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People’s Liberation Army Looking ahead to the “Battlefield Metaverse”

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解放軍展望“戰場元宇宙”

現代英語：

Recently, the “metaverse” has become a hot topic of concern. On November 26 last year, this edition published an article titled “Unveiling the Veil of the Metaverse”, which mentioned the concept of the “battlefield metaverse”.

Simply put, the “metaverse” will be the ultimate form of the next generation of the Internet. It is a virtual world that is parallel and isomorphic to the real world, with main features such as multi-dimensionality, full sensory perception, virtual-real integration, and seamless interaction. The “battlefield metaverse” is the manifestation of the “metaverse” in the military field, with stricter security and confidentiality standards, more powerful simulation computing capabilities, more real-time and sophisticated interaction requirements, and more prominent battlefield time consistency, virtual-real integration, boundary security, decision-making intelligence, and performance fidelity.

Imagine a typical application scenario

We can preliminarily outline the outline of the “battlefield metaverse” by imagining a typical military training application scenario in the future:

An aircraft carrier fleet was cruising in a certain sea area. Suddenly, in the fleet command room, a virtual AI staff officer projected a virtual figure through the “Battlefield Metaverse” terminal, making a clear voice to convey the upper level’s combat readiness inspection instructions.

The fleet commander immediately issued an “exercise combat alert” command to the fleet according to the plan. The fleet’s combat command and control system began to automatically receive combat missions and battlefield situations sent by the “Battlefield Metaverse” terminal. Except for the personnel on duty at the bridge of each ship in the fleet who continued to cruise and guard according to the scheduled route, all other personnel were transferred to the combat scene set by the “Battlefield Metaverse”.

On the flight deck of an aircraft carrier, all deck workers immediately put on enhanced terminals of the “Battlefield Metaverse” after hearing the “combat alert”. Depending on the login user ID, the corresponding virtual information in the “Battlefield Metaverse” is seamlessly superimposed on the workers’ field of vision, supporting the deck workers to complete relevant practical operations in the real world.

Under the unified command of the flight deck commander, all deck operators perform virtual and real integrated deck operations for various types of carrier-based aircraft in accordance with combat mission requirements and carrier-based aircraft take-off procedures, including refueling, bomb loading, towing, safety inspection, ejection, recovery, and ammunition emergency disposal.

In the flight briefing room, all pilots of various types of carrier-based aircraft participating in this mission have put on the immersive terminals of the “Battlefield Metaverse” and entered the cockpit of the virtual world, waiting for their carrier-based aircraft to complete take-off preparations.

In the cockpit of the virtual carrier-based fighter, an AI assistant with the same configuration as the actual carrier-based aircraft is confirming the status of the aircraft with the pilot and planning the upcoming combat operations according to the combat mission received. During the combat mission, the virtual carrier-based fighter can equivalently feedback the situation information of the enemy and our own reconnaissance, electronic interference, combat damage, etc., providing real-time information for the pilot to make decisions and take actions…

It can be seen from the above typical application scenarios that the “battlefield metaverse” requires a large number of revolutionary breakthroughs in key technologies as its basic support, including VR/AR/MR technology, digital twin technology, cloud computing technology, blockchain technology, high-speed network technology, AI technology, etc.

Construction requires many basic conditions

Compared with the “metaverse” that is open to the public and reconstructs the network ecology, the “battlefield metaverse” needs to be developed based on the actual topological structure of the military network and the construction results of various military information systems, and has higher requirements on key technical indicators. Specifically, the construction of the “battlefield metaverse” should have at least the following basic conditions:

– Independent network communication links. The “Battlefield Metaverse” is an independent form built on the military high-speed network architecture and infrastructure, which is significantly different from the design concept of the “Metaverse” global access. Users of the “Battlefield Metaverse” need to verify and log in through a secure military network node in a relatively fixed place or area. The remote wireless network link is not open to the outside world and has the ability to resist communication interference and network attacks.

——Strict identity authentication mechanism. All individual users accessing the “Battlefield Metaverse” are required to be military personnel who have passed confidentiality review and military scientific research personnel with confidentiality qualifications. The authentication information of all types of users cannot be tampered with, fabricated, or misused in the “Battlefield Metaverse”. All user operations will be recorded in detail in the “Battlefield Metaverse” to facilitate tracking and analysis by the operation and maintenance security department, and any illegal users and operations will have no chance to take advantage.

——Diverse user access capabilities. Users who access the “Battlefield Metaverse” can be divided into individual users, equipment users, and system users according to their types. Among them, individual users are organic individuals who directly enter the “Battlefield Metaverse” activities; equipment users and system users are key digital equipment and information systems that need to access the “Battlefield Metaverse”, and their operators or maintenance personnel participate in the activities in the “Battlefield Metaverse” in an indirect way through operational control behaviors in the real world.

——Clear command, coordination and interaction relationship. Different from the high degree of freedom of ordinary users in the “metaverse”, all types of users in different locations in the “battlefield metaverse” participate in specific activities, play designated roles or undertake major tasks, which are uniformly planned, deployed and coordinated by the only event organizer. Before each activity is launched, the event organizer determines the user identification, command relationship, coordination relationship, information interaction permissions, etc. of the participants based on the elements required to achieve the goal.

——Immersive real-time interaction capabilities. Individual users who access the “Battlefield Metaverse” need to log in through a human-computer interaction terminal and achieve real-time interaction with the “Battlefield Metaverse” and other users in the real world. In addition to having basic immersive interaction and time-based functions, terminal devices also need to enhance the user’s operational freedom and sensitivity, so that users can operate and use a variety of weapons, equipment and information systems in the “Battlefield Metaverse”.

——Powerful AI individuals. Similar to the “metaverse”, AI individuals with intelligence and autonomous behavior capabilities will act as permanent residents in the “battlefield metaverse”. They can play the role of virtual red team, blue team, and third-party entities to participate in combat, training and test tasks, and can also play the role of instructors, examiners, staff, system operation and maintenance personnel, etc., to assist individual users in making decisions and taking actions.

——Realistic performance simulation capability. All weapons, equipment and information systems mapped into the “Battlefield Metaverse” need to have functional performance and consistent operation methods equivalent to those in the real world. Through signal-level simulation models and performance algorithms, simulation of reconnaissance detection effectiveness, electronic countermeasure effectiveness, firepower strike effectiveness and comprehensive protection effectiveness can be achieved, ensuring that the experience accumulated by individual users in the “Battlefield Metaverse” can guide actual combat operations.

——Flexible scenario generation capability. The “Battlefield Metaverse” needs to set a battlefield area for each activity, including the geographical environment, electromagnetic environment, meteorological environment, and hydrological environment of the area. Its scenario data is required to be more real and accurate, and requires institutions with relevant qualifications to build and maintain it step by step.

Application, bringing significant benefits in multiple fields

In the future, the “metaverse” may first be applied to areas such as online social networking, online games, and online economy, becoming the starting point for the virtualization of human society.

After the “Battlefield Metaverse” is built, it will have a huge impact on the application fields of education, training, testing, research, etc. of the troops, greatly change the original methods of organizing and implementing activities, significantly improve the comprehensive benefits of various military activities, and effectively stimulate the innovation capabilities of military personnel and scientific researchers.

In the field of education, the “Battlefield Metaverse” can play an important role in centralized education in colleges and universities, in-service distance education, etc. The teachers and students can interact and communicate with each other freely in different locations, which is conducive to creating a harmonious and relaxed teaching atmosphere. On the one hand, the teachers can use more powerful teaching content to demonstrate their teaching ability and achieve more vivid teaching effects; on the other hand, the students can recognize and understand the problems more intuitively, effectively improving their personal interest in self-study and subjective initiative.

In the field of training, the “Battlefield Metaverse” can fully meet the requirements of actual combat training in the context of large-scale combat. Participants at all levels can play the roles of their current positions or proposed positions, and repeatedly receive training and assessments in a larger, more confrontational, and longer-lasting environment. While honing combat skills, honing tactical coordination, and forging combat will, they can apply the accumulated simulated combat experience to actual combat operations. The evaluation of training effects will also be more quantitative and intuitive, which is more conducive to selecting talents.

In the field of testing, the “Battlefield Metaverse” can provide a practical background and large-scale test scenarios with equivalent simulation capabilities for the design and demonstration of new weapons and equipment, weapons and equipment performance testing, weapons and equipment compatibility testing, and weapon system combat effectiveness testing. It can bring virtual and real equipment into a peer environment to operate together, and fully grasp the various states and parameter changes of the equipment, thereby effectively solving practical problems such as limited test times, simple test links, low complexity of the test background, and difficulty in building a combat system.

In the field of research, the “Battlefield Metaverse” can provide a public platform for remote simulation and verification for the use of new equipment and innovation of tactics. On the basis of coordinating expert resources from various regions and centrally calling simulation computing power, virtual AI is used to play the combat forces of all parties, conduct uninterrupted simulation calculations, obtain massive data samples, and mine and analyze knowledge and conclusions that meet the research objectives. During the research process, researchers can also communicate and collaborate with relevant experts, intervene in real time and improve the simulation elements to ensure that the research results can stand the test of actual troops.

From the perspective of system architecture and functional characteristics, although the “Battlefield Metaverse” cannot directly affect actual combat operations, it can serve as a backup for wartime command and communication networks. When the command and communication network is paralyzed by enemy network attacks or key nodes are damaged by attacks, combat troops can try to access the communication link of the “Battlefield Metaverse” to ensure the most basic combat command and information exchange.

The above picture is a schematic diagram of the “Battlefield Metaverse”.

Gaosong System

國語中文：

近期，「元宇宙」成為人們關注的熱點。本版去年11月26日曾刊登《揭開「元宇宙」面紗》一文，並提到了「戰場元宇宙」概念。

簡單地說，「元宇宙」將是下一代網路的終極形態，是與現實世界平行同構的一個虛擬世界，具備多維度、全感官、虛實融合、無縫互動等主要特徵。 “戰場元宇宙”，則是“元宇宙”在軍事領域的表現形態，具有更嚴格的安全保密標準、更強大的仿真計算能力、更實時的精細交互要求，更突出的戰場時統一致性、虛實一體性、邊界安全性、決策智能性、效能逼真性。

設想，一個典型應用場景呈現

我們可透過假想未來一個典型軍事訓練應用場景，初步描繪出「戰場元宇宙」的輪廓——

一支航母編隊正在某海域巡航。突然，編隊指揮室內，虛擬的AI參謀透過「戰場元宇宙」終端，投射生成一個虛擬人影，發出清脆聲音，傳達上一級戰備檢查指令。

編隊指揮官立即依照預案，向編隊下達「演習戰鬥警報」命令。編隊作戰指控系統開始自動接收「戰場元宇宙」終端發送的作戰任務和戰場態勢，除編隊各艦艦橋部位的值更人員按照預定航線繼續進行巡航和警戒外，其餘人員全部轉入「戰場元宇宙」設定的作戰場景之中。

在航空母艦飛行甲板上，所有甲板作業人員在聽到「戰鬥警報」後，立即穿戴好「戰場元宇宙」的增強型終端，根據登入使用者ID的不同，「戰場元宇宙」中對應的虛擬資訊無縫疊加至作業人員視野，支撐甲板作業人員在真實世界完成相關實作動作。

在飛行甲板指揮官統一指揮下，所有甲板作業人員依照作戰任務要求和艦載機起飛流程，對各型艦載機進行虛實融合的甲板作業，包括加油、掛彈、牽引、安全檢查、彈射、回收、彈藥緊急處置等內容。

飛行簡報室內，所有參與本次任務的各型艦載機飛行員已穿戴好「戰場元宇宙」的沉浸型終端，進入虛擬世界的駕駛座艙中，等待自己的艦載機完成起飛準備。

虛擬的艦載戰鬥機座艙內，一位與艦載機實裝配置相同的AI助理正在向飛行員確認飛機的各項狀態，並根據受領的作戰任務，籌劃即將開始的作戰行動。在執行作戰任務期間，虛擬艦載戰鬥機能等效反饋敵我雙方的偵察探測、電子乾擾、交戰毀傷等態勢信息，實時供飛行員決策判斷和採取行動…

透過上述典型應用場景可以看出，「戰場元宇宙」需要大量關鍵技術的革命性突破作為基礎支撐，包括VR/AR/MR技術、數位孿生技術、雲端運算技術、區塊鏈技術、高速網路技術、AI技術等。

構建，需要具備許多基本條件

相較於面向大眾、重構網路生態的“元宇宙”，“戰場元宇宙”需要在軍用網路實際拓撲結構和各類軍用資訊系統的建設成果上展開，對關鍵技術指標上的要求更高。具體來說，建構「戰場元宇宙」應至少具備以下基本條件：

——獨立的網路通訊鏈路。 「戰場元宇宙」是建立在軍用高速網路架構和基礎設施上的獨立形態，與「元宇宙」全球隨遇接入的設計理念有明顯差異。 「戰場元宇宙」的使用者需要在相對固定的場所或區域，透過安全的軍用網路節點進行驗證登入。遠端無線網路連結不對外開放，並具備抵禦通訊幹擾和網路攻擊能力。

——嚴格的身份認證機制。所有接取「戰場元宇宙」的個人用戶，均要求是透過保密審查的軍方人員和具備保密資質的軍工科研人員。所有類型用戶的認證資訊在「戰場元宇宙」中不可篡改、虛構、冒用，所有用戶的操作行為在「戰場元宇宙」中將被詳細記錄，以利於運維安全部門追蹤分析，任何非法用戶及操作均無機可乘。

——多樣化的用戶接入能力。接取「戰場元宇宙」的用戶，依類型可分為個人用戶、裝備用戶及系統用戶等。其中，個人使用者是直接進入「戰場元宇宙」活動的有機個體；裝備使用者和系統使用者則是需要連接「戰場元宇宙」的關鍵數位化裝備和資訊化系統，其操作或維運人員透過在現實世界中的操作控制行為，以間接方式參與「戰場元宇宙」內的活動。

——明確的指揮協同互動關係。與「元宇宙」中普通用戶高自由度不同，異地分佈的所有類型用戶在「戰場元宇宙」中參與的特定活動、扮演的指定角色或擔負的主要任務，均由唯一的活動組織者進行統一籌劃、部署和協調。在每項活動展開前，由活動組織者圍繞達成目標所需的要素，確定參與活動的使用者標識、指揮關係、協同關係、資訊互動權限等。

——沉浸式的即時互動能力。接取「戰場元宇宙」的個人用戶，需透過人機互動終端進行登錄，並與「戰場元宇宙」及現實世界中其他用戶達成即時互動。終端設備在具備基本的沉浸式互動功能和時統功能基礎上，也需要強化使用者的操作自由度和靈敏度，以便於使用者在「戰場元宇宙」中操作使用各式各樣武器裝備和資訊系統。

——強大的AI個體。與「元宇宙」類似，具備智慧和自主行為能力的AI個體，將作為「戰場元宇宙」中永久居民進行活動，既可扮演虛擬的紅方、藍方、第三方實體，參與到作戰、訓練和試驗任務中，也可扮演教官、考官、參謀、系統維運人員等角色，輔助個人使用者進行決策與行動。

——逼真的效能模擬能力。所有映射到「戰場元宇宙」中的武器裝備和資訊系統，均需要具有與真實世界等效的功能性能和一致的操作方法。透過訊號級的模擬模型和效能演算法，實現對偵察探測效能、電子對抗效能、火力打擊效能和綜合防護效能的仿真，確保個人用戶在「戰場元宇宙」中累積的經驗能指導實際作戰行動。

——靈活的場景生成能力。 「戰場元宇宙」需要針對每次活動，設定戰場區域，包括該區域地理環境、電磁環境、氣象環境和水文環境等。其情境資料需求更真實且準確，需要具備相關資格的機構進行逐步建置與持續維護。

應用，多個領域帶來顯著效益

未來，「元宇宙」可能首先應用於網路社交、網路遊戲、網路經濟等領域，成為人類社會虛擬化起點。

「戰場元宇宙」建成後，則會對部隊的教育、訓練、試驗、研究等應用領域帶來巨大影響，極大改變原有的活動組織實施方式，顯著提升各類軍事活動的綜合效益，有效激發軍事人員和科學研究人員的創新能力。

在教育領域，「戰場元宇宙」能在院校集中教育、在職遠距教育等方面發揮重要作用，施教方與受教方在不同地點就能進行自由度極高的互動交流，有利於營造和諧輕鬆的授課氛圍。一方面，施教方能利用更強大的教學內容來展現宣講能力，達成更生動的宣教效果；另一方面，受教方能更直觀地認識和理解問題，有效提升個人自學興趣和主觀能動性。

在訓練領域，「戰場元宇宙」能充分滿足大規模作戰背景下的實戰化訓練要求，各級參訓對象可透過扮演現任職位或擬任崗位的角色，在更大規模、更具對抗性、在更長持續時間的環境中，反覆接受訓練與考核，在錘鍊戰鬥技巧、磨合戰術配合、鍛造戰鬥意志的同時，將累積的模擬作戰經驗應用到實際作戰行動中。訓練效果的評鑑也將更量化直觀，更有利於選賢任能。

在試驗領域，「戰場元宇宙」能為新型武器裝備設計論證、武器裝備性能試驗、武器裝備相容性試驗、武器系統體係作戰效能檢驗等，提供具備等效模擬能力的實戰化背景及大規模試驗場景，將虛實裝備納入對等的環境中共同運行，並全面掌握裝備的各種狀態和參數的變化情況，從而有效解決試驗次數受限、試驗環節簡單、試驗背景複雜度低、作戰體系構建困難等現實問題。

在研究領域，「戰場元宇宙」能為新型裝備運用和戰法創新提供遠端推演驗證的公共平台。在協調各地專家資源與集中調用模擬算力的基礎上，利用虛擬AI扮演各方作戰力量，進行不間斷推演計算，得出海量資料樣本，並從中挖掘分析出符合研究目標的知識和結論。在研究過程中，研究人員還可與相關專家共同交流協作，即時介入並完善推演要素，以確保研究成果經得起實兵檢驗。

從體系架構和功能特性來看，「戰場元宇宙」雖然無法直接影響實際作戰行動，但可作為戰時指揮通訊網路的備份手段。當指揮通訊網路遭受敵方網路攻擊而癱瘓或關鍵節點遭受打擊被損毀時，作戰部隊可嘗試接取「戰場元宇宙」的通訊鏈路，確保最基本的作戰指揮和資訊互動。

上圖為「戰場元宇宙」示意圖。

高 嵩制

中國軍事資料來源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-01/21/content_307950.htm

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Training and the Metaverse: Challenges & Opportunities Coexist

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中國軍事訓練與虛擬世界：挑戰與機會並存

現代英語：

 In the field of military training, the basic technology of the Metaverse has long been used as a virtual resource by the military to varying degrees. It must be acknowledged that the value and potential of the Metaverse in military training is immeasurable and is the focus of current and future military competition. However, due to the immaturity of the development of Metaverse-related technologies and their application in military training, the bright prospects are accompanied by potential risks.

1. The past and present of the military training metaverse
        The metaverse relies on a technology group with virtual reality technology as its core. In its early form in the military field, it is also called virtual simulation or simulated Internet. It can be said that virtual simulation training is very close to today’s concept of the metaverse and is the primary form of the military training metaverse. From ancient times to the present, the progress that has brought great influence in the field of science and technology is generally for winning wars or maintaining combat effectiveness. As the leading technology of the third scientific and technological revolution, the metaverse is used for military training in different forms of basic metaverses in the global military field.
      The US military began to deploy the “Military Metaverse” plan very early. In 1978, Jack Thorpe, a captain of the US Air Force, proposed the idea of ​​a military simulator network in his paper, hoping to establish a distributed or networked military modeling system to facilitate training. In 1983, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of the US Department of Defense developed the Virtual Battlefield Network Simulator (SIMNET Simulator), which uses computers to generate virtual battlefields, simulate the situation of fighting between the two sides, and summarize errors and failures. Replacing field exercises in this way saves costs to a certain extent and improves the effectiveness of training. Although the SIMNET simulator, as the earliest version, was still at a lower level of battlefield simulation, it pioneered distributed or networked modeling and simulation. By the end of the 1980s, the project reached its peak, and eventually more than 200 simulated interconnected tank and aircraft simulators based on local area networks and wide area networks were formed across the United States and across Europe, and used for large-scale training and exercises. The distributed interactive simulation (DIS) protocol developed at that time is still in use today, and through more advanced high-level architectures, different military simulations can be linked to provide a richer collective training or mission preparation experience. It can be said that the SIMNET simulator project directly or indirectly promoted the development of many key technologies of the current metaverse. Today, the US military is very interested in the metaverse that has sprung up like mushrooms after rain. The newly established military branch, the United States Space Force (USSF), wants to create a military-specific metaverse for collaborative operations, training, and mission execution. Its chief technology officer, Lisa Costa, declared: “Soldiers cannot go to space in person. The only way they can experience their own combat territory is through visual data display. The virtual reality environment will provide them with situational awareness and understand their options in order to make decisions.”
       In recent years, virtual reality and augmented reality technologies of the metaverse have been incorporated into the regular military training of the US military. In 2014, the BlueShark project developed by the Office of Naval Research and the Institute for Creative Technologies at the University of Southern California allowed soldiers to collaborate in a virtual environment to conduct driving technology training; in 2018, the US Army and Microsoft cooperated to develop an integrated visual enhancement system IVAS for soldiers to conduct regular training; in 2020, the US Navy launched the Avengers Project to conduct flight course training through virtual reality, artificial intelligence and biometric technology; in 2021, Boeing created a military aircraft training system that enables maintenance personnel to use AR technology for related simulated maintenance drills; on May 10, 2022, two US fighter pilots took a jet and completed a high-altitude prototype metaverse experiment over the California desert. Refueling operations were performed using a virtual tanker through a specially designed augmented reality display connected to a computer system that displayed a glowing image of a virtual refueling aircraft.

 (I) The US military uses virtual reality technology for military training on a large scale
        . At the same time, Russia is also a leader in the development of virtual training systems. Almost all of its advanced weapons and equipment are equipped with corresponding virtual training systems, and are developing in the direction of universalization and embeddedness. For example, the Sound M universal virtual training system is a universal virtual training equipment for combat personnel of surface-to-air missile weapon systems. The Tor M1 surface-to-air missile system is also equipped with a special virtual training vehicle, which can complete battlefield simulation training while searching for targets and conducting weapon operations.

 (II) The Tor M1 surface-to-air missile system is also equipped with a dedicated virtual training vehicle.
         In addition, other countries have also begun to explore the combination of metaverse technology and military training. The British Army has been committed to studying the use of extended reality technology, which can put more than 30 soldiers in the same virtual training scene. The British Ministry of Defense’s “Single Synthetic Environment” has used this technology in soldier training. In South Korea, a developer and supplier of a military training simulator called “Optimus Prime” completed the development of the DEIMOS military training system based on metaverse technology in 2019 and applied it to the training of the armed forces. The system can create various environments for professional military training, including precision shooting training, tactical behavior training and observation training.

