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#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #新興戰爭技術, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

Chinese Intelligent Warfare Cannot be Successful Without Human Element

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中國智慧戰爭離不開人的因素

2019年10月17日 17:00 來源：解放軍報 作者：徐莉

現代英語：

An important task in studying intelligent warfare is to accurately position humans in intelligent warfare.

　　No matter how high the “kite” of intelligent weapons and equipment flies, it can only be controlled by humans and autonomously by machines. Humans must have a strong enough kite string and hold it tightly at all times.

　　”Synchronous development of man and machine” should be regarded as a basic principle for the development of military intelligence. Intelligence should integrate both “things” and “people”.

　　At present, the research on intelligent warfare is in the ascendant. Some people believe that intelligent warfare will be unmanned as the core form of expression, and unmanned equipment such as drones, unmanned submarines, and robot soldiers will become the protagonists of war. The form of war will also develop from the co-starring of “human-machine collaborative warfare” to the one-man show of “machine vs. machine war”. People seem to have become bystanders in intelligent warfare, with the meaning and trend of “intelligent warfare makes people go away”. What is the status and role of people, who have always been the main body of war, in intelligent warfare? This is the first problem that should be solved in the study of intelligent warfare.

　　The Marxist view of war holds that weapons are an important factor in war, but not the decisive factor. The decisive factor is people, not weapons. Although people no longer directly control weapons in advanced intelligent warfare, the following factors still determine that people are the main body of war and the key to winning.

　　First, war is the continuation of politics. The launching of war and the control of the war process must be decided by people according to political needs. The game outside the battlefield has a decisive influence on the progress of the war. For example, the results of diplomatic negotiations, the focus of international public opinion, and the support of the domestic people all depend on the decisions of politicians and military strategists, which cannot be replaced by any intelligent machines.

　　Secondly, war planning and command can only be implemented by commanders at all levels. Military command is both a science and an art, but it is more of an art. Any successful battle or campaign in the world is the result of commanders breaking routines and stereotypes and using troops creatively. The history of our army’s growth and development has repeatedly proved that correct military strategic guidance and flexible strategies and tactics are the magic weapon for our army to defeat the strong with the weak and defeat the many with the few, which enables our army to move from victory to victory. It is also something that intelligent machines cannot imitate or create. For example, in the battle, the comparative analysis of enemy and our combat forces, the real-time control of the combat situation, the real-time evaluation of the overall damage effect, the combat psychological analysis of enemy commanders, and the prediction of the next combat action, etc., intelligent machines can only provide auxiliary decision-making information and suggestions. Commanders at all levels must make decisions, make combat decisions, and issue combat orders.

　　Third, the level of intelligence of weapons and equipment ultimately depends on humans. Artificial intelligence originates from human intelligence. One of the major factors restricting the development of intelligence is that the scientific understanding of human intelligence is still superficial, and the understanding of the cognition, memory, thinking, decision-making and action mechanism of the human brain is still insufficient. The “Wuzhen Index: Global Artificial Intelligence Development Report 2016” pointed out that over the years, the proportion of biological research in the four sub-fields of artificial intelligence, machine learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics, has been the lowest. Due to the lack of attention to the basic and decisive influence of brain science on artificial intelligence, the current artificial intelligence can only stay at the stage of superficial understanding and primary imitation of brain functions. Once there is a major breakthrough in the understanding of human intelligence, artificial intelligence will also be reborn and enter a leapfrog development stage.

　　Fourth, only humans can control intelligent weapons and equipment and combat platforms. Although the final intelligent weapons can be operated without human on-site control, when to put intelligent weapons and equipment into battle, when to change the direction of attack, how to control the rhythm of the war, when to withdraw from the battle, etc., can only be decided by humans in the end. This is the basic principle that must be grasped when designing intelligent weapons and equipment, that is, one of Asimov’s three laws of robotics: robots must obey human orders. Once intelligent weapons and equipment are out of human control, it will be a disaster for the entire human race, not just the enemy. This also determines that no matter how high the “kite” of intelligent weapons and equipment flies, it can only be controlled by humans and autonomous control functions of machines. The autonomous function of machines can only be effective within the scope limited by humans. Humans must have a strong enough kite line and hold it tightly at all times.

　　Fifth, only humans can crack and control the enemy’s intelligent weapons and equipment. The development of military history has proved that any weapon and equipment has its “Achilles’ heel” and will eventually be defeated. There has never been and will never be perfect and impeccable weapons and equipment in history, and intelligent weapons and equipment are no exception. The magic weapon to defeat the enemy is humans with infinite wisdom. For example, drones seem advanced, but they can be interfered, trapped or controlled by radio waves of a specific frequency. The same is true for other intelligent weapons and equipment, and finding and studying methods, technologies, and equipment to crack, control, and destroy intelligent weapons and equipment is where human wisdom comes into play.

　　Therefore, “synchronous development of man and machine” should be taken as a basic principle for the development of military intelligence. Intelligence should be applied to both “objects” and “people”. As soldiers in the era of intelligent warfare, they must master the working principles and weak links of intelligent weapons and equipment, be familiar with and master the “thinking mode” and “conventional actions” of intelligent weapons and equipment, as well as the abnormal “abnormal thinking” and abnormal “extraordinary actions” that may appear, and understand their technical and tactical indicators and performance. Especially in the stage of man-machine collaborative operations, soldiers are required not only to be able to coordinate actions with machines, but also to communicate with machines without obstacles in cognitive ability and intelligence. This not only relies on intelligent knowledge reserves, but also relies on the “brain reading” and “brain strengthening” of intelligent equipment. Scientific research shows that the normal human brain usage rate is only 3%-5%, which shows that there is still a huge room for improvement and release of human intelligence. When studying intelligent warfare, we should also study how to improve human intelligence.

　　In the face of intelligent warfare, we should prepare for the future, establish intelligent troops suitable for intelligent warfare as soon as possible, study the way to defeat the enemy in intelligent warfare, and establish and improve the theory of intelligent warfare; repair, maintain and improve intelligent weapons and equipment; study the methods, techniques and equipment to decipher the control keys of enemy weapons and equipment; study effective means to attack the enemy’s intelligent weapons and equipment, rewrite their combat rules and targets, and make them turn against us in the face of battle, or use high-energy lasers and high-power microwaves to directly destroy the enemy’s communication networks and weapons and equipment, demonstrating the way to win in intelligent warfare.

　　In short, in intelligent warfare, people are still the main body of war and the decisive factor in the outcome of war. An important task in studying intelligent warfare is to find the correct position of people in intelligent warfare. Otherwise, it is easy to fall into the idealistic quagmire of “seeing things but not people”, “only weapons” and “only technology”.

現代國語：

研究智能化戰爭的一項重要任務，就是找準智能化戰爭中人的定位。

不論智慧化武器裝備這個「風箏」飛多高，永遠只能是人類控制與機器自主控制功能並存，人類必須擁有足夠結實的風箏線並時刻牢牢抓住它。

應把「人機同步發展」當作軍事智慧化發展的一個基本原則，智慧化既要化「物」也要化「人」。

當前，對智慧化戰爭的研究方興未艾。一些觀點認為，智慧化戰爭將以無人化為核心表現形式，無人機、無人潛航器、機器人士兵等無人裝備將成為戰爭主角，戰爭形態也將從「人機協同作戰」的聯袂主演，最後發展到「機器對機器大戰」的獨角戲。人似乎成了智慧化戰爭的旁觀者，大有「智慧化戰爭讓人走開」的意味和態勢。曾經一直是戰爭主體的人，在智能化戰爭中的地位和角色究竟是什麼，這是研究智能化戰爭應當首先解決的問題。

馬克思主義戰爭觀認為，武器是戰爭的重要因素，但不是決定的因素，決定的因素是人而不是武器。雖然在高階階段的智慧化戰爭中，人不再直接操控武器，但以下因素仍決定了人是戰爭的主體和關鍵的致勝力量。

首先，戰爭是政治的延續，戰爭的發動、戰爭進程的掌控，必須由人視政治需求作出決定。戰場以外的博弈對戰爭進程有著決定性的影響，如外交談判的結果、國際輿論的焦點、國內民眾支持度等，均取決於政治家、軍事家的決策，是任何智能化的機器都無法替代的。

其次，戰爭規劃和指揮只能由各級指揮官來實施。軍事指揮既是科學，也是藝術，但更體現為藝術。世界上任何一場取得勝利的戰鬥、戰役，都是指揮者打破常規和定式，創造性用兵的結果。我軍成長壯大的歷史也一再證明，正確的軍事戰略指導、機動靈活的戰略戰術，是以弱克強、以少勝多，使我軍不斷從勝利走向勝利的製勝法寶，也是智能化機器所無法模仿和創造的。例如，戰中對敵我作戰力量的比較分析、作戰態勢的即時掌控、整體毀傷效果的即時評估、敵軍指揮作戰心理分析，以及對下一步作戰行動的預判等等，智慧化機器只能提供輔助決策資訊和建議案，必須由各級指揮官親自決策、下定作戰決心，並下達作戰命令。

第三，武器裝備智慧化程度高低最終取決於人類。人工智慧源自人類智能，目前製約智能化發展的一大因素，就是對人類智能的科學認識尚膚淺，對人類大腦的認知、記憶、思維、決策和行動機理等的認識還很不夠。 《烏鎮指數：全球人工智慧發展報告2016》指出，歷年來人工智慧的機器學習、自然語言處理、電腦視覺、機器人四類細分領域涉及生物學研究的比例均最低。由於不重視腦科學對人工智慧基礎和決定性的影響，直接導致當前人工智慧只能停留在對大腦功能膚淺認識和初級模仿階段，一旦對人類智慧的認識有了重大突破，人工智慧也必將脫胎換骨，進入跨越式發展階段。

第四，控制智慧化武器裝備和作戰平台的只能是人。雖然最終的智慧化武器可以沒有人類現場操控，但智慧化武器裝備何時投入戰鬥、何時轉換進攻方向、如何把控戰爭節奏、何時撤出戰鬥等等，最終只能由人來決定，這是智慧化武器裝備設計時必須掌握的基本原則，即阿西莫夫機器人三定律之一：機器人必須服從人類的命令。一旦智能化的武器裝備脫離了人的控制，那將是整個人類而不僅僅是敵人的災難，這也決定了不論智能化武器裝備這個“風箏”飛多高，永遠只能是人類控制與機器自主控制功能並存，機器自主功能只能在人類限定的範圍內有效，人類必須擁有足夠堅固的風箏線並時刻牢牢抓住它。

