Category Archives: Information Support Force

Chinese Military Exploring Mechanisms of Winning War in the Midst of Global Change and Chaos

全球變亂中中國軍隊探索戰爭勝利機制

現代英語:

 ●As a product of the information age, information warfare embodies some characteristics that are completely different from previous wars, mainly in terms of war background, combat means and methods, etc.

  ●Compared with mechanized warfare, informationized warfare has not changed in its essential attributes such as war being the continuation of politics and its basic laws such as strength being the basis for victory.

  ●To study information warfare, we need to recognize the changes and constants in modern warfare compared with past wars, and explore its winning mechanism through comparison.

  There are three major changes in information warfare compared to traditional warfare

  The background conditions of war have changed. The background of information warfare caused by traditional security and non-traditional security has become more complicated. For example, economic globalization has made us interdependent, and both struggle and cooperation between countries have become the norm; conflicts between emerging powers and established powers often emerge; and military actions in any strategic direction may trigger chain reactions in multiple directions and fields.

  The way of war has changed. Informationized warfare cannot be a formal battle. The boundaries between traditional and non-traditional security, war and non-war are becoming more blurred. Military struggle styles are emerging in an endless stream, and battlefield uncertainty is increasing. An important reason for China’s disastrous defeat in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 was that it was forced to respond and was not fully prepared. Aiming to win future informationized wars, we must adapt to the requirements of the information age, focus on solving practical problems, take the initiative to design wars, and make full preparations, so as to maintain strategic initiative.

  The means of warfare have changed dramatically. Informatized warfare has more diverse options for using strategic forces to achieve political and military goals. Military struggles are simultaneously carried out in multi-dimensional battlefield spaces such as land, sea, air, space, and power grids, and the role of the invisible battlefield has become more prominent. Whether it is war operations or non-war military operations, they all require large-scale system support, large-area deployment, and big data security.

  Compared with traditional warfare, information warfare has three things in common:

  First, the essence of war as the continuation of politics has not changed. War is a complex social and political phenomenon. It is a way for countries or groups of countries, nations, races and social groups to resolve conflicts by force. As a continuation of politics, war is the last resort to resolve conflicts of interest. There is no repeated war in the world, but the nature of war is consistent. Moreover, with the continuous development of world politics and economy, the political purpose of war will become stronger. Therefore, in order to deal with future information warfare, it is necessary to analyze and study the political nature at a deeper level and enhance the pertinence of military struggle preparation.

  Secondly, the basic laws of war have not changed. The basic laws of war are the essence and inevitable connection between various elements throughout the entire war process. Whether in information warfare or traditional warfare, strength is the basis for victory, and lagging behind means being beaten; in any war, correct strategic guidance is the key to victory; although weapons are an important factor in winning a war, people are always the decisive factor. It is not the equipment that determines the outcome of the war, but the people. After the informationized weapons and equipment are interconnected, interoperable, and interoperable, a small number of commanders and staff can control a large number of dispersed troops and weapons, thereby greatly improving combat effectiveness and command decision-making speed. This phenomenon does not show a decline in the role of people, but rather shows that information warfare requires higher-quality talents to be competent for command positions.

  Third, the role of war has not changed. Wars are extremely violent, so they often bring serious disasters to social production and people’s lives, hinder social progress, interrupt a country’s development process, and even cause regression. However, if properly planned, the losses of war can be minimized, and it may bring greater development opportunities and benefits to a country.

  To win the information war, we must grasp three winning mechanisms

  Only by being ready to fight can we be invincible in the future information war. If we are prepared, we may not fight, but if we are not prepared, we may be passively beaten. The crisis is not terrible, but the terrible thing is that the crisis comes quietly and we are completely unaware of it. Whether the future war will be fought or not does not entirely depend on us, but we must be prepared for military struggle. In recent years, in the face of frequent “hot spots” in the surrounding areas, we have taken the initiative to respond steadily and achieved strategic goals. In the future, my country will still encounter challenges of one kind or another in the process of development. It is urgent to enrich and expand the active defense military strategic thinking, unify the eyes inward and outward, adhere to the bottom line thinking, prepare for war, and create favorable conditions for the country’s peaceful development.

  Winning the battlefield depends on the organic combination of “soft” and “hard” means. Informationized warfare is a system confrontation, relying on network information systems. The realization of “fast eating slow” depends on the integrated and orderly rapid operation of reconnaissance, early warning, command and control, firepower strikes, and comprehensive support in a multi-dimensional three-dimensional space. Among them, the role of “software” in system combat capability is more prominent. For example, how to solve the problem of difficult target identification: the lack of electronic fingerprint data of enemy aircraft and ship targets makes it impossible to conduct comparative analysis. Without these data, advanced equipment will not be able to fully play its role; how to solve the problem of difficult data transmission: when target information is transmitted to the weapon platform, if the data link loses information, it will be difficult to meet the launch needs of the weapon platform. For example, how to solve the problem of anti-interference? The guidance method of the naval and air force weapon platform is susceptible to interference. If this problem is not solved, it is difficult to hit accurately. The formation of system combat capability requires not only advanced weapons and equipment, but also long-term combat readiness and training accumulation. Informationized warfare must start with “knowing the enemy”. Through long-term and multi-means preparation, the opponent is thoroughly understood, the opponent is digitized, and the opponent’s main combat weapon information is carded, providing guarantees for system confrontation and defeating the enemy.

  Winning the information war requires national cohesion. The recent local wars are asymmetric warfare with a huge disparity in strength between the two sides. They can also be said to be typical “fighting” wars, rather than evenly matched “fighting” wars. The wars we will face in the future are likely to be “fighting” wars. It is not feasible to use this “fighting” combat theory to guide future wars. In information warfare, people are still the basis for victory. Potential opponents are not afraid of our technological breakthroughs, but they are afraid of our unity. The development of science and technology and the research and development of advanced weapons and equipment require a process. Improving national cohesion often has immediate results. Innovating and developing the theory of people’s war under the new situation is our correct choice. Mobilizing the masses, relying on the masses, and for the masses can win future wars.

  Editor’s Notes Zhou Feng

  Seeing through the fog before Napoleon

  Although Napoleon, known as the “giant of war” in the West, and Clausewitz, the “military saint”, did not have a face-to-face contest, they had several indirect confrontations. On November 9, 1799, the young general Napoleon became the supreme ruler of France and the representative of the capitalist forces in Europe at that time. Subsequently, in order to fight against the counterattack of the feudal forces in Europe, Napoleon organized troops to fight against the anti-French alliance several times. Among them, in the double battle of Jena-Auerstedt in October 1806, Napoleon defeated the fourth anti-French alliance dominated by Russia and Prussia, forcing Prussia to surrender. This battle was also the first time that Napoleon and Clausewitz fought on a mutually hostile battlefield. Clausewitz, 26 years old at the time, was the adjutant of Prince August, a senior general of the Prussian side, and was in his prime. The ever-changing battlefield fighting, especially his own experience of being captured by the French army, became the “grain” of his brewing of the old wine “On War”.

  A year later, Clausewitz was released. Three years later, Prussia agreed to ally with France. Clausewitz resigned from the army in anger and defected to Russia to fight against France. Tsar Alexander at the time was one of the few staunch anti-French factions in Europe. He once emphasized: “Even if all the bayonets in Europe were concentrated on the Russian border, it would not shake my determination to fight against France!” In 1812, when Napoleon attacked Russia and began to retreat after his defeat in Moscow, Clausewitz, who participated in the war as a Russian cavalry officer, tried hard to chase him and capture him alive. However, Napoleon, who had experienced many battles, still managed to escape unscathed in a mess.

  Although Clausewitz did not capture Napoleon, he captured his thoughts and revealed the real Napoleon with his pen: Although Napoleon’s military art was superb, everything he did was to safeguard the interests of France, and politics was his first starting point. As for the old emperors of European countries running around to besiege Napoleon, it was also to defend their own ruling status. Politics is the mother of war, and violence cannot be viewed alone under any circumstances. Compared with the concept of “fog of war” proposed later in “On War”, Clausewitz believed that it was more important to examine the fog before the war, including accurately judging the political situation of all parties, understanding the signs of war, weighing whether to fight or not, etc. But no matter how the fog is solved, it is just to solve the problem of seeing the essence through the phenomenon, and what is needed is a bunch of keys: problem awareness, mastering general or special laws and timely intelligence information.

(Source: Liberation Army Daily )

現代國語:

●資訊戰爭作為資訊時代的產物,體現了一些與以往戰爭完全不同的特點,主要體現在戰爭背景、作戰手段和方法等面向。

●與機械化戰爭相比,資訊化戰爭的戰爭是政治的延續、實力是勝利的基礎等基本屬性沒有改變。

●研究資訊戰,需要認識現代戰爭與以往戰爭相比的變化和不變,透過比較探索其勝利機制。

資訊戰與傳統戰爭相比有三大變化

戰爭的背景條件改變了。傳統安全與非傳統安全引發的資訊戰背景更加複雜。例如,經濟全球化使我們相互依存,國家之間鬥爭與合作成為常態;新興大國與老牌強國之間常出現衝突;任何一個戰略方向的軍事行動都可能引發多個方向、多個領域的連鎖反應。

戰爭的方式已經改變。資訊化戰爭不可能是正式的戰鬥。傳統安全與非傳統安全、戰爭與非戰爭的界線越來越模糊。軍事鬥爭方式層出不窮,戰場不確定性增加。 1894年甲午戰爭,中國慘敗的一個重要原因是被迫應戰,準備不充分。打贏未來資訊化戰爭,必須適應資訊時代要求,著眼解決實際問題,主動設計戰爭,做好充分準備,保持戰略主動。

戰爭手段發生了巨大變化。資訊化戰爭使戰略力量實現政治軍事目標的選擇更加多元。軍事鬥爭在陸、海、空、太空、電網等多維戰場空間同時進行,隱形戰場的角色更為凸顯。無論是戰爭行動或非戰爭軍事行動,都需要大規模系統支撐、大面積部署、大數據安全。

與傳統戰爭相比,資訊戰爭有三個共同點:

首先,戰爭作為政治延續的本質並沒有改變。戰爭是一種複雜的社會和政治現象。它是國家或國家、民族、種族和社會群體之間以武力解決衝突的一種方式。戰爭作為政治的延續,是解決利益衝突的最後手段。世界上沒有重複的戰爭,但戰爭的本質是一致的。而且,隨著世界政治、經濟的不斷發展,戰爭的政治目的將會更加強烈。因此,因應未來資訊化戰爭,有必要對政治本質進行更深層的分析研究,以增強軍事鬥爭準備的針對性。

其次,戰爭的基本法則沒有改變。戰爭基本法則是整個戰爭過程中各要素之間的本質與必然連結。無論是資訊化戰爭或傳統戰爭,實力是勝利的基礎,落後就是挨打;任何戰爭,正確的戰略指導是取勝的關鍵;雖然武器是贏得戰爭勝利的重要因素,但人永遠是決定性因素。決定戰爭勝負的不是裝備,而是人。資訊化武器裝備互聯互通、互通後,少數指揮官和參謀就可以控制大量分散的部隊和武器,從而大大提高戰鬥力和指揮決策速度。這種現象並不是人的作用下降,而是說明資訊化戰爭需要更高素質的人才來勝任指揮崗位。

第三,戰爭的角色沒有改變。戰爭極度暴力,常常為社會生產和人民生活帶來嚴重災難,阻礙社會進步,中斷一個國家的發展進程,甚至造成倒退。但如果規劃得當,可以將戰爭的損失降到最低,並可能為一個國家帶來更大的發展機會和利益。

打贏資訊化戰爭,必須掌握三大勝利機制

只有做好戰鬥準備,才能在未來的資訊戰爭中立於不敗之地。如果我們準備好了,我們可能不會去戰鬥,但如果我們沒有準備好,我們可能會被動挨打。危機並不可怕,可怕的是危機悄悄來臨,但我們卻渾然不覺。未來的戰爭是否會是四打不打並不完全取決於我們,但我們必須做好軍事鬥爭的準備。近年來,面對週邊地區頻繁的“熱點”,我們主動出擊,穩紮穩打,實現了戰略目標。未來,我國在發展過程中仍將遇到這樣或那樣的挑戰。刻不容緩地豐富和拓展積極防禦的軍事戰略思想,把目光向內與向外統一,堅持底線思維,做好打仗準備,為國家和平發展創造有利條件。

贏得戰場取決於「軟」手段和「硬」手段的有機結合。資訊化戰爭是系統對抗,依托網路資訊系統。實現“快吃慢”,有賴於多維立體空間內的偵察預警、指揮控制、火力打擊、綜合保障等一體化有序快速作戰。其中,「軟體」對於系統作戰能力的作用更為突出。例如如何解決目標辨識困難的問題:敵機、船艦目標電子指紋資料缺乏,無法進行比較分析。沒有這些數據,先進設備就無法充分發揮作用;如何解決資料傳輸困難的問題:當目標訊息傳輸到武器平台時,如果資料鏈遺失訊息,將難以滿足武器平台的發射需求。例如,如何解決抗干擾問題?海空軍武器平台的導引方式容​​易受到干擾。如果這個問題不解決,就很難打準。體係作戰能力的形成不僅需要先進的武器裝備,更需要長期的戰備訓練累積。資訊化戰爭必須從「知敵」開始。透過長期、多手段的準備,摸透對手、數位化對手、梳理對手主戰武器訊息,為系統對抗、克敵制勝提供保障。

贏得資訊戰需要民族凝聚力。近期的局部戰爭是雙方實力懸殊的不對稱戰爭。也可以說是典型的「打架」戰爭,而不是勢均力敵的「打架」戰爭。未來我們面臨的戰爭很可能是「打」戰。用這種「打仗」的作戰理論來指導未來的戰爭是不可行的。在資訊化戰爭中,人仍然是勝利的基礎。潛在的對手並不害怕我們的技術突破,而是害怕我們的團結。科學技術的發展和先進武器裝備的研發需要一個過程。提高民族凝聚力往往會產生立竿見影的效果。新形勢下創新和發展人民戰爭理論是我們的正確選擇。發動群眾、依靠群眾、為了群眾,才能贏得未來戰爭的勝利。

編者按 週峰

撥開拿破崙之前的迷霧

被譽為西方「戰爭巨人」的拿破崙與「軍事聖人」克勞塞維茨雖然沒有面對面的較量,但也有過幾次間接的交鋒。 1799年11月9日,年輕的將軍拿破崙成為法國的最高統治者,也是當時歐洲資本主義勢力的代表。隨後,為了對抗歐洲封建勢力的反撲,拿破崙多次組織軍隊與反法聯盟作戰。其中,在1806年10月的耶拿-奧爾施泰特雙重戰役中,拿破崙擊敗了以俄國和普魯士為主的第四次反法同盟,迫使普魯士投降。這場戰役也是拿破崙和克勞塞維茨第一次在相互敵對的戰場上作戰。克勞塞維茨當時26歲,是普魯士一方高級將領奧古斯特親王的副官,正值壯年。瞬息萬變的戰場戰鬥,尤其是他自己被法軍俘虜的經歷,成為他釀造《戰爭論》老酒的「糧」。

一年後,克勞塞維茨被釋放。三年後,普魯士同意與法國結盟。克勞塞維茨一怒之下退伍,投奔俄國與法國作戰。當時的沙皇亞歷山大是歐洲少數幾個堅定的反法派系之一。他曾強調:“即使歐洲所有的刺刀都集中在俄羅斯邊境,也動搖不了我對抗法國的決心!” 1812年,當拿破崙進攻俄羅斯並在莫斯科戰敗後開始撤退時,作為俄羅斯騎兵軍官參戰的克勞塞維茨,盡力追趕他並活捉他。然而,身經百戰的拿破崙仍然在一片狼藉中毫髮無傷地逃脫了。

克勞塞維茨雖然沒有捕捉到拿破崙,但他捕捉到了他的思想,用筆揭示了真實的拿破崙:拿破崙雖然軍事藝術高超,但他所做的一切都是為了維護法國的利益,政治是他的第一出發點。至於歐洲各國的老皇帝四處奔波圍攻拿破崙,也是為了捍衛自己的統治地位。政治是戰爭之母,任何情況下都不能單獨看待暴力。與後來在《戰爭論》中提出的「戰爭迷霧」概念相比,克勞塞維茨認為,在戰前審視迷霧更為重要,包括準確判斷各方政治局勢、了解戰爭徵兆、權衡戰爭迷霧等。

(圖片來源:解放軍報)http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2014-04/01/content_71770.htm

中國原創軍事資源:

China’s Focus on “Controlling Narratives with Intelligence”: The New Frontier of Chinese Cognitive Warfare

中國聚焦「用情報控制敘事」:中國認知戰新前沿

現代英語:

【Military Academy】

  Author: Wu Xiaojian (PhD student at the School of Military and Political Basic Education, National University of Defense Technology)

  At present, the world’s military powers have stepped up cutting-edge research on cognitive domain operations, relying on language to build a narrative discourse system that can win the battlefield, and seek to create asymmetric advantages at the narrative discourse level. Looking to the future, narrative games are playing an increasingly important role in shaping self-interest, conducting cognitive manipulation, and releasing the fog of war. The “weaponization” tendency of its soft power attributes to hard power attributes is becoming increasingly obvious. Against this background, narrative games have become a new frontier for major powers’ cognitive domain operations.

  The “cognitive” nature of narrative

  Narrative is the narration of a story, which consists of two parts: “narration” and “story”. The former answers the question of “how to tell”, while the latter is related to “what to tell”. Human attention to narrative began in the field of literature, and then expanded to other fields such as film, television, fine arts, music, and news communication. With the continuous advancement of human cognition, the concept of narrative has been extended to the fields of politics, economy, military, culture, and citizens’ personal lives, from which narrative concepts such as national macro-narrative, social meso-narrative, and individual micro-narrative have been derived. While the narrator tells the story, through the artificial arrangement of narrative person, time, perspective, focus and other strategies, the audience is subtly influenced by the values ​​and ideology behind the story while understanding the story. This is the “cognitive nature” of narrative.

  The connotations of narrative game are very rich. It covers macro-narratives such as a country’s military thought, military concepts, and military terminology, as well as meso-narratives of agenda setting such as military law, rules of engagement, combat standards, regulations, and war ethics. It also involves micro-narratives such as narratives of war progress and heroic figures in military history and war history.

  Narratives are to cognition what ammunition is to guns. On the eve of the Iraq War, in order to create a cognitive situation of “just cause”, the United States used a small bottle of “white powder” to fabricate the so-called “weapons of mass destruction” and created the “narrative key” for the US invasion of Iraq. In the current Russia-Ukraine conflict, Russia and Western countries have carried out a high-intensity narrative confrontation, each doing its best to shape a self-interested public opinion situation. At present, Western militaries represented by the United States rely on their discourse hegemony to shape narratives into the “main battlefield” of cognitive domain operations. On the one hand, they actively promote ideological output through the Internet and social media, and on the other hand, they influence the formulation of military strategies and the development of national defense forces in other countries by hyping new weapons and equipment and fresh combat concepts.

  Narrative Game and Great Power Competition

  Wars obey politics, and strategies obey policies. Narrative games are ultimately tools for achieving the political goals behind wars. In the process of great power competition in different historical periods, narratives generally serve the overall domestic and foreign affairs of a country, and they use strategic thinking, theoretical concepts, laws and regulations, and political declarations within the macro-political framework that obeys and serves national interests. In the 1930s, the United States enacted the Neutrality Act under the influence of its isolationist foreign policy, but as the threat of fascism grew, especially after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, its foreign policy took a major turn, changing its previous narrative discourse system of neutrality and declaring war on Japan, which profoundly affected the fate of the United States and reshaped the world’s political landscape. After entering the new century, the United States, based on the political purpose of enhancing its own political and military status and establishing a unilateral order, launched the narrative logic of the so-called “weapons of mass destruction” agenda to provoke the Iraq War, which to a certain extent achieved its political plot.

  Faced with a complex external environment, it is a necessary measure for major powers to maintain national security by improving their narrative game capabilities that are in line with their national conditions and commensurate with their military strength. At present, the political nature of great power competition has not been weakened by the evolution of war forms, but has been significantly strengthened. Narrative games must follow the strategic policy of obeying and serving the country and the military as the fundamental principle of operations, defend national sovereignty and development interests as the ultimate mission, value offense and defense as the central task, and cognitive competition as the core goal. In peacetime, they should serve as a “mouthpiece” to shape the image of their own military forces, win support, and convey deterrence. In wartime, they should become a “blade” to cooperate with physical strikes to politically and organizationally divide opponents, shake the enemy, and disintegrate the enemy.

  In today’s world, the fierce competition between major powers has integrated narrative games into the entire process of military cognitive games. Before the military game between major powers, both sides first frequently declare their respective positions and show their will through various channels, convey the justice and necessity of their military struggle, and shape a self-interested situation at the moral and ethical level to gain broad support from the domestic people and the international community; in the process of the game, both sides convey their new progress and achievements in military strategies and tactics, weapons and equipment, combat readiness training and personnel modernization through various means according to the times and circumstances, shape their own dominant position, and cast cognitive fog to cause hesitation, panic and shaken will of the other side’s domestic military and civilians; once the game comes to an end, the winning side will look back on its game process from a grand narrative perspective, and by shaping the image of a winner with both deterrence and affinity, it will demonstrate the winner’s strength and position, and consolidate the victory of the game.

  Building a powerful military narrative discourse system is the basis for conducting cognitive offensive and defensive operations. Narrative games under the background of great power competition require actively finding the points of convergence between cognitive warfare, public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, etc. in terms of elements, information and cognition. The fierce competition among great powers in the fields of public opinion, psychology, and brain control has given narrative games a broader interpretation space and strategic significance. The core of public opinion warfare is the struggle for narrative dominance, and behind it is the competition for international communication power; psychological warfare is a deep-level confrontation about core values, and narrative provides it with a “script” for interpreting and conveying different values; brain control warfare is a combat style that deeply integrates brain science and artificial intelligence. Narrative provides a powerful weapon for information implantation in the competition for cognitive space such as reading the brain, imitating the brain, and controlling the brain, which directly targets the brain.

  “Controlling Narration with Intelligence” is on the agenda

  With the rapid development of science and technology such as cognitive science, computer science, and brain science, and the accelerated evolution of intelligent warfare with ubiquitous intelligence, interconnectedness, human-machine integration, and full-domain collaboration, narrative games have surpassed the traditional scope of “verbal battles” and entered a new era of unbounded generalization, deep integration, and algorithms as king.

  ChatGPT, which has recently become popular all over the world, further reveals the generalization of “narratives are everywhere” in the intelligent era. The continuous progress of technologies such as natural language processing, video image processing, deep learning, big data analysis, and cloud computing has promoted the rapid development of language intelligence, making text, sound, image, video and other tangible or intangible “language” carriers included in the narrative category, greatly expanding the field of narrative games, and leading the competition of major powers to social life, film and television entertainment, news dissemination, education and teaching, etc. beyond hot conflicts, significantly deepening the complexity of cognitive domain confrontation, and greatly enhancing the full-time, global and interactive nature of multimodal narratives. Narrative games in the context of great power competition include psychological narratives, legal narratives, public opinion narratives, information narratives, etc. Once artificial intelligence is integrated with multi-domain narrative games, its weaponization effectiveness may increase geometrically.

  In the future, the narrative game under the competition of major powers will be based on powerful algorithms, and its core lies in “controlling narrative with intelligence”, and the “intelligence” of intelligence must be realized by algorithms. For example, through powerful algorithms, big data technology can accurately draw the enemy’s cognitive landscape, and achieve “customized on demand” control of enemy cognition, and induce the enemy to obey our narrative script in an intelligent, precise and detailed way in the game, ensuring that the narrative dominance of the game is firmly controlled by us.

現代國語:

資料來源:光明網-《光明日報》 | 2023年04月30日 06:55
原文標題:「以智駕馭敘」:認知戰的新邊疆
【講武堂】

作者:武嘯劍(國防科技大學軍政基礎教育學院博士研究生)

當前,世界軍事強國紛紛加緊認知域作戰前沿性研究,以語言為依托打造決勝疆場的敘事話語體系,謀求塑造敘事話語層面的非對稱優勢。展望未來,敘事博弈在塑造利己態勢、開展認知操控、釋放戰爭迷霧等方面正扮演著愈發重要的角色,其軟實力屬性向硬實力屬性過渡的「武器化」傾向日漸明顯。在此背景下,敘事博弈成為大國認知域作戰的新邊疆。

敘事的“認知性”

敘事就是對故事的敘述,由「敘述」和「故事」兩部分組成,前者回答「怎麼講」的問題,後者則與「講什麼」有關。人類對敘事的關注始於文學領域,隨後擴展到影視、美術、音樂等藝術領域和新聞傳播等其3他領域。隨著人類認知的不斷進步,敘事的概念延伸到政治、經濟、軍事、文化、公民個人生活等範疇,由此衍生出國家宏觀敘事、社會中觀敘事、個體微觀敘事等敘事概念。敘事者講述故事的同時,透過敘事人稱、時間、視角、聚焦等策略的人為安排,使受眾在理解故事的同時潛移默化地被故事背後的價值觀和意識形態影響,這就是敘事的“認知性” 。

敘事博弈涉及的內涵十分豐富,既涵蓋一國軍事思想、軍事概念、軍事術語等宏觀敘事,也包括軍事法律、交戰規則、作戰標準、條令條例、戰爭倫理等議程設定的中觀敘事,也涉及軍史戰史中的戰爭進程敘事和英雄人物敘事等微觀敘事。

敘事之於認知,好比彈藥之於槍砲。伊拉克戰爭前夕,美國為塑造「師出有名」的認知態勢,借一小瓶「白色粉末」羅織所謂「大規模殺傷性武器」的莫須有之罪,打造了美軍入侵伊拉克的「敘事之鑰」。在這次俄烏衝突中,俄羅斯與西方國家展開了高強度敘事對抗,為塑造利己輿論態勢各盡其能。當前,以美國為代表的西方軍隊依託其掌控的話語霸權,將敘事塑造為認知域作戰的“主戰場”,一方面通過互聯網和社交媒體積極推進意識形態輸出,另一方面通過炒作新型武器裝備和新鮮作戰概念,影響別國軍事戰略制定和國防軍隊建設發展走向。

敘事博弈與大國競爭

戰爭服從政治,戰略服從政略。敘事博弈歸根究底是實現戰爭背後政治目的的工具。在不同歷史時期的大國競爭過程中,敘事在整體上服務於國家內政外交大局,在服從和服務於國家利益的宏觀政治框架內以戰略思想、理論概念、法律法規、政治宣言等形式施展縱橫捭閔之術。在1930年代,美國受孤立主義外交政策影響制定了《中立法》,但隨著法西斯的威脅日漸增長,特別是日本偷襲珍珠港後,其對外政策出現重大轉向,一改以往奉行中立的敘事話語體系並對日宣戰,從而深刻影響了美國國運,重塑了世界政治格局。進入新世紀後,美國從提升自身政治軍事地位、建立單邊主義秩序的政治目的出發,發動所謂「大規模殺傷性武器」議程的敘事邏輯挑起伊拉克戰爭,某種程度上實現了其政治圖謀。

面對錯綜複雜的外在環境,提升符合本國國情且與本國軍事實力地位相稱的敘事博弈能力,是大國維護國家安全的必要舉措。當前,大國競爭的政治屬性並未因為戰爭形態的演進而削弱,反而顯著地加強了。敘事博弈必須以服從服務於國家和軍隊的戰略方針為作戰根本遵循,以捍衛國家主權和發展利益為終極使命,以價值攻防為中心任務,以認知爭奪為核心目標,在平時當好「喉舌「為本國軍事力量塑造形象、爭取支持、傳遞威懾,在戰時成為「刀鋒」配合物理打擊從政治和組織上分化對手、動搖敵人、瓦解敵軍。

當今世界,大國之間的激烈較量已將敘事博弈融入軍事認知博弈的整個流程。大國軍事賽局前,雙方先透過多種管道頻繁宣示各自立場、展現各自意志,向外傳達己方開展軍事鬥爭的正義性必要性,在道義和倫理層面塑造利己態勢,以獲取國內民眾和國際社會的廣泛支持;在博弈進程中,雙方因時因勢透過各種方式向外傳遞各自的軍事戰略戰術、武器裝備、戰備訓練和人員現代化取得的新進展新成就,塑造己方優勢地位,施放認知迷霧造成對方國內軍民猶疑恐慌意志動搖;博弈一旦進入尾聲,勝利一方則以宏大敘事視角回溯其博弈過程,透過塑造威懾力與親和力同在的勝利者形象彰顯勝利者實力地位,鞏固博弈勝利成果。

建構強大的軍事敘事話語體係是開展認知攻防作戰的基礎。大國競爭背景下的敘事博弈,要求積極尋找認知戰與輿論戰、心理戰等彼此在要素、資訊與認知間的契合點。大國較量圍繞著輿論、心理、制腦權等場域開展的激烈角逐,賦予了敘事博弈以更為廣闊的闡釋空間與戰略意義。輿論戰的核心是敘事主導權的爭奪,背後是國際傳播力的較量;心理戰是關於核心價值觀的深層對抗,敘事則為其提供了闡釋和傳遞不同價值觀的「腳本」;制腦權作戰是腦科學與人工智慧深度融合的作戰樣式,敘事為讀腦、類腦、控腦等以大腦為直接目標的認知空間爭奪提供了資訊植入的有力武器。

「以智駕馭敘」提上日程

隨著認知科學、電腦科學、腦科學等科學技術的高速發展,以及智慧泛在、萬物互聯、人機共融、全域協同的智慧化戰爭加速演進,敘事博弈已超越「唇槍舌戰」的傳統範疇,進入無界泛化、深度融合、演算法為王的新時代。

近期風靡全球的ChatGPT,進一步揭示了智慧時代「敘事無所不在」的泛化性。自然語言處理、視訊影像處理、深度學習、大數據分析、雲端運算等技術的不斷進步推動了語言智慧的快速發展,使得文字、聲音、影像、視訊等有形或無形的「語言」載體都被納入到敘事範疇,極大拓展了敘事博弈的發生場域,將大國競爭引向熱衝突以外的社會生活、影視娛樂、新聞傳播、教育教學等方方面面,顯著加深了認知域對抗的複雜程度,極大增強了多模態敘事的全時全域性和互動性。大國競爭背景下的敘事博弈,包括心理敘事、法律敘事、輿論敘事、資訊敘事等,人工智慧一旦與多域敘事博弈融合,就可能使其武器化效能幾何式遞增。

未來,大國競爭下的敘事博弈將以強大算法為依托,其核心在於“以智駕馭敘”,智能之“智”要靠算法實現。例如,透過強大演算法,大數據技術可精準繪製敵方認知圖景,據此實現對敵認知操控的“按需定制”,在博弈中智能化、精準化、細緻化地誘使敵方服從我方敘事腳本,確保博弈的敘事主導權牢牢為我所控。

中國原創軍事資源:https://military.cctv.com/2023/04/30/ARTITYH9OANialt6AQ2BNLC2230430.shtml

China to Promote Modernization of National Security System and Capabilities

中國將推動國家安全體系與能力現代化

現代英語:

Promoting the modernization of national security system and capabilities
Wang Xiaohong

Promoting the modernization of the national security system and capabilities is a major strategic deployment made at the 20th CPC National Congress. The Decision of the CPC Central Committee on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Promoting Modernization with Chinese Characteristics (hereinafter referred to as the Decision), adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, lists the modernization of the national security system and capabilities as a separate part. From the perspective of the overall development of the cause of the Party and the country, it further clarifies the goals, tasks and key measures for promoting the modernization of the national security system and capabilities in the new era and new journey, further points out the direction for us to do a good job and provides a fundamental guideline. Promoting the modernization of the national security system and capabilities is an inherent requirement for actively responding to various risks and challenges, serving and safeguarding the construction of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation. It is an inevitable measure to continue writing a new chapter of the two miracles and effectively meet the people’s growing needs for a better life. It is also an objective need to actively adapt to changes in the world, the times, and history, and improve global security governance. We must adhere to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, thoroughly study and implement the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, deeply understand the decisive significance of the “two establishments”, enhance the “four consciousnesses”, strengthen the “four self-confidences”, and achieve the “two safeguards”. We must unswervingly implement the overall national security concept, solidly promote the modernization of the national security system and capabilities, effectively prevent and resolve various risks that affect my country’s modernization process, strive to build a safer China at a higher level, and provide strong security guarantees for comprehensively promoting the construction of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation with Chinese-style modernization.