       2. The inherent advantages of the metaverse in military training Military training
       is a commonplace in the military, specifically referring to the military theory and related professional knowledge education, combat skills training and military operations exercises conducted by the armed forces and other trainees. The continuous innovation of technologies such as artificial intelligence and virtual reality has accelerated the trend of intelligentization in future wars. Single actual combat exercises in traditional forms will be difficult to meet the combat requirements under the new situation. As a huge group of new technologies, the metaverse plays an increasingly important role in military training. If training is an important support for combat effectiveness, then the primary use of the metaverse in military training is as an important “enabler” for simulation training.       Immersive experience can improve the effectiveness of battlefield environment simulation. As a practical science, military training is centered on experience and the key to training is immersion. The virtual space created by the metaverse makes people feel a “common sense of embodied presence”, allowing trainees to fully immerse themselves in the virtual space and experience a war close to reality. Battlefield environment simulation uses virtual reality technology to process battlefield element data such as battlefield terrain, battlefield personnel, weapons and equipment through computer systems, and finally creates a realistic three-dimensional battlefield environment. Soldiers are immersed in digital environments such as deserts, mountains or plateaus. Each environment has different tactics, techniques and procedures, and soldiers can constantly practice tasks. Even if the soldiers are not in the actual battlefield environment, this technology is enough to restore the authenticity of the environment. More importantly, through battlefield simulation training, not only can soldiers become familiar with the battlefield environment and obtain information to the greatest extent, but they can also improve their ability to observe things from multiple angles and solve emergencies. The US military has developed a virtual reality system called a laser sand table, which can identify and convert photos and videos sent back by satellites, and turn them into realistic three-dimensional maps, presenting the battlefield environment thousands of miles away to commanders. Before the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the US military used virtual reality technology to create real war scenes, including battlefield conditions, personnel appearances, etc., in order to allow soldiers to adapt to the environment in advance and improve their combat capabilities.

 (II) On the eve of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the U.S. military used virtual reality technology to create real war scenes
        . Open interconnection better supports synthetic training. The various parts of the Metaverse ecosystem can be interconnected and operated, and information can be transmitted across platforms and across the world (between virtual worlds or between the virtual world and the real world) without hindrance. Synthetic training uses the open interconnection advantage of Metaverse technology to supplement actual combat training. According to statistics, since 2015, the number of non-combat deaths in the U.S. military has exceeded the number of deaths in actual military operations each year, and many of the deaths in non-combat operations are caused by conventional military training. Therefore, the U.S. Army has begun to use Metaverse to carry out synthetic training in an attempt to establish a virtual synthetic training environment (STE) to reduce casualties in training. From urban warfare to mountain warfare, the “synthetic training environment” integrates “real-time, virtual and constructive training environments into a single synthetic training environment, and provides training functions to ground, transport and air platforms and command posts where needed.” Practice has proved that the synthetic training environment built by the metaverse, with the help of multi-sensory simulation and restoration, can help soldiers break through the limitations of theoretical learning and cognition, and improve the quality and ability of team combat coordination, injury treatment and safe evacuation. On the eve of the Iraq War, the US military stationed in Kuwait conducted synthetic training on Iraq’s urban conditions, which enhanced the soldiers’ urban combat capabilities while minimizing casualties in actual combat. The
      imaginative space stimulates innovation in military training thinking to the greatest extent. War exercises have been valued by military strategists since ancient times. During the Warring States Period, Mozi and Gongshu Ban’s deduction games of “untying belts to make a city” and “wooden pieces to make weapons” rehearsed the real situation on the battlefield, thus avoiding fighting between the two armies. In the deep scene era opened by the future metaverse, the military system will become highly intelligent, and the two sides of the war may be able to conduct war deductions in the battlefield metaverse, and even compete in the virtual world. Based on the information obtained in the virtual world, the two sides of the deduction capture and predict the changes in the battlefield through thinking processes such as association, reasoning and logical judgment, which is not only conducive to learning more war laws, but also can exercise the soldiers’ logical deduction ability. In the Gulf War of 1991, the U.S. military conducted war games based on the training level of the troops, the possible course of the war, and the time required for actual combat before implementing Operation Desert Storm. Practice has proved that the U.S. military used the problems found in this war game to transform the combat concept into an actual action plan and ultimately won. This also fully demonstrates that the real battlefield is full of uncertainties, so it is necessary to be fully prepared through continuous war exercises. Undoubtedly, it is almost impossible for the enemy and us to conduct coordinated deductions in the real world, but if the deployment of the enemy and us can be made public to a certain extent by their respective satellites, air and ground reconnaissance equipment, then at a certain time point, between two or more parties about to break out a military crisis, it is expected that the deployment of troops in the metaverse can be carried out first, and the actual military conflict can be resolved.
      The application of metaverse technology in military training can not only avoid accidental casualties during training, but also allow a single or many trainees to complete training tasks in different virtual environments without leaving home and without actual contact. And this kind of non-contact training plays a more obvious role in the regular form of the new crown epidemic.
       3. Potential risks of the metaverse in military training
      Although the metaverse provides technical support for military training to a large extent, it should never be simply understood as a training program or considered as a means of conducting training. Even if the metaverse technology brings convenience and innovation to military training, the technology itself and its accompanying challenges and uncertainties cannot be ignored.
      The development of metaverse technology may cause security issues. The metaverse is a huge technology group. Its system architecture, core algorithms and immersive technology are still in a stage of continuous development. The supporting industry, value consensus, management standards, etc. have not yet been reached. In general, the metaverse is still a new thing, and its application in military training is even more so. Although the use of virtual training systems can reduce casualties to a certain extent, it is worth thinking about whether such training can be truly used in combat sites. It is still an unknown. And whether the technology is safe enough in operation is also an urgent problem to be solved. James Crowley of Virtual City Training Experts pointed out that computer power may be the most influential part of it. Unless the delay can be reduced to a level that does not make people uncomfortable and feels real, and unless the movement and communication data between different people can be stored in different simulators, it will not be able to provide practical training tools. At the same time, another challenge is the security issue of mutual contact between the armies of different countries in the open virtual world of the Metaverse.
      Virtual training environments are prone to cognitive illusions. Military training in the Metaverse world is the result of a contest between human intelligence and technology. War simulations and military training conducted in a virtual environment can have a powerful deterrent effect on future wars, just like “nuclear weapons”. Although it makes up for the limited senses of people at the physiological level, it also brings psychological cognitive illusions to trainees. Taking unmanned combat military training as an example, long-term combat training under a virtual system will cause the operator to have a gaming mentality. Because the audiovisual senses are out of touch with the real battlefield situation, they are alienated from the real people and society, and have a numb mentality towards the behavior of depriving others of their lives. With the continuous maturity of Metaverse technology, the interaction between the virtual world and the real world will become closer and closer, forming a mixed world that is difficult to distinguish between the real and the virtual. By then, it will not only cause a distinction dilemma for the cognitive psychology of soldiers, but also a major challenge for future military training. The
      “decentralization” of the Metaverse deviates from the traditional military training structure. In the world of the metaverse, all parties involved are virtual entities with equal status after computer processing and digitization. They can act autonomously in the metaverse, so they pursue “decentralization”. However, the traditional military training organizational structure is highly centralized and hierarchical management from top to bottom, which is contrary to the value needs of the metaverse. The US military has made a lot of efforts in pursuing “decentralized” operations, such as the “network-centric warfare” proposed in the 1990s, and the current distributed lethality and mosaic warfare. However, the traditional military training structure and thinking inertia are still obstacles to “decentralization”, and this situation is common in the armies of various countries.
     Yuval Noah Harari said in “Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind” that humans conquer the world by relying on the ability of fiction and imagination. The metaverse gives us the ability to fiction and imagine, and at the same time, the uncertainty of the metaverse in the field of military training also increases the element of fear. Therefore, we must pay attention to innovative scientific and technological theories, develop cutting-edge metaverse technologies, continuously stimulate the potential of the military training metaverse, and at the same time improve relevant laws, regulations and moral and ethical regulations to make advance preparations for winning future intelligent wars.

國語中文：

在軍事訓練領域，元宇宙的基本技術其實早就作為一種虛擬資源，在不同程度上為軍方使用。必須承認，元宇宙在軍事訓練中的價值潛力不可估量，是當下和未來軍事領域爭鋒的焦點。但由於元宇宙相關技術的發展及其在軍事訓練中的應用尚不成熟，美好前景背後也伴隨著潛在風險。
一、軍事訓練元宇宙的前世今生
元宇宙依賴的是以虛擬實境技術為核心的技術群，在軍事領域的早期形態又稱為虛擬模擬或模擬互聯網。可以說，虛擬模擬訓練已經非常接近今天的元宇宙概念，是軍事訓練元宇宙的初級形態。從古至今，科技領域帶來巨大影響力的進步普遍都是為了贏得戰爭或保持戰鬥力。作為第三次科技革命的領導技術，元宇宙在全球軍事領域，以不同形式的基本元宇宙被用於軍事訓練。
美軍很早就開始部署「軍事元宇宙」計畫。 1978年，美空軍上尉傑克·索普在自己的論文中提出了軍事模擬器網路的構想，希望建立一個分散式或網路化的軍事建模系統方便訓練。 1983年美國防部高級研究計畫局（DARPA），開發了虛擬戰場網路模擬器（SIMNET模擬器），以電腦生成虛擬戰場，模擬雙方交戰的情形進行推演，總結錯誤和失敗。用這樣的方式取代實地演習，一定程度上節省了成本，也提高了訓練的效果。雖然SIMNET模擬器作為最早的版本仍處於較低階的戰場仿真，但卻開闢了分散式或網路化建模仿真的先河。到了20世紀80年代末，該計畫達到頂峰，最終落地形成200多個遍布美國、橫跨歐洲，基於區域網路和廣域網路的模擬互聯坦克和飛機模擬器，並用於大規模訓練與演習。而當時開發的分散式互動式模擬（DIS）協議，至今仍在使用，並且透過更先進的高階體系結構，可以連結不同的軍事模擬，以提供更豐富的集體訓練或任務準備體驗。可以說SIMNET模擬器專案直接或間接推動了當前元宇宙的許多關鍵技術的發展。時至今日，美軍對如雨後春筍般崛起的元宇宙興趣正濃，新成立的軍種——美國太空部隊（USSF）欲打造軍事專用元宇宙，用於協同作戰、訓練、執行任務。其技術主管利薩·科斯塔宣稱：「軍人們並不能親自上太空，他們體驗自身作戰疆域的唯一途徑就是視覺數據顯示，虛擬現實環境會為他們提供態勢感知，並了解自己的選項，以便做出決策。
近年來，元宇宙的虛擬實境和擴增實境技術已納入美軍的常規軍事訓練。 2014年，南加州大學海軍研究辦公室和創意技術研究所開發的BlueShark項目，讓士兵在虛擬環境中協作配合，進行駕駛技術訓練；2018年，美陸軍與微軟合作開發了一款集成視覺增強系統IVAS ，供士兵進行常規訓練；2020年，美海軍又推出了復仇者計劃，透過虛擬現實、人工智慧以及生物識別技術，開展飛行課程培訓；2021年，波音公司打造了一個軍用飛機培訓系統，使維修人員利用AR技術進行相關模擬維修演練；2022年5月10日，兩名美軍戰鬥機飛行員乘坐噴射機，在加州沙漠上空完成了一次高空原型元宇宙實驗。透過特製的擴增實境顯示器，連接到一個虛擬加油飛機發光影像的電腦系統，使用虛擬加油機進行了加油操作。
（一）美軍大量採用虛擬實境技術進行軍事訓練
同時，俄羅斯在虛擬訓練系統的開發上也是領先者，其先進武器裝備幾乎都配有相應的虛擬訓練系統，並且正在朝著通用化和嵌入式的方向發展。如音色M通用虛擬訓練系統就是用於地對空飛彈武器系統作戰人員的通用虛擬訓練裝備。道爾M1型地對空飛彈系統也配備有專用虛擬訓練車，可在目標搜尋和武器作戰的同時完成戰地模擬訓練。

（二）道爾M1型地空飛彈系統也配備有專用虛擬訓練車
此外，其他國家也紛紛開始探索元宇宙技術與軍事訓練的結合。英陸軍一直致力於研究擴展實境技術的使用，可以讓30多名士兵處於相同的虛擬訓練場景。英國防部的「單一合成環境」已經在士兵訓練中使用了這項技術。在韓國，一家名為「擎天柱」的軍事訓練模擬器的開發商和供應商，在2019年完成了基於元宇宙技術的DEIMOS軍事訓練系統研發並應用於武裝部隊的訓練。該系統能夠為專業軍事訓練創造各種環境，包括精準射擊訓練、戰術行為訓練和觀察訓練。
二、軍事訓練元宇宙的內在優勢
軍事訓練乃是兵家常事，具體指武裝力量及其他受訓對象所進行的軍事理論及相關專業知識教育、作戰技能教練和軍事行動演練的活動。人工智慧、虛擬實境等技術的不斷革新，加速了未來戰爭的智慧化趨勢。傳統形式下的單一實戰演練將難以滿足新情勢下的作戰要求。而元宇宙作為一個龐大的新技術群，在軍事訓練中扮演越來越重要的角色。如果說訓練是戰鬥效能的重要支撐，那麼元宇宙在軍事訓練中的首要用途便是作為模擬訓練重要的「賦能器」。
沉浸式體驗能夠提升戰場環境模擬效能。軍事訓練作為實踐科學，訓練的核心在體驗，訓練的關鍵在沉浸。元宇宙所創造的虛擬空間，使人感受到一種“共同的具身在場感”，讓受訓者完全沉浸虛擬空間，體驗一場接近真實的戰爭。戰場環境模擬正是利用虛擬實境技術，透過電腦系統對取得的戰場要素資料如戰場地形、戰場人員、武器裝備等進行處理，最終創設出逼真的立體戰場環境。士兵們沉浸在沙漠、山區或高原的數位環境中，每個環境都有不同的戰術、技術和程序，士兵們可以不斷地演練任務。即便士兵不是在實際的戰場環境中，但這項技術足以還原環境的真實度，更重要的是透過戰場模擬訓練，不僅能夠讓士兵熟悉戰場環境，最大程度獲取信息，而且還能提升其多角度觀察事物、解決突發狀況的能力。美軍目前已研發出一款被稱為雷射沙盤的虛擬實境系統，能夠辨識和轉換衛星發回的照片和錄像，並將其轉變成逼真的立體地圖，將遠在千里外的戰場環境呈現給指揮員。在阿富汗戰爭和伊拉克戰爭前夕，美軍都採用了虛擬實境技術來打造真實的戰爭場景，包括戰地狀況、人員樣貌等。旨在讓士兵提前適應環境，提升作戰能力。

（一）元宇宙所創造的虛擬空間，使人感受到一種“共同的具身在場感”

（二）在阿富汗戰爭和伊拉克戰爭前夕，美軍都採用了虛擬實境技術打造真實的戰爭場景
開放式互聯較能支撐合成訓練開展。元宇宙生態系統各部分之間可以實現相互連接和操作，資訊可以暢通無阻地實現跨平台和跨世界傳輸（在虛擬世界之間或虛擬世界與現實世界之間）。合成訓練正是利用元宇宙技術的這一開放式互聯優勢，來實現實戰訓練的補充。根據統計，從2015年開始，美軍每年的非戰鬥死亡人數超出了在實際軍事行動中犧牲的人數，而在非戰鬥行動中喪生的人員很多是由常規軍事訓練造成的。因此，美陸軍已經開始採用元宇宙進行合成訓練，試圖建立虛擬合成訓練環境（STE）來減少訓練中的傷亡。從城市作戰到山地作戰，「合成訓練環境」將「即時、虛擬和建設性的訓練環境整合到一個單一的合成訓練環境中，並在有需要的地方向地面、運載和空中平台以及指揮所提供訓練功能」。實務證明，透過元宇宙建構的合成訓練環境，藉助多感官模擬還原，能夠幫助戰士突破理論學習和認知局限，提升團隊作戰協同、傷情處置和安全撤離等素質和能力。伊拉克戰爭前夕，駐紮在科威特的美軍就對伊拉克的城市狀況進行了合成訓練，增強了士兵城市作戰能力的同時，把實戰中的傷亡降到了最低。
想像性空間最大程度激發軍事訓練思維創新。戰爭演習自古就受到兵家重視，戰國時期墨子和公輸班「解帶為城」「木片為械」的推演遊戲將戰場上的真實情況演練出來，從而避免了兩軍交戰。在未來元宇宙開啟的深度場景時代，軍事體系將走向高度智慧化，作戰雙方或許能在戰場元宇宙進行戰爭推演，甚至在虛擬世界一決高下。推演雙方根據虛擬世界獲取的信息，透過聯想、推理和邏輯判斷等思維過程，對戰場風雲變化進行捕捉和預判，不僅有利於習得更多戰爭規律，還能夠鍛鍊士兵的邏輯推演能力。 1991年的海灣戰爭中，美軍就在實施「沙漠風暴」行動前，根據部隊的訓練水準和可能的戰爭進程，以及實際作戰所需時間進行了兵棋推演。實踐證明，美軍借助這次兵棋推演發現的問題，將作戰設想轉化為實際行動方案，最終取得勝利。這也充分說明了真實的戰場充滿了種種不確定性，因此需要透過不斷進行戰爭演習來做好充分準備。毋庸置疑，敵我雙方在現實世界中進行協同推演幾乎是不可能的，但若敵我雙方的兵力部署可以被各自的衛星、空中和地面偵查設備進行一定程度的公開，那麼在某個時間節點，在即將爆發軍事危機的雙方或多方之間，先在元宇宙中進行排兵布陣，可以化解現實的軍事衝突則有望實現。
元宇宙技術在軍事訓練中的應用不僅可以避免訓練中的人員意外傷亡，還可以讓單一或眾多參訓者在足不出戶，無需實際接觸便可在不同虛擬環境下完成訓練任務。而這種非接觸式訓練在新冠疫情的常規化形態下，所扮演的角色更加明顯。
三、軍事訓練元宇宙的潛在風險
元宇宙在很大程度上雖然為軍事訓練提供技術支撐，但絕不能僅僅將其簡單地理解為一種訓練項目，或者被認為是一種開展訓練的手段。即使元宇宙技術為軍事訓練帶來便利和創新，也不能忽視科技本身及其伴生的挑戰和不確定性。
元宇宙技術發展或引發安全問題。元宇宙是一個龐大的技術群，其體系架構、核心演算法和沈浸技術等尚處於不斷開發的階段，配套產業、價值共識、管理標準等還沒有達成，總的來說，元宇宙還是一個新事物，在軍事訓練中的應用更是如此。儘管使用虛擬訓練系統能夠在一定程度上減少傷亡，但值得思考的是這樣的訓練是否能夠真正用於作戰現場，目前仍是一個未知數。而技術在運作中是否夠安全也是一個亟待解決的問題。虛擬城市訓練專家公司的詹姆斯·克勞利指出，電腦能力可能是其中最有影響力的部分，除非可以將延遲降低到不會讓人不適並且感覺真實的程度，除非可以在不同的模擬器中儲存不同人之間的行動和通訊數據，否則將無法提供實用的訓練工具。同時，另一個擺在眼前的挑戰則是在開放的元宇宙虛擬世界中，不同國家軍隊之間相互接觸的安全問題。
虛擬訓練環境易造成認知錯覺。元宇宙世界裡的軍事訓練是人類智力和技術較量的結果，在虛擬環境下進行的戰爭推演、軍事訓練等對未來戰爭的作用，如同「核武」一般，不用動用實槍實彈也能起到強大的威懾效果。儘管在生理層面彌補了人的有限感官，同時也帶來了受訓者在心理上的認知錯覺。以無人作戰的軍事訓練為例，長期在虛擬系統下進行作戰訓練，將會造成操縱者的遊戲心態。由於視聽感官與真實戰場情況脫節，而疏離了現實的人與社會，對於剝奪他人生命的行為產生麻木心態。隨著元宇宙技術的不斷成熟，虛擬世界、現實世界的互動將會越來越緊密，形成虛實難分的混合世界。到那時，不僅對士兵的認知心理造成區分困境，對於未來的軍事訓練也是重大挑戰。
元宇宙「去中心化」與傳統軍事訓練結構相背離。在元宇宙的世界中，參與各方都是經過電腦處理、資料化後產生的地位平等的虛擬主體，可以在元宇宙中自主活動，因而其追求「去中心化」。但傳統的軍事訓練組織結構則是高度集中、自上而下的分層化管理，這一方面與元宇宙的價值需求是背離的。美軍在追求“去中心化”作戰上做出了很多努力，如20世紀90年代提出的“網絡中心戰”，以及當前的分散式殺傷以及馬賽克戰等。但傳統的軍事訓練結構和思維慣性仍然是「去中心化」的阻力，而這種情況普遍存在於各國軍隊。
尤瓦爾·赫拉利在《人類簡史》中談道，人類靠著的是虛構和想像的能力征服世界。元宇宙給了我們虛構和想像的能力，同時元宇宙在軍事訓練領域的不確定性也增加了恐懼的成分。因此，我們必須關注創新科技理論、發展元宇宙前沿科技，不斷激發軍事訓練元宇宙的潛力，同時完善相關法律法規和道德倫理規約，為打贏未來智慧化戰爭做好超前準備。
版權聲明：本文刊於2023年1期《軍事文摘》雜誌，作者：張愷悅、李傑春，如需轉載請務必註明「轉自《軍事文摘》」。

中國軍事原文來源：http://www.81it.com/2023/0321/14167.html

Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Metaverse, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

Metaverse-enabled military training is on the rise for China’s People’s Liberation Army

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中國人民解放軍元宇宙軍事訓練正在興起

現代英語:

The metaverse is an artificial online virtual world that is born out of, parallel to, and independent of the real world. It is parallel to the real world, reacts to the real world, and integrates a variety of high technologies. These are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse. The operation of the metaverse conforms to the natural laws of human understanding and transformation of the world, providing a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operation behavior, state, and laws of complex real systems, as well as a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. Researching the application of the metaverse in the field of foreign military training and analyzing the opportunities and challenges that the metaverse brings to the field of military training have important theoretical and practical value in solving the key problems that need to be solved in military training in the intelligent era, promoting scientific and technological training, and promoting the innovative development of military training models.

Background of cognitive metaverse empowering military training

The scientific and technological revolution has given rise to a new ecosystem for military training. Driven by the new scientific and technological revolution and the industrial revolution, cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things are accelerating their development. Technology giants are laying out the metaverse, and human real life is migrating to the virtual world more rapidly. The metaverse integrates a variety of emerging technologies, thus generating new Internet applications and new social forms that integrate the virtual and the real. Perception technology supports the integration of the virtual and the real in the metaverse, “AI+” technology supports the social nature of the metaverse, data transmission technology supports the real-time nature of the metaverse, electronic game technology supports the diversity of the metaverse, digital twin technology supports the sustainability of the metaverse, and blockchain technology supports the security of the metaverse. The future metaverse, where virtuality and reality are highly interconnected, is born out of, parallel to, and independent of the real world. It integrates all elements such as the Internet, virtual reality, immersive experience, blockchain, and digital twins to build a new basic ecology for intelligent military training.