第五，破解、控制敵人智慧化武器裝備的只能是人。軍事歷史發展證明，任何武器裝備都有其“阿喀琉斯之踵”，最終都會被擊敗。歷史上從來沒有、未來也不會出現完美無缺、無懈可擊的武器裝備，智慧化武器裝備也不例外，而克敵制勝的法寶就是擁有無窮智慧的人類。例如，無人機看似先進，但完全可以被特定頻率的電波幹擾、誘捕或控制。其他智慧化武器裝備也是如此，而尋找並研究破解、控制、擊毀智慧化武器裝備的方法、技術、裝備，則是人類聰明才智的用武之地。

因此，應把「人機同步發展」作為軍事智能化發展的一個基本原則，智能化既要化「物」也要化「人」。作為智能化戰爭時代的軍人，必須掌握智能化武器裝備的工作原理和薄弱環節，熟悉並掌握智能化武器裝備的“思維方式”和“常規動作”，以及可能出現的非常態的“異常思維”和變態的“超常動作”，了解其技戰術指標及性能，特別是人機協同作戰階段，不僅要求軍人能夠與機器協調行動，而且在認知能力和智力上能夠和機器無障礙交流，這不僅要依靠智能化的知識儲備，也要依賴智慧化裝備的「讀腦」「強腦術」。科學研究表明，正常人大腦使用率只有3%——5%，這說明，人類智慧仍有巨大的提升和釋放空間。研究智能化戰爭，也應同步研究如何提升人類智慧。

面對智慧化戰爭，我們應當未雨綢繆，儘早建立與智能化戰爭相適應的智能化部隊，研究智能化戰爭的克敵制勝之道，建立完善智能化戰爭理論；維修、保養、改進智能化武器裝備；研究破解敵方武器裝備操控密鑰的方法、技術、裝備；研究攻擊敵軍智能化武器裝備的有效手段，改寫其作戰規則和作戰對象，使其臨陣倒戈，或是利用高能量激光、高功率微波直接擊毀敵通信網絡和武器裝備，彰顯智慧化戰爭的致勝之道。

總之，智慧化戰爭中人仍是戰爭的主體，是戰爭勝負的決定性因素。研究智能化戰爭的一項重要任務就是找準智能化戰爭中人的定位。否則，就容易陷入「見物不見人」「唯武器論」「唯技術論」的唯心主義泥沼。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.qstheory.cn/defense/2019-10/17/c_112511776588.htm

#Information Support Force, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知戰

Comprehensively Promote Modernization of Chinese Military’s Organizational Form｜How Chinese Military Services Implement Building Construction for War

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全面推進軍隊組織形態現代化｜中國軍隊如何實施戰爭建設

現代英語：

A brief analysis of how the military implements the principle of “building for war”

■ Wang Xueping, Xu Yan, Zhu Xiaomeng

Introduction

To implement the general principle of “the Military Commission is in charge of the overall situation, the theater is responsible for war, and the military is responsible for construction”, the military forces need to accurately grasp the interactive rules of war and construction, strengthen the connection with the theater, form a work pattern with clear rights and responsibilities, positive interaction, smooth and efficient, and focus the main tasks, main responsibilities, and main energy on building and managing the troops. Always adhere to the principle of leading construction with war, building for war, managing for war, and promoting war with construction, comprehensively improve the practical level of military training, and provide high-quality combat forces for the theater.

Get the coordinates of building for war

The coordinates are the epochal orientation of building for war. Only when the orientation is clear can construction be accelerated on track. Entering the new era, the firepower intensity, maneuvering speed, striking accuracy and intelligence of weapons and equipment have greatly increased, the battlefield space has been continuously expanded, the coupling of combat actions has become closer, and the battlefield situation has changed more rapidly. Wars have gradually shown the characteristics of platform combat, system support, tactical actions, and strategic support. In particular, the use of intelligent, stealth, and unmanned combat, as well as aerospace forces, new concept weapons, and high-efficiency destructive ammunition have fundamentally changed the concept of war time and space. The war form has accelerated the evolution from mechanized informationization to informationized intelligence, and intelligent warfare has begun to emerge. The military should focus on building the combat power of informationized warfare with intelligent characteristics, rather than the combat power of mechanized warfare. When the armed forces are building for war, they must focus on information warfare with intelligent characteristics, turn their attention to intelligent military reform, fully imagine the future war form, scale, intensity, spatial region, etc., and use the concept beyond the times to lead the vision of construction forward again and again; they must deeply study the winning mechanism, scientifically judge, and build the troops needed to win the future war, so as to be targeted.

Find the target of building for war

The target is not only a beacon of construction and development, but also a scale to test combat effectiveness. Only by setting the correct target can the armed forces be targeted when building for war, and lead the innovative development of weapons and equipment, system organization and combat theory without deformation or distortion. When the armed forces are building for war, they are not fighting ordinary opponents, but strong enemies in the world military game. This requires the military to build for war, and must lock on to strong enemies, insist on focusing all their attention on defeating strong enemies, and exert their efforts in all work to defeat strong enemies. Closely aiming at world-class standards, the focus should be on firmly grasping the characteristics of future combat systems and system confrontations, exploring standardized and modular construction issues, and forming an integrated and coordinated system combat capability; centering on the requirements of all-domain combat, focusing on tackling practical issues such as rapid response, long-range delivery, and integrated support, and strengthening rapid and mobile cross-domain action capabilities. Grasp the key of balancing powerful enemies, strengthen targeted research on powerful enemies, insist on focusing on what the enemy fears, develop what can balance powerful enemies, and prepare more, strive to have a chance of winning in war, have bargaining chips, and have confidence, focus on solving bottlenecks such as the construction of new military forces, the use of high-tech equipment, and information intelligence integration, and build a world-class military in an all-round way.

Innovation and construction as the forerunner of war

Theory is the forerunner of practice, and scientific military theory is combat effectiveness. Whoever can grasp the development pulse of future wars and possess superb war design capabilities can win the initiative in war and even the final victory. The military should not build for war, but should place war research and construction in a strategic position, carry out forward-looking, targeted, and reserve-oriented innovative research, propose new concepts, seek new breakthroughs, and form innovative theories that are contemporary, leading, and unique. The military should build for war, and must focus on the current practice and future development of war, clarify the vertical evolution axis, focus on shaping the future battlefield, changing the future combat rules, and promote the reshaping of concepts and the reconstruction of systems as soon as possible; focus on cutting-edge technology fields and future intelligent war design, and make efforts to achieve major breakthroughs in new technologies and new forms of war; focus on the continuous development of new concepts such as combat thinking, action patterns, and capability requirements, and form forward-looking thinking on future combat actions. At the same time, the new theories and concepts should be systematized and concretized, and become a “roadmap” for planning and designing force system construction, weapons and equipment development, military training transformation, and combat talent training. It is necessary to form a closed loop from practice to theory and then from theory to practice, so that military theoretical research can draw rich nutrients from practice, and advanced and mature theoretical results can enter the military decision-making and practice links to achieve a benign interaction between theory and practice.

Build a hard core for war

Science and technology are the most revolutionary force. Scientific and technological innovation has always been a race with time and speed. If you don’t work hard to innovate, you will fall behind and be beaten. If you innovate slowly, you will also fall behind and be beaten. Today, scientific and technological innovation has become the core strategy for many countries and militaries to seek advantages. The armed forces must pay close attention to the leading role of science and technology in building for war, integrate the most cutting-edge and even imagined future science and technology into the overall planning of construction, guide the basic direction of construction and development, and actively explore the path of scientific and technological innovation to fight a future war with future enemies with our future army; we must implement the strategy of strengthening the military with science and technology, demand combat effectiveness from scientific and technological innovation, vigorously cultivate new scientific and technological growth points, and focus on improving the contribution rate of scientific and technological innovation to the development of the military’s combat effectiveness; we must face the world’s scientific and technological frontiers, the main battlefields of the future, and the major needs of combat, accelerate the pace of innovation, and launch one project after planning and justifying it, especially to let disruptive technologies run ahead, strive to run at an accelerated pace, and win new advantages. Obviously, talent is the key to building a hard core of “grasping construction for war”. Talent is the most difficult preparation. Whoever has more high-quality new military talents can gain or gain more opportunities to win on the future battlefield. We must accurately grasp the characteristics and laws of modern warfare and the requirements of military transformation and construction, and cultivate what talents are needed for war and give priority to what talents are most in short supply, so that the supply side of talent training can be accurately matched with the needs of the future battlefield.

Lay a solid foundation for grasping construction for war

Fight hard and train hard. The root of “war” lies in “construction”, and the foundation of “construction” lies in “training”. Military training, as a regular and central task of the troops, is not only the basic way to generate and improve combat effectiveness, but also the most direct preparation for military struggle. In the new era, the war situation is accelerating towards informationization and intelligence, the military’s missions and tasks are constantly expanding, the level of informationization and intelligence of weapons and equipment is gradually improving, and the training support conditions are gradually improving. It is urgent for the military forces to consider the interaction of multiple fields such as the war situation, combat methods, weapons and equipment, and personnel quality, and analyze the impact of many factors such as known and unknown, possible and impossible, and possible and impossible, so as to comprehensively upgrade their actual combat capabilities. To build for war, we must focus on training troops against strong enemies, practice reconnaissance, coordination, equipment, and support around the development of the real enemy situation, practice real force deployment, practice fast battlefield construction, practice real equipment data, and practice strong support; we must aim at the latest enemy situation in multiple fields such as land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace, and carry out real, difficult, rigorous, and practical full-element training in scenario re-enactment, “fight” with strong enemies, and let the troops gain real skills and strengthen their strength in real confrontation; we must pursue extreme training, constantly challenge the limits of people and equipment, so that the physiological and psychological limits of officers and soldiers, the performance limits of equipment, and the combat effectiveness limits of the combination of people and weapons can be fully unleashed. Only by using “extremely difficult and extremely difficult” training to present all shortcomings and weaknesses and overcome them can we cope with the most brutal battlefield. Some tactics and strategies trained beyond the limit are often the key move and fatal blow to defeat the enemy in actual combat.

