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Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知對抗, 認知戰

Chinese Military’s Consideration of How to Win Intelligent Warfare – Dominance in Cognitive Confrontation

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中國軍隊對如何打贏智慧戰爭的思考——認知對抗中的主導地位

外文音譯：

The evolution of war patterns always goes hand in hand with the industrial revolution. In recent years, the wave of intelligence has surged and has been widely and deeply applied in the military field, ushering in intelligent warfare for human society. Intelligent warfare is rooted in the intelligent society, with “human-machine intelligence fusion” as its main feature. The empowerment of intelligence makes the role of cognition in combat more prominent, and cognitive-led victory will become an important mechanism for winning wars.

　　The history of the development of war naturally pushes cognition to the dominant position

　　War in the information age occurs simultaneously between the physical domain, the information domain, and the cognitive domain. It should be pointed out that the physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain are not the exclusive domain of war in the information age. All wars and even all history are derived from the joint action of the three. They have come and gone in the long history of war, and have alternately become the dominant force in winning battles. elements.

　　(1) Energy dominates playing speed and strength. When the form of war changes, the mobility, lethality and protective power in the physical domain increase, often becoming the key to victory in combat. This is true for iron weapons and war horses in cold weapon warfare, muskets and artillery in hot weapon warfare, and ships, tanks, and aircraft in mechanized warfare. To sum up, it is energy dominance. Energy dominates the game with speed and strength. Whoever has a better, faster, and stronger main battle platform is often more likely to win. However, the effectiveness of weapons cannot be infinitely developed. Nowadays, platform mobility has been limited by human physiological limits and has encountered a bottleneck. Nuclear weapons also tell us that regardless of whether there is an upper limit to the development of firepower, its use will be strictly limited.

　　(2) Information takes the lead to achieve accuracy and integrity. The information domain focuses on the transmission and sharing of information. The development of information warfare has caused the confrontation between the two combatants to “gradually change from a problem of intensity, material and energy to a problem of structure, organization, information and control.” Information replaces energy and becomes the key to victory in combat. Information dominance means focusing on precision and overall control. Whoever’s weapon platform has higher strike accuracy and whose combat system has stronger information sharing capabilities will be more likely to win. However, the relationship between information advantage and decision-making advantage is not linear. As the amount of information continues to increase, the formation of decision-making advantage must also resort to intellectual support in the cognitive domain.

　　(3) Cognition-led development of intelligence and design. The cognitive domain includes perception, judgment and decision-making, etc., and has been a must for military strategists since ancient times. Ancient military classics such as “Sun Tzu’s Art of War” contain rich ideas of wisdom and victory such as “predicting victory first” and “attacking with troops through strategy”. In the history of war, there are countless examples of winning by relying on strategy. Cognition leads the development of intelligence and design. Especially when the form of war matures, confrontation between evenly matched opponents will always be dominated by cognition. If we look at the development level of energy and information in the past, there are still great constraints on commanders’ planning and design of operations. So today’s great development of the two provides conditions for them to effectively achieve their intentions. Being able to do it as soon as you think of it is naturally shifting the dominant factor in winning battles to cognition. The side with higher intelligence and stronger design capabilities can often dominate the development of the battle situation.

　　Intelligence will give cognitive dominance a special era connotation

　　Intelligence is not about letting machine intelligence surpass, replace or eliminate humans, but rather using it to assist, liberate and enhance humans, and achieve human self-transcendence through the integration of human-machine intelligence. It enables humans, who have been using cognition to transform the world and change wars for thousands of years, for the first time to have the ability to transform cognition itself. This transformation is no longer the accumulation of knowledge, but a leap in ability; it is no longer the patent of a few elites. Rather, it is a characteristic of society as a whole. When it widely penetrates into the combat field, the form of war will enter the intelligent war, and cognitive dominance will take on a new connotation.

　　(1) Expansion of cognitive space. In today’s era, human factors and weapon factors are becoming more and more closely integrated. The most typical examples are drones and intelligence. “Intelligence” mainly refers to autonomous systems, that is, simulating and materializing human intelligence and transplanting it into machines. Machine intelligence empowerment will allow autonomous systems to easily break through human physiological limits, enter environments that humans cannot bear at a speed beyond human reach, and rely on a certain amount of “on-site intelligence” to complete tasks that humans are unable or unwilling to complete. It may not really improve people’s cognition, but it will definitely extend people’s cognition in space and expand the combat space to extreme areas such as deep space, deep sea, and deep earth.

　　(2) Improvement of cognitive efficiency. There are countless examples of cognitive victory, but there are only two reasons for this. Either rely on perceptual cognition, that is, intelligence. In the age of information scarcity, the level of decision-making is positively correlated with the amount of information. From small to large amounts of information, the quality of decision-making improves almost linearly. It is said that “if you know your enemy and yourself, victory is not in danger; if you know the sky and the earth, victory is endless.” Either rely on rational cognition, that is, judgment and strategy. Clausewitz said: “Three-quarters of the situations on which actions are based in war seem to be hidden in the clouds and are more or less unreal.” Excellent commanders can always reveal ” The information behind “The Mist” is what is said to be “what everyone knows, it has already been written; what I see, it has not yet been formed.” But when information moves from scarcity to overload or even “explosion”, the function curve between decision quality and information quantity begins to decline, making it increasingly difficult to use complex information to form accurate judgments. At this time, intelligence seems to be coming as planned. Computational intelligence may not surpass humans in terms of logical capabilities, but its powerful processing speed can solve the decision-making dilemma caused by information overload.

　　(3) Cognitive interconnection and sharing. Combat is a violent confrontation between armed groups. Regardless of decision-making or actions, timely and effective communication between combatants is required. The advantage of information dominance is information sharing. However, due to the subjectivity of cognition, people often have different understandings of information, or even completely different opinions. The same information does not mean that the same information works in the same direction. With the development of machine intelligence, brain-computer interface and other technologies, their “silicon brains” will rely on the linkability that is significantly better than that of the human brain to promote the evolution of the network form from the Internet of Things to the Internet of Brains, and combat interaction will subsequently be based on information sharing. Moving towards situation sharing and decision-making sharing, the combat system will truly be realized and exerted.

　　Cognitive dominance will be widely used in intelligent warfare

　　Winning by instant advantage means “having the comprehensive capabilities and favorable situation to defeat the opponent at the moment when force is launched against the enemy, at the decisive point of the war.” It is the fundamental winning mechanism of war. The dominant factor in seizing and maintaining immediate advantages varies with changes in war forms. In intelligent warfare, cognition dominates.

　　(1) Relying on the advantage of cognitive control of time to predict and strike preemptively to a new level. Time is the only irreducible factor in combat, and preemption is the eternal winning mechanism. Intelligent warfare will increasingly seize control of time advantage. First, you must first sense the enemy. In 2017, the US military proposed the concept of “algorithmic warfare”, which is to use intelligent analysis technology to quickly extract high-value intelligence from massive amounts of data. The popularization of intelligence in the future will push forward the intelligent perception of intelligence to ensure that enemies are discovered from the source. Secondly, we must make decisions before the enemy. The hybrid intelligence of human-machine integration and the network intelligence of up-down linkage will help realize distributed synchronized combat planning, and all levels within the organization can realize the integrated generation of combat plans. The third is to act before the enemy. The troops can prepare for combat in advance according to the specific process of joint decision-making. Once the combat plan is generated, they can immediately switch to combat.

　　(2) Relying on cognition to create military superiority, unmanned swarms and group operations will become typical new tactics. Victory with more and less is the embodiment of “victory with instant advantage” in the use of combat forces. In intelligent warfare, victory with more and less is mainly the use of cognitive materialization, that is, machine intelligence, to shape military superiority and implement unmanned swarm or group operations. . First of all, the development of intelligent and additive manufacturing technologies has enabled autonomous systems to achieve cost savings and gain an absolute advantage over the enemy in terms of the number of platforms with the same investment. Secondly, when autonomous systems enter the battlefield, no matter how brave or tenacious they are, even the best soldiers cannot match them. Unmanned or manned-unmanned coordinated swarm operations will be both violent, saturated, and economical. In addition, the unmanned group combat formed by the combination of machine intelligence and bionics will demonstrate powerful systematic combat capabilities through self-learning, self-collaboration, self-healing and even self-evolution capabilities.

　　(3) Relying on cognition to expand spatial advantages, cross-domain efficiency enhancement and global integration will reach a new level. Intelligence will not only create a new combat space, but also expand the breadth and depth of joint operations. Autonomous systems with certain cognitive capabilities can secretly maneuver to deep space and deep sea space near key targets or important passages to conduct infiltration and latent operations, forming a new cross-domain check and balance advantage against the enemy. “The defenders’ towers are silent and their traces are gone. They are more mysterious than ghosts and gods. They are underground and cannot be seen. The attackers are fast and fierce, as fast as thunder and lightning. They are in the sky and cannot be caught and prepared.” It can form a new asymmetry to the enemy. Advantage. Use intelligent sensing to form a more accurate understanding of the combat environment, use intelligent decision-making to implement a more reasonable allocation of combat resources, use intelligent networks to provide more flexible access to combat platforms, and achieve flexible deployment of combat forces, full-domain linkage, and efficient energy release.