The evolution of war dominates the transformation and upgrading of military training. With the advent of the intelligent era, the war form is accelerating its evolution towards informationization and intelligence. The informationized warfare system with “information acquisition and utilization as the core” will gradually transition to an intelligent warfare system with “intelligent simulation and expansion as the core”. The trend of long-range precision, intelligence, stealth, and unmanned weapons and equipment is more obvious, and intelligent warfare has surfaced. At the same time, combat elements represented by artificial intelligence such as “AI, cloud, network, group, and terminal” and their diversified combinations have formed a new battlefield ecology. The metaverse has built a new battlefield space where virtual and real are integrated and parallel and interactive. The traditional war winning mechanism is being profoundly changed. The development and change of intelligent warfare has compulsorily driven the transformation and reshaping of the military’s thinking and concepts, requiring the acceleration of the transformation and upgrading of military training, paying more attention to the impact of technological development and changes on war, and using the “new engine” of training and war to run out of the “acceleration” of preparation.

Foreign militaries explore breakthroughs in military training models. In order to seize the strategic commanding heights of military intelligence, the world’s military powers attach great importance to the innovation of military training models, and some countries have begun to try to apply the metaverse and related technologies in military training. For example, the United States has successively released the “National Security Strategy”, “National Defense Strategy” and “Department of Defense Transformation Plan”, focusing on building an “all-round army” and forming a “full spectrum advantage”. At the same time, it has formulated the “Training Transformation Strategic Plan” and “Training Transformation Implementation Plan”, and proposed the concept of comprehensive training environment (STE), the core of which is immersive and integrated virtual training, which intends to integrate real-time, virtual, constructive and game environments into a comprehensive training environment. Russia also attaches great importance to the development of virtual training systems. Almost all of its advanced weapons and equipment are equipped with corresponding virtual training systems, and are developing in the direction of universalization and embedding. The United Kingdom, Germany, South Korea, etc. are also actively developing various professional military training virtual environments. Intelligent training supported by technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality and augmented reality is gradually becoming the mainstream of military training research in powerful countries.

Clarify the advantages of metaverse-enabled military training

Sprouting new concepts of military training. Only by leading opponents in thought can we gain the upper hand in action. The emergence of disruptive technologies will inevitably rewrite the current military training rules and systems, and will also innovate the existing military training thinking concepts. On the one hand, the metaverse has set off a hurricane-like “brainstorm”, and the training thinking led by “intelligence” will organically connect training with actual combat, and upgrade to intelligent military training thinking. On the other hand, new technologies and new means represented by the metaverse empower military training, strengthen the concept of winning by science and technology and intelligent driving, and greatly improve the scientific and technological content of military training, in order to control the initiative in future wars. The future metaverse will create more impossible possibilities by constructing a virtual battlefield space, designing wars and evolving wars.

Innovate new theories of military training. War is the area that needs innovation the most. Military training must adapt to the development of intelligent warfare, and theoretical innovation and training practice must be driven by two wheels. Training transformation will not happen automatically. It requires not only a sharp and profound foresight to grasp the general trend, but also a scientific and powerful solid theory to drive forward. On the one hand, by keeping up with the development of the times and starting from new concepts and new cognitions, we can build a scientific theoretical system for metaverse-enabled military training. On the other hand, by following the laws of combat-training coupling, we can establish an intelligent military training theory innovation model with the characteristics of the times, so that the metaverse can empower and improve the efficiency of promoting the iterative development of military training transformation.

Transform the new model of military training. The combat style determines the training mode. Intelligent warfare changes the “rules of the game”. Military training for the next war must adapt to the requirements of future wars by changing the training mode. The first is to be able to build an intelligent blue army with “both form and spirit”. With the help of optimized AI technology, powerful computing support, and realistic performance simulation, the Metaverse follows the evolutionary process of “knowing the enemy, imitating the enemy, surpassing the enemy, and defeating the enemy” to create an intelligent blue army with platform support and data empowerment, and carry out “real” confrontation training and effect evaluation in the Metaverse space. The second is to be able to carry out new domain and new quality combat training. The metaverse expands the practical application path with new domains and new types of combat forces as the leading elements, highlights the research and development of training methods and tactics that are compatible with advanced combat concepts and winning mechanisms, and creates new types of training such as unmanned and seamless human-machine collaboration, becoming a new point of combat power growth. Third, it can cultivate new military talents. At present, the educational metaverse has led the intelligent transformation of education. In the future, the military metaverse will accelerate the realization of intelligent interaction between people and equipment, deep integration between people and systems, and adaptive evolution between people and the environment, and promote the integrated development of “commanders” and “fighters” to “scientists” and “technicians”.

Reshape the new ecology of military training. The multi-dimensional perception, virtual-real integration, free creativity, and open development of the metaverse will make the future metaverse a fully immersive, time-transcending, self-creating and developing space. First, create a digital twin “battlefield metaverse”. The “battlefield metaverse” will be a typical manifestation of the metaverse in the military field, with stricter security and confidentiality standards, stronger simulation computing capabilities, and more real-time and detailed interaction requirements. Secondly, create a full-dimensional three-dimensional metaverse training environment. The metaverse uses technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality to create an immersive and complex scene environment; using powerful data and network support, it builds a full-dimensional space such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. Furthermore, build a metaverse verification platform for weapons and equipment. The platform will have functions such as new weapon equipment design demonstration, weapon equipment performance test, weapon equipment compatibility test, and weapon system combat effectiveness test. In the future, the metaverse will greatly shorten the timeline of weapons and equipment from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence”, and realize the intelligent multiplication effect of weapons and equipment.

Grasp the key points of metaverse empowered military training

Focus on top-level design. From the perspective of the development of things, the metaverse, as a new thing, has yet to be verified to mature. Intelligent military training is also a complex, arduous and long-term system engineering, which requires strengthening strategic planning and top-level layout. We should pay close attention to the development and technological trends of the metaverse, scientifically formulate the development plan of the “training metaverse”, and give full play to the outstanding advantages of the metaverse in allowing trainees to immerse themselves in experiential training under the realistic background of the integration of intelligence, informatization, and mechanization, so that the metaverse can not only be a display platform for virtual technology, but also a practical platform for improving the effectiveness of military training.

Strengthen technology research and development. From a technical perspective, the metaverse re-integrates the existing technologies in the information and intelligent technology group, puts forward an overall innovative concept, and provides a comprehensive application scenario, thereby giving birth to new vitality. To accelerate the development of the “training metaverse”, we must speed up the research on basic software and hardware technologies such as algorithm engines and network communications, strengthen the research and development capabilities of core technologies such as artificial intelligence, digital twins, blockchain, and the Internet of Things, and at the same time strengthen the overall technical design and development of the metaverse, such as immersion, sociality, openness, collaboration, and decentralization.

Create training types. From the perspective of time and space, the metaverse may construct an extremely large virtual war space, reproduce the war environment, present the war process, and virtualize the future of war. An intelligent military training operation system based on the metaverse should be constructed, the military training thinking concept should be updated in a timely manner, and innovations in military training models, management guarantees, and legal mechanisms should be deepened. Construct a dynamic and high-level combat-oriented military training environment based on the metaverse to fully support strategic, campaign and tactical training and war games. At the same time, in the process of “intelligent adaptation” of military training, realize the expansion of wisdom and intelligent evolution towards the unknown space of military training with “innovation, openness, multiple iterations, and new intelligent ecology”.

Pay attention to risk prevention and control. From the perspective of safety and controllability, the concept and technology of the metaverse bring innovative opportunities for intelligent military training, but what cannot be ignored is the potential risks associated with the technology itself. The Metaverse is a huge technology complex, and its system architecture, key technologies, and application environment are still in the development and implementation stage. The supporting protection system, safety technology, and management standards will bring security risks. In addition, the integrated application of multiple emerging technologies during the construction process, as well as the complexity and confidentiality of the application process, will be unknown factors that will be the key prevention and risk challenges of the Metaverse in military training.

繁體中文:

元宇宙是脫胎於、平行、獨立於現實世界的人造線上虛擬世界，與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合，是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。元宇宙運行符合人類認識世界、改造世界的自然規律，提供了理解和發現現實復雜系統運行行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式和探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段。研究元宇宙在外軍軍事訓練領域的運用，剖析元宇宙在軍事訓練領域帶來的機遇與挑戰，對破解智能化時代軍事訓練亟待解決的關鍵問題，推動科技強訓，促進軍事訓練模式創新發展，具有重要理論和實踐價值。

認知元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的背景

科技革命催生軍事訓練嶄新生態。在新科技革命和產業革命推動下，人工智慧、大數據、雲端計算、物聯網等前沿科技加速發展，科技巨頭紛紛佈局元宇宙，人類現實生活更快速向虛擬世界遷移。元宇宙整合多種新興技術，從而產生出虛實相融的互聯網新應用與社會新形態。感知技術支撐元宇宙的虛實相融性，「AI+」技術支撐元宇宙的社會性，數據傳輸技術支撐元宇宙的實時性，電子遊戲技術支撐元宇宙的多樣性，數字孿生技術支撐元宇宙的永續性，區塊鏈技術支撐元宇宙的安全性。虛擬與現實高度互通的未來元宇宙，脫胎於、平行於、獨立於現實世界，將互聯網、虛擬現實、沉浸式體驗、區塊鍊及數字孿生等全要素融合，為智能化軍事訓練構建起全新基礎生態。

戰爭演進主導軍事訓練轉型升級。智能化時代到來，戰爭形態加速向資訊化智能化演變，以「資訊獲取利用為內核」的資訊化戰爭體系，將逐漸過渡至以「智慧模擬與拓展為內核」的智能化戰爭體系，武器裝備遠程精確化、智慧化、隱身化、無人化趨勢更明顯，智慧化作戰浮現。同時，以「AI、雲、網、群、端」等人工智慧為代表的作戰要素及其多樣化組合，構成了新的戰場生態，元宇宙構建出虛實融生、平行互動的戰場新空間，傳統的戰爭制勝機理正被深刻改變。智慧化戰爭形態發展變化，強制性驅動軍隊思維理念的變革重塑，要求加快實現軍事訓練轉型升級，更加重視科技發展變化對戰爭的影響，以練戰「新引擎」跑出備戰「加速」。

外軍探索開啟軍事訓練模式突破。為搶佔軍事智慧化戰略制高點，世界軍事強國高度重視軍事訓練模式創新，有的國家開始嘗試應用元宇宙及相關技術運用在軍事訓練方面。如美國先後發布《國家安全戰略》《國家防務戰略》和《國防部轉型計劃》，圍繞打造“全能型軍隊”、形成“全頻譜優勢”，同步製定了《訓練轉型戰略計劃》和《訓練轉型實施計劃》，並提出了綜合訓練環境（STE）理念，其內核是沉浸式、集成虛擬訓練，擬將實時、虛擬、建設性和遊戲環境整合到綜合培訓環境中。俄羅斯也高度重視虛擬訓練系統開發，其先進武器裝備幾乎都配有相應虛擬訓練系統，並且正朝著通用化和嵌入化方向發展。英國、德國、韓國等也都積極發展各種專業軍事訓練虛擬環境。以人工智慧、虛擬現實與增強現實等技術為支撐的智慧化訓練，正逐漸成為強國軍隊訓練研究的主流。

明晰元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的優勢

萌發軍事訓練新理念。在思想上領先對手，才能在行動上贏得先機。顛覆性技術的出現必將改寫現行的軍事訓練規則制度，也必將革新現有的軍事訓練思維理念。一方面，元宇宙掀動颶風式的“頭腦風暴”，以“智”引領的練兵思維將訓練與實戰有機銜接起來，升級成智能化軍事訓練思維。另一方面，以元宇宙為代表的新技術新手段賦能軍事訓練，強化科技制勝、智慧驅動理念，大幅提升軍事訓練科技含量，以期掌控未來戰爭主動權。未來元宇宙透過構設虛擬戰場空間，設計戰爭並演化戰爭，將創造出更多不可能的可能性。

創新軍事訓練新論。戰爭是最需要創新的領域。軍事訓練要順應智慧化戰爭發展，理論創新與訓練實踐必須雙輪驅動。訓練轉型不會自動發生，既需要敏銳而深邃的前瞻性眼光把握大勢，更需要科學而強大的堅實理論驅動前行。一方面，緊跟時代發展，從新觀念新認知出發，可以建構元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的科學理論體系。另一方面，遵循戰訓耦合規律，可以建立具有時代特色的智慧化軍事訓練理論創新模式，讓元宇宙為推進軍事訓練轉型迭代發展賦能提效。

變革軍事訓練新模式。作戰樣式決定著訓練模式，智慧化戰爭改變著“遊戲規則”，預演下一場戰爭的軍事訓練必須通過變革訓練模式，來適應未來戰爭要求。一是能夠建造「形神兼備」的智慧藍軍。元宇宙藉由優化的AI技術、強大的算力支撐、逼真的效能仿真，依照「知敵、像敵、超敵、勝敵」的演化進程，打造以平台支撐、數據賦能等綜合整合的智能藍軍，並在元宇宙空間進行「真實」的對抗訓練和效果評估。二是能夠開展新域新質作戰研練。元宇宙拓展新域新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化運用路徑，突顯與先進作戰概念、制勝機理相適應的訓法戰法的研練，開創無人化、人機無縫協同等新樣式訓練，成為新的戰鬥力增長點。第三是能夠培養新型軍事人才。當前，教育元宇宙已經引領了教育智慧化變革。未來軍事元宇宙將加速實現人與裝備智慧互動、人與體系深度融合、人與環境適應進化，推動「指揮者」「戰鬥員」向「科學家」與「技術家」融合發展。

重塑軍事訓練新生態。元宇宙的多維感知性、虛實融合性、自由創造性、開放發展性等特點，使未來元宇宙將成為完全沉浸式的、超越時空的、自我創造發展的空間。首先，打造數字孿生的「戰場元宇宙」。 「戰場元宇宙」將是元宇宙在軍事領域的典型表現形態，具有更嚴格的安全保密標準、更強大的仿真計算能力、更實時的精細交互要求。其次，創造全維立體的元宇宙訓練環境。元宇宙運用虛擬現實、增強現實以及混合現實等技術，創造沉浸複雜的場景環境；利用強大的數據、網絡支撐，搭建起陸、海、空、天、電、網等全維空間。再者，建造武器裝備的元宇宙驗證平台。該平台將具備新型武器裝備設計論證、武器裝備性能試驗、武器裝備相容性試驗、武器系統體係作戰效能檢驗等功能。未來元宇宙將大幅縮短武器裝備從「弱智」到「強智」再到「超智」的時間軸，以實現武器裝備的智慧倍增效應。

掌握元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的重點

著重頂層設計。從事物發展上看，元宇宙作為新生事物，發展成熟尚待驗證。智慧化軍事訓練又是一項複雜、艱巨且長期的系統工程，需要加強戰略籌劃與頂層佈局。應密切關注元宇宙發展動向與技術趨勢，科學制定「訓練元宇宙」的發展規劃，在智慧化、資訊化、機械化「三化」融合的現實背景下，充分發揮元宇宙能讓受訓者沉浸式體驗式訓練等突顯優勢，讓元宇宙不能只是虛擬技術的展示平台，而應成為提升軍事訓練效益的實踐平台。

加強技術研發。從技術意義上看，元宇宙把資訊化智能化技術群中已有的技術重新整合到了一起，提出了整體性創新性概念，給出了綜合性的應用場景，從而煥發出了新的生命力。加速「訓練元宇宙」的發展，要加速演算法引擎、網路通訊等基礎軟硬體技術研究，強化人工智慧、數字孿生、區塊鏈、物聯網等核心技術的研發能力，同時也要加強沉浸性、社交性、開放性、協作性、去中心化等元宇宙整體性技術設計與研發。

創設訓練種類。從時空視角來看，元宇宙可能構造出龐大無比的虛擬戰爭空間，重現戰爭環境，呈現戰爭進程，虛擬戰爭未來。應建構基於元宇宙的智慧化軍訓運行體系，及時更新軍事訓練思維理念，深化軍事訓練模式、管理保障、法規機制等創新。建構基於元宇宙的動態高階的實戰化軍事訓練環境，全面支持戰略、戰役和戰術訓練以及戰爭推演。同時，在軍事訓練「智適應」運作過程中，實現拓展生慧，向「創新開放、多元迭代、新智生態」的軍事訓練未知空間智能演進。

重視風險防控。從安全可控上看，元宇宙概念與技術為智慧化軍事訓練帶來創新機遇，但不容忽視的是技術本身伴生的潛在風險。元宇宙龐大的技術群，其體系架構、關鍵技術和應用環境等尚處於開發落地階段，配套防護體系、安全技術、管理標準等都會帶來安全風險，加上建設過程中多種新興技術的整合運用，運用過程中的複雜性與保密性，都將是軍事訓練元宇宙重點防範與風險挑戰的未知數。

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：侯春牧　王勇 責任編輯：於雅倩 發布：2024-01-16

中國軍事資料來源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16280588.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Metaverse, Mosaic Warfare, 元宇宙, 認知戰

China’s Military Unveils the Metaverse

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中國軍隊推出虛擬宇宙

現代英語翻譯:

As if overnight, “metaverse” suddenly became a hot word, and related concepts formed many hot topics.

With the development of technologies such as extended reality, digital twins, 3D rendering, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, high-speed networks, blockchain, and the iteration of terminal equipment, the construction and evolution of the “metaverse” may far exceed people’s expectations, and a new Internet form of multi-dimensional, full-sensory, immersive human-computer interaction will hopefully become a reality.

What is the Metaverse?

“Metaverse” is a term that comes from the 1992 science fiction novel Snow Crash. In the novel, humans live in a virtual three-dimensional world through “Avatar” (digital virtual avatar), and the author calls this space “Metaverse”.

From science fiction to reality, people have not yet reached an absolute consensus on “what is the metaverse”. Due to the evolution of the times and technological changes, the “metaverse” is still an evolving concept. “There are a thousand Hamlets in the eyes of a thousand people”. Different participants are constantly enriching its definition in their own way, and the possibilities of the characteristics and forms of the “metaverse” are also constantly changing. However, we can explore a little through the existing presentation of the “metaverse”.

At present, “Metaverse” concept products are mainly concentrated in online games, VR/AR, social networking and other fields.

Online games are generally considered by the industry to be the most likely field to realize the “metaverse” because they have virtual scenes and players’ virtual avatars. Today, game functions have gone beyond the game itself, and the boundaries of games are expanding, and they are no longer just games.

A well-known singer held a virtual concert with his virtual image in the game “Fortnite”, which attracted more than 12 million players from all over the world to participate, breaking the boundary between entertainment and games; due to the impact of the epidemic, the University of California, Berkeley and the School of Animation and Digital Studies of Communication University of China coincidentally rebuilt their campuses in the sandbox game “Minecraft”. Students gathered together with virtual avatars to complete the “cloud graduation ceremony”, realizing the integration of virtual games and real social interactions.

The new generation of “VR social (virtual offline social)” has gradually developed and become popular. It is a fusion of offline social (face-to-face in reality) and online social (through social software such as WeChat). Some well-known VR social platforms provide a free community environment, which not only becomes a place for players’ online activities and virtual face-to-face gatherings, but also becomes a social and cultural phenomenon closely related to the current concept of “metaverse”.

The above-mentioned “metaverse slices” are all important explorations into the construction of the “metaverse”, and they explain in a variety of visible and tangible ways how the “metaverse” will change our real life.

In common research, the following consensus has been formed: “Metaverse” is a new type of Internet application and social form that integrates multiple new technologies and integrates virtual and real. It provides immersive experience based on extended reality technology, generates virtual and real scenes based on digital twins and 3D rendering technology, builds basic software and hardware services based on cloud computing, artificial intelligence and high-speed networks, and builds an economic system based on blockchain technology, closely integrating the virtual world with the real world in economic system, social system and identity system. At the same time, it allows each user to produce and edit content, and has complete self-driving and iteration capabilities.

The development direction of the “metaverse”

Today’s mobile Internet is actually still in a flat information interaction state, presented on mobile terminals through text, sound, pictures, and videos. Although news information, e-commerce, social chat, live video, etc. meet people’s needs for using the Internet, it is obviously impossible to achieve the effect of face-to-face communication and full sensory experience in real life through the mobile phone screen. With the development of society, people need more original and rich experience and interaction.

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced people to move their daily lives from offline to online. This forced transformation has led to more thinking, discussion and attention on the “metaverse”. In particular, the core feature of the “metaverse” is the immersive experience, which can turn a plane into a three-dimensional, multi-dimensional, real-time interactive space, greatly enriching and restoring the real physical world and various human relationships. Therefore, people have high hopes for the “metaverse”.

Looking back at the development of information technology and media, humans have continuously changed the way they perceive the world, and later began to consciously transform and reshape the world. From the newspaper era, the radio and television era, to the Internet era, and the mobile Internet era, the tools and platforms under the concept of “metaverse” are becoming increasingly complete, and the path to the “metaverse” is gradually becoming clearer.

Since 2020, Internet giants in various countries have been closely deploying cutting-edge technologies such as extended reality, digital twins, 3D rendering, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, high-speed networks and blockchain, and the door to the ultimate closed-loop ecosystem of the “metaverse” has been opened little by little. Today, when the “bonus” of mobile Internet users has peaked, many experts and scholars have stated that the “metaverse” will be the ultimate form of the next generation of the Internet.

Just as it was difficult to accurately predict the development of the Internet 20 years ago, people cannot accurately predict the future form of the “metaverse”. However, combined with the development trends of related industries today, we can see that: the Internet has changed human life and digitized communication between people, and the “metaverse” will digitize the relationship between people and society; the technologies related to the “metaverse” will show gradual development, single-point technological innovations will continue to appear and merge, and all aspects of the industry will move closer to the ultimate form of the “metaverse”; the “metaverse” will emerge with a large amount of user-generated content, and at the same time, the value of digital assets will be revealed.

In general, the “metaverse” will profoundly change the organization and operation of the existing society through the integration of the virtual and the real, form a new lifestyle with both virtual and real poles, give birth to a new social relationship that integrates online and offline, and give new vitality to the real economy from the virtual dimension.

The future physical “metaverse” will be similar to the scene described in the science fiction movie “Ready Player One”: one day in the future, people can switch identities anytime and anywhere, freely shuttle between the real world and the virtual world, and study, work, make friends, shop, travel, etc. in the “metaverse”. Through immersive experience, the virtual world will be closer to and integrated into the real world.

In this virtual world, there will be self-evolving content and economic systems that will always remain safe and stable to meet the social needs of individuals.

The mediating role of the “metaverse”

“Imagine the ‘metaverse’ as a physical Internet, where you are not just watching content, but you are fully immersed in it.” This is a vivid description. However, as far as the current situation is concerned, the content of these “metaverses” that allow “full immersion” is relatively scarce. It needs more content that can be independently written, self-iterated, and multi-dimensionally attract users to participate in the experience and even participate in the creation.

The “metaverse” is bound to become a brand-new platform for media content production. Content producers can transform the “small universe” into the “big universe” through rich content production. In the short term, the breakthrough of the “metaverse” is immersive content. With the development and penetration of the concept of “metaverse”, the integration of immersive virtual content (such as games, cartoons, etc.) and immersive physical content (such as media, social networking, film and television, etc.) will become higher and higher. In other words, the “metaverse” will play a greater role as a medium.