Do a good job in coupling construction for war

The fundamental purpose of war and construction is to be able to fight and win. It is necessary to accelerate the realization of functional coupling under the new system and work together to accelerate the generation of combat power. Building an army that adapts to future combat needs is, in the final analysis, to build a force that can complete future combat tasks and has corresponding combat capabilities. Combat requirements are the concrete manifestation of such mission requirements and capabilities. Building for war should be based on the needs of fulfilling missions and tasks, and should be designed in advance according to future combat military needs. Military construction should be guided by military needs, and combat needs should be continuously refined and dynamically adjusted to promote the coupling of war and construction. By strengthening the argumentation and research of future combat requirements and doing a good job in top-level planning, we can grasp the direction and focus of military construction in general, consider the comprehensive development of military weapons and equipment and personnel quality from a strategic height and long-term development, clarify the focus, adhere to the principle of doing what we should do and not doing what we should not do, concentrate on developing strategic and key projects, give priority to emergency operations, correctly handle the primary and secondary, urgent and slow, light and heavy aspects of military construction, firmly grasp the main and key ones, and promote coordinated and complementary military construction, scientific and reasonable, standardized and orderly, and sustainable development. Scientific combat effectiveness assessment can not only scientifically and specifically understand the composition and strength of one’s own combat effectiveness, but also help to take targeted measures to promote the coupling of building for war, timely discover and correct deficiencies in construction, truly realize the scientific development of military construction, intensive and efficient, and promote the advancement of combat effectiveness construction.

Strictly grasp the test of building for war

Whether a unit is well built and whether it has the ability to win a battle, it must ultimately be tested through military practice. After a comprehensive test of military practice, it is inevitable that the problems in the construction of the unit will be exposed, thereby promoting the army to make corresponding adjustments in the content, focus, and direction of construction. Through repeated tests of military practice, new requirements and new goals are constantly put forward for the construction of the troops, thus leading the construction of the troops to a higher stage. Make good use of network simulated confrontation tests. The informatization and intelligence of network simulated confrontation make the cognition, decision-making, feedback, correction, and action of simulated confrontation more close to actual combat, and revolutionize the process of military activities, thereby producing positive effects on weapons and equipment, command and control, force organization and other fields, thereby promoting the continuous leap of the combat effectiveness of the troops, and even giving birth to new war styles and changing the mechanism of winning wars. Make good use of on-site live-fire exercises. As a pre-practice for future wars, live-fire exercises can not only effectively test the actual combat capabilities of the troops, but more importantly, they can discover some weak links in the construction of the troops, optimize and improve them in a targeted manner, and obtain the maximum combat effectiveness return. Make good use of the test of war practice. The leading role of war practice in the construction of the troops is irreplaceable. Strict war practice can truly test which aspects of the construction of the troops are suitable and which are not suitable for future wars, and then correct the deviations and mistakes in many aspects such as construction guidance, construction priorities, and construction methods, so as to prepare for winning the next war.

現代國語：

淺析軍種如何落實抓建為戰

■王雪平　 許炎 朱小萌

引言

貫徹「軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建」總原則，軍種部隊需要準確把握戰與建互動規律，加強同戰區對接，形成權責清晰、正向互動、順暢高效的工作格局，把主要任務、主要職責、主要精力放在建設、管理部隊上，始終堅持以戰領建、抓建為戰、抓管為戰、以建促戰，全面提高軍事訓練實戰化水平，為戰區提供優質作戰力量。

把準抓建為戰的坐標

坐標是抓建為戰的時代方位，只有方位明晰，建設才能依軌加速。進入新時代，武器裝備的火力強度、機動速度、打擊精度、智慧化程度大幅躍升，戰場空間不斷拓展，作戰行動耦合更加緊密，戰場態勢變換更加迅速，戰爭逐漸呈現出平台作戰、體系支撐，戰術行動、戰略保障等特點，特別是智能化、隱身化、無人化作戰以及空天力量、新概念武器、高效毀傷彈藥的運用，從根本上改變了戰爭時空概念，戰爭形態加速由機械化信息化向資訊化智能化演變，智能化戰爭初見端倪。軍種主建，建的應是具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭的戰鬥力，而不是機械化戰爭的戰鬥力。軍種抓建為戰，必須聚焦具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭，把目光投向智能化軍事變革，充分設想未來戰爭形態、規模、強度、空間地域等，用超越時代的理念，引領建設視野向前再向前；必須深研製勝機理，科學研判，打贏未來戰爭需要什麼部隊就建設什麼部隊，做到有的放矢。

找準抓建為戰的靶標

靶標既是建設發展的燈塔，也是檢驗戰鬥力的天秤。只有樹立正確靶標，軍種抓建為戰才能有的放矢，不變形、不走樣地牽引武器裝備、體制編制和作戰理論創新發展。軍種抓建為戰，戰的不是一般對手，而是世界軍事賽場上的強敵。這就要求軍種抓建為戰，必然要鎖定強敵，堅持全部心思向打敗強敵聚焦、各項工作向戰勝強敵用勁。緊緊瞄準世界一流標準，重點要牢牢把握未來作戰體係與體系對抗的特徵，探索標準化、模塊化建設問題，形成一體聯動的體係作戰能力；圍繞全局作戰要求，聚力攻關快速反應、遠程投送、融合保障等現實課題，建強快速機動跨域行動能力。抓住制衡強敵這個關鍵，加強對強敵的針對性研究，堅持敵人怕什麼就重點建什麼，發展什麼能製衡強敵就多備幾手，力求做到戰有勝算、談有籌碼、懾有底氣，著力解決軍種新型力量建設、高新裝備運用、資訊智慧整合等瓶頸問題，全面建成世界一流軍隊。

創新抓建為戰的先導

理論是實踐的先導​​，科學的軍事理論就是戰鬥力。誰能把準未來戰爭的發展脈搏、擁有高超的戰爭設計能力，誰就能贏得戰爭的主動權甚至最後的勝利。軍種抓建為戰，不能走到哪算哪，要把研戰謀建擺在戰略位置，開展前瞻性、針對性、儲備性創新研究，提出新概念、尋找新突破，形成具有時代性、引領性、獨特性的創新理論。軍種抓建為戰，必須著眼於戰爭當前實踐和未來發展，理清縱向演進軸線，把重點放在塑造未來戰場、改變未來作戰規則研究上，盡快推動觀念重塑、體系重構；放在聚焦前沿技術領域、未來智慧化戰爭設計上，下氣力在戰爭新技術、新形態方面實現重大突破；放在持續推進作戰思想、行動樣式、能力需求等新概念的開發上，形成對未來作戰行動的前瞻性性思考。同時把新理論新概念體系化、具體化，成為規劃設計力量體系建構、武器裝備發展、軍事訓練轉變、作戰人才培養的「路線圖」。要形成從實踐到理論、再從理論到實踐的閉環迴路，讓軍事理論研究從實踐中汲取豐厚養分，讓先進成熟的理論成果進入軍事決策和實踐環節，實現理論和實踐良性互動。

打造抓建為戰的硬核

科技是最具革命性的力量。科技創新歷來是與時間與速度的賽跑。不努力創新就會落後挨打，創新速度慢了也同樣會落後挨打。今天，科技創新已成為許多國家和軍隊謀求優勢的核心戰略。軍種抓建為戰，必須高度關注科技引領作用的發揮，通過把當前最前沿甚至是設想中的未來科學技術融入建設整體規劃之中，引領建設發展的基本方向，積極探索用未來的我軍與未來的敵人打一場未來戰爭的科技創新路徑；必須落實科技強軍戰略，向科技創新要戰鬥力，大力培育新的科技增長點，著力提高科技創新對軍種戰鬥力發展的貢獻率；必鬚麵向世界科技前沿、面向未來主要戰場、面向作戰重大需求，加快創新速度，規劃論證好一項就要上馬一項，特別是要讓顛覆性技術跑在前面，力爭跑出加速度，贏得新優勢。顯然，打造抓建為戰的硬核，人才是關鍵。人才是最艱難的準備，誰擁有更多高素質新型軍事人才，誰就能在未來戰場上早獲得或多獲得一些致勝先機。要準確把握現代戰爭特點規律和軍種轉型建設要求，做到打仗需要什麼人才就培養什麼人才、什麼人才最緊缺就優先鍛造什麼人才，使人才培養供給側同未來戰場需求側精準對接。

夯實抓建為戰的根基

打仗硬碰硬，訓練實打實。 「戰」的根本在於「建」，「建」的基礎在於「練」。軍事訓練作為部隊的經常性中心工作，既是產生和提高戰鬥力的基本途徑，也是最直接的軍事鬥爭準備。新時代，戰爭形態加速向資訊化智能化發展，軍隊使命任務不斷拓展，武器裝備資訊化智能化水平逐步提高，訓練保障條件逐步改善，迫切需要軍種部隊從考慮戰爭形態、作戰方法、武器裝備、人員素質等多個領域的互動，到分析已知與未知、可能與不可能、可為與不可為等諸多因素的影響，全面升級實戰能力。抓建為戰，必須聚焦強敵練兵，圍繞真實敵情的進展，練偵察、練協同、練裝備、練保障，練實力量布勢、練快戰場建設、練真裝備數據、練強保障支撐；必須瞄準陸海空及太空、網絡空間等多領域最新敵情，在情景重現中開展真、難、嚴、實的全要素訓練，與強敵“過招”，讓部隊在真刀真槍對抗中礪實功、強實力；必須追求極限訓練，不斷向人和裝備極限沖擊，使官兵的生理心理極限、裝備的性能極限、人與武器結合的戰鬥力極限全面迸發。唯有用「逼到絕境、難到極致」的訓練呈現所有短板弱項，並加以克服，才能應對最殘酷的戰場。一些超越極限訓出的戰術戰法，往往是實戰中勝敵的關鍵一招、致命一擊。

