軍性質宗旨的根本體現，也是對軍隊提出的新要求。特別是面對各種敵對勢力加緊對我國實施西化、分化戰略，倘若政治安全得不到保障，中華民族偉大復興就無從談起。我們必須堅定地站在黨的旗幟下，堅決維護國家政權安全、制度安全、政治安全，自覺增強“四個意識”、堅定“四個自信”、做到“兩個維護”，貫徹軍委主席負責制，錘鍊忠誠乾淨擔當的政治品格，把初心和使命落實到本職崗位上、一言一行中。

為捍衛國家主權、統一、領土完整提供戰略支持。勝利就是要以有效履行軍事行動、達成作戰勝勢為基本前提條件，要求我們嚇阻和抵抗侵略，堅決捍衛國家主權、統一、領土完整，維護人民安全和社會穩定。我國正處於由大向強的關鍵階段，安全環境發生複雜深刻變化，安全問題的綜合性、複雜性、多變性顯著增強。特別是主權、統一、領土完整問題是國家核心利益，涉及複雜的歷史糾葛、地緣政治，蘊含著重大政治、外交、貿易、軍事風險。這些問題繞不開、躲不過，是贏得勝利所面臨的重大挑戰。我們應嚴密防範各類蠶食、滲透、破壞及襲擾活動，堅決保衛邊防、海防、空防安全，必要時敢於透過以戰止戰、控制戰局、贏得戰爭來捍衛國家統一。

為維護國家海外利益提供策略性支撐。勝利就是要以保護國家經濟安全和發展利益為重要標準，要求我們維護海外經濟安全。我國戰略利益不斷向海外延伸，商貿人員與資產廣泛分佈在世界各地。國家利益拓展到哪裡，安全保障就必須跟進到哪裡，特別是當前海外經濟利益安全問題凸顯，國際和區域動盪、恐怖主義、海盜活動等構成現實威脅。我們應積極推動國際安全和軍事合作，著力提升遂行多元軍事任務能力，實施海上護航，維護海上戰略通道安全，遂行海外撤僑、海上維權等行動，有效確保海外利益安全。

為促進世界和平與發展提供策略支持。勝利就是要維護世界和平，反對侵略擴張，創造有利於國家和平發展的國際安全環境。人類日益成為利益交融、安危與共的命運共同體。面對日益複雜的外交環境，特別是區域秩序主導權之爭、規則之爭、發展道路之爭帶來的突出矛盾，我們要堅持共同、綜合、合作、可持續的安全觀，秉持正確義利觀，忠實踐行人類命運共同體理念，深化雙邊和多邊安全合作，促進不同安全機制間協調包容、互補合作，營造平等互信、公平正義、共建共享的安全格局，在力所能及的範圍內向國際社會提供更多公共安全產品，積極為維護世界和平穩定、建構人類命運共同體貢獻力量。

掌握勝利的實踐要求

勝利是在軍事博弈中取得。軍事手段是實現偉大夢想的保底手段，我們要充分遵循戰爭指導規律，在軍事實踐中確保軍事行動與政治、外交、輿論等相配合，有效實現正義必勝、和平必勝和人民必勝。

軍事上有力。建構同國際地位相稱、同國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大軍隊，走中國特色的強軍之路，推動機械化資訊化融合發展，加速軍事智能化發展，建構我軍特色的現代作戰體系，全面推進軍事理論現代化、軍隊組織形態現代化、軍事人員現代化、武器裝備現代化，強化執行多樣化軍事任務的能力，把人民軍隊全面建成世界一流軍隊，不斷提高履行新時代使命任務的能力。

政治上有理。軍事作戰勝利為政治勝利提供堅實基礎，就要以國家戰略牽引軍事戰略，以軍事戰略服務來支持國家戰略。規劃指導戰爭，必須深刻認識戰爭的政治屬性，堅持軍事服從政治、戰略服從政略，從政治高度思考戰爭問題。特別是當今時代，戰爭輿論高度透明，軍事行動要與輿論法理鬥爭密切配合，搶佔政治、道義和法律的製高點，為戰爭勝利奠定紮實的道義基礎和價值依托。

發展上有利。堅持整體國家安全觀，走中國特色國家​​安全道路，更好維護我國發展重要戰略機會期，確保偉大復興進程不會被滯緩或打斷。當今世界，戰爭勝利的關聯因素顯著增多、複雜性不斷增強，呈現出混合戰爭的特徵。軍事作戰行動，應密切配合政治安全、經濟利益、貿易互惠和外交主動等方面，緊緊圍繞維護好實現好國家利益進行戰略運籌。

行動上有節。中華民族歷來愛好和平，中國始終不渝奉行防禦性國防政策。我們要貫徹落實新時代軍事戰略方針，堅持防禦、自衛、後發制人原則，實行積極防禦，堅持“人不犯我、我不犯人，人若犯我、我必犯人”，強調遏制戰爭與打贏戰爭相統一，強調戰略上防禦與戰役戰鬥上進攻統一。

【延伸閱讀：參見本版往期文章《應有怎樣的戰爭觀》（2018/12/20）《應有怎樣的力量觀》（2019/8/20）《應有怎樣的優勢觀》（2019 /8/29）《應有怎樣的製權觀》（2019/9/17）《應有怎樣的作戰觀》（2019/9/24）】

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2019-10/08/content_244763.htm

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭

Studying the Military, Studying War, Studying How to Fight: Chinese Military Combat Deception on the Intelligent Battlefield

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研究軍事、研究戰爭、研究怎麼打仗：中國軍隊在智慧戰場上作戰的欺騙

現代英語：

It is easy to break the “fog” of the battlefield, but it is difficult to break the “obsession” in your heart——

Combat Deception on the Intelligent Battlefield

■ Yuan Yi Zhao Di

introduction

Since ancient times, achieving surprise through combat deception has been an important way to win on the battlefield. Entering the era of intelligence, the in-depth application of artificial intelligence technology has not only clearly dispelled the original war “fog”, but also created a large amount of new war “fog”. If we only rely on improving deception techniques and means, and simply superimposing and strengthening the traditional deception paradigm, it will become increasingly difficult to achieve the deception goal. From “smart deception” to “smart victory”, there is an urgent need for an overall transformation of the objects of deception, means of deception, methods of deception, and focus of deception, so as to form a new deception paradigm that meets the requirements of the intelligent era.

The target of deception has shifted from humans to human-machine hybrid agents

Clausewitz believed that three-quarters of the factors on which war is based are more or less surrounded by the “fog” of uncertainty. Combat deception is essentially the use of uncertainty in war. The more “fog” there is in war, the more room there is for maneuvering. Traditional combat deception is carried out around the opponent’s decision-making level, and people are the only target of deception. However, with the increasingly prominent role of intelligent intelligence analysis and auxiliary decision-making systems in command activities, the use of deception to achieve strategic, campaign, and tactical surprises faces major challenges. How to deceive human-machine hybrid intelligent entities composed of humans and intelligent systems has become an important factor that needs to be considered when planning and implementing deception in the intelligent era. The competition surrounding intelligent deception and anti-deception is becoming increasingly fierce.

There is a world of difference between deceiving people and deceiving intelligent systems. In the past, the “calculations” that deceived people may be exposed when facing the “calculations” of intelligent systems. Intelligent systems can efficiently integrate and process massive amounts of sensor data and Internet open source information, making a qualitative leap in the speed, depth, breadth and accuracy of battlefield situation perception, realizing a profound transformation from “sensing” to “knowing”, from “state” to “momentum”, and playing an important role in dispelling the “fog” of war. For example, on the battlefield, although both sides try to hide the truth and cover up their intentions in various ways, they still cannot escape the “eyes” of the intelligent system: the tracks left by carefully disguised tanks and armored vehicles, after being detected by the enemy’s satellites, drones, etc., will also reveal their specific locations under the analysis of the intelligent system.

On the contrary, it is very easy to deceive intelligent systems with methods that target them, but it may not be able to deceive people. A foreign research team found that by changing a few key pixels in a picture of a cat, the intelligent system can identify the cat as a dog, while the human eye will not make any recognition errors due to this change. Similar incidents are common. Some studies have pointed out that sticking a piece of paper with a special pattern on a person’s forehead can deceive the strongest facial recognition system, and this method is highly portable and can deceive other facial recognition algorithms with a slight change.

It can be seen that deceiving people and deceiving intelligent systems are two different “deception methods”. After the deep application of artificial intelligence in the field of intelligence analysis and auxiliary decision-making, from the formulation of strategic deception plans to the design of battlefield camouflage patterns, how to deceive both the human brain and the computer and keep the human-machine hybrid intelligent body “in the dark” will be an important issue that needs to be focused on and solved in order to win the initiative in war.

The fraudulent methods have shifted from being mainly human-based to a combination of human and machine.

The organization and implementation of traditional combat deception is mainly manual, especially large-scale strategic deception, which requires a lot of manpower, material and financial resources. For example, in World War II, the Allies formulated a series of deception plans to ensure the success of the Normandy landing: setting up a fake radio network and a simulated landing fleet, and imagining that the US 1st Army Group with 50 divisions and 1 million people was actively preparing to cross the channel and land in the direction of Calais; using the air force to bomb Calais and Normandy, but the former was bombed more than 1 times more than the latter, etc. The application of artificial intelligence in deception can fundamentally change this situation. With humans as the main guide and intelligent means as the auxiliary, it can quickly generate massive amounts of false information, confusing the real with the fake, and create a thicker war “fog” for the opponent.

The use of intelligent means can improve the quality of deception. On the one hand, intelligent decision-making aids can be used to formulate deception plans, optimize the design of deception forces, deception deployment, deception processes, etc., to achieve systematic deception with the best overall effect; on the other hand, intelligent intelligence analysis systems can be used to pre-test the deception effect, “using one’s own spear to attack one’s own shield”, find out the loopholes and contradictions in the plan, and then improve the deception plan to make it logically self-consistent and seamless.

The use of intelligent means can expand the scale of deception. The increasingly mature deep fake technology can synthesize realistic fake pictures, handwriting, audio, video, etc. in large quantities, and has broad application prospects in strategic, campaign, and tactical deception. For example, in strategic campaign deception, corresponding technical means can be used to confuse opponents by forging fake radio stations and fake commanders, and even to fake an active command post in a certain battle direction; in tactical deception, battlefield camouflage can be used to attach special patterns to high-value equipment to make the opponent’s intelligent system recognize it incorrectly.

The use of intelligent means can reduce the cost of deception. With the support of technologies such as virtual reality and deep fakes, unexpected deception effects can often be achieved with the help of synthetic optics, acoustics and other means, and they are low-cost and low-investment, which is more cost-effective than traditional strategic deception methods. For example, setting up false targets such as bait unmanned combat platforms, using electronic feints and electronic camouflage to send false signals can effectively restrain the opponent’s power, produce high returns at low cost, and thus gain the upper hand.

The use of intelligent means can optimize the accuracy of deception. Traditional combat deception is usually stereotyped, with prominent characteristics of broadcast, extensive, and generalized. For this reason, in the era of intelligence, we should focus on collecting data on opponent decision makers in peacetime and use big data for precise analysis to “know the enemy” more deeply and specifically. On this basis, deep fake technology can be used in wartime to customize the content of deception, realizing precise deception from targeting groups to targeting individuals.

The method of deception has shifted from mainly deceiving to mainly confusing and seducing.

“Playing cards” and “playing chess” are two game modes with completely different battlefield transparency. In the “playing cards” mode, both sides only know the cards that the opponent has played, but do not know the cards in the opponent’s hand, let alone what cards the opponent will play next; while in the “playing chess” mode, the deployment of both sides’ forces on the chessboard is completely transparent, but the opponent’s intentions and the next move are unknown. It is not difficult to see that from cold weapon wars, hot weapon wars, mechanized wars, informationized wars, and then to intelligent wars, the form of war confrontation is increasingly changing from the “playing cards” mode to the “playing chess” mode.

In a war of “playing cards”, blind deception is very useful. Through strict disguise and strict confidentiality, the opponent’s channels of information can be blocked as much as possible, making it impossible for the opponent to detect one’s own intentions and actions, thereby achieving surprise. In the past, when the means of obtaining information were limited and information on the battlefield situation was scarce, there were many examples of wars that used “hiding the truth” and “showing falsehood” to achieve surprise. However, at present, with the help of advanced reconnaissance technology, full-dimensional and full-spectrum reconnaissance has been realized, and the battlefield is becoming more and more transparent. Complete concealment without any revealing features is difficult to achieve. Once the concealment state is switched to the action state, the probability of being discovered by the opponent will be greatly increased. Blind deception can only become an auxiliary deception method.

In the war of “chess”, the following two deception methods are usually used: one is confusing deception, that is, using intelligent means to send a large amount of true and false mixed and difficult to identify information, increasing the ambiguity of information and the difficulty of analysis, making it difficult for the opponent to judge or misjudge. The second is inducement deception, that is, by sending high-definition misleading information, the opponent is led into a preset trap. The combination of these two methods and the cooperation of blinding deception together constitute a hybrid deception that is difficult for the opponent to guard against.

The focus of deception shifts from human perception to human cognition

As the main subject of war, people are important variables that influence the war situation, which implies uncertainty and uncontrollability. From the perspective of psychology, cognitive neurology and other aspects, the “black box” of the mind still cannot be revealed. Deception by deception targets people’s eyes and ears, taking advantage of human sensory weaknesses, while deception by deception and temptation directly targets people’s minds, taking advantage of human weaknesses.

From past cases, even with the most advanced intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance technology and the most intelligent analysis methods, it is impossible to make up for and overcome human weaknesses. In many cases, it is not that the intelligence department failed to recognize the opponent’s deception, but that the decision-makers are unwilling to believe the facts. On the eve of the Soviet-German War in World War II, although more and more evidence showed that Germany was planning to invade the Soviet Union, the Soviet decision-makers believed that the war would not come for the time being. Therefore, when the war broke out, the Soviet army was not well prepared for the response, and the initial defensive actions were very passive.

War practice shows that in the era of intelligence, even if the opponent has obvious military technology advantages and can achieve one-way transparency on the battlefield through advanced intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance technology, the enemy can still take advantage of the cognitive weaknesses of the opponent’s decision-making layer to implement counter-intuitive deception and cover up the true intentions and actions. This also shows that the focus and center of deception in the era of intelligence should not be entirely on how to deliberately cover up the traces of military actions, but should focus more on targeting the opponent’s decision-making layer and inducing it to make decisions and actions that the enemy wants to see.