In September this year, Yu Guoming, a professor at the School of Journalism and Communication of Beijing Normal University, pointed out at the release conference of the “2020-2021 “Metaverse” Development Research Report”: “Today, the role of the media is generally to provide cognitive information, but the role of the media is completing a process from providing cognition to providing experience. The entire media and technology has undergone a huge transformation from cognitive development to experience. Once the goal of “Metaverse” is established, it will play a directional role in communication technology, communication forms, communication methods and even communication effects.” If the “Metaverse” is the ultimate form of the next generation of the Internet, then it is a super media channel that will show the ultimate form of media convergence and provide the best immersive experience.

Theoretically, the best communication experience must be based on real scenes. For example, when watching a football game, the ideal situation is to watch it in person on the field. In the “metaverse”, with the development of display interaction, high-speed communication and computing technology, it will become a reality to construct a communication scene that is infinitely close to reality. Users can become “witnesses” and “on-site observers” of news events in a three-dimensional, multi-sensory reception situation.

Therefore, the “metaverse” media can achieve true “multimedia”, and various human senses such as vision, smell, hearing, taste, touch, etc. can play a role, and even fully unfold and cooperate with each other to achieve “immersive” media applications.

Today’s media content is constantly evolving and innovating, and its development trend seems to be moving closer to the concept of “metaverse”. Media content will no longer be limited to flat presentation methods such as TV, computer, and mobile phone screens. Media content production will consider holographic presentation more, pay attention to creating an on-site environment atmosphere, and make users feel immersive. Social interaction will no longer be limited to text messages and comments. Feelings can be expressed instantly with voice and body movements, and face-to-face communication can be virtualized on the spot.

Imagine if news reports could restore the war scene and create a “battlefield metaverse”, making people feel as if they were there and feel in real time the tremendous trauma that war has caused to human civilization. This shock would further stimulate human society’s desire and yearning for peace, and media content would have a stronger influence and dissemination power.

現代國語:

彷彿在一夜之間，「元宇宙」突然成為熱詞，相關概念形成許多熱門話題。

隨著擴展現實、數位孿生、3D渲染、雲端運算、人工智慧、高速網路、區塊鏈等技術的發展及終端設備的迭代，「元宇宙」建設和演變可能遠超人們的預期，多維度、全感官、沉浸式的人機互動新網路形態，將有望成為現實。

何為“元宇宙”

“元宇宙”，英文為“Metaverse”。此字出自1992年的科幻小說《雪崩》。小說中，人類透過“Avatar”（數位虛擬化身），在一個虛擬三維世界中生活，作者稱這個空間為“Metaverse”，即“元宇宙”。

從科幻走進現實，人們對「元宇宙是什麼」還未能達成一個絕對標準的共識。因為時代的演變、技術的變革，“元宇宙”仍是一個不斷發展的概念，“一千個人眼中就有一千個哈姆雷特”，不同參與者以自己的方式不斷豐富著它的定義，“元宇宙」特徵和形態的可能性也在不斷變化。不過，我們可透過「元宇宙」現有的呈現形態來探討一二。

目前，「元宇宙」概念產品主要集中在網路遊戲、VR/AR、社交等領域。

網路遊戲被業界普遍認為是最有可能實現「元宇宙」的領域，因為它本身就具有虛擬場景和玩家的虛擬化身。如今，遊戲功能已超越遊戲本身，遊戲邊界正在擴展，甚至不只是遊戲了。

知名歌手在遊戲《要塞英雄》中，以虛擬形象舉辦一場虛擬演唱會，吸引了全球超過1200萬玩家參與其中，打破了娛樂與遊戲的邊界；因為疫情影響，美國加州大學柏克萊分校、中國傳媒大學動畫與數位學院不約而同地在沙盤遊戲《我的世界》裡重建校園，學生們以虛擬化身齊聚一堂，完成“雲畢業典禮”，實現了虛擬遊戲和現實社交的融合。

新一代「VR社交（虛擬線下社交）」已在逐漸發展和流行。它是線下社交（現實面對面）、線上社交（透過微信等社群軟體）的融合產物。一些知名VR社交平台，提供自由的社區環境，不僅成為玩家線上活動與虛擬面對面聚會的場所，也成了一種與目前「元宇宙」概念密切相關的社會文化現象。

以上這些“元宇宙切片”，都是對建構“元宇宙”的重要探索，用多種看得見、摸得著的方式，詮釋了“元宇宙”將會如何改變我們的現實生活。

在通常研究中，一般形成了這樣的共識：「元宇宙」是整合多種新技術而產生的新型虛實融合的網路應用和社會形態。它基於擴展現實技術提供沉浸式體驗，基於數位孿生和3D渲染技術生成虛實場景，基於雲端運算、人工智慧和高速網路建立基礎軟體硬體服務，基於區塊鏈技術建立經濟體系，將虛擬世界與現實世界在經濟系統、社交系統、身分系統上密切融合。同時，允許每個使用者進行內容生產和編輯，具備完整的自我驅動和迭代能力。

「元宇宙」發展走向

現今的行動互聯網，其實仍是平面資訊互動狀態，透過文字、聲音、圖片、視訊方式在行動終端進行呈現。新聞資訊、電子商務、社群聊天、視訊直播等型態，雖然滿足了人們使用網路的需求，但隔著手機螢幕，顯然無法達到現實生活中面對面交流、全感官體驗所能達到的效果。隨著社會發展，人們需要更原生、更豐富的體驗與互動。

新冠疫情讓人們生活場景從線下更多地移到線上。這種被迫的轉變，讓大家對「元宇宙」有了更多思考、討論和關注。特別是「元宇宙」最核心的特徵，在於沉浸式體驗，它可將一個平面變成一個立體、多維、即時的互動空間，極大地豐富、還原真實物理世界和人類各種關係。因此，「元宇宙」被人們寄予厚望。

縱觀過往資訊科技和媒介的發展歷程，人類不斷改變認知世界的方法，乃至於後來開始有意識地改造和重塑世界。從報業時代、廣播電視時代，到網路時代、行動網路時代，「元宇宙」概念下的工具和平台日益完備，通往「元宇宙」的路徑逐漸清晰。

自2020年以來，各國網路大廠圍繞著擴展實境、數位孿生、3D渲染、雲端運算、人工智慧、高速網路和區塊鏈等前沿科技，展開緊密佈局，通往「元宇宙」終極閉環生態的大門被一點點打開。在行動網路用戶「紅利」已經見頂的今天，不少專家學者表示，「元宇宙」將是下一代網路的終極形態。

如同20年前難以精準預測網路的發展一樣，人們也無法精準預判未來「元宇宙」的形態。但是，結合當今相關產業發展趨勢可以看到：互聯網改變人類生活，將人與人交流數位化，而「元宇宙」將把人與社會關係數位化；「元宇宙」相關技術將呈現漸進式發展，單點技術創新將不斷出現與融合，從產業各方面向「元宇宙」終極形態靠近；「元宇宙」將湧現海量用戶創作內容，同時顯現數位資產價值問題。

概括地說，「元宇宙」將以虛實融合的方式，深刻改變現有社會的組織與運作，形成虛、實兩極的新型生活方式，催生線上、線下一體的新型社會關係，並從虛擬維度賦予實體經濟新的活力。

未來實體化的“元宇宙”，將類似於科幻電影《頭號玩家》裡描述的場景：在未來的某一天，人們可隨時隨地切換身份，自由穿梭於現實世界和虛擬世界，在“元宇宙”中學習、工作、交友、購物、旅遊等。透過沉浸式體驗，讓虛擬世界進一步接近並融入現實世界。

在這個虛擬世界裡，將有自我不斷發展的內容和經濟系統，並且始終保持安全穩定運行，滿足個體的社會需求。

「元宇宙」的媒介作用

「把『元宇宙』想像為一個實體互聯網，你在那裡不只是觀看內容，整個人都身在其中。」這是一個圖像描述。可就現狀而言，這些能讓“整個人都身在其中”的“元宇宙”，內容是相對匱乏的。它需要更多可以獨立成篇、自我迭代、多維立體地吸引使用者參與體驗甚至參與創作的內容。

「元宇宙」勢必成為媒體內容生產的嶄新平台。內容生產者透過豐富的內容生產，可將「小宇宙」演變成「大宇宙」。短期內，「元宇宙」的突破口是沉浸式內容。隨著「元宇宙」概念的發展與滲透，沉浸式虛擬內容（如遊戲、卡通等）與沉浸式實體內容（如媒體、社交、影視等）的融合程度將會越來越高。換句話說，「元宇宙」將發揮更大的媒介作用。

今年9月，北京師範大學新聞與傳播學院教授喻國明在《2020-2021年「元宇宙」發展研究報告》發布會議上指出：「如今媒介所扮演的角色大體上都是認知方面的訊息給予，但媒介的角色正在完成一個從給予認知到給予體驗的過程。甚至傳播效果，都能起到一個定向作用。體驗。

從理論上講，最好的傳播體驗必然是基於真實場景。如看球賽，理想情形是在球場上親身觀看。在「元宇宙」裡，隨著顯示互動、高速通訊和運算技術的發展，建構無限逼近真實的傳播場景將成為現實，使用者能在立體化、多感官接收情境中，成為新聞事件的「目擊者」和「實地觀察者」。

因而，“元宇宙”媒體可實現真正的“多媒體化”，人類的各種感官如視覺、嗅覺、聽覺、味覺、觸覺等，都能發揮作用，甚至完全展開、相互配合，實現“沉浸式”的媒體應用。

當今媒體內容不斷進化和創​​新，其發展趨勢也似乎正在向「元宇宙」概念靠攏。媒體內容將不再侷限於電視、電腦、手機螢幕等平面式的呈現方式，媒體內容製作將更考慮全像化呈現，重視營造現場環境氛圍，使用戶有身臨其境之感。社交也將不再侷限於文字留言評論，可即時用語音、肢體動作來抒發感受，現場虛擬化面對面交流。

設想一下，如果新聞報道能還原戰爭現場，打造“戰場元宇宙”，使人如身臨其境，實時感受到戰爭對於人類文明造成的巨大創傷，這份震撼會更能刺激人類社會對於和平的渴望與嚮往，媒體內容將具備更強大的影響力與傳播力。

中國軍事資料來源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-11/26/content_303888.htm

Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 新軍事變革, 智慧戰爭, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Considerations for the Effective Use of Evidence in Public Opinion Warfare During Cognitive Domain Operations

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中國軍事在認知域作戰中有效運用證據進行輿論戰的思考

翻譯成現代英文：

 In the operational chain of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain, the collection and application of evidence is a fundamental link of great value, and is an important starting point for the preparation of cognitive domain construction at all levels. Combining the special background of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain to study evidence, accurately grasp its characteristics and laws, continuously study strategies and usage, and improve the effective application of evidence in public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain, it is of great reference significance for our army to fight the proactive battle of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain in the future.

Keywords: cognitive domain; public opinion warfare; evidence

With the formation of the three major operational dimensions of the modern information battlefield, namely the physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain, cognitive domain operations have received increasing attention in the context of future intelligent hybrid warfare. Cognitive domain operations refer to a type of operations that directly acts on the brain’s cognition through special means to influence its emotions, motivations, judgments and behaviors, and even achieve the purpose of controlling the brain. As a cognitive carrier, the brain may become the main battlefield of future wars, and the right to control the brain will soon become the key to cognitive domain operations and the highest level of war control. In this sense, cognitive domain operations are cognitive confrontation actions that influence the decision-making and behavior of the target audience by influencing their cognition in order to achieve the strategic goals of national security. In the meantime, evidence has become an important factor affecting cognition, and evidence game is a basic link that must be paid attention to in planning and implementing public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain. According to the general consensus of the legal community, evidence refers to the basis for determining the facts of an event in accordance with the rules of litigation. The evidence of public opinion warfare referred to in this article is derived from this. It can be seen that only by grasping evidence more accurately and timely and using evidence more prudently and appropriately can we more effectively destroy the enemy’s cognition, consolidate our own cognition, and shape the cognition of neutral forces, and provide effective support for the comprehensive victory of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain.

1. A deep understanding of the three values ​​of evidence in the public opinion war in the cognitive domain is the prerequisite for the effective use of evidence

Information is the basic “ammunition” of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain. As one of the ammunition, evidence has great value and can be examined from the following three dimensions.

1. Evidence is an indispensable cognitive weapon in the public opinion war in the cognitive domain and has fighting value.

To examine the evidence of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain is to explore the essence of fact-finding in public opinion warfare from the cognitive level. The cognitive domain takes the human brain as the main combat space. Evidence, as a trace left by a certain “past fact”, undoubtedly exists regardless of whether people can find it. However, some evidence is specially proposed and emphasized at certain times, and its purpose must be to prove certain facts, cater to certain views, and influence certain attitudes. In fact, it is the process of proving the subject’s own cognition shaping, viewpoint presentation and value dissemination. With the help of the cognitive justification theory of contemporary epistemic evidentialism, it is demonstrated that there is an unignorable logical connection between belief attitude and cognitive justification: the epistemological rationality of belief attitude depends on the quality of evidence possessed by the believer at that time. It can be said that the value of evidence in public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain is highly consistent with the weapon context of informationized cognitive warfare. High-quality evidence can influence cognition in a high-quality manner and is an indispensable and irreplaceable weapon of struggle. This “basis of proof” is not only a spear and a sharp sword to strike and change the enemy’s cognition and make cognitive attacks in the public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain, but also a solid shield to guide and consolidate one’s own cognition and make cognitive protection.

(II) Evidence is the basis for the value guidance of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain and has guiding value

Authenticity is the essential characteristic of facts, but not the essential characteristic of evidence. Evidence is not equivalent to objective facts. It can be said that there are no false facts, but there are false evidence. According to the rules of evidence law, facts proved by evidence are possible facts, not necessarily inevitable. The result it produces may be a “wrong” result, but this so-called “wrong” is still a legitimate result in legal procedures. To be precise, although it is wrong, it is legitimate. Based on this dialectical logic, the evidential facts recognized by public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain are not equivalent to objective facts in themselves, and there may be differences between the evidential facts and objective facts. Evidence may be true or false, or half true and half false. It does not pursue an absolutely true and correct result, but a “legitimate” result that can influence cognition. Through these cognitive elements presented in the form of evidence, because of the “legitimate” label, they are more persuasive and authoritative, and have the guiding value of influencing cognition and behavior.

(III) Evidence is the basis for completing the special mission of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain and has winning value

As the basis for completing the special mission of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain, the winning value of evidence should not be underestimated. First, the effective use of evidence can minimize the deviation in factual characterization of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain. By sorting out and integrating evidence materials, making clear logical connections between scattered and multi-perspective evidence, constructing a chain of evidence that is favorable to us and pointing to clear factual characterization, we can accurately associate and interpret objective facts. Preventing cognitive bias and passive public opinion caused by unclear and inaccurate factual characterization can improve the accuracy and clarity of fact identification. Secondly, the effective use of evidence can minimize the strategic decision-making cost of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain. As the saying goes, words are not enough. Without the effective support of evidence, public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain will be separated from the objective basis for the generation of combat effectiveness and become a complete self-talk. Its strategic decision-making efficiency will inevitably decrease and the decision-making cost will inevitably soar. Third, the effective use of evidence can minimize the legal risk of public opinion in the cognitive domain. The main sources of legal risks in the cognitive domain of public opinion are the deviation of values, the lack of legitimacy, and the indifference of humanitarianism… In this regard, through scenario pre-setting, targeted evidence lists, active storage of evidence materials, and reasonable and rational construction of the use of evidence, we can achieve a certain degree of risk warning, risk avoidance, and risk resolution.

2. Accurately grasping the three major shifts of evidence in the public opinion war under the cognitive domain is the key to the effective use of evidence

Compared with the physical and information domains, evidence in the cognitive domain presents distinct characteristics in the public opinion war. In terms of the purpose of proof, it guarantees the realization of policy and strategic goals and serves the political intention of the public opinion war in the cognitive domain; in terms of the means of proof, truth and falsehood are often intertwined, creating many situations where the truth and falsehood are unclear; in terms of the content of proof, it must be able to clearly, conclusively and promptly prove the justice and legality of our actions and the meaninglessness and illegality of the enemy. It is mainly reflected in three changes.

1. Shifting from “restoring the truth” to “influencing cognition” and highlighting cognitive attributes with goal orientation

In the public opinion war under the cognitive domain, the fundamental purpose of evidence has shifted from “approaching the truth, restoring facts, and promoting objective scene reconstruction” to “influencing the cognition of the target audience and realizing national security interests”. From the initial objective basis for reflecting the battlefield situation to the powerful weapon of public opinion war under the cognitive domain, it is neither simply an objective fact to be proved nor just a material and means to prove facts. Evidence in the public opinion war under the cognitive domain must have a clear position. Before proving, it is necessary to first clarify whose point of view is proved? Whose facts are proved? Whose interests are protected? It is absolutely impossible to be value-free without its basic position. Evidence serves political purposes and strategic intentions, guides the target audience to move towards the established cognitive goals, and accepts, identifies, and shapes the corresponding argumentation conclusions. Its collection and use are all determined by strategic determination, combat intentions, and battlefield situation. Whether it is true or false, good or bad, it must serve the overall strategic situation and needs to be judged in combination with combat effectiveness.

2. Shifting from “raw collection” to “scientific compilation” to assist cognitive decision-making with intelligent means

Cognition is the process of actively processing information, including three links: information input, processing and output. Corresponding to the evidence action of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain, it is to collect evidence, analyze and compile evidence, and make decisions and use evidence. It must be recognized that the public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain in the digital era is essentially a strategic action to manipulate information and shape cognition in the public opinion field, and the quality requirements of evidence materials are more stringent. If there is insufficient understanding of evidence, and evidence collection is simply regarded as taking photos and recording scenes, it is far from meeting the requirements of the new digital cognitive domain public opinion battlefield environment. It must be assisted by intelligent means and transformed into scientific evidence collection, analysis and compilation. Scientific evidence can, to a certain extent, get rid of human dependence on experience consciousness, eliminate the ambiguity, fragmentation and one-sidedness of human cognition under certain conditions, and assist cognitive domain combat commanders to make more accurate command decisions. In reality, there is indeed a phenomenon that the evidence is true, but the cognition generated is false. Only through a series of intelligent compilation work such as collection, classification, compilation, comparison, verification, reasoning, judgment, and integration of evidence information perceived across the entire domain, and using the scientific presentation of evidence to influence cognition in a targeted manner, can the process of evidence information fusion and command decision-making results be made corresponding and unified, making accurate decision-making the key to winning the war of public opinion in the cognitive domain.

3. Shift from “objective presentation” to “emotional resonance” to prove quality and improve cognitive effectiveness

In the cognitive domain, it is far from enough to simply record objective phenomena as evidence in the public opinion war. It also needs to have special guidance and appeal in order to form a strong communication power and influence, aiming to stimulate certain emotions of the target audience and trigger specific cognition. It is necessary to shift from “objective presentation” to “emotional resonance”. Only by awakening the empathy experience of the target audience through sophisticated and appropriate evidence presentation can the expected proof effect be produced. For example, a bloody knife cannot directly support or oppose any proposition by itself. Unless someone perceives the knife, forms a feeling state, and associates it with other evidence, it can produce a proof effect. Therefore, the evidence of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain must be perceptible. Whether it is true evidence or false evidence, these evidences are not responsible for restoring the truth of the facts, nor are they used only to prove the legality or illegality of a certain action or behavior. They are intended to shock the target audience with thoughts and generate emotional waves, and play cognitive effects such as shaking the morale of the army, inspiring morale, gaining support from many people, inspiring sympathy, guiding public opinion, and breaking the enemy’s spirit, ensuring that the reason can be said and spread. Otherwise, no matter how good the proof logic is, its effectiveness will be greatly reduced due to the lack of communication and appeal, and it may even be ineffective in the fierce cognitive game.

3. Innovative evidence in the three ways of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain is the path to effective use of evidence

In the public opinion war in the cognitive domain, evidence is sometimes an offensive weapon, sometimes a means of deterrence, and sometimes a tool for bargaining… How to cleverly deploy troops and gain the initiative on this battlefield? It is necessary to judge the situation, deeply study the techniques, present accurately, and implement them purposefully, systematically, and strategically. According to the logical order of evidence participation from weak to strong, the understanding of evidence from shallow to deep, and the evidence tactics from passive to active, there are three ways to use evidence: objective, directional, and strategic.

1. Attaching importance to the objective use of evidence in public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain

Evidence has incomparable persuasiveness, and public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain must attach importance to speaking with evidence. The most basic approach is to solidly promote the objective collection and use of evidence. First, it is necessary to discover and extract evidence from a large amount of materials to preliminarily solve the problem of evidence admissibility. Secondly, the evidence collected must withstand the test and judgment of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain to solve the problem of evidence availability. The basic logical line of evidence collection and use is: objectively obtain evidence materials – based on the acquired evidence materials, sort out, match, integrate, and analyze which existing evidence materials can prove objective facts that have an impact on cognition – solve the problem of “what can be proved”. If objective evidence collection is not done well, it is easy for the enemy to take it out of context, generalize, and even confuse right and wrong. On the one hand, through the objective presentation of original evidence, the illegality and provocation of the other party’s behavior are exposed, the legitimacy and justice of our actions are explained, the truth of the incident is intuitively and powerfully clarified, and the psychological defense of the other party is effectively disintegrated, the other party’s fighting will is shaken, and a strong psychological offensive and deterrence effect is formed; on the other hand, it effectively boosts our military morale, inspires fighting spirit, and enhances psychological protection in the cognitive battlefield. In short, we must strive to objectively make good use of “real evidence that can gain the initiative” and expose “false evidence in the hands of evidence dealers.”

2. Strengthening the guiding use of evidence in public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain

It is necessary to fully realize that the probative value of evidence needs to be realized through interpretation, which leaves sufficient space for guiding the collection and use of evidence in the public opinion war under the cognitive domain. On the basis of the objective collection and use of evidence, through more proactive reverse thinking, another logical line of evidence collection and use can be found: first clarify what facts need to be proved in the public opinion war under the cognitive domain – then consider how to compile and interpret the existing evidence materials in a biased manner according to the demand orientation – solve the problem of “how to interpret and use the evidence materials”. Under the demand-oriented role, by actively presetting the facts to be proved, consciously do a good job of evidence association and effectiveness interpretation. It can be said that the process of compiling objective original evidence is the process of evidence interpretation. Scattered evidence materials, after being fully interpreted and compiled with subjective intentions, will form a closed evidence chain with directionality. These directional evidence products guide the audience from “seeing” evidence to “understanding” evidence, which is a weapon that can influence the generation of combat effectiveness in the public opinion war under the cognitive domain. In fact, the party with a stronger ability to interpret evidence selfishly is often more able to dominate the development of the battle.

