美海军陆战队绘制新的信息战蓝图 US Marine Corps Blueprint for Information Warfare

 Forming an expeditionary force information group and stepping up the drill

    US Marine Corps draws a new information war blueprint

    US Marine Corps is conducting an amphibious landing exercise

    The US Marine Corps is currently developing a new information war blueprint, mainly to allow the Marine Corps Expeditionary Force Information Corps to form combat capabilities as soon as possible, and to provide field commanders with various types of information including networks, intelligence, and electronic warfare.

    The US Marine Corps formed an expeditionary force information group in July 2017, and then began to participate in various exercises, which is expected to form a full operational capability this year.

    Aiming at future amphibious operations

    After experiencing many wars such as Afghanistan and Iraq, the construction of the US Marine Corps has turned into a post-terrorism era. In September 2016, the US Marine Corps released the top-level operational concept document, “21st Century Expeditionary Force Operations,” which stated that information will become a weapon in the future operational environment. It is important to detect enemy signals and manage your own signals… The current structure, training and equipment of the troops are not enough to defeat the enemy. To this end, the document proposes to optimize the structure of the Marine Corps Airfield Task Force, using a variety of weapon combinations, including the use of information warfare in the sea, land, air, sky, electricity, network and other fields to achieve complementary, mobile combat missions. US Marine Corps Commander General Robert Neller stressed that any future battle will include information warfare and electromagnetic spectrum warfare. It is very important to combine traditional joint armed mobile warfare with information warfare. It is necessary to “discover enemy weaknesses and gaps.” Destroy their strength and try to break up their cohesiveness.”

    In several wars of terrorism in recent years, the US Marine Corps is the first-line ground force of the US military. Behind it is a strong support and support system, often under the obvious “I am weak and weak” combat conditions. Currently, the US Marine Corps is returning to the core mission of amphibious operations. Robert Neller pointed out that in the future, the US Marine Corps may be forced to deal with war conflicts without air superiority and global communication and information networks. Therefore, the US military needs to reinvigorate the concept of mobile operations as a way to defeat the enemy. At the same time, information and networks will also play an important role.

    Driven by the above ideas, the US Marine Corps proposes to integrate, integrate and utilize battlefield information resources including electronic warfare, C4ISR (ie, command, control, communication, computer, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance) and network electromagnetic space. In order to achieve the goal of transforming to information warfare, we will start from the multi-disciplinary planning, preparation reform, training exercises and other fields to enhance the information warfare capability of the Marine Corps expeditionary force including intelligence gathering and information processing.

    Form a full-time information unit

    The US Marine Corps was reorganized in the first half of 2017 to create a deputy commander responsible for information affairs, primarily to oversee all aspects of information warfare, including networking, electronic warfare, signal intelligence, and information operations. In July 2017, three expeditionary units of the US Marine Corps formed an information group. The Marine Corps Expeditionary Force is a large task force that includes command, ground, air, and logistics forces. The First Expeditionary Force was stationed in the Pendleton Barracks in California. The second expeditionary force at the Norfolk Barracks in Virginia and the third expeditionary force in Okinawa subsequently formed an information mission.

    The information group was restructured by the former headquarters of the US Marine Corps Expeditionary Forces to support the support mission. The resident remains unchanged. In addition to continuing to shoulder the tasks of command security, infrastructure, logistics, training and administrative support, The scope of the mission has been expanded to provide a series of information-based capabilities for the expeditionary forces to achieve rapid perception of threat environments, electromagnetic spectrum environments, and cyberspace environments, and to improve the information capabilities of the Marine Corps. Colonel Roberta Shay, the former commander of the First Expeditionary Force, said that the post-transformation mission was adjusted to provide information on cybersecurity, electromagnetic spectrum, cyberspace operations and security breaches to the commander of the expeditionary force. Colonel David Owen, commander of the Second Expeditionary Force Information Corp., said that the “additional mission” would better coordinate with the support of the airspace task force in the information field.