(Author’s unit: Institute of War Studies, Academy of Military Science)

現代國語：

資料來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：袁 藝 趙 頔 責任編輯：尚曉敏 出版：2024-08-13 07:01:28

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●破戰場「迷霧」易，破心中「執念」難——

智能化戰場上的戰鬥欺騙

■袁 藝 趙 頔

引 言

自古以來，透過作戰欺騙達成突然性，是戰場制勝的重要途徑。進入智慧化時代，人工智慧技術的深度應用，在清晰撥開原有戰爭「迷霧」的同時，又製造出大量新的戰爭「迷霧」。如果只依賴改進欺騙技術和手段，在傳統欺騙範式上做簡單的疊加強化，就想達成欺騙目標的難度越來越大。由“智騙”到“智勝”，迫切需要欺騙對象、欺騙手段、欺騙方式、欺騙重心等各個方面的整體轉變，形成適應智能化時代要求的新型欺騙範式。

欺騙對象由人轉向人機混合智能體

克勞塞維茨認為，戰爭所依據的四分之三的因素或多或少被不確定性的「迷霧」包圍著。作戰欺騙本質上就是對戰爭中不確定性的利用，戰爭「迷霧」越多，施計用謀的空間就越大。傳統作戰欺騙都是圍繞著對方決策層而展開的，人是欺騙的唯一對象。但隨著智慧情報分析與輔助決策系統在指揮活動中的地位作用日益凸顯，以欺騙達成戰略、戰役、戰術突然性面臨重大挑戰。如何欺騙人與智慧系統共同組成的人機混合智能體，成為智能化時代籌劃實施欺騙需要考慮的重要因素，圍繞智能欺騙與反欺騙的較量日趨激烈。

欺騙人與欺騙智慧系統有著天壤之別，以往欺騙人的「算計」在面對智慧系統的「計算」時可能會被識破。智慧型系統可高效融合處理海量的傳感器數據和互聯網開源信息，使得戰場態勢感知的速度、深度、廣度和精度產生質的飛躍，實現由“感”到“知”、由“態”到“勢”的深刻轉變，在撥開戰爭「迷霧」方面發揮重要作用。例如，戰場上盡管交戰雙方都試圖用各種方法隱藏真相、掩蓋企圖，但仍逃不出智能係統的「慧眼」：精心偽裝的坦克、裝甲車等留下的車轍痕跡，被對方衛星、無人機等偵照後，在智慧型系統的分析下也會暴露出具體位置。

相反，針對智慧型系統的欺騙方式欺騙智慧系統非常容易，但可能又欺騙不了人。國外研究團隊發現，只要改變一隻貓的圖片中的少數幾個關鍵像素，就可以使智慧系統將貓識別為狗，而人眼則完全不會因這種變化而出現識別錯誤。類似的事件屢見不鮮，有研究指出，在人類前額上貼一張有特殊圖案的紙片，就能夠騙過最強的人臉識別系統，且這一方法具有很強的可移植性，稍加改變就可以欺騙其他的人臉識別演算法。

由此可見，欺騙人與欺騙智慧系統是兩種不同的「騙法」。人工智慧深度應用於情報分析與輔助決策領域後，大到戰略欺騙方案的製定，小到戰場迷彩圖案的設計，如何既騙過人腦又騙過電腦，把人機混合智能體「蒙在鼓裡”，將會是贏得戰爭主動權需要重點關注並加以解決的重要課題。

欺騙手段由人工為主轉向人機結合

傳統作戰欺騙的組織實施以人工為主，尤其是大規模的戰略欺騙，需要投入大量的人力物力財力。例如，二戰時盟軍為確保諾曼底登陸成功，制定了一系列疑兵計畫：建立假的無線電網和模擬登陸艦隊，虛構有50個師100萬人的美第1集團軍群，正在積極準備橫渡海峽向加萊方向登陸；使用空軍對加萊和諾曼底進行轟炸，但前者遭到的轟炸比後者多1倍以上等等。人工智慧運用於欺騙可從根本上改變這一局面，以人為主導輔以智能手段，可快速生成海量虛假信息，以假亂真，給對手製造更加濃厚的戰爭“迷霧”。

運用智慧手段可提升欺騙品質。一方面，可運用智慧輔助決策手段訂定欺騙計畫，優化設計欺騙力量、欺騙部署、欺騙流程等，實現全局效果最佳的體系化欺騙；另一方面，可運用智慧情報分析系統預先檢驗欺騙效果， “以己之矛攻己之盾”，找出計劃中的漏洞和矛盾點，進而完善欺騙計劃，使其邏輯自洽、嚴絲合縫。

運用智慧手段可擴大欺騙規模。日益成熟的深度偽造技術，可大量合成逼真的虛假圖片、筆跡、音頻、視頻等，在戰略、戰役、戰術欺騙中有著廣泛的應用前景。例如，在戰略戰役欺騙方面，可透過相應技術手段，偽造假電台、假指揮員等迷惑對手，甚至能夠在某一戰役方向偽造一個活躍的指揮所；在戰術欺騙方面，可通過戰場偽裝，給高價值裝備貼上特製圖案，使對手的智慧系統識別出錯。

運用智慧手段可降低欺騙成本。在虛擬現實、深度偽造等技術的支持下，借助合成光學、聲學等手段往往也能達到意想不到的欺騙效果，並且兼具低成本、小投入的特點，相比傳統戰略欺騙方式具有高效費比優勢。如設置誘餌無人作戰平台等假目標，運用電子佯動、電子偽裝等施放假信號，都能夠有效牽制對手力量，以低成本產出高回報，從而贏得制勝先機。

運用智慧手段可優化欺騙精度。傳統作戰欺騙通常千篇一律，廣播式、粗放式、概略化特點比較突出。為此，智能化時代，平時就應注重廣泛收集對手決策者數據，並運用大數據進行精確分析，以更加深刻更加具體地「知彼」。在此基礎上，戰時就可運用深度偽造技術個性化客製化欺騙內容，實現由針對群體到瞄準個體的精準欺騙。

欺騙方式由以蒙蔽為主轉向以迷惑、誘導為主

「打牌」和「下棋」是戰場透明度截然不同的兩種賽局模式。 「打牌」模式中，雙方都只知道對手已出的牌，但不知道對手手中的牌，更不知道下一步對手會出什麼牌；而「下棋」模式中，棋盤上雙方兵力部署完全透明，但不知道對手企圖和下一步棋怎麼走。不難看出，從冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭到資訊化戰爭，再到智慧化戰爭，戰爭對抗形式日益由「打牌」模式轉變為「下棋」模式。

在「打牌」模式的戰爭中，蒙蔽式欺騙非常管用，可通過嚴密偽裝和嚴格保密，盡可能地封鎖對手的獲情渠道，使其無法察覺己方企圖和行動，進而達成突然性。在過去資訊獲取手段有限、戰場態勢資訊匱乏的年代，主用「隱真」輔以「示假」達成突然性的戰例很多。但當前，憑借先進偵察技術，已經實現了全維全譜偵察，戰場透明化程度越來越高，無任何暴露特徵的完全隱蔽已難以實現，而一旦由隱蔽狀態轉入行動狀態，更會大大增加被對手發現的機率，蒙蔽式欺騙只能成為輔助欺騙手段。

在「下棋」模式的戰爭中，通常採用以下兩種欺騙方式：一是迷惑式欺騙，即藉助智能手段，發出大量真假混雜、難以辨認的信息，增大信息模糊度和分析難度，使對手難以判斷或判斷失誤。二是誘導式欺騙，即透過發出高清晰誤導訊息，將對手引入預設陷阱。兩種方式結合再加上蒙蔽式欺騙的配合，共同構成了對手難以防範的混合式欺騙。

欺騙重心由人的感知轉向人的認知

作為戰爭的主體，人是左右戰局的重要變量，蘊含著不確定性和不可控性。從心理學、認知神經學等層面來看，心智的「黑箱」仍然無法揭開。蒙蔽式欺騙針對的是人的耳目，利用的是人類感官弱點，而迷惑式和誘導式欺騙直指人的心智，利用的是人性弱點。

從以往案例來看，即使擁有最先進的情報監視偵察技術和最聰明化的分析手段，也無法彌補和克服人性弱點。很多情況下，不是情報部門沒有辨識出對手的欺騙，而是決策層不願意相信事實。在第二次世界大戰蘇德戰爭前夕，盡管當時越來越多的證據表明，德國正計劃入侵蘇聯，但蘇聯決策層認為戰爭暫時不會來臨，所以當戰爭爆發時，沒有做好應對準備的蘇軍，前期的防禦行動非常被動。

戰爭實踐表明，進入智能化時代，即使對手擁有明顯的軍事技術優勢，能夠通過先進的情報監視偵察技術達成戰場單向透明，但己方仍可利用對手決策層的認知弱點，實施反直覺欺騙，掩蓋真實意圖和行動。這也表明，智能化時代欺騙的發力點和重心，不應全部放在如何刻意掩蓋軍事行動痕跡上，而應更加註重針對對手決策層，誘導其作出己方希望看到的決策行動。

（作者單位：軍事科學院戰爭研究院）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16330870.html

#Information Support Force, #intellligentization, #中國太空軍, #中國的耗散戰, #中國軍事人工智慧武器化, #新興戰爭技術, Chinese Military Future Wars, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知域戰

Aspects of Chinese intelligent warfare: Artificial intelligence will change the winning mechanism of future Chinese wars

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中國智慧化戰爭看點：人工智慧將改變未來中國戰爭制勝機制

現代英語：

Artificial intelligence technology is an important support for improving strategic capabilities in emerging fields. It has developed rapidly in recent years and is widely used in the military field. It continues to generate new asymmetric advantages and profoundly changes the basic shape, combat methods and winning mechanisms of future wars. We should have a deep understanding of the revolutionary technological power of artificial intelligence, accurately identify changes, respond scientifically, and proactively seek changes, and strive to explore ways to win future wars, and win the initiative in the accelerating intelligent wars.

information mechanism

If you know your enemy and yourself, you can fight a hundred battles without danger. Quickly and effectively mastering all-round information is the primary prerequisite for winning a war. Artificial intelligence can realize intelligent perception of battlefield situation, intelligent analysis of massive data, and intelligent processing of multiple information, and can form a “transparent” advantage on the battlefield.

Autonomous implementation of battlefield awareness. By embedding intelligent modules into wartime reconnaissance systems, various types of reconnaissance node units can achieve random networking, on-the-fly collaboration, and organic integration. They can independently capture battlefield information in all directions and dimensions, and build a relatively “transparent” digital battlefield environment and combat situation. It then clears the “fog” of war and presents combat scenes in a panoramic manner.

Accurate identification of massive data. Relying on intelligent technologies such as precise sensing technology and analysis and recognition technology, it can accurately interpret, analyze, compare and integrate diversified voice, text, pictures, videos and other data to obtain a faster, more complete, more accurate and deeper battlefield situation. The result is far faster and more accurate than human brain processing.

Respond efficiently to key information. Based on intelligent technology groups such as combat cloud, big data, and the Internet of Things, it can quickly excavate large quantities of non-standardized and heterogeneous intelligence data, independently discover symptoms, identify intentions, study trends, find patterns, and respond accurately in real time. Commander’s need for critical information.

Synchronize and share the integration situation. The intelligent control system can optimize and integrate various reconnaissance and surveillance systems distributed in different spaces and frequency domains such as land, sea, air and space power grids, and play an important hub role in sharing information and unified cognition, building a system based on “one picture” and “one picture”. The “open network” and “one chain” situation enables all combat units to synchronously share the required information from different spaces, distances, and frequencies in all areas, all frequencies, and all the time, realizing wisdom sharing.

Decision-making mechanism

If the husband has not fought yet and the temple is considered the winner, he must be considered the winner. Scientific and accurate decision-making is a prerequisite for winning a war. Artificial intelligence can conduct dynamic battlefield simulations, quickly make feasible decisions, significantly shorten the operational planning and decision-making cycle, and form a decision-making advantage.

Intelligent analysis and judgment of strategic situations. The decision-making assistance system integrated with artificial intelligence technology has functions such as information collection, query management, data processing, and correlation analysis. It can effectively break through the limitations of human analysis capabilities, maximize the elimination of falsehoods and preserve truths, correlation verification, and link thinking, and automatically conduct analysis of the enemy’s situation, our situation, and our situation. Big data analysis such as battlefield environment can form comparative data on relevant troops, weapons, etc., which can effectively assist combat command and help commanders quickly make combat decisions.

Intelligent selection of combat plans. Relying on the intelligent combat simulation system, based on the pre-entered combat missions and target information, multiple sets of intuitive plans and plans are automatically generated, comprehensively evaluate their advantages, disadvantages and potential risks, and select the plan that is most conducive to realizing the commander’s intention. for the commander to make the final decision. After receiving combat missions and target requirements from superiors, each combat unit further screens and screens battlefield target information based on the tasks and requirements at this level, and independently formulates the optimal solutions and plans at this level to maximize combat effectiveness.

Intelligent prediction of decision-making effectiveness. The intelligent auxiliary decision-making system relies on intelligent technologies such as big data, high-performance computing, and neural network algorithms to give the command and control system more advanced “brain-like” capabilities. It can think more rationally about unexpected situations on the battlefield and quickly draw relative conclusions. Objective results of the engagement.

power control mechanism

Powerful people control power because of profit. Seizing power is a key factor in gaining a winning edge in war. Artificial intelligence can “transplant” part of human intelligence into weapons, making the integration of humans and weapon systems closer and closer. In-depth human-machine integration has changed the traditional elements of power control and given new power control connotations, which can help to obtain new technologies. control advantage.

Territorial power expanded to high frontiers. In the future, highly intelligent unmanned systems will operate in extreme environments such as extreme heights, extreme distances, extreme depths, extremely low temperatures, extreme darkness, and extreme brightness, even under harsh conditions such as high temperature, extreme cold, high pressure, hypoxia, poison, and radiation. , a variety of combat missions can still be carried out, and the battle for control of the combat field and combat space extends to high frontiers, far frontiers, and deep frontiers.

Expand the right to control information to multiple means. The traditional way of seizing and controlling information power is to control the acquisition, processing, and distribution of information by attacking the enemy’s reconnaissance and early warning system and destroying its command and control system. However, information operations led by artificial intelligence use information itself as “ammunition”. ”, the means to seize the right to control information are more diverse.

Network control rights are expanded to distributed areas. The network information system built based on intelligent technology provides a ubiquitous network “cloud” to aggregate battlefield resources of various terminals and provide services. It can realize modular grouping and automatic reorganization of combat forces. Traditionally, it can achieve network outage and destruction by attacking key nodes. The purpose of the chain will be difficult to achieve, and the “decentralized” battlefield must be dealt with in an intelligent distributed attack mode.

Brain power expands to new dimensions. The gradual militarization of brain-inspired technology and simulation technology has formed a new field of games and confrontations. The focus has shifted from focusing on confrontation in the physical and information domains to more emphasis on influencing and controlling the opponent’s psychology. Technologies such as virtual reality and audio-visual synthesis can confuse fakes with real ones. “Core attack warfare” can quietly change the enemy’s command and control system algorithm, and “brain control warfare” can directly control the enemy’s decision-making. By controlling and influencing the enemy’s psychology, thinking, will, etc., it can achieve control at the minimum cost. The purpose of war and victory.

Mechanism of action

The passion of soldiers is the key to speed, taking advantage of others’ disadvantages. Taking actions that the enemy does not expect is the key to winning a war. Artificial intelligence can improve the intelligence of weapons and equipment, command and control systems, and operational decision-making, making maneuver response capabilities faster and joint strike capabilities more accurate, creating a super operational advantage.

The speed of action is “instantaneous”. The intelligent combat system can see, hear, learn, and think, effectively shortening the “OODA” cycle. Once an “opportunity is found,” it will use intelligently controlled hypersonic weapons, kinetic energy weapons, and lasers. Weapons, etc., can quickly “kill” targets from a long distance.

The action style is “unmanned”. “Unmanned + intelligence” is the future development direction of weapons and equipment. Low-cost unmanned autonomous equipment such as unmanned vehicles, drones, and unmanned underwater vehicles, with the support of the cluster autonomous decision-making system, can plan the task division of each unit according to the combat objectives, and accurately dock and autonomously combine the unmanned aerial vehicles. , covert penetration, and carry out cluster saturation attacks on the enemy.

The space for action “blurs”. In future wars, using interference means to carry out soft attacks on the enemy’s intelligent combat systems and smart weapons, and using smart weapons to delay or affect the decision-making and psychology of enemy personnel will become the key to victory. Most of these actions were completed unknowingly or silently, presenting a “blurred” state in which neither the enemy nor ourselves were visible, the boundaries between the front and the rear were unclear, and the visible and invisible were difficult to distinguish.

The operational layout is “invisible”. Intelligent command systems and weapons and equipment have bionic and stealth properties. As long as they are deployed in possible combat areas in advance during peacetime preparations or training exercises, they are lurking in advance, dormant and ready for battle. Once needed in wartime, they can be activated in a timely manner to launch a sudden attack on the enemy, which will help to quickly grasp the initiative in the war.

System mechanism

Five things and seven strategies to know the outcome. Future wars will be systematic confrontations in all fields, systems, elements, and processes. A stable and efficient combat system is the basic support for winning the war. As the application of artificial intelligence in the military field continues to expand, the combat system is becoming more and more intelligent, and a fully integrated combat system will produce powerful system advantages.

There are more means of “detection”. The intelligent combat cluster relies on the network information system to connect with various large-scale sensors, electronic warfare systems and other human-machine interaction platforms. It uses each combat unit’s own detection and sensing equipment to obtain battlefield data, leverages the self-organizing characteristics of the intelligent group, and strengthens joint operations. The real-time reconnaissance and surveillance support of the system and back-end intelligence analysis can realize full-area reconnaissance and search, joint early warning, and collaborative verification, forming a multi-dimensional integrated, full-area coverage large-area joint reconnaissance intelligence system.

The field of “control” is wider. The use of intelligent unmanned combat platforms can break through the logical limits of human thinking, the physiological limits of the senses, and the physical limits of existence, and replace humans into traditional restricted areas of life such as the deep sea, space, polar regions, and areas with strong radiation, and stay there for a long time. Implement “unconventional operations” to further expand the combat space and have the ability to continue to deter opponents in a wider area.

“Hit” is faster. With the support of the intelligent network information system, the intelligence chain, command chain, and kill chain are seamlessly connected. Information transmission speed, decision-making speed, and action speed are simultaneously accelerated. Intelligent combat units can be flexibly organized, autonomously coordinated, and struck quickly. All these make time utilization extremely efficient and battlefield reaction speed extremely fast.

