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Chinese Military Accelerating Construction of Advanced Combat Capabilities to Effectively Fulfilling Missions and Tasks

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中國軍隊加快建立先進作戰能力，以有效完成任務

現代英語：

Auspicious snow welcomes spring, and flowers bloom. The Great Hall of the People once again welcomes the grand event of spring.

Delegates and members of the National People’s Congress and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference shouldered heavy responsibilities and gathered together to discuss national affairs. This year marks the beginning of the “15th Five-Year Plan”. Faced with the turbulent international situation and the profoundly evolving war pattern, the proposal put forward at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee “accelerating the construction of advanced combat capabilities” has become an important topic of concern to military representatives and members.

“Advanced combat capability represents the most advantageous combat capability in information-based and intelligent warfare, and is the ‘weather vane’ of military construction and the ‘controlling high ground’ of military competition. Only by accelerating the development of advanced combat capabilities with a sense of urgency and responsibility that is outdated can we seize the strategic initiative on future battlefields and effectively fulfill the mission and tasks of the new era.” This is a strong consensus among the military representatives and commissioners. With their personal practice from the front lines of exercises and training, border outposts, and scientific research positions, they demonstrated the high morale and spirit of the People’s Army to anchor its goals, shift gears and speed up, and move towards world-class status.

★ System integration and iron fist

When interviewing Representative Qi Weiguang, he showed reporters two charts: one was the training plan of each military branch in the past “with chimneys”, with the color blocks split and shaped like “isolated islands”; the other was the joint exercise and training blueprint of today “building blocks put together”, with the modules interlocking and seamlessly integrated.

“1+1=1, this is the essence of joint operations! ” Qi Weiguang represents a broken word.

He used a joint long-sea cruise as an example to explain how the system “weather vane” reshapes the battlefield. During the entire operation, the “10,000-ton large-wheel drive” no longer “fights alone”, but has transformed into a “maritime information hub” and a “firepower fulcrum”, sharing data in real time with the Air Force’s early warning aircraft, the Navy’s observation station, and the Army’s long-range firepower, weaving precision “Skynet”.

“Any advanced platform will become an ‘information island’ if it is separated from the system. The ‘contingent’ we must seize is system integration and cross-border collaboration! ” Representative Qi Weiguang said.

Representative Chen Song from a synthetic brigade of the Army felt the same way: “In the past, during exercises, we often encountered the embarrassment of‘ the airspace not being open ’‘the frequency band not being connected’. Now, ‘United’ is engraved with combat instinct!” As one of the Army’s first digital unit commanders, he has a particularly deep understanding of systems “weather vanes”. He opened a thick, already slightly curled-edge book he had with him and said: “Before the attack was launched, the army and aviation opened up access roads and covered artillery firepower, each doing their job and cooperating closely. It used to be better than ‘running fast, playing accurately’, but now it looks like ‘connecting well, counting fast’. In one exercise, we achieved ‘discovery is destruction’ under the guidance of a drone, which was unimaginable in the past.”

“Advanced combat capabilities are generated through practical training. We must prioritize ‘battle’, focus on combat, and strive for practical combat! ” Many military representatives and deputies said that the training plans of the troops are no longer divided by “year”, but by “mission cycle”; the assessment standards are no longer “meter-second ring”, but “contribution rate” and “damage value”. When “discovery means destruction” becomes the norm, whoever can move one step faster in system integration will take the initiative on the battlefield.

From “a single military branch” to “a global vision”, from “physical superposition” to “chemical reactions”, the system-integrated “weather vane” is leading the three armies to clench their fingers into a fist and forge advanced combat capabilities that are both strong and sharp.

★ Challenge the extreme and sharpen the blade

The computer screensaver of Representative Wang Wenyi from the Air Force is a photo of a flight jacket armband. This badly worn armband silently tells the story of his blue-sky powerhouse’s pursuit of pushing boundaries and flying into battle.

“Future wars will be decided quickly. The flight scale must be pushed from the ‘pass line’ to the ‘limit value’, in line with actual combat standards! ” Representative Wang Wenyi showed reporters the achievements of the past year: high-intensity cross-day and night confrontation along the coast, with the number of daily flight hours per aircraft reaching new highs; in complex electromagnetic environments, the third generation of aircraft successfully completed the verification of the extreme penetration of new weapons..