搞好抓建為戰的耦合

戰與建，根本目的都是為了能打仗、打勝仗，必須在新體制下加速實現功能耦合，為加速戰鬥力生成共同發力。建設適應未來作戰需求的軍隊，說到底是建設能完成未來作戰任務、具備相應作戰能力的部隊，作戰需求就是這種任務需求和能力的具體體現。抓建為戰應根據履行使命任務需要，針對未來作戰軍事需求超前設計，以軍事需求牽引軍隊各項建設，不斷細化和動態化調整作戰需求促進戰建耦合。透過加強未來作戰需求論證研究搞好頂層規劃，從總體上把握軍隊建設的方向和重點，從戰略高度和長遠發展考慮軍隊武器裝備、人員素質的全面發展，明確重點，堅持有所為有所不為，集中力量發展戰略性、關鍵性項目，優先保障應急作戰，正確處理軍隊建設的主與次、急與緩、輕與重，緊緊抓住主要的、關鍵的，推動軍隊建設協調配套，科學合理，規範有序，持續發展。科學的戰鬥力評估不僅能夠科學具體地認識己方戰鬥力的組成及其強弱，還有利於採取針對性措施促進抓建為戰的耦合，及時發現並糾正建設中的不足，真正實現軍隊建設的科學發展、集約高效，促進戰鬥力建設上台階。

嚴格抓建為戰的檢驗

一支部隊建設得好不好，是不是已經具備打勝仗的能力，最終還是要通過軍事實踐來檢驗。經過軍事實踐的全面檢驗，必然揭露部隊建設上存在的問題，從而推動軍隊在建設內容、重點、方向上做出相應的調整。通過這樣一次次軍事實踐的反復檢驗，不斷地給部隊建設提出新要求新目標，由此引領部隊建設向著更高的階段發展。用好網絡模擬對抗檢驗。網絡模擬對抗資訊化智慧化，使得模擬對抗的認知、決策、回饋、修正、行動等更趨於實戰，革命性地改造軍事活動流程，進而對武器裝備、指揮控制、力量編組等多個領域產生積極作用，由此促進部隊戰鬥力不斷躍升，甚至催生新的戰爭樣式、改變戰爭制勝機理。用好現地實兵演習檢驗。作為未來戰爭的預實踐，實兵演習不僅能有效檢驗部隊的實戰能力，更為重要的，是能發現部隊建設中存在的一些薄弱環節，有針對性地加以優化改進，獲得最大限度的戰鬥力回報。用好戰爭實踐檢驗。戰爭實踐對部隊建設的引領作用不可取代。嚴酷的戰爭實踐，可以真正檢驗部隊建設哪些適合、哪些不適合未來戰爭，進而修正在建設指導、建設重點、建設方法等諸多方面的偏差和失誤，為打贏下一場戰爭做好準備。

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/ll_208543/9904888.html

#Information Support Force, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, 認知域戰

Chinese Military Exploring Wasy to Win in Intelligent Warfare Amidst Change & Constancy

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中國軍隊在變中求變中探索智慧戰爭制勝之道

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2019年10月22日 星期二

現代英語：

In today’s world, artificial intelligence has made significant breakthroughs and is accelerating its transfer to the military field, which has an impact on the form of war and even a subversive impact. Faced with increasingly fierce strategic competition and rights and interests among major powers, we should use a development perspective to rationally examine and correctly understand intelligence in the thinking of the “change” and “unchange” of the law of winning wars, select the strategic commanding heights and main attack directions of future military competition, and scientifically explore the way to win intelligent warfare.

Intelligent warfare will redraw the boundaries of war, but the standard for winning wars is still to achieve political benefits, so it can be a policy of victory or defeat

The territory of intelligent warfare is expanding to new areas. Engels pointed out: “Human beings fight in the same way as they produce.” The rapid penetration of intelligent technology into the field of combat will inevitably subvert the form of combat effectiveness. Driven by new theories and technologies such as big data, supercomputing, intelligent communications, and brain science, intelligent warfare will subvert people’s inherent cognition with “unexpected” new ways and “omnipotent” new appearances. The cognitive domain has become another contest space for the warring parties after land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. The territory of human military confrontation is bound to extend from natural space, technical space, social space to cognitive space, forming three major combat latitudes: physical domain, information domain, and cognitive domain. The boundaries of war extend to deep earth, deep sea, deep space, deep network, and deep brain, showing the characteristics of extreme depth, extreme distance, extreme micro, extreme intelligence, and unmanned, invisible, silent, and boundless. Intelligent warfare will generalize the confrontation and competition, and the integration of military and non-military fields will be more obvious. The combat field will be expanded to the extreme, the boundaries between peacetime and wartime will become increasingly blurred, and the boundaries between the front and the rear will no longer be clear. Intelligence will penetrate into all elements and processes of future wars, redraw the boundaries of war, and traditional battlefields and fronts will be difficult to reproduce. The “spectrum map” of war tends to be broadened.

Achieving political benefits is the unchanging winning standard of war. As a specific complex social phenomenon, although war will present different war forms and boundaries in different historical periods and form different war cognitions, the essential attribute of war as a political continuation will not change. The standard for measuring victory in war is always to maximize political interests. Intelligent warfare has overturned traditional combat styles and means. The attack range of weapons and equipment has expanded to human cognitive space, and the battlefield space has expanded from physical space to cognitive, social, network and other intangible spaces. It can more intuitively express the characteristics of “imposing will on the opponent”, and emphasizes the dominance of seizing the will of the country, the concept of the organization, the psychology and thinking of people at the strategic, campaign and tactical levels. The winning role of intelligent warfare in winning hearts and minds is more prominent, and the means of winning hearts and minds such as political transplantation, belief attack, mental control, psychological disintegration, and cultural infiltration are more diverse. The competition and counter-competition in the tangible and intangible battlefields are more intense. The political struggle around the war is more complex and changeable, and the constraints of the people’s hearts, social opinions and public psychology on the war are more significant. The military is more obedient to politics, and the political color of intelligent warfare is stronger. In the final analysis, the military is the continuation of politics, and military victory must ensure political leadership. In the history of our army, Mao Zedong has always opposed the purely military viewpoint and insisted on the high unity of military and politics. In the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the US military experimented with a large number of advanced weapons and won the battles. However, from the perspective of winning the war, they won the battles but lost the wars, and fell into a moral quagmire, far from achieving the goal of winning the war. Winning the battle is not the same as winning the war. To truly win the victory of intelligent warfare, we must occupy the commanding heights of justice to ultimately dominate the victory or defeat of the war.

Intelligent warfare will reconstruct combat power, but the key factor in winning the war is still people, and it is not people who are killed

The combat power of intelligent warfare has undergone a qualitative change. Combat power is an overall description of the power system composed of people, weapons and equipment, and combat methods. It represents the development trend of military technology and combat methods. It is essentially the product of the marriage of advanced military technology and new combat ideas. Intelligent warfare is a human-machine intelligent integrated combat. It is a war form that is upgraded, replaced, and reshaped from all aspects and fields such as weapon platforms, command and control systems, combat terminals, and battlefield environments. It presents the characteristics of human-machine collaboration, intelligent dominance, cloud brain combat, and full-domain confrontation. Intelligent technology empowers the most basic elements of warfare. The combat style, time, region, space and other combat elements are changing rapidly. The composition of combat forces has undergone structural changes. People are gradually withdrawing from the front line of confrontation. Intelligent equipment will go to the battlefield in large quantities and in an organized manner. The traditional “man-to-man” war will become a “machine-to-man” or “machine-to-machine” war. Traditional support forces are transformed into main combat forces. Various civilian forces such as network practitioners, scientific and technological elites, experts in psychology, religion, law, and non-state actors will participate in the war in different ways, from the backstage to the front stage. Some new combat forces have developed from decentralized and affiliated organizational forms to increasing proportions, integrating into armies, and forming independent armies, from supporting roles to protagonists, and the military force system has undergone a revolutionary reshaping.

People are still the decisive factor in winning wars. Mao Zedong pointed out in “On Protracted War”: “Weapons are an important factor in war, but not the decisive factor. The decisive factor is people, not things.” Combat power has always been the most direct and important tool for both sides of the war, and the most core condition for victory. People are always the most active factor in combat power, and also the most decisive factor in combat power. In the era of intelligence, the anthropomorphism of weapons and the weaponization of people have become an unstoppable trend. Unmanned combat systems will be deeply integrated with manned systems into an organic symbiosis. The traditional boundaries between people and weapons tend to be blurred, and the relationship between people and weapons will be rebuilt. Weapon systems have a greater degree of autonomy and initiative, which will profoundly change the way people act in war. In particular, the development of “brain control technology” will simplify the control process of weapons from the traditional “brain-nerve-hand-weapon” to “brain-weapon”, which not only means the development and upgrading of weapons and equipment, but also marks that the integration of people and weapons has reached a new level. Human-machine integration technologies such as brain-computer interfaces, exoskeleton systems, wearable devices, and human implants will comprehensively enhance the inherent abilities of people in cognition and physiology, and create “super soldiers.” Human combat thinking is more likely to be materialized in advance into intelligent weapons in the form of software and data. In war, intelligent weapons are used to implement human combat intentions and achieve predetermined combat objectives. The decisive role of humans in future wars is still the planner, organizer and implementer of wars. The greater value of intelligent technologies such as autonomous systems and brain science is to intervene in wars and play a role in assisting command and control. Behind the autonomous combat of intelligent weapons is still the contest between human combat methods, command methods and will quality. Humans are still the decisive factor in the outcome of wars. Good fighters must fully and scientifically play the active role of humans and must not fall into a passive situation controlled by weapons and equipment, so as to truly achieve the goal of killing people instead of being killed by people.

Intelligent warfare will rebuild the rules of engagement, but the basis for winning wars is still to create combat advantages. Victorious soldiers win first and then seek war

Intelligent warfare subverts traditional rules of engagement. War is an extremely complex system composed of multiple factors. The rules of engagement involve many factors such as the nature, purpose, subject, means, time and space conditions of war, as well as war forms, war actions, and war guidance. As artificial intelligence technology can dynamically perceive, reason, make decisions, evaluate and predict various actions of combat forces at all times, in all domains and in all dimensions, the combat style has evolved from “system combat” to “open source combat”, and cross-domain unconventional and asymmetric competition has become the new normal of confrontation. War has entered a stage of system autonomous confrontation and instant kill and decision in reconnaissance and attack operations. The combat style with unmanned operations as a prominent feature has rewritten the rules of engagement and reshaped the support process. Control of intelligence has replaced control of space as the focus of combat. Combat operations are carried out in the entire domain of tangible and intangible battlefields. The battlefield is holographic and transparent. The basic goal of war to destroy the enemy and preserve oneself has also changed from “based on damage” to “based on incapacitation” with the development of disruptive technologies. The killing mechanism of war has changed from chemical energy and kinetic energy to directed energy and biological energy. Traditional violent actions will evolve into hidden strikes, soft kills, and consciousness control, and silent killing has become the mainstream. The ability to “know” and “fight” evolves in an integrated direction. Through the joint actions of the physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain, the participating forces are controlled in real time and accurately. Relying on their own information advantages and decision-making advantages, they cut off and delay the opponent’s information and decision-making circuits in a decentralized battlefield, paralyze the enemy’s combat system, and achieve the effect of physically destroying the enemy and psychologically controlling the enemy.