The accuracy of “evaluation” is more accurate. Using intelligent technologies such as experiential interactive learning and brain-like behavioral systems, the intelligent combat assessment system can independently collect, aggregate and classify multi-means action effect assessment information, accurately perceive battlefield actions based on big data and panoramic views, and dynamically identify Combat process and correct deficiencies, predict complex battlefield changes, comprehensively plan and respond flexibly.

“Guarantee” is more efficient. The widespread application of intelligent comprehensive support systems, represented by equipment maintenance expert systems and intelligent sensing equipment, can efficiently respond to support needs in various domains, intelligently plan support resources, ensure that the “cloud” aggregates various battlefield resources, and effectively enhances the networked battlefield Comprehensive support capabilities.

(Author’s unit: Henan Provincial Military Region)

現代國語：

人工智慧技術是提升新興領域策略能力的重要支持。近年來發展迅速，在軍事領域廣泛應用。它不斷生成新的不對稱優勢，深刻改變未來戰爭的基本形態、作戰方式和勝利機制。我們應該深刻認識人工智慧革命性技術力量，準確辨識變化、科學應對、主動求變，努力探索打贏未來戰爭的辦法，在加速推進的智慧化戰爭中奪取主動權。

資訊機制

知己知彼，百戰不殆。迅速有效地掌握全方位資訊是贏得戰爭的首要前提。人工智慧可以實現戰場態勢的智慧感知、大量數據的智慧分析、多種資訊的智慧處理，可以在戰場上形成「透明」優勢。

自主實施戰場感知。透過在戰時偵察系統中嵌入智慧模組，使各類偵察節點單元實現隨機組網、動態協同、有機融合。它們能夠自主獲取全方位、多維度的戰場訊息，建構相對「透明」的數位化戰場環境和作戰態勢。它撥開戰爭的“迷霧”，全景式地呈現戰鬥場景。

海量資料精準識別。依托精準感知技術、分析辨識技術等智慧技術，對多樣化的語音、文字、圖片、視訊等數據進行精準解讀、分析、比較與整合，獲得更快、更全、更準、更深層的戰場態勢。其結果比人腦處理的速度更快、更準確。

有效響應關鍵訊息。基於作戰雲、大數據、物聯網等智慧技術群，快速挖掘大量非標準化、異質情報數據，自主發現症狀、辨識意圖、研究趨勢、尋找模式、精準應對即時。指揮官需要關鍵資訊。

同步分享整合情況。智慧控制系統能夠優化整合陸、海、空、天電網等分佈在不同空間、不同頻域的各種偵察監視系統，發揮資訊共享、統一認知的重要樞紐作用，建構基於智慧感知的體系。一張圖」與「一張圖」。 「開網」「一條鏈」的局面，使各作戰單元能夠全地域、全頻率、全時間，同步分享不同空間、不同距離、不同頻率的所需信息，實現智慧共享。

決策機制

如果丈夫還沒有戰鬥，而寺廟被認為是勝利者，那麼他必須被視為勝利者。科學準確的決策是贏得戰爭的前提。人工智慧可以進行動態戰場模擬，快速做出可行決策，大幅縮短作戰規劃和決策週期，形成決策優勢。

智能分析判斷戰略情勢。融入人工智慧技術的決策輔助系統具有資訊收集、查詢管理、資料處理、關聯分析等功能。能有效突破人的分析能力限制，最大限度實現去偽存真、關聯驗證、連結思考，自動進行敵情、我情、我勢分析。戰場環境等大數據分析可以形成相關兵力、武器裝備等比較數據，可以有效輔助作戰指揮，幫助指揮官快速做出作戰決策。

智慧選擇作戰計畫。依托智能作戰模擬系統，根據預先輸入的作戰任務和目標訊息，自動產生多套直觀的作戰方案和計劃，綜合評估其優勢、劣勢及潛在風險，選取最有利於實現了指揮官的意圖。由指揮官作出最終決定。各作戰單元接到上級作戰任務和目標要求後，依據本級任務和要求，對戰場目標資訊進行進一步甄別篩選，自主制定本級最優解決方案和預案，最大限度提高戰鬥力。

智慧預測決策的有效性。智慧輔助決策系統依賴大數據、高效能運算、神經網路演算法等智慧技術，賦予指揮控制系統更先進的「類大腦」能力。能夠更理性地思考戰場上的突發狀況，並迅速得出相關結論。參與的客觀成果。

權力控制機制

有權勢的人因為利益而控制權力。奪取政權是戰爭中取得勝利的關鍵因素。人工智慧可以將人類部分智慧「移植」到武器中，使得人與武器系統的結合越來越緊密。人機深度融合改變了傳統的動力控制要素，賦予了動力控制新的內涵，有助於獲得新的技術。控制優勢。

領土權力擴展到高地邊境。未來高度智慧的無人系統將在極高、極遠、極深、極低溫、極暗、極亮等極端環境下，甚至在高溫、極寒、高壓、缺氧、中毒和輻射。 ，多種作戰任務仍可實施，戰場和作戰空間控制權的爭奪向高邊、遠邊、深邊延伸。

將資訊控制權拓展到多種手段。奪取和控制資訊權的傳統方式是透過攻擊敵方偵察預警系統、摧毀敵方指揮控制系統來控制資訊的取得、處理和發布。然而，人工智慧主導的資訊作戰，是以資訊本身作為「彈藥」的。 ”，奪取資訊控制權的手段更加多樣化。

網路控制權擴展至分散式區域。基於智慧技術建構的網路資訊體系，提供無所不在的網路“雲”，聚合各類終端的戰場資源並提供服務。可實現作戰力量模組化編組和自動重組。傳統上它透過攻擊關鍵節點來實現網路中斷和破壞。鏈上的目的將很難實現，必須以智慧分散式的攻擊方式來應對「去中心化」的戰場。

腦力拓展至新的維度。類腦技術、模擬技術逐漸軍事化，形成了新的博弈與對抗領域。從注重身體和資訊領域的對抗，轉向更加重視影響和控制對手的心理。虛擬實境、視聽合成等技術可以使真假混淆。 「核心攻擊戰」可以悄悄改變敵人的指揮控制系統演算法，「腦控戰」則可以直接控制敵人的決策。透過控制和影響敵人的心理、思維、意誌等，以最小的代價來實現控制。戰爭的目的和勝利。

作用機制

士兵的熱情是速度的關鍵，利用別人的劣勢。採取敵方意想不到的行動是贏得戰爭的關鍵。人工智慧可以提升武器裝備、指揮控制系統、作戰決策的智慧化，讓機動反應能力更快速、聯合打擊能力更精準，打造超級作戰優勢。

作用速度是「瞬時的」。智慧作戰系統能夠看、聽、學、想，有效縮短「OODA」週期。一旦“發現機會”，它就會使用智慧控制的高超音速武器、動能武器和雷射。武器等，可以從遠距離快速「殺死」目標。

行動方式為「無人化」。 「無人化+智能化」是未來武器裝備的發展方向。無人駕駛汽車、無人機、無人潛航器等低成本無人自主裝備，在集群自主決策系統支援下，可依作戰目標規劃各單元任務分工，精準對接、自主組合無人駕駛飛行器。 、隱蔽滲透，對敵方實施集群飽和攻擊。

行動空間「模糊」。未來戰爭中，利用乾擾手段對敵方智慧作戰系統和智慧武器實施軟攻擊，利用智慧武器延緩或影響敵方人員的決策和心理，將成為勝利的關鍵。這些動作大多是在不知不覺中或默默無聞地完成的，呈現出一種「模糊」的狀態，雙方都沒有意識到。無論是敵人還是自己，都是看不見的，前方與後方的界線不清，看得見與看不見的難以區分。

作戰佈局「隱形」。智慧指揮系統和武器裝備具有仿生、隱身性能。只要在平時準備或訓練演習中，提前部署到可能的作戰區域，就是提前潛伏，蟄伏，隨時準備戰鬥。一旦戰爭需要，可以及時投入使用，對敵人發動突襲，有利於迅速掌握戰爭主動權。

系統機制

五件事和七種策略可知結果。未來戰爭將是各領域、各體系、各要素、各過程的系統對抗。穩定、有效率的作戰體係是打贏戰爭的基礎支撐。隨著人工智慧在軍事領域應用範圍不斷拓展，作戰體系智慧化程度越來越高，全面整合的作戰體系將產生強大的體系優勢。

「檢測」的手段還有很多。智慧作戰集群依托網路資訊體系，連結各類大型感測器、電子戰系統及其他的人機互動平台。它利用各作戰單元本身的探測感測設備取得戰場數據，發揮智慧群體自組織特點，加強聯合作戰。透過系統性的即時偵察監視保障和後端情報分析，可實現全域偵察搜尋、聯合預警、協同核查，形成多維度一體化、全域覆蓋的大區域聯合偵察情報系統。

「控制」的領域更加廣泛。利用智慧無人作戰平台，可以突破人類思維的邏輯極限、感官的生理極限、生存的物理極限，取代人類進入深海、太空、極地等傳統生命禁區。實施“非常規作戰”，進一步拓展作戰空間，具備在更廣闊區域持續威懾對手的能力。

「打」得更快。在智慧化網路資訊系統支援下，情報鏈、指揮鏈、殺傷鏈無縫銜接。訊息傳遞速度、決策速度、行動速度同步加快。智慧作戰部隊能夠靈活組織、自主協同、快速出擊。這些使得時間利用率極高，戰場反應速度極快。

「評價」的準確性更加準確。智慧作戰評估系統利用體驗式互動學習、類腦行為系統等智慧技術，自主採集、聚合、分類多手段行動效果評估信息，基於大數據和全景視圖精準感知戰場行動，動態識別戰場態勢，實現戰場態勢感知與決策支撐。

「保」更有效率。以裝備維修專家系統、智慧感知裝備為代表的智慧化綜合保障系統的廣泛應用，能有效率地回應各領域保障需求，智慧規劃保障資源，確保「雲端」聚合各類戰場資源，有效提升保障水準。化戰場綜合保障能力。

（作者單位：河南省軍區）

中國原創軍事資源：

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Comprehensive Review of Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare: Intelligent Combat Command

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中國軍事智慧戰爭全面回顧：智慧作戰指揮

現代英語：

Liu Kui, Qin Fangfei

Tips

● Modern artificial intelligence is essentially like a “brain in a vat”. If it is allowed to carry out combat command, it will always face the problem of subjectivity loss, that is, “self” loss. This makes artificial intelligence have natural and fundamental defects. It must be based on human subjectivity and improve the effectiveness and level of combat command through human-machine hybrid.

● In intelligent combat command, the commander is mainly responsible for planning what to do and how to do it, while the intelligent model is responsible for planning how to do it specifically.

“Brain in a vat” is a famous scientific hypothesis. It means that if a person’s brain is taken out and placed in a nutrient solution, the nerve endings are connected to a computer, and the computer simulates various sensory signals. At this time, can the “brain in a vat” realize that “I am a brain in a vat”? The answer is no, because as a closed system, when a person lacks real interactive experience with the outside world, he cannot jump out of himself, observe himself from outside himself, and form self-awareness. Modern artificial intelligence is essentially like a “brain in a vat”. If it is allowed to implement combat command, it will always face the problem of subject loss, that is, “self” loss. This makes artificial intelligence have natural and fundamental defects, and it must be based on human subjectivity and improve the effectiveness and level of combat command through human-machine hybrid.

Based on “free choice”, build a “man-planned” command model

On the battlefield, the commander can choose which target to attack, and can choose to attack from the front, from the flank, from the back, or from the air; he can isolate but not attack, surround but not attack, talk but not attack… This is human autonomy, and he can freely choose what to do and how to do it. But machines can’t do that. The combat plans they give can only be the plans implied in the intelligent model. As far as the specific plan given each time is concerned, it is also the most likely plan in the sense of probability statistics. This makes the plans generated by artificial intelligence tend to be “templated”, which is equivalent to a “replica machine”. It gives similar answers to the same questions and similar combat plans for the same combat scenarios.

Compared with artificial intelligence, different commanders design completely different combat plans for the same combat scenario; the same commander designs different combat plans when facing similar combat scenarios at different times. “Attack when the enemy is unprepared and take them by surprise”, the most effective plan may seem to be the most dangerous and impossible plan. For commanders, facing combat scenarios, there are infinite possibilities in an instant, while for artificial intelligence, there is only the best-looking certainty in an instant, lacking creativity and strategy, and it is easy for the opponent to predict it. Therefore, in intelligent combat command, based on human autonomy, the commander is responsible for planning and calculation, innovating tactics and tactics, and designing basic strategies, and the machine is responsible for converting basic strategies into executable and operational combat plans, forming a “man-planned” command mode. More importantly, autonomy is the unique mark of human existence as human being. This power of free decision-making cannot and is not allowed to be transferred to machines, making people become vassals of machines.

Based on “self-criticism”, build a command model of “people against machine”

Human growth and progress are usually based on the real self, focus on the ideal self, and criticize the historical self in a negation-negation style. Artificial intelligence has no “self” and has lost its self-critical ability. This makes it only able to solve problems within the original cognitive framework. The combat ideas, combat principles, and tactics of the model are given when the training is completed. If you want to update and improve your knowledge and ideas, you must continuously train the model from the outside. Mapped to a specific combat scenario, the intelligent model can only provide the commander with a pre-given problem solution. It is impossible to dynamically adjust and update it continuously during a battle.

People with a self-critical spirit can jump out of the command decision-making thinking process and review, evaluate, and criticize the command decision. In the continuous self-criticism, the combat plan is constantly adjusted, and even the original plan is overturned to form a new plan. In the command organization group, other commanders may also express different opinions on the combat plan. The commander adjusts and improves the original plan on the basis of fully absorbing these opinions, and realizes the dynamic evolution of the combat plan. Therefore, combat command is essentially a dynamic process of continuous forward exploration, not a static process given in advance by the combat plan. When the machine generates a combat plan, the commander cannot accept it blindly without thinking, but should act as an “opponent” or “fault finder”, reflect on and criticize the combat plan, and raise objections. Based on the human’s objections, the machine assists the commander to continuously adjust and optimize the combat plan, forming a command mode of “human opposing and machine correcting”.

Based on “self-awareness and initiative”, we build a command model of “people lead and machines follow”

Comrade Mao Zedong once said that what we call “conscious initiative” is the characteristic that distinguishes humans from objects. Any complex practical activity to transform the world starts with a rough and abstract idea. To transform abstract concepts into concrete actions, it is necessary to overcome various risks and challenges, give full play to conscious initiative, and take the initiative to set goals, make suggestions, and think of ways. Artificial intelligence without conscious initiative, when people ask it questions, it only gives the answers implied in the model, without caring whether the answer can be used, targeted, or practical. In other words, when an abstract and empty question is raised, it gives an abstract and empty answer. This is also why the current popular large model unified operation mode is “people ask questions and machines answer”, rather than “machines ask questions”.

Relying on conscious initiative, even the most abstract and empty problems can be transformed step by step into specific action plans and specific action practices. Therefore, in intelligent combat command, the commander is mainly responsible for planning what to do and what ideas to follow, while the intelligent model is responsible for planning how to do it specifically. If the combat mission is too abstract and general, the commander should first break down the problem into details, and then the intelligent model should solve the detailed problem. Under the guidance of the commander, the problem is gradually solved in stages and fields, and the combat goal is finally achieved, forming a command mode of “people lead and machines follow”. It’s like writing a paper. First you make an outline and then you start writing. People are responsible for making the outline, and the specific writing is done by the machine. If the first-level outline is not specific enough, people can break it down into a second-level or even a third-level outline.

Based on “self-responsibility”, build a command model of “human decision-making and machine calculation”

Modern advanced ship-borne air defense and anti-missile systems usually have four operational modes: manual, semi-automatic, standard automatic, and special automatic. Once the special automatic mode is activated, the system will no longer require human authorization to launch missiles. However, this mode is rarely activated in actual combat or training. The reason is that humans, as the responsible subject, must be responsible for all their actions, while the behavior of machines is the absence of the responsible subject. When it comes to holding people accountable for major mistakes, machines cannot be held accountable. Therefore, life-and-death matters must not be decided by a machine without autonomous responsibility. Moreover, modern artificial intelligence is a “black box”. The intelligent behavior it exhibits is inexplicable, and the reasons for right and wrong are unknown, making it impossible for people to easily hand over important decision-making power to machines.