　　(4) Aiming at the enemy’s cognition, attacking the mind and controlling the brain, control replaces destruction as a new way to win. Compared with the traditional “conquering the enemy without fighting”, intelligent warfare has greatly expanded its ability to attack the mind and control the brain. The former puts more emphasis on “win on the road” and focuses on deterring opponents; the latter focuses more on influencing and controlling opponents. In December 2017, Russia’s base in Syria was attacked by a “swarm” of 13 small drones. Russia controlled 6 of them using electronic warfare means, which was the prototype of mind control. One is to fabricate information to influence. In the future, real-life audio and video synthesis, pervasive network attacks, and immersive virtual reality will provide more effective means to influence the opponent’s cognition. The second is to tamper with the program to influence. Such as using “core attack warfare” to tamper with the algorithm of the enemy’s command and decision-making system. The third is to directly control the enemy’s decision-making. Use cyber warfare, electromagnetic warfare and other methods to control the enemy’s “brain” attacks to achieve the goal of stopping and winning the war at the minimum cost.

繁體中文：

戰爭形態嬗變總是與產業革命相伴相生。 近年來，智慧化浪潮洶湧而來，並在軍事領域廣泛深入應用，使人類社會迎來智慧化戰爭。 智能化戰爭根植於智慧社會，以「人機智能融合」為主要特徵，智能的賦能使認知在作戰中的地位更加凸顯，認知主導制勝將成為戰爭制勝的重要機制。

　　戰爭發展的歷史自然地把認知推向主導地位

　　資訊時代戰爭同時發生在物理域、資訊域和認知域之間。 需要指出，物理域、資訊域和認知域都不是資訊時代戰爭的專屬領域，一切戰爭甚至一切歷史，都源自於三者的共同作用，它們在戰爭歷史長河中此起彼伏，交替成為作戰制勝的主導 要素。

　　（一）能量主導打速度、打力量。 當戰爭形態發生嬗變，物理域的機動性、殺傷力和防護力的躍升，經常成為作戰制勝的關鍵。 冷兵器戰爭的鐵器、戰馬，熱兵器戰爭的火槍、火砲，機械化戰爭的船、坦克、飛機都是如此，概括起來就是能量主導。 能量主導打速度、打力量，誰的主戰平台更好、更快、更強，往往誰就更容易取勝。 但武器效能不能無限發展，如今平台機動力已經囿於人的生理極限而遭遇瓶頸；核武又告訴我們，不管火力發展有無上限，使用必將嚴格受限。

　　（二）資訊主導打精度、打整體。 資訊域重點在於資訊的傳輸和共享。 資訊化戰爭的發展，使作戰雙方的對抗“逐漸從強度、物質和能量問題轉變為結構、組織、資訊和控制問題”，資訊取代能量成為作戰制勝的關鍵。 資訊主導就是打精度、打整體，誰的武器平台打擊精度更高，誰的作戰體系資訊共享能力更強，誰就更容易取勝。 但資訊優勢到決策優勢的關聯也並非線性，隨著資訊量的持續提升，決策優勢的形成還要訴諸認知域的智力支撐。

　　（三）認知主導打智能、打設計。 認知域包括感知、判斷和決策等，自古以來便為兵家之所必爭。 《孫子兵法》等古代兵經有「廟算先勝」「上兵伐謀」等豐富的智勝思想，戰爭史上依靠謀略取勝的戰例更是不勝枚舉。 認知主導打智能、打設計。 尤其是當戰爭形態趨於成熟，勢均力敵的對手之間的對抗，總是會以認知為主導。 如果說過去能量和資訊的發展水平，對指揮官籌劃設計作戰還有很大限制。 那麼今天兩者的極大發展，則為他們有效達成意圖提供了條件。 想到即能做到，正在使作戰制勝的主導要素自然地向認知轉移，智能水平更高、設計能力更強的一方，往往就能主導戰局發展。

　　智能化將賦予認知主導特殊時代內涵

　　智能化不是要讓機器智能超越、取代或淘汰人，而是用它輔助、解放和增強人，透過人機智能融合，實現人的自我超越。 它使千百年來一直利用認知改造世界、改變戰爭的人類，首次有能力改造認知本身，這種改造不再是知識的積累，而是能力的躍升；不再是少數精英的專利， 而是整個社會的特徵。 當它廣泛滲透到作戰領域，戰爭形態便跨入智能化戰爭，認知主導也有了新的內涵。

　　（一）認知空間拓展。 在當今時代，人的因素、武器因素結合得越來越緊密。 最典型的例子就是無人機、智慧化。 「智能化」主要指自主系統，即模擬、物化人的智能，並移植到機器中。 機器智能賦能將使自主系統輕鬆突破人的生理極限，以人類無法企及的速度，進入人類無法承受的環境，並憑藉一定的“現場智能”，完成人類不能或不願完成的任務。 它未必能真正提升人的認知，但卻一定會在空間上延伸人的認知，使作戰空間向深空、深海、深地等極限領域拓展。

　　（二）認知效率提升。 認知制勝的戰例不可勝數，但個中原因不外有二。 要么靠感性認知，即情報。 資訊匱乏年代，決策水準與資訊量成正相關，資訊量由小到大，決策品質幾乎線性提升，所謂「知彼知己，勝乃不殆；知天知地，勝乃不窮」。 要麼靠理性認知，即判斷和謀略。 克勞塞維茲說：「戰爭中行動所依據的情況有3／4好像隱藏在雲霧裡一樣，是或多或少不真實的。」優秀指揮官總是能夠憑藉經驗和推理，揭示出「 迷霧」背後的訊息，所謂「眾人所知，已成已著也；我之所見，未形未萌也」。 但當資訊從匱乏走向過載甚至“爆炸”，決策品質與資訊量間的函數曲線也開始下滑，利用繁雜資訊形成準確判斷變得難上加難。 此時，智能化似乎如約而至，計算智能未必可在邏輯能力上逾越人類，但其強大的處理速度，卻恰好使資訊過載帶來的決策困境迎刃而解。

　　（三）認知互連共享。 作戰是武裝團體間的暴力對抗，無論決策或行動，都需要作戰人員之間進行及時有效地交流。 資訊主導的優點是資訊分享，但由於認知的主觀性，人們對資訊的理解往往見仁見智，甚至大相逕庭，相同資訊並不意義相向而行。 隨著機器智慧、腦機介面等技術的發展，它們的「矽腦」將憑藉明顯優於人腦的可連結性，推動網路形態由物聯網向腦聯網演進，作戰互動將隨之由資訊共享 邁向態勢共享、決策共享，作戰體系將真正實現並向發力。

　　認知主導將在智慧化戰爭中廣泛應用

　　即時優勢制勝，就是“在向敵發力的那一時刻，在戰爭決定點的對抗，具有能戰勝對方的綜合能力和有利態勢”，它是戰爭的根本製勝機理。 奪取和維持即時優勢的主導要素因戰爭形態變化而不同，在智慧化戰爭中是認知主導。

　　（一）依靠認知奪控時間優勢，先知先決、先發制人達到新境界。 時間是唯一不可還原的作戰要素，先發制人是亙古不變的致勝機理，智慧化戰爭對時間優勢的奪控將更趨激烈。 首先要先敵感知。 2017年美軍提出「演算法戰」概念，就是要利用智慧分析技術，從海量資料中快速擷取高價值情報。 而未來智能的普及，將前推情報的智能感知，從源頭確保先敵發現。 其次要先敵決策。 人機融合的混合智能，上下連動的網路智能，將協助實現分散式的作戰同步籌劃，編成內各層級可實現作戰方案一體生成。 第三要先敵行動。 部隊可依連動決策的具體進程，緊前展開作戰準備，一旦作戰方案生成，可立即轉入作戰。

　　（二）依靠認知塑造兵力優勢，無人集群、族群作戰將成為典型新戰法。 以多勝少是「即時優勢制勝」在作戰力量運用上的具體化，智能化戰爭的以多勝少，主要是利用認知物化，即機器智能，塑造兵力優勢，實施無人集群或族群作戰 。 首先，智慧和積層製造技術的發展，使自主系統實現成本跳水，可在同等投入獲取平台數量的對敵絕對優勢。 其次，自主系統走上戰場，無論勇敢或堅韌，即使最優秀的士兵也無法比肩，無人或有人—無人協同集群作戰將兼具猛烈性、飽和性和經濟性。 此外，機器智能與仿生學結合形成的無人族群作戰，將透過自我學習、自我協同、自我療癒甚至自我進化能力，展現強大的體系化作戰能力。

　　（三）依賴認知拓展空間優勢，跨域增效、全域融合將升至新境界。 智慧化不僅會催生新的作戰空間，同時帶來聯合作戰在廣度和深度上的拓展。 具備一定認知能力的自主系統，可秘密機動至重點目標或重要通道附近的深空、深海空間，實施滲透潛伏作戰，對敵形成新的跨域制衡優勢。 「守者韜聲滅跡，幽比鬼神，在於地下，不可得而見之；攻者，勢迅聲烈，疾若雷電，如來天上，不可得而備也”，可對敵人形成新的非對稱 優勢。 利用智慧感知對作戰環境形成更精準認知，利用智慧決策對作戰資源實施更合理調配，利用智慧網路為作戰平台提供更靈活接入，實現作戰力量彈性部署、全域連動、高效釋能。