3. Strategic Use of Evidence in Public Opinion Warfare under the Design Cognitive Domain

The ultimate target of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain is cognitive ability, and the dominant factor for winning the battle will naturally shift to cognition. Therefore, the high-skilled use of evidence in public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain must be achieved with the help of the systematic vision and strategic thinking of strategists. The logical line of evidence collection and use here is: consider evidence as an indispensable key element of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain and incorporate it into the overall strategic planning link – preset a list of key evidence according to different scenarios – actively create conditions to obtain key evidence – solve the problem of “how to achieve the strategic intention and combat determination of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain from the evidence level”. Under special conditions, even through sophisticated arrangements, with active and proactive “creative design” to lay out the fog of evidence, prompt the enemy to reveal its shortcomings, expose its weaknesses, and make actions and reactions that are beneficial to us, forming a complete and conclusive chain of evidence, so as to achieve the purpose of releasing special information, propaganda against the enemy’s mind, political and diplomatic hints, etc., consume the enemy’s cognitive ability, disrupt its thinking, interfere with its judgment, and hinder its actions. In particular, we must develop an awareness of strategies and tactics in the game of evidence in the context of cognitive domain public opinion warfare, select, choose, combine, assemble, switch among various types of evidence… flexibly deploy and skillfully present them, give full play to the potential of evidence use, contain, curb, and counter enemy actions, and expand our own space for action. The key to applying evidence well lies in one’s heart.

(Author’s unit: Political Science Academy of National Defense University)

中國軍事資料來源：

在認知域下輿論戰的作戰鏈上，證據的採集與運用是有重大價值的基礎環節，也是目前各級認知域建設準備的重要發力點。結合認知域下輿論戰的特殊背景來研究證據，準確掌握其特徵規律，不斷深研謀略用法，提高認知域下輿論戰證據的有效運用，對我軍打好未來認知域下輿論戰主動仗具有重要藉鏡意義。

關鍵字：認知域；輿論戰；證據

隨著現代資訊化戰場物理域、資訊域和認知域三大作戰維度的形成，認知域作戰在未來智慧化混合戰爭背景下越來越受到關注。認知域作戰指透過特殊手段直接作用於大腦認知，以影響其情緒、動機、判斷和行為，甚至達成控制大腦目的的一種作戰樣式。大腦作為認知載體，或將成為未來戰爭主戰場，制腦權即將成為認知域作戰的關鍵所在，是戰爭制權的最高層次。從這個意義上講，認知域作戰是為實現國家安全戰略目的，透過影響目標受眾認知來影響其決策和行為的認知對抗行動。此間，證據已然成為影響認知的重要因素，證據賽局是規劃實施認知域下輿論戰必須重視的基礎環節。依照法學界普遍的共識，證據是指依照訴訟規則認定事件事實的依據。本文所指的輿論戰證據由此引申而來。可見，只有更精準及時掌握證據、更穩妥適當地運用證據，才能更有效地摧毀敵方認知、鞏固己方認知、塑造中立力量認知，為認知域下輿論戰的全面勝利提供有效支撐。

一、深刻認識證據在認知域下輿論戰中的三大價值，是證據有效運用的前提

資訊是認知域下輿論戰的基本「彈藥」。證據作為彈藥之一，具有巨大價值，可從以下三個維度來檢視。

（一）證據是認知域下輿論戰不可或缺的認知武器，具有鬥爭價值

檢視認知域下輿論戰的證據，就是要從認知層面來探究輿論戰事實認定的本質。認知域以人腦為主要作戰空間。證據，作為某種「過去事實」留下的痕跡，不管人們能否發現，它們無疑都是存在的。但某些證據在某些時候被特別提出和強調，其目的必然是為了佐證某些事實、迎合某些觀點、影響某些態度，其實就是論證主體自身認知塑造、觀點呈現和價值傳播的過程。借助當代認知證據主義（Epistemic Evidentialism）的認知證成理論，論證信念態度與認知證成之間存在著不可忽視的邏輯聯繫：信念態度在認識論上的合理程度，取決於相信者當時所擁有的證據的品質。可以說，認知域下輿論戰的證據價值與資訊化認知作戰的武器脈絡高度契合，高品質的證據能夠高品質影響認知，是不可或缺不可取代的鬥爭武器。這種“證明的根據”，在認知域下輿論戰中，既是打擊、改變敵方認知，做好認知攻擊的長矛利劍；也是引導、鞏固己方認知，做好認知防護的堅固盾牌。

（二）證據是認知域下輿論戰價值引導的證明根據，具有導向價值

真實性是事實的本質特性，卻不是證據的本質特性。證據不等同於客觀事實。可以說，沒有假的事實，卻有假的證據。依據證據法則，以證據證明的事實，是一種可能性的事實，不一定具有必然性。它所產生的結果，有可能是“錯誤”的結果，但這種所謂的“錯誤”，在法律程序上仍然是一種正當化的結果。準確地說，它雖然是錯的，但卻是正當的。基於這種辯證的邏輯，認知域下輿論戰認可的證據事實，本身並不等同於客觀事實，其證據事實與客觀事實之間可以存在差異。證據可能是真是假，也可能半真半假，它追求的並不是絕對真實正確的結果，而是一種能夠影響認知的「正當化」結果。透過這些以證據方式呈現出來的認知要素，因為有「正當化」標籤，更具說服力和權威性，具有影響認知和行為的導向價值。

（三）證據是認知域下輿論戰完成特殊使命的基礎，具有致勝價值

作為認知域下輿論戰完成特殊使命的基礎，證據的致勝價值不容小覷。首先，證據的有效運用能夠使認知域下輿論戰在事實定性上偏差最小化。透過對證據素材進行梳理整合，對零散的、多重視角下的證據做明確的邏輯性關聯，構設於我有利的證據鏈和指向明確的事實定性，藉此對客觀事實進行精確性關聯與有效性解讀。防止因事實定性不明、不準造成的認知偏差和輿論被動，能夠提高事實認定的準確性和清晰度。其次，證據的有效運用能使認知域下輿論戰的策略決策成本最小化。所謂口說無憑，脫離了證據的有效支撐，認知域下輿論戰就脫離了戰鬥力生成的客觀基礎，淪為徹頭徹尾的自說自話，其戰略決策效率必將降低，決策成本必將飆升。第三，證據的有效運用能夠使認知域輿論法理風險最小化。認知域輿論法理風險的主要來源是價值觀的背離、合法性的缺失、人道主義的漠視……對此，透過情境預設，有的放矢地列出證據清單，積極儲備證據素材，做好證據運用的合情合理化構建，就能夠實現一定程度的風險預警、風險規避和風險化解。

二、準確掌握證據在認知域下輿論戰中的三大轉向，是證據有效運用的關鍵

相對於物理域、資訊域環境下，證據在認知域下輿論戰呈現鮮明的個性特徵。在證明目的上，保障政略與戰略目標實現，服從服務於認知域下輿論戰的政治意圖；在證明手段上，往往真偽交織，製造許多真真假假、真偽不明的情況；在證明內容上，要能明晰、確鑿、及時地證明我方行動的正義、合法和敵人的無義、非法。主要體現在三個轉變。

（一）從“還原真相”轉向“影響認知”，以目標導向凸顯認知屬性

認知域下輿論戰，證據的根本目的從「接近真相、還原事實、促進客觀情境再現」轉向了「影響目標受眾認知，實現國家安全利益」。從最初反映戰場情況的客觀根據，到認知域下輿論戰的強大武器，它既不單純是用來證明的客觀事實，也不僅僅是用來證明事實的材料和手段。認知域下輿論戰的證據必然是帶有鮮明立場的。證明前先要明確證明誰的觀點？佐證誰的事實？維護誰的利益？絕不可能脫離其基本立場而價值無涉，證據以服務政治目的和戰略意圖為己任，引導目標受眾向既定認知目標邁進，接受、認同、塑造相應的論證結論。其採集與運用，都是由戰略決心、作戰意圖、戰場態勢來決定的，到底是真是假，是好是壞，都必須服從服務於戰略大局，需要結合作戰效果加以評判。

（二）從「原始採集」轉向“科學整編”，以智慧手段輔助認知決策

認知是對資訊進行積極加工的過程，包括資訊輸入、加工和輸出三個環節。對應到認知域下輿論戰的證據行動中，就是收取採集證據、研判整編證據和決策運用證據。必須體認到，數位時代認知域下輿論戰，實質是在輿論場上進行資訊處理與認知塑造的戰略行動，對證據素材的品質要求更嚴苛。如果對證據認識不足，把取證簡單看作為是拍照錄影、記錄現場，已經遠遠不能適應新的數位化認知域輿論戰場環境的要求了。必須以智慧手段為輔助，向科學的證據蒐集、研判整編轉化。科學的證據，可以在一定程度上擺脫人類對經驗意識的依賴，消除人在一定條件下認知的模糊性、零散性和片面性，輔助認知域作戰指揮員進行更精準的指揮決策。現實中確實存在證據為真，但產生的認知卻為假的現象。只有透過對全局感知的證據資訊進行收集、分類、彙編、對比、驗證、推理、判斷、整合等一系列智能整編工作，以證據的科學呈現來定向影響認知，才能將證據信息融合的過程和指揮決策結果相對應、統一，使精準決策成為認知域下輿論戰制勝的關鍵。

（三）從“客觀呈現”轉向“情感共振”，以證明品質提升認知效能

認知域下輿論戰證據，僅作為客觀現象的簡單記錄是遠遠不夠的，還需要具有特殊的引導性、感染力，以便形成較強的傳播力和影響力，意在激發目標受眾的某種情感、引發特定認知，要從「客觀呈現」轉向「情感共振」。只有透過精巧適度的證據呈現來喚醒目標受眾的同理心體驗，才能產生預期的證明效果。例如，一把帶血的刀，其本身並不能直接支持或反對任何命題，除非有人感知到了這把刀，形成了感覺狀態，並將其與其他證據相關聯，才能產生證明效力。所以，認知域下輿論戰的證據必須是要能夠感知的。無論是真證據或假證據，這些證據不以還原事實真相為己任，也並非僅用來證明某行動或行為的合法性或非法性，其意在使目標受眾受到思想衝擊、產生情感波瀾，起到如動搖軍心、激勵士氣、得道多助、激發同情、引導輿論、破敵銳氣等認知效果，確保有理說得出、說了傳得開。否則再好的證明邏輯也會因傳播力、感染力的缺失，導致證明效果大打折扣，甚至在激烈的認知賽局中無法產生效能。

三、創新證據在認知域下輿論戰的三種用法，是證據有效運用的路徑

認知域下輿論戰，證據有時是進攻的武器、有時是嚇阻的手段、有時是博弈的工具……如何巧妙地在這片沙場上排兵布陣、贏取主動？必須審時度勢、深研技法、精準呈現，有目的、有計畫、有策略、成系統地實施。依照證據參與度由弱到強、對證據認識由淺入深、證據戰法由被動到主動的邏輯順序，有客觀性、導向性、謀略性三種運用證據的方式。

（一）重視認知域下輿論戰證據的客觀性運用

證據有著不可比擬的說服力，認知域下輿論戰必須重視用證據說話。最基礎的做法是紮實推進證據的客觀性採集與運用。首先，需要在海量素材中發現並提取證據，初步解決證據可採性的問題。其次，採到的證據要經得起認知域下輿論戰實踐檢驗和評判，解決證據可用性的問題。基礎的證據採、用的邏輯線是：客觀取得證據素材—基於取得的證據素材，梳理、配對、整合，分析現有證據素材能夠證明哪些是對認知產生影響的客觀事實—解決「能夠證明什麼」的問題。客觀取證做不好，就容易被敵方斷章取義，以偏概全，甚至混淆是非。一方面，透過原始證據的客觀呈現，揭露對方行為的非法性、挑釁性，闡釋我方行動的合法性、正義性，直觀有力地澄清事件真相，有效瓦解對方心理防線、動搖對方戰鬥意志，形成強大的心理攻勢與嚇阻效能；另一方面，有效提振我方軍心士氣、激發戰鬥精神，增強認知戰場的心理防護。總之，要力求在客觀上用好“能夠贏取主動的真證據”，揭露“證據販子手裡的假證據”。

（二）加強認知域下輿論戰證據的導向運用

要充分認識到，證據的證明價值需要透過解讀來實現，這給認知域下輿論戰的取證、用證留下了充分的引導空間。在證據的客觀性採集與運用基礎上，透過更主動的逆向思考，可以發現另外一條證據採、用的邏輯線路：先釐清在認知域下輿論戰中需要證明哪些事實—再根據需求指向，考慮如何對既有證據材料進行傾向性整編和解讀—解決「如何闡釋、利用證據素材」的問題。在需求導向作用下，透過主動預設想要證明的事實，有意識做好證據關聯和有效性解讀。可以說，客觀性原始證據整編的過程就是證據闡釋解讀的過程。零散的證據素材，經過注入主觀意圖的充分解讀和整編組合，就會形成帶有指向性的閉合證據鏈。這些導向證據產品引導受眾從「看見」證據到「看懂」證據，就是能夠影響認知域下輿論戰戰鬥力生成的武器。事實上，對證據利己性解讀能力較強的一方，往往更能主導戰局發展。

（三）設計認知域下輿論戰證據的謀略性運用

認知域下輿論戰最終打擊的目標是認知能力，作戰制勝的主導要素會自然地向認知轉移。因此，證據在認知域下輿論戰的高技巧運用，必須藉助戰略家的系統眼光和謀略思維來實現。這裡證據採、用的邏輯線是：把證據視為認知域下輿論戰不可或缺的關鍵要素納入整體策略規劃環節—依據不同場景預設關鍵證據清單—主動製造條件來取得關鍵證據—解決「如何從證據層面實現認知域輿論戰的戰略意圖和作戰決心」的問題。在特殊條件下，甚至可以透過精巧的安排，以積極主動的「創意設計」佈設證據迷霧，促使敵方自揭其短，暴露弱點，做出於我有利的動作反應，形成完整確鑿的證據鏈條，以達成特殊訊息釋放、對敵攻心宣傳、政治外交暗示等目的，消耗敵方認知能力，打亂其思維、幹擾其判斷、阻礙其行動。特別要形成認知域輿論戰背景下的證據博弈謀略戰法意識，在各類證據間選擇、取捨、組合、拼搭、切換……靈活投放、巧妙呈現，充分發揮證據運用的潛能，牽制、遏止、反制敵方行動，拓展己方行動空間，可謂運用之妙，存乎一心。

（作者單位：國防大學政治學院）

中國軍事資料來源： http://www.81.cn/rmjz_203219/jsjz/2022nd3q_239302/bktg_239303/1016888.html

Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Insight into the Evolution of Cognitive Warfare

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中國軍事對認知戰演變的洞察

國語翻譯：

Cognition is the process by which people acquire, process and apply information and knowledge. At present, the cognitive domain has gradually become a new battlefield for competition, and cognitive warfare has gradually received attention from all countries. With the development of the scientific and technological revolution and the expansion of war practice, cognitive warfare is showing an accelerating evolution trend.

Cognitive technology is becoming the basic driving force of the evolution of war. Technology changes the form of war and also changes the way of cognitive warfare. If the large-scale popularization of information networks has promoted the information domain to become a combat domain, and the exponential growth of data and network scale is a sign of the maturity of the information domain, then the large-scale application of cognitive technology and the continuous iterative development of cognitive technology will become a sign of the maturity of cognitive warfare. In the future, technologies in cognitive environment, cognitive perception, cognitive control, artificial intelligence, etc. will reflect the transformative impact that cognitive technology may have on social cognitive confrontation and military cognitive confrontation. Human beings are entering the era of universal communication. The global cyberspace is being highly linked. The network has become a combat space for comprehensive game between state actors and non-state actors. The contention and war of communication have become part of the high-intensity military action level. At present, major countries in the world have laid out the frontier of cognitive technology and carried out cognitive technology competitions. Through modeling and analysis, they seek to penetrate and control the human brain network, information network and social network; through deep calculation, actuarial calculation, and clever calculation, they aim to maximize the control of people’s cognitive world and cognitive domain.

The cognitive domain is becoming an important battlefield in hybrid warfare. In the intelligent era, the way humans communicate is undergoing complex and profound changes. Offline communication is giving way to online communication. Various new media platforms have become the main channels for the public to understand the battlefield, and large social platforms have become the main battlefield for cognitive game struggles. Therefore, the combat domain of future wars will continue to expand. The space domain will expand from land, sea, air, and space networks to deep space, deep sea, and deep earth, while the logic domain will expand from the physical domain to the information domain and cognitive domain. War is no longer limited to the physical threats of traditional wars, but is turning to the social consciousness threats brought about by mass media and technological progress. Blockade and anti-blockade, dominance and anti-domination around communication platforms will become the focus of cognitive warfare, and the struggle for international discourse control using information as ammunition has become the main way of cognitive confrontation today. From the perspective of hybrid warfare, ideological propaganda and indoctrination, the penetration of values ​​and culture, traditional public opinion psychology and legal offense and defense, and information network warfare have all become important aspects of cognitive warfare. Hybrid warfare can achieve the goal of small-scale war or even victory without fighting through comprehensive game means such as cognitive warfare. The offense and defense in the cognitive field will be an uninterrupted and normalized struggle, and combat effectiveness will continue to accumulate and be gradually released.

Cognitive advantage is becoming a winning advantage in high-end warfare. Freedom of action in war is the lifeblood of the military. From the cognitive dimension, the deeper the understanding of the battlefield environment and combat opponents, the freer the action and the greater the relative advantage. However, with the exponential growth of combat data in war, commanders are beginning to face the cognitive dilemma of data swamp, data fog, and data overload. Having information advantage does not mean having cognitive advantage. An important military application direction of artificial intelligence technology is to process massive data in real time, help commanders get rid of cognitive overload, and quickly form cognitive advantages. In intelligent warfare, cognitive advantage will dominate decision-making advantage, and decision-making advantage will dominate action advantage. Cognitive advantage has four key indicators: stronger information acquisition ability, faster artificial intelligence machine learning speed, more effective emergency handling ability, and higher ability to develop and apply new technologies and new knowledge. For example, public opinion warfare with data-driven intelligent communication as its new feature has been highly coordinated and integrated with traditional military operations. This virtual-real integrated combat style has stronger combat effectiveness than simple military operations, which has fundamentally changed the traditional combat methods. The linkage and superposition of cognitive advantages will accelerate the transformation of combat effectiveness and become a fundamental advantage for winning wars.

Cognitive theory is becoming the forefront of the game of winning wars. Cognitive warfare is a combination of soft power and hard power, and is an important factor affecting national security in today’s era. At present, the competition for penetration and counter-penetration, attack and counter-attack, control and counter-control in cognitive space is fierce. Cognitive science theory is entering the military field. Concepts such as cognitive load, cognitive enhancement, cognitive immunity, and cognitive subversion have appeared frequently in the field of foreign cognitive warfare research. Foreign militaries believe that the cognitive domain is the “sixth combat domain” of human warfare, the core of the “intertwined conflict domain” in the era of great power competition, and an important direction for future military theory innovation. Obviously, cognitive warfare has become the strategic commanding heights for winning future wars, cognitive theory has become the frontier of theoretical innovation, and cognitive technology will accelerate the advancement of cognitive warfare to become an important “trigger point” for the intelligent military revolution. Since new technologies, new theories, and new styles of cognitive warfare are in the process of accelerated incubation, perhaps future wars will present a surprising new situation.

繁體中文：

認知是人們獲得、加工及應用資訊和知識的過程。當前，認知域逐漸成為角逐的新戰場，認知戰也逐漸受到各國重視。隨著科技革命的發展和戰爭實踐的拓展，認知戰正呈現加速演變趨勢。

認知科技正成為戰爭演進的基本動力。科技改變戰爭形態，也改變認知戰方式。如果資訊網路的大規模普及，推動了資訊域成為作戰域，資料和網路規模的指數級增長是資訊域成熟的標誌，那麼認知科技的大規模應用，認知技術不斷迭代發展，將成為推動認知戰成熟的標誌。未來認知環境、認知感知、認知控制、人工智慧等方面技術，將折射出認知技術對社會認知對抗、軍事認知對抗可能產生的變革性影響。人類正進入全民傳播時代，全球網路空間正納入高度連動，網路已成為國家行為體和非國家行為體全面博弈的作戰空間，傳播之爭和傳播之戰已成為高烈度軍事行動層面的一部分。當前世界主要國家紛紛佈局認知技術前沿，開展認知技術競賽，透過建模和分析，謀求滲透控制人腦網絡、資訊網絡和社會網絡；透過深算、精算、妙算等，旨在最大限度把握人們的認知世界和認知域的控制權。

認知領域正成為混合戰爭的重要戰場。智慧時代，人類溝通方式正發生複雜深刻變化。離線交流更多讓位於線上交流，各種新媒體平台成為大眾了解戰場的主要管道，大型社群平台成為認知博弈鬥爭的主陣地。因此，未來戰爭的作戰域將不斷拓展，空間域從陸海空天網向深空、深海、深地拓展，而邏輯域則從物理域向資訊域、認知域拓展。戰爭不再侷限於傳統戰爭的實體威脅，而是轉向大眾媒體、科技進步所帶來的社會意識威脅。圍繞傳播平台的封鎖與反封鎖、主導與反主導將成為認知戰爭奪的焦點，以資訊為彈藥進行國際話語控制權爭奪成為當今認知對抗的主要方式。在混合戰爭視角下，意識形態宣傳與灌輸、價值觀與文化的滲透、傳統的輿論心理與法律攻防與資訊網絡戰等，都成為認知戰的重要面向。混合戰爭可透過認知戰等綜合賽局手段，實現小戰甚至不戰而勝的目的，而認知領域攻防將是一場不間斷的、常態化的鬥爭，作戰效能也將持續累積、逐步釋放。

認知優勢正成為高端戰爭的勝利優勢。戰爭行動自由是軍隊的命脈。從認知維度來看，對戰場環境、作戰對手認知越深，行動越自由，相對優勢就越大。但隨著戰爭中作戰資料指數級成長，指揮人員開始面臨資料沼澤、資料迷霧、資料過載的認知困境，擁有資訊優勢並不等於擁有認知優勢。人工智慧技術的一個重要軍事應用方向，就是即時處理大量數據，幫助指揮人員擺脫認知過載，快速形成認知優勢。在智慧化戰爭中，認知優勢將主導決策優勢，決策優勢主導行動優勢。認知優勢有4個關鍵指標：更強的資訊取得能力、更快的人工智慧機器學習速度、更有效的突發事件處理能力和更高的開發應用新技術新知識的能力。例如，以數據驅動的智慧傳播為新特徵的輿論戰與傳統軍事行動已經高度協同與融合，這種虛實一體的作戰樣式具備了比單純軍事行動更強的作戰效能，使傳統作戰方式發生根本性改變。認知優勢的連動與疊加，將加速推進作戰效能轉化，成為戰爭制勝的根本優勢。

認知理論正成為打贏戰爭的博弈前線。認知戰是軟實力和硬實力的結合，也是當今時代影響國家安全的重要因素。目前，認知空間的滲透與逆滲透、攻擊與反攻擊、控制與反控制的爭奪激烈，認知科學理論正進入軍事領域，認知負荷、認知增強、認知免疫、認知顛覆等概念，已高頻度出現於國外認知戰研究領域。外軍認為，認知域是人類戰爭的“第六作戰域”，是大國競爭時代“交織的衝突領域”中的核心，是未來軍事理論創新的重要方向。顯然，認知戰已成為贏得未來戰爭的戰略制高點，認知理論已成為理論創新前沿領域，認知科技將加速推進認知戰成為智慧化軍事革命的重要「引爆點」。由於認知戰的新技術、新理論、新樣式正處於加速孵化之中，也許未來戰爭將會呈現出令人驚詬的全新景況。

中國軍事資料來源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/29/content_32588.htm

Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 國家網絡空間安全戰略, 國防和軍隊現代化建設, 域作战突出属性, 認知戰, 新軍事變革, 智慧戰爭, 認知域戰, 認知域戰, 認知戰, 軍事多域作戰, 軍事認知戰, 非對稱戰爭, 馬賽克戰

Chinese Military Considers Metaverse the New Frontier for Future Cognitive Warfare

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中國軍方認為元宇宙是未來認知戰的新領域

現代英語翻譯：

●The essence of the metaverse is a highly developed virtual world that exists in parallel with the real world but also reacts to the real world.

