量子科技對中國未來戰爭的成功有巨大潛力

現代英語：

On October 16, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held a collective study on the research and application prospects of quantum technology. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that we must fully recognize the importance and urgency of promoting the development of quantum technology, strengthen the strategic planning and systematic layout of quantum technology development, grasp the general trend, and take the initiative.

As the mystery of quantum is unveiled, people are increasingly aware that quantum technology represents the future of human society, is a strategic field that concerns national security and high-quality social and economic development, is a major disruptive technological innovation that impacts and reconstructs the traditional technological system, and will lead a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. It has a bright future.

The United States, the European Union, Australia, Russia and other world powers and regional organizations have been conducting research on quantum technology for many years and have done a lot of preliminary work in the field of quantum information. my country has also pressed the “accelerator” in the development of quantum technology.

Quantum thinking opens up your mind

Do you think quantum technology is very high-end, sounds vague, and even a bit illusory? Not only do you think so, but even Niels Bohr, the founder of quantum physics, once said: “If someone is not confused by quantum mechanics, he does not understand it.”

In fact, we live in the quantum world every day. Quantum is the basic unit of matter: if you divide the physical quantity piece by piece until it is small enough that it cannot be divided any further, it is a quantum. For example, a photon is the basic unit of light energy and it is impossible to divide it into half a photon.

So why can’t we feel its existence at all, and even find it difficult to understand the phenomena of the quantum world? This is because the scale we are familiar with is too different from the quantum scale. For example, a table is on the meter scale, a hair is on the millimeter scale, and the object of quantum physics is tens of millions or even hundreds of millions times smaller than the scale of a hair. If a person is reduced to a size of tens of millions of times the diameter of a hair, then the world in which humans live will follow a completely different set of rules.

In the Newtonian classical thinking model that we are familiar with, “the world is accurately measurable”, everything is an objective, precise, mechanically connected, describable and quantifiable mathematical model, just like you can calculate and analyze the whole process of a wooden block sliding down a slope with a pen. However, several key words of quantum thinking may subvert all this:

Keyword 1: “Probability”. The world is jumpy, unpredictable, and uncertain, or in other words, it is extremely complex and interconnected like the butterfly effect.

Keyword 2: “Overlap”. The world is “plural”. Before we make a choice, the choices are infinite and changing. Only when we finally make a choice, other possibilities “collapse”. At the same time, this choice provides us with infinite options for the next choice.

Keyword three: “Observer”. This is even weirder – if you observe a quantum system, it changes immediately! In other words, the state of the quantum depends on the observer.

Einstein described the quantum world as “ghost-like”. There, many natural laws that people firmly believe in will become invalid, and the perspective of understanding the universe will be completely changed. Before opening the door to the quantum world, you need to abandon all the common sense you have acquired in the macroscopic world, replace it with quantum thinking, keep your mind open, and be ready to exclaim: “How is this possible?!”

A tiny quantum has brought about two revolutions

With quantum thinking, you may understand the two “unique skills” of quantum: one is “clone” – quantum superposition, a quantum can exist in several states at the same time; the other is “remote telepathy” – quantum entanglement, a pair of entangled quantum is like a pair of twins with telepathy. At the same time, quantum is also very “weird” – indivisible and non-cloneable.

It is precisely these magical properties that enable such tiny quantum to burst out with huge energy, setting off two technological waves in human history.

As early as 1900, German physicist Planck proposed the concept of quantum, which split the “hard core” of the real world and ushered in the quantum era. A group of talented scientists such as Heisenberg, Schrödinger, and Bohr basically completed the theoretical framework of quantum mechanics.

Quantum mechanics is one of the greatest scientific discoveries of the last century. Based on quantum mechanics, modern technologies such as transistors, lasers, nuclear fusion, mobile communications, and global positioning systems have emerged, allowing humans to enter the information age, and then developed into the ubiquitous computers and the Internet, creating further prosperity for society. This is the first quantum revolution.