    A headquarters group of the US Marine Corps Expeditionary Force has a total of 1,200 people. The restructured information group will add 150 posts, that is, recruiting members of the Marine Corps with network and electronic warfare experience, and adding one battalion to the establishment. The size of the six battalions is liaison camp, intelligence camp, radio camp, communications camp, law enforcement camp and logistics support camp. According to the schedule, the US Marine Corps Expeditionary Force Information Corps completed the recruitment and full formation of new professionals in FY 2018, and is expected to have full operational capability this year.

    Changing the amphibious battlefield situation

    The US Marine Corps will receive support from the national and military levels in intelligence and information operations during the war, and will also be supported by the information system within the Marine Corps. But these are all rear support, and the Expeditionary Forces Information Corps is directly involved in the Marine Corps operations, extending intelligence and information operations to the front line of the battlefield. Lieutenant General Robert Walsh, commander of the US Marine Corps Combat Development Command, believes that the rapid development of the Internet, wireless communications, and the widespread use of social media have changed the way the enemy uses information and also changed the operations of the US Marine Corps. the way. For example, the Marine Corps Information Corps invaded the target mobile phone on the battlefield, and then the intelligence personnel analyzed the extracted images, and then the electronic warfare personnel tried to use the handheld radio to prevent the enemy’s possible actions. This is one of the tasks of the Expeditionary Force Information Corps, or it will change the future amphibious battlefield situation.

    In order to speed up the formation of the expeditionary force information team and plan future information operations, the US Marine Corps is developing a new information war blueprint, which is expected to be completed this spring. The blueprint is a conceptual framework document that will be updated regularly to address the policies, standards, hardware and software facilities, technology, capabilities, etc. of the Marine Corps information warfare. A spokesperson for the US Marine Corps said that the current and future information environment is more complex than previous generations. Firepower alone is not enough to achieve operational objectives, and must be combined with information-related operational capabilities to win. The blueprint will refine the composition and capabilities of the Expeditionary Force Information Corps, particularly intelligence, information warfare, and electronic warfare capabilities.

    The Marine Expeditionary Force Information Corps also conducts drills to test and develop skills and coordinate and integrate with other forces through exercises. In August 2017, the Second Expeditionary Force Information Corps was formed to participate in a multi-country “large-scale exercise 17”. The first exercise provided support for the US Marine Corps in the information environment. From February to March 2018, the information unit held field exercises, which provided support for the combat troops for intelligence, information, and allegations, and improved the ability to integrate with the subordinate units through drills.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

组建远征部队信息团并抓紧进行演练

    美海军陆战队绘制新的信息战蓝图

    美海军陆战队在进行两栖登陆演练

    美国海军陆战队目前正在制定新的信息战蓝图,主要是尽快让海军陆战队远征部队信息团形成战斗力,为战地指挥官提供包括网络、情报、电子战等在内的各类信息。

    美国海军陆战队于2017年7月组建远征部队信息团,随后开始参加各类演练,预计今年形成完全作战能力。

    瞄准未来两栖作战

    在经历阿富汗、伊拉克等多场战争之后,美国海军陆战队的建设向后反恐时代转型。2016年9月,美国海军陆战队发布顶层作战构想文件《21世纪远征部队作战》,该文件指出,未来作战环境中,信息将成为一种武器。探测敌人的信号及管理自己的信号至关重要……部队当前的结构、训练和装备不足以克敌制胜。为此,该文件提出优化海军陆战队空地特遣部队的结构,利用多种武器组合,包括在海、陆、空、天、电、网等领域利用信息战实现互补,遂行机动作战任务。美国海军陆战队司令罗伯特·内勒上将强调,未来任何战斗都将包括信息作战和电磁频谱作战,将传统的联合武装机动作战和信息战相结合非常重要,要“发现敌人的弱点、差距,消灭他们的兵力,并尝试打散他们的凝聚力”。

    在近年的几场反恐战争中,美国海军陆战队是美军的一线地面部队,身后是强大的支援保障体系,常处于明显的“我强敌弱”的作战条件下。目前,美国海军陆战队正在回归两栖作战这一核心任务。罗伯特·内勒指出,未来,美国海军陆战队可能被迫在没有空中优势和全球通信、信息网络的情况下应对战争冲突,因此美军需要重振机动作战概念,并将其作为击败敌人的方式。同时,信息和网络也将起到重要作用。