“At first, some people questioned: Will it be too risky? My answer is: There is no ‘safe’ on the battlefield.” Representative Wang Wenyi recalled a scene of a dawn attack. That day, clouds were low, visibility was extremely low, and ground guidance was severely limited.“‘ In blind flight’, you must rely on instruments to maintain the formation and resist strong electromagnetic interference. If you only dare to draw a route in ‘10,000 meters of clear sky’ in peacetime, you will be hit in ‘low clouds and thick fog’ in wartime and your head will be bloodied!” Representative Wang Wenyi said firmly.

“‘Liftoff is combat, takeoff is assault’—— This is the iron rule we set. Not only do we need to take our fighter jets to new heights, but we also need to hone our combat effectiveness in extreme environments!” Representative Wang Wenyi’s words expressed the common voice of military representatives and deputies: Only by seamlessly connecting the training ground to the battlefield can we transform “the limit” into “the extreme” and truly seize the winning heights of the future battlefield.

“The countdown has begun to achieve the goals of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Liberation Army as scheduled. Time is of the essence and the task is arduous, so we must make every effort to overcome it!” When talking about extreme training, Representative Hou Changling from the Rocket Force has a bright eye.

That year, his unit quickly transitioned to “wartime status” as new and old equipment changed.“ Loading, testing, lighting, everything is done as it should be!” Representative Hou Changling still remembers vividly the scene when he encountered a severe sandstorm for decades during his cross-regional training. That time, they overcame environmental factors and operated accurately, setting a record for shooting accuracy in bad weather!

“Missiles must not only ‘hit out’, but also ‘hit accurately, hit hard, and win’. ” Representative Hou Changling’s tone was sonorous. “Please rest assured, Party and people, the ‘Heavenly Sword’ in our hands can be unsheathed at any time!”

“War does not allow us to choose our opponents, and the battlefield does not allow us to choose the weather and environment. ” Representative Luo Yu from the front line of the border defense told reporters that “Snowland Plateau, the temperature sometimes drops to more than -40 degrees Celsius. In the past, there have been cases of playing in the face of severe cold ‘retreating’ and lowering standards; now, we stipulate that all tactical courses must truly set the battlefield as real, the opponent as strong, the environment as dangerous, and the difficulties as sufficient!”

From “training what to take” to “filling in what is missing”, from “wandering at a low level” to “making new strides every year”, extreme training “weather vane” is forging a strong steel team that can win battles.

★ New domain and new quality plan for breakthroughs

Representative Xu Fengcan from the Army has a wonderful video of an ultra-low-altitude penetration saved on his work computer——

Several attack helicopters used terrain cover to launch raids, launching missiles to accurately destroy the “enemy” armor center, and the group immediately approached the ground and hid in the radar blind spot.

“This is not only a breakthrough in equipment capabilities, but also a breakthrough in the concept of breaking through the flat battlefield and forging ‘three-dimensional iron fist’. ” Representative Xu Fengcan introduced that in the past it was “play whatever you want”, and now it is “develop whatever abilities you play”. In recent years, they have paid close attention to cutting-edge technologies such as drone swarm networks, helicopter laser anti-missile, and manned and unmanned coordination, and have continuously deeply integrated new technologies into the force’s combat system. The goal is to achieve combat effectiveness in ultra-low-altitude penetration, promote the transformation of land and aviation forces from support and support to main combat assault, and ensure that they become a “three-dimensional iron fist” that tears apart the defense line on the future battlefield.

“Silent victory is the submariner’s mission! ” Representative Zhang Hongxing from the Navy’s submarine force gave a vivid picture of his understanding of new-quality combat capabilities.

During a drill, “Blue Army” deployed “dragnet” and “Red Army” submarines, using the thermocline as cover, ghostly crossed the anti-submarine network. At a critical moment, saturation attacks severely damaged “enemy” ship formations..

Representative Zhang Hongxing said: “This drill is an innovation in combat concepts, concealment and damage capabilities. It used to be said ‘to be able to go out and come back’, but now it is even more important ‘to be able to hide, play accurately, and run fast’. Our pursuit is to silently demand combat effectiveness to the limit and make the weapons in our hands become the deep sea ‘the magic needle of the sea’!”