Creating combat advantages is the unchanging basis for winning wars. Having an overwhelming advantage in deciding the time and place is the law of achieving military victory. The spatiotemporal characteristics of intelligent warfare will undergo major changes. Various combat operations can be launched in parallel in all weather, all day, and in multiple directions. The “second kill” phenomenon in war is more prominent, but the point of action of combat forces to paralyze the enemy’s system has not changed, the essence of creating combat advantages has not changed, and the winning rules of wars to seize the initiative in war, promote our strengths, and attack the enemy’s weaknesses have not changed. The battlefield of the future will become a large area of ​​”no man’s land”. To seize the initiative in war, it is necessary to take sudden, multi-dimensional integrated actions to achieve agile and flexible situational conversion between offense and defense. The offensive and defensive advantages will surpass the relative static state of the past and enter a dynamic reversal of continuous evolution. Therefore, the art of future war is to test whether the two combatants have endurance and orderliness in the continuous state of emergency, which depends on the advancement of the combat system and the war support system. Under the support of the intelligent battlefield situation, various combat personnel, equipment, facilities, and environmental elements form a giant complex adaptive confrontation system. “Cloud gathering” becomes a new combat force cohesion mechanism, and a unified energy gathering platform becomes the basis for seeking all-dimensional advantages. Intelligent advantages become decisive advantages. The idea of ​​concentrating forces in future wars will spiral upward under the promotion of intelligent technology, and cross-domain asymmetric advantages will have more strategic significance and decisive role in intelligent warfare. Designing wars in advance, planning wars in advance, shaping asymmetric advantages based on the enemy’s situation and our situation, stepping up the formation of aggregation advantages in important areas, strengthening the construction of strategic checks and balances, and comprehensively improving the country’s ability to respond to various threats and risks will become the inevitable victory of intelligent warfare.

(Author’s unit: National Defense University)

現代國語：

當今世界，人工智慧發展取得突破性重大進展，並加速向軍事領域轉移，對戰爭形態產生衝擊甚至顛覆性影響。面對日趨激烈的大國戰略競爭與權益博弈，我們應以發展的眼光，在對戰爭制勝規律「變」與「不變」的思辨中，理性審視、正確認知智能化，選準未來軍事競爭的戰略制高點與主攻方向，科學探討智慧化戰爭的勝利之道。

智慧化戰爭將重繪戰爭邊界，但戰爭制勝的標準仍是達成政治利益，故能為勝敗之政

智慧化戰爭疆域向新領域拓展。恩格斯指出：“人類以什麼樣的方式生產，就以什麼樣的方式作戰”，智能技術向作戰領域的快速滲透，必將顛覆戰鬥力的表現形式。智慧化戰爭在大數據、超級運算、智慧通訊、腦科學等新理論、新科技推動下，將以「意想不到」的新方式和「無所不能」的新面貌，顛覆人們固有的認知。認知領域成為交戰雙方繼陸、海、空、天、電、網之後的另一個較量空間，人類軍事對抗的疆域勢必從自然空間、技術空間、社會空間到認知空間，形成物理域、訊息域、認知域三大作戰緯度，戰爭邊界向深地、深海、深空、深網、深腦領域延伸，呈現出極深、極遠、極微、極智與無人、無形、無聲、無邊的特徵。智能化戰爭將泛化對抗爭奪，軍事與非軍事領域一體化特徵更加明顯，作戰領域極限拓展，平時與戰時邊界日趨模糊、前沿與後方界限不再分明，智能滲透到未來戰爭全要素全過程，重繪戰爭邊界，傳統的戰場和戰線難以再現，戰爭「頻譜圖」趨向寬泛化。

達成政治利益是戰爭不變的勝利標準。戰爭作為一種特定的複雜社會現象，儘管在不同的歷史時期會呈現出不同的戰爭形態和邊界，並形成不同的戰爭認知，但戰爭是政治繼續的本質屬性不會改變，衡量戰爭勝利的標準始終是實現政治利益最大化。智慧化戰爭顛覆了傳統的作戰樣式、作戰手段，武器裝備的打擊範圍拓展到人類的認知空間，戰場空間從物理空間拓展到認知、社會、網路等無形空間，能夠更直觀地表達「意志強加在對手身上」的特點，更強調在戰略、戰役、戰術層面奪取國家的意志、組織的觀念、人的心理與思維等主導權。智能化戰爭攻心奪志的勝利作用更為凸顯，政治移植、信仰打擊、精神控制、心理瓦解、文化滲透等攻心奪志手段也更加多元，爭奪與反爭奪在有形與無形戰場的較量更為激烈。圍繞戰爭展開的政治鬥爭更加複雜多變，民心向背、社會輿論、公眾心理對戰爭的製約力更加顯著，軍事服從政治體現得更加明顯，智能化戰爭的政治色彩更濃厚。軍事歸根到底是政治的延續，軍事上的勝利必須保證政治的領先。在我軍歷史上，毛澤東歷來反對單純軍事觀點，堅持軍事與政治的高度統一。美軍在伊拉克和阿富汗戰爭中，實驗了大量的先進武器，並取得了作戰的勝利，但從戰爭制勝的標準來看，贏得作戰卻輸掉了戰爭，陷於道義泥潭，遠未達成戰爭制勝目的。作戰制勝不等於戰爭制勝，要真正贏得智慧化戰爭的勝利，必須佔據正義制高點，才能最終主宰戰爭的勝敗。

智慧化戰爭將重建作戰力量，但戰爭制勝的關鍵因素仍是人，致人而不致於人

智慧化戰爭作戰力量發生質變。作戰力量是人、武器裝備及作戰方式構成的力量體系的整體描述，代表軍事技術和作戰方式的發展趨勢，本質上是先進軍事技術與新型作戰思想聯姻的產物。智慧化戰爭是人機智能一體的作戰，是從武器平台、指控體系、作戰終端、戰場環境等全方位、全領域進行升級、換代、重塑的戰爭形態，呈現人機協同、智能主導、雲腦作戰、全域對抗的特徵。智慧技術賦能改變最基礎的作戰要素，作戰樣式、時間、地域、空間等作戰要素瞬息萬變，作戰力量組成發生結構性變化，人逐漸退出對抗一線，智能化裝備將大量、成建制地走上戰場，傳統意義上「人對人」的戰爭將變成「機器對人」或「機器對決」的戰爭。傳統支援力量向主體作戰力量轉變，網路從業人員、科技菁英、心理、宗教、法律等專家和非國家行為體等多種民間力量，會以不同的方式參與到戰爭中來，從後台走向前台。一些新型作戰力量從分散化、配屬化的組織形態向增加比重、融合成軍、獨立成軍方向發展，從配角變為主角，軍事力量體系發生革命性重塑。

人依然是戰爭制勝的決定性因素。毛澤東在《論持久戰》中指出：「武器是戰爭的重要因素，但不是決定的因素，決定的因素是人不是物。」作戰力量始終是交戰雙方最直接、最重要的工具，也是最核心的致勝條件，人永遠是作戰力量中最活躍的因素，同時也是作戰力量中最具決定性的因素。智能化時代，武器的擬人化和人的武器化成為不可阻擋的趨勢，無人作戰系統將與有人系統深度融合為有機共生體，人與武器之間的傳統界限趨於模糊，重建人與武器的關係。武器系統具備更大程度的自主性和能動性，使人在戰爭中的活動方式發生深刻變化。特別是“腦控技術”的發展，對武器的控制流程將由傳統的“大腦-神經-手-武器”簡化為“大腦-武器”，這不僅僅意味著武器裝備的發展升級，而且標誌著人與武器的融合已達到新的層次。腦機介面、外骨骼系統、穿戴式裝置、人體植入等人機結合技術手段將全面提升認知、生理等人的內在能力，打造出「超級士兵」。人的作戰思想較以軟體和資料的形式被提前物化到智慧武器中，戰爭中由智慧武器來貫徹人的作戰意圖，達成預定作戰目的。人在未來戰爭中的決定作用，仍然是戰爭的計畫者、組織者和實施者。自主系統、腦科學等智慧科技更大的價值是介入戰爭，發揮協助指揮與控制的作用。智慧化武器自主作戰的背後仍是人的作戰方法、指揮方式與意志品質的較量，人依然是戰爭勝負的決定因素，善戰者必須要充分而科學地發揮人的能動作用，不可陷入為武器裝備所控的被動局面，真正做到致人而不致於人。

智慧化戰爭將重建交戰規則，但戰爭制勝的基礎仍是創造作戰優勢，勝兵先勝而後求戰

智慧化戰爭顛覆傳統交戰規則。戰爭是一個由多種因素構成的極為複雜的系統，交戰規則涉及戰爭性質、目的、主體、手段、時空條件，以及戰爭形態、戰爭行動、戰爭指導等諸多方面的因素。隨著人工智慧技術能夠全時、全域、全維度對作戰力量的各種行動進行動態感知、推理決策、評估預測，作戰樣式由「體係作戰」向「開源作戰」演進，跨域非常規、非對稱較量成為對壘新常態，戰爭進入系統自主對抗、察打行動秒殺立決的階段，以無人化為突出標誌的作戰樣式重新改寫交戰規則，重塑保障流程。制智權代替制空間權成為作戰重心，作戰行動在有形和無形戰場全局展開，戰場全息透明，消滅敵人、保存自己的戰爭基本目標也隨著顛覆性技術的發展表現為從「基於毀傷」轉變為「基於失能」。戰爭殺傷機理由化學能、動能轉變為定向能、生物能，傳統的暴力行動將向隱打擊、軟殺傷、控意識等方式演變，無聲殺傷成為主流。 「知」「戰」能力向一體化方向演進，透過物理域、資訊域與認知域的共同行動，即時精準地掌控參戰力量，憑藉己方的資訊優勢與決策優勢，在去中心化的戰場中切斷與遲滯對手的訊息與決策迴路，癱敵作戰體系，達成物理上摧毀敵人與心理上控制敵人之效。