1. Unswervingly implement the overall national security concept

The comprehensive national security concept is the national security chapter of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. It systematically answers a series of major theoretical and practical questions such as why to safeguard national security, what kind of national security to safeguard, and how to safeguard national security in the new era. It has formed a scientific theoretical system that is systematic, comprehensive, logically rigorous, rich in connotation, and internally unified. It is a powerful ideological weapon and action guide for promoting the modernization of the national security system and capabilities. It must be studied and understood in depth and resolutely implemented.

(I) Accurately grasp the core essence. The core essence of the overall national security concept is concentrated in the “ten insistences” proposed by General Secretary Xi Jinping, namely, insisting on the absolute leadership of the Party over national security work, insisting on the national security path with Chinese characteristics, insisting on the people’s security as the purpose, insisting on coordinating development and security, insisting on putting political security in the first place, insisting on coordinating and promoting security in all fields, insisting on putting the prevention and resolution of national security risks in a prominent position, insisting on promoting international common security, insisting on promoting the modernization of the national security system and capabilities, and insisting on strengthening the construction of the national security cadre team. These “ten insistences” are the deepening, expansion and sublimation of our Party’s understanding of the laws of national security work, and profoundly answer the major contemporary issue of how to solve the common security problems faced in the development process of major countries in the new era and the new journey, and deal with the special security problems faced in the critical stage of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. They are both political, theoretical, historical and practical. Among them, insisting on the absolute leadership of the Party over national security work is the “root” and “soul”. We must always adhere to the centralized and unified leadership of the Party over national security work, unswervingly implement the chairmanship responsibility system of the Central National Security Commission, improve the efficient and authoritative national security leadership system, and implement all decisions and arrangements of the Party Central Committee on national security work without fail.

(II) Accurately grasp the concept of comprehensive security. At present, the connotation and extension of my country’s national security are richer than at any time in history, the time and space scope is wider than at any time in history, and the internal and external factors are more complex than at any time in history. Against this background, the overall national security concept emphasizes the concept of comprehensive security, advocating that national security is comprehensive and systematic security, and is common and holistic security, covering politics, military, territory, economy, finance, culture, society, science and technology, network, food, ecology, resources, nuclear, overseas interests, space, deep sea, polar regions, biology, artificial intelligence, data and many other fields, breaking through the traditional concept of national security, and will continue to enrich with the development of the times and practice. We must always adhere to the overall priority, pay attention to understanding the diversity, relevance and dynamics of national security issues from an overall perspective, build a national security system that integrates security in all fields, and lay a solid foundation for security in all fields.

(III) Accurately grasp the principles and methods. In view of the characteristics of internal and external linkage, cross-domain transmission, and sudden amplification of security issues in the context of globalization and networking, the overall national security concept takes scientific coordination as an important principle and basic method of national security work. At the level of the Party and the state, it emphasizes the coordination of high-quality development and high-level security, pays attention to the synergy between national security work and various economic and social development work, plans and deploys together, and integrates national security into all aspects and links of the overall work of the Party and the state. At the level of national security itself, it emphasizes the coordination of external security and internal security, homeland security and national security, traditional security and non-traditional security, self-security and common security, and coordinates the maintenance and shaping of national security. It is necessary to coordinate development and security, promote the coordinated development and synchronization of all aspects of national security work, and effectively prevent the transmission and superposition of various risks.

II. Make every effort to implement key measures to modernize the national security system and capabilities

The Decision clearly requires that we focus on building a safer China at a higher level, improve the national security system, strengthen the integrated national strategic system, enhance the ability to safeguard national security, innovate the social governance system, mechanism and means, and effectively build a new security pattern. We must study and refine the key tasks deployed in the Decision one by one, and do a good job in promoting their implementation.

(I) Improve the national security system. The national security system is a concentrated reflection of the national security system and its execution capabilities. We must strengthen the coordination mechanism for national security work, improve the security guarantee system in key areas and the coordination and command system for important projects in accordance with the new characteristics and changes in the national security situation, improve the real-time monitoring, graded early warning, rapid verification, and prompt notification mechanisms for major risks across departments, improve the national security review and supervision system, crisis management mechanism, supervision and inspection, and accountability mechanism, and form a systematic synergy and combat effectiveness. We must improve the national security legal system, strategic system, policy system, and risk monitoring and early warning system, actively promote national security legislation in important areas such as space security, deep sea security, and data security, strengthen the inspection and supervision of the implementation of relevant laws and regulations on national security, and improve the level of legalization of national security work; strengthen national security strategic planning and top-level design, optimize the national security strategic guidelines, goals, and medium- and long-term plans, and make good use of various strategic resources and strategic means in a coordinated manner; adhere to the principle of acting according to the times and changing according to the situation, and improve the national security policy system and policy measures in key areas. We must improve the layout of national security forces and build a coordinated and efficient national security protection system. We must advance scientific and technological empowerment of national security, focus on major needs to strengthen research and development of key core technologies, comprehensively enhance the ability of science and technology to maintain and shape national security, and better play the role of scientific and technological innovation in supporting and guaranteeing national security.

(II) Improve the public safety governance mechanism. Public safety is linked to thousands of households on one end and economic and social development on the other end. It is a weathervane for social stability and order. We must adhere to safety first and prevention first, continuously improve the public safety governance mechanism, promote the transformation of the public safety governance model to pre-emptive prevention, and improve the level of public safety governance. We must improve the handling and guarantee system for major public emergencies, improve the emergency command mechanism under the framework of major safety and emergency, enhance the support and guarantee of human, financial and material resources in responding to public emergencies, strengthen the basic emergency foundation and strength at the grassroots level, improve the ability to prevent, reduce and eliminate disasters, and effectively prevent, reduce and eliminate hazards. We must improve the mechanism for the investigation and rectification of production safety risks and the responsibility investigation, strengthen institutionalized and normalized safety supervision, strictly implement the production safety responsibility system, prevent and resolve major safety risks from the source, and resolutely curb the occurrence of major accidents. We must improve the food and drug safety responsibility system, fully implement the main responsibility of enterprises for safety, consolidate the local management responsibility of local governments and the supervision responsibility of relevant departments, strengthen the safety supervision of the whole process and the whole life cycle, crack down on crimes that endanger food and drug safety in accordance with the law, and protect the “safety on the tip of the tongue” of the people. We must improve the biosafety supervision, early warning and prevention system, comprehensively improve the national biosafety governance capabilities, and weave a solid national biosafety protection network. We must strengthen the construction of the network security system, improve the laws and regulations on cyberspace governance, improve the network security level protection, key information infrastructure security protection, data security protection and other systems, prevent and resist cyber attacks, and build a solid network security “firewall”. We must establish an artificial intelligence security supervision system, accelerate the artificial intelligence legislation process, improve the science and technology ethics supervision rules, strengthen hierarchical and classified supervision, strengthen the dynamic analysis, assessment and early warning of relevant risks, and technical breakthroughs to ensure that artificial intelligence always develops in the direction of continuously improving people’s well-being.

(III) Improve the social governance system. Only when the social governance system is scientific and reasonable can national security work achieve twice the result with half the effort. We must adhere to and develop the “Fengqiao Experience” in the new era, improve the urban and rural grassroots governance system that combines self-governance, rule of law, and moral governance under the leadership of the Party organization, improve the social governance system of co-construction, co-governance, and sharing, form a situation of joint governance of problems, joint control of risks, and joint creation of peace, and improve the grassroots governance capacity and level. We must explore the establishment of a unified national population management system. We must adhere to the combination of professionals and the masses, and group prevention and group governance, improve the social work system and mechanism, strengthen party building to lead grassroots governance, strengthen the construction of the social worker team, promote the construction of the volunteer service system, better organize and mobilize the masses, and win the most reliable and solid mass foundation and source of strength for national security work. We must promote the legalization of petition work, focus on the goal of “clear rights and responsibilities, clear bottom line, handling in accordance with the law, good order, and satisfaction of the masses”, give full play to the normative, guarantee and leading role of the “Regulations on Petition Work”, promote the legalization of prevention, acceptance, handling, supervision and accountability, and maintenance of order, and ensure that every appeal of the masses is handled by someone and every appeal of the masses is promoted in accordance with the law. We must accurately grasp the requirements of major risk prevention and control in the city, fully integrate resources and forces, improve the organizational structure and organizational methods of city-level social governance, and enhance the city-level social governance capacity. We must strengthen the functions of public service platforms such as citizen hotlines, promote the docking of platforms such as “12345” and “110”, and improve the management mechanism and normal promotion mechanism of the key items list of “efficiently completing one thing”, so as to achieve diversified service methods, optimized service processes, simplified service materials, and minimized service costs. We must improve the social psychological service system and crisis intervention mechanism, and shape a social mentality of self-esteem, self-confidence, rationality, peace, and friendship. We must improve the mechanism for giving full play to the role of family education and family style in grassroots governance. We must deepen the reform of industry associations and chambers of commerce, further stimulate endogenous motivation and vitality, and better play their unique advantages and roles. We must improve the management system of social organizations, strengthen standardized management, expand orderly participation, and promote social organizations to improve service quality and social credibility. We must improve the system of matching the responsibilities, powers, and resources of towns (streets), and strengthen the service management power of towns (streets). We must improve the overall social security prevention and control system, strengthen patrols and controls in key areas and locations, and enhance our control over social security; improve the regular work mechanisms such as cracking down on gangsters and eliminating evil, and severely punish illegal and criminal activities that have been strongly reflected by the masses, such as gang-related and evil-related crimes, telecommunications and Internet fraud, cross-border gambling, gun-related and explosive-related crimes, infringement on the rights and interests of women and children, pornography, gambling, drugs, theft, robbery and fraud, and do our utmost to protect the lives and property of the people.

(IV) Improve the mechanism of foreign-related national security. As more and more Chinese citizens and enterprises go abroad, the status of foreign-related security in the overall national security work is becoming more and more important. We must thoroughly study and implement Xi Jinping’s diplomatic thought, actively implement the global security initiative, plan and promote foreign-related national security work with a high position and high standards, strive to create an international environment that is favorable to us, and resolutely defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests. We must establish and improve the coordination mechanism for peripheral security work and promote security cooperation with neighboring countries. We must strengthen the system and mechanism for early warning, prevention and control, and protection of overseas interests and investment risks, establish a legal risk assessment system for foreign-related projects, guide Chinese-funded enterprises to operate overseas in accordance with the law, and enhance the awareness and ability of overseas risk prevention and control; deepen international law enforcement cooperation in the field of security, expand the “circle of friends” for law enforcement and security cooperation, and effectively safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese citizens and legal persons overseas. We must improve the anti-sanction, anti-interference, and anti-“long-arm jurisdiction” mechanisms, strengthen legislation in the field of foreign-related security, and enrich the legal “toolbox”. We must improve the mechanism for safeguarding maritime rights and interests, improve the cross-military and cross-departmental working model, and effectively prevent and resolve major maritime security risks. We must improve the mechanism for participating in global security governance, adhere to the concept of common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security, safeguard the international system with the United Nations at its core, the international order based on international law, and the basic norms of international relations based on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all countries, attach importance to the reasonable security concerns of all countries, actively participate in bilateral and multilateral mechanisms under the UN framework, give full play to the role of mechanisms and platforms such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, BRICS cooperation, “China + Central Asian Five Countries” and the Global Public Security Cooperation Forum (Lianyungang), promote the building of a balanced, effective and sustainable security architecture, jointly deal with regional disputes and global security issues, and achieve universal and common security.

III. Basic Requirements for Modernizing National Security Systems and Capabilities

To advance the modernization of the national security system and capabilities, we must clarify work requirements, organize scientifically, and advance in a rigorous manner.

(I) Enhance systematic thinking. Promoting the modernization of the national security system and capabilities is a complex systematic project. We must use systematic thinking to observe the security situation, analyze security issues, and plan security countermeasures. We must be good at observing the general trend and planning major events, see the trees and the forest, strengthen forward-looking thinking, overall planning, strategic layout, and overall promotion, strengthen coordination and efficiency, focus on system integration, break down departmental and local barriers, and promote the coordination and integrated promotion of national security work in all fields and aspects.

(II) Consolidate the grassroots foundation. If the foundation is not solid, the earth will shake. As the modernization of the national security system and capabilities gradually deepens, some basic and deep-seated problems have become increasingly prominent. We must accurately grasp the characteristics of the current situation and tasks, do a solid job of grasping the grassroots, laying the foundation, and benefiting the long-term, strengthen grassroots forces, basic work, and basic capacity building, improve mechanisms, innovate methods, and enrich means in a targeted manner, make great efforts to make up for shortcomings, strengthen weaknesses, and consolidate the foundation, and consolidate the foundation for maintaining national security.

(III) Strengthen publicity and education. Maintaining national security is a just cause. We must not only “do” it unswervingly, but also “say” it with confidence. We must insist on combining centralized publicity and education with regular publicity and education, innovate content, methods and carriers, carry out publicity and education activities that are popular with the people, and extend them to the grassroots, expand to various units, and cover the general public, create a strong atmosphere in which everyone is responsible for national security, and guide the general public to enhance their awareness of national security, assume national security responsibilities, and improve their ability to maintain national security.

(IV) Strengthen the implementation of responsibilities. Maintaining national security is the common responsibility of the whole society. We must overcome the mentality of “waiting, relying on, and asking for help”, take the initiative, take positive actions, clarify responsibilities, refine the division of labor, and form a work pattern of grasping each level and implementing it at each level, so that we have the responsibility to defend the territory, be responsible for the territory, and do our best to defend the territory. Especially for difficult problems, we must carry forward the spirit of nailing down the nails, strengthen research, concentrate on tackling key problems, and ensure breakthroughs. At the same time, we must strengthen communication and coordination, clench our fingers into a fist, take a step forward, leave no gaps, and form a strong synergy that brings together all aspects and levels of the party, government, military, civilians, and academics.

現代國語:

推動國家安全體系和能力現代化
王小洪

推動國家安全體系和能力現代化,是黨的二十大作出的重大戰略部署。黨的二十屆三中全會通過的《中共中央關於進一步全面深化改革、推進中國式現代化的決定》(以下簡稱《決定》),將推進國家安全體系和能力現代化單列一部分,從黨和國家事業發展全局的高度,進一步明確了新時代新征程推進國家安全體系和能力現代化的目標任務、重點舉措,為我們做好工作進一步指明了前進方向、提供了根本遵循。推動國家安全體系和能力現代化,是積極應對各類風險挑戰,服務保障強國建設、民族復興偉業的內在要求,是續寫兩大奇蹟新篇章、有效滿足人民日益增長的美好生活需要的必然舉措,也是主動適應世界變化、時代變化、歷史變化,完善全球安全治理的客觀需求。我們要堅持以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想為指導,深入學習貫徹黨的二十屆三中全會精神,深刻領悟「兩個確立」的決定性意義,增強「四個意識」、堅定「四個自信”、做到“兩個維護”,堅定不移貫徹總體國家安全觀,紮實推進國家安全體系和能力現代化,有效防範和化解影響我國現代化進程的各種風險,努力建設更高水平平安中國,為以中國式現代化全面推動強國建設、民族復興偉業提供堅強安全保障。

一、堅定不移貫徹整體國家安全觀

整體國家安全觀是習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想的國家安全篇,系統回答了新時代為什麼維護國家安全、維護怎樣的國家安全、怎樣維護國家安全等一系列重大理論和實踐問題,形成了系統全面、邏輯嚴密、內涵豐富、內在統一的科學理論體系,是推動國家安全體系和能力現代化的強大思想武器和行動指南,必須深入學習領會、堅決貫徹落實。

(一)準確把握核心要義。總體國家安全觀的核心要義,集中體現為習近平總書記提出的“十個堅持”,即堅持黨對國家安全工作的絕對領導,堅持中國特色國家​​安全道路,堅持以人民安全為宗旨,堅持統籌發展和安全,堅持把政治安全放在首要位置,堅持統籌推進各領域安全,堅持把防範化解國家安全風險擺在突出位置,堅持推進國際共同安全,堅持推進國家安全體系和能力現代化,堅持加強國家安全幹部隊伍建設。這「十個堅持」是我們黨對國家安全工作規律性認識的深化、拓展、昇華,深刻回答了新時代新征程如何既解決好大國發展進程中面臨的共性安全問題、又處理好中華民族偉大復興關鍵階段面臨的特殊安全問題這個重大時代議題,既有政治性、理論性,又有歷史性、實踐性。其中,堅持黨對國家安全工作的絕對領導,是「根」和「魂」。要隨時堅持黨對國家安全工作的集中統一領導,堅定不移貫徹中央國家安全委員會主席負責制,完善高效權威的國家安全領導體制,不折不扣把黨中央關於國家安全工作的各項決策部署落實處。

(二)準確掌握大安全理念。目前,我國國家安全的內涵和外延比歷史上任何時候都要豐富,時空領域比歷史上任何時候都要寬廣,內外因素比歷史上任何時候都要複雜。在此背景下,整體國家安全觀強調的是大安全理念,主張國家安全是全面、系統的安全,是共同、整體的安全,涵蓋政治、軍事、國土、經濟、金融、文化、社會、科技、網路、糧食、生態、資源、核子、海外利益、太空、深海、極地、生物、人工智慧、數據等許多領域,突破了傳統的國家安全觀,並且也將隨著時代和實踐的發展而不斷豐富。要始終堅持整體為要,注重從整體視角認識國家安全問題的多樣性、關聯性和動態性,建構集各領域安全於一體的國家安全體系,築牢各領域安全底線。

(三)準確把握原則法。針對全球化、網路化時代背景下安全問題的內外連動性、跨域傳導性、突變放大性等特點,整體國家安全觀把科學統籌作為國家安全工作的重要原則和基本方法。在黨和國家事業層面,強調統籌高品質發展和高水準安全,注重國家安全工作與經濟社會發展各項工作的協同性,做到一起規劃、一起部署,把國家安全貫穿到黨和國家工作全局各方面各環節。在國家安全本身層面,強調統籌外部安全和內部安全、國土安全和國民安全、傳統安全和非傳統安全、自身安全和共同安全,統籌維護和塑造國家安全。要統籌發展與安全,推動國家安全各方面工作統籌進行、協調同步,有效防範各類風險傳導、疊加。

二、全力抓好推進國家安全體系和能力現代化的重點舉措

《決定》明確要求,聚焦建立更高水準平安中國,健全國家安全體系,強化一體化國家戰略體系,增強維護國家安全能力,創新社會治理體制機制與手段,有效建構新安全格局。我們要對照《決定》部署的各項重點任務,逐一研究細化,抓好推進落實。

(一)健全國家安全體系。國家安全體係是國家安全制度及其執行能力的集中體現。要強化國家安全工作協調機制,根據國家安全情勢新特徵新變化,完善重點領域安全保障體系和重要專案協調指揮體系,健全重大風險跨部門即時監測、分級預警、快速核查、提示通報等機制,健全國家安全審查和監管制度、危機管控機制、督促檢查和責任追究機制等,形成系統性合力和戰鬥力。要改善國家安全法治體系、戰略體系、政策體系、風險監測預警體系,積極推動太空安全、深海安全、資料安全等重要領域國家安全立法,加強對國家安全有關法律法規執行的檢查監督工作,提升國家安全工作法治化程度;加強國家安全戰略規劃與頂層設計,優化國家安全戰略指導方針、目標、中長期規劃,統籌用好各種戰略資源和戰略手段;堅持因時而動、因勢而變,完善國家安全政策體系和重點領域政策措施。要完善國家安全力量佈局,建構連結高效率的國家安全防護體系。要推動國家安全科技賦能,聚焦重大需求加強關鍵核心技術攻關,全面增強科技維護及塑造國家安全能力,更好發揮科技創新對國家安全的支撐保障作用。

(二)完善公共安全治理機制。公共安全一頭連著千家萬戶,一頭連著經濟社會發展,是社會穩定有序的風向標。要堅持安全第一、預防為主,不斷完善公共安全治理機制,推動公共安全治理模式邁向事前預防轉型,提升公共安全治理水準。要健全重大突發公共事件處置保障體系,完善大安全大應急框架下應急指揮機制,增強應對突發公共事件的人力財力物力等各方面支撐保障,強化基層應急基礎和力量,提高防災減災救災能力,有效預防、減輕、消除危害。要完善安全生產風險排除整治與責任倒查機制,加強制度化常態化安全監管,嚴格落實安全生產責任制,從源頭防範化解重大安全風險,堅決遏止重特大事故發生。要完善食品藥品安全責任體系,全面落實企業安全主體責任,壓實地方政府屬地管理責任和有關部門監管責任,強化全流程、全生命週期安全監管,依法打擊危害食品藥品安全犯罪,守護人民群眾“舌尖上的安全」。要健全生物安全監理預警防控體系,全面提升國家生物安全治理能力,織牢國家生物安全防護網。要加強網路安全體制建設,改善網路空間治理法規,健全網路安全等級保護、關鍵資訊基礎設施安全保護、資料安全保護等製度,防範抵禦網路攻擊,築牢網路安全「防火牆」。要建立人工智慧安全監管制度,加速人工智慧立法進程,完善科技倫理監管規則,加強分級分類監管,加強對有關風險的動態分析、評估預警、技術攻堅,確保人工智慧始終朝著不斷增進人民福祉的方向發展。

(三)健全社會治理體系。社會治理體系科學合理,國家安全工作才能事半功倍。要堅持和發展新時代“楓橋經驗”,健全黨組織領導的自治、法治、德治相結合的城鄉基層治理體系,完善共建共治共享的社會治理制度,形成問題聯治、風險聯控、平安聯創的局面,提升基層治理能力與水準。要探討建立全國統一的人口管理制度。要堅持專群結合、群防群治,健全社會工作體制機制,加強黨建引領基層治理,加強社會工作者隊伍建設,推動志願服務體系建設,更好組織群眾、發動群眾,為國家安全工作贏得最可靠、最強的群眾基礎和力量來源。要推廣信訪工作法治化,聚焦「權責明、底數清、依法辦、秩序好、群眾滿意」目標,充分發揮《信訪工作條例》的規範、保障和引領作用,推動預防法治化、受理法治化、辦理法治化、監督追責法治化、維護秩序法治化,確保群眾的每一項訴求都有人辦理、群眾的每一項訴求都依法推進。要精確掌握把重大風險防控化解在市域的要求,充分整合資源力量,完善市域社會治理的組織架構與組織方式,提升市域社會治理能力。要強化市民專線等公共服務平台功能,推動「12345」、「110」等平台對接;健全「高效辦成一件事」重點事項清單管理機制與常態化推展機制,實現辦事方式多元化、辦事流程最優化、辦事材料最簡化、辦事成本最小化。要健全社會心理服務體系與危機介入機制,塑造自尊自信、理性平和、親善友愛的社會心態。要健全發揮家庭家教家風建設在基層治理中作用的機制。要深化產業協會商會改革,進一步激發內生動力與活力,更好發揮獨特優勢與作用。要健全社會組織管理制度,加強規範管理、擴大有序參與,促進社會組織提升服務品質及社會公信力。要健全鄉鎮(街道)職責與權力、資源相符制度,加強鄉鎮(街道)服務管理力量。要完善社會治安整體防控體系,加強重點區域、部位巡防巡控,提升社會治安掌控力;健全掃黑除惡常態化等工作機制,依法嚴懲涉黑涉惡、電信網路詐騙、跨境賭博、涉槍涉爆、侵害婦女兒童權益及黃賭毒、盜搶等民眾反映強烈的違法犯罪活動,全力維護民眾生命財產安全。

(四)完善涉外國家安全機制。隨著我國公民、企業走出去越來越多,涉外安全在國家安全工作全局的地位愈加重要。要深入學習貫徹習近平外交思想,積極實踐全球安全倡議,高站位、高標準謀劃推進涉外國家安全工作,努力創造於我有利的國際環境,堅決捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益。要建立健全週邊安全工作協調機制,推動同週邊國家安全合作。要強化海外利益及投資風險預警、防控、保護體制機制,建立涉外項目法律風險評估制度,引導中資企業境外依法合規經營,增強海外風險防控意識和能力;深化安全領域國際執法合作,擴大執法安全合作“朋友圈”,有力維護我國公民、法人在海外合法權益。要健全反制裁、反干涉、反「長臂管轄」機制,加強涉外安全領域立法,充實法律「工具箱」。要健全維護海洋權益機制,完善跨軍地、跨部門工作模式,有效防範化解涉海重大安全風險。要完善參與全球安全治理機制,堅持共同、綜合、合作、永續的安全觀,維護以聯合國為核心的國際體系、以國際法為基礎的國際秩序、以聯合國憲章宗旨和原則為基礎的國際關係基本準則,尊重各國主權、領土完整,重視各國合理安全關切,積極參與聯合國框架下的雙多邊機制,發揮上海合作組織、金磚合作、「中國+中亞五國」和全球公共安全合作論壇(連雲港)等機制平台作用,推動建構均衡、有效、永續的安全架構,共同因應區域爭端和全球性安全問題,實現普遍安全、共同安全。

三、推動國家安全體系和能力現代化的基本要求

推動國家安全體系和能力現代化,必須明確工作要求,科學組織、嚴密推進。

(一)增強系統思維。推動國家安全體系和能力現代化,是一項複雜的系統工程。要運用系統思維來觀察安全情勢、分析安全問題、規劃安全對策,善於觀大勢、謀大事,既見樹木、更見森林,加強前瞻性思考、全局性規劃、策略性佈局、整體性推進,強化協同高效、狠抓制度貫通,打破部門及地方壁壘,推動各領域各方面國家安全工作銜接協調、一體推進。

(二)夯實基層基礎。基礎不牢,地動山搖。隨著推動國家安全體系與能力現代化逐步走向深入,一些基礎性、深層的問題愈發凸顯。要準確掌握當前面臨的情勢任務特點,紮實實在做好抓基層、打基礎、利長遠的工作,加強基層力量、基礎工作、基本能力建設,針對性完善機制、創新方法、豐富手段,下大氣力補短板、強弱項、固底板,夯實維護國家安全的根基。

(三)加強宣導教育。維護國家安全是一項正義的事業,不僅要堅定不移地“做”,也要理直氣壯地“說”。要堅持集中性宣傳教育與經常性宣傳教育結合,創新內容、方式和載體,開展人民群眾喜聞樂見的宣傳教育活動,並延伸到基層、拓展到各個單位、覆蓋到廣大群眾,營造國家安全人人有責的濃厚氛圍,引導廣大人民增強國家安全意識、擔當國家安全責任、提升維護國家安全能力。

(四)強化責任落實。維護國家安全是全社會的共同責任。要克服「等靠要」思想,主動擔當、積極作為,明確職責、細化分工,形成一級抓一級、層層抓落實的工作格局,做到守土有責、守土負責、守土盡責。特別是對難點問題,要發揚釘釘子精神,加強研究,集中攻關,確保取得突破。同時,要加強溝通協調、攥指成拳,靠前一步、不留縫隙,形成匯聚黨政軍民學各戰線各方面各層級的強大合力。

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.gov.cn/yaowen/liebiao/202408/content_6967888.htm

Chinese Military Carries Forward Spirit of Socialist Rule of Law Strengthening Construction of Combat Winning Culture

中國軍隊弘揚社會主義法治精神加強打贏文化建設

現代英語:

Strengthening the construction of military rule of law culture

■Wang Mei

introduction

President Xi stressed that we should carry forward the spirit of socialist rule of law and strive to cultivate socialist rule of law culture. Military rule of law culture, as an important component of socialist rule of law culture, is the spiritual support for the practice of military rule of law construction, and has important functions such as ideological enlightenment, behavior regulation and cultural nourishment. In the new era and new journey, we should regard strengthening the construction of military rule of law culture as a strategic and basic work for building a military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics, and provide a strong ideological guarantee and spiritual motivation for the in-depth implementation of the strategy of ruling the army by law.