In the 1980s, quantum information technology was born in the information field based on quantum mechanics. For example, quantum computers, quantum cryptography, quantum sensors, etc., not only are based on quantum mechanics, but the devices themselves also have quantum world characteristics such as superposition, entanglement, non-locality, and non-cloning, breaking through the physical limits of classical technology and finding new research directions. The birth of quantum information technology is called the second quantum revolution.

Quantum technology is one of the most cutting-edge technologies at present. It is moving out of the laboratory and achieving unprecedented leapfrog development in various fields. Some even predict that, like steam engines, electricity and computers, quantum technology will become the symbol of the fourth technological revolution.

“A pair of twin stars rises”

Academician Guo Guangcan of the University of Science and Technology of China once said vividly: “The computing power of quantum computers compared with electronic computers is equivalent to the computing power of electronic computers compared with abacus.” The computers we use use the two states of bits 0 and 1 as information processing units, and can only process a single state bit that is either 0 or 1 at a time; while the quantum computing processing unit is a quantum bit, which can process 0 and 1 at the same time due to the superposition effect, just like Sun Wukong can split into dozens of bodies to fight monsters. If a light quantum computer is made using quantum technology, the computing time of a classical computer that takes hundreds of thousands of years will be shortened to a few seconds.

Therefore, as the number of quantum bits continues to increase, the more “clones” there are, the faster the calculation will be. When the number of quantum bits reaches 50, that is, 250 states exist simultaneously, how huge is this number? Converted into the thickness of a 0.1 mm A4 paper folded in half 50 times, this number is 100 million kilometers, which is close to 3/4 of the distance from the earth to the sun. When a quantum computer can reach 100 bits, it may be 100 billion times faster than a supercomputer in some directions.

How should we use such powerful computing power?

First, large-scale, high-dimensional computing problems that were difficult or impossible to solve in the past can now be quickly solved, such as typical search problems and combinatorial optimization problems, such as optimal route selection, code cracking, network threat prediction, urban traffic planning, and so on.

Secondly, artificial quantum systems can be used to simulate natural quantum systems to explore the dynamic properties of molecules. For example, once we simulate and analyze the mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity, we can design some new superconducting materials. This will open a new door for drug design, new material exploration, weather forecasting, space exploration, chemical engineering and other fields, and has great economic and social value.

What is particularly worth looking forward to is that artificial intelligence and quantum technology will coexist and evolve at the same time, “rising like a pair of twin stars.”

Gordon Moore, the founder of Intel, proposed the famous Moore’s Law: Computer computing speed doubles every 18 months or so. Without the exponential growth of silicon transistors in chips and the increasing computing power, artificial intelligence would not have achieved such remarkable results in recent years. However, today, the size of a transistor is much smaller than a flu virus, approaching the physical limit, and computer computing speed is about to reach a “bottleneck”, and artificial intelligence may face a “cold winter”.

Scientists are convinced that only quantum computing, which goes beyond classical computing, can be a strong backing for artificial intelligence to break through its limits. In particular, machine learning technology, which relies on large-scale data processing, will benefit greatly from quantum computing and generate unlimited possibilities; at the same time, artificial intelligence technology can realize self-calibration and evaluation of quantum computing, and evolve with it.

In a foreseeable period, quantum computing will gradually transition from solving optimization problems, quantum encryption communications, and molecular structure research to integrating artificial intelligence, and infiltrating various industries such as smart manufacturing, smart logistics and smart retail, and smart finance. Cloud services will be a new form of service that quantum computing can provide.

Quantum communication “weaves” quantum internet

This is the most amazing phenomenon in the quantum world: independent particles can be completely “entangled” together. Even if the two particles are at the two ends of the universe, both sides can “sense” each other’s state; as long as the state of one of the particles changes, the state of the other particle will also change instantly.