    在上述构想的推动下,美国海军陆战队提出对包括电子战、C4ISR(即指挥、控制、通信、计算机、情报、监视与侦察)及网络电磁空间在内的战场信息资源进行整合、集成和利用,以达成向信息战转型的目标,从统筹规划、编制改革、训练演习等多领域入手,增强海军陆战队远征部队包括情报搜集、信息处理在内的信息战能力。

    组建专职信息部队

    美国海军陆战队在2017年上半年进行改组,增设专门负责信息事务的副司令,主要负责监督信息战的各个方面,包括网络、电子战、信号情报和信息行动。2017年7月,美国海军陆战队3个远征部队先后组建信息团。海军陆战队远征部队是包括指挥部、地面部队、空中部队及后勤部队的大型特遣部队。第一远征部队驻加利福尼亚州的彭德尔顿兵营,其率先组建信息团。驻弗吉尼亚州诺福克兵营的第二远征部队和驻冲绳的第三远征部队随后组建信息团。

    信息团由美国海军陆战队各远征部队负责支援保障任务的原总部团改制而成,驻地保持不变,除继续担负原有的指挥安全、基础设施、后勤、培训和行政支持等任务外,其任务范围扩大,为远征部队提供一系列基于信息的能力,实现对威胁环境、电磁频谱环境、网络空间环境的快速感知,提高海军陆战队信息作战能力。第一远征部队原总部团指挥官罗伯塔·谢伊上校表示,转制后的任务调整为向远征部队指挥官提供网络安全性、电磁频谱、网络空间作战与安全漏洞等相关信息。第二远征部队信息团指挥官大卫·欧文上校称,“额外的任务”将更好地协同支持空地特遣部队在信息领域的工作。

    美国海军陆战队远征部队的一个总部团原有1200人的编制,改制后的信息团将增加150个员额,即招募拥有网络及电子战经验的海军陆战队成员,在编制上新增1个营,达到6个营的规模,分别是联络营、情报营、无线电营、通信营、执法营和后勤支援营。根据时间安排,美国海军陆战队远征部队信息团在2018财年完成新增专业人员的招募及全部组建工作,预计今年将具备完全作战能力。

    改变两栖战场态势

    美国海军陆战队战时会得到国家、军队层面在情报、信息作战等方面的支援,也会得到陆战队建制内情报体系的支持。但这些都属于后方支援,远征部队信息团则直接伴随海军陆战队行动,将情报及信息作战前伸至战场一线。美国海军陆战队作战发展司令部司令罗伯特·沃尔什中将认为,互联网、无线通信的飞速发展以及社交媒体的广泛使用,改变了敌人使用信息的方式,同时也改变了美国海军陆战队作战的方式。比如,海军陆战队信息团在战场上对目标手机进行入侵,随后由情报人员对提取到的图像进行分析,再由电子战人员尝试利用手持电台阻止敌方可能的行动。这就是远征部队信息团的任务之一,或将改变未来两栖战场态势。

    为加快远征部队信息团战斗力生成及规划未来信息作战,美国海军陆战队正在制定新的信息战蓝图,预计在今年春季完成。蓝图是概念性的框架文件,将定期更新,主要阐述海军陆战队信息战的政策、标准、硬软件设施建设、技术、能力等。美国海军陆战队发言人对此表示,当前及未来信息环境比前几代更为复杂,单靠火力不足以实现作战目的,必须与信息相关的作战能力相结合才能取胜。蓝图将对远征部队信息团的组成及能力进行细化,特别是情报、信息战、电子战能力等。

    陆战队远征部队信息团还开展演练活动以测试和培养技能,并通过演习与其他部队进行协调和整合。2017年8月,第二远征部队信息团刚组建就参加了多国“大规模演习17”,首度演练为美国海军陆战队在信息环境下的作战提供支持。2018年2月至3月,这支信息部队举行野战演习,在演练中为作战部队进行情报、信息、指控方面的支持,并通过演练提高与下属部队的整合能力。

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