Fully recognize the status and role of military rule of law culture construction

Culture is the product of human thinking and behavior, and in turn shapes human thinking and behavior. Military rule of law culture is an important component of building a military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics, and is also an important guarantee for mobilizing and stimulating the consciousness of military rule of law subjects.

Military rule of law culture is an important component of building a military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics. The military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics consists of a military legal system, a military rule of law implementation system, a military rule of law supervision system, and a military rule of law guarantee system. The military rule of law guarantee system mainly includes military rule of law organizations, military law governance theory, military legal talent teams, and military rule of law culture, providing organizational guarantees, theoretical support, talent support, and cultural nourishment for the construction of military rule of law. Military rule of law culture is closely related to other subsystems in the military rule of law system, and permeates the contents of these subsystems in the form of people, objects, information and other elements. In addition, the rule of law is not only a way of governing the army, but also a value choice, cultural thought, and spiritual power. The rule of law culture of the people’s army is embedded with the value standards of allocating power and responsibility and balancing rights and obligations. It is a culture that demonstrates the purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly. To comprehensively promote the rule of law in the army, it is necessary to lead and guide all aspects of the military rule of law construction with the core values ​​of socialism and the core values ​​of contemporary revolutionary soldiers, so that it can better reflect the national value goals, social value orientation, citizen value standards, and military personnel value requirements.

Military rule of law culture is an important guarantee for mobilizing and inspiring the consciousness of military rule of law subjects. Culture is created by people, and in turn cultivates, shapes and changes people, playing a vital role in guiding and supporting the all-round development of people. The realization of the rule of law depends on the foundation and power of the rule of law culture, and on the sincere recognition, sincere support and conscious practice of various subjects. Officers and soldiers are the main body of the army. The construction of the rule of law in the army needs officers and soldiers to promote it, and various laws and regulations need to be implemented by officers and soldiers. Strengthening the construction of military rule of law culture, strengthening officers and soldiers’ belief in and thinking of the rule of law, and improving officers and soldiers’ legal literacy and ability to handle affairs in accordance with the law are important aspects of deepening the rule of law in the army and strict management of the army. Strengthening the construction of military rule of law culture can create a good rule of law environment and establish a clear direction throughout the army that laws must be followed, laws must be strictly enforced, and violations must be punished, so that officers and soldiers always maintain awe of laws and regulations and military discipline, firmly establish the concept that legal red lines cannot be touched and legal bottom lines cannot be crossed, cultivate the habit of using rule of law thinking to think about problems, handle matters, and solve problems, and inspire the enthusiasm, initiative, consciousness and creativity of the majority of military personnel to participate in the construction of military rule of law.

Accurately grasp the contemporary requirements of building a military rule of law culture

To strengthen the construction of military rule of law culture, we should accurately grasp and highlight the basic characteristics of military culture construction, such as its political nature, people-oriented nature, moral nature, practical nature, and innovative nature, adhere to the corresponding work principles and requirements, and ensure that the construction of military rule of law culture is comprehensively guided and always followed.

Highlight the political nature of the construction of military rule of law culture. The rule of law is a way to express and distribute the interests of specific interest groups. The distinct political nature of the construction of military rule of law culture is closely related to and organically unified with the party’s nature and the people’s nature. To strengthen the construction of military rule of law culture, we must adhere to the party’s absolute leadership over the people’s army, thoroughly implement Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military, thoroughly implement Xi Jinping’s thoughts on the rule of law and President Xi’s important expositions on ruling the military according to law, deeply understand the decisive significance of the “two establishments”, enhance the “four consciousnesses”, strengthen the “four self-confidences”, and achieve the “two safeguards”, implement the responsibility system of the Chairman of the Military Commission, and ensure that the construction of military rule of law culture is always promoted in the correct political direction.

Highlight the people-oriented nature of the military rule of law culture construction. Military personnel, especially officers and soldiers, are the main body of the military rule of law culture construction. The construction of the military rule of law culture must adhere to the people-centered approach, adhere to the subject status of officers and soldiers, mobilize and stimulate the various cultural needs of officers and soldiers, and provide basic support and create favorable conditions for meeting the needs. By improving the military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics that meets the only fundamental standard of combat effectiveness, we can improve the level of legalization of national defense and military construction, promote the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness and fully release it, and ensure the realization of the fundamental purpose of the people’s army to serve the people wholeheartedly.

Highlight the morality of military rule of law culture construction. “Law brings peace to the world, and virtue nourishes people’s hearts.” A distinctive feature of the rule of law path of socialism with Chinese characteristics is to insist on combining rule of law with rule of virtue, emphasizing that both rule of law and rule of virtue should be grasped with both hands and both hands should be strong. To fully implement the strategy of ruling the military by law, it is necessary to implement moral requirements into the construction of the rule of law, attach importance to the normative role of law, and embody moral concepts through the rule of law; attach importance to the educational role of morality, and nourish the spirit of the rule of law with morality, so as to realize that law and morality complement each other, and rule of law and rule of virtue complement each other.

Highlight the practicality of the construction of military rule of law culture. The process of cultural innovation and development is the process of constantly answering new issues raised by the times and practice. In order to turn the “law on paper” into the real and vivid “law in action” in real life, and to turn the “blueprint” of the construction of military rule of law culture into a real and tangible “high-rise building” in real life, we must pay attention to the unity of knowledge and action, guide and promote through the specific work of the construction of military rule of law culture, and rely on the universal, regular and long-term practice of the construction of military rule of law culture by relevant subjects, so as to guide the majority of military personnel to become loyal advocates, conscious abiders and firm defenders of the military rule of law with Chinese characteristics.

Highlight the innovation of the construction of military rule of law culture. Military rule of law culture is constantly gaining vitality and vigor in the process of evolution, development and continuous innovation. The construction of military rule of law culture should uphold an open and inclusive attitude, fully learn from and absorb the outstanding achievements of human rule of law civilization, and enhance the international influence and voice of the military rule of law culture with Chinese characteristics; adhere to inheritance and development, keep integrity and innovation, rely on the use of new technologies, new platforms, new models and new mechanisms, and continuously develop and prosper, spread and carry forward the military rule of law culture content in China’s excellent traditional military culture and socialist advanced culture, and promote the further creative transformation and innovative development of military rule of law culture.

Ideas and measures to comprehensively strengthen the construction of military rule of law culture

To strengthen the construction of military rule of law culture, we should insist on the coordinated efforts in the construction of military rule of law culture in spiritual form, institutional form, and material form, and effectively adopt ideas and measures that cover both goals and tasks and include implementation paths, and have their own focuses and are mutually integrated.

Strengthen the spiritual form of military rule of law culture. Thought is the forerunner of behavior, and theory is the guide to action. Military law governance theory and military rule of law thinking are both requirements and indicators for the construction of military rule of law culture, and are also important contents of the construction of military rule of law culture. We should strengthen the research on military law governance theory, support it with discipline construction, promote the research and interpretation of the military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics, convince people with thorough theories, and give play to the guiding role of theoretical identification on emotional identification and behavioral identification. We should strengthen the rule of law thinking of military personnel, thoroughly study, publicize and implement Xi Jinping’s thoughts on the rule of law, deepen the rule of law education and training of the entire army, incorporate the goals, objects, system, content and methods of education and training into the track of the rule of law, let the thinking of respecting rules, the thinking of rights and obligations, the thinking of limiting power and governing power, and the thinking of justice and science take root in their minds, and make respecting and practicing the rule of law the way of thinking, working and living of military personnel, especially leading cadres.

Strengthen the military rule of law culture in the form of system. Only by formulating scientific systems and making them run smoothly can the value orientation of the rule of law culture be established and consolidated. We should strengthen the construction of the military legal system, adhere to scientific legislation, democratic legislation, and legislation in accordance with the law, fully reflect the interests of the people and the standards of combat effectiveness in the legal system, establish institutional rules and clear directions that laws must be followed, laws must be strictly enforced, and violations must be investigated, and create a persuasive and credible cultural form. The military legal system should run smoothly, and in the implementation, supervision, and guarantee of military rule of law, we should establish the prestige of the rule of law, cultivate integrity, and lead a new style. We must attach importance to the activities of creating a rule of law military camp and jointly building the rule of law between the military and the local government as an important starting point, take safeguarding national defense and military interests, and the legitimate rights and interests of military personnel and their families in accordance with the law as a breakthrough point, and enhance the military personnel’s experience of the rule of law in laws, regulations, and their operation.

Strengthen the military rule of law culture in material form. Military rule of law cannot be separated from a solid material foundation, and institutional and spiritual culture cannot be separated from solid material conditions. To this end, the construction of military rule of law facilities should be strengthened, including facilities related to all elements and processes of rule of law such as legislation, law enforcement, judicial affairs, legal governance research, education and training, such as venues and items for legal publicity and education. The rule of law information platform should be expanded, and hardware and software construction should be improved. We should enrich cultural products, comprehensively use traditional methods as well as technologies such as artificial intelligence and virtual reality, tell good stories about military rule of law, let military rule of law elements and figurative cultural symbols permeate and permeate the military environment, enable military personnel to always be in the information field and strong atmosphere of military rule of law, be influenced by what they see and hear, and constantly enhance their awareness of respecting, learning, abiding by and using the law.

(Author’s unit: College of Military Management, National Defense University)

現代國語:

加強軍事法治文化建設

■王梅

引言

習主席強調,弘揚社會主義法治精神,努力培養社會主義法治文化。軍事法治文化作為社會主義法治文化的重要組成部分,是軍隊法治建設實踐的精神支撐,具有重要的思想教導、行為調控和文化滋養等功能。新時代新旅程,應當把加強軍事法治文化建設作為建構中國特色軍事法治體系的戰略性、基礎性工作,為深入貫徹依法治軍戰略提供堅強思想保證和強大精神動力。

充分認清軍事法治文化建設的地位作用

文化是人類思維與行為方式的產物,反過來又塑造人類的思維與行為方式。軍事法治文化是建構中國特色軍事法治體系的重要組成,也是調動激發軍事法治主體自覺的重要保障。

軍事法治文化是建構中國特色軍事法治體系的重要組成部分。中國特色軍事法治體係由軍事法規制度、軍事法治實施體系、軍事法治監督體系、軍事法治保障體系構成。軍事法治保障體系主要包括軍事法治組織、軍事法治理論、軍事法律人才隊伍、軍事法治文化等方面,為軍事法治建設提供組織保障、理論支持、人才支持、文化滋養。軍事法治文化與軍事法治體系中其他子系統有著密切關聯,以人、物、資訊等要素的形式,滲透於這些子系統的內容之中。此外,法治是一種治軍方式,更是一種價值選擇、文化思想和精神力量。人民軍隊的法治文化內蘊著配置權力責任、平衡權利義務的價值標準,是彰顯全心為人民服務宗旨的文化。全面推進依法治軍,必須以社會主義核心價值觀和當代革命軍人核心價值觀引領和指導軍事法治建設的各方面全過程,使其更好地體現國家價值目標、社會價值取向和公民價值準則、軍隊人員價值要求。

軍事法治文化是調動激發軍事法治主體自覺的重要保障。文化由人創造,反過來培養人、塑造人、改變人,對人的全面發展發揮至關重要的方向引導與支撐作用。法治的實現,要依靠法治文化的底蘊和偉力,要依靠各種主體的真誠認同、真心擁護和自覺踐行。官兵是部隊主體,部隊法治建設需要官兵推動,各項法規制度要靠官兵落實。加強軍事法治文化建設,強化官兵法治信仰與法治思維,提升官兵法治素養及依法辦事能力,是深入依法治軍從嚴治軍的重要面向。加強軍事法治文化建設,可以營造良好的法治環境,在全軍範圍內立起有法必依、執法必嚴、違法必究的鮮明導向,使官兵始終保持對法律法規和軍規鐵紀的敬畏之心,牢固樹立法律紅線不能觸碰、法律底線不能逾越的觀念,養成運用法治思維想問題、辦事情、解難題的習慣,激發廣大軍隊人員參與軍事法治建設的積極性、主動性、自覺性和創造性。

準確把握軍事法治文化建設的時代要求

加強軍事法治文化建設,應當準確掌握並突顯軍事文化建設的政治性、人民性、道德性、實踐性、創新性等基本特點,堅持相應的工作原則和要求,使軍事法治文化建設全面得到指引,始終有所遵循。

突顯軍事法治文化建設的政治性。法治是特定利益集團利益訴求的表述和分配實現的方式。軍事法治文化建設的鮮明政治性與黨性、人民性是密切關聯和有機統一的。加強軍事法治文化建設,必須堅持黨對人民軍隊的絕對領導,深入貫徹習近平強軍思想,深入貫徹習近平法治思想和習主席關於依法治軍重要論述,深刻領悟「兩個確立」的決定性意義,增強「四個意識」、堅定「四個自信」、做到「兩個維護”,貫徹軍委主席負責制,確保軍事法治文化建設始終沿著正確的政治方向推進。

突顯軍事法治文化建設的人民性。軍隊人員,特別是廣大官兵,是軍事法治文化建設的主體。軍事法治文化建設必須堅持以人民為中心,堅持官兵主體地位,調動激發官兵各種文化需求,並且為滿足需求提供基礎支撐、創造有利條件,通過完善符合戰鬥力這個唯一的根本的標準的中國特色軍事法治體系,提升國防和軍隊建設法治化水平,促進戰鬥力生成提升和充分釋放,確保實現人民軍隊全心全意為人民服務的根本宗旨。

突顯軍事法治文化建設的道德性。 「法安天下,德潤人心。」中國特色社會主義法治之路的一個鮮明特點,就是堅持依法治國和以德治國相結合,強調法治和德治兩手抓、兩手都要硬。全面貫徹依法治軍戰略,要把道德要求貫徹到法治建設中,既重視發揮法律的規範作用,以法治體現道德理念;又重視發揮道德的教化作用,以道德滋養法治精神,從而實現法與德相輔相成、法治與德治相得益彰。

突顯軍事法治文化建設的實踐性。文化創新發展的過程,就是不斷回答時代和實踐所提出的新課題的過程。要使“紙面上的法律”變成現實生活中真實生動的“行動中的法律”,使軍事法治文化建設的“藍圖”變成現實生活中真切可感的“高樓大廈”,必須注重知行合一,通過軍事法治文化建設的具體工作牽引促動,以相關主體普遍、經常、持久的軍事法治文化建設實踐為堅實依托,引導廣大軍隊人員成為中國特色軍事法治的忠實崇尚者、自覺遵守者、堅定捍衛者。

突顯軍事法治文化建設的創新性。軍事法治文化是在演進發展、持續創新中不斷獲得生機和活力的。軍事法治文化建設應秉持開放包容的態度,充分藉鑑吸收人類優秀法治文明成果,提升中國特色軍事法治文化的國際影響力和話語權;堅持繼承發展、守正創新,依托運用新技術、新平台、新模式、新機制,不斷發展繁榮、傳播弘揚中華優秀傳統軍事文化、社會主義先進文化中的軍事法治文化內容,促進軍事法治文化進一步被創造性轉化、創新性發展。

全面加強軍事法治文化建設的思路舉措

加強軍事法治文化建設,應當堅持精神形態的軍事法治文化建設、制度形態的軍事法治文化建設、物質形態的軍事法治文化建設協同發力,切實採用既涵蓋目標任務又包括實現路徑、既各有側重又相互交融的思路舉措。

建強精神形態的軍事法治文化。思想是行為的先導,理論是行動的指南。軍事法治理論與軍事法治思維,既是軍事法治文化建設的要求與指標,也是軍事法治文化建設的重要內容。應當加強軍事法治理論研究,以學科建設為支撐,推進中國特色軍事法治體系化學理化研究闡釋,用透徹的理論說服人,發揮理論認同對情感認同、行為認同的牽引作用。應當強化軍隊人員法治思維,深入學習宣傳貫徹習近平法治思想,深化全軍法治教育訓練,將教育訓練目標、對象、體制、內容和方式等納入法治軌道,讓尊重規則思維、權利義務思維、限權治權思維、正義科學思維等紮根頭腦,使尊崇和踐行法治成為軍隊人員尤其是領導幹部的思維方式、工作方式、生活方式。

建強權形態的軍事法治文化。只有製定科學的製度並使之順暢運行,法治文化的價值取向才能確立和鞏固。應當加強軍事法規制度體系建設,堅持科學立法、民主立法、依法立法,在法規制度中充分體現人民利益和戰鬥力標準,立起有法必依、執法必嚴、違法必究的製度規矩和鮮明導向,塑造具有說服力、可信度的文化形態。應當順暢軍事法規制度運行,在軍事法治實施、監督、保障實踐中樹立法治威信、培植正氣、引領新風。重視以法治軍營創建活動、軍地法治共建活動為重要抓手,將依法維護國防和軍事利益、軍隊人員及其親屬合法權益作為突破口,增進軍隊人員對法規制度及其運行的法治體驗。

建強物質形態的軍事法治文化。軍事法治離不開堅實的物質基礎,制度形態、精神形態的文化離不開堅實的物質條件。為此,應加強軍事法治設施建設,包括與立法、執法、司法、法治理論研究、教育訓練等所有法治要素和流程相關的設施,例如承載法治宣傳教育的場館物品等。應當拓展法治資訊平台,搞好硬體建設和軟件建設。應當豐富文化產品,綜合運用傳統方式及人工智慧、虛擬現實等技術,講好軍事法治故事,讓軍事法治元素和形象化的文化符號滲透充盈於軍營環境,使軍隊人員隨時置身軍事法治的資訊場域和濃厚氛圍,在耳濡目染中受到薰陶,不斷增強尊法學法守法用法的自覺性。

(作者單位:國防大學軍事管理學院)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/163106888.html

Enhancing and Influencing the Chinese Military Innovation Culture


弘揚及影響中國軍事創新文化 //2016年01月12日08:XX   来源:解放军报

現代英語:

At the Central Military Commission’s reform work conference, President Xi Jinping emphasized, “We must focus on seizing the strategic commanding heights of future military competition, give full play to the role of innovation-driven development, and cultivate new growth points for combat effectiveness.” This important statement profoundly reveals the important position of military innovation in the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military.

  History has repeatedly shown that in the process of military competition, whoever occupies the commanding heights of military culture may lead the trend of military innovation, stay ahead of the war and win strategic advantages in advance.

  The deepening of national defense and military reforms currently underway is closely linked to the new world military revolution. “In this tide of the new world military revolution, whoever is conservative and complacent will miss precious opportunities and fall into strategic passivity.” President Xi’s words are deafening and thought-provoking. In the process of reforming and strengthening the military, every soldier is not a bystander, but a factor of innovation. In the face of reform, can we accurately grasp the latest trends in the development of world military theory and military technology? Can we adapt to the latest changes in the form of war? Can we find the right path and method for innovation? These should be questions that we should think about.

  Culture senses the changes in the world, stands at the forefront of reform, and is the forerunner of the times. We build a strong military culture by leveraging the unique advantages of culture, breaking the conservative and rigid thinking pattern in the context of thousands of ships competing and hundreds of boats vying for the current, stimulating the vitality of military innovation, and allowing the latest achievements of military cultural innovation to continue to extend to reform.

  Rocks are flying through the sky, waves are crashing against the shore, in the rolling tide of the new world military revolution, who has awakened and who is still sleeping?

  –editor

  The curtain has been raised on deepening the reform of national defense and the military. This reform is carried out against the backdrop of the surging tide of the world’s military revolution and is another milestone in the history of our military development. From “changing chess pieces” to “changing the chessboard”, institutional reform inevitably requires changes in the “rules of the game” and the military system; it requires accelerating the pace of building an informationized army based on a new organizational structure.

  The new military revolution is a process of continuous innovation, and the informationized army is essentially an innovative army. We need to continuously cultivate a military innovation culture, enhance the vitality of reform, and promote the realization of the strategy of reform and strengthening the army.

  (one)

  The new trend of the development of world military culture requires us to strengthen cultural cultivation in the process of change and change the thinking logic of military innovation.

  In a sense, the so-called strategic vision is the vision of understanding the future. Associated with the change in the field of observation, the “paradigm” of innovative thinking has changed accordingly: in the past, it was: practice-technology-theory. Now it is: theory-technology-practice. Associated with the change in the “paradigm” of thinking, since the 1980s, military innovation has gradually changed from the previous combat demand-driven model to the “theory-driven” model. Theoretical works such as “The Third Wave” and “Future Wars” by the famous American futurist Alvin Toffler have played a great role in the development of information society, information warfare and related technologies. As a result, the logic of military innovation has also changed accordingly. The previous order of innovation development was: scientific and technological progress-weapons and equipment-military theory-combat formation. The current development order is: military theory-scientific and technological progress-weapons and equipment-combat formation. The military culture of the information age has made combat commanders and military theory experts the leaders of military technology innovation.

  Military theory experts and military technology experts have found that in developed Western countries, the evolution of modern military culture has gone through three stages:

  Throughout the 19th century and before, most soldiers had not yet realized the huge role of scientific and technological progress in promoting the development of military power. Even a highly innovative military commander like Napoleon easily rejected the suggestion of American scientist Fulton to develop sailless warships. From the beginning of the 19th century to the First World War, although the Industrial Revolution had already affected other areas of society, most soldiers did not think about the role of new technologies in war. They only emphasized the use of existing equipment in their hands and would not think about improving and innovating equipment. This period is called the stage of soldiers “waiting for technology.”

  At the beginning of the 20th century, the highly developed mechanical industry gradually changed the soldiers’ simple martial concept. On August 8, 1918, in the Battle of Emins, the assault power of the Allied “star” tanks and the bombing power of 300 British aircraft awakened the soldiers from their trenches. In the following 20 years, history has created a large number of new military strategists in the era of mechanized warfare, such as Fuller, Douhet, Guderian, Rommel, Montgomery, de Gaulle, Eisenhower, Zhukov, and Vasilevsky. They are not only proficient in military affairs, but also know the performance characteristics of tanks, aircraft, and other new technological weapons at the time. They regard science and technology as their second major and engineers as their close friends, thus making one innovation after another in the development of tactics. Guderian invented the armored blitzkrieg, Roosevelt accepted Einstein’s suggestion to make the atomic bomb, and Stalin treated a large number of aircraft designers as guests of honor. Because of this, during and after World War II, the military technology and military academic level of these countries have achieved unprecedented and substantial development. This period can be called the stage of “marriage between soldiers and technology”.

  Since the 1960s and 1970s, due to the rapid development of new technologies such as microelectronics, artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, space, ocean development, new materials, and new energy, the wave of new technological revolution has enabled many far-sighted military strategists to further break the original thinking mode and propose that soldiers should stand at the forefront of scientific and technological development to envision future combat styles, and based on these ideas, in turn propose the goals and directions of military technology innovation. Military defense experts look forward to the development trends in the next 20 to 30 years, design new combat concepts, and innovate combat theories to propose the necessary technical support, and then scientific researchers will meet the new military needs from a technical perspective. Under the organization and guidance of soldiers, military technology has reduced the blindness of development, thereby obtaining faster and more military economic benefits. This period can be said to be the stage of soldiers “leading technology”.

  The change from soldiers “waiting for technology” and “marrying technology” to “leading technology” reflects the objective trend of the increasingly close relationship between the development of military science and science and technology. This trend forces soldiers to change from being bystanders of technological development to being leaders of technological development.

  In my country, due to the loss of the opportunity of the first industrial revolution, military culture is still in the stage of “waiting for technology” and “marrying technology”. The military concept that emphasizes history and neglects the future is used to designing our army’s tomorrow according to the opponent’s today; it is used to thinking about our army of tomorrow and fighting against today’s opponent.

  On the journey of reform, many comrades’ ideas are still stuck in the Gulf War, Kosovo War, Afghanistan War, and Iraq War, which have been 15 or 20 years. The US military proposed the third “offset strategy” to select disruptive new technologies and create new “asymmetric military advantages.” The new military revolution will thus see a turning point: a new form of warfare – light warfare based on autonomous systems is slowly coming. In order to fulfill the historical mission of military reform and meet new challenges, we must strengthen cultural cultivation and transform the thinking logic of military innovation.

  (two)

  The cultural core of an army is deeply hidden in its military philosophy. In the process of implementing the strategy of reforming and strengthening the army, we should use modern scientific methods to carry out military innovation.

  In human history, every great era not only gives people great tasks, but also provides people with new methods. Only those who have clearly defined the great tasks and mastered the new methods can lead the trend of the times.

  The history of scientific development shows that many major scientific and technological innovations, as well as the raising and solving of major scientific problems, are often the result of certain breakthroughs in scientific methods. Galileo’s discovery of the laws of falling motion and the law of inertia is inseparable from his systematic use of experimental and mathematical methods; Darwin’s creation of the theory of biological evolution benefited from the scientific observation method and the historical comparison method; the theoretical experimental method played an important role in the emergence of Einstein’s theory of relativity; Marx’s “Capital” was able to deeply analyze the complex capitalist society and achieve great success. One of the important reasons is that he cleverly applied the method of unity of logic and history, as well as the method of scientific abstraction, taking the “simplest, most common, and most basic things” – commodities, as the logical and historical starting point of scientific research, rising from the concreteness of perception to the abstract provisions, and then from the abstract provisions to the concreteness of thinking.