“In modern warfare, whoever masters advanced technology masters the ‘life gate’ on the battlefield. ” A committee member from the Information Support Force and a reporter shared a personal story: a new piece of equipment was once “bottlenecked”. At that time, the Party member commando team “challenged and led” fought day and night and finally broke through the barriers, doubling the performance of the equipment.

“To seize ‘the commanding heights’, one must dare to venture ‘no man’s land’ and be willing to sit ‘cold bench’. Over the years, seeing the new equipment bring back combat power, the joy in my heart is unparalleled!” The Commissioner’s pride is palpable.

As a key force in winning future battlefields, new-quality combat effectiveness is related to the direction of war, construction transformation, and combat victory or defeat. Military representatives and deputies said that in order to seize the commanding heights of new territory and new quality and forge sharp swords to defeat the battlefield in the future, the People’s Army is leading the changes in war with changes in science and technology, and seeking opportunities to win battles with new capabilities, laying a solid foundation for winning the future.

Think about change and prepare for construction

■Guo Fengkuan

At the beginning of the Two Sessions, “accelerating the construction of advanced combat capabilities” became a hot topic among military representatives and deputies. Everyone held discussions and exchanges around the themes of “what will be needed on the battlefield in the future, what will be relied upon to win the war, and what will be practiced based on the current situation”. The construction of advanced combat capabilities plays an important role in changing the winning mechanism of war, enriching combat styles and scenarios, and traction of high-tech weapon manufacturing. To continuously improve the strategic ability to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests, we need to deeply grasp the internal logic of the generation of advanced combat capabilities, systematically sort out the specific methods and paths to accelerate the construction of advanced combat capabilities, and focus on thinking about changes, construction, and preparations for advanced combat capabilities.

In today’s world, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is accelerating breakthroughs, and the world’s new military revolution is accelerating. Strategic high-tech technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, and quantum technology are competing to burst forth. The widespread use of science and technology in the military field has caused profound changes in the form of war and combat methods, and is increasingly becoming an important factor in determining the victory or defeat of war.

At present, the evolution of war forms is showing many new trends, and intelligent features are more prominent. Some new technical equipment has formed a dimensionality reduction strike posture against traditional equipment. New-quality combat forces represented by strategic early warning, information control, algorithmic attack and defense, unmanned intelligence, etc. are increasingly becoming an important factor influencing the trend of modern warfare. Under the guidance of military intelligence, new-quality combat forces continue to give birth to combat types with higher efficiency and better quality. Advanced combat capabilities are increasingly becoming a powerful force driving the world’s new military revolution.

Accelerating the construction of advanced combat capabilities is not only an integral part of promoting high-quality national defense and military modernization, but also an important means to achieve the goals of the centenary of the founding of the People’s Liberation Army as scheduled. Only by adjusting and optimizing the military force system, accelerating the development of new combat forces, increasing the training of new military talents, and solidly promoting practical military training, and focusing all work on being able to fight and win battles, can the vitality of combat effectiveness elements burst forth and promote the construction of advanced combat effectiveness to a new level.

現代國語：

瑞雪迎春，鲜花吐蕊。人民大会堂再次迎来春天的盛会。

参加全国两会的代表委员肩负重托，齐聚一堂，共商国是。今年是“十五五”开局之年，面对风高浪急的国际形势和深刻演变的战争形态，党的二十届四中全会提出的“加快先进战斗力建设”，成为军队代表委员关注的重要课题。

“先进战斗力代表了信息化智能化战争最具优势的作战能力，是军队建设的‘风向标’和军事竞争的‘制高点’。唯有以时不我待的紧迫感责任感，加快先进战斗力建设，才能在未来战场赢得战略主动，有效履行新时代使命任务。”这是军队代表委员的强烈共识。他们以来自演训一线、边防哨所、科研战位的亲身实践，展现出人民军队锚定目标、换挡提速，向世界一流迈进的昂扬斗志和精神风貌。

★体系融合攥铁拳

采访祁伟光代表时，他向记者展示了两张图表：一张是过去各军种“烟囱林立”的训练计划，色块割裂，形同“孤岛”；另一张是如今“积木拼合”的联合演训蓝图，模块咬合，浑然一体。

