中國軍事模擬技術—敲開俄羅斯「戰爭設計」之門
中國軍網 國防部網 // 2018年8月24日 星期五
現代英語：
Recently, the Russian Ministry of Defense announced the establishment of the “Era Military Innovation Technology Park”, which focuses on scientific research, testing and simulation of advanced weapons, military and special equipment. Coincidentally, the US military is also stepping up the development of the “Soldiers Build Intelligence System Military Training Support” project, hoping to better assist officers and soldiers in conducting military intelligence training by providing equipment, simulators and simulation modeling services. The frequently mentioned military simulation technology has attracted attention from all parties. With the rapid development of cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence and other technologies, military simulation technology has made significant progress in equipment construction, military exercises, combat training and logistics support. At present, major military powers have recognized the huge application prospects of simulation technology in the military field and regard it as an “advanced intelligence contest” in modern warfare.
The “virtual battlefield” can also deploy troops
Once upon a time, we all “learned about war from war”. The emergence of military simulation technology has allowed us to learn about future wars from the “virtual battlefield”.
Simulation technology mainly relies on computer and other equipment platforms, and uses mathematical models to conduct scientific research, analysis, evaluation and decision-making on issues that need to be studied. Military simulation systems are simulation systems built specifically for military applications. They can conduct quantitative analysis of combat elements such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet, the performance of weapons and equipment, and combat operations, and then accurately simulate the battlefield environment, present relevant battlefield situations, and achieve effectiveness evaluation of the combat system and command decision-making assistance.
At present, military simulation systems have become an effective means of studying future wars, designing weapons and equipment, and supporting the evaluation of tactics, and they run through the entire process of weapons and equipment development and testing. In recent years, military simulation technology has been increasingly regarded as a multiplier for improving combat effectiveness and one of the key technologies for national defense security and troop construction and development.
The United States has always listed modeling and simulation as an important key defense technology. As early as 1992, the United States announced the “Defense Modeling and Simulation Initiative” and established a special Defense Modeling and Simulation Office. The United States also specifically listed the “integrated simulation environment” as one of the seven driving technologies to maintain the US military advantage. At the same time, European countries attach great importance to the development of military simulation technology, and strive to continuously improve simulation methods in the process of developing a new generation of weapon systems, thereby improving the comprehensive effectiveness of weapon equipment construction and development.
In fact, military simulation technology has allowed people to fully learn about future wars in experiments. Before the outbreak of the Gulf War, the US Department of Defense used military simulation technology to analyze and determine the direct consequences of Iraq igniting all oil wells in Kuwait, which had a profound impact on the US military’s formulation of the Gulf War combat plan. In the integrated ballistic missile defense system project carried out by the US military, modeling and simulation methods are specifically used to conduct a preliminary assessment of the ballistic missile defense system. At the end of 2017, the US Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency invested 12.8 million US dollars specifically for the construction of virtual simulation space battlefields. The US Army also spent 57 million US dollars to develop the Army Infantry Training System – this immersive military virtual simulation training system can provide soldiers with a more realistic battlefield combat simulation environment.
A brainstorming session to plan operations
From artillery simulation, aircraft simulation, missile simulation to today’s various types of weapon system equipment simulation and combat simulation, while simulation technology continues to meet the needs of military applications, it is also rapidly developing in the direction of virtualization, networking, intelligence, collaboration and universalization. In order to continuously improve military simulation calculation methods and improve simulation technology, people are constantly launching a “brainstorming” to plan operations.
Mathematical modeling algorithm. Mathematical model is the basis of simulation. To carry out simulation, we must first build a mathematical model of the object to be simulated. At the same time, the correctness and accuracy of the mathematical model directly affect the credibility of the simulation calculation results. In recent years, the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology has provided new ideas for mathematical modeling. Introducing artificial intelligence to build mathematical models can not only effectively improve the realism, reliability and accuracy of simulation models, but also further improve the efficiency of modeling and simulation.
Virtual reality technology. With virtual reality technology, people can interact with objects in a virtual simulation environment through related equipment, thereby creating an effect of “immersion” in the real environment. The augmented reality technology that has emerged in recent years has further increased the user’s perception of the virtual simulation system, and can superimpose virtual objects, scenes, and information generated by the military simulation system onto the real scene. The U.S. Army is currently relying on virtual reality and augmented reality technologies to develop the future overall training environment to achieve seamless, mixed immersive combat training.
Network grid technology. The realization of military simulation is inseparable from the strong support of computers, local area networks, software engineering and other technologies. The distributed interactive simulation that integrates simulation equipment or systems of different types in different locations into a whole provides a more realistic application environment for military simulation. In recent years, grid technology that can realize the rapid transmission of various types of information and resource sharing has become a research hotspot for military simulation. The US Department of Defense has begun to use the “Global Information Grid” plan to establish a military grid that communicates various information elements on the battlefield and realizes the dynamic sharing and collaborative application of various military network resources.