  Similarly, innovation in military theory also first relies on the new methods of the times. The Art of War was published in China in the late Spring and Autumn Period because the ancient system theory represented by “yin and yang” and “five elements” had matured and been complete by then; Clausewitz wrote On War because Newton’s mechanics and Hegel’s dialectics provided him with weapons to study war; Mao Zedong’s military thought is the result of Comrade Mao Zedong’s use of Marxist philosophical methods to study the practice of China’s revolutionary war.

  The scientific and technological revolution has promoted the improvement of social productivity and military combat effectiveness, and also prompted the development of philosophical thought.

  The “three major discoveries” of the 19th century (evolution, cytology, and conservation and transformation of energy) led to the end of German classical philosophy and the emergence of Marxist philosophy.

  In the 20th century, the emergence of relativity, quantum mechanics and life sciences, the development of information technology, biotechnology, nanotechnology, new materials technology, and Internet technology have changed and are continuing to change the world’s landscape. In the 1960s and 1970s, along with the wave of new technological revolution, the revolution of scientific methods reached an unprecedented high, showing the trend of natural science research methods, methods, models and concepts penetrating and blending into the field of social sciences. New scientific methodologies have emerged one after another: system theory, control theory, synergy theory, mutation theory, information theory, discrete theory, functional theory, intelligence theory, optimization theory, reaction theory, fuzzy theory, art theory, as well as “chaos” and “fractals”. From a philosophical perspective, the methods proposed by these cross-disciplinary disciplines can be summarized as system methods and complex system methods.

  In 1958, after the U.S. military implemented the separation of military administration and military command, it did not quickly regain vitality. The Pentagon’s resource management was in chaos and was still in a precarious situation. In 1960, McConamara took over the Ministry of Defense. In response to the chaotic situation in which the three armed forces acted independently in the use of national defense resources, he proposed the management principle of “combining centralized guidance with decentralized implementation” in 1962, adopted the system engineering method, coordinated the planning of national defense and weapons and equipment construction, and proposed a “Planning, Programming and Budgeting System (PPBS)”, which straightened out the relationship for the construction of the U.S. military and saved resources.

  In 1986, the U.S. military implemented the Department of Defense Reform Act, which centralized the power of the Department of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff and established a new set of regulations that unified centralization and authorization. This ensured the smooth implementation of joint operations and laid the foundation for future integrated joint operations.

  At the beginning of the 21st century, when Donald Rumsfeld was the Secretary of Defense, according to the development of the new military revolution, the U.S. military changed the PPBS system’s management habits based on target tasks and proposed a PPBE system based on capability requirements, namely “Planning, Programming, Budgeting and Execution System”.

  The PPBS system and the PPBE system are both typical applications of the system science method in national defense management. From a methodological perspective, the characteristics of these systems are: grasping the reality from the future, determining capabilities based on missions and tasks, and driving technology creation and selecting combat formations based on capability requirements. In short, the “upstream” determines the “downstream”, the “top” determines the “bottom”, and the “front end” determines the “back end”.

  The ideas of system theory and complexity methods have been deeply applied in the transformation of the US military. They believe that previous military theories, namely the theories of famous scholars such as Clausewitz and Jomini, are all based on Newtonian mechanics. In today’s operations, the enemy’s military organization and combat operations must be regarded as a system. In this way, only complexity theory, which Newtonian methods cannot do at all, can be used to describe, predict, and select corresponding confrontational actions. For example, the concept of “friction” often used by Clausewitz in “On War” originated from Newtonian mechanics. It can be said to be a concept of physical war, reflecting the characteristics of war in the pre-industrial era. No matter how tightly organized the army was at that time, it was inevitable to face shocks and hysteresis, frontier confrontation and confrontation. Therefore, Clausewitz used Newtonian mechanics as the main method to understand, study, and guide war. In today’s information warfare, the purpose of war has changed from “destroying the enemy and preserving oneself” to “controlling the enemy and realizing interests.” Therefore, a major change in the confrontation method is from large-scale destruction to increasing the “entropy value” within the enemy organization and increasing the “negative entropy value” within one’s own organization (“entropy” is a description of the disorder within the organization). The more information-based, integrated, and sophisticated a military is, the more vulnerable it becomes. An important principle in modern military construction is to minimize the vulnerability of its own disintegration and collapse; an important principle in war guidance is to actively create and exploit the vulnerability within the enemy.

  Today, when evaluating a military system, we cannot only look at the amount of matter, energy and information it possesses, but also its anti-destruction ability, stability, and the possible “entropy value”.

  (three)

  Informatization and networking have broken through the traditional space boundaries and time barriers. The “pre-practice” of virtual technology has created a new military culture.

  While causing a revolution in philosophical methodology, the science of complex systems has also triggered a revolution in philosophical epistemology when combined with multimedia technology, virtual reality technology, artificial intelligence technology, high-performance computing technology and simulation technology – there have been some changes in the way humans understand the world.

  First, the understanding of the unity of the world is richer. In the past, when we talked about the unity of the world, we only emphasized the “primacy of matter”. From today’s perspective, the unity of the world contains three basic elements, namely the unity of matter, energy, and information. In man-made technical systems, it is the unity of materials, energy, and information; in social and economic systems, it is the unity of material flow, energy flow, and information flow. Abstracting the unity of these three aspects to the philosophical level, it colorfully embodies the “unity of matter, movement, and information.”

  Secondly, the cognitive process has changed from the past “part-whole-part” to today’s “whole-part-whole”. In connection with this, the research method has changed from the past “analysis-synthesis-analysis” to today’s “synthesis-analysis-synthesis”.

  Informatization and networking have broken through the traditional space boundaries and time barriers. People’s focus on observing problems has shifted from “object-centered” to “system-centered”, and the key to epistemology is no longer “concrete analysis” but “system integration”.

  This new philosophical epistemology marks a major change in the structure of scientific thinking. Scientific research has shifted from the analytical advantage of the past to the overall comprehensive advantage of today; the static cognition that mainly studied “existence” in the past has shifted to the dynamic cognition that mainly studies systems today.

  The significance of practice is no longer limited to the framework of history and reality, but also includes the future. After the Gulf War, developed countries established the innovative idea of ​​”proposing theory – combat experiment – actual military exercise – actual combat test”, stepped up the establishment of “combat laboratory”, and made new breakthroughs in military theory research methods.

  Scholars such as Zhang Yi, the author of Virtual Epistemology, pointed out: “Virtual technology has profoundly changed the way humans perceive the world and created a completely new way of human practice. Virtual technology is not just a way of understanding and interpreting the world, it is itself a way of human practice.”

  The “pre-practice” of virtual technology creates a new military culture. Thus, the military construction has developed from the past “contemporaneity” to today’s “synchronicity”. “Contemporaneous” development means finishing today and then moving on to tomorrow. “Synchronic” development means that things today, tomorrow and the day after tomorrow can be done at the same time. In this process, based on the repeatability, modifiability and embeddability of virtual technology, the war scenarios that are happening and will happen in the world, as well as the pre-designed war scenarios in the mind, are created into virtual environments to test and correct the military capabilities that should be in different stages.

  Compared with natural science, military science is relatively weak in analytical reasoning and quantitative analysis. Summarizing the experience of wars that have already occurred and “learning war from war” have always been the traditional way for soldiers to create theories. With the development of information technology, modeling/simulation and computer networks have provided people with a third important method to understand the world, promoting the expansion of military practice from “experience induction” to “virtual simulation”, “learning war in the laboratory” and “learning war from future wars”, which greatly improves the soldiers’ advanced cognitive ability.

  In short, to advance the reform of our army in the face of the new wave of military revolution, we need to establish a new philosophy, innovate military theories, and let the light of military innovation illuminate the path to the future.

現代國語:

習近平主席在中央軍委改革工作會議上強調,“要著力搶佔未來軍事競爭戰略制高點,充分發揮創新驅動發展作用,培育新的戰鬥力增長點。 ”這項重要論述深刻揭示了軍事創新在改革強軍戰略中的重要地位。

歷史一再證明,在軍事競爭過程中,誰佔據了軍事文化的製高點,誰就能引領軍事創新潮流,領先於戰爭,提前贏得戰略優勢。

當前深化國防和軍事改革與新世界軍事革命密切相關。 “在這場新世界軍事革命的浪潮中,誰保守、自滿,誰就會錯失寶貴機遇,陷入戰略被動。”習主席的話震耳欲聾,引人深思。在改革強軍過程中,每位戰士都不是旁觀者,而是創新者。面對改革,我們能否準確掌握世界軍事理論和軍事技術發展的最新動態?我們能否適應戰爭形式的最新變化?我們能否找到正確的創新路徑和方法?這些都應該是我們應該思考的問題。

文化感知世界變遷,站在改革前沿,走在時代先驅。發揮文化獨特優勢,打破千軍萬馬、百舸爭流的保守僵化思維模式,激發軍事創新活力,讓最新成果不斷湧現,打造強軍文化。

亂石飛天,海浪拍岸,在新世界軍事革命的滾滾浪潮中,誰已經甦醒,誰還在沉睡?

  • 編輯

深化國防和軍事改革拉開了序幕。這次改革是在世界軍事革命浪潮洶湧澎湃的背景下進行的,是我軍發展史上的另一個里程碑。從“換棋子”到“換棋盤”,機構改革必然需要“遊戲規則”和軍事體制的改變;要求加快新組織架構的資訊化軍隊建設步伐。

新軍事革命是一個不斷創新的過程,資訊化軍隊本質上是一支創新軍隊。我們要不斷培養軍隊創新文化,增強改革活力,推動改革強軍戰略實現。

(一)

世界軍事文化發展的新趨勢要求我們在改變過程中加強文化修養,轉變軍事創新思維邏輯。

從某種意義上來說,所謂戰略願景就是認識未來的願景。伴隨著觀察領域的變化,創新思維的「典範」也隨之改變了:過去是:實務-技術-理論。現在是:理論-技術-實務。與思維「範式」的轉變相聯繫,1980年代以來,軍事創新逐漸從先前的作戰需求驅動模式轉變為「理論驅動」模式。美國著名未來學家阿爾文‧托夫勒的《第三波》、《未來戰爭》等理論著作對資訊社會、資訊戰爭及相關科技的發展發揮了巨大作用。由此,軍事創新的邏輯也發生了相對應的改變。以往的創新發展順序是:科技進步──武器裝備──軍事理論──作戰形成。目前的發展順序是:軍事理論——科技進步——武器裝備——作戰編隊。資訊時代的軍事文化使作戰指揮官和軍事理論專家成為軍事技術創新的領導者。

軍事理論專家和軍事技術專家研究發現,在西方已開發國家,現代軍事文化的演變經歷了三個階段:

在整個19世紀及以前,大多數軍人還沒有認識到科技進步對軍事力量發展的巨大推動作用。即使是像拿破崙這樣極富創新精神的軍事統帥,也輕易地拒絕了美國科學家富爾頓研發無帆戰艦的建議。從十九世紀初到第一次世界大戰,雖然工業革命革命已經影響社會的其他領域,大多數士兵沒有考慮新技術在戰爭中的作用。他們只強調使用手中現有的設備,不會考慮設備的改良和創新。這個時期被稱為士兵「等待技術」的階段。

20世紀初,高度發展的機械工業逐漸改變了士兵單純的軍事觀念。 1918年8月8日,在埃明斯戰役中,盟軍「明星」坦克的突擊威力和300架英國飛機的轟炸威力喚醒了戰壕裡的士兵。此後20年,歷史創造了一大批機械化戰爭時代的新軍事家,如富勒、杜黑、古德里安、隆美爾、蒙哥馬利、戴高樂、艾森豪威爾、朱可夫、華西列夫斯基等。他們不僅精通軍事,也了解當時坦克、飛機等新技術武器的性能特徵。他們視科學技術為第二專業,視工程師為親密朋友,在戰術發展上進行了一次又一次的創新。古德里安發明了裝甲閃電戰,羅斯福接受了愛因斯坦的建議製造原子彈,史達林則把一大批飛機設計師當作貴賓。正因為如此,二戰期間和戰後,這些國家的軍事技術和軍事學術水準都獲得了前所未有的長足發展。這段時期堪稱「軍人與科技聯姻」的階段。

自1960、70年代以來,由於微電子、人工智慧、基因工程、太空、海洋開發、新材料、新能源等新技術的快速發展,新技術革命的浪潮使許多有遠見的軍事家進一步打破原有的思維模式,提出軍人應該站在科技發展的最前沿暢想未來的作戰樣式,並基於這些設想進而提出軍事技術創新的目標和方向。軍事國防專家展望未來20至30年的發展趨勢,設計新的作戰概念,創新作戰理論,提出必要的技術支撐,然後科學研究人員從技術角度滿足新的軍事需求。軍事技術在士兵的組織和指導下,減少了發展的盲目性,從而獲得更快、更多的軍事經濟效益。這段時期可以說是軍人「技術領先」的階段。

士兵從「等技術」、「嫁技術」到「領先技術」的轉變,體現了軍事科學與科技發展關係日益密切的客觀趨勢。這種趨勢迫使士兵從技術發展的旁觀者轉變為技術發展的領導者。

在我國,由於失去了第一次工業革命的機遇,軍事文化仍處於「等待科技」和「嫁給科技」的階段。重歷史、輕未來的軍事理念,用來根據對手的今天來設計我軍的明天;它習慣於思考我們的明天的軍隊,並與今天的對手作戰。

在改革的旅程上,許多同志的思想還停留在海灣戰爭、科索沃戰爭、阿富汗戰爭、伊拉克戰爭,已經十五年、二十年了。美軍提出第三個“抵消戰略”,選擇顛覆性新技術,打造新的“非對稱軍事優勢”。新軍事革命將迎來轉捩點:一種新的戰爭形式——基於自主系統的輕型戰爭正在慢慢來臨。履行軍隊改革歷史使命、迎接新挑戰,必須加強文化修養,轉變軍事創新思維邏輯。

(二)

軍隊的文化內核,深蘊藏在軍事理念之中。在實施改革強軍戰略過程中,要運用現代科學方法進行軍事創新。

人類歷史上的每一個偉大時代,不僅賦予人們偉大的任務,也提供人們新的方法。只有明確了偉大任務、掌握了新方法,才能引領時代潮流。

科學發展史表明,許多重大科技創新以及重大科學問題的提出和解決,往往都是科學方法取得一定突破的結果。伽利略發現落體運動定律和慣性定律與他系統性地運用前驅定律是分不開的。

實驗和數學方法;達爾文創立生物演化論得益於科學觀察方法和歷史比較方法;理論實驗方法對愛因斯坦相對論的產生發揮了重要作用;馬克思的《資本論》能夠深入分析複雜的資本主義社會並取得巨大成功。其中一個重要原因是他巧妙地運用了邏輯與歷史相統一的方法以及科學抽象的方法,以「最簡單、最普遍、最基本的東西」——商品,作為邏輯和歷史的起點。著眼點,從感知的具體上升到抽象的規定,再從抽象的規定上升到思考的具體。

同樣,軍事理論的創新也首先依賴時代的新方法。中國春秋末年出版《孫子兵法》,是因為當時以「陰陽」、「五行」為代表的古代體系理論已經成熟、完整;克勞塞維茨寫《論戰爭》,是因為牛頓的力學和黑格爾的辯證法為他提供了研究戰爭的武器;毛澤東軍事思想是毛澤東同志運用馬克思主義哲學方法研究中國革命戰爭實踐的成果。

科技革命促進了社會生產力和軍事戰鬥力的提高,也促進了哲學思想的發展。

19世紀的「三大發現」(進化論、細胞學、能量守恆與轉化)導致了德國古典哲學的終結和馬克思主義哲學的出現。

20世紀,相對論、量子力學與生命科​​學的出現,資訊科技、生物科技、奈米科技、新材料科技、網路科技的發展,已經並將持續改變世界面貌。 1960、70年代,伴隨著新科技革命浪潮,科學方法革命達到了前所未有的高度,呈現出自然科學研究方法、方法、模型和理念向社會科學領域滲透、融合的趨勢。新的科學方法論相繼出現:系統論、控制論、協同論、突變論、資訊理論、離散論、泛函論、智能論、最優化論、反應論、模糊論、藝術論,以及「混沌論」。 」和「分形」。從哲學的角度來看,這些跨學科學科所提出的方法可以歸納為系統方法和複雜系統方法。

1958年,美軍實行軍政軍指揮分離後,並沒有很快恢復活力。五角大廈的資源管理一片混亂,仍處於岌岌可危的境地。 1960年,麥科納馬拉接管國防部。針對三軍獨立使用國防資源的混亂局面,他於1962年提出「集中指導與分散實施相結合」的管理原則,採用系統工程方法,統籌規劃國家國防資源。規劃和預算系統(PPBS)”,理順了美軍建設的關係,節省了資源。

1986年,美軍實施了《國防部改革法案》,將國防部和參謀長聯席會議的權力集中起來,建立了一套集權與授權相統一的新法規。這保證了聯合作戰的順利實施,為今後一體化聯合作戰奠定了基礎。

21世紀初,拉姆斯菲爾德擔任國防部長時,根據新軍事革命的發展,美軍改變了PPBS系統基於目標任務的管理習慣,提出了基於能力需求的PPBE系統,即「規劃、規劃、預算和執行系統」。

PPBS體系和PPBE體係都是系統科學方法在國防管理的典型應用。從方法論來看,這些體系的特點是:從未來掌握現實,根據任務任務確定能力,根據能力需求驅動技術創新和選擇作戰編隊。簡而言之,“上游”決定“下游”,“頂部”決定“底部”,“前端”決定“後端”。

系統論和複雜性方法的想法已經深入人心應用於美軍轉型。他們認為,以往的軍事理論,即克勞塞維茨、約米尼等著名學者的理論,都是以牛頓力學為基礎的。在今天的作戰中,必須把敵方的軍事組織和作戰行動視為一個系統。這樣,就只能用牛頓方法根本無法做到的複雜性理論來描述、預測和選擇相應的對抗動作。例如,克勞塞維茨在《戰爭論》中經常使用的「摩擦」概念就源自於牛頓力學。可以說是物理戰爭的概念,反映了前工業時代戰爭的特徵。無論當時的軍隊組織得多麼嚴密,都不可避免地要面臨衝擊和滯後、邊疆對峙和對抗。因此,克勞塞維茨以牛頓力學為主要方法來認識、研究和指導戰爭。當今資訊化戰爭,戰爭目的已從「消滅敵人、保存自己」轉變為「制敵、實現利益」。因此,對抗方式的一個重大變化就是從大規模破壞,轉向增加敵方組織內部的「熵值」和增加己方組織內部的「負熵值」(「熵」是對組織內部混亂的描述)。 )。軍隊越是資訊化、一體化和複雜化,它就越容易受到攻擊。現代軍事建設的一個重要原則就是盡量減少自身瓦解和崩潰的脆弱性;戰爭指導的一個重要原則是積極創造和利用敵人內部的弱點。

今天,評價一個軍事系統,不僅要看它所擁有的物質、能量和資訊的多少,還要看它的抗破壞能力、穩定性以及可能存在的「熵值」。

(三)

資訊化、網路化突破了傳統的空間界限和時間障礙。虛擬技術的「預實踐」創造了新的軍事文化。

複雜系統科學在引發哲學方法論革命的同時,與多媒體技術、虛擬實境技術、人工智慧技術、高效能運算技術、模擬技術結合,也引發了哲學知識論的革命——在知識論上發生了一些變化。人類理解世界的方式。

一是對世界統一的認識更加豐富。過去,我們在談論世界的統一性時,只強調「物質的首要性」。從今天的角度來看,世界的統一包含三個基本要素,即物質、能量、資訊的統一。在人造技術系統中,它是物質、能量和資訊的統一體;在社會經濟系統中,它是物質流、能量流、資訊流的統一。將這三方面的統一抽像到哲學層面,豐富多彩地體現了「物質、運動、資訊的統一」。

其次,認知過程從過去的「部分-整體-部分」轉變為今天的「整體-部分-整體」。與此相聯繫,研究方法也從過去的「分析-綜合-分析」轉變為今天的「綜合-分析-綜合」。

資訊化、網路化突破了傳統的空間界限和時間障礙。人們觀察問題的焦點從“以物件為中心”轉向“以系統為中心”,認識論的關鍵不再是“具體分析”而是“系統整合”。

這種新的哲學認識論標誌著科學思維結構的重大變化。科學研究從過去的分析優勢轉向今天的整體綜合優勢;過去主要研究「存在」的靜態認知已經轉向今天主要研究系統的動態認知。

實踐的意義不再侷限於歷史和現實的框架,也包括未來。海灣戰爭後,已開發國家確立了“提出理論——實戰實驗——實戰演練——實戰檢驗”的創新思路,加緊建立“實戰實驗室”,軍事理論研究方法取得新突破。

《虛擬知識論》一書作者張毅等學者指出:「虛擬技術深刻改變了人類感知世界的方式,創造了人類全新的實踐方式。虛擬技術不僅僅是一種理解和解釋世界的方式,它本身就是人類實踐的一種方式。

虛擬技術的「預實踐」創造了新的軍事文化。由此,軍隊建設從過去的“同時性”發展到今天的“同步性”「同步」開發是指完成今天,然後走向明天。嵌入性,將世界上正在發生和將要發生的戰爭場景,以及腦海中預先設計的戰爭場景,創建到虛擬環境中,以測試和修正不同階段應有的軍事能力。

與自然科學相比,軍事科學在分析推理和定量分析方面相對較弱。總結已經發生的戰爭經驗,“從戰爭中學習戰爭”,一直是軍人創造理論的傳統方式。隨著資訊科技的發展,建模/模擬和電腦網路為人們提供了認識世界的第三種重要方法,推動軍事實踐從「經驗歸納」向「虛擬模擬」、「在實驗室學習戰爭」拓展「從未來戰爭中學習戰爭”,大大提高了士兵的高級認​​知能力。

總之,面對新一輪軍事革命浪潮,推進我軍改革,需要建立新理念,創新軍事理論,讓軍事創新之光照亮未來之路。

中國原創軍事資源:http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0112/c49150-28040888.html

Truly Integrating Chinese Military Combat Preparation into Current Adversarial Defeat Operations

將中國軍事備戰真正融入當前抗擊作戰

現代英語:

Key points

  ● Our military’s preparations for military struggle are being carried out under the special background of dramatic changes in world military affairs. If we lack a strong awareness of keeping pace with the times and theoretical preparations for pioneering and innovation, we will not be able to carry the spirit of the times throughout the entire process of military struggle preparations.

  ● The many stages of military transformation and their possible changes are uncertain, which leads to different value judgments and behavioral norms. The only way to decide on these judgments and norms is to put them into the “general coordinates” of military transformation.

  ● Keeping pace with the times does not mean following the trend or following a routine. Leapfrog development is an inherent requirement of keeping pace with the times. The new historical mission requires us to shorten or even surpass certain development stages and take a road of military struggle preparation with distinctive characteristics.

  The era of rapid change gave birth to great ideas. In his speech on May 31, General Secretary Jiang Zemin pointed out: “To implement the requirements of the ‘Three Represents’, the whole party must always maintain a spirit of keeping pace with the times and constantly open up new horizons for the development of Marxist theory…” The idea of ​​keeping pace with the times proposed by Chairman Jiang is a high-level summary of the spirit of the times and a lasting spiritual driving force for promoting military innovation. It will surely have a profound impact on military struggle preparations. Guided by the important thought of “Three Represents”, we must vigorously promote the spirit of keeping pace with the times, open up the work situation with pioneering and innovation, and enhance combat effectiveness with emancipated minds, so as to put “winning” into practice.

  The most prominent background of military struggle preparation is the new military transformation

  The important thought of “Three Represents” is the result of the Chinese Communists observing and thinking about the changes in the world and China today, and adhering to and developing Marxism in new practices. Keeping pace with the times is a concept that reflects the essential characteristics of the times. To examine military struggle preparations with this concept, we should first look at what kind of changes have taken place in the background of our times.

  There are many factors that affect the preparation for military struggle: the development of the international situation, the evolution of the strategic pattern, the judgment of security threats… However, the most direct, profound and extensive influence is the new round of military revolution that emerged at the end of the last century.

  ———A revolution in combat elements: simultaneous improvement in strike, defense, and mobility. For thousands of years, no military revolution has achieved simultaneous development of strike, defense, and mobility in a short period of time. The military revolution taking place today is turning the ideal model of simultaneous improvement of the three combat capabilities into reality.

  The improvement of strike capability is mainly due to precision-guided weapons. The accuracy of traditional unguided weapons is generally in a stable inverse relationship with the strike distance, but precision-guided weapons are changing the “range-accuracy” law. The accuracy does not decrease with the increase of range. This change has a strong impact on the time, space and effectiveness concepts formed in the previous generation of wars, and new tactics such as “non-contact combat” and “out-of-area strike” have emerged.

  In all previous military reforms, the transformation of defense capabilities has always been “half a beat slower”, and the battlefield strictly follows the iron rule of “saving oneself by destroying the enemy”. Some people even believe that the armor revolution in the 20th century was just an extension of the idea of ​​”blocking and offsetting the opponent’s attack power” in the cold weapon era, and it is not really a defense revolution. Today, a real defense revolution has quietly arrived. The representative technology is stealth technology, known as “low detectability technology”. It breaks through the traditional routine that has been followed for thousands of years, “saves itself” by reducing the probability of the target being discovered, and at the same time creates conditions for achieving the suddenness of the attack. It can be called an offensive defense method of “saving oneself” first and then “destroying the enemy”, and its development prospects are unlimited.

  Mobility is shifting to “air”, and military mobility is showing multi-dimensional and three-dimensional characteristics. With the cross-generational improvement of intelligence support, command and control, and mobility tools, air mobility has leapt from the tactical level to the campaign level. At present, the number of helicopters in the main forces of the military of some developed countries is roughly equal to that of tanks, with an average of one helicopter for every 100 soldiers. Once the ground is no longer an obstacle, what new landscape will appear on the battlefield?

  ———Revolution in the military structure: integration of all services. Integration is a prominent manifestation of the achievements of the new military revolution in the field of command and coordination. Since the establishment of services, the military has believed in the idea of ​​​​integrated operations, but the difficulty of “horizontal flow” of information has restricted the improvement of the overall combat capability of the military. Since the 1980s, digital communication equipment, friend-or-foe identification systems, global positioning systems, and computer networks have successively entered the battlefield. For the first time, troops of different types, levels, and spaces have the ability to “horizontally flow” information, creating conditions for integrated operations. Reflecting this trend is the concept of “action-centered warfare” proposed by the US military in recent years. Based on the development of sensor technology, computer network technology and rapid response capabilities, the US military has transformed “plan-centered warfare” into “action-centered warfare”, which will be a profound change in the field of military command and coordination, and the integrated operations of all services will reach a new level.

  Integration is also reflected in the formation of the army. First, the boundaries between the services are weakened. Since World War II, the power of the services has usually been directly controlled by the strategic command, forming a clear boundary between the services. In future joint operations, the traditional command system can no longer adapt to the special requirements of timeliness. It is necessary to break the original boundaries between the services and form an integrated force. At present, the establishment of a “joint task force” composed of an army brigade task force, an air force fighter squadron, a naval ship unit and a marine expeditionary unit is a new attempt by the military of developed countries to seek integration. Secondly, the boundaries between the services are weakened. The military of developed countries has formed mixed-service synthetic forces. For example, the US Air Force will establish 10 expeditionary aerospace forces by 2003 based on the “mixed wing” experiment in the past few years; the United Kingdom has mixed the Navy’s “Sea Harrier” aircraft with the Air Force’s “Harrier” fighter since 2000. It can be foreseen that in the near future, a new pattern will emerge in the relatively stable military structure formed in the era of mechanized warfare. Some scholars call it a “revolution of relationships” and a “revolution of structure”, which is indeed a vision.

  ———Revolution of combat systems: transformation from mechanized army to informationized army. Human society is facing the third major transformation in history, and the wave of information revolution continues. A few years ago, the concept of informationization as “intelligent” warfare was still beyond people’s vision, but today few people doubt its emergence.