At the same time, quantum is in multiple possible superposition states, and its true state cannot be determined before it is observed. We can achieve absolutely secure communication with subversive significance by constructing particles with quantum entanglement.

With the help of the magical properties of quantum, scientists have found an unbreakable code, the only unconditionally secure encryption method currently available to humans, and the most critical link in quantum communication – quantum key distribution.

Quantum keys use single photons as carriers. Once an eavesdropper takes action, the first layer of “firewall” will be triggered – the quantum state of particles will change. The eavesdropping behavior will be immediately discovered by the user transmitting the information, and the sender and receiver will immediately stop using the key to encrypt the information content. As a “spy”, since quantum state particles cannot be copied, can’t you just intercept and measure them directly? Sorry, doing so will trigger the second layer of “firewall” – the uncertainty principle. Even if you are intercepted by an eavesdropper, there is no way to get the correct information. Quantum satellites are the most promising way to achieve ultra-long-distance quantum communication. In August 2016, the world’s first quantum science experimental satellite “Mozi” was successfully launched in China.

Quantum communication technology and quantum resources have given rise to a new functional network – quantum Internet. It will bring about a leap forward in network security, computing and science, and has broad application prospects: in addition to achieving unconditional secure communication, it can also connect multiple quantum computers to build a distributed quantum computing system, forming a large-scale computing capability that a single quantum computer cannot achieve; forming a sensor network to increase the accuracy of navigation networks such as the global positioning system from the meter level to the millimeter level; connecting optical telescopes thousands of kilometers apart to obtain a resolution equivalent to that of a monocular telescope of the same diameter, and so on.

In May 2020, the European Union stated that it would promote the integration of quantum communications with traditional network infrastructure and applications, develop satellite-based quantum cryptography that can be used for global secure key distribution, and lay the foundation for the future “quantum internet” vision.

China Military Network Ministry of National Defense Network
Friday , November 13, 2020

現代國語：

10月16日，中共中央政治局就量子科技研究和應用前景舉行集體學習。習近平總書記強調，要充分認識推動量子科技發展的重要性和迫切性，加強量子科技發展戰略規劃和系統佈局，把握大趨勢，下好先手棋。

揭開量子的神秘面紗，人們愈來愈認識到，量子科技代表著人類社會未來，是事關國家安全和社會經濟高品質發展的戰略領域，是對傳統技術體系產生衝擊、進行重構的重大顛覆性技術創新，將引領新一輪科技革命和產業變革，可謂「前途」無量。

對於量子科技的研究，美國、歐盟、澳洲、俄羅斯等世界大國和區域組織已持續多年，在量子資訊領域都做了大量前期部署工作。我國在發展量子科技上，也按下了「加速鍵」。

量子思維讓腦洞大開

您是不是覺得量子科技非常高冷，聽起來似懂非懂，甚至有點亦真亦幻？不光您這麼想，連量子物理奠基人尼爾斯·玻爾都曾說過：“如果誰不對量子力學感到困惑，他就沒有理解它。”

其實，我們每天都生活在量子世界裡。量子是物質的基本單元：如果把物理量一份一份往下分，分到無法再分的小塊，就是量子。例如，光量子就是光能量的基本單元，不可能再分成半個光量子。

那麼，我們為何完全感覺不到它的存在，甚至很難理解量子世界的現象？這是因為我們熟悉的尺度和量子尺度相差太大。例如，一張桌子是米尺度，一根頭髮絲是毫米尺度，而量子物理學的研究對像比頭髮絲的尺度還小幾千萬倍甚至幾億倍。如果人類縮小成頭髮直徑的幾千萬分之一大小，那麼人類生活的世界將完全遵循另一套規則。

在我們熟知的牛頓經典思維模式下，“世界是測得準的”，一切都是客觀的、精準的、機械聯繫的、可描述可量化的數學模型，好比您提起筆就能計算分析出一個木塊從斜坡滑落的全過程。但量子思維的幾大關鍵字，可能顛覆這一切——