“1+1=1，这才是联合作战的精髓！”祁伟光代表一语破的。

他以一次远海联合巡航为例，阐释体系“风向标”如何重塑战场形态。在整个行动期间，“万吨大驱”不再“单打独斗”，而是化身为“海上信息枢纽”与“火力支点”，与空军预警机、海军观通站、陆军远程火力实时共享数据，织就精密“天网”。

“任何先进平台，脱离体系即沦为‘信息孤岛’。我们要抢占的‘制高点’，正是体系融合、跨界协同！”祁伟光代表说。

来自陆军某合成旅的陈松代表对此感同身受：“过去演习，常遇到‘空域未开’‘频段不通’的尴尬。如今，‘联合’已刻入战斗本能！”作为陆军首批数字化部队指挥员，他对体系“风向标”的理解尤为深刻。他翻开随身携带、已经有些卷边的一本厚厚资料说：“进攻发起前，陆航开辟通路、炮兵火力覆盖，各司其职、密切配合。过去比‘跑得快、打得准’，现在看‘联得好、算得快’。一次演习中，我们在无人机引导下实现‘发现即摧毁’，这在过去难以想象。”

“先进战斗力是在实战化训练中生成的，要‘战’字当头，一切向打仗聚焦、一切向实战用劲！”很多军队代表委员表示，现在部队的训练计划，不再按“年度”划分，而是按“任务周期”划分；考核标准，不再是“米秒环”，而是“贡献率”和“毁伤值”。当“发现即摧毁”成为常态，谁能在体系融合中快人一步，谁就掌握了战场的主动权。

从“单一军种”到“全域视野”，从“物理叠加”到“化学反应”，体系融合的“风向标”，正引领三军攥指成拳，锻造披坚执锐的先进战斗力。

★挑战极限砺刀锋

来自空军的王文毅代表的电脑屏保，是一张飞行夹克臂章照片。这个磨损严重的臂章无声诉说着他所在的这支蓝天劲旅突破极限、向战而飞的追求。

“未来战争瞬息决胜，飞行标尺须从‘及格线’推向‘极限值’，向实战标准看齐！”王文毅代表向记者展示了过去一年的成绩：沿海高强度跨昼夜对抗，单机日飞行时数屡创新高；复杂电磁环境下，三代机成功完成新型武器极限突防验证……

“刚开始，也有人质疑：会不会太冒险？我的回答是：战场没有‘保险箱’。”王文毅代表忆及一次拂晓出击的场景。那天，云层低垂，能见度极低，地面引导严重受限。“‘盲飞’中，既要靠仪表保持编队，又要抗强电磁干扰。如果平时只敢在‘万米晴空’上画航线，战时就会在‘低云浓雾’里撞得头破血流！”王文毅代表坚定地说。

“‘升空即作战、起飞即突击’——这是我们立的铁规。不仅要让战机飞出新高度，更要锤炼极限环境下的过硬战斗力！”王文毅代表的话，道出军队代表委员的共同心声：训练场无缝对接战场，方能化“极限”为“极致”，真正抢占未来战场的制胜高点。

“如期实现建军一百年奋斗目标，已进入倒计时。时间紧迫、任务艰巨，唯有全力攻坚！”谈起极限训练，来自火箭军的侯长岭代表目光炯炯。

当年，他所在部队在新老装备更替之际快速转入“战时状态”。“装载、测试、点火，一切皆如实战！”回忆跨区驻训遭遇数十年不遇特大沙尘暴的情景，侯长岭代表记忆犹新。那次，他们克服环境因素精准操作，一举创造恶劣天气射击精度纪录！

“导弹不仅要‘打出去’，更要‘打得准、打得狠、打得赢’。”侯长岭代表语气铿锵，“请党和人民放心，我们手中的‘倚天长剑’，随时能听令出鞘！”

“战争不会让我们选择对手，战场也不会让我们选择天气和环境。”来自边防一线的罗宇代表告诉记者，“雪域高原，气温有时低至零下40多摄氏度。曾经，出现过在严寒面前打‘退堂鼓’、降低标准的情况；现在，我们规定，所有战术课目必须真正做到把战场设真、把对手设强，把环境设险、把困难设足！”