  Since the advent of the industrial age, war has shown an accelerating development trend, especially in the half century after World War II. Mechanization, as the mainstream of war, has reached its peak, but it has also fallen into a dilemma: the physical performance of weapons and equipment has reached its limit, and the return on investment is very small; the catastrophic consequences of nuclear weapons make it increasingly difficult to play a role in war; the harm to innocent people and the pollution to the environment caused by weapons of mass destruction have led to ecological deterioration… There is almost no way to continue to develop within the framework of mechanization. People began to seek new ways, that is, to solve the problems of strike efficiency and combat effectiveness from a deeper level, and strive to achieve precision, controllability and intelligence, and this is informatization. At present, the armies of many countries are working hard to open up a path of change to break out of the dilemma of mechanized warfare. The trend of mechanized warfare giving way to information warfare is irreversible. President Jiang has a keen insight into the major changes in the world’s military field and pointed out that the essence of the new military revolution is the information revolution, which has pointed out the direction for our army to meet the challenges of the new military revolution in the world.

  At present, the armed forces of developed countries are vigorously promoting the informatization of weapons and equipment. While actively developing C4I systems, precision-guided munitions, smart weapons, and digital individual equipment, they also focus on doing a good job in top-level design, integrating target reconnaissance and surveillance, target information processing and transmission, precision strikes, and damage assessment to form a “military system”. In this way, the combat system of the industrial age, which is suitable for exerting the potential of firepower and mobility, has been gradually transformed into a combat system of the information age, which is suitable for the rapid flow and use of information.

  Our military’s preparations for military struggle coincide with the real upheaval in the world’s military field. Having experienced this revolution, we should have a stronger sense of the times and urgency than ever before. When we are preparing for real threats, we must not ignore or forget that we are in a new era, and we must not be busy responding and indifferent to the general trend. Not being attached to things we are already familiar with, keenly absorbing the new things shown to us by the historical trend, taking advantage of the trend, and taking a bigger step, this is the powerful response of the idea of ​​keeping pace with the times to the challenges of the times.

  Designing the “general coordinates” of military struggle preparation in accordance with the general trend of military transformation

  In his “May 31” speech, General Secretary Jiang pointed out: “Adhering to the ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts and promoting the spirit of keeping pace with the times are decisive factors in the Party’s maintaining its advanced nature and creativity under the conditions of long-term governance. Whether our Party can always do this will determine China’s development prospects and destiny.” If we understand keeping pace with the times from the perspective of “determining destiny,” military struggle preparations will be able to find reference in a broader context.

  ———Inspiration from history: Those who follow the trend will prosper, and those who go against the trend will perish. Those who follow the historical trend are destined to be favored by history, and those who seize the initiative are often those armies that are extremely sensitive to the historical trend. In the mid-19th century, Prussia was earlier than other countries to realize the challenges brought by the Industrial Revolution to the military field, and took the lead in realizing the transition of the military system to mechanized warfare, which gave it a decisive advantage over those European armies with more troops and higher technological levels in the following decades.

  On the contrary, there is a clear gap between the huge military investment and the results achieved, and the reason is probably the lack of a keen sense of smell to seize the opportunity. From the mid-17th century to the end of the 18th century, Chinese society developed to the extreme under the original system framework, and the military was also in the heyday of the cold weapon era. Almost at the same time, a series of earth-shaking changes took place in the world: the gunpowder revolution was in full swing, and the mechanization revolution followed. Faced with the impact of military changes, the Qing army clung to the pedantic idea that “riding and shooting are the foundation of Manchuria”, calling inventions and creations “strange skills and tricks” and viewing strong ships and powerful guns as sorcery. The Qing Dynasty was eventually passively beaten and lost its power and humiliated the country.

  History has striking similarities, but the choices of historical paths have their merits and demerits. Today, the world’s military is once again facing major changes, major developments, and major turning points. After the Gulf War, the Central Military Commission was keenly aware that the world’s military field was undergoing extensive and profound changes, and promptly formulated a military strategic policy for the new era, requiring that the basis of military struggle preparation be placed on winning local wars under modern technology, especially high-tech conditions; in 1996, under the guidance of this strategic policy, it was proposed that the guiding ideology of military construction must achieve two fundamental changes from quantity and scale to quality and efficiency, and from manpower-intensive to technology-intensive; in 1997, with great wisdom and extraordinary courage, the “three-step” strategy for the cross-century development of the military was determined… These major measures fully reflect the forward-looking vision of keeping pace with the times. Over the past decade, the reason why our military’s preparation for military struggle in the new era has been able to make continuous progress and breakthroughs is because the spirit of the times that keeps pace with the times has been integrated into it.

  ———Useful experience: Take reform as the focus of military struggle preparation. After the Cold War, the international situation changed, and the armies of various countries began to redesign their development blueprints. The general practice is to attach great importance to the impact of new military changes, emphasize the historical opportunity of war transformation, and promote military reform in accordance with the requirements of the times. Waves of reforms have emerged one after another, and finally formed a reform trend that swept the world.

  According to the “2001-2002 Strategic Assessment Report” recently published by the London International Institute for Strategic Studies, after the “9.11” incident, the US military proposed a new round of military reform plans, which included six important components, the first of which was “concepts on future wars.” With a new view on future wars, the war machine must be remodeled. In fact, the former Soviet army was the first to realize the current military revolution, but the US military came later. When many mechanized armies were still arguing about whether informatization would come, the US military quietly began the informatization reform and established the “Senior Steering Committee for Military Revolution Research” in 1994 as the organizational leadership of military reform. Each branch of the military has also established corresponding institutions, such as the Army Digitalization Office and Ground Information Warfare Center, the Navy New Operational Concept Committee and Fleet Information Warfare Center, and the Air Force Information Warfare Center. After years of accumulation, a large number of beneficial results have been achieved, providing coordinates for the military’s informatization transformation.

  The deeper the reform, the more difficult it is to operate. The armies of many countries have seen that the military system that has been perfected in the mechanized era has little room for transformation, and must vigorously promote the new military revolution. The US Department of Defense has set up five working groups to focus on how to use information technology to completely transform the US military, and has established six combat laboratories dedicated to studying information warfare. The US military believes that it is currently unable to effectively cope with various complex new security challenges, and needs to carry out military reforms with the goal of rapid, flexible, and effective joint operations of all arms, including the establishment of a standing joint task force, the development of required leapfrog technologies, the enhancement of the flexibility of command organizations, the reform of procurement strategies, the abandonment of old military systems to free up funds for new systems, and so on. Although the conditions for promoting the new military revolution in Russia, Britain, France, Japan and other countries are not as complete as those in the United States, they have also formulated long-term national defense development strategies and military construction plans, and accelerated the pace of their own military reforms to meet the challenges of the new military revolution. These reform measures reflect the general direction and are worth learning from for our army.

  ———The call of mission: Unify military struggle preparation and building a first-class army. The tasks of our army’s military struggle preparation are determined, but the reference system of army building is not solidified. The changing international environment, the uncertain strategic pattern and the complex surrounding security situation faced by our country have determined that once a war breaks out, our combat opponents and combat directions may not be single, and the main strategic direction is also relative and variable. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, almost none of the several local wars we have fought were carried out in the strategic direction we have prepared. If we only target one opponent and imagine one situation, it is undoubtedly a strategic shortsightedness.

  In the face of this situation, how can we prepare for military struggle? The answer is: improve the starting point of military struggle preparation and build a first-class army. In a reality full of uncertainty and unpredictability, the most important thing is to have the “ability” to cope with various situations. This is like participating in a large-scale international competition. It is not enough to just defeat one opponent. Only by defeating a series of opponents can you win the championship, which requires comprehensive strength. Therefore, military struggle preparation should be planned for the long term, not overly focusing on recent threats and ignoring long-term construction. While highlighting the key points, we should focus on developing the ability of the entire army to cope with challenges and unexpected events. This ability can only be obtained by strengthening quality construction and catching up with the world’s military powers. Take advantage of our “latecomer advantage”, draw nourishment from the history of military development in developed countries, accelerate the process of catching up with advanced technology, advanced systems, and advanced ideas, avoid the detours they have taken, and finally form our own advantages. In this way, we can prepare for recent threats while also taking care of the future.

  The military revolution is global, but it will not automatically visit every country. Although it has made it possible for the armies of developing countries to catch up, opportunities only come to those who respond correctly. We have unified the two strategic tasks of preparing for real military struggles and strengthening the quality of military construction, preparing while building, using preparation to drive construction and construction to promote preparation. This is undoubtedly the right choice.

  Taking a Distinctive Path of Military Struggle Preparation in the Trend of Change

  Due to different starting points, the military of different countries has shown diversity in the choice of development path. A foreign scholar once asserted: “What aspects of an army lag behind and how much it lags behind completely determines the pattern of historical change.” In the field of economics, this phenomenon is called “path dependence.” If the path of change of the world’s military powers is regarded as the only model and applied to oneself without thinking, then it will inevitably lead to a serious misalignment of the starting point, path and goal.

  ———Establish a brand-new development strategy. In the 21st century, the war will inevitably enter the informationization stage. In this transition, the armies of countries around the world may undergo new differentiation, resulting in major differences and imbalances in combat capabilities. To avoid being left behind in the new competition, conventional strategies will not work. We must find a way to catch up quickly.

  Mechanization is the path to development for Western armies. This is because the historical background at that time provided them with special conditions. It is impossible for our army to have these historical conditions again and to achieve the same level of development in the form of mechanized warfare. Therefore, we should seriously reflect on whether we can really catch up with the armies of developed countries in the framework of mechanization.

  Information warfare is a great leap forward in the form of warfare. In fact, the development from the old form to the new form is achieved through a series of huge changes within the combat system. This transformation is not a linear transition from the old form to the new form, but a “transfer development”. Just as “steamboats are not evolutionary sailboats; cars are not evolutionary improvements on horses and carriages; transistors are not better vacuum tubes”, “transfer development” is a change in the nature and direction of combat means. Its prominent features are its transition, nonlinearity, discontinuity and innovation. Looking forward from the perspective of the old form in a straight line, you cannot see the new form.

  Our army is still in the process of mechanization. The limitations of mechanization are rapidly emerging but have not yet been fully exposed. In some areas of information technology, our army has gradually entered the new military revolution, and even in some parts and to some extent, it is not behind many Western countries’ armies. This shows a fact that mechanization and informatization are not completely connected in a straight line. Under certain conditions, it is possible to achieve leapfrog development. The agricultural civilization of ancient Egypt was not built on the basis of the world’s most developed hunting and gathering civilization, and the British pioneering industrial civilization did not have the world’s most developed agricultural civilization.

  The discontinuity and transition of the new war form often provide a historical opportunity for the army that was not advanced to catch up. The information revolution provides an opportunity for our army to achieve leapfrog development without fully developed mechanization.

  ———Use informatization to drive mechanization. The “generational” development of weapons and equipment is not only an important part of the new military revolution, but also its origin. A fundamental question is: for which generation of war are the weapons systems being developed or introduced preparing? If we use yesterday’s equipment to meet tomorrow’s war, we will inevitably run into a wall. Let’s take an example. The radar system used by the vast majority of early warning aircraft currently in service is an active radiation radar, which will basically have no survivability in the next generation of war. If we blindly introduce such early warning aircraft, is it a strategic miscalculation? Obviously, forward-looking awareness is particularly important for equipment development.

  The so-called advanced consciousness, for our army at this stage, is to establish the development concept of “using informatization to drive mechanization”. The information revolution has provided opportunities for our army to develop by leaps and bounds, but it is impossible to completely leapfrog the mechanization stage. The mechanization level of our army’s weapons and equipment is still not high, and some are even only semi-mechanized. Using informatization to drive mechanization means moderately developing mechanization, but not pursuing the most advanced mechanization, not affecting the capital investment in informatization transformation, not over-performing the mechanized command system and mechanism, and ensuring the smooth progress of informatization transformation while maintaining the mechanized combat mode. Combine moderate development of mechanization with informatization, and while maintaining the former, focus on the latter.

  ———Deepen reform while inheriting. As early as 1996, President Jiang pointed out: “From the current trend of world military development, the problem of unreasonable organizational system of our army is also quite prominent. The adjustment and reform of organizational system should continue to be carried out actively and steadily.” Any army is following the organizational tradition that has been tested by practice and reflects its own characteristics. For example, Sweden has adopted the organizational system of integrating soldiers with civilians for hundreds of years, and the organizational system of the Indian Army still retains the “wing system” tradition of the British Indian period… However, the impact point of military reform is often aimed at the organizational system first. The “hub” position of the organizational system makes it the focus of any army that wants to make a difference.

  As the military revolution develops in depth, a series of innovative achievements in weapons and equipment, personnel quality and combat theory will eventually need to be materialized in a smooth system, and scientific mechanisms will be used to express and reflect them, so that they can release energy most quickly and effectively. The adjustment of the organizational system of our army should break through the accumulated problems, transcend tradition, create enough space to promote institutional reform, and unswervingly work towards the direction of “appropriate scale, reasonable structure, and flexible command” required by Chairman Jiang. The so-called keeping pace with the times means that we should boldly reform the focus and difficulties of these top-level designs, and should not be burdened by the details in front of us.

  ———Using science and technology as the driving force. In the process of new military transformation, our army’s scientific spirit and scientific and technological awareness are keeping pace with the times. The whole army has carried out extensive, in-depth and long-term scientific and technological training activities, and has embarked on a new training development path driven by science and technology.

  Historically, armies that reject science and technology have always been doomed. During World War II, the Japanese Kwantung Army believed that “belief rather than knowledge is the factor in completing the mission”, and its combat regulations insisted on “hand-to-hand combat”. In the “Zhanggufeng Incident” in 1938, although the casualties in hand-to-hand combat only accounted for 2.8% of the total casualties, the Kwantung Army’s combat regulations in 1941 still emphasized “hand-to-hand combat” and lacked training to deal with tanks and aircraft. After the war, the Japanese army admitted that the Kwantung Army “had almost zero modern combat training”. Western armies have a tradition of advocating science, and they attach great importance to timely revising training regulations and adjusting training content according to the development of military technology. It is reported that the US Air Force no longer conducts training in close-range air combat projects, but focuses on controlling missile flight.

  In recent years, the whole army has carried out a comprehensive reform of the content of education and training in accordance with the requirements of the military strategic policy of the new era, and has achieved phased results. However, the reform that has been carried out is preliminary, and there is still a long way to go. The innovation of education and training content should focus on the requirements of the next generation of war on personnel quality and combat capability, and make a good overall design from top to bottom. In recent years, our army has built a military training information network for the whole army and campus networks of various colleges and universities, established a large number of modern teaching venues and training grounds, developed and distributed a large number of training simulation equipment that matches new equipment, and realized the interconnection and interoperability of campaign and tactical training simulation systems… We will hold high the torch of the spirit of the times, keep pace with the times, and rely closely on scientific and technological progress to continuously push education and training to a new level.

現代國語:

柴宇球、曾蘇南、本報記者張國育

內容提要

●我軍軍事鬥爭準備是在世界軍事真正發生劇變的特殊背景下進行的。如果缺乏與時俱進的強烈意識和開拓創新的理論準備,就無法把時代精神貫穿軍事鬥爭準備的整個過程

●軍事變革的許多階段及其可能變化具有不確定性,因此產生了不同的價值判斷和行為準則。決定這些判斷和準則的取捨,只能把它們放到軍事變革的「總座標」中去考慮

●與時俱進不是隨波逐流,不是按部就班,跨越式發展是與時俱進的題中應有之義。新的歷史使命要求我們縮短甚至超越某些發展階段,走具有鮮明特色的軍事鬥爭準備之路

激變時代催生偉大思想。江澤民總書記在「5·31」演講中指出:「貫徹好『三個代表』要求,必須使全黨始終保持與時俱進的精神狀態,不斷開拓馬克思主義理論發展的新境界…」。江主席提出的與時俱進思想,是時代精神的高度概括,也是推動軍事創新的持久的精神動力,它必將對軍事鬥爭準備產生深遠影響。以「三個代表」重要想法為指導,大力弘揚與時俱進的精神,用開拓創新打開工作局面,用解放思想提升戰鬥力,才能把「打得贏」落實。

軍事鬥爭準備最突出的時代背景是新軍事變革

「三個代表」重要思想是中國共產黨人觀察、思考當今世界和中國的變化,在新的實踐中堅持與發展馬克思主義的結果。與時俱進,則是反映了時代本質特徵的觀念。用這個觀念來檢視軍事鬥爭準備,首先應當看我們所處的時代背景究竟發生了什麼樣的改變。

影響軍事鬥爭準備的因素很多:國際情勢的發展,戰略格局的演變,對安全威脅的判斷……但是,影響最直接、最深刻、最廣泛的,當首推上世紀末期興起的新一輪軍事革命。

———戰鬥要素的革命:打擊力、防護力、機動力同步提升。千百年來,還沒有哪一次軍事變革在短時間內使打擊、防護、機動能力獲得同步發展。而當今發生的這場軍事變革,正把三種作戰能力同時提升的理想模式變成現實。

打擊能力的提升主要得益於精確導引武器。傳統非導引武器的命中精準度一般與打擊距離構成穩定的反比關係,而精確導引武器卻在改變「射程-精準度」規律,它不因射程的增大而降低精準度。這項變革猛烈衝擊著上一代戰爭中形成的時間觀、空間觀和效能觀,「非接觸作戰」、「防區外打擊」等新戰法應運而生。

在歷次軍事變革中,防護能力的變革總是“慢半拍”,戰場嚴格遵循“靠消滅敵人來保存自己”的鐵律。甚至有人認為,20世紀的裝甲革命只是冷兵器時代「阻隔與抵消對方打擊威力」的思路的延伸,實在算不上是一次防護革命。今天,一場真正意義上的防護革命悄然而至,代表性的技術是被稱為「低可探測性技術」的隱身技術,它突破了沿襲數千年的傳統套路,透過降低目標被發現的機率來“保存自己”,同時又為達成攻擊的突然性創造了條件,堪稱先“保存自己”再“消滅敵人”的進攻性防護手段,其發展前景不可限量。

機動力正向「空中化」轉移,軍隊機動呈現多維立體的特徵。隨著情報保障、指揮控制、機動工具的跨代式改善,空中機動能力從戰術級躍升到了戰役級。目前,有些已開發國家軍隊主力部隊的直升機數量與坦克大致相等,平均每100名士兵就有一架直升機。一旦地面不再成為障礙物時,戰場將出現什麼新景觀?

———軍隊結構的革命:諸軍兵種一體化。一體化是新軍事變革的成果在指揮協同領域的突出體現。自從有了軍兵種,軍隊就信奉整體作戰思想,但由於資訊的「橫向流動」比較困難,制約了軍隊整體作戰能力的提升。自1980年代以來,數位化通訊設備、敵我識別系統、全球定位系統、電腦網路相繼躋身戰場,不同類型、不同層級、不同空間的部隊第一次具備了資訊「橫向流動」的能力,為一體化作戰創造了條件。反映這一趨勢的是近年來美軍提出的「行動中心戰」概念。基於感測器技術、電腦網路技術及快速反應能力的發展,美軍把“計劃中心戰”轉變為“行動中心戰”,這將是軍隊指揮協同領域的一次深刻變革,諸軍兵種一體化作戰將由此達到一個新水平。

一體化也體現在軍隊編成上。首先是軍種界限的弱化。二次大戰以來,軍種力量通常由戰略統帥部直接掌握,形成了涇渭分明的軍種界限。未來聯合作戰,傳統的指揮體制已無法適應對時效性的特殊要求,必須打破原有的軍種界限,組成一體化部隊。目前,建立由陸軍旅特遣隊、空軍戰鬥機中隊、海軍艦艇部隊和陸戰隊遠徵分隊組成的“聯合特遣部隊”,就是發達國家軍隊謀求一體化的新嘗試。其次是兵種界線的弱化。已開發國家軍隊紛紛組成兵種混編合成部隊,如美國空軍在前幾年「混編聯隊」試驗的基礎之上,將在2003年前建立10​​支遠徵型航空航天部隊;英國從2000年開始將海軍的「海鷂」飛機與空軍的「鷂」式戰鬥機混合編組。可以預見,在不遠的將來,機械化戰爭時代所形成的相對穩定的軍隊結構將出現新格局。有些學者稱之為“關係的革命”、“結構的革命”,不失為一種遠見。

———作戰體系的革命:機械化軍隊轉變為資訊化軍隊。人類社會正面臨歷史上第三次大轉型,資訊革命的浪潮持續不斷。幾年前,作為「智慧化」戰爭的資訊化概念尚在人們的視野之外,而今天沒有多少人再懷疑它的出現。

戰爭自進入工業時代以來,呈現出加速度發展趨勢,尤其是第二次世界大戰後的半個世紀,機械化作為戰爭形態的主流已經達到它的巔峰,但同時也陷入了困境:武器裝備的物理性能達到極限,大量的投入回報甚微;核武的災難性後果,使其越來越難以在戰爭中發揮作用;大規模殺傷性武器造成的對無辜人民的傷害和對環境造成的污染,導致生態惡化……在機械化的框架中繼續發展幾乎沒有出路,人們開始尋求新的方式,即從更深層面上解決打擊效率和作戰效果問題,努力實現精確化、可控化和智能化,而這就是信息化。目前,許多國家軍隊都在努力開拓跳出機械化戰爭困境的變革之路,機械化戰爭讓位給資訊化戰爭的趨勢不可逆轉。江主席敏銳洞察世界軍事領域發生的重大變化,精闢指出了新軍事變革的本質是資訊化革命,為我軍迎接世界新軍事變革的挑戰指明了方向。

目前,已開發國家軍隊都在大力推進武器裝備的資訊化建設,在積極發展C4 I系統、精確制導彈藥、靈巧武器、數位化單兵裝備的同時,注重搞好頂層設計,使目標偵察與監視、目標資訊處理與傳輸、精確打擊與毀傷評估實現一體化,形成「軍事大系統」。這樣,就把工業時代的適於發揮火力和機動力潛能的作戰體系,逐步改造成了資訊時代的適於資訊快速流動和使用的作戰體系。

我軍軍事鬥爭準備恰逢世界軍事領域正發生著真正的劇變,親歷了這場革命,我們應有比以往更強烈的時代感和緊迫感。當我們針對現實威脅認真準備的時候,我們一定不可以忽略或忘記我們正置身一個新的時代,一定不可以忙於應對而淡漠大勢。不眷戀我們已經熟悉了的東西,敏銳吸納歷史潮流為我們展示的新鮮事物,乘勢而上,把步子邁得更大一點,這就是與時俱進思想對時代挑戰的有力回應。

按照軍事變革大趨勢設計軍事鬥爭準備“總坐標”

江總書記在「5·31」演講中指出:「堅持解放思想、實事求是的思想路線,弘揚與時俱進的精神,是黨在長期執政條件下保持先進性和創造力的決定性因素。我們黨能否始終做到這一點,決定著中國的發展前途和命運。

———歷史的啟蒙:順應趨勢者昌,逆趨勢而動者亡。順應歷史潮流注定得到歷史的青睞,搶先者往往是那些對歷史潮流異常敏感的軍隊。 19世紀中葉,普魯士比其他國家更早察覺到工業革命對軍事領域帶來的挑戰,率先實現了軍事體係向機械化戰爭的過渡,從而使它在後來數十年間比那些兵力更多、科技水平更高的歐洲軍隊都佔有決定性優勢。

相反的情形是,軍事上的巨額投入與所取得的成果之間存在明顯落差,其原因恐怕也是缺乏乘勢而動的靈敏嗅覺。 17世紀中葉至18世紀末,中國社會在原有的體系框架下發展到了極致,軍事上也處於冷兵器時代的鼎盛期。幾乎在同一時間,世界發生了一系列改天換地的變革:火藥革命方興未艾,機械化革命接踵而至。面對軍事變革的衝擊,滿清軍隊卻死抱著“騎射乃滿洲根本”的迂腐觀念,把發明創造稱為“奇技淫巧”,把堅船利炮看成妖術。大清王朝最終被動挨打,喪權辱國。

歷史有著驚人的相似之處,歷史道路的選擇卻有高下優劣之分。當今,世界軍事又面臨大變動、大發展、大轉折。海灣戰爭以後,中央軍委敏銳察覺到世界軍事領域正在發生廣泛而深刻的變革,及時制定了新時期軍事戰略方針,要求把軍事鬥爭準備的基點放在打贏現代技術特別是高技術條件下的局部戰爭上;19 96年,在這一戰略方針的指導下,提出軍隊建設的指導思想必須實現由數量規模型向質量效能型、由人力密集型向科技密集型的兩個根本性轉變;1997年,又以高度的智慧和過人的膽魄,確定了軍隊跨世紀發展“三步走”戰略……這些重大舉措,充分體現了與時俱進的前瞻性視野。十多年來,我軍新時期軍事鬥爭準備之所以能夠不斷取得進展與突破,就是因為把與時俱進的時代精神融入其中。

———有益的經驗:把改革當作軍事鬥爭準備的著力點。冷戰後,國際局勢起了變化,各國軍隊開始重新設計發展藍圖。普遍的做法是,高度重視新軍事變革的影響,強調掌握戰爭形態轉型的歷史機遇,並依照時代要求推動軍事改革。一個波次接一個波次的改革浪潮此起彼伏,最終形成了席捲全球的改革之勢。

根據倫敦國際戰略研究所最近發表的《2001-2002年度戰略評估報告》稱,「9·11」事件以後,美軍提出了新一輪的軍事改革計劃,其中包括六個重要組成部分,首要部分是「關於未來戰爭的設想」。對未來戰爭有了新看法,必然對戰爭機器進行新的改造。其實,最早意識到當今這場軍事變革的是前蘇軍,但美軍後來居上,當許多機械化為主的軍隊還在爭論資訊化是否會到來時,美軍不動聲色地開始了資訊化改革,於1994年成立了“軍事革命研究高級指導委員會”,作為軍事改革的組織領導機構。各軍種也成立了相應的機構,如陸軍數位化辦公室和地面資訊戰中心、海軍新作戰概念委員會和艦隊資訊戰中心、空軍資訊戰中心等。經過多年積累,取得了大量有益成果,為軍隊資訊化改造提供了座標。

改革越深入,操作的難度就越高。許多國家的軍隊已經看到,在機械化時代日臻完善的軍事體系已經沒有太大的改造空間,必須大刀闊斧地推進新軍事革命。美國國防部專門成立了5個工作小組,集中探討如何使用資訊科技徹底改造美軍,並且建立了6個專門研究資訊戰的戰鬥實驗室。美軍認為,目前還不能有效地應付各種複雜的新安全挑戰,需要以迅速、靈活、各兵種有效聯合行動為目標進行軍事改革,包括設立一支常備聯合特遣部隊,開發需要的躍進技術,增強指揮機構的彈性,改革採購策略,放棄舊的軍事系統以便為新系統騰出經費,等等。俄、英、法、日等國推行新軍事革命的條件雖然不如美國完備,但它們也紛紛制定面向長遠的國防發展戰略與軍隊建設規劃,加快本國軍事改革的步伐,以迎接新軍事革命的挑戰。這些反映了大方向的改革舉措,值得我軍借鏡。

———使命的呼喚:把軍事鬥爭準備和建設一流軍隊統一起來。我軍軍事鬥爭準備的任務是確定的,而軍隊建設的參考係卻不是凝固的。多變的國際環境、未定的戰略格局以及我國所面臨的複雜的周邊安全形勢,這些都決定了一旦發生戰事,我們的作戰對手和作戰方向可能都不是單一的,主要戰略方向也具有相對性和可變性。建國後,我們所進行的幾場局部戰爭,幾乎沒有一場是在我們準備好了的戰略方向進行的。如果僅僅瞄準一個對手,設想一種情況,無疑是一種戰略短視。

面對這種局面,如何做好軍事鬥爭準備?答案是:提高軍事鬥爭準備的起點,建立一支一流軍隊。在充滿不確定性和不可測性的現實中,具備應付各種情況的「能力」才是最重要的。這如同參加大型國際賽,光是戰勝一個對手不行,只有戰勝一系列對手才能奪冠,這就需要綜合實力。所以,軍事鬥爭準備要從長計議,不過度專注近期威脅而忽略長遠建設,在突出重點的同時,著力去開發整個軍隊應付挑戰和不測事件的能力。這種能力只有透過加強品質建設,在追趕世界軍事強國的過程中獲得。利用我們的“後發優勢”,從發達國家軍隊發展的歷史中汲取營養,加速對先進技術、先進體制、先進思想的追趕過程,避免他們走過的彎路,最終形成自己的優勢。這樣,我們才能在為近期威脅作好準備的同時,也關照好未來。