●Parallel with the real world, reaction to the real world, and integration of multiple high technologies are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse.

●The metaverse provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behaviors, states and laws of complex real systems, as well as a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society.

● Strengthening the follow-up research on the role of the metaverse in cognitive warfare and highlighting the exploration of the mechanism of the role of the metaverse in cognitive warfare will help enrich and promote the construction of cognitive warfare theory.

The essence of the metaverse is a highly developed virtual world that exists in parallel with the real world but reacts to the real world. When virtual technologies such as digital, Internet, augmented reality and modern communications, blockchain, artificial intelligence and other technologies develop to a certain stage, the metaverse will emerge. Being parallel to the real world, reacting to the real world, and integrating multiple high technologies are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse. The operation of the metaverse conforms to the natural law of human understanding and transformation of the world. It directly acts on human thinking and cognition but is not bound by the essential attributes of thinking and cognition, which determines that it carries the operating laws of the real world, provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state and laws of complex systems in reality, and a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. At the same time, it is itself a complex cognitive body, so it has immeasurable cognitive warfare application value.

The basic mechanism of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

The difference between the metaverse and other technologies is that it builds a complete digital world. Its operation is not supported by a single or a few technologies, but by a complex high-tech complex. This complex is built by humans, is a product of cognition, and continues to develop and evolve with the development of human cognitive practice. Its cognitive application has a unique regular mechanism.

System enhancement mechanism. The digital world constructed by the metaverse is itself a highly developed cognitive world. In this special cognitive world, technology not only exists as an additional role such as support and guarantee, but also directly participates in the shaping of cognition itself as a basic element of cognition. In other words, the technology that constitutes the metaverse itself has a distinct cognitive background, which not only supports the operation of cognition but also realizes the self-construction, revolution and transcendence of cognition; it not only provides a series of necessary technical services, but also creates a holographic technical soil for human cognition to operate independently and fight independently. The effect of the metaverse on cognition is not one-dimensional, but full-dimensional; not single-line, but full-system; not independent, but immersive; not fragmentary, but continuous; not cyclical, but full-life process. How far the thinking cognition develops, how far the metaverse develops, and thus it can shape people’s thinking cognition more comprehensively, deeply and lastingly. Therefore, humans have used high technology to create “Avatar”, a complex system combining man and machine, and have also created a life form on “Pandora” that can think independently, recognize itself, and think and act on its own. This life form, which was created by humans and is independent of humans, has achieved self-improvement and development in the new universe.

The mechanism of mutual construction of technology and knowledge. Unlike the one-way effect of individual technologies such as artificial intelligence and information networks on thinking and cognition, the metaverse provides a space for mutual construction of technology and cognition, and influence and counter-influence. In this space, we can simulate, demonstrate, simulate, and verify the process and results of this two-way mutual construction and promotion, so as to understand cognition more accurately and efficiently, improve cognitive warfare methods, and directly engage in real cognitive confrontation. The metaverse provides a parallel cognitive space that digitally twins real combat scenes, where cognitive warfare can be promoted efficiently, enhanced at a fast pace, and presented in a panoramic manner. It is reported that the US military uses virtual technology to verify the performance of new weapons and equipment, test the effectiveness of the use of new tactics, and conduct combat simulation training, relying on the deployment of forces, combat terrain, human characteristics, and other scenes similar to actual combat constructed in virtual spaces such as the metaverse. At the same time, more and more countries and armies are conducting direct cognitive attacks and defenses with their opponents through virtual spaces, confusing their minds, misleading their directions, and eroding their will.

Active reflection mechanism. As a virtual existence parallel to the real world, the metaverse is not a simple digital copy of the three-dimensional space, but has its own operating rules and can actively act on the real world. This active action is the focus of the cognitive application of the metaverse. The metaverse space game reflects the characteristics of cognitive warfare. The war results deduced in the metaverse through virtual simulation may directly affect the real world, extending to the conscious cognitive competition game through sensory touch, thereby winning the dominant position in cognitive warfare. In the cognitive perspective, the metaverse is both a new cognitive space and the main battlefield of cognition, as well as an extended domain of cognition and a new cognitive component. At present, the military of many countries uses sandbox operations, war games and even computer simulations to formulate and test strategies and tactics, revise the application of tactics, improve training methods, and improve weapons and equipment. This is a typical example of the virtual world reacting to reality. With the continuous development and integration of the metaverse technology group, cognitive confrontation will inevitably shift more and faster from the real world to a hybrid world combining virtuality and reality.

The basic characteristics of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

Existence determines consciousness, and technology drives creation. The metaverse has many characteristics, such as parallelism with the real world, initiative in the real world, and comprehensiveness that integrates multiple technologies. These prominent characteristics determine the different characteristics and laws of its effects on thinking and cognition.

Cross-domain construction. The formation, development and evolution of cognition are rarely determined by a single factor, but are often the result of the combined effect of multiple factors. The metaverse originates from the real world and is presented in the virtual space. It has the characteristics of multi-domain interconnection that runs through the real and virtual worlds. As the saying goes, “a lot of gossip can melt gold, and accumulated criticism can destroy bones.” This cross-domain characteristic that spans different fields and opens up related spaces can best influence and shape people’s thinking and cognition from different angles. The most typical case is that game developers are increasingly focusing on using virtual stories based on historical facts and real feelings to attract and infect people. The United States has used this cross-domain shaped surreal “real” experience to spread values. At present, the most representative “metaverse” themed science fiction work is “Ready Player One” directed by Spielberg. The play focuses on depicting the era background of the birth of the “metaverse” and the huge contrast between the real status and virtual status of the protagonist. Through the plot and special effects shots, it delicately portrays the real sense of human participation, thereby spreading the American ideology, especially the values ​​of gaining wealth, status, love and friendship through “bloodless” struggle in the virtual world.

Integrated influence. The important fulcrums of cognitive warfare are strategy and technology. With the development of science and technology and the progress of society, the proportion of technology in cognitive warfare is increasing and its role is becoming more and more prominent. It can be said that cognitive warfare without scientific and technological support is cognitive warfare without power, and cognitive warfare with advanced technology is more likely to win. As a complex system integrating multiple cutting-edge technologies, the metaverse has a natural advantage in the use of cognitive warfare. Many people, including adults, are deeply trapped in the virtual world and indulge in online games. It is very important that the virtual space gives game operators a super-time and space experience and a sense of achievement. If martial arts novels are fairy tales for adults, then the metaverse, which can “do whatever you want”, creates a super fairy tale world, which has an immeasurable impact on people’s thinking, cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotional will, and behavior patterns.

Compromising influence. A big difference between the metaverse and other technical means is that it constructs a virtual world that originates from the real world but reacts to the real world. In this complex domain space, people’s thinking and cognition go back and forth between the real world and the virtual space, verify each other, repeatedly confirm, and constantly correct, thereby generating new thinking and cognition, and exerting a dynamic influence on both worlds. This two-way interactive compromising influence, on the one hand, is conducive to the formation and development of correct thinking and cognition, making the cognition of the real world more imaginative with the wings of the virtual world’s thoughts, and at the same time, it also makes the cognition of the virtual space find the material support of the real world and become more scientific. On the other hand, if it is not operated properly, it is likely to cause great safety hazards and ethical problems. In recent years, the U.S. military has relied on artificial intelligence and virtual technology to remotely control drones to attack opponents, which is a typical example of the virtual world reacting to the real world. This attack is far away from the tragic scene of face-to-face fighting, which greatly dilutes the drone operator’s awe of life and lowers the threshold for remotely controlling the opponent. At the same time, due to the imperfect reconnaissance and identification technology, incidents of accidental shooting, injury, and killing of civilians, friendly forces, and even their own troops often occur.

The basic style of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

Metaverse cognitive warfare is based on reality and leads future development. It involves both the virtual and real worlds, penetrates multiple fields, covers multiple technologies, and has a variety of combat styles. There is great uncertainty, but it is not without rules. Comprehensive analysis shows that there are three basic styles.

Platform confrontation. In terms of its relationship with human thinking and cognition, the metaverse itself is a complex cognitive actor, a derivative of human thinking and cognition, and an important component and platform of cognitive warfare. When hostile countries and armies regard the metaverse as an important position for cognitive warfare, cognitive offensive and defensive operations between different camps within the metaverse exist in reality. On this platform, all technologies, resources and forces of the metaverse are integrated and operated with thinking and cognition as the center. Metaverse operations are prominently manifested as cognitive offensive and defensive operations aimed at disrupting, delaying, blocking, destroying and eliminating the existence and operation of the opponent’s metaverse. In this field, whoever has higher-end strategic planning, more flexible tactical application, more advanced technical force and more solid material support will be able to gain the initiative in metaverse cognitive warfare.

System attack. The metaverse is a cognitive system composed of a series of cutting-edge technologies, and systemicity is its inherent attribute and vitality guarantee. Advanced technologies such as digital foundation, efficient communication, blockchain identity authentication, holographic AR imaging, artificial intelligence, and high-performance Internet constitute a unified body with tight structure, functional coupling, and complete system. The components are indispensable for the formation and development of thinking cognition and offensive and defensive confrontation. It is difficult to imagine that the metaverse still has the possibility of existence without the support of advanced technology groups such as high-level digitization, high-quality communication, and high-speed computing. Using superior forces to force or use asymmetric tactics to attack and block the key nodes and technological operation chains of the opponent’s metaverse system, hinder its operation, suppress its functions, and destroy its existence is an important style and efficient path of metaverse cognitive warfare.

Divert the flow. An important value and significance of the existence and development of the metaverse lies in serving and supporting the related activities of the real world. Under normal circumstances, the metaverse can demonstrate, display, review and predict the related activities of the real world in a digital form. Once the communication between the virtual and real worlds is disturbed or the self-operation of the metaverse is disordered, it is easy to cause the situation reflected to be untrue, the information analyzed to be distorted, the conclusions derived to be invalid, and the suggestions provided to be wrong, causing the related activities of the real world to deviate. It is based on this that we can concentrate our efforts on inducing attacks on the internal operation of the opponent’s metaverse or the communication technology devices of the two worlds, and use extremely confusing and deceptive information and scenes to divert the flow, confuse their cognition, interfere with their judgment, and mislead their decision-making. Therefore, we should strengthen the tracking research on the cognitive warfare of the role of the metaverse, highlight the exploration of the cognitive warfare mechanism of the role of the metaverse, and strengthen and promote the construction of cognitive warfare theory.

(Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences)

現代國語：

●元宇宙本質是與現實世界平行存在但又反作用於現實世界的高度發展的虛擬世界。

●與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合，是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。

●元宇宙提供了理解和發現現實複雜系統運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式，以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段。

●加強元宇宙作用認知戰追蹤研究，突顯元宇宙作用認知戰機制探索，將有助於豐富促進認知戰理論建構。

元宇宙本質是與現實世界平行存在但又反作用於現實世界的高度發展的虛擬世界。當數位、網路、擴增實境等虛擬技術和現代通訊、區塊鏈、人工智慧等技術發展到一定階段，元宇宙就橫空出世。與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合，是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。元宇宙運作符合人類認識世界、改造世界的自然規律，其直接作用於人的思維認知但又不拘泥於思維認知的本質屬性，決定其本身承載了現實世界的運作規律，提供了理解和發現現實複雜系統運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式和探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段，同時它本身就是一個複雜的認知體，因而具有不可估量的認知戰應用價值。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本機制

元宇宙相對於其他技術的差異在於構築了一個完整的數位世界，支撐其運作的不是單一或幾個技術，而是一個複雜的高科技複合體。這個複合體是人構築的，是認知的產物並隨人類認知實踐的發展不斷發展演變，其認知運用具有獨特的規律機制。

體系增強機理。元宇宙構築的數位世界本身就是一個高度發展的認知世界，在這個特殊的認知世界裡，科技不僅以支撐和保障等附加角色存在，也直接作為認知的基本元素參與認知本身的塑造。也就是說構成元宇宙的技術本身俱有鮮明的認知底色，既支撐了認知的運作又實現了認知的自我建構、革命與超越；既提供了一系列必要的技術服務，又打造了一個人類認知自我運作、獨立作戰的全息技術土壤。元宇宙對認知的作用不是單向度的，而是全維度的；不是單線的，而是全系統的；不是獨立式的，而是沉浸型的；不是片段的，而是持續型的；不是周期階段型的，而是全壽命流程的。思維認知發展有多遠，元宇宙發展就有多遠，因而能夠更全面更深入、更持久地塑造人的思維認知。於是，人類既用高科技打造了「阿凡達」這個人機結合的複雜系統，同時也打造了一個在「潘朵拉星球」上能夠自主思維、自我認知、自行思想與行動的生命體，這個產生於人又獨立於人的生命體在新的宇宙空間中實現了自我完善與發展。

技知互構機理。與人工智慧、資訊網路等單一技術對思考認知的單向作用不同，元宇宙提供了一個技術與認知作用與反作用、影響與反影響的互構空間。在這個空間裡，我們能夠模擬、展示、模擬、驗證這種雙向互構共促的過程與結果，進而更加精準高效地認識認知、改進認知戰方式，同時也可以直接進行真刀真槍的認知對抗。元宇宙提供了一個將現實作戰場景數位孿生的平行認知空間，在這裡認知戰得以高效率推進、快節奏增強、全景式呈現。據悉，美軍將虛擬技術運用於新武器裝備性能驗證、新戰法運用效果檢驗及作戰模擬訓練等，依託的就是在元宇宙等虛擬空間中構建的兵力佈置、作戰地形、人文特徵等近似實戰的場景。同時，也有越來越多的國家和軍隊透過虛擬空間與對手進行直接的認知攻防，迷茫其心智，誤導其方向，銷蝕其意志。

能動反射機理。元宇宙作為與現實世界平行的虛擬存在，不是簡單地將三維空間數位化複製，而有著自身運行規則並能動作用於現實世界，這種能動作用即是元宇宙認知運用的著力點。元宇宙空間博弈體現認知戰特點，透過虛擬模擬在元宇宙中推演出的戰爭結果，可能直接作用於現實世界，透過感官觸覺延伸到意識認知的爭奪博弈，從而贏得認知戰主導權。在認知視域下，元宇宙既是認知的新空間也是認知的主戰場，既是認知的延伸域也是認知的新構件。目前，不少國家軍隊透過沙盤作業、兵棋推演甚至電腦模擬模擬來發展和檢驗戰略戰術、修訂戰法運用、完善訓練方法、改進武器裝備，就是虛擬世界反作用於現實的典型案例。隨著元宇宙技術群不斷發展融合，認知對抗必將更多、更快由現實世界向虛實結合的混合世界發展轉進。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本特徵

存在決定意識，技術驅動創造。元宇宙具有與現實世界的平行性、對現實世界的能動性、融多種技術於一體的綜合性等諸多特徵。這些突出特徵，決定其作用於思考認知的不同特徵規律。

跨領域構塑。認知的形成發展演變很少由單一因素決定，往往是多種因素綜合作用的結果。元宇宙源自現實世界、呈現於虛擬空間，具有貫穿現實與虛擬的多域連結特徵。所謂“眾口鑠金，積毀銷骨”，這種跨越不同領域、打通關聯空間的跨域特質，最能從不同角度影響和塑造人的思維認知。最典型的案例就是遊戲開發商越來越注重用建立在歷史事實和現實感受基礎上的虛擬故事吸引人感染人。美國已將這種跨領域塑造的超現實「真實」體驗用於價值觀的傳播。目前最具代表性的「元宇宙」主題科幻作品是史匹柏導演的《頭號玩家》，該劇聚焦於描繪「元宇宙」誕生的時代背景及主角的現實地位與虛擬地位之間的巨大反差，透過故事情節和特效鏡頭細膩地刻畫人類的真實參與感，從而傳播在虛擬世界裡透過「不流血」的鬥爭也能獲得財富、地位、愛情和友誼的美式意識形態特別是價值觀。

融合式影響。認知戰運作依託的重要支點是謀略和技術，隨著科技的發展和社會的進步，技術之於認知戰構成所佔比重越來越大、作用越來越突出。可以說，缺乏科技支撐的認知戰是缺乏力量的認知戰，有先進科技加持的認知戰獲勝的可能性更大。元宇宙作為融多種前沿科技於一體的複雜系統，在認知戰運用上具有天然優勢。不少人包括成年人深陷虛擬世界、沉湎網路遊戲，很重要的是虛擬空間賦予遊戲操盤手的超時空體驗和成就快感。如果說武俠小說是成人的童話，那麼可以「隨心所欲」縱橫馳騁的元宇宙，則打造了一個超級童話世界，其對人的思維認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等的影響不可限量。

折衝性浸染。元宇宙與其他技術手段的一個很大不同，在於其建構的是一個源自現實世界但又反作用於現實世界母體的虛擬世界。在這個複雜領域空間中，人的思維認知在現實世界與虛擬空間之間往來折衝、相互印證、反覆確認、不斷修正進而產生新的思考認知，並對兩個世界都產生施動性影響。這種雙向互動的折衝性浸染，一方面有利於正確思維認知的形成與發展，使現實世界的認知插上虛擬世界思想放飛的翅膀而更富想像力，同時也使虛擬空間的認知找到現實世界的物質支撐而更科學。另一方面如果操作不當，很可能產生極大的安全隱患和倫理問題。這些年美軍依賴人工智慧和虛擬技術遙控的無人機攻擊對手，就是虛擬世界反作用於現實世界的典型案例。這種攻擊因遠離面對面搏殺的慘烈現場，極大淡化了無人機操作員對生命的敬畏，降低了其遙控攻擊對手的門檻。同時，由於偵察辨識技術不完善，誤擊誤傷誤殺平民、友軍甚至自己軍隊的事時有發生。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本樣式

元宇宙作用認知戰基於現實基礎、引領未來發展，涉及虛實兩界、貫通多個領域、涵蓋多種技術，作戰樣式多種多樣，有很大的不確定性，但並非無規律可循。綜合分析，基本樣式有以下三種。

平台對抗。元宇宙就其與人的思維認知的關係而言，本身就是一個複雜的認知行為體，是人類思維認知的衍生品，也是認知戰的重要構件和平台。當敵對國家和軍隊都將元宇宙視為認知戰的重要陣地時，元宇宙內部不同陣營間的認知攻防作戰就會現​​實存在。在這個平台上，元宇宙的一切技術、資源和力量都以思維認知為中心來整合運作。元宇宙作戰突顯為以擾亂、遲滯、阻擋、摧毀、消滅對手元宇宙存在和運作為目的的認知攻防作戰。在這個領域中，誰的戰略運籌更高端、戰術運用更靈活、技術力量更先進、物質支撐更堅實，誰就能取得元宇宙認知戰主動權。

體系破襲。元宇宙是由一系列前沿技術所構成的認知系統，而體系性則是其固有屬性和活力保證。數位基礎、高效通訊、區塊鏈身分認證、全像AR成像、人工智慧、高效能互聯網等先進科技，構成結構緊密、功能耦合、體系完整的統一體，其中構件對思維認知的形成發展與攻防對抗缺一不可。很難想像缺乏高階階數位化、高品質通聯、高速度計算等先進技術群的支撐，元宇宙還有存在的可能性。運用優勢力量高壓強製或以非對稱戰法攻擊和阻斷對手元宇宙體系的關鍵節點和科技運行鏈條，阻遏其運作、壓制其功能、摧毀其存在，是元宇宙認知戰的重要樣式和高效路徑。

曲嚮導流。元宇宙存在發展的一個重要價值和意義在於服務支持現實世界關聯活動。正常情況下，元宇宙能夠以數位形式全景展示、展示、複盤和預測現實世界的相關活動。一旦虛實兩個世界的通聯受擾受阻或元宇宙內部自運行失序，很容易導致其反映的情況失實、分析的信息失真、推導的結論失效、提供的建議失策，使現實世界的關聯活動跑偏走向。正是基於此，可集中力量對對手元宇宙內部運作或兩個世界的通聯技術裝置進行誘導攻擊，用極具迷惑性欺騙性的信息和場景曲嚮導流，迷茫其認知，幹擾其判斷，誤導其決策。因此，應加強元宇宙作用認知戰追蹤研究，突顯元宇宙作用認知戰機制探索，強化促進認知戰理論建構。

（作者單位：軍事科學院軍事政治工作研究院）

中國軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-03/03/content_310888.htm

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事認知戰, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 國防和軍隊現代化建設, 域作战突出属性, 認知戰, 新軍事變革, 智慧戰爭, 解放軍展望未來戰爭發展, 認知域戰, 認知域戰, 認知戰, 軍事多域作戰, 軍事認知戰, 軍隊要突顯「高品質」、實現「提速」

Chinese Military Values Attack & Defense as the Important Focus of Combat in Cognitive Domain Operations

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中國軍隊把攻防當作認知域作戰作戰的重要著力點

現代英語翻譯：

Value attack and defense is an important way to conduct cognitive domain operations from a strategic level. Usually, value attack and defense is achieved by intervening in people’s thinking, beliefs, values, etc., in order to achieve the purpose of disintegrating the enemy’s consensus, destroying the enemy’s will, and then gaining comprehensive control over the battlefield. Accurately grasping the characteristics, mechanisms, and means of value attack and defense is crucial to gaining future cognitive domain combat advantages.

Characteristics of the cognitive domain of value attack and defense

Value attack and defense refers to the intervention and influence on relatively stable cognitive results by inducing deep logical thinking and value judgment changes of individuals or groups, in order to reconstruct people’s cognitive abilities such as will, thinking, psychology, and emotions. Value attack and defense mainly has the following characteristics:

Soft confrontation. Traditional warfare mainly relies on violent means to weaken and disintegrate the enemy’s military capabilities, and usually has a high intensity of war. Cognitive domain warfare will no longer be limited to hard confrontations such as siege and conquest, but will focus more on infiltration and counter-infiltration, attack and counter-attack, control and counter-control around value positions. By competing for the dominance of cognitive domain confrontation, the combat effectiveness of the physical domain and information domain will be further stimulated, thereby seizing the initiative on the battlefield and even achieving the effect of defeating the enemy without fighting. In practice, value offense and defense often focus on the cultural traditions, values ​​and social psychology of a country or nation, and ultimately achieve the purpose of destroying the enemy’s will, cognitive manipulation, and mental control.