創造作戰優勢是戰爭不變的勝利基礎。在決定時機和決定地點擁有壓倒優勢，是取得軍事勝利的規律。智慧化戰爭時空特性將發生重大變化，各種作戰行動可以全天候、全天時、多方向並行發起，戰爭中的「秒殺」現象更加突出，但作戰力量癱敵體系的作用點沒有變，創造作戰優勢的本質沒有改變，掌握戰爭主動權、揚我之長、擊敵之短的戰爭制勝法則沒有變。未來戰場將成為大面積“無人之境”，要奪取戰爭主動權，必須採取突然、多維融合的行動，在進攻與防禦之間實現敏捷、彈性的態勢轉換，進攻與防禦優勢將會超越過去的相對靜態，進入不斷演化的動態反轉，因此未來戰爭的藝術就是檢驗作戰雙方在持續不斷的突發狀態中是否具備耐力和有序性，取決於作戰體系和戰爭支撐體系的先進性。各類作戰人員、裝備、設施、環境要素在智慧化的戰場態勢支撐下，形成巨型複雜自適應對抗體系，「雲聚」成為新的作戰力量凝聚機理，統一的聚能平台成為謀求全維優勢的基礎，智能優勢成為決勝優勢。未來戰爭集中兵力的思想將在智慧科技的推動下螺旋式上升，跨域非對稱優勢在智慧化戰爭將更有戰略意義和決勝作用。提前設計戰爭、超前規劃戰爭，基於敵情我情塑造非對稱優勢，加緊在重要領域形成聚集優勢，加強戰略制衡力量建設，全面提升國家應對各類威脅風險的能力，成為智能化戰爭勝兵先勝而後求戰的必然。

（作者單位：國防大學）

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2019-10/22/content_245810.htm

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國的情報戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍事認知域作戰的重點是什麼、重點在哪裡？, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊瞄準未來戰爭打好五場認知戰, 新軍事變革, 智慧戰爭, 解放軍展望未來戰爭發展, 認知域戰

China’s Emphasis on Accelerating the Advancement of Military Intelligence

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中國重視加速軍事情報進步

現代英語：

Today, the world’s science and technology is brewing new breakthroughs. With the man-machine war as a symbol, the development of artificial intelligence has made significant progress and is accelerating its development into the military field, which will inevitably have an impact on the war situation and even a subversive impact. Therefore, our military must accelerate the promotion of military intelligence construction and accelerate the forging of an intelligent army.

Create intelligent theory. Create the basic theory of intelligent warfare, and conduct in-depth research on the concept connotation, essential characteristics, war guidance, combat style, offensive and defensive actions, winning mechanism, characteristic laws, etc. of intelligent warfare; continuously innovate the tactics of intelligent warfare, such as intelligent cluster warfare, precise second-kill warfare, cognitive control warfare, intelligent ambush warfare, etc.; study and master the basic technical theories of intelligent warfare, including the perception and understanding of highly complex battlefield environments, human-machine hybrid intelligence in human-machine collaborative operations, etc. These theories are the cornerstone of the intelligent warfare theory system. In the future, the war theory with “algorithm-centric warfare” as the core is very likely to replace the war theory with “network-centric warfare” as the core.

Reshape the intelligent form. Military organization is the link between military technology and combat theory, and is the lever for exerting the overall combat effectiveness of the army. In the future intelligent warfare, along with the pace of new military reforms, the development trend of military organization will be built and developed in the direction of “globally distributed, networked matrix” leadership and management system, “algorithm-supported, human-machine integration” combat command system, “small and flexible, modular cluster” scale structure, and “military integration, military and civilian integration, traditional forces as the main body, intelligent forces as the backbone, unmanned and adaptive” force composition. The organizational structure of future intelligent warfare will be to form small, multi-functional, intelligent, new joint combat forces of different types and purposes according to different levels of strategy, campaign, and tactics and different military services.

Develop intelligent weapons. We should focus on the dual needs of intelligent warfare system operations and intelligent weapons and equipment system construction, do a good job in top-level design and overall coordination, compile a roadmap for the development of intelligent weapons and equipment systems, and develop intelligent unmanned combat equipment systems that match operations and support, covering land, sea, air, space, and network space domains, in a planned, focused, and step-by-step manner, and with high, medium, and low-end, large, medium, and small, long, medium, and short ranges, and enhance the system integration of various services and various intelligent weapons and equipment such as operations and support. At the same time, we should focus on the needs of unmanned and anti-unmanned, intelligent and anti-intelligent operations, and focus on the research and development of weapons and equipment systems for anti-enemy intelligent unmanned operations to ensure that we can effectively conduct intelligent unmanned offensive and defensive confrontations with the enemy.

Innovate intelligent training. At present, the concept and method of intelligent combat are constantly updated, and the training mode has changed from “mechanical + information” dominated to “intelligent +” dominated. Artificial intelligence technology can create a more “real” weapon operation experience and battlefield environment, can realistically simulate the combat process, assist decision-making and command, and evaluate combat concepts. Exploring new models of intelligent training and improving intelligent combat capabilities will become an important part of future military training and preparation. In particular, intelligent warfare and unmanned combat should be included in the training outline and carried out on a regular basis.

Cultivate intelligent talents. Talent is the first resource. The cultivation of artificial intelligence talents is the foundation for strengthening the country’s intelligent infrastructure. Intelligent warfare has the characteristics of complexity, advancement, and humanization. It has the characteristics of decentralized combat command, de-division of combat processes, de-stratification of talent structure, high-end skill operation, research-based working methods, and fuzzification of the front and rear. Correspondingly, it also requires intelligent military talents to have the characteristics of talent group, advanced skills, complex knowledge, innovative thinking, and intelligent decision-making. Therefore, to build an intelligent army and win intelligent warfare, it is first necessary to have a large number of specialized technical talents and command talents in the field of artificial intelligence.

Deepen intelligent integration. Breakthroughs in the core key technologies of artificial intelligence are the “national heavy weapon” to deal with the threats and challenges of intelligent warfare. In the tide of the intelligent era, we must focus on achieving integrated breakthroughs in the following disruptive technologies: around algorithm support, develop intelligent data mining technology for massive intelligence information and intelligent planning technology; around machine combat, develop intelligent chip technology and autonomous unmanned system technology; around intelligent decision-making, develop explainable high-reliability auxiliary decision-making technology, human-computer interaction and intelligent fusion technology; around extreme combat, develop intelligent cluster combat coordination technology and energy and information intelligent confrontation technology. Therefore, the research and development of core key technologies of military intelligence should not only carry out cross-disciplinary and cross-domain collaborative innovation, but also connect the development of social intelligence with that of military intelligence, draw on the mature technologies and successful experiences of social intelligence development, vigorously strengthen the in-depth development of military-civilian integration, and promote the rapid embedding of various artificial intelligence technologies into combat elements and processes.

國語中文：

當今世界科技正醞釀著新的突破，以人機大戰為標志，人工智慧發展取得重大進展，並加速向軍事領域發展，這必將對戰爭形態產生沖擊甚至顛覆性影響。因此，我軍必須加速推進軍事智慧化建設，加速鍛造智慧化軍隊。

創建智能化理論。創造智慧化戰爭基礎理論，深入研究智能化戰爭的概念內涵、本質特徵、戰爭指導、作戰樣式、攻防行動、制勝機理、特點規律等內容；不斷創新智能化戰爭的戰法，如智能集群戰、精確秒殺戰、認知控制戰、智能伏擊戰等；研究掌握智能化戰爭的技術基礎理論，包括高復雜戰場環境的感知與理解、人機協同作戰的人機混合智能等。這些理論是智慧化戰爭理論體系的基石。未來以「演算法中心戰」為核心的戰爭理論，極有可能取代以「網絡中心戰」為核心的戰爭理論。

重塑智能化形態。軍隊組織是聯結軍事技術和作戰理論的紐帶，也是發揮軍隊整體作戰效能的槓桿。在未來智慧化戰爭中，伴隨著新軍事變革的步伐，軍隊組織的發展趨勢，將按照領導管理體制「全局分散式、網絡矩陣式」、作戰指揮體制「演算法支撐、人機融合」、規模結構「小型靈巧、模塊集群」、力量編成「軍種融合軍民一體、傳統部隊為主體、智慧部隊為骨幹的無人化、自適應」方向建設發展。未來智慧化戰爭的體制編制將依戰略、戰役、戰術不同層次和不同軍兵種，組建不同類型、不同用途的小型多能智能化新型聯合作戰部隊。

發展智能化武器。應著眼於智慧化戰爭體係作戰和智慧化武器裝備體系建設的雙重需要，搞好頂層設計和整體統籌，編制智能化武器裝備體系發展路線圖，按計劃、有重點、分步驟地研製高中低端、大中小型、遠中近程，覆蓋陸、海、空、天和網絡等空間領域，作戰與保障相配套的智能化無人作戰裝備體系，增強各軍兵種和作戰、保障等各種智能化武器裝備的體系融合度。與此同時，應著眼無人和反無人、智能與反智能作戰需要，注重研發反敵智能化無人作戰的武器裝備系統，確保能夠有效地與敵進行智能化無人攻防對抗。

創新智能化訓練。當前，智慧化作戰理念、作戰方式不斷更新，訓練模式由「機械+資訊」主導型向「智慧+」主導型轉變。人工智慧技術能夠創造出更「真實」的武器操作體驗和戰場環境，能夠逼真地演繹作戰進程、輔助決策指揮、評估作戰構想。探索智慧化訓練新模式，提升智慧化作戰能力，將成為未來練兵備戰的重要內容。特別是將智慧化戰爭和無人化作戰納入訓練大綱，常態化展開進行。

培養智能化人才。人才是第一資源。人工智慧人才的培養是加強國家智慧化基礎建設的根本。智慧化戰爭具有複雜性、超前性、類人化等特徵，存在作戰指揮去中心化、作戰過程去分工化、人才結構去分層化、技能操作高端化、工作方式研究化、前沿與後方模糊化等特點，相應也要求智慧化軍事人才具有人才群體性、技能精尖性、知識復合性、思維創新性、決策智能性等特點。因此，建設智慧化軍隊，打贏智慧化戰爭，首要是擁有一大批人工智慧領域的專門技術人才和指揮人才。