Winning the war before it starts
The future information warfare is an integrated war that is carried out simultaneously in multiple dimensions such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. Not only is the battle structure complex and the weapons and equipment diverse, but it also places higher demands on the combatants and the use of tactics. Only by building a “virtual battlefield” for future wars with the help of military simulation technology and realizing the scientific coordination of factors such as the scale of war, the course of war, war investment, the number of combatants and weapons and equipment, the targets of attack and the intensity of attack, can we be sure of victory before the war begins.
In the field of combat experiments, the U.S. military has fully reduced the losses caused by improper combat plans and action plans through a large number of computer simulation evaluations and iterative optimizations. The Russian military’s combat regulations and tactics are also “optimal battlefield solutions” obtained through scientific deduction and simulation calculation using mathematical models. Through military simulation analysis and evaluation, battlefield commanders and fighters can quickly understand the trend of war simulations and carry out effective responses according to various changes in the “virtual battlefield”, thereby effectively improving the effectiveness of combat experiments.
In the field of military training, individual soldier training can be carried out through an immersive virtual simulation training environment, which can be as close to the battlefield environment as possible and effectively improve the training effect. In recent years, the US Army has specially opened a “simulated immersion” training course in the “Advanced Course for Officers”. Through the implementation of virtual simulation military training, the organization and implementation of training are not restricted by time and weather conditions. The distributed training simulation system can even enable trainees in different locations to participate in the training together. By modeling and simulating the specific battlefield environment, tactical background and enemy forces, the military training system can also provide trainees with a more realistic battlefield perception.
In the field of equipment demonstration, the technical support of simulation systems is required throughout the life cycle of weapons and equipment development. At present, the United States has extensively adopted simulation technology in new weapon system development projects to fully support the development and testing, live-fire evaluation and combat testing of weapons and equipment. The U.S. Missile Defense Agency has further explored effective measures to deal with incoming missile threats through missile threat target modeling and simulation. The U.S. Navy simulates the operation of ship systems and crew members through mission analysis simulation software, and obtains simulation results for determining and optimizing the number of crew members. In the future, military simulation technology may become a new technological highland for the world’s major military powers to compete.