　　（四）瞄準敵方認知攻心控腦，控制取代摧毀成為制勝新途徑。 較之傳統的“不戰而屈人之兵”，智能化戰爭的攻心控腦大有拓展。 前者更強調“道勝”，重視嚇阻對手；後者更多的是影響和控制對手。 2017年12月，俄羅斯駐敘利亞基地遭受13架小型無人機「蜂群」攻擊，俄以電子戰手段控制其中6架，即為攻心控腦之雛形。 一是虛造訊息來影響。 未來，以假亂真的聲像合成，無孔不入的網路攻擊，身臨其境的虛擬現實，將為影響對手認知提供更多有效手段。 二是篡改程序來影響。 如利用「攻芯戰」來篡改敵方指揮決策系統的演算法。 三是直接控制敵方決策。 利用網路戰、電磁戰等方式對敵實施控「腦」攻擊，以最小代價實現止戰、勝戰之目的。

2019年12月24日 11:00:48 資料來源： 解放軍報　作者：董治強

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知戰

Chinese Military Exploring Ways to Win Cognitive Domain Operations

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中國軍隊探索贏得認知域作戰的方法

中國軍網 國防部網 2022年9月1日 星期四

現代英文音譯：

Judging from the latest local war practice, cognitive domain operations have become an important variable that profoundly affects the direction of war. In cognitive domain operations, all parties compete fiercely for control of public opinion, information guidance, and cognitive shaping. There are not only physical confrontations, but also competitions in virtual space, demonstrating the distinctive characteristics of “technology +” in the digital era. Exploring the way to win in cognitive domain operations is of great practical significance for controlling the initiative in cognitive domain operations and winning future wars.

Seizing control of the brain has become the ultimate goal of cognitive domain operations

The brain is the material basis of all thinking activities and the command center that influences and controls human behavior changes. Feeling, perception and consciousness constitute the three aspects of the world that the brain reflects. How to win the right to control the brain has increasingly become the focus of research and attention by all warring parties in the field of cognitive domain operations.

Actively fight for sensory control. Feeling is the reaction caused by the characteristics of objective things in the human brain, and is the basis for various complex psychological processes. With the rapid development of brain science, molecular biology, neurochemistry and other disciplines, humans have gradually gained the ability to intervene and control the brain at the physiological level. According to foreign experimental results, inhaling oxytocin will make people more trusting of others and more empathetic, thereby affecting a person’s prosociality and moral performance. In future operations, the warring parties will use physical stimulation such as sound, light and electricity, or chemical drugs to act on the target’s hearing, vision, smell and other sensory systems. They may even directly act on the human brain to stimulate the target’s brain. Specific emotional reactions can achieve cognitive influence and control on the physiological level.

Effective competition for perceptual suppression. Perception is a psychological process formed on the basis of sensation and reflects the overall image and surface connection of objective things. Among them, the individual’s attitude, motivation, interest, as well as past experience and future expectations are the key variables that affect the individual’s perception of the perceptual target. During wartime, warring parties aim at the target’s psychological doubts, weaknesses, and needs, seize favorable opportunities, and use specific information to emotionally influence, mentally induce, or disrupt the target’s perception in order to increase the target’s perception of the target. The expectation of war risks weakens their will to resist and their determination to fight, thereby achieving the purpose of subduing the enemy with a small war, less fighting or even no fighting.

Comprehensive competition for the right to shape consciousness. Consciousness is realized through psychological processes such as feeling, perception, and thinking, and is manifested as the unity of knowledge, emotion, and intention. The fundamental purpose of war is to force the enemy to surrender. Judging from the war practice at home and abroad in ancient and modern times, in order to win the right to shape consciousness, the warring parties will do their best to mobilize all available military power and comprehensively use political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other means to carry out political disintegration and diplomatic measures against the enemy. Isolation, guidance of public opinion, and declaration of legal principles can trigger rational thinking, ethical resonance, or value recognition of target individuals or groups, thereby changing their worldview, outlook on life, and values, forming a relatively stable and long-term cognitive influence or control, thereby achieving “complete victory.” “the goal of.

Controlling information becomes the key to cognitive domain operations

The weapon and ammunition of cognitive domain operations is information. Mastering the initiative in the generation, identification, acquisition, dissemination and feedback of information is the key to gaining battlefield advantage in the cognitive domain.

Actively implement strong psychological stimulation to promote information penetration. Modern warfare is fierce and complex, with various elements of confrontation unfolding in multi-dimensional and multi-domain contexts, and fighter jets fleeting. The forces and methods acting in the cognitive domain must keep up with the development and changes of the battlefield situation, and make extensive use of strong psychological stimulation methods such as subliminal information implantation, acousto-optical electromagnetic psychological nuisance damage, and non-contact emotional control to take the initiative to induce the target. The subject’s emotions, will, thoughts, beliefs, etc. appear chaotic, confused or radically changed, thereby achieving the purpose of controlling and influencing the cognitive system of the target subject.

Extensive use of intelligent algorithms to achieve accurate push. As the Internet penetrates into every aspect of human life, everyone will leave massive amounts of data and information online. During wartime, warring parties will use modern information technologies such as big data, cloud computing, the Internet of Things, and blockchain to analyze the target’s social data, trajectory data, financial data, online shopping records, search records, personal communication records and other network data. The information is deeply mined and associated to achieve a “cognitive portrait” of the target object, and the target object’s interest preferences, behavioral trends, interpersonal relationships and value orientations are systematically analyzed, thereby three-dimensionally grasping the characteristics of relevant individuals or specific groups. Then, with the help of intelligent algorithm technology, personalized and customized cognitive information is accurately pushed to the target object, thereby affecting the target object’s attitude, emotion and value judgment towards the war, thereby promoting the realization of one’s own combat objectives and political intentions.

Effectively aggregate social support systems to achieve overall linkage. The social support system is the material and spiritual help and support that a person can obtain from others in his or her social network. It is a key factor that affects and determines the emotional support and cognitive direction of an individual. It can be said that for the success of cognitive domain operations, it is crucial to obtain the support and assistance of the target’s social support system. With the help of modern information technology, we can effectively connect to the target’s relatives, friends, classmates, partners and other specific social relations. By exerting targeted influence on the above-mentioned relations, we can gain the understanding, support and trust of the other party, and mobilize the specific relations to When the target object exerts influence, it is easier to win the trust and acceptance of the target object, and it is easier for the target object to undergo cognitive changes, thereby achieving the purpose of cognitive influence and control on the target object.

Virtual space becomes the main battlefield for cognitive domain operations

With the continuous expansion of human virtual space, virtual space is becoming the main battlefield of modern warfare, especially cognitive domain warfare, which determines the outcome of future wars to a certain extent.

Emerging communication forms have become new means of warfare in the cognitive domain. With the continuous development of mobile Internet technology, emerging communication forms represented by social media have gradually become a new platform and mainstream position for cognitive confrontation. Judging from recent local wars, the status and role of social media has become more and more prominent. All warring parties use personal blogs, forums and other platforms to publish battlefield pictures, videos, and comments in real time, which has not only become a global mobile online media terminal. It has also become the main battleground for the value perception game among different countries and different factions around the world. Emerging communication forms such as social media, with their unique decentralization and interactivity characteristics, have broken the information monopoly and information control in traditional communication methods and spawned numerous product styles. While meeting people’s information needs, they are also Unknowingly changing people’s perceptions. It is foreseeable that social media will play an increasingly prominent role in cognitive domain operations in the future.

Cyberspace has become a new space for cognitive domain operations. Under the conditions of informatization and intelligence, the threshold of network technology has been greatly reduced, making it possible to watch the game in real time around the world. Modern warfare has developed from “living room warfare” in the television era to “handheld warfare” in today’s all-media era. Online live broadcast is more intuitive and richer than any form of battlefield reporting, and “global synchronicity” has become a prominent feature. Through live broadcasts on the Internet, videos and pictures of fierce battles between the two warring parties, as well as numerous burned tanks and armored vehicles, as well as homes destroyed by the war and refugees fleeing their homes, can be visually displayed. People can see the micro-state of individual civilians and soldiers on both sides through the Internet. The “transparency” of the battlefield makes any attempt to conceal the truth and false statements more and more difficult. But on the other hand, the emergence of technologies such as intelligent voice cloning and video portrait simulation replacement means that what people see may not necessarily be “as seen” and what they hear may not be “as heard”. Cognition under online live broadcasts Domain operations add more room for possibility and imagination.

The intelligent network army has become a new force in cognitive domain warfare. The development of information networks has broken through the authenticity limitations of interpersonal communication, and it is difficult for us to determine whether the other end of the network is a real person. Based on the needs of large-scale interaction, intelligent, automated, and large-scale cyberspace robots are emerging. They are widely active in every corner of cyberspace. These intelligent network armies have the capabilities of intelligent recognition, intelligent response and even brain-like thinking. They are tireless and work around the clock. Intelligent network armies are becoming an important force in future cognitive domain operations. Judging from the current development trends of related technologies, major countries and even business organizations in the world are focusing on the potential prospects of network robots in group penetration, live broadcast follow-up, shaping public opinion, and managing network crises. In the flexible guidance of network intelligent robots, Increase research and development efforts on key technologies such as automatic acquisition of technology groups, automatic cultivation and group penetration, and provide intelligent and efficient technical support for public opinion guidance, cognitive shaping, and behavioral guidance and control by discovering and effectively utilizing the behavioral patterns of network users.