深化智能化融合。人工智慧核心關鍵技術的突破，是應對智慧化戰爭威脅和挑戰的「國之重器」。在智慧時代的浪潮中，要重點在以下顛覆性技術上取得融合突破：圍繞演算法支撐發展海量情報資訊智慧數據挖掘技術、智慧規劃技術；圍繞機器主戰發展智慧晶片技術、自主無人系統技術；圍繞智慧決策發展可解釋高可信賴輔助決策技術、人機互動與智慧融合技術；圍繞極限作戰發展智慧集群作戰協同技術、能量與資訊智慧對抗技術。因此，軍事智慧化核心關鍵技術的研發，不僅要開展跨學科、跨領域協作創新，還要使社會智能化與軍事智能化發展對接並軌，借鑒社會智能化發展的成熟技術和成功經驗，大力加強軍民融合深度發展，推動各類人工智慧技術快速嵌入作戰要素、作戰流程。

來源：解放軍報 作者：李明海 責任編輯：喬楠楠 2019-10-08 10:39:28

中國軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4852388.html

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Cognitive Confrontation, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 智慧戰爭, 認知戰

Chinese Military and Determining A Winning Mechanism of Intelligent Warfare Strategy

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中國軍隊與智慧戰爭戰略制勝機制的確定

現代英語音譯：

Through the smoke of war, we can see that today’s war has developed from barbaric flesh-and-blood battles and battles to capture cities and territories to information-led precise beheadings and fierce competition on the intellectual battlefield. This objective fact tells us that war, as a specific complex social phenomenon, will present different war forms and winning mechanisms in different historical periods. As American futurist Toffler pointed out, “Artificial intelligence is like previous missiles and satellites. Whether you are prepared or not, it will enter the historical stage of human civilization war.” President Xi clearly pointed out: “If we do not understand the winning mechanism of modern war, then we can only look at a diorama and miss the point.” The winning mechanism of war refers to the way in which various war factors play a role in winning a war. and the laws and principles of interconnection and interaction. Compared with information-based warfare in the traditional sense, the winning mechanism of future intelligent warfare has undergone significant changes.

The method of confrontation has changed from “system confrontation” to “algorithmic game”, and algorithmic advantages dominate war advantages.

Algorithms are strategic mechanisms for solving problems. In fact, an “algorithm” is a series of clear instructions for solving a problem. It is a clear step to solve a certain type of problem according to certain rules. In future wars, the party that masters the advantages of algorithms can quickly and accurately predict battlefield situations, innovate optimal combat methods, and achieve the war goal of “victory before fighting”.

Algorithms are the key to leading intelligent warfare. First, algorithmic advantages dominate cognitive advantages. After big data is processed through high-performance and efficient algorithms, massive data is quickly converted into useful intelligence. Therefore, the party with the advantage of the algorithm can dispel the “battlefield fog” caused by the lack of timely processing of data, making the understanding more profound. Second, the algorithm advantage dominates the speed advantage. Compared with classical algorithms, quantum algorithms have achieved exponential acceleration effects. In addition, quantum computers have increased from 1 qubit in 2003 to 1,000 qubits in 2015. The computing efficiency is 100 million times faster than that of classical computers. Artificial intelligence has achieved a qualitative leap. Third, algorithmic advantages dominate decision-making advantages. Algorithms, with their high-speed and precise calculations, replace people’s “meditation” and repeated exploration, thereby accelerating knowledge iteration. Mastering super powerful algorithms can quickly propose flexible and diverse combat plans and countermeasures in response to changes in the enemy’s situation, constantly disrupting the enemy’s established intentions and deployment.

Algorithms are at the heart of the jump in war effectiveness. First, war is more efficient. With the support of algorithms, artificial intelligence can react hundreds to thousands of times faster than humans. In 2016, the “Alpha” intelligent software developed by the United States has a reaction speed 250 times faster than humans. It controlled a third-generation aircraft to defeat a manned fourth-generation aircraft in a simulated air battle. Second, the war endurance is stronger. Artificial intelligence is not limited by physiological functions and can continuously perform repetitive and mechanical tasks. In September 2016, an F-16 fighter jet reached 8 times gravity during training, causing the pilot to lose consciousness. However, before the plane hit the ground, the onboard “automatic anti-collision system” automatically pulled the plane up, avoiding the tragedy. occur. Third, the outcome of the war is better. With the support of massive data and supercomputing capabilities, artificial intelligence judgment and prediction results are more accurate. The combined use of manned and unmanned equipment in the U.S. military’s search and hunt for bin Laden is a successful example.

Combat elements are changing from “information-led” to “machine-based warfare”, and machine-based warfare reshapes the combat process

In the future, intelligent technology will penetrate into all elements and processes of war. The Internet of Things, the Internet of Intelligence, and the Internet of Brains have become the basis of war. The four domains of physical domain, information domain, cognitive domain, and social domain are deeply integrated, making the battlefield holographically transparent. There are people to control the war and no one to fight on the battlefield. Intelligent weapons and equipment will reshape the combat process “from sensor to shooter”.

“Detection” with a keen eye. “Reconnaissance” refers to intelligent intelligence reconnaissance. It can use multi-dimensional sensors such as land, sea, air, space, and electricity for virtualized collaborative networking, self-organized dynamic scheduling, automatic mining of multi-source intelligence, and order-based on-demand use to maximize information shortage or information redundancy. The “fog of war” brought about by the epidemic has opened up the “eyes” to see through intelligent warfare.

Loop “control”. “Control” refers to intelligent command and control. Focusing on the core of decision-making advantages, we use the human-machine collaboration technology of “human in the loop” and adopt three decision-making and control methods of “human in the loop”, “human in the loop” and “human outside the loop” according to the autonomous authority of the machine. , forming a comprehensive advantage with superior decision-making quality and action speed.

Smart “hit”. “Strike” refers to intelligent offensive and defensive operations. Relying on the advantages of system structure and algorithm, it mobilizes all-domain multi-dimensional, manned and unmanned combat platforms in real time, quickly couples combat forces, builds combat systems on demand, focuses on targets, independently implements “distributed” and “swarm” collaborative operations, and quickly resolves battles after they are completed. Couple and wait for the battle, so that the troops can gather and disperse randomly. At the end of 2015, Russia invested 6 tracked unmanned combat vehicles, 4 wheeled unmanned combat vehicles and 1 drone to support the Syrian government forces in storming Islamic extremist strongholds and achieved the world’s first unmanned combat victory. Victory in the tough battle dominated by cars. During the battle, about 70 extremist militants were killed, while only four Syrian government troops were injured.

The decision-making method changes from “human brain decision-making” to “intelligent decision-making”, and intelligent decision-making optimizes combat operations

With the emergence of intelligent auxiliary decision-making technology and “cloud brain”, “digital staff” and “virtual warehousing”, war decision-making has evolved from pure human brain decision-making to human-machine hybrid decision-making, cloud-brain intelligent decision-making and neural network decision-making.

Human-machine hybrid decision-making. Reasonable division of labor and interaction and collaboration between humans and machines are the best solutions to explore and solve problems. The advantages of the human brain are creativity, flexibility, and initiative; the advantages of machines are fast speed, high precision, and resistance to fatigue. Artistic tasks such as high-level decision-making are handled by the human brain, and big data calculations are completed by machines. Human-computer interaction allows machines to “listen” to understand human language, “see” human movements and expressions, “understand” human emotions and intentions, and present the calculation process and results in a way that is easy for humans to understand.

Cloud brain intelligent decision-making. In future intelligent warfare, there will be a “brain” metaphor center, and distributed combat units will be linked through the cloud brain. This cloud brain is not only a physical information, physiological information and psychological information center, but also a military command center. Cloud brain decision-making is based on the intelligent “network, cloud and terminal” system. “Net” is an intelligent combat basic network integrating intelligent battlefield perception, decision-making and weapons control systems. “Cloud” is built on the basis of “network”, with the intelligent resource service layer as the main body. It is not only a “resource pool” that integrates various combat resources, but also an “intelligent cloud” that provides intelligent services for combat operations. Due to the coupling of multiple centers, rapid networking and decision-making can be achieved even when bombarded by information. “End” refers to the combat resource end, discrete intelligence and networked intelligence in combat processes, which can not only make independent decisions, but also provide distributed intelligent resources for the war system, allowing the new war system to emerge with group intelligence.

Neural network decision-making. In July 2018, Russia developed artificial neural network fully automatic software that can destroy immediately upon discovery. The intelligent decision-making tool developed by the US military is intended to shorten the decision-making cycle and improve decision-making efficiency. The application of neural networks was once limited to tactical-level calculations, making it difficult to make qualitative analysis and decisions on strategic-level macro-complex situations. “AlphaGo” has made a breakthrough in the field of Go by simulating the working mechanism of the human brain’s neural network. In the future, the super self-evolution and strategic decision-making capabilities of deep neural networks will realize a combat cycle of “people outside the loop”.

The combat style has changed from “breaking links and breaking bodies” to “extreme operations”, which subvert traditional combat methods.

Extreme warfare breaks through the boundaries of traditional warfare, subverts traditional combat styles, dramatically increases war effectiveness, and creates a truly all-weather, all-time, all-dimensional, all-domain intelligent warfare.

Break through the limits of human physiology and thinking. First, the combat space and fields have been extremely expanded. Intelligent warfare in the future will be three-dimensional, all-dimensional, and all-domain operations. The war space will expand from the traditional space field to the polar regions, deep seas, outer space, and other extremes. It will especially penetrate into the cognitive domain, information domain, and penetrate into other fields, including combat fields. More blurry. Second, the combat process has been extremely accelerated. Unmanned autonomous warfare has greatly compressed the “observation-judgment-decision-action” cycle, developing from the “instant destruction” of information warfare to the “instant destruction” of intelligent warfare. The victory of intelligent warfare is achieved by advancing the warning time, shortening the decision-making time, and extending the combat operations forward to achieve the effect of preemptive layout and preemptive strike. Third, combat operations are extremely flexible. In intelligent warfare, artificial intelligence can propose extremely rich combat plans, and the unmanned combat platform can quickly switch between different functional roles, making combat operations more bold and adventurous, and tactics more unexpected. Even if one of the combat elements loses its function, the “decentralization” function will ensure that the function of the group is not affected.