軍事革命是全球性的,但它不會自動光顧每一個國家,它雖然使後發國家軍隊有了奮起追趕的可能性,但機運只為那些正確應對者而來。我們把現實軍事鬥爭準備和加強軍隊質量建設兩大戰略任務統一起來,邊準備,邊建設,以準備牽引建設,以建設促進準備,這無疑是正確的抉擇。

在變革潮流中走具有特色的軍事鬥爭準備之路

不同國家軍隊由於起點不同,對發展道路的選擇呈現出多樣性。國外某學者曾斷言:「一支軍隊什麼方面落後、落後多少完全規定了歷史的變化模式。」經濟學領域稱這種現象為「路徑依賴」。如果把世界軍事強國的變革之路視為唯一模式,不假思索地套於自身,那麼,必然導致起點、途徑與目標的嚴重錯置。

———確立嶄新的發展思路。戰爭形態在21世紀必定跨入資訊化階段,世界各國軍隊有可能在這場過渡中發生新的分化,形成作戰水準的重大差異與不平衡。要避免在新的角逐中落伍,常規的思路肯定不行,必須找到一條快速追趕的路徑。

機械化是西方軍隊的發達之路,這是由於當時的歷史背景給西方軍隊提供了特殊條件,而我軍不可能重新具備這些歷史條件,不可能在機械化戰爭形態中獲得同等發達水平。因此,我們應該認真反思在機械化框架中能否真正趕上已開發國家軍隊的問題。

資訊化戰爭是戰爭形態的大飛躍。其實,從舊形態轉向新形態的發展是透過作戰系統內部一系列巨大轉變來實現的,這種轉變不是舊形態向新形態的直線推移,而是一種「轉移式發展」。正如「蒸氣船不是進化發展的帆船;汽車不是馬和馬車的進化型改進;晶體管不是一種較好的真空管」一樣,「轉移式發展」是作戰手段的本質、方向的改變,其突出特徵是它的轉折性、非線性、間斷性和創新性,從舊型態的視角向前直線展望是看不到新型態的。

我軍目前尚處在機械化進程中,機械化的局限性正在快速顯現但尚未完全暴露,而我軍在資訊科技某些領域已逐漸涉足新軍事革命,甚至在某些局部某種程度上並不比許多西方國家軍隊落後。這顯示了一個事實,機械化與資訊化並不完全是直線相接的,在具備一定的條件下,有可能實現跨越式發展。古埃及的農業文明並不是建立在世界最發達的採獵文明基礎上,英國開拓工業文明也不是擁有世界最發達的農業文明。

新戰爭形態的間斷性、轉折性往往會給原本並不先進的軍隊提供一個後來居上的歷史機會。資訊革命為我軍在不擁有充分發展的機械化的基礎上實現跨越式發展提供了機會。

———用資訊化牽引機械化。武器裝備的「斷代性」發展,既是新軍事變革的重要內容,也是它的始因。一個帶根本性的問題是:正在研發或引進的武器系統是為哪一代戰爭做準備?如果用昨天的裝備迎接明天的戰爭,難免會碰壁。試舉一例。現在正在服役的絕大多數預警機,採用的雷達系統是主動式輻射雷達,這在下一代戰爭中將基本沒有生存能力,如果盲目引進此類預警機,是不是一種戰略失算?顯然,超前意識對裝備發展來說尤其重要。

所謂超前意識,對現階段的我軍來說,就是確立「用資訊化牽引機械化」的發展觀。資訊革命為我軍跨越式發展提供了機遇,但機械化階段不可能完全跨越,我軍武器裝備的機械化水準還不高,有些甚至只是半機械化。用資訊化牽引機械化,就是適度發展機械化,但不追求最發達的機械化,不影響資訊化改造的資金投入,不過度完善機械化指揮體系和機制,在維持機械化作戰方式的同時,保證資訊化改造順利進行。把適度發展機械化與資訊化結合起來,在維持前者的同時,重心向後者傾斜。

———在繼承中深化改革。江主席早在1996年就指出:「從當前世界軍事發展的動向看,我軍的編制體制不合理的問題也比較突出,編制體制的調整改革要繼續積極穩妥地進行。」任何軍隊都在沿襲著經過實踐檢驗、體現自身特色的編制傳統,如瑞典幾百年來一直採取了寓兵於民的組織體制,印度陸軍的編制體制仍然保留著英印時期的「聯隊制」傳統……但是,軍事變革的衝擊點往往先瞄準編制體制。編制體制所處的「樞紐」地位,使它成為任何一支有所作為的軍隊所關注的焦點。

隨著軍事革命向縱深發展,武器裝備、人員素質和作戰理論的一系列革新成果,最終都需要物化於一種順暢的體制內,用科學的機制去表現它、反映它,使其最迅速、最有效地釋放能量。我軍的編制體制調整應當衝破積弊,超越傳統,創造足夠的空間促進機構改革,堅定不移地朝著江主席所要求的「規模適度、結構合理、指揮靈便」的方向努力。所謂與時俱進,就應當在這些頂層設計的焦點、難點上大膽改革,而不應為眼前的細節所累。

———以科學技術為推動力。在新軍事變革的過程中,我軍的科學精神、科技意識都在與時俱進,全軍廣泛、深入、持久地開展科技練兵活動,走出了一條以科學技術為推動力的新的訓練發展道路。

歷史上,拒絕科學技術的軍隊均難逃厄運。在二次大戰中,日本關東軍信奉“完成任務的因素,是信念而不是知識”,戰鬥條令一味主張“白刃主義”。到了1938年“張鼓鋒事件”,儘管白刃戰傷亡僅佔總傷亡的千分之二點八,但關東軍1941年的戰鬥條令仍然強調“白刃主義”,缺少對付坦克和飛機的訓練。日軍戰後承認,關東軍「在近代作戰訓練方面幾乎等於零」。而西方軍隊則具有崇尚科學的傳統,他們十分重視根據軍事科技的發展及時修改訓練條例,調整訓練內容。據報道,美空軍已不再進行空中近距格鬥項目的訓練,而把訓練重點放在控制飛彈飛行上。

近年來,全軍按照新時期軍事戰略方針的要求,對教育訓練內容進行了全面改革,取得了階段性成果。但已經進行的改革是初步的,今後的路還很長。教育訓練內容創新,應緊緊圍繞下一代戰爭對人員素質和作戰能力提出的要求,由上至下搞好整體設計。近年來,我軍建成了全軍軍事訓練資訊網和各院校校園網,建立了一大批現代化教學場館和訓練場地,研製配發了一大批與新裝備配套的訓練模擬器材,實現了戰役戰術訓練模擬系統的互連互通……我們將高擎與時俱進這把時代精神的火炬,緊緊依靠科技進步,把教育訓練不斷推向新境界。

http://jczs.sina.com.cn 2002年7月16日 07:51 解放军报

中國原創軍事資源:https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2002-07-16/7489888.html?from=wap

Chinese Military Comprehensively Improving Scientific and Technological Cognition of Strategic Capabilities

國軍全面提升戰略能力科技認知

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2024年6月3日 星期一

現代英語:

War is a confrontation of material forces, but also a contest of ideological cognition. To implement President Xi’s new requirements for comprehensively improving strategic capabilities in emerging fields, we must grasp the “bull’s nose” of scientific and technological cognition, focus on the new trend of accelerating the new round of scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution and military revolution, focus on strengthening the army and winning wars, and strengthen the research and exploration of strategic, cutting-edge and disruptive technologies in emerging fields. With a deep understanding of the nature and laws of science and technology, we will master the initiative to achieve high-quality development of military construction and win military competition and future wars, transform scientific and technological cognition into a real ability to design and win wars, and accelerate and gain new advantages in strategic areas.

(one)

Only by understanding the times can we understand war. In the era when scientific and technological revolutions and military revolutions are integrated and intersecting, and science and technology have become the core combat power of modern warfare, improving the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields will help us understand and grasp the characteristics and laws of modern warfare, better control information-based and intelligent warfare, achieve overtaking in new fields and new tracks, win military competitive advantages with scientific and technological advantages, and win future high-tech wars.

Leading military reform and seizing the commanding heights. The wise hear what is silent, and the wise see what is not yet formed. Only by keenly observing the development trends of science and technology in emerging fields and expanding the cognitive boundaries in the field of strategic frontier technologies can we see what is not yet born and recognize what is not yet developed, take the initiative and fight proactively, and lead the revolutionary transformation and development of military elements. In today’s era, emerging technologies represented by artificial intelligence have emerged in a “blowout” manner, leading and promoting the rapid development of military intelligence at an unprecedented speed, triggering chain breakthroughs in the military field, and leveraging a fundamental change in the war pattern. Technological innovation has always been a race between time and speed. Faced with the strong momentum of military technological development in emerging fields, we must strive to seize the initiative and gain advantages. We must accurately grasp the technological trends of the times, dare to stand at the forefront of human warfare and technological development, and grasp the basic laws of technological development and evolution in the long river of history and the global perspective. We must accurately identify new goals, new fields, and new heights for the development of military science and technology, find breakthroughs in the development of military science and technology in a timely manner, and dare to advance into the “no man’s land” of military scientific and technological innovation, seize the strategic commanding heights of military technology competition, and lead the military revolution to achieve new breakthroughs and leaps with new thinking and concepts.

Leading military competition to gain the initiative. The level of cognition ultimately determines the pattern of military competition. At present, the frontier positions and strength competition of world military competition have extended to emerging fields, and seizing technological advantages has become a strategic move to seek military advantages. In the fierce competition of technological subversion and counter-subversion, raid and counter-raid, offset and counter-offset, scientific and technological cognition has become a key variable that determines the outcome of military games. If there is a gap in scientific and technological cognition, there is a risk of being surpassed by the opponent’s new technological combat force. If there is a technological gap in shaping new quality combat power, it will be difficult to “change the rules of competition” to form a military competitive advantage. Recent local wars and armed conflicts in the world have shown that whoever has the strategic capability and scientific and technological cognition of emerging fields ahead of the opponent and uses technology to empower combat power can control the battlefield situation and achieve a fundamental change in the winner and loser. In the increasingly fierce world military game, in order to seize the initiative in the development of military science and technology in emerging fields and occupy a favorable position of overlooking from a high position, it is necessary to enhance the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields, keep a close eye on changes in science and technology, changes in war, and changes in opponents, plan according to the situation, act in response to the situation, follow the trend, make advance arrangements and plans, ensure that unique advantages are formed in some important areas, and win the initiative in military games.

Leading the strong army to win the war and win the future war. Practice determines cognition, which is the source and motivation, purpose and destination of cognition. The scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields is to promote scientific and technological innovation and the application of science and technology as the practice direction. The fundamental focus is to create a new quality combat power growth pole. The main purpose is to seize the commanding heights of strategic competition, seize the initiative in war, and ultimately win the future war. At present, the development of emerging fields is showing a trend of in-depth advancement in all directions and fields, and the frequency of dynamic iteration and update of science and technology is accelerating. To forge a new quality combat power with a new killing mechanism and improve the scientific and technological content of national defense and military modernization, we must deeply grasp the key areas of scientific and technological innovation in emerging fields, grasp the new characteristics of cross-integration of scientific and technological innovation in emerging fields, focus on creating a new quality combat power growth pole, vigorously promote independent innovation and original innovation, eliminate backward technologies that are not adapted to the changes in the war form, adhere to the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, improve the application of military scientific and technological innovation, comprehensively enhance the strategic capabilities in emerging fields, and win the battle to achieve the goal of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the army as scheduled.

(two)

Improving the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields is a very complex rational thinking process of subjective insight into objectiveness. We should scientifically and accurately grasp the essential attributes and characteristics of scientific and technological innovation and development in emerging fields, and know both the facts and the reasons. We should focus on improving the three abilities of scientific and technological foresight, discrimination, and understanding in the strategic capabilities of emerging fields, and form a scientific cognitive ability system that supports, cooperates with, and influences each other, so as to provide strong support for comprehensively improving the strategic capabilities in emerging fields.

Aiming at future wars, we should enhance our scientific and technological foresight. Emerging fields are one of the main battlefields of future wars. Once some technologies achieve breakthroughs, the impact will be subversive, and may even fundamentally change the form and mode of war, and fundamentally change the traditional offensive and defensive pattern of war. Science and technology have never had such a profound impact on military construction and the outcome of wars as today. If the scientific and technological cognition is narrow and there is a lack of strategic foresight and prediction of cutting-edge technologies in emerging fields, it may not understand the opponent, the war, let alone win the future war. During the Gulf War, Iraq’s mechanized steel torrent lost to the US military’s precision-guided weapons. One of the important reasons was the gap in the scientific and technological cognition of the two in strategic capabilities in emerging fields. To let thoughts reach tomorrow’s battlefield directly, we must improve our scientific and technological cognition, closely follow the development direction of the world’s advanced military science and technology, keep abreast of the latest developments in cutting-edge science and technology, scientifically predict the development trend of science and technology, make full use of data mining and other technologies, comprehensively judge the revolutionary impact of high-tech development on war, take the lead in laying out emerging combat fields, develop a series of high-tech weapons and equipment, accelerate the scientific and technological empowerment of combat effectiveness, and provide a solid material foundation for winning future wars.

Keep a close eye on how to defeat powerful enemies and improve your ability to discern science and technology. War is a life-and-death confrontation between the enemy and us, and emerging fields are the top priority for the struggle between the two sides. Improving the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields is the fundamental strategy to prevent technological surprise attacks and avoid technological traps. In order to seize the initiative in war, powerful enemies have always not only used their unique high-tech weapons and equipment to surprise their opponents, putting them in a passive and unfavorable situation, but also used a more dangerous trick of carefully setting up technical traps and implementing strategic fraud. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union fell into the strategic deception trap of the US “Star Wars Plan”, which accelerated the decline of its national strength. To persist in targeting strong enemies and winning battles, we must improve the scientific and technological discernment of strategic capabilities in emerging fields, closely follow the technological frontiers of strong enemies, formulate breakthrough strategies for building strategic capabilities in emerging fields, and maintain a high degree of technical acumen and discernment of some of the so-called new technologies and new concepts hyped by strong enemies. We must be good at distinguishing the authenticity of technology, weighing the pros and cons of development and the extent of their impact, and persist in developing strategic resources in emerging fields based on national conditions and military situation, so that the results of military scientific and technological innovation in emerging fields can better empower the decision-making chain, command chain and combat effectiveness generation chain.

Mastering the winning strategy improves the understanding of science and technology. The key to strengthening the army and winning the war is to master the winning strategy. In the context of the deep coupling of modern science and technology with the military, understanding and mastering science and technology has become an essential ability to understand war, design war, and win war. From the perspective of human military history, it is precisely because of the thorough understanding of the principles of aviation technology and space technology that Douhet’s “air supremacy” theory, Graham’s “high frontier” theory and other war theories have been produced. Similarly, if there is a lack of thorough understanding of new technologies such as human-machine collaboration, group intelligence openness, and autonomous control of artificial intelligence, it will be impossible to master the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare and explore new theories and tactics of intelligent warfare. Technology determines tactics. To win future wars, we must focus on thinking about wars from a scientific and technological perspective, understand the impact of scientific and technological development in emerging fields on wars, learn from and absorb the latest achievements in military and scientific and technological innovation of the world’s powerful countries, research and explore the internal mechanisms of high-tech in emerging fields that support modern warfare, and explore how to use scientific and technological concepts and thinking to accurately grasp the laws of winning wars, how to use advanced scientific and technological means to strengthen the construction of new-quality combat effectiveness, how to design wars based on scientific and technological principles, and how to transform scientific and technological advantages into capability advantages, and use the “key” of scientific and technological thinking to open the “door” to victory.

(three)

Comprehensively improving the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields is a long-term, systematic strategic project. We must deeply understand and implement the spirit of President Xi’s important instructions, take improving the scientific and technological literacy of officers and soldiers as a basic task, and enhance the scientific and technological cognition of officers and soldiers with a high sense of mission, scientific thinking concepts, and effective methods and paths, in order to comprehensively enhance strategic capabilities in emerging fields and lay a solid foundation for the high-quality development of our military.

Accelerate the transformation of ideas and concepts. The wise change with the times, and the knowledgeable make decisions based on the situation. While the emerging military science and technology is transforming the objective world, it is also profoundly changing people’s subjective world, forming a subversive impact on the traditional war-winning mechanism and way of thinking. The inherent requirement is that we must change our ideas and concepts to improve our scientific and technological cognition. Engels pointed out: “When the wave of technological revolution is surging around… we need newer and braver minds.” Whoever is conservative, conservative, and self-contained will miss precious opportunities, fall into strategic passivity, and even miss a whole era. We must emancipate our minds and update our concepts, actively adapt to the development trend of military changes in the world today, keenly perceive the military ideological innovation brought about by the technological revolution, have the courage to change the mindset of mechanized warfare, break the ideological constraints of conservatism, and firmly establish a new thinking of information-based and intelligent warfare, establish a new concept of strengthening the army and winning with science and technology, focus on understanding the new face of war, discovering new characteristics of war, and revealing new laws of war from a scientific and technological perspective, and strive to raise the level of war cognition to a new height.

Cultivate the foundation of scientific and technological literacy. Scientific and technological literacy is the ability to scientifically understand and describe the objective world and the ability of scientific thinking. The depth of scientific and technological literacy fundamentally determines the level of scientific and technological cognition. If you don’t understand science and technology or your scientific and technological literacy is not high, you will be like looking at flowers in the fog and the moon in the water when it comes to modern warfare, let alone being able to fight and win. To improve the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields and understand the winning mechanism of modern high-tech warfare, the key is to work hard to improve the scientific and technological literacy of officers and soldiers, coordinate the use of military and local scientific and technological resources, vigorously spread the scientific spirit, popularize scientific knowledge, strengthen the study of modern science and technology, especially military science and technology knowledge, conduct in-depth research on cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, and quantum technology, deeply understand the new characteristics of artificial intelligence deep learning, cross-border integration, human-machine collaboration, group intelligence openness, and autonomous control, understand and master the latest scientific and technological achievements, build a multi-dimensional knowledge system with information and intelligent technology as the main body, improve the level of thinking, expand the knowledge structure, and vigorously promote the transformation of the “variable” of scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields into the “energy” of strong military victory.

Improve capabilities based on practice. A knife needs to be sharpened and a person needs to be trained. To enhance the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields, it is necessary not only to nourish theory and promote the transformation of ideas and concepts, but also to follow the basic law of human cognition movement of “practice, cognition, re-practice, and re-cognition”, make good use of the actual combat “grindstone” to sharpen the wisdom, and promote the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields to a higher level. We must be brave in improving quality and strengthening capabilities in the practice of strengthening the military and training through science and technology. We must persist in learning by doing and learning by doing. We must focus on our main responsibilities and main business, study cutting-edge science and technology based on our posts and positions, and improve our scientific and technological acumen, insight, and response speed. We must enhance our technical understanding of new equipment, new skills, and new tactics, cultivate scientific thinking, master scientific methods, improve our scientific and technological cognition, and cultivate the ideological awareness of strengthening strategic capability building in emerging fields from a scientific and technological perspective. We must keep a close eye on powerful enemies and future battlefields to develop a stronger “scientific and technological mind”, be familiar with our opponents’ scientific and technological achievements, capabilities, and means, accurately grasp the “hard core” and “soft underbelly” of our opponents’ scientific and technological development, adhere to asymmetric thinking, and tailor our struggle strategies and tactics to provide strong guarantees for winning this future high-end war and hybrid war.

(Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences)

現代國語:

戰爭是物質力量的對抗,更是思想認知力的較量。貫徹落實習主席全面提升新興領域戰略能力的新要求,必須抓住科技認知力這個“牛鼻子”,著眼新一輪科技革命、產業革命和軍事革命加速推進的新態勢,聚焦強軍勝戰加強新興領域戰略性、前沿性、顛覆性技術的研究探索,以對科學技術本質和規律的深刻理解,掌握實現軍隊建設高品質發展,贏得軍事競爭和未來戰爭的主動權,把科技認知力轉化為實實在在的設計戰爭、打贏戰爭能力,在戰略必爭領域中跑出加速度、贏得新優勢。

(一)

理解時代才能理解戰爭。在科技革命與軍事革命融合交叉,科技已成為現代戰爭核心戰力的時代背景下,提升新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力,有助於理解和掌握現代戰爭的特徵規律,更好地駕馭資訊化智慧化戰爭,在新領域新賽道實現彎道超車,以科技優勢贏得軍事競爭優勢、打贏未來高科技戰爭。

引領軍事變革搶佔制高點。聰者聽於無聲,明者見於未形。敏銳洞察新興領域科技發展趨勢走向,拓展戰略前沿技術領域認知邊界,才能做到見之於未萌、識之於未發,下好先手棋、打好主動仗,引領軍事領域要素實現革命性轉型發展。在當今時代,以人工智慧為代表的新興科技「井噴式」湧現,引領並推動軍事智慧以前所未有的速度突飛猛進,正在引發軍事領域鍊式突破,撬動戰爭格局發生根本性轉變。科技創新歷來是時間與速度的賽跑,面對新興領域軍事科技發展的強勁勢頭,我們要致力於搶佔先機、贏得優勢,必須準確把握時代科技大勢,勇於站在人類戰爭和科技發展最前沿,在歷史長河和全球視野中掌握科技發展演變的基本規律,切實找準軍事科技發展的新目標、新領域、新高地,及時找到軍事科技發展的突破口,勇於向軍事科技創新「無人區」進軍,搶佔軍事技術競爭的戰略制高點,以全新的思維理念引領軍事革命實現新突破新跨越。

引領軍事競爭贏得主動權。認知層次高低最終決定軍事競爭格局。目前,世界軍事競爭前線陣地和實力比拼已經延伸到新興領域,把奪取科技優勢作為謀求軍事優勢的戰略舉措。在技​​術上顛覆與反顛覆、突襲與反突襲、抵銷與反抵銷的激烈較量中,科技認知力已成為決定軍事博弈勝負的關鍵變數。如果科技認知力出現代差,就面臨被對手新科技作戰力量超越的風險。在塑造新質戰鬥力上出現技術鴻溝,就很難「改變競技規則」形成軍事競爭優勢。世界近幾場局部戰爭和武裝衝突表明,誰具有領先對手的新興領域戰略能力科技認知力,用科技為戰鬥力賦能,誰就能掌控戰場態勢,並以此實現勝負手的根本轉換。在日益激烈的世界軍事博弈中,奪取新興領域軍事科技發展主動權,佔據高位瞰的有利位勢,必須提高新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力,緊盯科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變,因勢而謀,應勢而動,順勢而為,超前佈局、超前謀劃,確保在一些重要領域形成獨特優勢,贏得軍事博弈主動權。

引領強軍勝戰制勝未來戰爭。實踐決定認識,是認識的泉源和動力、目的和歸宿。新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力,以推動科技創新和科技運用為實踐指向,根本著眼點是打造新質戰鬥力增長極,主要目的是搶佔戰略競爭制高點,奪取戰爭主動權,最終打贏未來戰爭。當前,新興領域發展呈現全方位多領域縱深推進態勢,科技動態迭代更新頻率加快,鍛造全新殺傷機理的新質戰鬥力,提高國防和軍隊現代化建設的科技含量,必須深刻掌​​握新興領域科技創新發展的關鍵領域,掌握新興領域科技創新發展交叉融合發展新特徵,以打造新質戰鬥力成長極為重點,大力推動自主創新、原始創新,淘汰不適應戰爭形態變化的落後技術,堅持機械化資訊化智慧化發展,提升軍事科技創新應用力,全面提升新興領域戰略能力,打贏如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標攻堅戰。

(二)

提升新興領域戰略能力科技認知力,是十分複雜的主觀見之於客觀的理性思考過程。科學準確掌握新興領域科技創新發展的本質屬性與特徵規律,做到知其然又知其所以然,應重點提升新興領域戰略能力的科技預知力、鑑別力、理解力三種能力素質,形成相互支撐、相互配合、相互影響的科學認知能力體系,為全面提升新興領域策略能力提供強大支撐。

瞄準未來戰爭提昇科技預知力。新興領域是未來戰爭的主戰場之一,有些技術一旦突破,影響將是顛覆性的,甚至可能從根本上改變戰爭形態和作戰方式,從根本上改變傳統的戰爭攻防格局。科技從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響軍隊建設和戰爭勝負,如果科技認知力狹隘,對新興領域前沿技術缺乏戰略性預見和預判,就可能看不懂對手、看不懂戰爭,更談不上打贏未來戰爭。海灣戰爭期間,伊拉克機械化鋼鐵洪流輸給美軍精確導引武器,究其緣由重要的一條是由兩者在新興領域戰略能力科技認知力存在差距造成的。讓思想直達明天的戰場,必須提高科技認知力,緊密追蹤世界先進軍事科技發展方向,及時掌握前沿科技最新動態,科學預測科技發展趨勢,充分運用資料探勘等技術,綜合研判高科技發展給戰爭帶來的革命性影響,搶先佈局新興作戰領域,研發系列高新技術武器裝備,加速戰鬥力科技賦能,為致勝未來戰爭提供堅實的物質基礎。

緊盯制勝​​強敵提高科技鑑別力。戰爭是敵我雙方的生死對抗,新興領域更是作戰雙方角力的重中之重。提升新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力,是防止技術突襲、避免技術陷阱的根本之策。為奪取戰爭主動權,強敵向來不僅以獨特的高新技術武器裝備突襲對手,使其陷入被動挨打的不利處境,更危險的招數在於精心設置技術陷阱,實施戰略欺詐。冷戰美蘇爭霸時期,蘇聯就落入美國「星際大戰計畫」的戰略欺騙陷阱,加速了國力衰退。堅持扭住強敵謀打贏,必須提高新興領域戰略能力的科技鑑別力,要密切跟踪強敵對手科技前沿動態,制定新興領域戰略能力建設突破策略,對強敵宣傳炒作的一些所謂新技術新概念,必須保持高度的技術敏銳度和辨識力,要善於甄別技術真偽、權衡發展利弊及其影響程度,堅持從國情軍情出發開發新興領域戰略資源,使新興領域軍事科技創新成果更好地賦能決策鏈、指揮鍊和戰鬥力生成鏈。

掌握制勝之道提昇科技理解力。強軍勝戰關鍵要掌握致勝之道,在現代科技與軍事深度耦合的背景下,認識並掌握科技成為理解戰爭、設計戰爭、打贏戰爭的必備能力。從人類軍事史來看,正是由於對航空技術、太空技術等原理的透徹認知,杜黑的「制空權」理論、葛拉漢的「高邊疆」理論等戰爭理論才得以產生。同樣,目前如果對人工智慧所具有的人機協同、群智開放、自主操控等新技術缺乏透徹認知,就無法掌握智能化戰爭制勝機理、探索智能作戰新戰法。技術決定戰術。打贏未來戰爭必須著重從科技角度思考戰爭,理解新興領域科技發展對戰爭帶來的影響,並借鑒吸收世界強國軍事科技創新最新成果,研究探索新興領域高新科技支撐現代戰爭的內在機理,探討如何以科技理念和思維把準戰爭制勝規律、如何運用先進科技手段加強新質戰鬥力建設、如何依據科技原理設計戰爭、如何將科技優勢轉化為能力優勢,用科技思維的“鑰匙”開啟勝戰“大門” 。

(三)

全面提升新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力,是一項長期性、系統性的策略工程,必須深刻理解貫徹習主席重要指示精神,把提高官兵科技素養作為一項基礎性工作來抓,以高度的使命擔當、科學的思維理念、有效的方法路徑提升官兵科技認知力,為全面提升新興領域戰略能力,實現我軍高品質發展夯實根基。

加快轉變思想觀念。明者因時而變,知者隨事而製。新興領域軍事科技在改造客觀世界的同時,也深刻改變人們的主觀世界,對傳統的戰爭制勝機理和思維方式形成顛覆性衝擊,內在要求必須轉變思想觀念提昇科技認知力。恩格斯指出:「當科技革命的浪潮正在四周洶湧澎湃的時候……我們需要更新、更勇敢的頭腦。」誰思想保守、因循守舊、固步自封,誰就會錯失寶貴時機,陷於戰略被動,甚至會錯過整整一個時代。我們必須解放思想更新觀念,積極適應當今世界軍事變革的發展趨勢,敏銳感知技術革命帶來的軍事思想革新,勇於改變機械化戰爭的思維定勢,破除守舊守常守成思想束縛,牢固地樹立起信息化智能化戰爭新思維,立起科技強軍制勝的新觀念,注重從科技角度認識戰爭新面貌、發現戰爭新特徵、揭示戰爭新規律,努力把戰爭認知力水準提升到新高度。

涵養科技素養底蘊。科技素養是科學認識和描述客觀世界的能力和科學思考能力,科技素養底蘊的深度,從根本上決定科技認知力高低程度。不懂科技或科技素養不高,對現代戰爭就是霧裡看花、水中觀月,更別說能打仗、打勝仗。提升新興領域戰略能力科技認知力,理解現代高科技戰爭制勝機理,關鍵要在提高官兵科技素養上下功夫,統籌利用軍地科技優勢資源,大力傳播科學精神、普及科學知識,加強現代科技特別是軍事科技知識的學習,深入研究人工智慧、大數據、區塊鏈、量子科技等尖端技術,深刻認識人工智慧深度學習、跨界融合、人機協同、群智開放、自主操控等新特點,了解並掌握最新科技成果,建構以資訊化、智慧化科技為主體的多維知識體系,提升思維層次、拓展知識結構,強力推進新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力這個「變數」向強軍勝戰“能量”轉化。

立足實踐提高能力。刀要磨,人要練。提升新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力,既需要理論滋養促進思想理念轉型,更要遵循「實踐、認識、再實踐、再認識」的人類認識運動基本規律,用好實戰「磨刀石」砥礪智慧鋒芒,推動新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力向更高一級躍進。要勇於在科技強軍、科技強訓實踐中提質強能,堅持學中乾乾中學,聚焦主責主業、立足崗位戰位鑽研前沿科技,提高科技敏銳度、洞察力和響應速度;增強對新裝備、新技能、新戰法的技術理解,培育科學思維、掌握科學方法,提高科技認知力,培塑從科技視角加強新興領域戰略能力建設的思想意識;緊盯強敵對手和未來戰場練就更加強大的“科技頭腦”,熟悉對手的科技成果、科技能力和科技手段,精準把脈對手科技發展的“硬核”和“軟肋”,堅持非對稱思想量身定制鬥爭策略和戰法,為打贏這場未來高端戰爭、混合戰爭提供有力保障。

(作者單位:軍事科學院軍事政治工作研究院)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/gfbszbxq/index.html?paperName=zggfb&paperDate=2024-06-03&paperNumber=03&articleid=932888

Providing Strategic Guidance for the Chinese Military Emphasis in the New Era In-depth study and implementation of Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military

為新時代中國軍事重點提供戰略指引
深入學習貫徹習近平強軍思想

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2022年9月2日 星期五

現代英語:

In July 2019, the white paper “China’s National Defense in the New Era” was published. In this comprehensive national defense white paper, for the first time, a defensive national defense policy system for China in the new era was constructed, and it was clearly stated that “implementing the military strategic policy of the new era is the strategic guidance of China’s national defense in the new era”. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi has always firmly grasped the fundamental focus of serving the strategic goals of the Party and the country, taking military means as the bottom line to realize the great dream and military struggle as an important aspect of the great struggle, keeping pace with the times and innovating military strategic guidance, establishing the general outline for the construction and use of military forces, and leading the national defense and military construction, reform and military struggle preparation in the new era to achieve many landmark, pioneering and historic achievements.