原創中文軍事國語:

從最新的局部戰爭實踐來看，認知域作戰已成為深刻影響戰爭走向的重要變因。 認知域作戰中，各方圍繞輿論掌控、資訊引導、認知塑造等展開激烈爭奪，不僅有實體對抗，更有來自虛擬空間的較量，展現出數位時代「技術+」的顯著特徵。 探尋認知域作戰制勝之道，對於掌控認知域作戰主動權、打贏未來戰爭具有重要的現實意義。

奪取控腦權成為認知域作戰終極目標

大腦是一切思考活動的物質基礎，是影響和控制人類作出行為改變的指揮中樞，而感覺、知覺和意識則構成了大腦反映世界的三個面向。 如何贏得控腦權，日益成為交戰各方在認知域作戰領域研究與關注的重點。

積極爭奪感覺控制權。 感覺是客觀事物的特性在人腦中引起的反應，是形成各種複雜心理過程的基礎。 隨著腦科學、分子生物學、神經化學等學科的快速發展，人類開始逐步獲得在生理層面對大腦進行幹預和控制的能力。 根據國外實驗結果顯示，吸入催產素會讓人更信任他人，更能產生共感，進而影響一個人的親社會性和道德表現。 未來作戰，交戰各方透過利用聲光電等物理刺激，或化學藥物作用於目標對象的聽覺、視覺、嗅覺等感覺系統，甚至將上述影響直接作用於人的腦部，在目標對像大腦中激發出 特定的情緒反應，可實現對其在生理層面的認知影響和控制。

有效爭奪知覺抑制權。 知覺是在感覺基礎上形成的，反映客觀事物的整體形象和表面連結的心理過程。 其中，個體的態度、動機、興趣，以及過去的經驗和未來的預期，是影響個體對知覺目標知覺的關鍵變項。 戰時，交戰各方透過瞄準目標對象心理上的疑點、弱點、需求點，抓住有利時機，借助特定的訊息，對目標對象的知覺進行情感影響、心智誘導或攻心瓦解，以增加目標對象對 戰爭風險的預期，削弱其抵抗意志和作戰決心，從而實現小戰、少戰甚至不戰而屈人之兵的目的。

全面爭奪意識塑造權。 意識是透過感覺、知覺、思考等心理過程實現的，表現為知、情、意的統一。 戰爭的根本目的是迫使敵人屈服。 從古今中外的戰爭實踐看，為了贏得意識塑造權，交戰各方會盡其所能，調用一切可以調用的軍事力量，綜合運用政治、經濟、文化、外交等手段，對敵人實施政治瓦解、外交 孤立、輿論引導、法理宣示，引發目標對象個體或群體的理性思辨、倫理共鳴或價值認同，進而改變其世界觀、人生觀、價值觀，形成較為穩定長遠的認知影響或控制，從而實現「全勝 」的目的。

掌權控制資訊權成為認知域作戰關鍵

認知域作戰的武器彈藥是訊息，掌握資訊的生成、辨識、取得、傳播、回饋的主動權，是贏得認知域戰場優勢的關鍵。

主動實施強烈心理刺激，助推訊息滲透。 現代戰爭對抗激烈複雜，各種對抗要素在多維多域立體展開，戰機稍縱即逝。 作用於認知域的力量與手段必須緊跟戰場態勢發展變化，廣泛藉助閾下訊息植入、聲光電磁心理滋擾損傷、非接觸式情緒控制等強烈心理刺激手段，主動出擊，以誘導目標 對象的情感、意志、思想、信念等出現混亂、迷惘或激變，進而達成對目標對象認知系統控制與影響的目的。

廣泛運用智慧演算法，實現精準推送。 隨著網路滲入人類生活各個層面，所有人都會在網路上留下大量資料資訊。 戰時，交戰各方會藉助大數據、雲端運算、物聯網、區塊鏈等現代資訊技術，對目標對象的社交數據、軌跡數據、金融數據、網購記錄、搜尋記錄、個人通訊記錄等網路數據 資訊進行深度挖掘關聯，實現對目標對象的“認知畫像”，系統分析出目標對象的興趣偏好、行為趨勢、人際關係以及價值取向，從而立體掌握相關個體或特定群體的特徵。 而後藉助智慧演算法技術，將個人化客製化認知訊息向目標對象實施精準推送，進而影響目標對象對戰爭的態度、情感以及價值判斷，進而助推己方作戰目的與政治意圖的實現。

有效聚合社會支持系統，實現整體連結。 社會支持系統，是一個人在自己的社會關係網絡中所能獲得的、來自他人的物質和精神上的幫助和支援，是影響和決定個體獲得情感依賴和認知走向的關鍵因素。 可以說，認知域作戰能否成功，獲得目標對象社會支持系統的支持和協助至關重要。 借助現代資訊技術，可以有效關聯到目標對象的親人、朋友、同學、合作夥伴等特定社會關係人，透過對上述關係人施加針對性影響，取得對方的理解、支持和信任，動員特定關係人對 目標對象施加影響，更能贏得目標對象的信任與接納，更容易使目標對象產生認知改變，進而達成對目標對象的認知影響與控制的目的。

虛擬空間成為認知域作戰主戰場

在人類虛擬空間不斷拓展的趨勢下，虛擬空間正成為現代戰爭尤其是認知域作戰的主戰場，某種程度上決定未來戰爭的勝負。

新興傳播形態成為認知域作戰新手段。 隨著行動互聯技術的不斷發展，以社群媒體等為代表的新興傳播形態逐步成為認知對抗的全新平台和主流陣地。 從近幾場局部戰爭來看，社群媒體的地位作用越來越突出，交戰各方透過借助個人部落格、論壇等平台即時發布戰場圖文、錄影和評論跟帖，不僅成為全球行動網媒終端 的共議話題，也成為全球不同國家、不同勢力派別價值認知賽局的主陣。 社群媒體等新興傳播形態以其獨特的去中心化及互動性特點，打破了傳統傳播方式中的資訊壟斷與資訊控制，催生了眾多的產品樣態，在滿足人們資訊需求的同時，也在 不知不覺中改變人們的認知。 可以預見，未來認知域作戰中，社群媒體的地位角色將會越來越突出。

網路空間成為認知域作戰新空間。 在資訊化智慧化條件下，網路技術的門檻大大降低，全球即時觀戰成為可能。 現代戰爭已從電視時代的“起居室戰爭”，發展成今天全媒體時代的“掌上戰爭”。 網路直播比任何形式的戰地報道都更直觀更豐富，「全球共時性」成為突出的特點。 透過網路直播，交戰雙方激戰的影片、畫面和眾多燒毀的坦克、裝甲車，以及被戰火毀壞的家園、逃離家園的難民都可以直觀地呈現出來。 人們可以透過網路看到一個個具體的平民、雙方戰士的微觀狀態，戰場的「透明化」讓任何試圖掩蓋真相的努力和不實的虛假陳述變得愈來愈困難。 但另一方面，智慧語音克隆、視頻人像模擬替換等技術的出現，讓人們看到的不一定“誠如所見”，聽到的也不一定“真如所聽”，網絡直播下的認知 域作戰增添了更多可能和想像的空間。

智慧化網路軍團成為認知域作戰新生力量。 資訊網路的發展突破了人際溝通的真實性限制，我們難以確定網路另一端是不是真實存在的人。 基於大規模互動的需要，智慧化、自動化、規模化的網路空間機器人正異軍突起，它們廣泛活躍於網路空間的各個角落。 這些智慧化網路軍團具備智慧辨識、智慧應答甚至類腦思考的能力，並且不知疲憊、全時無休，智慧化網路軍團正成為未來認知域作戰的重要力量。 從當前相關技術發展趨勢來看，世界各主要國家甚至商業組織，正在把目光投向網路機器人在群組滲透、直播跟評、塑造輿論態勢、管控網路危機等方面的潛力前景，在網路智慧機器人柔性引導 技術群自動取得、自動培育和群組滲透等關鍵技術上加強研發力度，透過發現並有效利用網路使用者行為規律，為輿論引導、認知塑造、行為導控提供智慧、高效的技術支援。

孫志友　　孫海濤

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢

Chinese Military Analysis : Characteristics and Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations

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中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢

外文原文音譯：

Cognitive domain operations take people’s will, beliefs, thinking, psychology, etc. as direct combat objects, and then affect their decisions and actions by changing the opponent’s cognition. Entering the era of information-based and intelligent warfare, cognitive domain warfare has become an important form of great power game, with all parties striving to achieve political goals in a relatively controllable manner. Gaining insight into the characteristics and development trends of cognitive domain operations is of urgent and important practical significance for winning future wars.

At present, the cognitive domain has entered the war stage as an independent domain, and has increasingly become a common domain, a battleground, and a weight for victory in the game between great powers. Analyze the characteristics and development trends of cognitive domain operations, which are reflected in at least the following eight aspects.

The cognitive domain is the key domain for transforming military advantage into political victory.

On the surface, military confrontation is a confrontation between the hard power of both sides. On a deeper level, no matter what the nature of the war is and for what purpose, it is ultimately a contest of human wills. The key to victory is the ability to impose your will on your audience. As long as the enemy’s will to fight is deprived and defeated, the war is won. Cognitive domain warfare uses human will, spirit, psychology, etc. as the target of confrontation, strengthening one’s own will while weakening the enemy’s will, thereby achieving the political goal of conquering the heart and mind. In this sense, the cognitive domain is the key domain for transforming military advantage into political victory. As war accelerates its evolution toward intelligence, cognitive quality advantages bring decision-making and action advantages, which can not only occupy the moral and legal high ground and create a favorable situation of justice and legality, but also realize small wars through hybrid warfare and comprehensive game means. Even the purpose of winning without fighting. Especially in the context of great power competition, the cost of war is high. All parties hope to intensify the competition for cognitive domains and force their opponents to retreat in a “humane” and “economic” manner.