Because AI lacks “autonomous responsibility”, all problems in its eyes are “domesticated problems”, that is, the consequences of such problems have nothing to do with the respondent, and the success or failure of the problem solving is irrelevant to the respondent. Corresponding to this are “wild problems”, that is, the consequences of such problems are closely related to the respondent, and the respondent must be involved. Therefore, in the eyes of AI without self, there are no “wild problems”, all are “domesticated problems”, and it stays out of any problem. Therefore, in intelligent combat command, machines cannot replace commanders in making judgments and decisions. It can provide commanders with key knowledge, identify battlefield targets, organize battlefield intelligence, analyze battlefield conditions, predict battlefield situations, and even form combat plans, formulate combat plans, and draft combat orders. However, the plans, plans, and orders it gives can only be used as drafts and references. As for whether to adopt them and to what extent, it is up to the commander to decide. In short, both parties make decisions together, with artificial intelligence responsible for prediction and humans responsible for judgment, forming a command mode of “human decision-making and machine calculation”.

現代國語：

從「缸中之腦」看智慧化作戰指揮

■劉 奎 秦芳菲

要點提示

●現代人工智慧，本質上就如同“缸中之腦”，如果讓它實施作戰指揮，始終會面臨主體缺失即“自我”缺失的問題。這使得人工智慧存在天然的、根本的缺陷，必須基於人的主體性，透過人機混合來提升作戰指揮效能和水平

●智能化作戰指揮中，指揮員主要負責規劃做什麼、依什麼思路做，智能模型則負責規劃具體怎麼做

「缸中之腦」是一項著名科學假設。意思是，假如人的大腦被取出放在營養液中，神經末梢接上計算機，由計算機模擬出各種感知信號。這時候，「缸中之腦」能不能意識到「我是缸中之腦」？答案是不能，因為人作為一個封閉的系統，當與外界缺乏真實的互動體驗時，人是無法跳出自身、從自身之外觀察自身並形成自我意識的。而現代人工智慧，本質上就如同“缸中之腦”，如果讓它實施作戰指揮，始終會面臨主體缺失即“自我”缺失的問題。這使得人工智慧存在天然的、根本的缺陷，必須基於人的主體性，透過人機混合來提升作戰指揮效能和水準。

基於“自由選擇”，建構“人謀機劃”的指揮模式

戰場上，指揮員可以選擇打哪一個目標，可以選擇從正面打、從翼側打、從背後打、從空中打；可以隔而不打、圍而不打、談而不打……這就是人的自主性，可以自由選擇做什麼、怎麼做。但機器不行，它給出的作戰方案，只能是智慧模型中蘊含的方案。就每次給出的特定方案而言，也是機率統計意義上可能性最大的方案。這使得人工智慧生成的方案呈現“模板化”傾向，相當於一個“復刻機”，同樣的問題，它給出的是相似的回答，同樣的作戰場景，它給出的就是相似的作戰方案。

與人工智慧相比，同樣的作戰場景，不同的指揮員設計的作戰方案完全不同；同一指揮員在不同的時間面對相似的作戰場景，設計的作戰方案也不相同。 “攻其無備，出其不意”，最有效的方案很可能看上去是最危險、最不可能的方案。對於指揮員，面對作戰場景，一瞬間有無限可能，而對於人工智慧，一瞬間卻只有看上去最好的確定，缺乏創意、缺少謀略，很容易為對方所預料。所以，在智慧化作戰指揮中，要基於人的自主性，由指揮員負責籌謀算計、創新戰法打法、設計基本策略，由機器負責將基本策略轉化為可執行可操作的作戰方案，形成「人謀機劃」的指揮模式。更重要的是，自主性是人作為人而存在的獨特標志，這種自由作決定的權力不可能也不允許讓渡給機器，使人淪為機器的附庸。

基於“自我批判”，建構“人反機正”的指揮模式

人類的成長進步，通常是立足現實自我，著眼理想自我，對歷史自我進行否定之否定式的批判。人工智慧沒有“自我”，同時也喪失了自我批判能力。這使得它只能停留在原有認知框架內解決問題，模型擁有的作戰思想、作戰原則、戰法打法，是在訓練完成時所給予的。如果想獲得知識和想法的更新提升，就必須從外部對模型進行持續訓練。映射到特定作戰場景，智慧模型給指揮員提供的只能是事先給定的問題解決方案，要想在一次作戰中不斷地動態調整更新是做不到的。

具有自我批判精神的人類，可以跳脫指揮決策思考過程，對指揮決策進行審視、評價、批判。在持續地自我批判中不斷對作戰方案進行調整，甚至推翻原有方案，形成新的方案。在指揮機構群體中，其他指揮人員也可能對作戰方案提出不同意見，指揮員在充分吸納這些意見的基礎上，調整改進原有方案，實現作戰方案的動態進化。所以，作戰指揮本質上是一個不斷向前探索的動態過程，不是作戰方案事先給定的靜態過程。當機器生成作戰方案時，指揮員不能不加思考地盲目接受，而應充當“反對者”“找茬人”，對作戰方案展開反思批判，提出反對意見，機器根據人的反對意見，輔助指揮員不斷調整、優化作戰方案，形成「人反機正」的指揮模式。

基於“自覺能動”，建立“人引機隨”的指揮模式

毛澤東同志說過，我們名之曰“自覺的能動性”，是人之所以區別於物的特點。任何一項改造世界的複雜實踐活動，都是從粗糙的、抽象的想法開始的，要將抽象觀念轉化為具體行動，需要克服各種風險和挑戰，充分發揮自覺能動性，主動定目標、出主意、想辦法。沒有自覺能動性的人工智慧，人們向它提出問題，它給出的只是模型中蘊含的答案，而不會管這個答案能不能用、有沒有針對性、可不可以實際操作，即提出抽象、空洞的問題，它給出的就是抽象、空洞的回答。這也是為什麼時下流行的大模型統一的運行模式是“人問機答”，而不是“機器提出問題”。

依賴自覺能動性，再抽象、空洞的問題都能由人一步一步轉化為具體的行動方案、具體的行動實踐。因此，在智慧化作戰指揮中，指揮員主要負責規劃做什麼、依什麼思路做，智慧模型則負責規劃具體怎麼做。若作戰任務太過抽象籠統，應先由指揮員對問題進行分解細化，再由智慧模型對細化後的問題進行解算。在指揮引導下，分階段、分領域逐步解決問題，最終達成作戰目標，形成「人引機隨」的指揮模式。這就像寫一篇論文，先列出提綱，再進行寫作，列提綱由人負責，具體寫作由機器完成，如果感覺一級綱目不夠具體，可由人細化為二級乃至三級綱目。

基於“自主負責”，建立“人斷機算”的指揮模式

現代先進的艦載防空反導系統，通常有手動、半自動、標準自動、特殊自動四種作戰模式，一旦啟用特殊自動模式，系統發射導彈將不再需要人的授權幹預。但該模式無論在實戰還是在訓練中都很少啟用。究其原因，人作為責任主體要對自己的所有行為負責，而機器行為背後卻是責任主體的缺失，當要為重大失誤追責時，機器是無法負責的。所以，生死攸關的大事決不能讓一個沒有自主責任的機器決定。況且，現代人工智慧是一個“黑箱”，它所展現的智能行為具有不可解釋性，對與錯的原因無從知曉，讓人無法輕易將重大決定權完全交給機器。

由於人工智慧缺乏“自主責任”，會使它眼中的問題全是“馴化問題”，也就是該類問題產生的後果與回答者沒有關系，問題解決的成功也罷、失敗也罷，對回答者來說無所謂。與之相應的是“野生問題”，也就是該類問題產生的後果與回答者息息相關，回答者必須置身其中。所以，在缺失自我的人工智慧眼中沒有“野生問題”，都是“馴化問題”，它對任何問題都置身事外。因此，在智慧化作戰指揮中，機器不能取代指揮員做出判斷和決策。它可以為指揮員提供關鍵知識、識別戰場目標、整編戰場情報、分析戰場情況、預測戰場態勢，甚至可以形成作戰方案、制定作戰計劃、擬製作戰命令，但它給出的方案計劃命令，只能作為草稿和參考，至於採不採用、在多大程度上採用，還得指揮員說了算。簡單來說，就是雙方共同做出決策，人工智慧負責預測，人負責判斷，形成「人斷機算」的指揮模式。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16361814.html

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Chinese Weaponization of Digitalization, Networking, Intelligence, Grasping the Focus New Chinese Generation of Information Technology

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數位化、網路化、智慧化的中國武器化，抓住中國新一代資訊科技的焦點

現代英語：

Digitalization, networking, and intelligence are the prominent features of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, and are also the core of the new generation of information technology. Digitalization lays the foundation for social informatization, and its development trend is the comprehensive dataization of society. Dataization emphasizes the collection, aggregation, analysis and application of data. Networking provides a physical carrier for information dissemination, and its development trend is the widespread adoption of information-physical systems (CPS). Information-physical systems will not only give birth to new industries, but will even reshape the existing industrial layout. Intelligence reflects the level and level of information application, and its development trend is the new generation of artificial intelligence. At present, the upsurge of the new generation of artificial intelligence has arrived.

　　In his important speech at the 2018 General Assembly of Academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out: “The world is entering a period of economic development dominated by the information industry. We must seize the opportunity of the integrated development of digitalization, networking, and intelligence, and use informatization and intelligence as leverage to cultivate new momentum.” This important statement is an accurate grasp of the dominant role and development trend of information technology in today’s world, and an important deployment for using information technology to promote national innovation and development.

　　Human society, the physical world, and information space constitute the three elements of today’s world. The connection and interaction between these three worlds determine the characteristics and degree of social informatization. The basic way to perceive human society and the physical world is digitization, the basic way to connect human society and the physical world (through information space) is networking, and the way information space acts on the physical world and human society is intelligence. Digitalization, networking, and intelligence are the prominent features of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, and are also the focus of the new generation of information technology. Digitalization lays the foundation for social informatization, and its development trend is the comprehensive dataization of society; networking provides a physical carrier for information dissemination, and its development trend is the widespread adoption of information-physical systems (CPS); intelligence reflects the level and level of information application, and its development trend is the new generation of artificial intelligence.

　　Digitalization: From computerization to dataization

　　Digitalization refers to the technical approach of storing, transmitting, processing, handling and applying information carriers (text, pictures, images, signals, etc.) in digital coding form (usually binary). Digitalization itself refers to the way of representing and processing information, but in essence it emphasizes the computerization and automation of information application. In addition to digitalization, dataization (data is an information carrier in coded form, and all data is digital) emphasizes the collection, aggregation, analysis and application of data, and strengthens the production factors and productivity functions of data. Digitalization is developing from computerization to dataization, which is one of the most important trends in the current social informatization.

　　The core connotation of dataization is the deep understanding and deep use of big data generated by the integration of information technology revolution and economic and social activities. Big data is a fragmentary record of social economy, real world, management decision-making, etc., containing fragmented information. With the breakthrough of analytical technology and computing technology, it is possible to interpret this fragmented information, which makes big data a new high-tech, a new scientific research paradigm, and a new way of decision-making. Big data has profoundly changed the way people think and live and work, bringing unprecedented opportunities to management innovation, industrial development, scientific discovery and other fields.

　　The value generation of big data has its inherent laws (obeying the big data principle). Only by deeply understanding and mastering these laws can we improve the awareness and ability to consciously and scientifically use big data (big data thinking). The value of big data is mainly realized through big data technology. Big data technology is an extension and development of statistical methods, computer technology, and artificial intelligence technology. It is a developing technology. The current hot directions include: blockchain technology, interoperability technology, storage and management technology of integrated storage and computing, big data operating system, big data programming language and execution environment, big data foundation and core algorithm, big data machine learning technology, big data intelligent technology, visualization and human-computer interaction analysis technology, authenticity judgment and security technology, etc. The development of big data technology depends on the solution of some major basic problems, including: the statistical basis and computational theoretical basis of big data, the hardware and software basis and computational methods of big data computing, and the authenticity judgment of big data inference.

　　Implementing the national big data strategy is an important way to promote the digital revolution. Since my country proposed the implementation of the national big data strategy in 2015, the pattern of rapid development of big data in my country has been initially formed, but there are also some problems that need to be solved: data openness and sharing are lagging, and the dividends of data resources have not been fully released; the profit model of enterprises is unstable, and the integrity of the industrial chain is insufficient; core technologies have not yet made major breakthroughs, and the technical level of related applications is not high; there are still loopholes in security management and privacy protection, and the construction of relevant systems is still not perfect; etc. At present, effective measures should be taken to solve the bottleneck problems that restrict the development of big data in my country.

　　Networking: From the Internet to Cyber-Physical Systems

　　As an information-based public infrastructure, the Internet has become the main way for people to obtain, exchange and consume information. However, the Internet only focuses on the interconnection between people and the resulting interconnection between services.

　　The Internet of Things is a natural extension and expansion of the Internet. It connects various objects to the Internet through information technology, helping people obtain relevant information about the objects they need. The Internet of Things uses information collection equipment such as radio frequency identification, sensors, infrared sensors, video surveillance, global positioning systems, laser scanners, etc., and connects objects to the Internet through wireless sensor networks and wireless communication networks, so as to achieve real-time information exchange and communication between objects and between people and objects, so as to achieve the purpose of intelligent identification, positioning, tracking, monitoring and management. The Internet realizes the interconnection between people and services, while the Internet of Things realizes the cross-connection between people, objects and services. The core technologies of the Internet of Things include: sensor technology, wireless transmission technology, massive data analysis and processing technology, upper-level business solutions, security technology, etc. The development of the Internet of Things will go through a relatively long period, but it may take the lead in achieving breakthroughs in applications in specific fields. Internet of Vehicles, Industrial Internet, unmanned systems, smart homes, etc. are all areas where the Internet of Things is currently showing its prowess.

　　The Internet of Things mainly solves the problem of people’s perception of the physical world, while to solve the problem of manipulating physical objects, it is necessary to further develop the cyber-physical system (CPS). The cyber-physical system is a multi-dimensional complex system that integrates computing, networking and physical environment. It realizes real-time perception, dynamic control and information services of large engineering systems through the organic integration and deep collaboration of 3C (Computer, Communication, Control) technologies. Through the human-computer interaction interface, the cyber-physical system realizes the interaction between the computing process and the physical process, and uses the networked space to control a physical entity in a remote, reliable, real-time, secure and collaborative manner. In essence, the cyber-physical system is a network with control attributes.

　　Unlike public infrastructure that provides information interaction and application, the focus of the development of cyber-physical systems is on the research and development of networked physical equipment systems that deeply integrate perception, computing, communication and control capabilities. From an industrial perspective, cyber-physical systems cover a range of applications from smart home networks to industrial control systems and even intelligent transportation systems, which are national and even world-class applications. More importantly, this coverage is not just about simply connecting existing devices together, but will give rise to a large number of devices with computing, communication, control, collaboration and autonomous capabilities. The next generation of industry will be built on cyber-physical systems. With the development and popularization of cyber-physical system technology, physical devices that use computers and networks to achieve functional expansion will be ubiquitous, and will promote the upgrading of industrial products and technologies, greatly improving the competitiveness of major industrial fields such as automobiles, aerospace, national defense, industrial automation, health and medical equipment, and major infrastructure. Cyber-physical systems will not only give birth to new industries, but will even reshape the existing industrial layout.

　　Intelligence: From Expert Systems to Meta-Learning

　　Intelligence reflects the quality attributes of information products. When we say that an information product is intelligent, we usually mean that the product can accomplish things that only intelligent people can accomplish, or has reached a level that only humans can achieve. Intelligence generally includes perception, memory and thinking, learning and adaptive, behavioral decision-making, etc. Therefore, intelligence can also be generally defined as: enabling an object to have sensitive and accurate perception functions, correct thinking and judgment functions, adaptive learning functions, and effective execution functions.

　　Intelligence is the eternal pursuit of the development of information technology, and the main way to achieve this pursuit is to develop artificial intelligence technology. In the more than 60 years since the birth of artificial intelligence technology, although it has experienced three ups and two downs, it has still made great achievements. From 1959 to 1976, it was a stage based on artificial representation of knowledge and symbol processing, which produced expert systems with important application value in some fields; from 1976 to 2007, it was a stage based on statistical learning and knowledge self-representation, which produced various neural network systems; in recent years, research based on environmental adaptation, self-game, self-evolution, and self-learning is forming a new stage of artificial intelligence development – meta-learning or methodological learning stage, which constitutes a new generation of artificial intelligence. The new generation of artificial intelligence mainly includes big data intelligence, group intelligence, cross-media intelligence, human-machine hybrid enhanced intelligence, and brain-like intelligence.