Giving new connotations to the active defense strategic thought

The active defense strategic thought is the basic point of our party’s military strategic thought. In the long-term practice of revolutionary war, the people’s army has formed a complete set of active defense strategic ideas. After the founding of New China, the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission made several major adjustments to the military strategic policy in accordance with the development and changes of the national security situation. Although the content of military strategic policies has changed in different periods, the basic idea of ​​active defense has never changed. We must adhere to the unity of strategic defense and offensive campaigns and battles, adhere to the principles of defense, self-defense, and post-strike, and adhere to “If no one offends me, I will not offend; if someone offends me, I will offend him.” Scientific and accurate military strategy is the greatest chance of victory. The reason why our army has been able to defeat the strong with the weak and the superior with the inferior, and has always been invincible and invincible, is that it has adhered to the strategic thinking of active defense.

In the new era, we must unswervingly adhere to the strategic thinking of active defense. President Xi pointed out that adhering to active defense is a conclusion drawn from summarizing historical experience and scientifically judging the reality and the future. It is by no means an expedient measure and must be firmly adhered to. Strategically adhering to active defense is fundamentally determined by the socialist nature of our country and the fundamental interests of the country. my country is a socialist country that follows the path of peaceful development, adheres to an independent and peaceful foreign policy, pursues a defensive national defense policy, and will not invade other countries; my country is a developing country that has always faced arduous and heavy economic construction tasks and needs a peaceful and stable external environment; the Chinese nation is a peace-loving nation, and there is no gene in the blood of the Chinese nation to invade others and dominate. The Chinese people have never bullied, oppressed, or enslaved the people of other countries, not in the past, not now, and not in the future. Under the new era conditions, we adhere to the active defense strategic thinking, fully demonstrate the position of my country’s defensive national defense policy, and show that my country will never follow the old path of “a strong country must dominate”, which is conducive to winning wider international recognition and creating a more favorable strategic environment for achieving the national development strategic goals.

The vitality of military strategic guidance lies in changing with the times and taking action in response to the situation. Since its birth, the active defense strategic thinking has always developed with the development of military practice and continuously enriched its connotation. Now, we are closer than ever to the goal of achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and we have the ability and confidence to achieve this goal as never before. However, we must see that we are engaged in a great struggle with many new historical characteristics, and we will inevitably face various major challenges, major risks, major resistance, and major contradictions in the process of moving forward. President Xi Jinping has a profound understanding of the new situation of my country’s national security, scientifically judged the characteristics and trends of military struggle in the new era, and made it clear that active defense is fundamentally defense and the key is active. Emphasis is placed on enhancing the aggressiveness and initiative of military strategic guidance, focusing on the word “active”, further broadening the strategic vision, updating strategic thinking, moving the focus of guidance forward, and expanding the strategic depth of active defense; being active is not about rushing for quick results or rushing forward rashly, but the unity of strategic aggressiveness and tactical steady and steady, which is steady progress and steady action; actively adapt to the change in the basis of military struggle preparation, increase military innovation, and strive to raise military struggle preparation to a new level. These important expositions have concentrated on answering the most fundamental and critical issues of military strategy in the new era, and have clarified the direction and focus for our army to carry out diversified military tasks in a broader space. In recent years, under the strong guidance of Xi Jinping’s military strategic thinking, the focus of our military work has been increasingly corrected, the “peacetime ills” have been effectively corrected, the construction direction has been more focused on actual combat, and the innovation and development in all aspects of war, construction, and preparation have been fully leveraged. In particular, the whole army has effectively responded to external military provocations and pressures with a firm will to fight and a flexible strategy to fight, established the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone, deterred the separatist activities of “Taiwan independence” with powerful actions, actively and prudently handled hot and sensitive situations in the surrounding areas, carefully organized border control and maritime rights protection operations, effectively carried out major tasks such as anti-terrorism and stability maintenance, peacekeeping and escort, promoted the historic transformation of the military struggle pattern, and effectively maintained the overall stability of the national strategy.

Innovation of our military’s war and combat guidance theory

The essence of military strategy is the strategy of war, and planning and guiding war is the core content of innovative strategic guidance. At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution is accelerating, and science and technology have an increasingly greater impact on military competition and modern warfare. President Xi accurately grasped the changes in science and technology, war, and opponents, established new goals and new layouts for military struggle, clarified new guidance and new strategies for the use of military forces, put forward new measures and new requirements for preparing for war, and profoundly answered the major questions of what kind of war to fight and how to fight in the future, and raised our army’s understanding of the laws of war guidance to a new level.

Deeply grasp the characteristics, laws, and winning mechanisms of modern warfare. The freedom to control war comes from the inevitability of understanding war. All laws of war guidance must develop in accordance with the development of history and the development of war. Judging from the recent local wars and military operations in the world, the degree of informatization of modern warfare is constantly improving, and intelligent characteristics are becoming increasingly apparent. Various types of unmanned combat systems have been put into actual combat in large quantities, and the concepts, elements, and methods of winning wars have undergone major changes. President Xi pointed out profoundly that these changes seem dazzling, but there are laws to follow behind them. The fundamental thing is that the winning mechanism of war has changed. For example, in terms of combat forms, it is emphasized that modern warfare is a confrontation between systems, and integrated joint operations have become the basic combat form; in terms of time and space characteristics, it is emphasized that the multi-dimensional battlefield space is integrated, and the boundaries between strategic, campaign, and tactical actions tend to be blurred; in terms of the key to victory, it is emphasized that the right to control information has become the core of seizing comprehensive control of the battlefield and the key to winning the war; in terms of organization and command, it is emphasized that the strategic, joint, timely, professional, and precise requirements of combat command are becoming higher and higher, and combat organization and management are becoming more standardized, process-oriented, and refined. These important expositions have deepened the understanding of the characteristics and laws of modern warfare, and provided important guidelines for us to grasp the laws of war in the world today and master the “swimming skills” of modern warfare.

Build a combat theory system with the characteristics of our army. War theory and combat thinking are a powerful traction for strengthening actual combat preparations and defeating strong enemies. In the revolutionary war years, our army was always one step ahead of the enemy in combat theory and tactics, which is an important reason why our army continued to move from victory to victory. Entering the new era, President Xi Jinping focused on the overall national security and development, grasped the revolutionary changes in the war form and combat methods, prospectively studied major issues of future wars, and put forward a series of innovative combat ideas. For example, he proposed to strengthen the concept of information dominance, system support, elite combat, and joint victory, integrate various combat forces, combat units, and combat elements into an organic whole, and improve the joint combat capability and full-domain combat capability based on the network information system; he proposed to adhere to flexibility, mobility, and autonomy, focus on playing our advantages and fight with what we can and what we can’t; he proposed to grasp the new characteristics and new requirements of the people’s war under the new era conditions, innovate content and methods, and give full play to the overall power of the people’s war. These important expositions adhere to and carry forward the essence of the military thought that our army has always adhered to, conform to the evolution trend of the war form, meet the actual and development requirements of combat effectiveness construction, and provide principled guidance for our army to carry out combat tasks.

Based on the most difficult and complex situations, we should promote military struggle preparation. Military struggle preparation is the basic practical activity of the army. The more fully prepared, the more proactive it will be strategically. In the summer and autumn of 2018, the Central Military Commission used three months to conduct an unannounced and surprise inspection of the various military services and armed police forces distributed in the five major war zones. The scope of the operation covered 21 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government) and parts of the East China Sea and the South China Sea. This is a microcosm of the whole army’s in-depth promotion of military struggle preparation in the new era. “It is better to be prepared without fighting than to fight without preparation.” President Xi repeatedly emphasized that the whole army must establish the idea of ​​being ready for war at any time, and military struggle preparation must be firmly grasped and never relaxed. The whole army is required to persist in fighting, preparing for war, and building at the same time, coordinate the promotion of military struggle preparation in all directions and fields, and be prepared to respond to various complex and difficult situations at any time; raise daily combat readiness work to a strategic height, adhere to the integration of peace and war, and maintain a high alert posture with arrows on the string and ready to be fired; promote actual combat training, keep close to combat tasks, combat opponents, and combat environment, and strengthen targeted, testing, and confrontational training. These important expositions reflect deep strategic concerns and strong bottom-line thinking, deepen the understanding of the laws of how to prepare for war and how to train troops in a peaceful environment, and point out the methods and paths for the army to generate and improve combat effectiveness and grasp the initiative in military struggle.

Enrich and develop our party’s art of commanding military struggle

President Xi insists on using the Marxist view of war to examine war and military issues, enriches and develops our party’s military dialectical thinking, and applies it to guiding the practice of actual military struggle, showing strategic planning that takes into account the overall situation, strategic courage that is not afraid of risks, and strategic wisdom that wins by taking advantage of the enemy, opening up a new realm of strategic guidance for the people’s army in the new era.

Adhere to the military’s obedience to politics and strategy’s obedience to policy. War is the continuation of politics, and dealing with the relationship between war and politics is related to the fate of the country. Now, the connection between military and politics is closer, the relevance and integrity at the strategic level are increasing, and the influence and constraints of political factors on war are becoming more prominent. President Xi pointed out profoundly that in planning and guiding wars, we must deeply understand the political attributes of war and think about war issues from a political perspective. It is emphasized that we must maintain strategic clarity, strengthen strategic determination, and understand and plan the war issue under the great goal of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation; we must have both military and political minds, and whether to fight, when to fight, how to fight, and to what extent, must obey and serve politics. We must always obey and serve the highest interests of the country and the nation, strengthen political awareness, awareness of the overall situation, and awareness of orders, and be good at planning military actions with an eye on the overall situation of national politics and diplomacy and the overall national security strategy to ensure political and strategic initiative.

Adhere to overall planning of struggle, preparation for war, and construction. “Those who have civil affairs must have military preparations.” President Xi Jinping profoundly summarized the historical lessons of my country’s suffering from the ravages of wars by the great powers in modern times, revealed the dialectics of war and peace, and pointed out that only by being able to fight can we stop the war, and only by being prepared to fight can we avoid fighting. The less able to fight, the more likely we are to be beaten. We emphasize that we do not want to fight, but only if we are prepared, have strong military power and have the ability to win, can we strategically achieve the goal of “stopping war with force”; we must plan preparation for war and stopping war, deterrence and actual combat, war operations and the use of military power in peacetime as a whole, and give full play to the strategic function of military power. In today’s world, the shadow of Cold War mentality and power politics lingers, and traditional and non-traditional security threats emerge in an endless stream. Some countries are trying to expand military alliances to seek absolute security, coerce other countries to take sides and create camp confrontation, ignore the rights and interests of other countries and pursue self-centeredness, and forging swords into plowshares is still a good wish of people. Practice has proved that peace must be backed by strong strength. We must keep a close eye on strong enemies and opponents, step up the forging of stronger capabilities and more reliable means, better play the strategic functions of our army in shaping the situation, managing crises, containing wars, and winning wars, and resolutely defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

Adhere to the unity of firmness in the principle of struggle and flexibility in strategy. Struggle is an art. It is about will, determination, and faith. It is about strategy, wisdom, and methods. In leading the great struggle, President Xi has always insisted on the unity of strengthening the sense of crisis and maintaining strategic determination, the unity of strategic judgment and tactical decision-making, and the unity of the struggle process and the effectiveness of the struggle. He requires our army to be brave and good at struggle. It is emphasized that we must not give in on issues of principle, we must be tit-for-tat and fight for every inch of land, and we must dare to take on all kinds of provocations, dare to attack, dare to fight and win, not bow in the face of difficulties, not retreat in the face of challenges, and not trade principles; we must be flexible and maneuverable on strategic issues, insist on being reasonable, beneficial, and moderate, and pay attention to the methods and art of struggle. Practice has proved that the more complex the struggle situation is, the more we must use the military hand in a step-by-step and strategic way. We must focus on stabilizing the overall situation and controlling risks, adhere to the combination of rigidity and flexibility, multiple measures, and comprehensive measures, strengthen the coordination and cooperation between military actions and political and diplomatic actions, and form an overall joint force for struggle.

Adhere to the combination of overall planning and highlighting key points. The key to strategic planning is to focus on the overall situation and seek opportunities. my country has a complex geostrategic environment and has the most neighboring countries among the world’s major powers. Based on the new situation facing my country’s security and development, President Xi Jinping has insisted on overall planning and ensuring the stability of the overall strategic situation in military strategic guidance, and has also focused on highlighting key points and grasping strategic hubs related to the overall situation to enhance the balance and three-dimensionality of the strategic layout. It is emphasized that according to the security threats and the strategic tasks of our army, we must build a strategic deployment and military deployment that is coordinated overall, responsible for different regions, mutually coordinated and integrated; highlight the preparation for military struggle at sea, effectively control major crises, and properly respond to chain reactions; coordinate the promotion of military struggle preparations in traditional security fields and new security fields, and actively respond to new security threats and challenges. At present, the sudden, interconnected and changeable threats facing my country’s security have greatly increased. We must grasp the direction, take the overall situation into consideration, coordinate the overall situation, firmly grasp the main contradictions and main aspects of the military struggle, ensure the stability of the overall strategic situation, and create a strategic situation that is beneficial to us.

On the new journey, we are facing a situation with complexity and severity, and a task with heaviness and difficulty that is rare in the world and history. The People’s Army must shoulder the important task of supporting the Chinese nation towards great rejuvenation. The whole army must establish the military strategic thinking of the new era, the military strategic policy of the new era, the baton of preparing for war, and the responsibility of preparing for war. We must vigorously carry forward the spirit of struggle, cultivate the fighting spirit of not fearing hardship and not fearing death, strengthen the determination and will to fight at the critical moment, and always have the character, integrity, and courage of not believing in evil, not fearing ghosts, and not being spineless. We must constantly enhance our fighting skills, focus on tempering our actual combat capabilities in arduous and rigorous training, actively innovate strategies and tactics that are one step ahead of the enemy, and step up the construction of a strong system support for joint operations, forge elite troops that can come when called, fight when they come, and win when they fight, and resolutely win future wars and resolutely safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

國語中文:

2019年7月,《新時代的中國國防》白皮書發表。在這部綜合型國防白皮書中,首次建構新時代中國防禦性國防政策體系,鮮明提出「貫徹落實新時代軍事戰略方針,這是新時代中國國防的戰略指導」。黨的十八大以來,習主席始終牢牢把握服務黨和國家戰略目標這個根本著眼,把軍事手段作為實現偉大夢想的保底手段、軍事鬥爭作為進行偉大斗爭的重要方面來運籌,與時俱進創新軍事戰略指導,確立了統攬軍事力量建設和運用的總綱,引領新時代國防和軍隊建設、改革和軍事鬥爭準備取得許多標誌性、開創性、歷史性重大成就。

賦予積極防禦戰略思想新的內涵

積極防禦戰略思想是我們黨軍事戰略思想的基本要點。在長期革命戰爭實踐中,人民軍隊形成了一整套積極防禦戰略思想。新中國成立後,黨中央、中央軍委根據國家安全情勢發展變化,對軍事戰略方針進行了多次重大調整。雖然各時期軍事戰略方針內容有變化,但積極防禦的基本思想始終沒有變,堅持戰略上防禦與戰役戰鬥上進攻的統一,堅持防禦、自衛、後發製人的原則,堅持「人不犯我,我不犯人;人若犯我,我必犯人」。軍事戰略科學準確,就是最大的勝算。我軍一路走來,之所以能夠以弱勝強、以劣勝優,始終攻無不克、戰無不勝,很重要的是堅持了積極防禦戰略思想。

新時代必須堅定不移堅持積極防禦戰略思想。習主席指出,堅持積極防禦,是總結歷史經驗、科學判斷現實和未來得出的結論,決不是權宜之計,要牢牢堅持住。在戰略上始終堅持積極防禦,從根本上來說是由我國社會主義性質和國家根本利益決定的。我國是社會主義國家,走和平發展道路,堅持獨立的和平外交政策,奉行防禦性國防政策,不會去侵略其他國家;我國是發展中國家,一直面對著艱鉅繁重的經濟建設任務,需要一個和平穩定的外在環境;中華民族是愛好和平的民族,中華民族血液中沒有侵略他人、稱王稱霸的基因,中國人民從來沒有欺負、壓迫、奴役過其他國家人民,過去沒有、現在沒有、將來也不會有。在新的時代條件下,我們堅持積極防禦戰略思想,充分錶明我國防禦性國防政策立場,昭示我國絕不走「國強必霸」的老路,有利於贏得更廣泛的國際認同,為實現國家發展戰略目標營造更為有利的策略環境。

軍事戰略指導的生命力在於應時而變、應勢而動。積極防禦戰略思想自誕生之日起,就始終隨著軍事實踐的發展而發展,不斷豐富其內涵。現在,我們前所未有地接近實現中華民族偉大復興的目標,前所未有地具有實現這個目標的能力和信心。但要看到,我們正在進行具有許多新的歷史特徵的偉大鬥爭,前行中必然會面對各種重大挑戰、重大風險、重大阻力、重大矛盾。習主席深刻掌握我國國家安全的新形勢,科學研判新時代軍事鬥爭的特徵和趨勢,明確積極防禦根本在防禦、要義在積極。強調增強軍事戰略指導的進取性和主動性,在「積極」二字上做文章,進一步拓寬戰略視野、更新戰略思維、前移指導重心,拓展積極防禦戰略縱深;積極不是急於求成、急躁冒進,而是戰略上進取和戰術上穩紮穩打相統一,是穩中有進、穩中有為;積極適應軍事鬥爭準備基點轉變,加大軍事創新力度,努力把軍事鬥爭準備提高到一個新水平。這些重要論述,集中回答了新時代軍事戰略最根本最要害的問題,為我軍在更加廣闊的空間遂行多樣化軍事任務明確了方向重點。這些年,在習近平軍事戰略思想的有力指引下,我軍工作重心日益歸正,「和平積弊」有力糾治,建設指向更加聚焦實戰,全方位撬動了戰、建、備各領域各方面創新發展。特別是全軍以堅定的鬥爭意志、靈活的鬥爭策略,有效應對外部軍事挑釁施壓,劃設東海防空識別區,以有力行動震懾「台獨」分裂行徑,積極穩健處置週邊熱點敏感事態,周密組織邊境管控與海上維權行動,有效遂行反恐維穩、維和護航等重大任務,推動軍事鬥爭格局實現歷史性轉變,有力維護了國家戰略全局穩定。

創新我軍戰與作戰指導理論

軍事戰略的本質是戰之方略,規劃和指導戰爭是創新戰略指導的核心內容。目前,新一輪科技革命和軍事革命正在加速發展,科技對軍事競爭和現代戰爭影響越來越大。習主席準確掌握科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變,確立軍事鬥爭新目標新佈局,明確軍事力量運用新指導新策略,提出備戰打仗新舉措新要求,深刻回答了未來打什麼仗、怎麼打仗的重大問題,把我軍對戰爭指導的規律性認知提升到新高度。

深刻掌握現代戰爭特徵規律與致勝機理。駕馭戰爭的自由,來自於認識戰爭的必然。一切戰爭指導規律,必須依照歷史的發展而發展,並依照戰爭的發展而發展。從世界近幾場局部戰爭和軍事行動看,現代戰爭資訊化程度不斷提高,智能化特徵日益顯現,各類無人作戰系統大量投入實戰,戰爭制勝觀念、制勝要素、制勝方式發生重大變化。習主席深刻指出,這些變化看起來眼花撩亂,但背後是有規律可循的,根本的是戰爭的致勝機理變了。例如,在作戰形式上,強調現代戰爭是體系和體系的對抗,一體化聯合作戰成為基本作戰形式;在時空特性上,強調多維戰場空間融為一體,戰略、戰役、戰術行動界限趨於模糊;在製勝關鍵上,強調制資訊權成為奪取戰場綜合控制權的核心,成為贏得戰爭勝利的關鍵;在組織指揮上,強調作戰指揮戰略性、聯合性、時效性、專業性、精確性要求越來越高,作戰組織和管理日趨標準化、流程化、精細化。這些重要論述深化了對現代戰爭特徵規律的認識,為我們掌握當今世界戰爭法則、掌握現代戰爭「游泳術」提供了重要遵循。

建構具有我軍特色的作戰理論體系。戰爭理論和作戰思想,是加強實戰準備、制勝強敵對手的有力牽引。革命戰爭年代,我軍在作戰理論和戰法上始終高敵一籌,這是我軍不斷從勝利走向勝利的重要原因。進入新時代,習主席著眼於國家安全和發展全局,掌握戰爭形態和作戰方式的革命性變化,前瞻研究未來戰爭重大議題,提出了一系列創新性作戰想法。例如,提出強化資訊主導、體系支撐、精兵作戰、聯合製勝的觀念,把各種作戰力量、作戰單元、作戰要素融合為一個有機整體,提高基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力;提出堅持靈活、機動、自主,著眼於發揮我們的優勢打,以能擊不能;提出把握新的時代條件下人民戰爭的新特點新要求,創新內容和方式方法,充分發揮人民戰爭的整體威力。這些重要論述,堅持和發揚我軍一貫堅持的軍事思想精髓,順應戰爭形態演變趨勢,符合戰鬥力建設實際和發展要求,為我軍遂行作戰任務提供了原則指導。

以最困難、最複雜情況推進軍事鬥爭準備。軍事鬥爭準備是軍隊的基本實踐活動,準備越充分在戰略上就越主動。 2018年夏秋,中央軍委利用3個月時間,以不打招呼、突擊檢查的方式,對分佈在5大戰區的各軍兵種和武警部隊進行整建制戰備拉動,行動範圍覆蓋21個省(自治區、直轄市)和東海、南海部分海域,這是新時代全軍上下深入推進軍事鬥爭準備的縮影。 「寧可備而不戰,不可無備而戰。」習主席一再強調,全軍要樹立隨時準備打仗的思想,軍事鬥爭準備要牢牢抓在手上,須臾不可放鬆。要求全軍堅持邊鬥爭、邊備戰、邊建設,統籌推進各方向各領域軍事鬥爭準備,做好隨時應對各種複雜困難局面的準備;把日常戰備工作提到戰略高度,堅持平戰一體,保持箭在弦上、引而待發的高度戒備態勢;推進實戰實訓,緊貼作戰任務、作戰對手、作戰環境,加強針對性、檢驗性、對抗性訓練。這些重要論述,反映了深層的戰略憂患和強烈的底線思維,深化了和平環境下如何備戰、怎麼練兵的規律性認識,為軍隊生成和提高戰鬥力、掌握軍事鬥爭主動權指明了方法路徑。

豐富發展我們黨軍事鬥爭指揮藝術

習主席堅持用馬克思主義戰爭觀審視戰爭和軍事問題,豐富發展了我們黨的軍事辯證法思想,並運用到指導現實軍事鬥爭實踐中,展現出觀照全局的戰略運籌、不畏風險的戰略魄力、因敵制勝的戰略智慧,開啟了新時代人民軍隊戰略指導的新境界。

堅持軍事服從政治、戰略服從政略。戰爭是政治的延續,處理戰爭和政治的關係,事關國家命運。現在,軍事和政治的連結更加緊密,在戰略層面上的相關性和整體性日益增強,政治因素對戰爭的影響和限制愈發突出。習主席深刻指出,規劃和指導戰爭,必須深刻認識戰爭的政治屬性,從政治高度思考戰爭問題。突顯,要保持戰略清醒,增強戰略定力,把戰爭問題放在實現中華民族偉大復興這個大目標下來認識和籌劃;既要有軍事頭腦,更要有政治頭腦,打還是不打、什麼時候打、怎麼打、打到什麼程度,都要服從和服務政治。我們必須始終服從服務於國家和民族的最高利益,強化政治意識、大局意識、號令意識,善於著眼國家政治外交大局和國家安全戰略全局規劃軍事行動,確保政治和戰略主動。

堅持整體運籌鬥爭、備戰、建設。 「有文事者,必有武備。」習主席深刻總結近代以後我國遭受列強戰爭蹂躪的歷史教訓,揭示戰爭與和平的辯證法,指出能戰方能止戰,準備打才可能不必打,越不能打越可能挨打。強調我們不希望打仗,但只有我們有準備、有強大軍事力量、有打贏能力,才能從戰略上實現不戰而屈人之兵,達到「以武止戈」的目的;要把備戰與止戰、威懾與實戰、戰爭行動與和平時期軍事力量運用作為一個整體加以運籌,發揮好軍事力量的戰略功能。當今世界,冷戰思維和強權政治陰霾不散,傳統和非傳統安全威脅層出不窮。一些國家試圖擴大軍事同盟謀求絕對安全,脅迫別國選邊站隊製造陣營對抗,漠視別國權益大搞唯我獨尊,鑄劍為犁仍然是人們的一個美好願望。實踐證明,和平必須以強大實力為後盾。我們要緊盯強敵對手,加緊鍛造更強大的能力、更可靠的手段,更好發揮我軍塑造態勢、管控危機、遏制戰爭、打贏戰爭的戰略功能,堅決捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益。

堅持鬥爭原則的堅定性與策略的彈性相統一。鬥爭是一門藝術,拼的是意志、決心、信念,比的是策略、智慧、方法。習主席在領導進行偉大鬥爭中,始終堅持增強憂患意識和保持戰略定力相統一、戰略判斷和戰術決斷相統一、鬥爭過程和鬥爭實效相統一,要求我軍既要敢於鬥爭,又要善於鬥爭。強調在原則問題上寸步不讓,必須針鋒相對、寸土必爭,面對各種挑釁敢於接招、敢於出擊、敢戰能勝,不在困難面前低頭,不在挑戰面前退縮,不拿原則做交易;在策略問題上靈活機動,堅持有理有利有節,講求鬥爭的方式方法和藝術。實踐證明,鬥爭情勢越複雜,越要有步驟、有策略地用好軍事這一手。我們必須著眼穩控大局、管控風險,堅持剛柔並濟、多手並舉、綜合施策,加強軍事行動同政治外交行動協調配合,形成鬥爭整體合力。

堅持通盤規劃與突出重點結合。策略運籌關鍵在於全局著眼、謀勢取勢。我國地緣戰略環境複雜,在世界大國中周邊接壤國家最多。習主席立足我國安全和發展面臨的新形勢,在軍事戰略指導上既堅持通盤謀劃、確保戰略全局穩定,又著力突出重點、扭住關係全局的戰略樞紐,增強戰略佈局的平衡性、立體性。強調要根據面臨安全威脅和我軍戰略任務,建構全局統籌、分區負責,相互策應、互為一體的戰略部署和軍事布勢;突顯海上軍事鬥爭準備,有效控制重大危機,妥善應對連鎖反應;統籌推動傳統安全領域和新型安全領域軍事鬥爭準備,積極應對新的安全威脅和挑戰。目前,我國安全面臨的突發性、連動性、多變性威脅大幅增強。我們必須掌握方向、統攬大局、統籌全局,緊緊抓住軍事鬥爭的主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面,確保戰略全局穩定,營造於我有利的戰略態勢。

新征程上,我們面臨情勢環境的複雜性和嚴峻性、肩負任務的繁重性和艱鉅性世所罕見、史所罕見,人民軍隊必須肩負起支撐中華民族走向偉大復興的時代重任。全軍要把新時代軍事戰略思想立起來,把新時代軍事戰略方針立起來,把備戰打仗指揮棒立起來,把抓備戰打仗的責任擔當立起來。要大力發揚鬥爭精神,培育一不怕苦、二不怕死的戰鬥精神,強化關鍵時刻不惜一戰的決心意志,任何時候都要有不信邪、不怕鬼、不當軟骨的風骨、氣節、膽魄。要不斷增強鬥爭本領,注重在艱苦嚴格的訓練中淬煉實戰能力,積極創新高敵一籌的策略戰法,抓緊建強聯合作戰的體系支撐,鍛造召之即來、來之能戰、戰之必勝的精兵勁旅,堅決打贏未來戰爭,堅決維護國家主權、安全、發展利益。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/02/content_323888.htm

Where is the Focus of Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations?