从“考什么练什么”到“缺什么补什么”，从“低层次徘徊”到“岁岁新跨越”，极限训练的“风向标”，正锻造出一支支能打胜仗的钢铁劲旅。

★新域新质谋突破

来自陆军的徐枫灿代表的工作电脑上，保存着一段超低空突防的精彩视频——

数架武装直升机凭借地形掩护突袭，发射导弹精准摧毁“敌”装甲中枢，机群旋即贴近地面隐入雷达盲区。

“这不仅是装备能力的突破，更是打破平面战场、锻造‘立体铁拳’的理念突围。”徐枫灿代表介绍，过去是“有什么打什么”，现在是“打什么就发展什么能力”。这几年，他们密切关注无人机蜂群组网、直升机激光反导、有人无人协同等前沿技术，不断将新技术深度融入部队作战体系，目标就是要向超低空突防要战斗力，推动陆航力量从支援保障转向主战突击，确保在未来战场上成为撕开防线的“立体铁拳”。

“决胜无声，是潜艇兵的使命！”来自海军潜艇部队的张洪星代表对新质战斗力的理解生动形象。

在一次演练中，“蓝军”布下“天罗地网”，“红军”潜艇借温跃层掩护，幽灵般穿越反潜网，关键时刻饱和攻击重创“敌”舰艇编队……

张洪星代表说：“这次演练，是作战理念、隐蔽与毁伤能力的革新。过去讲‘出得去、回得来’，现在更要‘藏得住、打得准、跑得快’。我们的追求，就是向极限静默要战斗力，让手中的武器成为深海‘定海神针’！”

“现代战争，谁掌握了先进技术，谁就掌握了战场的‘命门’。”来自信息支援部队的一名委员和记者分享了一个亲身经历的故事：某新装备曾受“卡脖子”之困。当时，党员突击队“揭榜挂帅”，昼夜奋战，终于突破壁垒，装备性能倍增。

“抢占‘制高点’，要敢闯‘无人区’、甘坐‘冷板凳’。这些年，眼见着新装备焕发战力，内心的喜悦无与伦比！”这位委员的自豪感溢于言表。

作为制胜未来战场的关键力量，新质战斗力关乎战争走向、关乎建设转型、关乎作战胜负。军队代表委员表示，抢占新域新质制高点，锻造决胜未来战场的尖刀利刃，人民军队正以科技之变引领战争之变，以能力之新谋取胜战之机，为制胜未来夯实根基。

思变革　抓建设　做准备

■郭丰宽

两会伊始，“加快先进战斗力建设”成为军队代表委员热议的话题。大家围绕“未来战场要什么、打赢战争靠什么、立足当前练什么”主题，开展讨论交流。先进战斗力建设具有改变战争制胜机理、丰富作战样式场景、牵引高新武器制造等重要作用。不断提高捍卫国家主权、安全、发展利益的战略能力，需要深刻把握先进战斗力生成的内在逻辑，系统梳理加快先进战斗力建设的具体方法路径，聚焦先进战斗力思变革、抓建设、做准备。

当今世界，新一轮科技革命和产业变革加速突破，世界新军事革命加速推进，人工智能、大数据、区块链、量子科技等战略高新技术竞相迸发，科学技术在军事领域的广泛运用引起战争形态和作战方式深刻变化，日益成为决定战争胜负的重要因素。

当前，战争形态演变呈现很多新趋势，智能化特征更加突出，一些新的技术装备对传统装备形成降维打击态势，以战略预警、信息控制、算法攻防、无人智能等为代表的新质作战力量愈发成为左右现代战争趋势的重要因素。新质作战力量在军事智能牵引下，不断孕育出效能更高、质态更优的战斗力类型，先进战斗力愈益成为驱动世界新军事革命的强劲力量。

加快推进先进战斗力建设，既是高质量推进国防和军队现代化的题中应有之义，也是如期实现建军一百年奋斗目标的重要抓手。调整优化军事力量体系，加快新型作战力量发展，加大新型军事人才培养力度，扎实推进实战化军事训练，各项工作向能打仗、打胜仗聚焦，方能让战斗力要素的活力竞相迸发，推动先进战斗力建设不断迈上新台阶。

来源：解放军报 作者：钱晓虎 郭丰宽 彭冰洁 责任编辑：徐占虎 2026-03-05

解放军报记者　钱晓虎　郭丰宽　彭冰洁

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/

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Chinese Military Exploring the Path to Unleash and Develop New-Quality Combat Capabilities