　　Deep learning is an outstanding representative of the new generation of artificial intelligence technology. Due to its performance that surpasses that of humans in many fields such as face recognition, machine translation, and chess competitions, deep learning has almost become synonymous with artificial intelligence today. However, deep learning has major challenges in terms of topological design, effect prediction, and mechanism explanation. There is no solid mathematical theory to support the solution of these three major problems. Solving these problems is the main focus of future research on deep learning. In addition, deep learning is a typical big data intelligence, and its applicability is based on the existence of a large number of training samples. Small sample learning will be the development trend of deep learning.

　　Meta-learning is expected to become the next breakthrough in the development of artificial intelligence. Recently developed meta-learning methods such as learning to learn, learning to teach, learning to optimize, learning to search, and learning to reason, as well as the outstanding performance of “AlphaGo Zero” in Go, have demonstrated the attractive prospects of such new technologies. However, meta-learning research is only just beginning, and its development still faces a series of challenges.

　　The new generation of artificial intelligence is already here, and the foreseeable development trend is based on big data, centered on model and algorithm innovation, and supported by powerful computing power. The breakthrough of the new generation of artificial intelligence technology depends on the comprehensive development of other types of information technology, as well as the substantial progress and development of brain science and cognitive science. (Xu Zongben, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and professor of Xi’an Jiaotong University)

現代國語：

數位化、網路化、智慧化是新一輪科技革命的突出特徵，也是新一代資訊科技的核心。數位化為社會資訊化奠定基礎，其發展趨勢是社會的全面數據化。資料化強調對資料的收集、聚合、分析與應用。網路化為資訊傳播提供實體載體，其發展趨勢是資訊物理系統（CPS）的廣泛採用。資訊物理系統不僅會催生出新的工業，甚至會重塑現有產業佈局。智慧化體現資訊應用的層次與水平，其發展趨勢為新一代人工智慧。目前，新一代人工智慧的熱潮已經來臨。

習近平同志在2018年兩院院士大會上的重要演講指出：「世界正進入以資訊產業為主導的經濟發展時期。我們要把握數位化、網路化、智慧化融合發展的契機，以資訊化、智慧化為槓桿培育新動能。

人類社會、物理世界、資訊空間構成了當今世界的三元。這三元世界之間的關聯與交互，決定了社會資訊化的特徵與程度。感知人類社會和物理世界的基本方式是數位化，連結人類社會與物理世界（透過資訊空間）的基本方式是網路化，資訊空間作用於物理世界與人類社會的方式是智慧化。數位化、網路化、智慧化是新一輪科技革命的突出特徵，也是新一代資訊科技的聚焦點。數位化為社會資訊化奠定基礎，其發展趨勢是社會的全面資料化；網路化為資訊傳播提供物理載體，其發展趨勢是資訊物理系統（CPS）的廣泛採用；智慧化體現資訊應用的層次與水平，其發展趨勢是新一代人工智慧。

數位化：從電腦化到資料化

數位化是指將資訊載體（文字、圖片、影像、訊號等）以數位編碼形式（通常是二進位）進行儲存、傳輸、加工、處理和應用的技術途徑。數位化本身指的是資訊表示方式與處理方式，但本質上強調的是資訊應用的電腦化和自動化。資料化（資料是以編碼形式存在的資訊載體，所有資料都是數位化的）除包括數位化外，更強調對資料的收集、聚合、分析與應用，強化資料的生產要素與生產力功能。數位化正從電腦化朝向資料化發展，這是當前社會資訊化最重要的趨勢之一。

資料化的核心內涵是對資訊科技革命與經濟社會活動交融生成的大數據的深刻認識與深層利用。大數據是社會經濟、現實世界、管理決策等的片段記錄，蘊含著片段化資訊。隨著分析技術與運算技術的突破，解讀這些片段化資訊成為可能，這使得大數據成為一項新的高新技術、一類新的科學研究範式、一種新的決策方式。大數據深刻改變了人類的思考方式和生產生活方式，為管理創新、產業發展、科學發現等多個領域帶來前所未有的機會。

大數據的價值生成有其內在規律（服從大數據原理）。只有深刻認識並掌握這些規律，才能提高自覺運用、科學運用大數據的意識與能力（大數據思維）。大數據的價值主要透過大數據技術來實現。大數據技術是統計學方法、電腦技術、人工智慧技術的延伸與發展，是正在發展中的技術，目前的熱點方向包括：區塊鏈技術、互通技術、存算一體化儲存與管理技術、大數據作業系統、大數據程式語言與執行環境、大數據基礎與核心演算法、大數據機器學習技術、大數據智慧技術、視覺化與人機互動分析技術、真偽判定與安全技術等。大數據技術的發展依賴一些重大基礎問題的解決，這些重大基礎問題包括：大數據的統計基礎與計算理論基礎、大數據計算的軟硬體基礎與計算方法、大數據推斷的真偽性判定等。

實施國家大數據戰略是推動資料化革命的重要途徑。自2015年我國提出實施國家大數據戰略以來，我國大數據快速發展的格局已初步形成，但也存在一些亟待解決的問題：數據開放共享滯後，數據資源紅利仍未得到充分釋放；企業贏利模式不穩定，產業鏈完整性不足；核心技術尚未取得重大突破，相關應用的技術水準不高；安全管理與隱私保護還存在漏洞，相關制度建設仍不夠完善；等等。目前，應採取有效措施解決制約我國大數據發展的瓶頸問題。

網路化：從網際網路到資訊物理系統

作為資訊化的公共基礎設施，網路已成為人們獲取資訊、交換資訊、消費資訊的主要方式。但是，網路關注的只是人與人之間的互聯互通以及由此帶來的服務與服務的互聯。

物聯網是互聯網的自然延伸和拓展，它透過資訊科技將各種物體與網路相連，幫助人們獲取所需物體的相關資訊。物聯網透過使用射頻識別、感測器、紅外線感應器、視訊監控、全球定位系統、雷射掃描器等資訊擷取設備，透過無線感測網路、無線通訊網路把物體與網路連接起來，實現物與物、人與物之間的即時資訊交換和通信，以達到智慧化識別、定位、追蹤、監控和管理的目的。互聯網實現了人與人、服務與服務之間的互聯， 而物聯網實現了人、物、服務之間的交叉互聯。物聯網的核心技術包括：感測器技術、無線傳輸技術、大量資料分析處理技術、上層業務解決方案、安全技術等。物聯網的發展將經歷相對漫長的時期，但可能會在特定領域的應用中率先取得突破，車聯網、工業互聯網、無人系統、智慧家庭等都是當前物聯網大顯身手的領域。

物聯網主要解決人對物理世界的感知問題，而要解決對物理對象的操控問題則必須進一步發展資訊物理系統（CPS）。資訊物理系統是一個綜合運算、網路和物理環境的多維複雜系統，它透過3C（Computer、Communication、Control）技術的有機融合與深度協作，實現對大型工程系統的即時感知、動態控制和資訊服務。透過人機交互接口，資訊物理系統實現計算進程與實體進程的交互，利用網路化空間以遠端、可靠、即時、安全、協作的方式操控一個實體實體。從本質上來說，資訊物理系統是一個具有控制屬性的網路。

不同於提供資訊互動與應用的公用基礎設施，資訊物理系統發展的聚焦點在於研發深度融合感知、運算、通訊與控制能力的網路化實體設備系統。從產業角度來看，資訊物理系統的涵蓋範圍小到智慧家庭網路、大到工業控制系統乃至智慧交通系統等國家級甚至世界級的應用。更重要的是，這種涵蓋並不僅僅是將現有的設備簡單地連在一起，而是會催生出眾多具有計算、通訊、控制、協同和自治性能的設備，下一代工業將建立在在資訊物理系統之上。隨著資訊物理系統技術的發展和普及，使用電腦和網路實現功能擴展的實體設備將無所不在，並推動工業產品和技術的升級換代，大大提高汽車、航空航太、國防、工業自動化、健康醫療設備、重大基礎設施等主要工業領域的競爭力。資訊物理系統不僅會催生出新的工業，甚至會重塑現有產業佈局。

智能化：從專家系統到元學習

智能化反映資訊產品的品質屬性。我們說一個資訊產品是智慧的，通常是指這個產品能完成有智慧的人才能完成的事情，或是已經達到人類才能達到的程度。智能一般包括知覺能力、記憶與思考能力、學習與適應力、行為決策能力等。所以，智能化通常也可定義為：使對象具備靈敏準確的感知功能、正確的思考與判斷功能、自適應的學習功能、行之有效的執行功能等。

智能化是資訊科技發展的永恆追求，實現這項追求的主要途徑是發展人工智慧技術。人工智慧技術誕生60多年來，雖歷經三起兩落，但還是取得了巨大成就。 1959—1976年是基於人工表示知識和符號處理的階段，產生了在一些領域具有重要應用價值的專家系統；1976—2007年是基於統計學習和知識自表示的階段，產生了各種各樣的神經網路系統；近幾年開始的基於環境自適應、自博弈、自進化、自學習的研究，正在形成一個人工智慧發展的新階段——元學習或方法論學習階段，這構成新一代人工智慧。新一代人工智慧主要包括大數據智慧、群體智慧、跨媒體智慧、人機混合增強智慧和類腦智慧等。

深度學習是新一代人工智慧技術的卓越代表。由於在人臉辨識、機器翻譯、棋類競賽等眾多領域超越人類的表現，深度學習在今天幾乎已成為人工智慧的代名詞。然而，深度學習拓樸設計難、效果預期難、機理解釋難是重大挑戰，還沒有一套堅實的數學理論來支持解決這三大難題。解決這些難題是深度學習未來研究的主要關注點。此外，深度學習是典型的大數據智能，它的可應用性是以存在大量訓練樣本為基礎的。小樣本學習將是深度學習的發展趨勢。

元學習有望成為人工智慧發展的下一個突破口。學會學習、學會教學、學會優化、學會搜尋、學會推理等新近發展的元學習方法以及「AlphaGo Zero」在圍棋方面的出色表現，展現了這類新技術的誘人前景。然而，元學習研究僅是開始，其發展還面臨一系列挑戰。

新一代人工智慧的熱潮已經來臨，可以預見的發展趨勢是以大數據為基礎、以模型與演算法創新為核心、以強大的運算能力為支撐。新一代人工智慧技術的突破依賴其他各類資訊技術的綜合發展，也依賴腦科學與認知科學的實質進步與發展。 （中國科學院院士、西安交通大學教授 徐宗本）

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.cac.gov.cn/2019-03/01/c_1124178478.htm

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #中國太空軍, #中國的耗散戰, #中國軍事人工智慧武器化, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知域戰

China’s Position Paper : Regulating Military Applications of Artificial Intelligence

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中國的立場文件：規範人工智慧的軍事應用

現代英語：

The rapid development and widespread application of artificial intelligence technology are profoundly changing human production and lifestyles, bringing huge opportunities to the world while also bringing unpredictable security challenges. It is particularly noteworthy that the military application of artificial intelligence technology may have far-reaching impacts and potential risks in terms of strategic security, governance rules, and moral ethics.

AI security governance is a common issue facing mankind. With the widespread application of AI technology in various fields, all parties are generally concerned about the risks of AI military applications and even weaponization.

Against the backdrop of diverse challenges facing world peace and development, all countries should uphold a common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable global security concept and, through dialogue and cooperation, seek consensus on how to regulate the military applications of AI and build an effective governance mechanism to prevent the military applications of AI from causing significant damage or even disasters to humanity.

Strengthening the regulation of the military application of artificial intelligence and preventing and controlling the risks that may arise will help enhance mutual trust among countries, maintain global strategic stability, prevent an arms race, alleviate humanitarian concerns, and help build an inclusive and constructive security partnership and practice the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind in the field of artificial intelligence.

We welcome all parties including governments, international organizations, technology companies, research institutes and universities, non-governmental organizations and individual citizens to work together to promote the safe governance of artificial intelligence based on the principle of extensive consultation, joint construction and sharing.

To this end, we call for:

– In terms of strategic security, all countries, especially major powers, should develop and use artificial intelligence technology in the military field with a prudent and responsible attitude, not seek absolute military advantage, and prevent exacerbating strategic misjudgments, undermining strategic mutual trust, triggering escalation of conflicts, and damaging global strategic balance and stability.

– In terms of military policy, while developing advanced weapons and equipment and improving legitimate national defense capabilities, countries should bear in mind that the military application of artificial intelligence should not become a tool for waging war and pursuing hegemony, and oppose the use of the advantages of artificial intelligence technology to endanger the sovereignty and territorial security of other countries.

– In terms of legal ethics, countries should develop, deploy and use relevant weapon systems in accordance with the common values ​​of mankind, adhere to the people-oriented principle, uphold the principle of “intelligence for good”, and abide by national or regional ethical and moral standards. Countries should ensure that new weapons and their means of warfare comply with international humanitarian law and other applicable international law, strive to reduce collateral casualties, reduce human and property losses, and avoid the misuse of relevant weapon systems and the resulting indiscriminate killing and injury.

– In terms of technical security, countries should continuously improve the security, reliability and controllability of AI technology, enhance the security assessment and control capabilities of AI technology, ensure that relevant weapon systems are always under human control, and ensure that humans can terminate their operation at any time. The security of AI data must be guaranteed, and the militarized use of AI data should be restricted.

– In terms of R&D operations, countries should strengthen self-discipline in AI R&D activities, and implement necessary human-machine interactions throughout the weapon life cycle based on comprehensive consideration of the combat environment and weapon characteristics. Countries should always insist that humans are the ultimate responsible party, establish an AI accountability mechanism, and provide necessary training for operators.

– In terms of risk management, countries should strengthen supervision of the military application of artificial intelligence, especially implement hierarchical and classified management to avoid the use of immature technologies that may have serious negative consequences. Countries should strengthen the research and judgment of the potential risks of artificial intelligence, including taking necessary measures to reduce the risk of proliferation of military applications of artificial intelligence.

——In rule-making, countries should adhere to the principles of multilateralism, openness and inclusiveness. In order to track technological development trends and prevent potential security risks, countries should conduct policy dialogues, strengthen exchanges with international organizations, technology companies, technology communities, non-governmental organizations and other entities, enhance understanding and cooperation, and strive to jointly regulate the military application of artificial intelligence and establish an international mechanism with universal participation, and promote the formation of an artificial intelligence governance framework and standard specifications with broad consensus.

– In international cooperation, developed countries should help developing countries improve their governance level. Taking into account the dual-use nature of artificial intelligence technology, while strengthening supervision and governance, they should avoid drawing lines based on ideology and generalizing the concept of national security, eliminate artificially created technological barriers, and ensure that all countries fully enjoy the right to technological development and peaceful use.