Full-dimensional release. Modern warfare is increasingly characterized by being holistic, multi-domain, and all-time. Cognitive domain warfare aims to influence battlefield effects by intervening in human consciousness, and the relative stability of consciousness determines that people’s worldviews, beliefs, and other values ​​are generally relatively stable. Therefore, value offense and defense need to be carried out in a long-term, uninterrupted, holographic, and full-dimensional manner. From a temporal perspective, value offense and defense blurs the boundaries between peace and war, and is always at war, constantly accumulating and gradually releasing combat effectiveness; from a spatial perspective, value offense and defense blurs the boundaries between the front and rear of combat, and is carried out in all directions in tangible and intangible spaces; from a field perspective, value offense and defense blurs the boundaries between military and non-military, and occurs not only in the military field, but also in the political, economic, diplomatic, and cultural fields, showing the characteristics of full-domain coverage.

Empowered by science and technology. Cognitive domain warfare is a technology-intensive and complex system engineering. The full-process penetration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, brain science, and quantum computing is triggering iterative upgrades and profound changes in cognitive domain warfare. Intelligent tools fundamentally enhance the ability of cognitive domain combatants to manipulate and interfere with the opponent’s thinking. Human-machine hybrid as a new means and new style of combat power will change the main body of future wars. Autonomous confrontation and cloud brain victory may become the mainstream attack and defense mode. In recent years, NATO has launched cognitive electronic warfare equipment aimed at changing the opponent’s value cognition and behavior through information attack and defense. Technological development has also triggered a cognitive revolution. The rapid spread of information has further accelerated the differences in public value cognition. Cognitive islands have exacerbated the value gap between different subjects. The social structure changes brought about by intelligence are profoundly changing the political and cultural pattern. From this point of view, in future cognitive domain warfare, it is crucial to grasp the “bull’s nose” of scientific and technological innovation and master key core technologies to seize the initiative on the battlefield.

The mechanism of cognitive domain of value attack and defense

Value attack and defense is a high-level confrontation in cognitive domain operations, and the target of action is people’s deep cognition. Consciousness is the reflection of social existence in the brain. The regulation of social existence, the guidance of public consciousness and the change of human brain function can strengthen or reverse human consciousness. If you want to win the opponent in the attack and defense confrontation, you must follow the laws of thinking and cognition and grasp the winning mechanism of value attack and defense.

Impacting the value “protection zone”. Occupying the commanding heights of values ​​is the logical starting point for conducting value offense and defense. Social consciousness is often composed of relatively stable core values ​​and peripheral auxiliary theories. Various theories such as economy, politics, religion, and culture can be constructed and adapted to protect core values ​​from external shocks, and therefore also bear the impact and challenge of other values. In the eyes of foreign militaries, value offense and defense is to continuously impact the “protection zone” of the opponent’s ideology through cultural infiltration, religious conflict, strategic communication and other means, in conjunction with actions in the physical and information domains. This often requires seizing the values, political attitudes, religious beliefs, etc. that affect the opponent’s cognition, disrupting their social group psychology, inducing value confusion, shaking their will to fight, destroying cultural identity, and even changing and disintegrating their original cognitive system, so as to instill or implant new values ​​that are beneficial to themselves in order to achieve combat objectives.

Ignite the “trigger point” of conflict. Cognitive domain warfare involves multiple categories such as history and culture, political system, national sentiment, and religious beliefs. The main body of the war has also expanded from simple military personnel to ordinary people. It will become an important means of cognitive domain warfare to stimulate cognitive conflicts among ordinary people by hyping up topic disputes and public events. In recent local conflicts, it is not uncommon for the warring parties to ignite national sentiments through purposeful narratives, trigger political crises and thus affect the war situation. In future wars, some countries will use hot and sensitive events to detonate public opinion, rely on network technology to gather, absorb, mobilize, accurately manipulate and induce ordinary people, thereby promoting general conflicts to rise to disputes of beliefs, disputes of systems, and disputes of values. It will become the norm.

Control the cognitive “fracture surface”. Cognitive space, as an existence at the conceptual level, is composed of the superposition of the subjective cognitive spaces of all combat individuals. It is a collection of differentiated, differentiated, and even conflicting values. However, ideology has a “suturing” function. Through cognitive shaping and discourse construction, it can effectively “suturing” the broken cognition, condense the scattered values, and form a relatively stable cognitive system. After World War II, France had carried out effective cognitive “suturing” on the trauma of defeat. It used a whole set of independent narrative logic to explain how the war provided France with “new opportunities”, which greatly condensed the political identity of the French people with the government. In the battle for value positions in cognitive domain operations, we should focus on the cognitive fracture surface within the enemy, find the cognitive connection points between the enemy and us, and “suturing” the cognition, so as to unite the forces of all parties to the greatest extent and isolate and disintegrate the enemy.

The main means of cognitive domain in value attack and defense

Value attack and defense expands cognitive confrontation from public opinion, psychology and other levels to thinking space, and from the military field to the overall domain, thus achieving a blow to the enemy’s deep political identity. At present, the world’s military powers are strengthening strategic pre-positioning, aiming at the profound changes in target subjects and tactics, changing combat thinking, and actively controlling the initiative of cognitive domain operations.

Aiming at deep destruction. Cognitive domain warfare directly affects people’s brain cognition, and is easier to achieve deep strategic intentions than physical domain warfare. In particular, once the “high-level cognition” of people’s language level, thinking level, and cultural level is broken through, it will help to strategically reverse the battlefield situation and achieve the political purpose of the war. Based on this, cognitive domain warfare often begins before the war, by intervening in the opponent’s internal and foreign affairs, shaking its ideological and value foundations, etc.; during war, it focuses on influencing the enemy’s war decision-making, campaign command, and combat implementation. The value judgment, attack or weaken the decision-making ability and resistance will of combatants, etc. All hostile parties try to “maintain their own world while increasing the destructive pressure of the opponent” in order to achieve decision-making advantages by competing for cognitive advantages, and then achieve the goal of action advantages.

Centered on ordinary individuals. In the future, the subjects of cognitive domain operations will no longer be limited to military personnel. Broadly speaking, individuals who can communicate and disseminate information may become participating forces. Compared with elites in the social field, ordinary people are more likely to accept and disseminate diverse values, and their cognitive space is more likely to be manipulated. At present, online media is becoming the main channel for information exchange and dissemination in the social field, and the purpose of cognitive shaping can be achieved through targeted information guidance and information delivery. Foreign military practices have proved that with the help of cognitive shaping of ordinary individuals, progressive infiltration and cognitive interference can be caused from bottom to top, causing a deviation in the consciousness and ideas between ordinary people and social decision-makers, and failing to reach an effective consensus in key actions.

In the form of protracted warfare. Unlike the direct attack and destruction of “hard” targets in the physical domain military struggle, the potential target of cognitive domain warfare is human cognition. The value attack and defense is aimed at changing the concepts, beliefs, will, emotions, etc. of the combat targets, which often requires subtle influence and step-by-step operations. Effective cognitive offense is generally launched in the combat preparation stage and runs through the entire war. By collecting the opponent’s cognitive situation, decision-making habits, thinking patterns, etc., targeted actions such as creating a situation and changing the atmosphere are carried out. Therefore, cognitive domain warfare needs to strengthen the overall design, especially focusing on coordinating multiple forces, and strengthening pre-positioned preparations in multiple positions such as public opinion field creation and diplomacy, so as to form an overall combat force.

現代國語：

價值攻防是從戰略層面進行認知域作戰的重要方式，通常價值攻防是透過幹預人的思維、信念、價值觀等，以達成瓦解敵方共識，摧毀敵方意志，進而掌控戰場綜合控制權的目的。精確掌握價值攻防的特性、機制、手段，對奪取未來認知域作戰優勢至關重要。

價值攻防作用認知域的特點

價值攻防是指透過引發個體或群體的深層邏輯思辨、價值判斷改變，完成其對相對穩定的認知結果的干預和影響，以期重構人的意志、思維、心理、情感等認知能力。價值攻防主要有以下幾個特點：

軟性對抗。傳統戰爭主要依賴暴力手段來削弱瓦解敵方的軍事能力，通常具有較強的戰爭強度。認知域作戰將不再侷限於攻城略地等硬性對抗，而更著重於圍繞價值陣地展開滲透與逆滲透、攻擊與反攻擊、控制與反控制，透過爭奪認知域對抗的主導權，進一步激發物理域和資訊域的作戰效能，從而奪取戰場主動，甚至達到不戰而屈人之兵的效果。在實踐中，價值攻防往往著眼於一個國家、民族的文化傳統、價值觀念和社會心理展開，最終達到對敵方意志摧毀、認知操縱、精神控制的目的。

全維度釋放。現代戰爭日益呈現總體性、多域性、全時性特徵。認知域作戰旨在透過幹預人的意識進而影響戰場效果，而意識的相對穩定決定了人的世界觀、信仰等價值觀念一般情況下往往較為穩固，因此價值攻防需要長期的、不間斷的、全息全維度地進行。從時間上看，價值攻防模糊了平戰邊界，常態在戰、隨時在戰，持續積累、逐步釋放作戰效能；從空間上看，價值攻防模糊了作戰前後方界限，在有形空間與無形空間全方位展開；從領域上看，價值攻防模糊了軍事與非軍事的界限，不僅發生在軍事領域，也存在於政治、經濟、外交、文化等領域，呈現出全局覆蓋的特徵。

科技賦能。認知域作戰是一項技術密集的複雜系統工程。人工智慧、腦科學、量子運算等新興技術手段全流程滲透，正在引發認知域作戰的迭代升級與深刻變革。智慧化工具從根本上增強了認知域作戰人員操縱對手思想和乾預對手思維的能力，人機混合作為作戰力量新手段新樣式將改變未來戰爭主體，自主對抗、雲腦制勝或成為主流攻防模式。近年來，北約推出的認知電子戰設備，旨在透過資訊攻防來改變對手價值認知及行為。科技發展也引發了認知革命，資訊的快速傳播進一步加速了大眾價值認知差異，認知孤島加劇了不同主體之間的價值鴻溝，智能化帶來的社會結構變遷則深刻改變著政治文化格局。從這點出發，在未來認知域作戰中，牽住科技創新的“牛鼻子”，掌握關鍵核心技術，對於奪取戰場主動至關重要。

價值攻防作用認知域的機理

價值攻防是認知域作戰的高階對抗，作用對象指向的是人的深層認知。意識是社會存在在大腦中的反映，對社會存在的調節、對大眾意識的引導和人腦作用的改變，都能強化或扭轉人的意識。要在攻防對抗中製勝對手，就要遵循思考認知規律，掌握價值攻防制勝機理。

衝擊價值「保護帶」。佔領價值制高點是開展價值攻防的邏輯起點。社會意識往往由相對穩定的核心價值觀念和外圍的輔助性理論所構成，經濟、政治、宗教、文化等各種理論都能被建構調適以用來保護核心價值觀念免受外來衝擊，因此也承受著其他價值觀的衝擊挑戰。在外軍看來，價值攻防就是要透過文化滲透、宗教衝突、戰略傳播等手段，配合物理域和資訊域的行動，不斷衝擊對手意識形態的「保護帶」領域。這往往需要抓住影響對手認知的價值觀念、政治態度、宗教信仰等，透過擾亂其社會群體心理，誘發價值困惑，動搖作戰意志，摧毀文化認同，甚至改變瓦解其原有的認知體系，從而灌輸或植入新的、於己有利的價值觀念，以實現作戰目的。

點燃衝突“引爆點”。認知域作戰涉及歷史文化、政治制度、民族情感、宗教信仰等多個範疇，戰爭主體也從單純軍事人員拓展到一般民眾。透過炒作話題爭端、公共事件，激發一般民眾的認知衝突，將成為認知領域作戰的重要手段。在近幾場局部衝突中，交戰各方透過有目的性的敘事點燃國家民族情緒，引發政治危機進而影響戰局已屢見不鮮。未來戰爭，一些國家利用熱點敏感事件引爆輿論，依托網路技術對一般民眾進行聚攏吸附、煽動動員、精準操控和誘導塑造，從而推動一般性衝突上升為信仰之爭、制度之爭、價值之爭將成為常態。

控制認知「斷裂面」。認知空間作為觀念層面的存在，由全部作戰個體的主觀認知空間疊加而成，是分化的、差異性的乃至衝突性的價值集合體。然而，意識形態具有「縫合」功能，透過認知塑造、話語建構，可以把斷裂的認知有效地「縫合」起來，把分散的價值凝聚起來，形成相對穩固的認知體系。二戰後法國對戰敗創傷曾進行過有效的認知“縫合”，其運用一整套獨立敘事邏輯，闡述戰爭如何為法國提供了“新的機會”，極大地凝聚了法國人民對政府的政治認同。在認知域作戰中開展價值陣地爭奪，應注重敵方內部的認知斷裂面，尋找敵我之間的認知連接點進行認知“縫合”，最大限度地團結各方力量，孤立瓦解敵人。

價值攻防作用認知域的主要手段

價值攻防使認知對抗從輿論、心理等層面拓展到思維空間，從軍事領域拓展到整體全局，從而實現了對敵方深層的政治認同的打擊。當前世界軍事強國都在加強戰略預置，瞄準目標主體、戰法手段的深刻變化，變革作戰思維，積極掌控認知域作戰的主動權。

以深層摧毀為目標。認知域作戰直接作用於人的大腦認知，相較於物理域作戰，更容易實現深層的戰略意圖。特別是人的語言層級、思維層級和文化層級的「高階認知」一旦被突破，有助於從戰略上扭轉戰場態勢，實現戰爭的政治目的。基於此，認知域作戰往往始於未戰，透過幹預對手內政外交，動搖其意識形態和價值觀基礎等；戰時則注重影響敵方戰爭決策、戰役指揮、戰鬥實施的價值判斷，打擊或削弱作戰人員的決策能力和抵抗意誌等。敵對各方都試圖做到“維繫自己的世界，同時增加對手的破壞性壓力”，以通過爭奪認知優勢實現決策優勢，進而取得行動優勢的目標。

以普通個體為中心。未來認知域作戰的主體將不再局限於軍事人員，廣義上講，可以進行資訊交流傳播的個體都可能成為參戰力量。相較於社會領域的精英，一般民眾更容易接受和傳播多元價值，其認知空間被操縱的機率更大。目前，網路媒體正成為社會領域資訊交流傳播的主要管道，透過有針對性的訊息引導、訊息傳遞，進而達到認知塑造的目的。外軍實踐證明，借助對一般個體的認知塑造，可以造成從下到上的遞進滲透和認知幹擾，使一般民眾與社會決策層之間的意識觀念產生背離，在關鍵行動中無法達成有效共識。

以持久作戰為形式。與物理域軍事鬥爭直接打擊摧毀「硬」目標不同，認知域作戰的潛在目標為人的認知，價值攻防指向的是改變作戰對象的觀念、信念、意志、情感等，往往需要潛移默化、步步為營。有效的認知進攻一般在作戰準備階段就發起，並貫穿戰爭始末，透過收集對手的認知態勢、決策習慣、思考模式等情況，有針對性地進行營造態勢、改變氛圍等行動。因此，認知域作戰更需要加強整體設計，尤其要注重協調多方力量，在輿論場營造、外交等多個陣地多點強化預置準備，進而形成整體作戰合力。

中國軍事資源：https://www.163.com/dy/article/HDOT8JIM0511DV4H888.html

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

China’s “War of Annihilation” from the Perspective of Modern Warfare

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現代戰爭視角下的中國“殲滅戰”

現代英語：

“Based on the evolution of war, grasp the “cautious first battle””

　　Written in front

　　In the history of our army, fighting a war of annihilation is one of the most distinctive and important guiding ideas for operations. As early as the Agrarian Revolutionary War, based on the war purpose of “preserving ourselves and destroying the enemy”, our army clearly proposed that the basic policy in operations was to fight a war of annihilation. Since then, in different historical periods, according to different environments, situations and tasks, our army has maintained a high degree of flexibility and maneuverability in combat guidance, and has resolutely implemented the principle of fighting a war of annihilation, continuously enriched and developed combat theories, and wrote classic examples of the weak defeating the strong in the history of world wars.

　　With the advent of the information age, the form of warfare, battlefield environment, military technology, and warfare mechanisms have undergone major changes. How the traditional theory of annihilation warfare can adapt to the changes of the times, give full play to our strengths, attack the enemy’s weaknesses, and innovate and develop is a question of the times that our generation of soldiers must answer well.

　　Depriving the enemy of its combat power is the key to winning a war of annihilation

　　In the long-term practice of revolutionary wars, our army is often at a disadvantage in terms of quantity, scale and equipment. In order to dampen the enemy’s spirit, seize the initiative and defeat the enemy, while emphasizing the cautiousness of the first battle, we pay great attention to planning and fighting a war of annihilation to quickly weaken the enemy’s strategic advantage. Therefore, “it is better to cut off one finger than to injure ten fingers”, completely depriving the enemy of its combat capability, avoiding a war of attrition or a war of defeat, has also become a key indicator for measuring the success or failure of a war of annihilation and the comprehensive effectiveness of combat. Combat under traditional conditions is often the physical superposition of troops and weapons in the same time and space, emphasizing hard killing as the main method, and the strength of combat effectiveness is mainly manifested through parameters such as mobility, firepower, and protection. Correspondingly, quickly and effectively eliminating the enemy’s living forces has become the most effective means of winning hearts and minds and disintegrating the enemy.

　　Entering the information age, information power has driven the displacement of combat effectiveness measurement standards in an exponential manner. While becoming the dominant factor in the informationized battlefield, it has strongly promoted the organic integration of combat power with early warning detection, reconnaissance intelligence, command and control, and rear-end support. The warring parties are showing a trend of full-system and full-factor confrontation. The informationized battlefield no longer simply emphasizes the spatial and temporal concentration of troops and weapons to suppress and attack the enemy, but focuses on relying on the network information system to seize information space and compete for information advantages, so that the enemy “cannot see clearly, cannot connect, and cannot hit accurately”, thereby completely depriving the enemy of its combat effectiveness. In the Kosovo War, after suffering 78 days of continuous air strikes by NATO, although the Yugoslav army did not suffer major losses in its manpower, it was always in a passive position because the material basis of the war and the reconnaissance and early warning, command and control, air defense and anti-missile systems were destroyed and paralyzed by the enemy, and was forced to sign a humiliating treaty.

　　In today’s era, destroying the enemy’s key war support elements, depriving it of the objective material basis for continuous combat, and undermining its will to wage war are not only important options for annihilation warfare to pursue deterrence effects and deprive the enemy of its combat effectiveness, but also a necessary way for annihilation warfare to achieve combat intentions and defeat the opponent.

　　Attacking the key points and breaking the system is the key to winning a war of annihilation

　　For a long time, pulling teeth out of a tiger’s mouth and striking the enemy’s vital points have been important indicators for testing the courage and command art of commanders and fighters, and are also effective means to defeat the enemy and achieve the goal of annihilation warfare. During the Hujia Wopeng Battle of the Liaoshen Campaign during the War of Liberation, the 3rd Column of the Northeast Field Army first destroyed the Liao Yaoxiang Corps Command through bold penetration, infiltration, and division, and quickly trapped the enemy in a state of collapse and defeat. But at the same time, we should also see that due to the constraints of military technology level and the effectiveness of weapons and equipment, in traditional operations, there are often many practical difficulties in accurately striking core targets such as enemy command organizations and key defense positions, and there is a lack of effective means to “go straight to Huanglong”. It can be said that traditional annihilation warfare is still more about annihilating the opponent’s living forces. This also makes it an important factor in designing the combat process and considering the success or failure of operations in traditional operations to measure and compare the number and scale of troops and weapons of both sides.

　　In the information age, on the one hand, the environmental situation and war thinking have undergone profound changes. The necessity and possibility of expanding the size of the army in exchange for improved combat effectiveness and then winning the war by annihilating a large number of enemy heavy troops are becoming less and less; on the other hand, new weapons and equipment such as precision guidance and unmanned intelligence, with the support of powerful information networks and aerospace reconnaissance capabilities, can implement “decapitation operations” and “targeted elimination” more quickly and accurately, and quickly achieve the goal of annihilation warfare. The combat mode of seizing the key nodes and parts of the enemy’s combat system, carrying out precise strikes and structural destruction, paralyzing the enemy’s combat system while reducing collateral damage and achieving combat objectives is becoming more and more respected. As a result, command centers, communication hubs, radar positions, network nodes, etc. have become sensitive parts that the warring parties focus on protecting and the key points of attacking. In the Iraq War, the US military launched a comprehensive structural paralysis operation against the Iraqi army. By implementing “decapitation operations” against Iraqi military and political leaders and “targeted elimination” of the Iraqi army’s communication command and air defense systems, the Iraqi army was placed in a completely passive position throughout the process, and the war process was accelerated.

　　In today’s era, with the rapid development of information technology and war practice, “system destruction” is becoming a keyword in modern combat theory, and is gradually promoting the overall transformation of combat modes. It has not only become a new way and means to win wars, but also an important way to win modern annihilation wars.

　　Controlling operational control is the key to winning a war of annihilation

　　In previous war practices, the combat environment faced by our army was relatively simple, and the battlefield was mainly carried out on land. Although our army is often at a disadvantage compared to the opponent’s weapons and equipment, it can often defeat the strong with the weak and defeat the enemy by exploring its own advantages, exploiting the enemy’s weaknesses, and actively looking for opportunities. In the second battle of the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, the volunteer army adopted the combat strategy of internal operations, luring the enemy deep into the enemy, and defeating them one by one. They made full use of the darkness of night and terrain to secretly engage the enemy, dared to cut off the enemy’s retreat, interspersed attacks, and divided and surrounded the enemy, giving the enemy an annihilating blow, and finally won the battle and reversed the entire situation in one fell swoop. This shows that for a party that is temporarily unable to seize comprehensive control of the battlefield in combat, as long as it is good at exploiting the enemy’s weaknesses and cleverly reducing the enemy’s sharp attack momentum, it can still seek the initiative to win in difficult and difficult situations and achieve the goal of annihilation warfare.

　　In the information age, wars are fought on vast battlefields, both visible and invisible. In addition to the traditional battlefields of land, sea and air, they are also further extended to deep sea, space, electromagnetic, network, intelligence, biology and other space fields, presenting a complex situation. The armies of the world’s powerful countries have taken the seizure of comprehensive control and the initiative in war as important indicators and necessary ways to build their army and defeat their opponents. Dimensionality reduction strikes have become a must-have in battlefield confrontations. In recent years, the US military’s foreign aggression has relied on the battlefield comprehensive control dominated by the advantages of air and space control and information control. However, we must also see that no matter how powerful the opponent is, there will be fatal weaknesses. Even if it is difficult for the party with relatively backward weapons and equipment to fully seize the battlefield comprehensive control, it can still “attack the incapable with the capable” in the local battlefield, seek local combat initiative, and thus win the local annihilation war, and use the local initiative to drive the overall initiative, and use asymmetric single control to help seize local comprehensive control and achieve final victory.

　　In today’s era, we must accelerate the construction of all aspects of the military and step up the forging of capabilities and means to seize comprehensive control and take the initiative on the battlefield. We must also follow the winning mechanism of modern warfare, flexibly use “total war”, “cognitive war”, “cross-domain war”, “intelligent war” and other tactics, use dimensionality reduction strikes, asymmetric strikes and other tactics, turn disadvantages into advantages, turn passivity into initiative, control combat control by “attacking the incapable with the able”, and win the war of annihilation.