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中國軍隊正在探索釋放和發展新型高品質作戰能力的途徑

現代英語：

Introduction

The combat effectiveness factor is the decisive factor in the rise and fall of the army, and the combat effectiveness standard is the only fundamental standard for army construction. New-quality combat effectiveness is the product of revolutionary breakthroughs, innovative configurations, and creative application of innovation-driven combat effectiveness elements. It represents the development direction of advanced combat effectiveness and is the “sword” and “tip” that wins future wars. We must grasp the characteristics and laws of the generation of new-quality combat effectiveness, adhere to the principle of self-reliance, start from reality, vigorously promote independent innovation and original innovation, create a new-quality combat effectiveness growth pole, and provide strong strategic support for achieving the goals of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Liberation Army as scheduled and accelerating the construction of the People’s Army into a world-class army.

Emerging fields are fertile ground for incubation

Science and technology are the most dynamic and revolutionary factors in military development. Emerging fields are new strategic spaces and key technology fields that emerge with the advancement of science and technology and the expansion of the scope of human activities. They naturally have extremely strong value attributes such as timeliness, strategy, cutting-edge, and disruption. This also determines that emerging fields have many special advantages that traditional fields do not have. Technology is the core combat power, and new-quality combat power fundamentally comes from the innovation and application of technology. The continued advancement of the materialization and embodiment of key core technologies in emerging fields will have a profound impact on the construction of weapons and equipment, innovation in combat styles, adjustment of organizational systems, and the evolution of war forms. It will achieve innovative configuration and optimized combination of weapons and equipment, combat styles, and personnel, and promote new development and breakthroughs in combat effectiveness construction It provides good conditions and soil for liberating and developing new-quality combat capabilities, becomes an important incubator, accelerator, and multiplier for new-quality combat capabilities, and promotes the evolution of combat capabilities to a new quality state that is higher, more advanced, and has greater comparative advantages. Therefore, we must comprehensively enhance strategic capabilities in emerging fields, coordinate the development of forward-looking strategic emerging industries, place scientific and technological innovation in a more prominent position, open up a direct channel for the transformation of new quality productivity into new quality combat effectiveness, and build a new quality combat effectiveness innovation chain, growth chain, and killing chain that is compatible with the development of emerging fields Create a good ecology that relies on strategic emerging industries to liberate and develop new-quality combat effectiveness, continuously improve the contribution rate of scientific and technological innovation to the development of new-quality combat effectiveness, and achieve efficient integration and two-way promotion of new-quality productivity and new-quality combat effectiveness.

Military innovation is kernel driven

“Those who fly far away should replace their feathers.” To focus on innovation is to focus on development, and to seek innovation is to seek the future. Innovation is the primary driving force leading development and an accelerator for generating and improving combat effectiveness. For an army, only by daring to change and reshape itself, and bravely fighting against the current and chasing the tide can it win the future battlefield. World-class armies need to achieve material and technological casting and reshaping in construction and reform, and even more so, they need to achieve ideological sublimation and transformation in the practice of war and preparation for war. Military innovation has become an important strategy for many countries and militaries to seek competitive advantages. It has become a key variable in the success or failure of the game between major powers and the life and death of the military, and a powerful driving force for the liberation and development of new-quality combat capabilities. Therefore, we must promote innovation culture, optimize the innovation environment, create an innovation atmosphere, vigorously promote and encourage the pursuit of excellence, leading trends, and unremitting exploration, promote the innovative spirit that keeps pace with the times, strive to stimulate the innovative potential and innovative vitality of the vast number of officers and soldiers, make military innovation a value orientation, a way of thinking, and a living habit, and build an innovative army. We must resolutely overcome all forms of adherence to the norm, adherence to established ideas, and conservative practices, actively promote innovation in military theory, military technology, military organization, and military management, and vigorously promote all-round innovation from weapons and equipment to combat training, from theoretical research to the application of tactics, from systems and mechanisms to talent training, so that military innovation can be ahead of war and ahead of the adversary Use innovation to drive combat effectiveness from “quantity” value-added to “quality” leap.