現代國語：

人工智慧技術的快速發展及其廣泛應用，正深刻改變人類生產和生活方式，為世界帶來巨大機會的同時，也帶來難以預測的安全挑戰。特別值得關注的是，人工智慧技術的軍事應用，在戰略安全、治理規則、道德倫理等方面可能產生深遠影響和潛在風險。

人工智慧安全治理是人類面臨的共同課題。隨著人工智慧技術在各領域的廣泛應用，各方普遍對人工智慧軍事應用甚至武器化風險感到擔憂。

在世界和平與發展面臨多元挑戰的背景下，各國應秉持共同、綜合、合作、永續的全球安全觀，透過對話與合作，就如何規範人工智慧軍事應用尋求共識，建構有效的治理機制，避免人工智慧軍事應用為人類帶來重大損害甚至災難。

加強對人工智慧軍事應用的規範，預防和管控可能引發的風險，有利於增進國家間互信、維護全球戰略穩定、防止軍備競賽、緩解人道主義關切，有助於打造包容性和建設性的安全夥伴關係，在人工智慧領域實踐建構人類命運共同體理念。

我們歡迎各國政府、國際組織、技術企業、科研院校、民間機構和公民個人等各主體秉持共商共建共享的理念，協力共同促進人工智慧安全治理。

為此，我們呼籲：

——戰略安全上，各國尤其是大國應本著慎重負責的態度在軍事領域研發和使用人工智慧技術，不謀求絕對軍事優勢，防止加劇戰略誤判、破壞戰略互信、引發衝突升級、損害全球戰略平衡與穩定。

——在軍事政策上，各國在發展先進武器裝備、提高正當國防能力的同時，應銘記人工智慧的軍事應用不應成為發動戰爭和追求霸權的工具，反對利用人工智慧技術優勢危害他國主權和領土安全的行為。

——法律倫理上，各國研發、部署和使用相關武器系統應遵循人類共同價值觀，堅持以人為本，秉持「智能向善」的原則，遵守國家或地區倫理道德準則。各國應確保新武器及其作戰手段符合國際人道法和其他適用的國際法，努力減少附帶傷亡、降低人員財產損失，避免相關武器系統的誤用惡用，以及由此引發的濫殺。

——在技術安全上，各國應不斷提昇人工智慧技術的安全性、可靠性和可控性，增強對人工智慧技術的安全評估和管控能力，確保相關武器系統永遠處於人類控制之下，保障人類可隨時中止其運作。人工智慧資料的安全必須得到保證，應限制人工智慧資料的軍事化使用。

——研發作業上，各國應加強對人工智慧研發活動的自我約束，在綜合考慮作戰環境和武器特性的基礎上，在武器全生命週期實施必要的人機互動。各國應時常堅持人類是最終責任主體，建立人工智慧問責機制，對操作人員進行必要的訓練。

——風險管控上，各國應加強對人工智慧軍事應用的監管，特別是實施分級、分類管理，避免使用可能產生嚴重負面後果的不成熟技術。各國應加強對人工智慧潛在風險的研判，包括採取必要措施，降低人工智慧軍事應用的擴散風險。

——規則制定上，各國應堅持多邊主義、開放包容的原則。為追蹤科技發展趨勢，防範潛在安全風險，各國應進行政策對話，加強與國際組織、科技企業、技術社群、民間機構等各主體交流，增進理解與協作，致力於共同規範人工智慧軍事應用並建立普遍參與的國際機制，推動形成具有廣泛共識的人工智慧治理框架和標準規範。

——國際合作上，已開發國家應協助發展中國家提升治理水平，考慮到人工智慧技術的軍民兩用性質，在加強監管和治理的同時，避免採取以意識形態劃線、泛化國家安全概念的做法，消除人為製造的科技壁壘，確保各國充分享有技術發展與和平利用的權利。

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/wjb_673085/zzjg_673183/jks_674633/zclc_674645/rgzn/202206/t20220614_10702838.shtml

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #中國太空軍, #中國的耗散戰, #中國軍事人工智慧武器化, #新興戰爭技術, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊做好戰爭準備, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

Talent Base, Research Content & Innovative Methods Enhanc Modernization of China’s Military Theory Under Empowerment of Science and Technology

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人才基礎、研究內容與創新方法提昇科技賦能下的中國軍事理論現代化

現代英語：

Empowering military theory modernization with technology

■Chen Jihao and Liu Yangyue

At present, with the accelerated evolution of a new round of military revolution and the rapid development of disruptive military science and technology, the modernization of military theory has increasingly become a modernization that closely combines military theory with military science and technology and promotes the continuous innovation of military theory with the empowerment of science and technology. To accelerate the modernization of military theory, it is necessary to correctly recognize the development relationship between military science and technology and military theory, and explore the talent base, research content and innovation methods of the modernization of military theory under the empowerment of science and technology.

Cultivating innovative military theoretical talents led by science and technology

Talents are the main body of military theory innovation, and building a high-level, complex team of theoretical innovation talents is the key to realizing the modernization of military theory. Modern military theory research presents a situation of mutual intersection and deep integration of natural sciences and social sciences. It is necessary to cultivate a large number of military innovation talents with integrated science and technology, create a collaborative and open theoretical innovation organization model, and provide intellectual support for promoting the modernization of military theory.

First, military theory researchers must have a “scientific and technological mind” to enhance their understanding, application and discernment of science and technology. Military theory researchers must keep abreast of the latest developments in science and technology, use multidisciplinary cross-border thinking to understand the full meaning of science and technology, and tap the huge military potential of cutting-edge science and technology; they must focus on introducing scientific research methods into military theory research, borrow methods such as big data analysis to study military theory, combine qualitative research with quantitative research, and overcome the limitations of the original military theory research that is experience-oriented and lacks precision; at the same time, they must be good at identifying those “pseudo-sciences” that claim to be at the forefront of science and technology, and see through the technological “fog” released by competitors. Second, military science and technology researchers must have theoretical thinking. Military science and technology researchers should overcome the narrow-minded thinking of “technological determinism”, realize that natural sciences and social sciences are intertwined rather than diametrically opposed, and actively use scientific theories to guide military research. At the same time, they should focus on learning and studying advanced military theories, strengthen their understanding of the war situation and winning mechanism, and deepen their understanding of the application value and development trend of military technology. Thirdly, establish and improve the exchange and cooperation mechanism between theoretical talents and scientific and technological talents. Based on comprehensive research topics, experts from various fields can be widely drawn to form interdisciplinary joint research groups, give full play to their respective strengths, and ignite theoretical innovation sparks in constant cross-collisions. Different types of research units can also select personnel for cross-appointments, so as to encourage theoretical and scientific talents to learn from each other and grow together, open up disciplinary and innovation chains, and enhance the overall effectiveness of theoretical innovation.

Focus on science and technology-led military theory research content

Although there are some universal principles in military theory, the specific content will continue to change with the evolution of the times and practice. In today’s world, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution is advancing by leaps and bounds. The emergence of a series of high-tech technologies and their extensive application in the military field have triggered profound changes in the mechanisms, elements and methods of winning wars, providing new research objects for military theory research.

First, we need to study powerful enemies. The confrontational nature of war determines that military theory research must keep a close eye on the changes of powerful enemies and compete for the commanding heights of military theory. At present, the world’s major powers are stepping up the development of new operational concepts and tactics in response to cutting-edge technologies. Military theory research must adhere to the principle of “you fight yours, I fight mine”, and use the method of “dissecting sparrows” to clarify the opponent’s operational concepts, methods and capabilities. At the same time, we must keep a close eye on changes in science and technology, strengthen the development of new operational concepts, and achieve a transition from follow-up research to synchronization and then to catching up, so as to form an asymmetric balance of power in military theory. Secondly, we must study intelligent warfare. In today’s world, the development of disruptive cutting-edge technologies has promoted the evolution of war forms towards intelligence, and the temporal and spatial characteristics and offensive and defensive modes of war have undergone profound changes. Military theory research should focus on intelligent warfare, accurately grasp the laws and characteristics of intelligent warfare, actively predict the impact of science and technology on future wars, and realize the transformation from passive adaptation to active design of war. Thirdly, we should study new quality combat power. The development of science and technology has given rise to new quality combat power, changed the combination of people and weapons, and directly contributed to the birth of new quality combat power. For example, in the future battlefield, human-machine integrated joint combat actions will become an important combat mode, and it will be possible for a small number of soldiers to lead a large number of “bee swarms”, “fish swarms” and ” ant swarms” to conduct intelligent cluster combat. Military theory research should focus on new types of combat capabilities, seize opportunities in emerging fields, take the initiative, and proactively explore the generation paths and release patterns of new types of combat capabilities. Advanced theories should be used to guide and drive the construction of new types of combat forces in new domains, providing theoretical support for accelerating the incubation and generation of new types of combat capabilities.

Create a military theory research paradigm supported by science and technology

The intelligent science paradigm is called the “fifth paradigm” of scientific research. It is a cross-domain scientific research paradigm supported by artificial intelligence technology, integrating human values ​​​​and knowledge, and characterized by human-machine integration. Entering the era of intelligence, big data and artificial intelligence are developing rapidly, requiring the “intelligent factor” to be organically integrated into the practice of military theoretical research in an all-round way, opening up the “fifth paradigm” of military theoretical research.

First, explore data-centric research methods. Artificial intelligence technology can comprehensively collect battlefield intelligence data on a large scale, efficiently screen and integrate multi-source data, and realize nonlinear coupling and complex correlation of cross-domain and cross-scenario data. We must give full play to the powerful functions of artificial intelligence technology in multi-dimensional data collection and multi-dimensional data processing, open up the data links between military theories, technologies, equipment and other elements, and realize data-centric cross-domain synergy and efficiency among various research elements, and connect the “underlying channel” of the integration of theory and technology. Secondly, innovate the research model of human-machine collaboration. With the continuous improvement of the intelligence level of machines, the research model of ” human-host-machine-slave” has gradually changed to “human-machine integration.” The global knowledge and associative prediction capabilities of artificial intelligence are helping researchers break through the limitations of traditional thinking, eliminate traditional field divisions, and open up a ” brainstorm” in military theory research. We need to explore innovative models for deep integration of humans and machines, establish a dynamic feedback mechanism for positive-sum games, combine researchers’ nonlinear abstract thinking with the powerful computing power of machines, and achieve knowledge integration and communication, dynamic simulation and deduction, forward-looking analysis and decision-making, providing the greatest wisdom increment for military theory research. Secondly, create a “pre-practice” platform for military theory. Practice is the “touchstone” for testing the results of military theory. Only by constantly moving from practice to theory and then to practice can we achieve a spiral rise in military theory. On the one hand, we can use advanced scientific and technological means such as virtual reality technology and artificial intelligence technology to build a virtual experimental platform, simulate and simulate combat scenarios and combat power generation processes through deduction, analysis, evaluation and other means, and test the practicality and operability of conceptual design in a realistic experimental environment, so as to continuously improve and develop military theory; we can also use generative artificial intelligence to generate “semi-factual” combat scenarios, directly display the combat process and results in a visual way, inspire the thinking of military theorists, and shorten the new theory generation cycle. On the other hand, comprehensive live-fire training activities are used to conduct comprehensive combat experiments under the preset future battlefield environment and combat conditions, which complement virtual experiments and provide more reliable pre-practice quantitative data to verify and develop military theories in an environment closer to actual combat.

現代國語：

以科技賦能軍事理論現代化

■陳紀豪 劉楊鉞

當前，隨著新一輪軍事革命的加速演進和顛覆性軍事科技的高速發展，軍事理論現代化日益成為軍事理論與軍事科技緊密結合、以科技賦能推動軍事理論不斷創新的現代化。加速軍事理論現代化，需要正確認識軍事科技與軍事理論的發展關系，探索科技賦能下軍事理論現代化的人才基礎、研究內容與創新方法。

培養科技引領的軍事理論創新人才

人才是軍事理論創新的主體，建立一支高層次複合型的理論創新人才隊伍是實現軍事理論現代化的關鍵。現代軍事理論研究呈現自然科學與社會科學相互交叉、深度融合的局面，需要培養大量理技融合型軍事創新人才，打造協同開放的理論創新組織模式，為推動軍事理論現代化提供智力支持。

首先，軍事理論研究人員要有“科技頭腦”，增強對科技的理解力、運用力和鑑別力。軍事理論研究人員要及時掌握最新的科技發展動態，利用多學科交叉的跨界思維理解科技中蘊含的全部意義，發掘前沿科技的巨大軍事潛力；要注重將科學研究的方法引入軍事理論研究，借鑑大數據分析等方法來研究軍事理論，將定性研究和定量研究結合起來，克服原有軍事理論研究經驗主導和精確性不足的局限；與此同時，還要善於識破那些打著科技前沿名號的“偽科學”，看清競爭對手釋放的科技“迷霧”。其次，軍事科技研究人員要有理論思維。軍事科技研究人員要克服「技術決定論」的狹隘思維，認識到自然科學和社會科學是相互交織而非截然對立的，主動用科學的理論去指導軍事科研，同時注重對先進軍事理論的學習和研究，加強對戰爭形態和製勝機理的認識，深化對軍事技術應用價值和發展趨勢的理解。再次，建立健全理論人才與科技人才的交流合作機制。可綜合性研究課題為牽引，廣泛抽調各領域專家組成跨學科聯合課題研究組，發揮各自特長，在不斷地交叉碰撞之中點燃理論創新火花。不同類型的研究單位還可以互相選派人員進行交叉任職，促使理論人才和科技人才相互借鑑、共同成長，打通學科鏈、創新鏈，提升理論創新整體效能。

聚焦科技主導的軍事理論研究內容

軍事理論中雖然有著一些古今通用的原理，但具體內容會隨著時代和實踐的演進而不斷變化。當今世界，新一輪科技革命和產業革命突飛猛進，一系列高新技術的出現和在軍事領域的廣泛運用，引發戰爭制勝機理、制勝要素和製勝方式的深刻變化，為軍事理論研究提供了新的研究對象。

首先，要研究強敵對手。戰爭的對抗性決定了軍事理論研究必須緊盯強敵之變，爭奪軍事理論制高點。當前，世界主要大國正在針對前沿科技加緊開發新的作戰概念與戰術戰法，軍事理論研究要堅持“你打你的，我打我的”，以“解剖麻雀”的方式把對手的作戰概念、作戰方式和作戰能力搞清楚。同時要緊盯科技之變，加強開發新的作戰概念，實現從跟進研究到同步再到趕超，在軍事理論上形成非對稱制衡優勢。其次，要研究智能化戰爭。當今世界，顛覆性前沿科技的發展助推戰爭形態朝向智慧化演進，戰爭的時空特性和攻防模式已經發生深刻改變。軍事理論研究要聚焦智慧化戰爭，精確掌握智慧化戰爭規律與特點，積極預測科技對未來戰爭的影響，實現從被動適應戰爭轉變為主動設計戰爭。再次，要研究新質戰鬥力。科技的發展催生了新質作戰力量，改變了人和武器的結合方式，直接促成了新質戰鬥力的誕生。例如，未來戰場人機一體的聯合作戰行動將成為重要作戰樣態，極少數士兵帶領數量龐大的「蜂群」「魚群」「蟻群」進行智慧集群作戰成為可能。軍事理論研究要聚焦新質戰鬥力，在新興領域中抓住機遇，下好先手棋、打好主動仗，前瞻探索新質戰鬥力的生成路徑和釋放規律，以先進理論牽引拉動新域新質作戰力量建設，為加速新質戰鬥力的孵化與生成提供理論支撐。

打造科技支撐的軍事理論研究範式

智慧科學範式被稱為科學研究的“第五範式”，是一種以人工智慧技術為支撐，以融入人的價值和知識為手段，以人機共融為特徵的跨領域科學研究規範。進入智能化時代，大數據和人工智慧發展迅速，要求把「智能因子」全方位有機融入軍事理論研究實踐之中，開啟軍事理論研究的「第五範式」。

首先，探索以數據為中心的研究方法。人工智慧技術能夠大幅蒐集戰場情報數據，高效篩选和整合多源數據，實現跨域和跨場景數據非線性耦合和復雜關聯。要充分發揮人工智慧技術多元資料蒐集與多維資料處理的強大功能，打通軍事理論、技術、裝備等各要素之間的資料鏈路，實現各研究要素間以資料為中心的跨域協同增效，貫通理技融合的「底層通道」。其次，創新人機協同的研究模式。隨著機器智慧化程度的不斷提高，「人體主機從」的研究模式逐漸轉變為「人機融合」。人工智慧的全局知識和關聯預測能力正在幫助研究者突破傳統思維局限，消弭傳統領域分割，開啟軍事理論研究的「頭腦風暴」。要探索人機深度融合的創新模式，建立正和博弈的動態回饋機制，將研究者的非線性抽象思維與機器的強大算力優勢結合起來，實現知識整合與貫通、動態模擬與推演、前瞻分析及決策，為軍事理論研究提供最大智慧增量。再次，打造軍事理論「預實踐」平台。實踐是檢驗軍事理論成果的“試金石”，只有不斷地從實踐到理論再到實踐，才能實現軍事理論螺旋式上升。一方面，利用虛擬現實技術、人工智慧技術等先進科技手段建立虛擬實驗平台，透過推演、分析、評估等手段對作戰場景和戰鬥力生成過程進行模擬和模擬，在逼真的實驗環境中檢驗概念設計的實用性和可操作性，從而不斷完善和發展軍事理論；還可以利用生成式人工智慧生成「半事實」的作戰場景，以可視化的方式來直接展現戰鬥過程和結果，啟發軍事理論人員思維，縮短新理論生成週期。另一方面，綜合運用實兵演訓活動，在預設的未來戰場環境和作戰條件之下，進行綜合性作戰實驗，與虛擬實驗相互補充，提供更為可靠的預實踐量化數據，在更為接近實戰化的環境之中驗證與發展軍事理論。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16361834.html

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Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Chinese Army丨On Building an Innovative People’s Army: Only Innovators Win

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習近平強軍思想丨論建立創新人民軍隊：創新者勝

現代英語：

Only innovators win – on building an innovative people’s army

  1. Why is innovation the core competitiveness of an army?

The 19th CPC National Congress clearly proposed the epoch-making proposition of “building an innovative people’s army”, which is the first time in the history of the Party. From proposing to accelerate the construction of an innovative country to proposing to build an innovative people’s army, our Party has emphasized that innovation should be placed at the core of the overall national development and the overall military construction and development, highlighting the extreme importance and practical urgency of innovation for a strong country and a strong army. Innovation is the soul of a country’s development and progress, and it is also the soul of an army’s development and progress. To grasp innovation is to grasp development, and to plan for innovation is to plan for the future. President Xi Jinping stressed that innovation capability is the core competitiveness of an army, and that we must thoroughly implement the innovation-driven development strategy and increase the contribution of innovation to the growth of combat effectiveness.