　　Accurately releasing energy is the key to winning a war of annihilation

　　Traditional warfare is restricted by factors such as command and communication, mobility, firepower speed, and weather conditions. The use of forces is often limited to a certain combat area. There is little change in combat command and troop actions, and offensive and defensive actions are relatively clear. In the past, annihilation warfare was more often achieved through echelon (group) deployment, continuous attack (resistance), layer-by-layer capture (defense), combined with interspersed detours, segmentation and encirclement, and cutting off the enemy’s flanks. For this reason, “concentrating superior forces and annihilating the enemy one by one” often becomes the fundamental principle and important way to plan annihilation warfare.

　　In the information age, the combat force structure has undergone major changes. With the emergence of space combat, intelligent combat, stealth combat forces, as well as a large number of new weaponry and equipment such as hypersonic aircraft and kinetic weapons, the military’s information power, mobility, and strike power have unprecedentedly increased, and the effectiveness of unmanned intelligent combat has become increasingly prominent. Although quantity and scale are still important criteria for measuring the combat effectiveness of an army, “newer, faster, more accurate, and smarter” has begun to become an important indicator for measuring an army’s ability to adapt to modern warfare. Correspondingly, scientifically and rationally organizing combat forces and focusing on the best to release combat effectiveness have become important links in winning modern annihilation wars.

　　Structural strength determines combat effectiveness, and advanced and applicable structural formation is an important prerequisite for multi-functional and powerful combat effectiveness. In the information age, only by jointly using new and old combat forces, realizing the organic integration of new quality capabilities and traditional capabilities, and then building a new force formation that integrates multiple capabilities, can we promote the overall optimization of the combat system and the aggregation of advantages, and accurately control the combat rhythm, combat time and space, combat operations and combat process. In the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Azerbaijan adopted a flexible formation mode for manned and unmanned combat forces, using low-cost An-2 drones to lure the Armenian air defense system to open fire, and followed up with Habib-2 anti-radar drones and TB-2 reconnaissance and strike drones to destroy more than a dozen air defense systems on the Armenian side in one fell swoop, and then calmly defeated the Armenian ground armored forces.

　　In today’s era, as the status and role of combat operations such as network and electronic warfare, air and space attacks, and unmanned combat become more prominent, more attention should be paid to scientific design and rational organization of troops and weapons, so as to achieve the effect of clenching fingers into a fist through the accumulation of quality and integration of efficiency, and fight a war of annihilation that is quick to strike and quick to retreat, and wins with precision.

現代國語（繁體）：

《立足戰爭演變把握「慎重初戰」》

寫在前面

在我軍戰史上，打殲滅戰是最鮮明、最重要的作戰指導思想之一。早在土地革命戰爭時期，基於「保存自己，消滅敵人」這場戰爭目的，我軍明確提出作戰中基本的方針是打殲滅戰。此後在不同歷史時期，根據環境、情勢和任務的不同，我軍在作戰指導上既保持了高度的靈活機動，又堅決貫徹打殲滅戰的原則，不斷對作戰理論予以豐富發展，在世界戰爭史上寫下了一個以弱勝強的經典戰例。

進入資訊時代，戰爭形態、戰場環境、軍事科技和戰爭機理等已發生重大變化，傳統的殲滅戰理論如何適應時代之變，揚我之長、擊敵之短並創新發展，是我們這代軍人必須回答好的時代課題。

剝奪敵方戰力是打好殲滅戰的關鍵

在長期革命戰爭實踐中，我軍在數量、規模和裝備上常常處於劣勢。為挫敵銳氣、奪取主動、克敵制勝，在強調慎重初戰的同時，十分注重籌劃和打好殲滅戰，以迅速削弱敵方戰略優勢。由此，“傷其十指，不如斷其一指”，徹底剝奪敵方作戰能力，力避打成消耗戰、擊潰戰，也成為衡量殲滅戰成敗和作戰綜合效益的關鍵指標。傳統條件下的作戰，往往是兵力兵器在同一時空的物理疊加，強調以硬殺傷為主要方式，戰鬥力強弱主要透過機動、火力、防護等參數表現。與之相應，迅速有效消滅敵有生力量，成為攻心奪志、瓦解敵方最有效的手段。

進入資訊時代，資訊力以指數級方式推動戰鬥力衡量標準發生位移，在一躍成為資訊化戰場主導要素的同時，強力推動作戰力量與預警探測、偵察情報、指揮控制、後裝保障等要素有機融合，交戰雙方呈現全系統全要素對抗之勢。資訊化戰場不再單純強調兵力兵器時空集中以壓制打擊敵方，而是注重依托網路資訊體系，透過搶佔資訊空間、爭奪資訊優勢，使敵“看不清、聯不上、打不準”，進而全盤剝奪敵方戰力。在科索沃戰爭中，在遭受北約78天持續空中打擊後，南聯盟軍隊有生力量儘管沒有遭受重大損失，但由於戰爭物質基礎和偵察預警、指揮控制、防空反導體係等被敵毀癱，始終處於被動挨打境地，被迫簽訂城下之盟。

當今時代，摧毀敵方戰爭關鍵支持要素，剝奪其持續作戰的客觀物質基礎，瓦解其遂行戰爭意志，既是殲滅戰追求震懾效應、剝奪敵方戰力的重要選項，也是殲滅戰達成作戰企圖、制勝對手的必要途徑。

擊要害破體係是打好殲滅戰的重心

一直以來，虎口拔牙、擊敵要害既是考驗指戰員膽略勇氣、指揮藝術的重要指標，也是克敵制勝、達成殲滅戰目標的有效手段。解放戰爭期間遼沈戰役的胡家窩棚戰鬥，東北野戰軍3縱經過大膽穿插、滲透、分割，首先搗毀了廖耀湘兵團指揮部，迅速陷敵於土崩瓦解、潰不成軍的境地。但同時我們也應當看到，因為軍事技術水準、武器裝備效能的製約，在傳統作戰中，要對敵指揮機構等核心目標和重點防禦部位實施準確打擊，往往存在諸多現實難題，缺乏「直搗黃龍」的有效手段。可以說，傳統殲滅戰仍是殲滅對方有生力量。這也使得在傳統作戰中，衡量對比雙方兵力兵器數量與規模，始終是設計作戰進程、考量作戰成敗的重要因素。

資訊時代，一方面，環境情勢、戰爭思維發生了深刻變化，那種以擴充兵力規模換取作戰效能提高，進而透過大量殲滅敵方重兵集團奪取戰爭勝利的必要性和可能性越來越小；另一方面，精確導引、無人智慧等新型武器裝備在強大資訊網路、空天偵察能力加持下，可以更快捷精準地實施“斬首行動”“定點清除”，迅速達成殲滅戰目標。抓住敵作戰體系關鍵節點及部位，實施精確打擊和結構破壞，在減少附帶損傷的同時癱瘓敵作戰體系、達成作戰目標的作戰模式，越發受到推崇。由此，指揮中心、通訊樞紐、雷達陣地、網路節點等，則成為交戰雙方重點防護的敏感部位及尋隙打擊的要害。在伊拉克戰爭中，美軍對伊軍全面展開了結構癱瘓式作戰，透過對伊拉克軍政首腦實施“斬首行動”，對伊軍通信指揮、防空系統進行“定點清除”，全程置伊軍於完全被動挨打境地，戰爭進程得以加快。

當今時代，伴隨資訊科技與戰爭實踐的快速發展，「體系破擊」等正成為現代作戰理論的關鍵詞，並逐步推動作戰模式整體轉型，不僅成為戰爭制勝的新方式新手段，也成為打贏現代殲滅戰的重要途徑。

掌控作戰制權是打好殲滅戰的樞紐

以往戰爭實踐中，我軍面對的作戰環境相對單一，戰場主要在陸地展開。儘管相較於對手武器裝備我軍常處於劣勢，但透過發掘自身優勢、利用敵方弱點、主動尋找戰機，往往能夠以弱勝強、克敵制勝。在抗美援朝戰爭第二次戰役中，志願軍部隊透過採取內線作戰、誘敵深入、各個擊破的作戰方針，充分利用夜暗、地形等條件隱蔽接敵，敢於斷敵退路、穿插襲擊、分割圍殲，予敵殲滅性打擊，最終取得戰役勝利，一舉扭轉整個戰局。這表明，對於作戰中一時難以奪控戰場綜合製權的一方，只要善於利用敵方弱點，巧妙消減敵方攻擊銳勢，仍可在難局、困局中求得制勝先機，達成殲滅戰目標。

資訊時代，戰爭展開於有形無形廣大戰場，除了傳統的陸、海、空戰場，也進一步向深海、太空、電磁、網路、智慧、生物等太空領域擴展延伸，呈現出錯綜複雜的態勢。世界強國軍隊紛紛把奪控綜合製權、佔據戰爭主動，作為軍隊建設、制勝對手的重要指標和必要途徑，降維打擊成為戰場對決的必殺技。美軍近年來對外侵略就是依仗以製空天權和製資訊權優勢主導的戰場綜合製權。但是我們也要看到，對手再強大也會有致命的弱點，武器裝備相對落後的一方，即便難以全面奪控戰場綜合製權，卻依然可以在局部戰場“以能擊不能”，求得局部作戰主動，從而打贏局部殲滅戰，並以局部主動帶動全局主動，以非對稱的單項制權助力奪取局部綜合製權，並取得最終勝利。

當今時代，固然要加快軍隊各項建設，加緊鍛造奪控綜合製權、佔據戰場主動的能力手段，更要遵循現代戰爭制勝機理，靈活運用“總體戰”“認知戰”“跨域戰” 「智能戰」等戰法，以降維打擊、非對稱打擊等打法，化劣勢為勝勢，變被動為主動，在「以能擊不能」中掌控作戰制權，打贏殲滅戰。

聚優精準釋能是打好殲滅戰的要則

傳統作戰，受指揮通信、機動能力、火力速度、天候氣像等因素影響制約，力量運用往往局限於一定的作戰區域，作戰指揮和部隊行動臨機變化小，攻防行動比較分明。以往的殲滅戰，更多的還是透過梯隊（群隊）式部署，以及連續攻擊（抗擊）、層層奪佔（防守），結合穿插迂迴、分割包圍、斷敵側後等手段達成作戰目標。正因此，「集中優勢兵力，各個殲滅敵人」往往成為籌劃殲滅戰的根本遵循與重要途徑。

資訊時代，作戰力量結構發生重大變化。伴隨太空作戰、智慧作戰、隱身作戰力量，以及高超音波速飛行器、動能武器等新型武器裝備的大量湧現，軍隊資訊力、機動力、打擊力空前增大，無人智能作戰效能日益突出。儘管數量、規模仍是衡量一支軍隊戰鬥力的重要標準，但“更新、更快、更準、更智”，已開始成為衡量一支軍隊對現代戰爭適應能力的重要指標。與之相應，科學合理編組作戰力量，聚優釋放作戰效能，成為打贏現代殲滅戰的重要關節。

結構力決定戰鬥力，結構編成先進適用是戰鬥力多能、強大的重要前提。資訊時代，只有透過新舊作戰力量的聯合運用，實現新質能力與傳統能力的有機融合，進而建構集多種能力於一體的新型力量編組，才能促進作戰體系整體優化與優勢聚合，精準控製作戰節奏、作戰時空、作戰行動和作戰過程。在2020年的納卡衝突中，阿塞拜疆對有人和無人作戰力量採取了靈活編組模式，用價格低廉的安-2無人機引誘亞美尼亞防空系統開火，用哈比-2反雷達無人機和TB -2察打一體無人機跟進打擊，一舉摧毀亞方十餘套防空系統，進而從容打掉亞方地面裝甲部隊。

當今時代，隨著網電作戰、空天襲擊、無人作戰等作戰行動地位作用的進一步凸顯，更應注重科學設計、合理編組兵力兵器，透過質量累加、效能融合，達到攥指成拳的效果，打好快打快收、精打製勝的殲滅戰。

中國軍事資源：https://military.cctv.com/2022/07/07/ARTIWv2oVWmzfSsX9KKVoDPW220888.shtml

來源：解放軍報 | 2022年07月07日 08:OO

Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, 中國的情報戰, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 中國軍事認知戰, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military to Emphasize Technical Cognition as The Foundation for Victory

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中國軍隊強調技術認知是勝利的基礎

現代英文音譯：

Never before has scientific and technological power had such a profound impact on the future of the military and the outcome of wars, and never before has it been such a powerful support for a strong military to win wars.

The so-called technological cognition is the ability to recognize and grasp the performance, value and development trend of technology with the goal of promoting scientific and technological innovation and application, which is prominently reflected in the sensitivity, understanding, discrimination and control of technology. In today’s era, science and technology are becoming the core combat power of modern warfare, and the technological content has become a key indicator for measuring the quality of military construction. Faced with unprecedented opportunities and challenges, if technological cognition cannot adapt to the new requirements of the development of the times, it will be difficult to inject momentum into the generation and improvement of combat power, and it will be difficult to win the important weight to win the future.

Improving technical cognition is not only a “question to be answered” for professional and technical personnel, but also a “must-choose question” for every officer and soldier. From the perspective of the realization process of technical value and effectiveness, if the invention and creation of technology is “primary value”, then the effective use of technology is “secondary value”. Accelerating the pace of scientific and technological innovation depends on the broadening of the knowledge horizons of professional and technical personnel, keeping a close eye on the forefront of science and technology, and constantly making new breakthroughs in the research and development of forward-looking, strategic, and disruptive technologies. With more new inventions and creations in the field of military science and technology, we can increase our contribution to the construction of the army and the growth of combat effectiveness, and actively seize the commanding heights of military technology competition. The transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements depends on the officers and soldiers, especially the leading cadres at all levels, to speed up the updating of knowledge and improve their scientific and technological literacy, so as to enhance and tap the application value of technology with scientific cognition and thorough understanding of science and technology, ensure that scientific and technological achievements are transformed into real combat effectiveness, and improve the ability to prepare for war at a higher starting point and level. Obviously, from scientific and technological innovation to scientific and technological application, it is a “value-added” process that is closely connected, mutually promoted, and focused. It is a process of seeking to win through science and technology and releasing the combat effectiveness of technology to a greater extent. Technical cognition is the internal support that runs through it and demonstrates people’s active role and creative talent. We must take improving the scientific and technological literacy of officers and soldiers as a basic task. We must have political and military minds as well as scientific and technological minds. Scientific and technological literacy and scientific and technological thinking are based on and built on technological cognition. The higher the technological cognition, the stronger the innovation and creativity in the use of science and technology, and the greater the effect of promoting the growth of combat effectiveness.

Improving technical cognition is not only the key to mastering modern weapons and equipment, but also the move to accelerate the innovation of military theory and combat theory. With the rapid development of military technology, especially emerging technologies such as information, intelligence, stealth, and unmanned, the high-tech content of weapons and equipment is getting higher and higher, the replacement cycle is getting shorter and shorter, and the correlation and coupling between various types of weapons and equipment are getting stronger and stronger, and the system application characteristics are becoming more and more prominent. From a realistic perspective, insufficient technical cognition is a prominent shortcoming that restricts the mastery and use of weapons and equipment, and there is even a phenomenon that troops cannot “play” without the accompanying support of manufacturer technical personnel in exercises. Facing the new development trend of weapons and equipment, from mastering skills to exploring potential, from enhancing the effectiveness of systematic application to improving the ability of actual combat application, it is inseparable from improving technical cognition, thereby realizing the organic combination of people and weapons and equipment and obtaining a new “growth pole” in combat capability. It should also be noted that modern technology is penetrating into the military field with unprecedented strength, depth and breadth. The new military technology form accelerates the reconstruction of military theory and military system form, bringing about the deep interaction and deep integration of military technology and military theory, making technical cognition the “catalyst” of new combat theory. Practice has shown that without a thorough understanding of aviation technology, there will be no air combat theories such as air superiority; without a thorough understanding of information technology, there will be no information combat theories such as information superiority; without a thorough understanding of space technology, there will be no space combat theories such as “high frontier”. Similarly, if there is a lack of thorough understanding of the new features of artificial intelligence such as data-driven, human-machine collaboration, cross-border integration, and autonomous control, it will be impossible to create new theories and tactics such as intelligent combat and unmanned combat. Only with a technological cognitive advantage can we truly transform the military technology advantage into a theoretical leadership advantage and even a battlefield victory advantage.

Improving technology awareness is not only a way to distinguish the authenticity of technology and guard against technology fraud, but also a need to keenly perceive the development trend of military science and technology. It is worth being highly vigilant that Western media often promote and hype some so-called new technologies and new concepts, playing specious tricks. If you lack the ability to discern, cannot distinguish the true from the false, and believe everything you hear, you will inevitably fall into the technology trap set by others and become passive. Back then, the Soviet Union was led by the nose by the “Star Wars Plan” of the United States, and was confused by the Americans’ hype and deliberate fraud, which ultimately affected the entire military combat capability construction and the lesson was extremely painful. In the face of new opportunities and challenges brought about by the new round of scientific and technological revolution, we must maintain a high degree of technical acumen and insight, recognize the dominant direction and characteristics of the times in the development of military science and technology, and accurately grasp the trend of weapons and equipment developing in the direction of long-range precision, intelligence, stealth, and unmanned. The continuous emergence of disruptive technologies is profoundly changing the mode of generating combat power. Trend: new breakthroughs in high-tech will accelerate the development of new combat forces. Those military technologies that “change the rules of the game” will accelerate the evolution of war forms and combat methods. The integration of military technology and civilian technology is becoming deeper and deeper. We will strive to plan according to the situation, act according to the situation, and follow the trend, and make greater efforts to promote the development of the military through science and technology. Only by deepening the research on war and combat issues from the perspective of technological change, recognizing and grasping the characteristics, laws and winning mechanisms of informationized warfare from the influence of scientific and technological factors, and seeking breakthroughs in the innovation of combat theories and tactics by tapping into the effectiveness of technology, can we promote the precise and effective implementation of the strategy of developing the military through science and technology, lay a solid foundation and increase confidence for our military to remain invincible in future wars.

國語 中文:

●科技力量從未像今天這樣深刻影響軍隊未來和戰爭勝負，從未像今天這樣成為強軍勝戰的強力支撐。

所謂技術認知力，是以推動科技創新和運用為指向，對技術的性能功效、價值作用及發展趨勢的認識和把握能力，突出體現為對技術的敏銳度、理解力、甄別力、駕馭力。在當今時代，科技正成為現代戰爭的核心戰鬥力，科技含量成為衡量軍隊建設品質的關鍵指標。面對前所未有的機會與挑戰，如果技術認知力無法適應時代發展的新要求，就難以為戰鬥力的生成與提升注入動力，也難以贏得制勝未來的重要砝碼。

提高技術認知力，不僅是專業技術人員的“應答題”，更是每位官兵的“必選題”。從技術價值效能的實現過程來看，如果說技術的發明創造是“一次賦值”，那麼技術的有效運用就是“二次賦值”。加速科技創新步伐，有賴於廣大專業技術人員拓寬知識視野、緊盯科技前沿，不斷在前瞻性、戰略性、顛覆性技術的研發上取得新突破，以更多軍事科技領域的新發明新創造，提高對軍隊建設和戰鬥力成長的貢獻率，積極搶佔軍事技術競爭的製高點。實現科技成果的轉化應用，有賴於廣大官兵特別是各級領導幹部加快知識更新、提高科技素養，以對科技的科學認知、透徹理解，去提升和挖掘技術的應用價值，確保科技成果轉化為實實在在的戰鬥力，在更高起點和層次上提升備戰打仗能力。顯然，從科技創新到科技運用，是一個緊密銜接、相互促進、聚向發力的「賦值」過程，是一個謀求科技制勝、更大程度釋放技術作戰效能的過程，而技術認知力是貫穿其中彰顯人的能動作用、創造才能的內在支撐。要把提高官兵科技素養當作基礎性工作來抓。我們既要有政治頭腦、軍事頭腦，也要有科技頭腦。科技素養、科技頭腦以技術認知力為基礎和底蘊，技術認知力越高，運用科技的創新創造力就越強，促進戰鬥力增長的效應就越大。

提陞技術認知力，不僅是駕馭現代化武器裝備之要，更是加速推進軍事理論及作戰理論創新之舉。隨著軍事技術特別是資訊、智慧、隱形、無人等新興技術的快速發展，武器裝備高新技術含量越來越高，更新換代週期越來越短，且各型武器裝備之間的關聯度、耦合度越來越強，體系運用特點越來越突出。從現實來看，技術認知力不足是製約武器裝備掌握與運用的突出短板，甚至會出現部隊演訓離開廠家技術人員伴隨保障就「玩不轉」的現象。面對武器裝備發展的新態勢，從熟練技能到發掘潛能，從增強體系化運用效能到提升實戰化運用能力，都離不開通過提高技術認知力，進而實現人與武器裝備有機結合併獲得作戰能力新的「增長極」。也應看到，現代科技正以前所未有的力度、深度和廣度向軍事領域滲透，新的軍事技術形態加速推動軍事理論和軍事制度形態的重構，帶來軍事科技與軍事理論的深層互動、深度融合，使技術認知力成為新的作戰理論的「催生劑」。實踐表明，如果沒有對航空技術的透徹認知力，便不會有製空權等空戰理論的產生；如果沒有對信息技術的透徹認知力，便不會有製信息權等信息作戰理論的產生；如果沒有對空間技術的透徹認知力，便不會有「高邊疆」等太空作戰理論的產生。同樣，當下如果對人工智慧具有的數據驅動、人機協同、跨界融合、自主操控等新特徵缺乏透徹認知，就創造不出智慧作戰、無人作戰等新理論新戰法。有了技術認知優勢，才能真正把軍事技術優勢轉化為理論引領優勢，直到戰場制勝優勢。

提陞技術認知力，不僅是甄別技術真偽、謹防技術欺詐之策，更是敏銳洞察軍事科技發展趨向走勢之需。值得高度警覺的是，西方媒體常常宣傳炒作一些所謂的新技術新概念，玩弄似是而非的障眼法，如果缺乏甄別力，辨不清真偽，聽風就是雨，就難免落入他人設置的技術陷阱，造成被動局面。當年，蘇聯被美國搞的「星球大戰計畫」牽著鼻子走，被美國人的大肆渲染、故意欺詐弄得暈頭轉向，最後影響了整個軍事作戰能力建設，教訓極為慘痛。面對新一輪科技革命帶來的新機遇、新挑戰，必須保持高度的技術敏銳度和洞察力，認清軍事科技發展的主導方向和時代特徵，準確把握武器裝備向遠程精確化、智能化、隱身化、無人化方向發展的趨勢，不斷湧現的顛覆性技術正深刻改變戰鬥力生成模式的趨勢，高新技術的新突破將加快推進新型作戰力量發展的趨勢，那些「改變遊戲規則」的軍事技術將加速戰爭形態和作戰方式嬗變的趨勢，軍用技術和民用技術的融合度越來越深的趨勢，努力做到因勢而謀、應勢而動、順勢而為，下更大氣力推動科技興軍。惟有善於從技術變革視角去深化戰爭和作戰問題研究，從科技因素影響去認識和把握資訊化戰爭的特點規律、制勝機理，從挖掘技術效能去尋求作戰理論和戰法創新的突破，才能推動科技興軍精準落地、有效落實，為我軍在未來戰爭中立於不敗之地夯實基礎、增添底氣。

中國軍事資料來源： http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4845888.html