Scientific theory is the leader in development

Scientific military theory is combat effectiveness. The generation of new-quality combat capabilities undoubtedly depends on advanced science and technology. However, new quality combat effectiveness is essentially the product of advanced military technology and advanced military theory “marriage”. In future wars, the realization of the potential of new-quality combat effectiveness will depend on whether there are new breakthroughs in the corresponding military theories and whether the corresponding combat theory system can be effectively established. On the one hand, new-quality combat effectiveness has shifted from the past “technology-driven” based solely on scientific and technological progress to a new track that pays more attention to “design-driven” based on the traction of military theoretical innovation. Only in this way can new vitality and vigor be injected into the liberation and development of new-quality combat capabilities. On the other hand, the generation and development of new-quality combat power is the product of the innovative development of material power. To make good use of this product and occupy the commanding heights of future wars, we must rely on ideological leaps to promote innovation in combat methods and elevate the application of new-quality combat power to a higher level. Just as mechanization encounters “blitzkrieg” and its power multiplies, the organic unity of material and ideological forces can constitute the king of victory. Therefore, we must grasp the general trend of world development and military development, proactively respond to national security risks and threats of war, continuously adapt to new situations, respond to new challenges, and solve new problems, boldly explore in practice, dare to break through in theory, give military theory scientific and technological wings, capture the “singularity ”“ inflection point” of cutting-edge strategic technological development, and accelerate the modernization of military theory Form a military theoretical system that is contemporary, leading and unique, and provide scientific theoretical support for the liberation and development of new-quality combat capabilities.

The talent pool is the determining factor

The way to strengthen the army is to gain people. Strong talent leads to strong new-quality combat effectiveness, and prosperous talent leads to prosperous new-quality combat effectiveness. The talent team is a valuable strategic resource for liberating and developing new-quality combat effectiveness. People, weapons and the way people and weapons are combined are the basic forms of the composition of combat effectiveness elements. The factor that determines the victory or defeat of a war is that people are not things. People are the most active and decisive factor in combat effectiveness, and new-quality combat effectiveness places higher demands on the thinking, knowledge and skills of military talents. When the capabilities and qualities of personnel and the overall structure of personnel cannot adapt well to the changes in combat effectiveness connotation and the requirements of the transformation of combat effectiveness generation mode, shortcomings will be formed in the combat effectiveness system and combat effectiveness activity will be reduced. Today, information-based and intelligent talents have become an important resource and determining factor in leading the development of new-quality combat effectiveness. Therefore, we must adapt to the accelerated evolution of modern warfare towards intelligence, face the world’s military frontier, face the major needs of national security, face national defense and military modernization, and face the formation of integrated joint combat capabilities. We must thoroughly implement the strategy of strengthening the military with talents in the new era, firmly establish the concept that talent resources are the first strategic resource, build a new type of military talent system, accelerate the modernization of military personnel, and promote the capabilities, quality, structural layout, We will comprehensively transform and upgrade development and management, forge high-quality, professional new military talents with both moral integrity and talent, build a strong talent team in various aspects such as joint combat command talents, new combat force talents, high-level scientific and technological innovation talents, and high-level strategic management talents, and better play the leading and supporting role of talents in liberating and developing new-quality combat capabilities.

Weapons and equipment are the material basis

“Pistol Battle Victory Sword”, this is the universal law of war. Weapons and equipment are the main symbol of the division of war forms, an important symbol of the modernization of the army, the material and technical basis of combat capabilities, and directly affect the level of combat effectiveness. In modern warfare, the influence of weapons and equipment on the outcome of war is becoming increasingly prominent. When the scientific and technological revolution comes, especially when a large number of scientific and technological innovation results emerge and are widely used in the military field, the emergence of new weapons and equipment based on these scientific and technological innovation results will bring about a revolutionary transformation of the weapons and equipment system. A new quality combat capability based on this new weapons and equipment system will also be generated, leading to the overall transformation and upgrading of combat capability Achieve a leap in combat effectiveness. It can be said that new-quality combat capability is the combat capability generated by the combined effect of various new types of weapons and equipment. Therefore, designing weapons and equipment means designing future wars, and weapons and equipment construction is a systematic project that integrates technology, funding, and management. Therefore, we must deeply understand and grasp the characteristics and laws of modern warfare, deeply grasp the contemporary connotation and characteristics and requirements of weapons and equipment construction, actively adapt to changes in the world, the times, and history, actively adapt to changes in science and technology, war, and adversaries, accurately identify changes, respond scientifically, and actively seek changes, accelerate the modernization of weapons and equipment, accumulate advantages in innovative breakthroughs, and compete with strong enemies in catching up Accelerate the development of new weapons and equipment to provide strong material and technical support for the liberation and development of new-quality combat capabilities.