The military field is the field with the most innovative vitality and the most need for innovative spirit. Marxism believes that war develops earlier than peace, and the military is in a leading position in many aspects of human activities. Advanced technologies are often first applied to the military field. At the same time, the military field is the field with the most intense competition and confrontation. There is always a life-and-death contest between the enemy and us, between attack and defense, spear and shield, and a war drama of wits and courage. If you are one step ahead of others in innovation, you can control others instead of being controlled by them. As Engels said, “Every great commander in the history of war who has created a new era by adopting new methods of warfare has either invented new material means himself, or has been the first to discover the correct method of applying new material means invented before him.” At the end of the 16th century, the British Navy applied new battleships and innovative naval tactics to defeat the Spanish “Invincible Fleet” in one fell swoop, ushering in an era of maritime hegemony; in the late 19th century and early 20th century, Germany applied the latest achievements of the Second Industrial Revolution to military construction and built the most densely populated railway network in Europe, greatly improving the military’s combat readiness and mobility. History has shown that only innovators can advance, become strong and win. Those who are conservative and complacent will miss precious opportunities and fall into strategic passivity.

Innovation capability is an accelerator for generating and improving combat effectiveness. The core of combat effectiveness is people. If people have strong innovation capability, they can “empower” various elements of combat effectiveness, thereby achieving the upgrade of combat effectiveness and forming the “optimal solution” to defeat the enemy. In the final analysis, the competition in war is the competition of innovation capability of both combatants, and the gap in combat capability is essentially the gap in innovation capability. In 1806, the Prussian army was defeated by the French army led by Napoleon in the Battle of Jena. Clausewitz, who participated in the battle, pointed out in summarizing the reasons for the Prussian army’s defeat that middle and senior officers rarely realized that the characteristics of war had undergone fundamental changes. “The Battle of Jena is not only an example of outdated style, but also an example of extreme lack of imagination caused by sticking to the old ways.” The lack of imagination reflects the shortcomings of innovation. If the innovation ability is improved, it will accelerate the formation of new driving forces for the development of combat effectiveness, maximize the vitality of various elements of combat effectiveness, and promote the geometric growth of combat effectiveness.

Our army has come to where it is today through innovation, and we will also rely on innovation to win the future. In the process of combining Marxist military theory, the practice of China’s revolutionary war and the construction of the people’s army, and the traditional Chinese military tactics, our party has relied on continuous innovation to gradually form a complete set of principles and systems for building and governing the army, created the strategy and tactics of the people’s war, and formed the unique advantages of our army. It can be said that innovation has been deeply integrated into the red blood of the people’s army and has become the most distinctive spiritual endowment of our army. In today’s era, a new round of scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution, and military revolution are accelerating, providing us with a rare opportunity to catch up with the latecomers, and also putting forward higher requirements for our comprehensive implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy. In the past, the development of our military construction was mainly driven by investment factors, which was necessary under certain historical conditions. However, today, it is difficult to continue to rely on large-scale investment increases, which has limited effects and diminishing marginal utility. To keep up with the pace of world military development, break through the bottleneck constraints of military construction, and comprehensively create new development advantages, what is most needed is innovation, and the fundamental way out lies in innovation. We must start the new engine of innovation-driven development at full speed, make great efforts to grasp theoretical innovation, scientific and technological innovation, scientific management, talent gathering, and practical innovation, and establish a set of new military theories, organizational structures, equipment systems, strategies and tactics, and management models that are adapted to the requirements of informationized warfare and mission fulfillment, promote changes in the quality, efficiency, and driving force of our military construction and develop, truly accelerate, build high quality, and speed up the effective supply of advanced combat capabilities.

  1. Why should we vigorously promote the innovation of Marxist military theory?

In May 1938, the nationwide war of resistance had been going on for 10 months. Facing the massive attack of the Japanese army, the “national destruction theory” and “quick victory theory” were once very popular. Can China achieve the final victory? How can it achieve victory? How will the course of the war develop? These questions troubled people’s minds. At the critical juncture of the survival of the Chinese nation, Comrade Mao Zedong published the famous “On Protracted War”, which was like a ray of light, giving great encouragement and confidence to the anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians who were fighting hard. All problems of the hostility between the two armies depend on war to be solved. A strong army must be guided by scientific theory. President Xi pointed out that we should vigorously promote the innovation of Marxist military theory, accelerate the formation of a military theory system that is contemporary, leading and unique, and provide scientific theoretical support for the practice of strengthening the military.

Scientific military theory is combat effectiveness. Military theory is a rational understanding and knowledge system about war, the army and national defense. Scientific military theory reveals the laws of war, the laws of war guidance and the laws of army building, guides the construction and use of military forces, has a profound impact on the elements of combat effectiveness, and leads the development of military practice. After the end of World War I, British military theorist Fuller proposed the theory of mechanized warfare, but it was not taken seriously. In the early days of World War II, the German army swept across Europe because of the tank cluster and the “blitzkrieg” theory. Although the weapons and equipment of the British and French armies at that time were almost the same as those of the German army, due to the obsolete and rigid combat theories, the British and French coalition forces soon fell into passivity and could only retreat from Dunkirk, and France quickly fell. Looking back at the history of military development, theoretical innovation has played a significant leading role in practical innovation. Mahan’s “sea power” theory, Douhet’s “air supremacy” theory, Tukhachevsky’s “deep and deep operations” theory, Graham’s “high frontier” theory, etc., have all led the military trend, promoted military reforms, and changed the face of war. “Thoughts precede actions, just as lightning precedes thunder.” Advanced military theory is an ideological weapon that correctly guides war. Whoever is one step ahead in military theory innovation is more likely to seize the initiative to win.

The key to the continuous growth and development of the People’s Army is that it always adheres to the guidance of advanced military theory. One of the important reasons why our army can fight and win battles is that it wins in theory and strategy, learns war from war, and explores laws from practice. During the Jinggangshan struggle period, our party developed the strategy and tactics of guerrilla warfare based on the characteristics of the enemy’s strength and our weakness, and preserved and developed itself. During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression , our party implemented the strategic policy of “basically guerrilla warfare, but not relaxing mobile warfare under favorable conditions”, dealt a heavy blow to the Japanese invaders, and strengthened and developed itself. During the Liberation War, our party did not care about the gains and losses of a city or a place, and exchanged space for time, and concentrated superior forces to fight a war of destruction, defeated the Kuomintang army, and ushered in the birth of New China. After Chiang Kai-shek retreated to Taiwan, he reflected on the military competition between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party for decades, saying that the reason why the Communist army was able to win the war was because it emphasized the distinction between the extraordinary and the orthodox, the virtual and the real, and the application of changes, and constantly promoted innovation. In long-term practice, our party has combined the basic principles of Marxism with the practice of China’s revolutionary war and the construction of the people’s army, created Marxist military theoretical achievements with Chinese characteristics, and formed Mao Zedong’s Military Thought , Deng Xiaoping’s Thought on Military Construction in the New Era, Jiang Zemin’s Thought on National Defense and Army Construction, Hu Jintao’s Thought on National Defense and Army Construction, and Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army, providing a scientific guide for winning the victory of China’s revolutionary war and promoting the modernization of national defense and the army.

Knowledge Links

Ten Military Principles

In December 1947, Comrade Mao Zedong put forward ten major military principles in his report “The Current Situation and Our Tasks”, the main contents of which are summarized as follows: (1) First attack the dispersed and isolated enemy, then attack the concentrated and powerful enemy. (2) First capture small cities, medium-sized cities and vast rural areas, then capture large cities. (3) The main goal is to destroy the enemy’s living forces, not to preserve or seize cities and places. ( 4) In every battle, concentrate an absolutely superior force to encircle the enemy on all sides, strive to completely destroy it and not let any escape. (5) Do not fight a battle without preparation or without confidence every battle, we should strive to be prepared and strive to be sure of victory based on the comparison of the enemy’s conditions and ours. (6) Carry forward the style of fighting bravely, fearing no sacrifice, fearing no fatigue, and engaging in continuous fighting. (7) Strive to destroy the enemy in the process of movement. At the same time, focus on positional attack tactics and seize the enemy’s strongholds and cities. (8) In the matter of siege, all enemy strongholds and cities with weak defenses must be seized resolutely. enemy strongholds and cities with moderate defenses and conditions that allow them to be seized must be seized immediately. All enemy strongholds and cities with strong defenses must be seized only when conditions are ripe. (9) Capture all the enemy’s weapons and most of the enemy’s personnel to replenish our own forces. (10) Make good use of the interval between two campaigns to rest and retrain the troops.

New military practice calls for new military theory. Theory comes from practice, and practice is the driving force for the development of theory. Military theory can only maintain strong vitality if it keeps up with the times and responds to practice. In recent years, emerging fields and battlefield space have been continuously expanded, high-tech has penetrated into the military field in many ways, the war form and combat methods have accelerated evolution, and new war and combat theories have emerged in an endless stream. The US military has proposed “network-centric warfare”, “global rapid strike”, and “all-domain warfare”, the Russian military has proposed “non-nuclear containment strategy” and “strategic air and space campaign”, and the Japanese Self-Defense Forces have proposed the “cross-domain defense” theory, etc., all of which are aimed at winning new military advantages through theoretical innovation. The rapid development of the new military revolution in the world and the in-depth advancement of our military strengthening and military rejuvenation practices have put forward urgent requirements for innovation in military theory and provided broad space. Our military construction and development are facing a large number of new situations and new problems, which urgently need to be answered theoretically. Whether it is innovation in military strategy, innovation in military science and technology, or innovation in other aspects of military, they are inseparable from theoretical guidance. It is imperative and urgent to accelerate the modernization of military theory. We must have a broader vision and a longer-term perspective, firmly grasp the issues of war and combat, promote innovation in military theory, and constantly open up new horizons for the development of contemporary Chinese Marxist military theory.

41. Why is science and technology the core combat capability?

In February 2018, a brand-new organization in the Chinese military, the Military Scientific Research Steering Committee of the Central Military Commission, was formally established. Together with the previously established Science and Technology Committee of the Central Military Commission, a new top-level structure for military scientific research work was established. The Academy of Military Sciences has been reorganized and reorganized. With the Academy of Military Sciences as the leader, the military and military scientific research institutions as the backbone, and the scientific research forces of colleges and troops as the auxiliary, our military’s new scientific research system is accelerating to take shape. This series of major measures marks a new step taken by our army on the road to strengthening the military through science and technology, and shows that our party’s understanding of the strategic position of science and technology in national defense and military construction has risen to a new height. President Xi profoundly pointed out that science and technology are the core combat effectiveness, and to promote the modernization of national defense and the military, we must activate the powerful engine of scientific and technological innovation.

Science and technology are the most active and revolutionary factors in military development. Marxism believes that science is a “powerful lever of history” and a “revolutionary force in the highest sense.” Scientific and technological progress not only profoundly changes human production and lifestyle, but also profoundly affects the direction of world military development, and fundamentally promotes the military development process in all aspects. Engels pointed out: “As soon as technological advances can be used for military purposes and have been used for military purposes, they immediately, almost forcibly, and often against the will of the commander, cause changes or even revolutions in the way of combat.” Looking at the world In the history of military development, the main technologies supporting military struggles include bronze smelting and iron casting in the cold weapon age, gunpowder and firearm manufacturing in the hot weapon age, internal combustion engines and electricity in the mechanization age, and computers and communications in the information age. The widespread application of science and technology in the military field will inevitably lead to profound changes in the shape of war and methods of combat. Every major scientific and technological innovation in history has initiated a new military revolution, and every military revolution has pushed military development into a new era.

Science and technology are an important basis for generating and improving combat effectiveness. The basic components of combat effectiveness are people, weapons and equipment, and the combination of people and weapons and equipment. Science and technology are not independent elements of combat effectiveness, but they are always integrated into and condensed into various elements of combat effectiveness in various ways and forms, greatly promoting the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness. From a human perspective, in the development chain of “physical fitness-skill-intelligence” of military personnel, scientific and technological quality increasingly constitutes the most important factor in their overall quality. Without high scientific and technological literacy and military skills, even weapons and equipment cannot be operated. No, let alone being able to fight and win wars. From the perspective of weapons and equipment, it is the physical manifestation of science and technology in the military field. Science and technology have become a “multiplier” for the combat effectiveness of weapons and equipment. From the perspective of the integration of people and weapons and equipment, science and technology have spawned new military theories and prompted the continuous adjustment and reform of the military system. They are the “catalyst” to achieve the optimal combination of people and weapons and equipment. Generally speaking, the development and progress of science and technology is the main force that promotes the demise of the elements of the old combat effectiveness system and the construction of new combat effectiveness system elements, greatly shortening the cycle of generating and improving combat effectiveness, and promoting the leap of new quality combat effectiveness.

Science and technology have an increasing impact on the outcome of modern wars. At present, science and technology are developing faster and faster, and global scientific and technological innovation is unprecedentedly active. Major powers regard seizing scientific and technological advantages as a strategic measure to seek military advantage. The military game between great powers is largely reflected in technological subversion and counter-subversion, raids and counter-raids, offsets and counter-offsets. Once some technologies achieve breakthroughs, their impact will be disruptive, and may even fundamentally change the shape and methods of warfare, and fundamentally change the traditional offensive and defensive pattern of war. We are in a period of historical convergence where the world’s scientific and technological revolution and military revolution are developing rapidly, and the cause of strengthening and rejuvenating the military is in-depth advancement. Technology has never had such a profound impact on the overall national security and military strategy as it does today, and has never had such a profound impact on the construction and development of our military as it does today. We must promote high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-reliance, give full play to the strategic supporting role of science and technology in our military construction, put national defense scientific and technological innovation in a more prominent position, adhere to the strategic basis of independent innovation, enhance scientific and technological awareness, innovation, and application capabilities, and strive to Seize the initiative in military development and the right to win future wars.

▶A big country like ours and an army like ours must take the initiative through independent innovation.

▶Real core and key technologies cannot be bought with money. Importing weapons and equipment is unreliable, and importing imitations will not go far.

▶Independent innovation must be fought for, and this battle must be won.

42. How to understand the promotion of a military management revolution centered on effectiveness?

In June 2020, with the approval of the Central Military Commission, the entire military held a strategic management training. This was the first high-level, large-scale training event organized by our military with strategic management as the theme. More than a month later, during the 22nd collective study session of the Political Bureau of the 19th CPC Central Committee, President Xi clearly pointed out that it is necessary to update management concepts, improve strategic literacy, improve systems and mechanisms, smooth strategic management links, and substantively advance military management revolution. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission have placed the strengthening of military management in a strategic position, actively built a new military management system, and started a new process of revolution in our military management in the new era.

Whether the army can fight and win wars, management often plays a key role. No matter how good the theoretical guidance of an army is, no matter how good the weapons and equipment are, and no matter how many combatants there are, if the management is in a mess and all the elements cannot integrate and play a role, it will not be able to win the war, and it may even be impossible to win the war. Scientific and efficient management is of great significance for reducing military construction costs, improving military system operation efficiency, and enhancing combat effectiveness. During the Gulf War, the U.S. Department of Defense shipped about 40,000 containers to the frontline armies. Due to imprecise management and inaccurate support, many material categories and recipient information were unknown. More than 20,000 of them had to be reopened and counted until the end of the war. There are still more than 8,000 containers that have not been opened. Modern war practice has fully proved that as the military organizational structure becomes increasingly complex, professional division of labor becomes more refined, and military operations become more systematic, this requires us to pay more attention to the role of management in military operations and construction and improve the professionalization of military management. , refined and scientific level.

The purpose of the military management revolution is to improve the operational efficiency of military systems and the efficiency of the use of national defense resources. Military management is the overall and basic work of national defense and military construction. Its essence is to organically integrate all military units and elements to fundamentally improve the effectiveness of combat effectiveness. Extensive management is a prominent problem that has long restricted the development of our military’s construction. In particular, our military’s construction is at a critical stage of accelerating shifting gears and improving quality and efficiency. In addition, the construction management model has undergone great changes after the reform, and the promotion of efficiency-oriented The core military management revolution and improving the precision-oriented management system are the inevitable choices for strengthening the scientific management of the military. With efficiency as the core, all management practices are inherently required to adhere to quality first, efficiency first, and strive to increase the effective supply of combat effectiveness. To be precision-oriented means to achieve precise planning, precise planning, precise deployment, precise implementation, and precise inspection, and to apply the principle of precision throughout the entire process of all aspects of management. In advancing the reform of military policies and systems, our army has implemented fundamental changes in traditional management methods and proposed reform measures in strategic management, military expenditure management, organizational management, equipment management, material management, and troop education management. The purpose is to form a precise An efficient, comprehensively standardized, and rigidly constrained military management policy system will improve the operational efficiency of the military system, the effectiveness of the use of national defense resources, and the effectiveness of the construction and application of military forces.