By changing the opponent’s perception, it can change its decisions and actions

The purpose of implementing cognitive attacks is to use an “invisible hand” to control the opponent’s will, making the opponent feel “I can’t” and “I dare not”, and then achieve the effect of “I don’t want to”. Foreign military practice has shown that cognitive attacks on people’s will, beliefs, thinking, and psychology can be long-term cultural implantation, information suppression in the form of “information ocean + covering one’s mouth to silence”, or preemptive speech. Active shaping of political power can also use historical grievances to provoke the outbreak of conflicts. At present, information technology, artificial intelligence technology, and media technology have strengthened their direct effects on the cognitive domain. Using intelligent generation software, a large amount of cognitive “munitions” can be produced to accurately act on the cognitive layer of combat targets, directly imposing “will” to rivals” and quickly change the strategic situation. Looking forward to the informationized and intelligent battlefield, situational awareness forces and platforms are widely distributed in combat domains such as land, sea, air, and space networks. Cognitive behaviors such as planning, decision-making, and control dominate operations in various combat domains, especially the cognition of human-machine hybrids in future intelligent warfare. Advantages will dominate the battlefield. Cognitive interference, cognitive confusion, cognitive blocking and other means can be used to create a “fog” of war cognition, inducing opponents to misjudge the situation and make wrong decisions and actions.

Cognitive domain operations are full-time offense and defense, full personnel coverage, full use, full domain shaping, and full government action

Cognitive domain operations are all-round, multi-level, hyper-temporal, and cross-domain. They blur the boundaries between wartime and peacetime, front and rear, cross battlefields and national boundaries, go beyond the pure military field, and widely penetrate into politics. , economy, diplomacy and other social fields, showing the characteristics of “five completes”. Full-time offense and defense, there is no distinction between peacetime and wartime, and there is no difference between the front and the rear. It is expressed as being online all the time and in war all the time. Covering all personnel, anyone, including intelligent robots, may become the target of cognitive domain operations. It is used throughout the whole process of joint operations before and during the war. Before the joint military operation is launched, the cognitive shaping operation has begun and will accompany the military operation and will not stop with the military operation. Global shaping, cognitive shaping runs through all levels of strategy, operations, and tactics, and its scope covers all domains of land, sea, air, and space networks. Cross-domain empowerment has an impact on all-domain operations. As a whole-of-government action, cognitive shaping is naturally strategic and requires consistent and coordinated actions across departments, fields, military and localities, and levels to achieve the best communication effect.

The key is to seize control over the right to define the nature of an action or activity, the right to dominate the process, and the right to judge the outcome.

The cognitive game struggle involves multiple opposing parties and seems complicated. The key is to compete for the “three powers” in the cognitive domain. First, fight for the right to define the nature of the event. That is, how to view this incident, whether it is just or unjust, legal or illegal. Usually, pre-emptive definitions, group alliances and forced definitions, information suppression and unilateral definitions, setting issues and applying definitions are usually adopted to guide and shape the public to form qualitative perceptions. Second, compete for dominance over the event process. That is, how to do something, how not to do it, who did it right and who did it wrong, usually by setting up a trap and other methods, trying to dominate the development direction of the target event according to the state that one’s own side expects. Fast and slow, pause, continue and end. Third, compete for the right to judge the outcome of the incident. That is, how to evaluate this matter, who is the gainer and who is the loser, who is the immediate loser, who is the long-term loser, etc. All parties are trying to control the outcome of the incident by amplifying the advantages to themselves and the disadvantages to the enemy. The purpose is to use the extended effect of the incident to continue to harm the enemy and benefit themselves.

Morality and legal principles are the focus of contention between all parties

Military operations have always paid attention to the principle of “discipline and reputation”. Although the shape of war is evolving at an accelerated pace, the essential nature of war as subordinate to politics will not change; the nature of war and the support of people’s hearts are still the key factors that affect the outcome of a war. On the battlefield in the cognitive domain, by occupying the commanding heights of politics, morality, and law, we can win the hearts and minds of the people and moral support, create a public opinion atmosphere in which moral support is abundant, and then seize the opportunity to defeat the enemy. In every war or conflict, whether it is the strong or the weak, whether the attacker, the defender, or a third party, all parties will try their best to seize cognitive dominance and the initiative of public opinion. They will do everything possible to package themselves with morality, focus on declaring a just position, and try to find ways to defend themselves. Qualify the war, justify the action, eliminate resistance, increase support, and create a favorable situation in which “righteousness” defeats “unrighteousness”. The strength balance between the two sides in the war is different, and the cognitive confrontation methods aimed at occupying the moral and legal high ground will also be different. Recent wars have shown that when a party has strong soft and hard power, that is, it has strong military strength, many allies and partners, and a large share of international voice, it often declares war in a high-profile manner; when military actions may trigger chain reactions, it is often handled in a vague manner. The word “war”.

Information is the basic “ammunition” for cognitive attack and defense

In the network information age, the way humans communicate continues to undergo complex and profound changes. On-site interactive interactions have gradually given way to online connections. Some large-scale social platforms have become the main battleground for cognitive games and the main channels for influencing public cognition. Using information as ammunition to fight for the right to block international networks and control discourse has become a common practice today. One of the main actions of confrontation. On these platforms, various short videos have become the “first scene” for the public to understand the war situation, and information travels faster than cannonballs. The use and blocking, dominance and regulation of platforms have become the focus of battles in the cognitive domain. All parties strive to spread and amplify their own propaganda, denounce and suppress the other party’s propaganda by manipulating social platforms, forming a “I say more, you say less” “A situation where “I’m right and you’re wrong” and “I can only say it and you’re not allowed to say it”. As users of large-scale social platforms, the public is influenced by and affects others in the process of “listening”, “speaking” and even “doing”, and unknowingly becomes the agents and attack props of those behind the scenes.

Military operations play a key supporting role in shaping cognition

The history of human war shows that military warfare is always the basic support of political contests, while psychological warfare is the effectiveness multiplier of military warfare. What cannot be retrieved on the battlefield cannot be expected to be retrieved at the negotiation table, let alone in the field of public opinion. In modern warfare, cognitive communication operations always go hand in hand with joint military operations. Mental warfare and military warfare influence and support each other. The trend of military warfare becoming mental warfare and mental warfare becoming military warfare is more obvious. From the perspective of war practice, it is absolutely impossible without military strength, but military actions alone are not omnipotent. Multiple victories on the battlefield are not a sufficient condition for victory in war. In the Vietnam War, although the United States “won every battle, it lost the entire war.” At the beginning of the 21st century, the United States fought successive wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, winning battlefield victories but not political victory. By the same token, military victory does not mean winning public opinion, and winning the battlefield does not mean winning strategic victory. In modern warfare, two types of people play an increasingly important role: those who win by writing thousands of lines of code, and those who win by writing thousands of messages. The side with superior quantity and quality of these two types of personnel will often have a higher probability of winning.

Cognitive countermeasures technology is increasingly used directly in warfare

In past wars, the influence and effect on the cognitive domain were mainly transmitted to the cognitive domain level by level through a large number of damaging actions in the physical domain. With the development and breakthroughs of information communications, artificial intelligence, biocrossing, brain science and other technologies, new cognitive warfare tools and technologies are directly targeting military personnel. Cognitive countermeasures use not only traditional information warfare weapons, but also an arsenal of neural weapons that target the brain. By then, machines will be able to read human brains, and human brains will also be able to directly control machines. Intelligent command and control systems can directly provide battlefield situation and decision-making assistance. Realistic cognitive ammunition and precise audience placement will greatly enhance the social impact. Cognitive countermeasures technology is increasingly being used directly in warfare. The indirect cognition implicit in informatization is gradually transforming into a direct influence and control of people’s cognition. It can be said that with the support of advanced technology, cognitive domain operations can achieve political goals more directly and efficiently by building a modern network architecture and developing a data visualization platform to quickly understand the information environment and effectively influence target groups.