中國軍事認知域作戰的重點在哪裡?

劉曙光
2022年10月05日 | 資料來源:解放軍報

現代英語:

● Cognitive domain warfare focuses on full-dimensional attacks, including both cognitive penetration in “peacetime” and cognitive coercion in “wartime”.

● Wartime cognitive domain operations are carried out around the achievement of military objectives, and are implemented in coordination with military operations and support each other.

●In cognitive domain warfare, as the sound of gunfire fades away, the clarion call for a new round of cognitive domain warfare may sound again, and there can be no slackness.

Cognitive domain operations are confrontations conducted at the level of consciousness and thinking. Through selective processing and transmission of information, it influences judgments, changes concepts, and competes for people’s hearts, thereby guiding the reality to develop in a direction that is beneficial to oneself. From the perspective of cognitive shaping, cognitive domain operations focus on full-dimensional attacks, including both cognitive penetration in “peacetime” and cognitive coercion in “wartime”. Therefore, cognitive domain operations do not have a clear boundary between peace and war; at the same time, according to the needs of political or military purposes, its targets can be individuals, organizations, and even countries. Therefore, cognitive domain operations should establish the concept of peacetime and wartime integration, military-civilian integration, cross-domain integration, and joint victory, and sort out basic tasks accordingly.

Focus on the layout tasks of ideology

Ideology is “a system of thought that systematically and consciously reflects the social and economic forms and political systems”. Ideology determines the rational foundation of cognition and has distinct camp characteristics. Although ideology covers all aspects of social life, in the confrontation between countries or political groups, the struggle around belief guidance, attitude acquisition, and concept assimilation is particularly fierce, becoming the focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shaping and guiding political cognition, seizing the initiative to break and establish beliefs. The confrontation between countries or political groups is not only a confrontation of national strength, but also a confrontation of national will, and the confrontation of political beliefs bears the brunt. Shaping and guiding political cognition aims to consolidate or destroy political consensus, strengthen or shake political beliefs, and expand or disintegrate political camps. In cognitive domain operations, through the cognitive guidance of various aspects such as the legitimacy of the ruling party, the rationality of political ideas and systems, and the health of the political ecology, cultivate feelings such as recognition or denial, support or hatred of political positions, beliefs, and practices, and lay a political cognitive layout that is beneficial to oneself and detrimental to the enemy. Political cognition is related to the survival foundation of a country or organization, and is the primary focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide war cognition, seize the leadership of war attitude. A country can live without war but cannot live without war awareness. War cognition is the basis for the formation and development of will, concept, psychology, and thinking of individuals, organizations, and countries in the war cycle. Through the guidance of cognition of the nature, properties, and legal concepts of war, it is a key issue to build a war cognition thinking system, guide the evaluation trend of the rationality, justice, and legitimacy of war, promote the formation of support or opposition to the possible war, and regulate the fluctuation of the willingness to assume war obligations. War cognition affects war attitude, and the struggle for control over it is a task that must be taken seriously in cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide value cognition, and seize the control of emotional will. Values ​​affect people’s judgment of beauty, ugliness, right and wrong, and social behavior orientation. In terms of identifying things and judging right and wrong, people’s emotions always tend to support propositions with similar values. Value cognition permeates every corner of life. Through the dissemination of ethical and moral concepts, standards of beauty, ugliness, good and evil, and literary and artistic viewpoints, the competition for the right to guide value concepts, the right to guide life patterns, and the right to judge traditional inheritance is frequent and fierce. In real life, different values ​​often penetrate and entangle with each other. The essence of shaping and guiding value cognition is to strive for the recognition of social emotions, which is a regular task of cognitive domain operations.

Focus on the social psychology of the task of creating momentum

Social psychology provides a perceptual and experiential basis for cognition, and it is formed on the basis of daily life, social activities, practical insights, etc. Social psychological guidance often promotes unpredictable changes in the real situation. It is one of the common modes of confrontation between the two sides, especially in non-military conflict periods, and it is also a task that must be taken seriously in cognitive domain operations.

Guide national psychology and regulate national emotions. National psychology is one of the social psychology that is most likely to cause conflict and confrontation. Attacking national self-esteem can breed national inferiority complex and easily split and disperse. Improving national self-esteem can enhance national cohesion, but the expansion of national self-esteem can easily lead to extreme racism, national chauvinism, etc.; the differences in status, interests, culture, customs, and life among different ethnic groups within the country provide opportunities for people with ulterior motives to stir up national confrontation, while the same living space and cooperation process lay the foundation for eliminating prejudice and even cohesion and tolerance among ethnic groups. The result depends on cognitive guidance. National psychological guidance is sensitive and easy to get out of control, which has a direct impact on social stability. It is a task that needs to be focused on in cognitive domain operations.

Guide group psychology and increase or decrease opposition awareness. Groups generally refer to people of the same kind, such as ethnic groups, regions, classes, professional groups, and even civil groups, non-governmental organizations, etc. If groups are subjectively defined based on the standard of “convergence”, then the “differences” between groups exist objectively. This difference may be political or economic status, or it may be cultural ideas, regional concepts, or other. Guiding the cognition of differences to promote the opposition psychology of different groups such as party opposition, regional opposition, professional opposition, and rich-poor opposition will not only damage the internal unity of the country, but also accumulate and increase the dissatisfaction of all sectors of society with the political authorities, laying the groundwork for instigating social unrest and division. In cognitive domain operations, attention needs to be paid to this kind of social psychology.

Guiding individual psychology and influencing social emotions. In cognitive domain operations, individual psychological guidance is divided into two situations. One is the psychological guidance of important figures, such as sensitive professionals, social intellectuals, academic elites, successful business people, etc. The struggle for their political stance, emotional attitude, etc. is an issue that both sides of the confrontation need to focus on. The other is the use of phenomena that easily trigger individual psychological resonance. For example, in public crises, major accidents, natural disasters, and even some criminal incidents and emergencies in life, intentionally guiding certain emotions may cause group polarization due to the individual’s herd effect, thereby causing changes in public opinion and even social unrest. Both aspects are content that cognitive domain operations need to pay attention to.

Targeting the critical task of wartime cognition

Cognitive domain operations precede military operations and end with them. In wartime, cognitive domain operations are carried out around the achievement of military objectives, coordinated with military operations, and mutually supportive, with the characteristics of violent coercion. In this stage of cognitive domain operations, “offensive” and “defensive” actions are carried out simultaneously, with the combined effects of weapons and propaganda, and the emergence of “enticement”, “attack”, “cheating”, and “control”. This is the key stage of cognitive domain operations.

Attack the enemy’s mind and induce cognition. Cognitive attacks in wartime are mainly carried out to weaken the enemy’s will to resist and induce the enemy to make wrong decisions. Targeted attacks are used to shake the enemy’s will to resist and front-line commanders and fighters, and information deception interference is used to induce decision-making; for armed forces, which are mainly military forces, the use of force to deter and deter is dominant, and the use of public opinion warfare and other style actions and emerging technical means are used to shake their belief in participating in the war, cause panic, undermine their military morale, and dominate their action patterns; for social support forces, strong information is delivered through large-scale military exercises, equipment tests, and propaganda on the lethality of weapons to undermine confidence, induce panic through selective target strikes and the dissemination of battle conditions, and seek understanding through publicity of one’s own humanitarian actions in the war and related international comments.

Build a strong defense line, gather hearts and minds to control the situation. The focus of cognitive defense in wartime is to build a strong defense line of “heart”, “will” and “intelligence” to prevent the loss of fighting spirit under the stimulation of drastic changes in the situation or environment. Education and publicity are the basic ways of cognitive defense in wartime. For the participating forces, stimulate enthusiasm for participation through mobilization and incentives, clarify the truth by refuting rumors, establish the belief in victory by publicizing the results of the war, mobilize morale by setting up models, etc.; for the supporting forces, establish a sense of mission, responsibility and obligation for the whole people through education and publicity on the justice, rationality and legality of the war, stimulate the psychology of common hatred of the enemy by exposing the enemy’s brutal behavior, and stimulate enthusiasm for supporting operations by publicizing the deeds of local participation in the war and supporting the front, etc.

Expand the camp and eliminate hidden dangers. Creating a favorable cognitive atmosphere and providing support for the expansion of one’s own camp is an important aspect of cognitive domain operations during wartime that must be done. In particular, although the pursuit of international support forces is mainly based on political and diplomatic activities, the widespread spread of one’s own positions, ideas, attitudes, etc. often leads to changes in international civil attitudes, which in turn affects decision-making at the political level and provides support for the expansion of one’s own camp. In addition, cognitive domain operations during wartime have an important task that runs through the entire war, that is, to eliminate the adverse hidden dangers caused by various accidents in the war. Especially in the later stages of the war, as the destructive effects of the war appear and spread, people’s cognitive systems will inevitably be repeatedly impacted by different information. During this period, ideological guidance, social psychological shaping, and individual psychological counseling are needed to ensure the consolidation of the results of the war. In cognitive domain operations, as the sound of gunfire dissipates, the horn of a new round of cognitive domain operations may sound again, and there must be no slackness.

現代國語:

要點提示

●認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊,既包括「平時」的認知滲透,也包括「戰時」的認知迫誘。

●戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目的的達成而展開,與軍事行動配合實施、相互支持。

●在認知域作戰中,隨著槍砲聲的消散,新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能再次吹響,不能有絲毫懈怠。

認知域作戰是在意識思維層面進行的對抗,透過選擇性加工和傳遞訊息,影響判斷、改變觀念、爭奪人心,進而引導現實態勢向有利於己的方向發展。從認知塑造來看,認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊,既包括「平時」的認知滲透,也包括「戰時」的認知迫誘。因而,認知域作戰沒有明晰的平、戰界線;同時,根據政治或軍事目的需要,其作用對象可以是個人、組織甚至國家。因此,認知域作戰應該樹立平戰一體、軍地一體、跨域融合、連動制勝的觀念,並依此整理基本任務。

聚焦意識形態的佈局任務

意識形態是「系統性、自覺地反映社會經濟形態和政治制度的思想體系」。意識形態決定了認知的理性根基,具有鮮明的陣營特徵。儘管意識形態涵蓋社會生活的各個層面,但在國家或政治團體之間的對抗中,圍繞著信念引導、態度爭取、觀念同化等方面的鬥爭尤為激烈,成為認知域作戰重點關注的任務。

塑造引導政治認知,奪取信念破立主控權。國家或政治集團之間的對抗不僅是舉國之力的對抗,也是舉國之志的對抗,政治信念的對抗首當其衝。塑造引導政治認知旨在凝聚或破壞政治共識、堅定或動搖政治信念、拓展或瓦解政治陣營。認知域作戰中,透過對執政黨的合法性、政治理念和製度的合理性、政治生態的健康性等各方面的認知引導,培植對政治立場、信念、實踐等的認同或否定、擁護或憎恨等感情,舖設有利於己、不利於敵的政治認知佈局。政治認知關係到國家或組織的生存根基,是認知域作戰的首要關注目標。

塑造引導戰爭認知,奪取戰爭態度領導權。國可無戰事但不能無戰識。戰爭認知是個人、組織、國家在戰爭週期中意志、觀念、心理、思考形成和發展的基礎。透過對戰爭的本質、性質、法理觀念等的認知引導,建構戰爭認知思維體系,引導戰爭合理性、正義性、合法性的評價走向,推動對可能發生戰爭支持或反對態度的形成,調控承擔戰爭義務意願的漲落,是戰爭認知引導的關鍵問題。戰爭認知影響戰爭態度,對其主控權的爭奪是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

塑造引導價值認知,奪取情感意志控領權。價值觀影響人的美醜是非評判和社會行為取向,在認定事物、判定是非方面,人的情感總是傾向於支持價值觀相近的主張。價值認知滲透於生活的各個角落,透過倫理道德觀念、美醜善惡標準、文學藝術觀點等的傳播,圍繞價值觀念導引權、生活模式導向權、傳統傳承評判權等的爭奪頻繁且激烈。現實生活中,不同的價值觀念往往會互相滲透糾纏。塑造引導價值認知的實質是爭取社會情感的認同,是認知領域作戰的經常性任務。

緊盯社會心理的造勢任務

社會心理為認知提供了感性和經驗基礎,它在日常生活、社會活動、實踐感悟等經驗基礎上形成。社會心理引導常會推動現實情勢產生難測變化,是雙方對抗特別是非軍事衝突期的慣用模式之一,也是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

導引民族心理,調控民族情緒。民族心理是最容易引發衝突對抗的社會心理之一。打擊民族自尊心可滋長民族自卑心理而易分裂澇散,提升民族自尊心可增強民族凝聚力,但民族自尊心的膨脹又易引發極端種族主義、民族沙文主義等的產生;國家內部不同民族間地位、利益、文化、風俗、生活等的差異性,為別有用心之人挑動民族對立情緒提供了可乘之機,而相同的生存空間、合作歷程等又奠定了民族間消除偏見甚至凝聚包容的基礎,結果取決於認知導引。民族心理導引敏感且容易失控,對社會穩定有直接影響,是認知域作戰需要重點關注的任務。

導引群類心理,漲消對立意識。群類泛指同類的人,如民族、地理、階級、職業團體甚至民間團體、非政府組織等等。如果說群類是以「趨同」為標準而主觀劃定的,那麼群類之間的「差異」就是客觀存在的。這種差異性可能是政治、經濟地位,也可能是文化思想、地域觀念抑或其他。導引差異認知推動黨派對立、地區對立、職業對立、貧富對立等不同群體對立心理,不但會對國家內部團結造成破壞,也會累積增加社會各界對政權當局的不滿情緒,為策動社會動盪分裂留下伏筆。認知域作戰中,需要對此類社會心理予以關注。

導引個體心理,影響社會情緒。認知域作戰中,個體心理導引區分為兩種情境。一種是重要人物心理導引,如敏感工作者、社會公知、學術菁英、商業成功人士等,對其政治立場、情感態度等的爭取,是對抗雙方需要重點關注的議題。一種是對易引發個體心理共鳴現象的利用。如公共危機、重大事故、自然災害甚至生活中的一些犯罪事件、突發情況等,有意導引某種情緒則可能因個體的從眾效應而產生群體極化現象,從而引發民意變化甚至社會動盪。這兩個面向都是認知域作戰需重視的內容。

瞄準戰時認知的關鍵性任務

認知域作戰先於軍事行動開展而後於軍事行動結束。戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目的的達成而展開,與軍事行動配合實施、相互支撐,具有暴力脅迫特徵。此階段的認知域作戰,「攻」「防」行動同步開展,武器影響、宣傳影響綜合致效,「誘」「打」「騙」「控」等手段層出不窮,是認知域作戰的關鍵階段。

攻心奪志,迫誘認知。戰時認知攻擊主要圍繞在削弱敵抵抗意志、誘導敵錯誤決策。針對敵方決策層、一線指戰員等,透過靶向攻擊動搖抵抗意志,透過資訊欺騙幹擾誘導決策;針對以軍隊為主的武裝力量,以武力打擊震懾主導,綜合運用輿論戰等樣式行動以及新興技術手段,動搖其參戰信念、引發其恐慌情緒、瓦解其軍心士氣、支配其行動模式;針對社會面支撐力量,透過大型軍事演習、裝備試驗、宣傳武器殺傷效能等傳遞強硬訊息打擊信心,透過選擇性目標打擊、戰況傳播等誘發恐慌情緒,透過宣傳己方戰爭中的人道行為和國際相關評論爭取理解等。

築牢防線,凝心控局。戰時認知防守的重點是築牢「心」「志」「智」防線,防止在局勢或環境劇烈變化的刺激下喪失鬥志。教育和宣傳是戰時認知防禦的基本途徑。針對參戰力量,透過動員激勵激發參戰熱情,透過批駁謠言澄清事實真相,透過宣傳戰果確立必勝信念,透過樹立典型調動士氣等等;針對支撐力量,透過戰爭的正義性、合理性、合法性教育宣傳,建立全民使命感、責任感、義務感,透過揭露敵方的殘暴行為激發同仇敵愾心理,透過宣傳地方參戰支前事蹟激發支援作戰熱情等等。

拓展陣營,消除隱憂。營造有利的認知氛圍,為己方陣營拓展提供支撐,是戰時認知領域作戰必須有所作為的重要面向。特別是國際支持力量的爭取,雖然在途徑上主要以政治、外交等活動為主,但己方立場、理念、態度等的廣泛擴散,常會帶動國際民間態度的轉變,進而影響到政治層面的決策,為己方拓展陣營提供支撐。此外,戰時認知域作戰還有一項貫穿戰爭始終的重要任務,即消除戰爭中各種意外帶來的不利隱患。特別是戰爭後期,隨著戰爭破壞效應的顯現擴散,人的認知體係必將受到不同資訊的反覆衝擊。這段時期,需要意識形​​態引領、社會心理塑造、個體心理疏導等配合致效,方能確保戰果的鞏固。在認知域作戰中,隨著槍砲聲的消散,新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能再次吹響,不能有絲毫懈怠。

(編按:王子鋒、黃子娟)

中國原創軍事資源:http://military.people.com.cn/n1/2022/1005/c1011-32539888.html

Chinese Military intelligence is Profoundly Affecting Future Operations

中國軍事情報正在深刻影響未來的行動

資料來源:新華社 作者:林娟娟 張元濤 王 巍 責任編輯:喬楠楠

2019-09-10

現代英語:

In today’s era, military intelligence is becoming a powerful driving force for a new round of military reforms after mechanization and informatization, profoundly affecting the future combat victory mechanism, combat rules, and combat methods, and increasingly pushing war into the era of intelligence. The impact of military intelligence on future combat is mainly reflected in four aspects.

First, “intelligence” will become the dominant factor in determining the outcome of future operations. Mechanized warfare can be seen as platform-centric warfare, where energy is the dominant force. Energy is used to achieve the mobility of combat platforms and firepower strikes on targets, to achieve the combat purpose of destroying the enemy, and to pursue the use of objects to carry energy and release energy. Informationized warfare can be seen as network-centric warfare, where information is the dominant force. Information does not replace energy, but through precise positioning of time and space, it multiplies the combat effectiveness of energy, thus becoming the dominant force in war, and pursues the use of networks to gather energy and release energy. Intelligent warfare can be seen as cognitive-centric warfare, in which the dominant force is “intelligence”. The combat space is further extended from the physical domain and information domain to the cognitive domain, social domain, and biological domain. The battlefield situation is more complex. War is a systemic confrontation across domains, and it pursues more empowerment and release of power with intelligence.

Second, intelligent unmanned equipment will become the main combat equipment in future operations. The development of intelligent technology has gradually separated people from weapons and equipment. Unmanned systems have shifted from assisting people in combat to replacing people in combat, completing many high-risk combat operations that are not suitable for people to perform. Intelligent combat has increasingly distinctive characteristics of “unmanned platforms, manned systems, unmanned combat, and manned command”. On the Syrian battlefield, the Russian military remotely controlled 10 combat robots to kill more than 70 Islamic State militants with “zero casualties” and seize the 754.5 high ground, becoming the first ground combat operation in military history with robots as the main force. It is expected that by 2025, the proportion of intelligent unmanned equipment in the Russian military’s weapons and equipment will reach more than 30%. The U.S. military predicts that by 2030, intelligent unmanned equipment will be able to perform tasks autonomously, and 60% of ground combat platforms will achieve unmanned intelligence. A large number of drones, unmanned ships/boats, and unmanned vehicles will become the main equipment for both sides on the intelligent battlefield, carrying out various traditional/untraditional military tasks and implementing self-organized and systematic operations.

Third, human-machine collaborative combat will become the main mode of action in future combat. Human-machine collaborative combat is a mode of combat in which manned and unmanned equipment joint formations implement coordinated attacks in a networked confrontation environment. Among them, human soldiers with battlefield decision-making and tactical control capabilities serve as the “command back end”, and intelligent unmanned equipment carrying guided weapons or various intelligence, reconnaissance and surveillance sensors serve as the “weapon front end”. With the support of information networks, human soldiers and intelligent unmanned equipment work closely together to complete actions such as situation perception, tactical decision-making, firepower guidance, weapon launch and damage assessment. According to the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, before 2035, human-machine collaborative combat will mainly take the form of autonomous combat with humans in the loop; before 2050, authorized autonomous or fully autonomous combat with humans outside the loop will be achieved, officially kicking off intelligent warfare dominated by machines.

Fourth, autonomous swarm combat will become an important attack style in future combat. The technical inspiration of swarm combat comes from the bionics research on bees. The division of labor within the bee colony is clear, there is a rich and interesting information exchange language between individuals, and the social behavior is rich, so the cluster is also called a “bee colony.” Swarm combat is an intelligent combat style that relies on artificial intelligence, data chain integration, cloud computing and other technical support, and launches dozens or even hundreds of drones at the same time. They form precise formations and precise division of labor, and perform multiple tasks and multi-target strikes at the same time. Compared with traditional combat, swarm combat has incomparable advantages and is a subversion of traditional combat styles and combat rules. After hundreds of simulation tests, the U.S. Navy found that even an advanced air defense system like the Aegis air defense system has difficulty in allocating firepower when dealing with drone swarm attacks, resulting in some drones being able to avoid interception and successfully launch attacks on ships. Data shows that when a swarm of 8 drones is used to attack ships, an average of 2.8 drones can avoid the Aegis interception system; when the number of drones increases to dozens, the number of drones that successfully avoid the interception system and achieve penetration is greater. These simulation tests fully prove that the effect of drone swarm operations is significant and poses a huge threat to the current defense system. At the same time, it also indicates that swarm-type autonomous operations will inevitably become an important offensive combat style on the future intelligent battlefield.

現代國語:

當今時代,軍事智能化正成為繼機械化、資訊化之後推動新一輪軍事變革的強大動力,深刻影響著未來作戰制勝機理、作戰規則及作戰方式方法等,日益推動戰爭步入智能化時代。軍事智能化對未來作戰的影響趨勢主要體現在4個面向。

一是「智能力」將成為決定未來作戰勝負的主導因素。機械化戰爭可視為平台中心戰,主導力量是能量,透過能量實現作戰平台的機動性和對目標的火力打擊,達到毀傷敵方的作戰目的,追求以物載能、以物釋能。資訊化戰爭可看作是網絡中心戰,主導力量是資訊力,訊息並沒有取代能量,而是透過對時空的精準定位,使能量的作戰效能成倍提升,從而成為戰爭的主導力量,追求以網聚能、以網釋能。智能化戰爭可以看作是認知中心戰,主導力量是“智能力”,作戰空間從物理域、信息域進一步向認知域、社會域和生物域延拓,戰場態勢更為錯綜復雜,戰爭是各作戰域跨域融合的體系對抗,更追求以智賦能、以智釋能。

二是智慧無人裝備將成為未來作戰的主體主戰裝備。智慧技術的發展,使人與武器裝備逐漸實現脫離,無人系統從輔助人作戰轉向代替人作戰,完成諸多不適合人去執行的高危險作戰行動,智能化作戰越來越具有「平台無人、體係有人,作戰無人、指揮有人」的鮮明特徵。在敘利亞戰場上,俄軍遙控指揮10支戰鬥機器人以「零傷亡」擊斃70多名伊斯蘭國武裝分子並奪取754.5高地,成為軍事史上首例以機器人為主力的地面作戰行動。預計2025年,俄軍武器裝備中智慧無人裝備的比例將達到30%以上。美軍預測2030年前,智慧無人裝備將能夠自主執行任務,60%的地面作戰平台將實現無人智慧化。大量無人機、無人船/艇和無人車等裝備,將成為智慧化戰場上對抗雙方的主體裝備,遂行各類傳統/非傳統軍事任務,並實施自組織和體系化作戰。

三是人機協同作戰將成為未來作戰的主要行動方式。人機協同作戰是在網絡化對抗環境下,有人與無人裝備聯合編隊實施協同攻擊的作戰方式。其中,具備戰場決策及戰術控制能力的人類士兵作為“指揮後端”,攜帶制導武器或各類情報、偵察和監視傳感器的智能無人裝備作為“武器前端”,在信息網絡的支持下,人類士兵與智慧無人裝備通過密切協同,共同完成態勢感知、戰術決策、火力引導、武器發射及毀傷評估等行動。根據美國陸軍研究實驗室的觀點,2035年前,人機協同作戰主要採取人在迴路的監督自主式作戰;2050年前,將實現人在迴路外的授權自主或完全自主式作戰,正式拉開機器主戰的智慧化戰爭序幕。

四是集群自主作戰將成為未來作戰的重要攻擊樣式。集群作戰的技術靈感源自於對蜜蜂的仿生研究。蜂群內部分工明確,個體間存在豐富有趣的資訊交流語言,社會行為豐富,所以集群又被稱為「蜂群」。集群作戰是依託人工智慧、數據鏈整合以及雲計算等技術支撐,同時發射數十乃至成百架以上無人機,由其自行精準編隊、精確分工,同時執行多種任務及多目標打擊的智能化作戰樣式。與傳統作戰相比,集群作戰具有無可比擬的優勢,是對傳統作戰樣式和作戰規則的顛覆。美海軍經過數百次模擬試驗後發現,即使先進如「宙斯盾」防空系統,在應對無人機集群攻擊時,也難以合理分配火力,導致部分無人機能夠避開攔截對艦艇成功發動攻擊。數據表明,當使用由8架無人機組成的集群向艦艇發動攻擊時,平均有2.8架無人機可避開「宙斯盾」攔截系統;當無人機數量增至幾十架時,成功避開攔截系統實現突防的無人機數量更多。這些模擬試驗充分證明,無人機集群作戰的效果顯著,對當前防禦體系構成巨大威脅,同時也預示,集群式自主作戰必將成為未來智慧化戰場上重要的進攻作戰樣式。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4850888.html?