Subvert the traditional combat style. The first is intrusive lone wolf operations. That is, a single unmanned system operates independently. The second is the manned and unmanned coordinated system attack battle. That is, based on intelligent unmanned systems, through mixed operations with and without unmanned equipment, combat objectives can be quickly achieved. The third is the independent operation of unmanned system formations. Multiple sets of unmanned systems constitute a combat unit that can perform complex tasks such as multi-target attacks. The fourth is mothership swarm operations. Using the mothership as the transportation carrier and command center, a manned and unmanned hybrid swarm combat style is formed.

It has the combat effectiveness of “nuclear power”. Intelligent warfare maximizes the characteristics and potential of intelligent robots, leading to combat effectiveness approaching the limit. First, the target is small and difficult to find. For example, miniaturized stealth robots are difficult to detect with radar and sonar. The U.S. hybrid UAV with an Optode chip embedded in the Dragonfly is smaller, lighter and more stealthy, with a battery life of up to several months. Second, confrontation is difficult and costly. For example, as long as a beetle-sized micro-drone scans a human face, it can directly hit the target’s head after data analysis and determination, and it can carry enough ammunition to penetrate the brain. Third, the cost is low and the damage is great. In the future, the use of intelligent weapons in extreme operations will have the power of nuclear weapons, especially extremely large-scale intelligent weapons and equipment, extremely low-cost robot automatic production, and extremely flexible robot swarm operations, which may exceed the maximum explosion power of nuclear weapons.

國語音譯：

2019年01月15日08:00 | 来源：解放军报

透过战争的硝烟，我们可以看到，今天的战争已经从蒙昧野蛮的血肉之搏、攻城略地的兵戎相见发展到信息主导的精确斩首、智域疆场的激烈角逐。这一客观事实告诉我们，战争作为一种特定的复杂社会现象，在不同的历史时期会呈现出不同的战争形态与制胜机理。正如美国未来学家托夫勒指出，“人工智能就像先前的导弹、卫星一样，无论你是否有所准备都将登上人类文明战争的历史舞台”。 习主席明确指出：“如果不把现代战争的制胜机理搞清楚，那就‘只能是看西洋镜，不得要领’。”战争制胜机理，是指为赢得战争胜利，战争诸因素发挥作用的方式及相互联系、相互作用的规律和原理。未来智能化战争与传统意义上的信息化战争相比，制胜机理发生了显著变化。

对抗方式从“体系对抗”向“算法博弈”转变，算法优势主导战争优势

算法是求解问题的策略机制。实际上，“算法”是一系列解决问题的清晰指令，是按照一定规则解决某一类问题的明确步骤。未来战争掌握算法优势的一方，能快速准确预测战场态势，创新最优作战方法，实现“未战而先胜”的战争目的。

算法是主导智能化战争的关键。第一，算法优势主导认知优势。大数据通过高性能、高效率的算法进行处理后，将海量数据快速转换为有用的情报。因此，占有算法优势的一方，能驱散因数据得不到及时处理而产生的“战场迷雾”，使得认知更为深刻。第二，算法优势主导速度优势。量子算法相比于经典算法，实现了指数级的加速效果，再加上量子计算机从2003年的1位量子比特，到2015年1000位量子比特，计算效率比经典计算机快了一亿倍，使人工智能实现了质的飞跃。第三，算法优势主导决策优势。算法以其高速、精确的计算，代替人的“冥思苦想”和反复探索，从而加速知识迭代。掌握超强算法能够针对敌情变化快速提出灵活多样的作战方案与应对之策，不断打乱敌既定企图和部署。

算法是战争效能跃升的核心。一是战争效率更高。在算法的支撑下，人工智能的反应速度是人类的成百上千倍。2016年，美国研发的“阿尔法”智能软件，反应速度比人类快250倍，在模拟空战中操控三代机击败了有人驾驶的四代机。二是战争耐力更强。人工智能不受生理机能限制，可连续执行重复性、机械性任务。2016年9月，一架F-16战机在训练中达到8倍重力过载，导致飞行员失去知觉，然而，在飞机撞击地面前，机载“自动防撞系统”自动将飞机拉起，避免了悲剧发生。三是战争结局更好。在海量数据和超算能力支持下，人工智能的判断和预测结果更加准确。美军寻找和捕杀本·拉登行动，有人和无人装备的组合运用就是一个成功的战例。

作战要素从“信息主导”向“机器主战”转变，机器主战重塑作战流程

未来智能科技将渗透到战争全要素全过程。物联网、智联网与脑联网成为战争的基础，物理域、信息域、认知域、社会域四域深度融合，使战场全息透明，战争控制有人，战场交锋无人。智能化武器装备将重塑“从传感器到射手”的作战流程。

慧眼“侦”。“侦”，即智能化情报侦察。能将陆、海、空、天、电等多维传感器，进行虚拟化协同组网、自组织动态调度、多源情报自动挖掘、订单式按需使用，最大程度上拨开信息不足或信息冗余带来的“战争迷雾”，开启透视智能化战争的“慧眼”。

回路“控”。“控”，即智能化指挥控制。围绕决策优势这一核心，运用“人在回路”的人机协同技术，按照机器的自主权限，采取“人在回路中”“人在回路上”“人在回路外”三种决策与控制方式，以高敌一筹的决策质量和行动速度形成全面优势。

智能“打”。“打”，即智能化攻防作战。依托体系结构和算法优势，实时调集全域多维、有人无人作战平台，快速耦合作战力量，按需构建作战体系，聚焦目标，自主实施“分布式”“蜂群式”协同作战，交战完毕迅速解耦待战，做到兵无常势、聚散随机。2015年底，俄罗斯投入6台履带式无人战车、4台轮式无人战车和1架无人机，支援叙利亚政府军强攻伊斯兰极端势力据点，取得了世界上第一场以无人战车为主的攻坚战胜利。战斗中约70名极端势力武装分子被击毙，而叙利亚政府军只有4人受伤。

决策方式从“人脑决策”向“智能决策”转变，智能决策优化作战行动

随着智能辅助决策技术和“云端大脑”“数字参谋”“虚拟仓储”的出现，战争决策由单纯的人脑决策发展为人机混合决策、云脑智能决策和神经网络决策。

人机混合决策。人与机器的合理分工与交互协同是探索解决问题的最优方案。人脑的优势在于创造性、灵活性、主动性；机器的优势在于速度快、精度高、抗疲劳。高层决策等艺术性强的工作由人脑来处理，大数据计算由机器完成。人机交互是让机器能“听”懂人类语言、“看”懂人类动作与表情、“理解”人的情绪和意图，把计算过程和结果用人容易理解的方式呈现出来。

云脑智能决策。未来智能化战争，将有一个“大脑”的隐喻中心，分布式的作战单元将通过云大脑链接。这个云大脑既是物理信息、生理信息和心理信息中心，也是军事指控中心。云脑决策以智能“网、云、端”体系为依托。“网”，是集智能化战场感知、决策和武器控制系统于一体的智能型作战基础网络。“云”，依“网”而建，以智能型资源服务层为主体，既是融合各类作战资源的“资源池”，也是为作战行动提供智能化服务的“智能云”。由于多中心的耦合，即使遭受信息轰炸也能快速组网和决策。“端”，是指作战资源端，作战流程上的分立智能和联网智能，既能自主决策，又能为战争体系提供分布式智能资源，使新的战争体系涌现出群体智能。

神经网络决策。2018年7月，俄罗斯研制的人工神经网络全自动软件，能做到发现即摧毁。美军研发的智能化决策工具，意在缩短决策周期，提高决策效率。神经网络的应用曾局限于战术级计算，难以对战略级宏观复杂态势做出定性分析和决策。“阿尔法狗”通过模拟人脑神经网络工作机制在围棋领域取得突破。未来深度神经网络的超强自我进化和战略决策能力，将实现“人在回路外”的作战循环。

作战样式从“断链破体”向“极限作战”转变，极限作战颠覆传统作战手段

极限作战突破了传统战争的界限，颠覆了传统的作战样式，使战争效能剧增，出现了真正意义上的全天候、全时空、全方位、全领域的智能化战争。

突破人类生理和思维极限。一是作战空间和领域极度拓展。未来智能化作战是立体、全维、全领域作战，战争空间将从传统的空间领域，向极地、深海、太空等极限拓展，特别是向认知域、信息域渗透并贯穿其他领域，作战领域更加模糊。二是作战进程极度加快。无人自主作战大幅压缩“观察—判断—决策—行动”周期，从信息化战争的“瞬时摧毁”发展为智能化战争的“即时摧毁”。智能化战争的胜利，是通过预警时间提前、决策时间缩短，作战行动向前延伸，达到先手布局、先发制人的效果。三是作战行动极度灵活。智能化战争中，人工智能能够提出极为丰富的作战方案，加之无人作战平台，能够在不同功能角色之间快速切换，作战行动更为大胆冒险，战术战法更为出乎意料。即使作战要素中的某一个丧失功能，“去中心化”的功能也会确保群体功能不受影响。

颠覆传统作战样式。一是侵入式独狼作战。即单套无人系统独立作战。二是有人无人协同体系破击战。即基于智能无人系统，通过有无人装备混合作战，快速达成作战目的。三是无人系统编队独立作战。多套无人系统构成作战单元，可执行多目标攻击等复杂任务。四是母舰蜂群集群作战。以母舰为运输载体和指挥中心，形成有人无人混合集群作战样式。

具备“核威力”的作战效能。智能化战争把智能机器人的特性和潜能发挥到极致，导致作战效能接近极限。一是目标小、难发现。比如微型化隐身机器人，雷达和声呐很难发现。美国在“蜻蜓”中嵌入“光极”芯片的混合无人机，更小更轻更隐秘，续航时间高达几个月。二是对抗难，代价高。比如甲虫大小的微型无人机只要扫描到人脸景象，经数据分析和确定即可直接撞向目标头部，携带的弹药足以穿透大脑。三是造价低、破坏大。未来运用智能化武器极限作战具有核武器的威力，特别是极大体量的智能化武器装备，极低成本的机器人自动生产，极度灵活的机器人集群作战，可能会超越核武器爆炸威力的极大化。

中國政府原文來源：https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0115/c1011-3053888.html