(Author’s unit: Institute of War Studies, Academy of Military Sciences)

原版軍事繁體中文：

認知域作戰以人的意志、信仰、思考、心理等為直接作戰對象，進而透過改變對手的認知來影響其決策與行動。 進入資訊化、智慧化戰爭時代，認知域戰爭成為大國博弈的重要形式，各方力爭以相對可控的方式實現政治目標。 洞察認知域作戰的特徵和發展趨勢，對於贏得未來戰爭具有迫切而重要的現實意義。

目前，認知領域已作為獨立領域進入戰爭階段，日益成為大國博弈的共同領域、戰場、制勝砝碼。 分析認知域維運的特徵和發展趨勢，至少反映在以下八個面向。

認知域是軍事優勢轉化為政治勝利的關鍵領域。

從表面上看，軍事對抗是雙方硬實力的對抗。 從更深層次來說，無論戰爭的本質、目的是什麼，最終都是人類意志的較量。 勝利的關鍵是將你的意志強加給觀眾的能力。 只要剝奪並擊敗敵人的戰鬥意志，戰爭就勝利了。 認知域戰以人的意志、精神、心理等為對抗目標，強化己方意志，削弱敵方意志，進而達到征服人心的政治目標。 從這個意義上講，認知域是軍事優勢轉化為政治勝利的關鍵領域。 隨著戰爭加速向智慧化演進，認知品質優勢帶來決策和行動優勢，不僅可以佔領道德和法律制高點，創造正義合法的有利局面，還可以透過混合戰爭和綜合戰爭實現小規模戰爭。遊戲的意思。 甚至以不戰而勝為目的。 尤其是在大國競爭的背景下，戰爭成本高。 各方都希望加劇認知領域的競爭，以「人道」和「經濟」的方式迫使對手退卻。

透過改變對手的感知，可以改變其決定和行動

實施認知攻擊的目的是用一隻“看不見的手”控制對手的意志，讓對手感到“我不能”、“我不敢”，進而達到“我不想”的效果”。 國外軍事實踐表明，對人的意志、信仰、思維、心理的認知攻擊可以是長期的文化植入、「資訊海洋+摀嘴沉默」形式的資訊壓制，或是先發制人的言論。 主動塑造政治權力也可以利用歷史恩怨來挑起衝突的爆發。 目前，資訊科技、人工智慧科技、媒體科技對認知領域的直接作用加強。 利用智慧生成軟體，可生產大量認知“彈藥”，精準作用於作戰目標的認知層，直接將“意志”強加給對手，快速改變戰略態勢。展望信息化、智能化戰場態勢感知部隊和平台廣泛分佈於陸、海、空、天網絡等作戰領域，規劃、決策、控制等認知行為主導各作戰領域的作戰行動，尤其是人機認知未來智能戰爭中，優勢將主導戰場，可以利用認知幹擾、認知混亂、認知封鎖等手段製造戰爭認知“迷霧”，誘導對手誤判形勢，做出錯誤決策和行動。

認知域作戰是全時攻防、全員覆蓋、全用、全域塑造、全政府行動

認知域操作是全方位、多層次、超時空、跨域的。 它們模糊了戰時與平時、前方與後方的界限，跨越戰場與國界，超越純粹的軍事領域，廣泛滲透到政治領域。 、經濟、外交等社會領域，呈現「五個全面」的特質。 專職攻防，無平時戰時之分，無前線後方之別。 表現為一直在線，一直處於戰爭狀態。 涵蓋所有人員，包括智慧機器人在內的任何人都可能成為認知域作戰的目標。 它貫穿戰前和戰中聯合作戰的整個過程。 之前

聯合軍事行動啟動，認知塑造行動已經開始，並將伴隨軍事行動，不會隨著軍事行動而停止。 全球塑造、認知塑造貫穿戰略、作戰、戰術各個層面，範圍涵蓋陸、海、空、天網絡各領域。 跨域賦能對全局營運產生影響。 認知塑造作為政府整體行動，自然具有戰略性，需要跨部門、跨領域、跨軍隊、跨地方、跨層級一致協調行動，才能達到最佳傳播效果。

關鍵在於掌握對行為或活動性質的定義權、過程的主導權和結果的判斷權。

認知博弈鬥爭涉及多個對立方，看起來很複雜。 關鍵是認知領域的「三權」爭奪。 首先，爭取事件性質的界定權。 就是如何看待這起事件，正義或不正義，合法或非法。 通常採取先發制人的定義、群體聯盟與強制定義、資訊壓制與單邊定義、提出問題與應用定義等方式來引導和塑造大眾形成定性認知。 其次，爭奪賽事進程的主導權。 即某件事如何做，如何不做，誰做對了，誰做錯了，通常透過設置陷阱等方法，試圖根據自己的狀態來主導目標事件的發展方向。己方所期望的。 快、慢、暫停、繼續、結束。 第三，爭奪事件結局的判斷權。 也就是如何評價這件事，誰是獲益者，誰是受損者，誰是眼前的受損者，誰是長期的受損者等等。各方都在試圖透過放大優勢來控制事件的結果對自己不利，對敵人也不利。 目的是利用事件的延伸效應，持續損敵利己。

道德和法理是各方爭論的焦點

軍事行動歷來講究「紀律和信譽」的原則。 儘管戰爭形態正在加速演變，但戰爭服從政治的本質不會改變； 戰爭的本質和人心的支持仍然是影響戰爭勝負的關鍵因素。 在認知域戰場上，透過佔領政治、道德、法律的製高點，贏得民心和道義支持，營造道德支持充沛的輿論氛圍，進而搶佔先機。擊敗敵人的機會。 每一次戰爭或衝突，無論是強者或弱者，無論是攻擊者、防禦者或第三方，各方都會竭盡全力搶佔認知主導權和輿論主動權。 他們會千方百計用道德包裝自己，專心宣示正義立場，並想辦法為自己辯護。 限定戰爭，正當化行動，消除阻力，加大支持，創造「義」戰勝「非義」的有利局面。 戰爭雙方的實力對比不同，旨在佔領道德和法律制高點的認知對抗方式也會不同。 近來的戰爭表明，當一方軟硬實力較強，即軍事實力強大，盟友和夥伴眾多，國際話語權較大時，往往會高調宣戰； 當軍事行動可能引發連鎖反應時，往往會以模糊的方式處理。 一個「戰」字。

資訊是認知攻防的基本“彈藥”

在網路資訊時代，人類的溝通方式不斷發生複雜而深刻的變化。 現場互動逐漸讓位給線上連線。 一些大型社群平台已成為認知博弈的主戰場和影響大眾認知的主要管道。 以資訊為彈藥，爭取封鎖國際網絡和控制話語權，已成為當今的常見做法。 對抗的主要動作之一。 在這些平台上，各種短視頻成為公眾了解戰情的“第一現場”，信息傳播得比砲彈還快。 平台的使用與屏蔽、主導與監管已成為認知領域爭奪的焦點。 各方透過操縱社群平台，努力傳播和放大自己的宣傳，譴責和打壓對方的宣傳，形成「我說多，你說少」的局面

其中「我是對的，你是錯的」和「我只能說，你不可以說」。 大眾作為大型社群平台的用戶，在「聽」、「說」甚至「做」的過程中，受到他人的影響和影響，不知不覺地成為幕後黑手的代理人和攻擊道具。

軍事行動在塑造認知方面發揮關鍵的支持作用

人類戰爭史表明，軍事戰爭始終是政治較量的基礎支撐，而心理戰則是軍事戰爭效能的倍增器。 戰場上救不回來的，在談判桌上也無法救回來，更不可能在輿論場上救回來。 在現代戰爭中，認知通訊行動總是與聯合軍事行動並進。 心理戰和軍事戰相互影響、相互支持。 軍事戰變心理戰、心理戰變軍事戰的趨勢更加明顯。 從戰爭實踐來看，沒有軍事實力是絕對不行的，但單靠軍事行動也不是萬能的。 戰場上的多次勝利並不是戰爭勝利的充分條件。 在越戰中，美國雖然「百戰百勝，卻輸掉了整場戰爭」。 21世紀初，美國連續打伊拉克、阿富汗戰爭，取得了戰場勝利，但沒有取得政治勝利。 同樣的道理，軍事上的勝利並不意味著贏得輿論，贏得戰場並不意味著贏得戰略上的勝利。 在現代戰爭中，有兩種​​人扮演著越來越重要的角色：一種是透過編寫數千行程式碼獲勝的人，一種是透過編寫數千條訊息獲勝的人。 這兩類人員數量和品質都更勝一籌的一方往往獲勝的機率更高。

認知對抗技術越來越多地直接用於戰爭

過去的戰爭，對認知域的影響和作用，主要是透過物理域的大量破壞行為，逐級傳遞到認知域。 隨著資訊通訊、人工智慧、生物交叉、腦科學等技術的發展和突破，新的認知戰工具和技術直接針對軍事人員。 認知對抗不僅使用傳統的資訊戰武器，還使用一系列針對大腦的神經武器。 屆時，機器將能夠讀取人腦，人腦也將能夠直接控制機器。 智慧指揮控制系統可以直接提供戰場態勢和決策輔助。 真實的認知彈藥和精準的受眾投放將極大提升社會影響力。 認知對抗技術越來越多地直接用於戰爭。 資訊化隱含的間接認知正逐漸轉變為對人們認知的直接影響和控制。 可以說，在先進技術的支持下，認知域作戰透過建構現代化網路架構、開發資料視覺化平台，快速了解資訊環境，有效影響目標群體，可以更直接、有效率地實現政治目標。

（作者單位：軍事科學學院戰爭研究所）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/1017888.html

Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, 認知對抗

Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain

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中國軍事在作戰領域使用認知對抗

現代英語作為外語音譯：

Modern warfare, according to the characteristics of material form, usually divides the combat domain into the physical domain, the information domain, and the cognitive domain. The three domains interact with each other to form the field and soil for military confrontation. Although cognitive domain operations occur in the cognitive domain, their operational support often spans various fields. War practice shows that with the enhanced effectiveness of hard strikes in the physical domain, cognitive formation can often be accelerated, and cognitive realization can better meet combat needs.

Cognitive offense and defense cannot be separated from physical support

Today’s world is a world where everything is interconnected. The collection of different objects connected to each other greatly enhances the function of independent individuals acting alone. Cognitive domain operations are never isolated operations between cognitive carriers. Only by integrating cognitive offense and defense into an integrated joint operations chain, closely integrating with physical domain military strike operations, and tightly integrating with the entire combat system can we fully exert combat effectiveness.