Military management must tightly grasp the pivot of strategic management. As the highest-level management of national defense and military construction, strategic management is a macro-management activity that manages the overall situation, long-term management, and major events. It plans and designs the investment of military resources from the top level. Whether strategic management is scientific or not directly affects the quality and efficiency of national defense and military construction. Back then, we achieved “two bombs and one satellite” under very difficult circumstances. We spent much less money than foreign countries, but the efficiency was very high. The important reason was that we gave full play to our country’s institutional advantages and used systems engineering methods to organize In order to carry out this work, a unique strategic management mechanism was explored. Today’s acceleration of national defense and military modernization requires further strengthening of strategic management. A new strategic management system has been established, but the relevant systems and mechanisms are not yet complete. We must adhere to goal orientation, problem orientation, and result orientation, and further open up the strategic management link of “demand-planning-budget-execution-evaluation”. Among them, demand is the driving force, clarifying the direction and requirements of combat capabilities; planning is the leading role, determining construction goals and tasks and resource allocation; budget is the key, and is the “funding version” of the planning plan; execution is the focus, which is the implementation of construction projects and the allocation of resources. The application of input; evaluation is the support and the measurement of construction quality and efficiency. By improving the strategic management link, demand-driven planning and planning-led resource allocation will become rigid constraints on our military’s construction, forming a smooth and efficient strategic management closed loop to promote the high-quality development of our military’s construction.

現代國語：

唯創新者勝－關於建設創新型人民軍隊

39.為什麼說創新是軍隊的核心競爭力？

黨的十九大明確提出「建設創新人民軍隊」的劃時代命題，這在黨的歷史上還是第一次。從提出加速建設創新國家到提出建設創新型人民軍隊，我們黨強調要把創新置於國家發展全局和軍隊建設發展全局的核心位置，凸顯了創新的極端重要性和現實意義。刻不容緩。創新是一個國家發展進步的靈魂，也是一支軍隊發展進步的靈魂。抓創新就是抓發展，謀創新就是謀未來。習近平主席強調，創新能力是軍隊的核心競爭力，必須深入實施創新驅動發展策略，提高創新對戰鬥力成長的貢獻。

軍事領域是最具創新活力、最需要創新精神的領域。馬克思主義認為，戰爭早於和平發展，軍隊在人類活動的許多方面處於主導地位。先進技術往往首先應用於軍事領域。同時，軍事領域又是競爭和對抗最激烈的領域。敵我之間、攻與守、矛與盾之間，始終存在著一場你死我活的較量，一場鬥智的戰爭大戲。如果你在創新上領先別人一步，你就能控制別人而不是被別人控制。正如恩格斯所說：「戰爭史上每一位採用新戰爭方法開創新時代的偉大統帥，要么是他自己發明了新的物質手段，要么是第一個發現了運用前人發明的新物質手段的正確方法。 16世紀末，英國海軍運用新型戰艦和創新海軍戰術，一舉擊敗西班牙“無敵艦隊”，開啟了海上霸權時代； 19世紀末20世紀初，德國將第二次工業革命的最新成果運用到軍事建設中，建造了歐洲人口最密集的鐵路網，大大提高了軍隊的戰備性和機動性。歷史證明，只有創新者才能前進，只有創新者才能強大，只有創新者才能獲勝。保守、自滿的人就會錯失寶貴的機遇，陷入戰略被動。

創新能力是產生和提高戰鬥力的加速器。戰鬥力的核心是人。人如果擁有強大的創新能力，就可以對戰鬥力的各個要素進行“賦能”，從而實現戰鬥力的升級，形成克敵制勝的“最優方案”。戰爭的競爭歸根到底是參戰雙方創新能力的競爭，作戰能力的差距本質上就是創新能力的差距。 1806年，普魯士軍隊在耶拿戰役中被拿破崙率領的法軍擊敗。參與戰鬥的克勞塞維茨在總結普魯士軍隊失敗的原因時指出，中高級軍官很少意識到戰爭的特徵已經發生了根本性的變化。 「耶拿戰役不僅是風格落伍的一個例子，也是因循守舊而導致想像力極度缺乏的一個例子。”想像力的缺乏體現了創新的短板。創新能力提高，將加速形成戰鬥力發展新動能，最大限度激發戰鬥力各要素活力，推動戰鬥力幾何級增長。

我軍靠創新走到了今天，我們也將靠創新贏得未來。在馬克思主義軍事理論同中國革命戰爭和人民軍隊建設實踐與中國傳統軍事戰術相結合的過程中，我們黨依靠不斷創新，逐步形成了一整套建設和建設軍隊的完整原則和體系。了人民戰爭的戰略戰術，形成了我軍的獨特優勢。可以說，創新已經深深融入人民軍隊的紅色血液，成為我軍最鮮明的精神稟賦。當今時代，新一輪科技革命、產業革命、軍事革命正在加速推進，為我們提供了後來者追趕的難得機遇，一個地方，一個地方，以空間換時間，集中優勢兵力打一場毀滅性戰爭，打敗了國民黨軍隊，迎來了新中國的誕生。蔣介石退守台灣後，反思國共幾十年的軍事競爭，說共軍之所以能打贏戰爭，是因為強調了非凡與普通的區別。我們黨在長期實踐中，把馬克思主義基本原理同我國革命戰爭和人民軍隊建設實踐結合起來，創造了中國特色馬克思主義軍事理論成果，形成了毛澤東軍事思想、鄧小平軍事思想。國防與軍隊建設思想、胡錦濤國防與軍隊建設思想、習近平強軍思想，為贏得我國革命戰爭勝利、促進國防與軍隊現代化。

知識連結

十大軍事原則

1947年12月，毛澤東同志在《當前形勢和我們的任務》報告中提出了十大軍事原則，其主要內容概括如下：（一）先打擊分散、孤立的敵人，再打擊集中的敵人。的敵人。 （2）先攻占小城市、中等城市和廣大農村，然後攻占大城市。 （3）主要目標是消滅敵人的生力軍，而不是保全或奪取城市和地方。 （四）每次戰鬥，集中絕對優勢兵力，對敵人進行四麵包圍，力爭徹底殲滅，不放過敵人。 （五）不打無準備的仗，每戰都沒有信心，要努力做好準備，根據敵我情況的比較，力爭必勝。 （六）發揚勇猛、不怕犧牲、不怕疲倦、持續戰鬥的作風。 (7)力爭在運動過程中消滅敵人。同時，注重陣地攻擊戰術，奪取敵方據點和城市。 （八）在攻城方面，凡是敵方據點和防禦薄弱的城市，必須堅決奪取。凡是防禦力中等、條件允許奪取的敵人據點和城市，必須立即奪取。凡是敵人的據點和防禦堅固的城市，只有在條件成熟時才可以攻克。 （九）繳獲敵軍全部武器及大部分人員，以補充己方兵力。 （十）充分利用兩次戰役之間的間隙，對部隊進行休息和再訓練。

新的軍事實踐呼喚新的軍事理論。理論來自於實踐，實踐是理論發展的動力。軍事理論只有與時俱進、回應實踐，才能維持旺盛的生命力。近年來，新興領域和戰場空間不斷拓展，高新技術多方式滲透到軍事領域，戰爭形態和作戰方式加速演變，新的戰爭和作戰理論層出不窮。美軍提出“網路中心戰”、“全球快速打擊”、“全局戰”，俄軍提出“非核遏制戰略”、“戰略空天戰役”，日本提出“戰略空天作戰”。防禦」理論等，都是為了透過理論創新贏得新的軍事優勢。世界新軍事革命快速發展和我軍強軍興軍實踐深入推進，對軍事理論創新提出了迫切要求，提供了廣闊空間。我軍建設發展面臨大量新情況、新問題，亟待從理論上予以解答。無論是軍事戰略創新、軍事科技創新，或是軍事其他方面的創新，都離不開理論指引。加速軍事理論現代化勢在必行。我們必須以更廣闊的視野和更長遠的眼光，牢牢掌握戰爭和戰鬥問題，推動軍事理論創新，不斷開闢當代中國馬克思主義軍事理論發展新天地。

41.為什麼說科學技術是核心戰鬥力？

2018年2月，中國軍隊中一個嶄新的機構－中央軍委軍事科學研究指導委員會正式成立，連同先前成立的中央軍委科學技術委員會，立起了軍事科研工作的全新頂層架構。軍事科學院重新調整組建，以軍事科學院為龍頭、軍兵種科研機構為骨幹、院校和部隊科研力量為輔助，我軍全新的科研體係正在加速形成。這一系列重大舉措，標志我軍在科技強軍道路上邁出了新步伐，表明我們黨對科學技術在國防和軍隊建設中戰略地位的認識上升到新高度。習主席深刻指出，科學技術是核心戰鬥力，推進國防和軍隊現代化必須把科技創新這個強大引擎發動起來。

科學技術是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。馬克思主義認為，科學是“歷史的強大的槓桿”，是“最高意義上的革命力量”。科技進步不僅深刻改變人類的生產生活方式，也深刻影響世界軍事發展走向，全方位根本性地推動軍事發展進程。恩格斯指出：「一旦技術上的進步可以用於軍事目的並且已經用於軍事目的，它們便立刻幾乎強制地，而且往往是違反指揮官的意志而引起作戰方式上的改變甚至變革。」縱觀世界軍事發展史，支撐軍事鬥爭的主要科技，冷兵器時代是青銅冶煉、鐵器鑄造，熱兵器時代是火藥、火器製造，機械化時代是內燃機、電力，資訊化時代是計算機、通訊。科學技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用，必然引起戰爭形態和作戰方式的深刻變化。歷史上每一次重大科學技術創新，都開啟了一場新的軍事變革，而每一場軍事變革都把軍事發展推向新的時代。

科學技術是生成和提高戰鬥力的重要基礎。戰鬥力的基本構成要素是人、武器裝備以及人與武器裝備的結合方式。科學技術不是戰鬥力構成的獨立要素，但它始終以各種方式和形態融入並凝結在戰鬥力各要素中，極大地促進戰鬥力的生成和提升。從人的方面來看，在軍人「體能-技能-智能」的發展鏈中，科技素質越來越構成其整體素質中最重要的因素，沒有較高的科技素養和軍事技能，連武器裝備也操作不了，更別說能打仗、打勝仗了。從武器裝備來看，本身就是科學技術在軍事領域的物化表現，科學技術已成為武器裝備作戰效能的「倍增器」。從人與武器裝備的結合面來看，科學技術催生新的軍事理論，促使軍隊體制編制不斷調整變革，是實現人與武器裝備最佳結合的「催化劑」。總的來看，科學技術的發展進步，是推動舊戰鬥力體係要素消亡和新戰鬥力體係要素構建的主要力量，大大縮短戰鬥力生成和提高的周期，促進新質戰鬥力的飛躍。

科學技術對現代戰爭勝負的影響日益上升。當前，科學技術發展速度越來越快，全球科技創新空前活躍，主要大國都把奪取科技優勢作為謀求軍事優勢的戰略舉措。大國軍事博弈很大程度上體現為技術上的顛覆和反顛覆、突襲和反突襲、抵消和反抵消。有些技術一旦取得突破，影響將是顛覆性的，甚至可能從根本上改變戰爭形態和作戰方式，從根本上改變傳統的戰爭攻防格局。我們正處在世界科技革命和軍事革命迅猛發展、強軍興軍事業深入推進的歷史交匯期。科技從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響國家安全和軍事戰略全局，從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響我軍建設發展。必須推進高水準科技自立自強，充分發揮科技對我軍建設戰略支撐作用，把國防科技創新擺在更加突出的位置，堅持自主創新這個戰略基點，增強科技認知力、創新力、運用力，努力把握軍事發展主動權、未來戰爭制勝權。

習言習語

▶我們這樣一個大國、這樣一支軍隊，必須透過自主創新掌握主動。

▶真正的核心關鍵技術是花錢買不來的，靠進口武器裝備是靠不住的，走引進仿製的路子是走不遠的。

▶自主創新這口氣一定要爭，這場仗一定要打贏。

42.如何理解推進以效能為核心的軍事管理革命？

2020年6月，經中央軍委批准，全軍舉行戰略管理集訓，這是我軍首次以戰略管理為專題組織的高層次、大範圍集訓活動。一個多月後，在十九屆中央政治局第二十二次集體學習時，習主席明確指出，要更新管理理念，提高戰略素養，健全制度機制，暢通戰略管理鏈路，實質性推進軍事管理革命。黨的十八大以來，黨中央、中央軍委把加強軍事管理擺在戰略位置，積極建構新型軍事管理體系，開啟新時代我軍管理革命新進程。

軍隊能不能打仗、打勝仗，管理往往扮演關鍵角色。一支軍隊，理論指導再好，武器裝備再好，戰鬥人員再多，如果管理一團糟，各項要素不能集成發揮作用，也是打不了勝仗的，甚至可能是打不了仗的。科學高效的管理，對於降低軍隊建設成本、提高軍事系統運作效率、增強戰鬥力，具有十分重要的意義。海灣戰爭中，美國國防部給予前線陸軍運送的約4萬個集裝箱，由於管理不精細、保障不精準，許多物資類別、收件資訊不明，只得將其中2萬多個重新打開清點，直到戰爭結束還有8000多個集裝箱沒有打開。現代戰爭實踐充分證明，隨著軍隊組織結構日益復雜，專業分工更加精細，軍事行動的系統性大大增強，這就要求我們更加註重發揮管理在軍隊作戰、建設中的作用，提高軍事管理的專業化、精進、科學化程度。

軍事管理革命的目的是提升軍事系統運作效能和國防資源使用效益。軍事管理是國防和軍隊建設的全局性、基礎性工作，其實質就是要把所有軍事單元和要素有機整合起來，從根本上提高戰鬥力的生成效能。管理粗放是長期制約我軍建設發展的一個突出問題，特別是我軍建設正處在換擋加速、提質增效的關鍵階段，加上改革後建設管理模式發生很大變化，推進以效能為核心的軍事管理革命，健全以精準為導向的管理體系，是加強軍隊科學管理的必然選擇。以效能為核心，內在要求一切管理實踐堅持品質第一、效益優先，著力增加戰鬥力有效供給。以精準為導向，就是要做到精準謀劃、精準規劃、精準部署、精準落實、精準檢驗，把精準原則貫穿管理各方面全過程。我軍在推進軍事政策制度改革中，對傳統管理方式實行根本性變革，從戰略管理、軍費管理、組織編制管理、裝備管理、物資管理、部隊教育管理等方面提出改革舉措，目的就是要形成精準高效率、全面規範、剛性約束的軍事管理政策制度，提升軍事系統運作效率、國防資源運用效益及軍事力量建設運用效能。

軍事管理必須緊緊扭轉戰略管理這個樞紐。戰略管理作為國防和軍隊建設最高層次的管理，是管全局、管長遠、管大事的宏觀管理活動，從頂層規劃和設計軍事資源的投向投量。戰略管理是否科學，直接影響國防和軍隊建設品質效益。當年我們在十分困難的情況下搞成了“兩彈一星”，花的錢比外國少得多，效率卻很高，很重要的原因是充分發揮我國的製度優勢，用系統工程的方法組織了這項工作，探索了一套獨具特色的策略管理機制。今天加速國防和軍隊現代化，需要進一步加強戰略管理。新的策略管理體制立起來了，但相關制度機制還不完善，必須堅持目標導向、問題導向、結果導向，進一步打通「需求-規劃-預算-執行-評估」的戰略管理連結。其中，需求是牽引，明確作戰能力指向和要求；規劃是主導，決定建設目標任務和資源配置；預算是關鍵，是規劃計劃的「經費版」；執行是重心，是建設項目的實施和對資源投入的運用；評估是支撐，是對建設品質效益的衡量。透過完善戰略管理鏈路，使需求牽引規劃、規劃主導資源配置成為我軍建設的剛性約束，形成順暢高效的戰略管理閉合迴路，推動我軍建設高質量發展。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/10189839.html?big=fan

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