關鍵字一：「機率」。世界是跳躍的、不可預測的、測不準的，或者說是像蝴蝶效應那樣異常複雜關聯的。

關鍵字二：「重疊」。世界是「複數」的，在我們選定之前，選擇是無限的和變化的。直到最終選定了，其他可能性才「崩塌」。同時，這個選擇為我們下一次選擇又提供了無限的選項。

關鍵字三：「觀測者」。這個就更加詭異了——如果您去觀測測量子系統，它立刻就變了！換句話說，量子的狀態取決於觀測者。

愛因斯坦形容量子世界「如幽靈一般」。在那裡，人們堅信不疑的許多自然法則都會失效，理解宇宙的角度會徹底改變。在推開量子世界大門前，您需要拋棄在宏觀世界所獲得的一切常識，換上量子思維，保持腦洞大開狀態，並隨時準備驚呼：“這怎麼可能？！”

小小量子掀起兩次革命

有了量子思維，也許您就好理解量子所擁有的兩個「絕技」了：一是「分身術」——量子疊加，一個量子可同時存在好幾種狀態；另一個是「遠程心靈感應」——量子糾纏，一對糾纏的量子就好像一對有心靈感應的雙胞胎一樣。同時，量子還很「古怪」——不可分割和不可複製。

正是具備這些神奇特性，使如此微小的量子爆發出巨大能量，在人類歷史上掀起兩波科技浪潮。

早在1900年，德國物理學家普朗克提出量子概念，現實世界的「硬核」就此被劈開，隨之開啟量子時代。海森堡、薛丁格、玻爾等一群天才科學家基本上完成了量子力學的理論架構。

量子力學是上世紀最偉大的科學發現之一。基於量子力學，才有了晶體管、雷射、核融合、行動通訊、全球定位系統等現代技術，使人類進入資訊時代，繼而發展產生了當下無處不在的電腦和互聯網, 造就了社會進一步繁榮。這便是第一次量子革命。

在1980年代，基於量子力學，在資訊領域誕生了量子資訊技術。例如量子電腦、量子密碼、量子感測等，不僅其原理是量子力學，裝置本身也具備了疊加、糾纏、非局域性、不可複製性等量子世界特性，突破了經典技術的物理極限，找到了新的研究方向。量子資訊科技的誕生稱為第二次量子革命。

量子科技是目前最前沿的科技之一，它正走出實驗室，在各個領域實現前所未有的跨越式發展。甚至有人預言，就像蒸汽機、電力和電腦一樣，量子科技將成為第四次科技革命的象徵。

“升起一對雙子星”

中國科技大學郭光燦院士曾經形像地說：「量子電腦的運算能力同電子計算機相比，等同於電子計算機的運算能力同算盤相比。」我們所使用的計算機，是以比特0和1兩個狀態作為資訊處理單元，一次只能處理一個非0即1的單一狀態比特；而量子計算處理單元是量子比特，由於疊加效應，一次只能處理一個非0即1的單一狀態比特；而一個量子計算如果利用量子技術製造一台光量子計算機，那麼經典計算機幾十萬年的運算時間將縮短為幾秒鐘。

所以，當量子位元數不斷增加，「分身」就越多，運算速度就會呈指數級成長。當量子位元達到50個，也就是250種狀態同時存在時，這個數字究竟巨大到什麼程度？換算成一張0.1毫米的A4紙對折50次的厚度，這個數字是1億公里，接近從地球到太陽距離的3/4。當量子電腦能達到100個位元時，在某些方向就可能比超級電腦快百億億倍了。

這麼強大的算力我們該怎麼使用？

首先，過去很難或無法解決的大規模、高維度計算難題，這下可以快速解決了。例如典型的搜尋問題、組合最佳化問題，諸如最優路線選擇、密碼破解、網路威脅預測、城市交通規劃，等等。