The starting point of cognition. Existence determines consciousness. Thinking and cognition is not a fairy from the sky, but a true or tortuous reflection of the real world. Without the foundation of the material world, thinking and cognition will lose the source of information, the basis for analysis and judgment, and the accuracy of decision-making and action, making it difficult for people to trust, recognize, and rely on. Even the most psychedelic science fiction wars still have references to real combat targets, specific combat objectives, and corresponding combat paths. Therefore, intelligence reconnaissance analysis has become an indispensable and important link for commanders to organize troops and plan. “Without investigation, there is no right to speak” is regarded as a golden rule that must be followed in decision-making. Battlefield simulation simulations have become an important step for the success of combat operations. In history, most of the combat commands of accomplished generals and classic combat cases that can withstand the test of history and practice are all based on full investigation and research and scientific intelligence analysis. Without the hard-core support of the real world, “human beings think about , and God laughs.”

The basis of cognitive effects. A golden rule of operations in the cognitive domain is that soft power at the cognitive level must be supported by hard strikes at the physical level in order to ensure and strengthen its effect. Strong military pressure is a necessary prerequisite for cognitive means to work, and continuous victory on the battlefield is the core support for winning cognitive wars. If the United States does not have the high-pressure pressure of its super comprehensive national strength and superior technology, its “Star Wars Plan” may not really work. If cognitive domain operations lack the support of specific military operations in the physical domain, they will never produce the good effects of doubting, confusing, deterring, and defeating the enemy. To grasp the initiative in thinking and cognition and to take the initiative in cognitive domain operations, we must not only strengthen the construction of cognitive ontology, improve the ability to directly use strategies and technical means to strengthen self-protection, intervene and influence the opponent’s thinking and cognition, but also actively strive to The physical domain leverages the conduction effect of military operations in the physical domain to enhance thinking and cognition.

The starting point for cognitive realization. Marxism believes that once theory grasps the masses, it will also become material force. From the perspective of combat in the cognitive domain, spiritual creation at the superstructure level of cognition will not automatically turn into material power. Only by being attached to a certain material carrier and practical grasp can it be possible to realize spiritual to material and consciousness. A critical leap into existence. Just as in World War II, if the German army had not bypassed the Maginot Line, broke through the Ardennes Forest, and launched a surprise attack into the French hinterland, it would have been impossible to demonstrate the foresight of the cognitive achievement of the “Manstein Plan”; similarly, if there had been no Allied Forces, The military’s successful landing in Normandy, which invaded the east and west, also failed to highlight the ingenuity of the “overlord plan” strategy of “building plank roads openly and concealing warehouses secretly”. Thinking and cognition are transmitted through people to specific military operations in the physical domain, and then the specific military operations in the physical domain realize the material transformation of cognitive results, forming the fundamentals of the two-way interaction between cognitive offense and defense and military strikes in the physical domain.

The basic method of physical attack to support cognitive offense and defense

The methods and methods used by military strikes in the physical domain to support cognitive offense and defense follow the general law that matter determines consciousness and existence determines thinking. The basic methods can be divided into enhanced support, confirmation support and realization support.

Enhanced support. Military strikes in the physical domain strengthen the formation and development of thinking and cognition. Although thinking and cognition depend on the quality of the cognitive carrier itself, it will be difficult to achieve without the support of military operations in the physical domain. The most basic role of military operations in the physical domain in the cognitive domain is to provide solid support for the formation and development of thinking and cognition. Thinking and cognition can only be stable and far-reaching if it is based on real physical actions. For example, in the early days of the Korean War, when the Korean People’s Army was overwhelming, our army’s combat staff Lei Yingfu and others accurately predicted the landing of the US military based on the war situation, geographical and weather characteristics of the Korean Peninsula, especially the various actions of the US and South Korean troops at that time, etc. time and location. Similarly, Li Qiwei of the “United Nations Army” also made a judgment on the “worship offensive” based on the logistics support, weapons and equipment, and tactical use of the volunteers, and used “magnetic tactics” to fight me. These are all enhancements to the formation and development of thinking and cognition caused by combat in the physical domain.

Confirmation type support. Military strikes in the physical domain confirm preset thinking, precognition, and prejudgment. Cognitive attack and defense does not only occur at the cognitive level, but is the interaction between cognition and practice. War is a “place of life and death, a way of survival”. If one’s cognitive decision-making cannot be verified in many directions at the practical level, then acting rashly is the greatest irresponsibility for war. During the revolutionary war years, our military’s decision-makers were always under the control of the overall strategy and gave front-line commanders the power to act as appropriate and in accordance with the overall strategic direction principle. This is a positive confirmation of strategic thinking. During the Second World War, the Allies used “false facts” to mislead, constantly shaping and strengthening the German army’s misunderstanding of the Allied landing sites on the European continent, and finally successfully landed in Normandy with minimal cost. This was a counter-attack. To confirm.

Implementation support. Provide direct physical support for the realization of thinking, cognition, judgment and decision-making. Thinking and cognition must be transformed into actual results that change the world. The thinking and cognition acting on the opponent is not the end but a new starting point. Next, it must be acted upon in the physical world through “skilled hands” and “brave heart”. In other words In short, it is to provide direct physical action support for the value realization of thinking and cognition. This is just like Zhuge Liang’s clever plan, no matter how brilliant it is, if there is no implementation by the “Five Tiger Generals” and other Shu Han soldiers, it can only remain at the cognitive level of talking on paper. No matter how efficiently the first three parts of the “OODA” loop operate, if the execution link “A” is missing, it will be a “dead loop”. Similarly, the results of our military’s command decisions also depend on the resolute, thorough, and creative execution of the officers and soldiers. The quality and efficiency of the execution directly determines the effectiveness of the implementation of the command decisions. In this regard, physical actions at the execution level are of extremely important practical significance.

Effectively strengthen the interaction between cognitive offense and defense and physical strikes

Thinking and cognition must rely on the support of physical actions, which is an objective law that is independent of human will. It is an extremely important task to strengthen the communication and interaction between thinking and cognition and physical strikes to make our thinking and decision-making more targeted, objective and operable, so as to better transform cognitive advantages into action advantages and winning advantages. .

Be more proactive and solidify your cognitive foundation. Whether the thinking and cognition is correct depends fundamentally on its compatibility with objective reality and its applicability to combat opponents. Only thinking and cognition based on full investigation and research, seeking truth from facts and comparative advantages can stand the test of practice and actual combat. The practice of absolute, sacred, and nihilistic thinking or generals’ genius, wisdom, and inspiration is idealistic, one-sided, and harmful. This requires that we must work hard to base our thinking and cognition on the basis of extensive investigation, research and intelligence analysis, and truly understand the enemy’s situation, our situation, and other people’s situations, truly know our enemies and ourselves, know everything we should know, and adapt to local conditions. The camera moves. At the same time, we must combine reading books without words with books with words, unify indirect theory with living practice that is constantly developing and changing, and dialectically recognize past experiences and lessons and other people’s experiences and lessons, so that they become our own knowledge. Help instead of shackles, assist instead of dominate.

Be more proactive and strengthen cognitive rationality. Correct understanding that can withstand the long-term test of practice and actual combat comes from practice and is strengthened through feedback from practice. Cognitive practical experience is only the basic material for obtaining correct cognition. To form scientific cognition, we need to further eliminate the false and preserve the true in the repeated collision and verification of consciousness and matter, thinking and existence, in order to improve cognitive rationality. It is wrong and even fatal to think that true knowledge can be obtained once and for all from only local situations, fragmented information and individual periods of time. In the Battle of Chibi in ancient China, Cao Cao’s side only came to the understanding of conjoining warships from the common sense that iron cables can balance the shaking of the ship’s hull, but did not confirm it from the actual combat effects or consequences of concatenating warships. If you don’t know how to recreate, you will easily tie up the ship with iron ropes and tie yourself up, and ultimately end up in the disastrous defeat of “burning Red Cliff”. Times have changed, and the enemy situation on the modern battlefield is ever-changing. There has never been an unchanging cognitive practice, nor a once-and-for-all cognitive achievement. It can only strip away impurities and extract the essence from material to cognitive to material confirmation for re-cognition. , can we return to rationality.

Be more proactive in objectifying cognitive outcomes. Cognitive achievements are only the result of thinking and consciousness nurtured in cognitive carriers. Without timely and effective material transformation, it will be like walking at night wearing brocade clothes or hiding treasures in the mountains, and it will be difficult to demonstrate its own value. Thinking and cognition are based on physical actions, and ultimately rely on specific actions in the physical domain before they can be materialized and transformed into actual results that change the subjective and objective worlds. This requires us to not only consolidate the cognitive foundation and strengthen cognitive rationality, but also improve the operability of cognitive decision-making and planning as much as possible, opening the door for smoother materialization and transformation. At the same time, efforts must be made to improve the execution capabilities of decision-making and deployment executors, so that they can correctly understand the intention of decision-making, creatively adopt appropriate methods based on specific realities, and maximize the implementation of cognitive results and operational decision-making plans to the end. Be a good “ferryman” and “bridge across the river” that connects and transforms cognitive results with combat effectiveness.

(Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute, Academy of Military Sciences)

原始繁體中文：

現代戰爭根據物質形態的特點，通常將作戰域分為物理域、資訊域和認知域。 這三個領域相互作用，形成軍事對抗的場域和土壤。 認知域操作雖然發生在認知領域，但其操作支援往往跨越各領域。 戰爭實踐表明，隨著物理領域硬打擊效能的增強，往往可以加速認知形成，認知實現更能滿足作戰需求。

認知攻防都離不開物質支撐

當今世界是一個萬物互聯的世界。 相互連結的不同物體的集合極大地增強了獨立個體單獨行動的功能。 認知域操作從來都不是認知載體之間孤立的操作。 將認知攻防融入一體化聯合作戰鏈，與物理域軍事打擊行動緊密結合，與整個作戰體系緊密結合，才能充分發揮戰鬥力。

認知的起點。 存在決定意識。 思維和認知不是天上來的仙女，而是現實世界的真實或曲折的反映。 離開了物質世界的基礎，思考和認知就會失去資訊的來源、分析判斷的基礎、決策和行動的準確性，使人難以信任、認知、依賴。 即使是最迷幻的科幻戰爭，仍然會參考真實的作戰目標、具體的作戰目標以及相應的作戰路徑。 因此，情報偵察分析成為指揮組織部隊、規劃不可或缺的重要環節。 「沒有調查就沒有話語權」被視為決策必須遵循的金科玉律。 戰場模擬模擬已成為作戰行動成功的重要一步。 歷史上，大部分功將的作戰指揮和經得起歷史和實踐檢驗的經典作戰案例，都是建立在充分調查研究和科學情報分析的基礎上的。 沒有現實世界的硬派支撐，「人類一思考，上帝就笑」。

認知效應的基礎。 認知領域作戰的一條金科玉律是，認知層面的軟實力必須有實體層面的硬實力支撐，才能確保並強化其效果。 強大的軍事壓力是認知手段發揮作用的必要前提，戰場上的持續勝利是贏得認知戰爭的核心支撐。 如果美國沒有超強的綜合國力和優越的技術的高壓壓力，其「星際大戰計畫」可能無法真正發揮作用。 認知域作戰如果缺乏物理域具體軍事行動的支撐，永遠不會產生疑、迷、震懾、克敵的良好效果。 要掌握思維認知的主動權，掌握認知域作戰的主動權，不僅要加強認知本體建設，提高直接運用策略和技術手段加強自我保護、幹預和影響對手的能力。思維和認知，還積極努力在物理領域利用軍事行動在物理領域的傳導效應，增強思維和認知。

認知實現的起點。 馬克思主義認為，理論一旦掌握了群眾，也就成為物質力量。 從認知領域的戰鬥來看，認知上層建築層面的精神創造並不會自動轉化為物質力量。 只有執著於一定的物質載體和實踐把握，才有可能實現精神到物質、意識的轉變。 實現的關鍵飛躍。 正如二戰時，如果德軍沒有繞過馬其諾防線，突破阿登森林，向法國腹地發起奇襲，就不可能展現「德軍認知成就」的先見之明。曼斯坦計畫」； 同樣，如果沒有盟軍，軍隊在東西兩進的諾曼第成功登陸，也未能凸顯出「明修棧道、暗藏倉庫」的「霸王計畫」戰略的巧妙之處。 思維認知透過人傳遞到物理域的具體軍事行動，再由物理域的具體軍事行動實現物質轉化。

認知結果，形成認知攻防和物理領域軍事打擊之間雙向互動的基礎。

物理攻擊支撐認知攻防的基本方法

物理領域軍事打擊支持認知攻防所採用的手段和方式，遵循物質決定意識、存在決定思維的一般法則。 基本方式可分為增強支援、確認支援和變現支援。

增強支援。 物理領域的軍事打擊加強了思維和認知的形成和發展。 思維認知雖然依賴認知載體本身的品質，但如果沒有物理領域軍事行動的支持，就很難實現。 物理領域軍事行動在認知領域最基本的作用就是為思考認知的形成與發展提供堅實的支持。 思考和認知只有建立在真實的身體行動的基礎上，才能穩定、深遠。 例如，朝鮮戰爭初期，朝鮮人民軍勢不可擋時，我軍作戰參謀雷英夫等人根據朝鮮半島戰局、地理、天氣特點，準確預測了美軍登陸，尤其是當時美軍和韓國軍隊的各種行動等等時間地點。 同樣，「聯合國軍」的李奇偉也根據志願軍的後勤保障、武器裝備、戰術運用等，對「拜拜攻勢」做出了判斷，用「磁性戰術」與我作戰。 這些都是物理領域的戰鬥對思維認知的形成與發展的增強。

確認類型支援。 物理領域的軍事打擊證實了預設的思維、預知和預判。 認知攻防不僅發生在認知層面，而是認知與實踐的互動。 戰爭是「生死之地，生存之道」。 如果一個人的認知決策無法在實踐層面得到多方位的驗證，那麼輕舉妄動就是對戰爭最大的不負責任。 革命戰爭年代，我軍決策層始終處於整體戰略的掌控之中，賦予第一線指揮官依照整體戰略方向原則酌情行動的權力。 這是對戰略思維的正面肯定。 二戰期間，盟軍利用「虛假事實」進行誤導，不斷塑造並強化德軍對歐洲大陸盟軍登陸地點的誤解，最終以最小的成本成功登陸諾曼第。 這是一次反擊。 確認。

實施支援。 為思維、認知、判斷和決策的實現提供直接的物質支持。 思維和認知必須轉化為改變世界的實際結果。 作用於對手的思維和認知不是終點而是新的起點。 接下來，必須透過「巧手」和「勇敢的心」在物質世界中付諸行動。 換句話說，簡而言之，就是為思考認知的價值實現提供直接的身體行動支撐。 這就像是諸葛亮的巧妙計劃，無論多麼輝煌，如果沒有「五虎將」和其他蜀漢將士的實施，也只能停留在紙上談兵的認知層面。 無論“OODA”循環的前三部分運行得多麼高效，如果缺少執行環節“A”，那麼這將是一個“死循環”。 同樣，我軍指揮決策的結果也取決於官兵的堅決、徹底、創造性執行。 執行的品質和效率直接決定指揮決策的執行效果。 就此而言，執行層面的身體動作具有極為重要的現實意義。

有效加強認知攻防與身體打擊的互動

思考和認知必須依靠身體動作的支持，這是不依賴人的意志的客觀規律。 加強思考認知與身體打擊的溝通互動，使我們的思維和決策更加具有針對性、客觀性和可操作性，從而更好地將認知優勢轉化為行動優勢和製勝優勢，是一項極其重要的任務。 。

更加積極主動並鞏固您的認知基礎。 思維認識是否正確，從根本上取決於它是否符合客觀現實，是否適用於打擊對手。 唯有思考

而充分調查研究、實事求是、比較優勢的認識是經得起實踐和實戰檢驗的。 實行絕對的、神聖的、虛無的思想或將軍的天才、智慧、靈感，是唯心主義的、片面的、有害的。 這就要求我們必須努力把思維認識建立在廣泛調查研究和情報分析的基礎上，真正了解敵情、我情、他人情，真正知己知彼、知己知彼。應該了解並因地制宜。 相機移動。 同時，要把閱讀無字書與有字書結合起來，把間接理論與不斷發展變化的生活實踐結合，辯證地認識過去的經驗教訓和別人的經驗教訓，使之成為我們自己的經驗教訓。知識。 幫助而不是束縛，協助而不是支配。

更積極主動，強化認知理性。 經得起實踐和實戰長期檢驗的正確認識來自於實踐，並透過實踐的回饋得到強化。 認知實務經驗只是獲得正確認知的基礎材料。 形成科學認知，需要在意識與物質、思考與存在的反覆碰撞與驗證中進一步去偽存真，以提高認知理性。 認為只有從局部情況、碎片資訊和個別時期才能一勞永逸地獲得真正的知識是錯誤的，甚至是致命的。 在中國古代的赤壁之戰中，曹操一方只是從常識中得出了連體戰船的認識，即鐵纜可以平衡船體的晃動，但並沒有從實戰效果或連體後果中證實這一點。軍艦。 如果不懂得再造，很容易就會用鐵繩把船綁起來，把自己綁起來，最後落得「火燒赤壁」的慘敗。 時代變遷，現代戰場敵情瞬息萬變。 從來沒有一成不變的認知實踐，也沒有一勞永逸的認知成就。 它只能從物質中剔除雜質，提取精華，去認知，去物質確認，重新認知。 ，我們能否回歸理性。

更主動地客觀化認知結果。 認知成就只是認知載體中孕育思考和意識的結果。 如果沒有及時有效的物質改造，就會像穿著錦衣走夜路或藏寶藏山一樣，很難展現出自身的價值。 思維和認知是以物理行為為基礎的，最終要依靠物理領域的具體行為才能具體化，轉化為改變主觀世界和客觀世界的實際結果。 這就要求我們不僅要夯實認知基礎、強化認知理性，還要盡可能提高認知決策和規劃的可操作性，為更順利的物化和轉化打開大門。 同時，要努力提高決策部署執行者的執行能力，使他們能夠正確理解決策意圖，根據具體實際創造性地採取適當的方法，最大限度地落實認知結果和經營決策計劃進行到底。 當好認知結果與戰鬥力銜接轉化的「擺渡人」、「過河橋樑」。

（作者單位：軍事科學學院軍事政治工作研究所）

中國軍事資料來源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-12/06/content_38888.htm