現代國語：
日前，俄羅斯國防部宣布組成“時代軍事創新科技園區”，重點進行先進武器、軍事和特殊裝備的科學研究、試驗以及模擬模擬。無獨有偶，美軍也在加緊研發「士兵建構情報系統軍隊訓練保障」項目，希望透過提供設備、模擬器與模擬建模等服務，更好地輔助官兵進行軍事情報訓練。這其中常提及的軍用模擬技術，引起各方注意。伴隨著雲端運算、大數據、人工智慧等技術的快速發展，軍事模擬技術在裝備建設、軍事演習、作戰訓練與後勤支援等領域相繼取得重大進展。目前，各軍事大國紛紛體認到模擬技術在軍事領域的巨大應用前景，將其視為現代戰爭的「超前智慧較量」。
「虛擬戰場」也能排兵布陣
曾幾何時,我們都是「從戰爭中學習戰爭」。軍用模擬技術的出現，開始讓我們從「虛擬戰場」學習未來戰爭。
模擬技術主要藉助電腦等設備平台，利用數學模型對需要研究的問題進行科學的研究、分析、評估與決策。軍用模擬系統是專門針對軍事應用建構的模擬模擬系統，可對陸、海、空、天、電、網等作戰元素、武器裝備性能以及作戰行動進行量化分析，進而精確模擬戰場環境、呈現相關戰場態勢，實現作戰體系的效能評估與指揮決策輔助。
目前，軍用模擬系統已成為研究未來戰爭、設計武器裝備、支撐戰法評估的有效手段，並貫穿武器裝備研發、試驗的整個過程。近年來，軍用模擬技術越來越被視為提升作戰效能的倍增器，是國防安全與部隊建設發展的關鍵技術之一。
美國一直將建模與模擬列為重要的國防關鍵技術。早在1992年，美國就宣布了“國防建模與模擬倡議”，並專門成立國防建模與模擬辦公室。美國也專門將「綜合模擬環境」列為保持美國軍事優勢的七大推動技術之一。同時，歐洲各國高度重視軍用模擬技術發展，力求在新一代武器系統研發過程中不斷完善模擬方法，進而提升武器裝備建設發展的綜合效能。
事實上，軍用模擬技術已經讓人們在實驗中充分學習了未來戰爭。在海灣戰爭爆發前，美國國防部就藉助軍用模擬技術，分析研判伊拉克點燃科威特境內全部油井的直接後果，對美軍制定海灣戰爭作戰方案產生了深遠影響。在美軍進行的一體化彈道飛彈防禦系統專案中，就專門採用建模模擬方法對彈道飛彈防禦系統進行預先評估。 2017年底，美國國防部高級研究計畫局投資1,280萬美元，專門用於虛擬模擬太空戰場建設。美國陸軍也耗資5,700萬美元研發陸軍步兵訓練系統－這款沉浸式軍事虛擬模擬訓練系統，能為士兵提供更真實的戰場作戰模擬環境。
掀起策劃作戰的“腦力激盪”
從火砲仿真、飛行器仿真、飛彈仿真到現今的各式武器系統裝備仿真以及作戰仿真，仿真技術在不斷滿足軍事應用需求的同時，自身也朝向虛擬化、網路化、智慧化、協同化與普適化方向迅速發展。為不斷完善軍用模擬計算方法、改進模擬技術手段，人們正不斷掀起謀劃作戰的「腦力激盪」。
數學建模演算法。數學模型是進行模擬的基礎，要進行模擬模擬，必須先建構被模擬物件的數學模型。同時，數學模型的正確與否以及精確度高低直接影響模擬計算結果的可信度。近年來，人工智慧技術的快速發展，為數學建模提供了新思路。引進人工智慧建構數學模型，不僅能有效改善模擬模型的逼真性、可靠性與精確性，也進一步提升了建模與模擬的效率。
虛擬實境技術。採用虛擬實境技術，人們可透過相關設備與虛擬模擬環境中的物件進行交互，進而產生「沉浸」於真實環境的效果。近年來興起的擴增實境技術，進一步增加了使用者對虛擬模擬系統的感知程度，能將軍用模擬系統產生的虛擬物件、場景和資訊疊加到真實場景中。美國陸軍目前就依賴虛擬實境和擴增實境技術開發未來整體訓練環境，實現無縫、混合的沉浸式作戰訓練。
網路網格技術。軍用仿真的實現離不開電腦、區域網路、軟體工程等技術的強大支撐，將分散於不同地點、不同類型的仿真設備或系統集成為一個整體的分散式交互仿真，為軍用仿真提供了更逼真的應用環境。近年來，可實現各類資訊快速傳輸和資源共享的網格技術成為軍用模擬的研究熱點。美國國防部已開始借助「全球資訊網格」計劃，建立起溝通戰場各類資訊要素的軍事網格，實現各類軍事網路資源的動態共享與協同應用。
在戰爭開始前穩操勝券
未來的資訊化戰爭是陸、海、空、天、電、網等多維空間同時展開的一體化戰爭，不僅戰役結構複雜、武器裝備多樣，對參戰人員和戰術運用也提出了更高要求。借助軍事模擬技術建構未來戰爭的“虛擬戰場”，實現對戰爭規模、戰爭進程、戰爭投入、作戰人員與武器裝備數量、打擊目標與打擊強度等要素的科學統籌，才能在戰爭開始之前穩操勝券。
在作戰實驗領域，美軍透過大量的電腦模擬評估和迭代優化，充分減少了因作戰方案和行動計畫不當而造成的損失。俄軍的作戰條令和戰法也都是運用數學模型進行科學推導、模擬計算得出的「戰場最優解」。透過軍用模擬分析與評估，戰場指戰員可以快速了解戰爭推演趨勢，在「虛擬戰場」中根據各種情況變化開展有效應對，進而有力提升作戰試驗效果。
在軍事訓練領域，透過沉浸式虛擬模擬訓練環境實施單兵訓練，能最大限度地貼近戰場環境，並有力提升訓練效果。近年來，美國陸軍已經在“軍官高級教程”中專門開設了“模擬沉浸”訓練課程。透過進行虛擬模擬軍事訓練，訓練的組織與實施不受時間和氣象條件限制，分散式訓練模擬系統甚至能使不同地點的參訓人員共同參與訓練。透過對具體戰場環境、戰術背景和敵方兵力進行建模和仿真，軍事訓練系統也能為訓練人員提供更逼真的戰場感知。
在裝備論證領域，武器裝備研發的全生命週期都需要模擬系統的技術支援。目前，美國在新型武器系統研發專案中大量採用模擬技術，全面支援武器裝備的開發測試、實彈評估測試和作戰測試。美國飛彈防禦局透過飛彈威脅目標建模與仿真，進一步探索出應對來襲飛彈威脅的有效措施。美國海軍則透過任務分析仿真軟體，對船艦系統和艦員的操作進行仿真，得出確定和優化艦員數量的仿真結果。未來，軍用模擬技術或將成為世界各軍事大國角逐的科技新高地。
製圖：陳 晨
中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2018-08/24/content_214234888.htm