其次，可利用人造量子系統模擬自然量子系統，進而探索分子的動力學性質。例如高溫超導現象，一旦我們把高溫超導的機制模擬分析出來，就能設計出一些超導新材料。這將為藥物設計、新材料探索、天氣預測、太空探索、化學等領域打開一扇新的大門，具有重大經濟和社會價值。

特別值得期待的是，人工智慧與量子科技將相生相伴、同時進化，「升起一對雙子星」。

英特爾的創辦人戈登·摩爾提出了著名的摩爾定律：每18個月左右，電腦的運算速度就會增加一倍。如果沒有晶片中矽電晶體的指數級成長、實現算力越來越強，近年來人工智慧不可能成績斐然。然而今天，一枚晶體管的尺寸已遠小於一個流感病毒，逼近物理極限，計算機計算速度即將陷入“瓶頸”，人工智能或將面臨“寒冬”。

科學家確信，只有超越經典計算的量子運算，才能成為人工智慧突破極限的強大後盾。特別是依賴大規模資料處理的機器學習技術，將大大受益於量子運算，產生無限可能；同時人工智慧技術可實現對量子計算的自校準評估，相伴進化發展。

在一個可預測的期間，量子運算將逐步從解決最佳化問題、量子加密通訊、分子結構研究，過渡到融入人工智慧，滲透進智慧製造、智慧物流與智慧零售、智慧金融等各產業。而雲端服務將是量子運算可提供的服務新形態。

量子通訊「編織」量子互聯網

這是量子世界最奇妙的現象：相互獨立的粒子可以完全「糾纏」在一起，就算這兩個粒子分別處於宇宙的兩端，雙方都能「感應」到對方的狀態；只要其中一個粒子的狀態發生變化，另一個粒子也會瞬間發生狀態改變。

同時，量子處於多種可能的疊加狀態，在對其觀測前，無法確定其真實狀態。我們可透過建構有著量子糾纏態的粒子，實現具有顛覆意義的絕對安全通訊。

借助量子的神奇特性，科學家們已尋找到無法被破解的密碼、人類目前唯一無條件安全的加密方式、量子通訊中最關鍵的一環——量子金鑰分發。

量子金鑰採用單光子作為載體，竊密者一旦行動，就會觸發第一層「防火牆」——量子態的粒子改變。竊聽行為馬上會被傳遞訊息的用戶發覺，收發雙方立即不再使用該金鑰來加密訊息內容。作為“竊取者”，既然量子態的粒子不能被複製，截取後直接測量不就可以了嗎？對不起，這麼做會觸發第二層「防火牆」——測不準原理。就算是被竊聽者截住，也沒有辦法得到正確資訊。量子衛星是實現超遠距離量子通訊最有希望的途徑。 2016年8月，世界首顆量子科學實驗衛星「墨子號」在中國發射成功。

量子通訊技術和量子資源，催生了新型功能網路—量子網路。它將帶來網路安全、計算以及科學上的飛躍，應用前景廣闊：除了可實現無條件安全通信外，還可連接多個量子計算機，構建分佈式量子計算系統，形成單個量子計算機無法實現的規模計算能力；形成傳感器網絡，將全球定位系統等導航網絡的精度從米級提高到毫米級；連接相距數千公里的光學望遠鏡，將全球定位系統等導航網絡的精度從米級提高到毫米級；連接相距數千公里的光學遠鏡，可獲得遠分辨率距，可獲得一個同等的望遠鏡等；連接相距數千公里的光學遠鏡，可獲得遠分辨率，可獲得遠1分辨率。

2020年5月，歐盟表示，將推動量子通訊與傳統網路基礎設施和應用結合，開發可用於全球安全金鑰分發、基於衛星的量子密碼，為未來「量子網路」遠景奠定基礎。

中國軍網 國防部網
2020年11月13日 星期五

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2020-11/13/content_275729888.htm