Structural formation is the key bearing

Structure determines function, and function determines success or failure. The organic combination of war resources is the power source and amplifier for the exercise of power; whoever can combine combat elements into a whole that is more adapted to the new war environment can exert stronger combat effectiveness. Without the advantages of military organization, even with the most advanced technology and weapons, it is difficult to gain an overwhelming winning advantage. Especially driven by the collective explosion of contemporary science and technology, the liberation and development of new-quality combat effectiveness urgently requires profound changes and adjustments in the organizational form of the military, and promotes the integrated design, coordinated development, convenient flow, networked sharing, systematic integration, and efficient utilization of military talents, equipment, theory, technology, data, management and other factors, thereby greatly improving the efficiency of resource allocation. The main form of new-quality combat power is formed through the integration of network information systems. Moreover, the contribution of each combat element is no longer a simple linear superposition relationship. Comprehensive perception is the prerequisite, like a human eye; real-time accusations are the key, like a human head; precision strikes are the center of gravity, like a human fist; and full-dimensional protection is the foundation It is like a person’s self-defense; focusing on protection is the lifeblood, like a person’s energy supplement. Therefore, to promote the modernization of organizational forms and realize the scientificization of combat organization, we must shift from organizing according to the functions of the military services to integrating according to combat functions, and transform the combat system from integrating unit functions to aggregating factor energy. We must get rid of the model of simple superposition and mechanical coordination of combat forces “physical”, and instead pursue organic integration and efficient aggregation “chemical” Thus creating a new combination with new quality combat capabilities.

Education and training are the basic path

Dynamic evolution is the basic law for the generation of new-quality combat effectiveness. Without strict education and training, there will be no new-quality combat effectiveness. Education and training are the basic path for generating and improving combat effectiveness. They are the basic way to transform the potential combat effectiveness formed by personnel quality and weapons and equipment into real combat effectiveness. They are also the central link in liberating and developing new-quality combat effectiveness. When new combat equipment is put into service, people often only have a preliminary understanding of its new functions. Greater use value and stronger combat effectiveness must be discovered and explored in actual combat confrontation exercises. Compared with traditional combat forces, new-domain and new-quality combat forces have more complex combat platforms, more special energy release mechanisms, and more regulatory relationships involved in battlefield operations, requiring the mastery of new control techniques. Only when each position has skilled weapons and equipment control skills can it be skilled and courageous and maximize the effectiveness of the weapon system; only when each command personnel truly masters the method of close connection and smooth coordination of various systems and elements can they command and control with ease. Science and technology provide effective means of education and training, especially contemporary scientific and technological innovation, which promotes the closer integration of the two elements of people and weapons. Therefore, we must strengthen scientific and technological training, explore ways to empower military training methods such as “intelligence+”“network+”, strengthen simulation, combat testing, etc., and explore and understand the widest scope of battlefield application, the best formation and focusing method, and the greatest confrontation ability effect in adapting to the battlefield “game rules” from breaking to reconstruction Shorten the generation cycle of new quality combat power.

Strategic management is an important guarantee

“Hold the position and set your sights on it; hold the foundation and set your sights on it. ” The liberation and development of new-quality combat capabilities is a complex systematic project and an era project “starting with technology and achieving success through management”. Only by strengthening strategic management and grasping its inherent systematicity, correlation and coordination can we advance it as a whole, cultivate “one-finger Zen” into “iron fist”, and achieve twice the result with half the effort. On the one hand, liberating and developing new-quality combat capabilities involves many aspects, including military theory, organization system, weapons and equipment, talent construction, comprehensive support, etc. It requires integrating the wisdom and achievements of many related fields such as strategic experts, military experts, technical experts and engineering experts, so as to ensure the integrity of the multi-dimensional perspective and top-level design of problem research. On the other hand, the construction of new-quality combat capabilities has many types, a large time span, and wide resource requirements. It is necessary to properly handle the relationship between military demand and resource supply, near-term emergency response and long-term development, and local adjustment and overall advancement. In addition, the continuous emergence of new needs, new knowledge, new experience and new technologies will inevitably affect our understanding of new quality combat effectiveness. To this end, we must strengthen strategic management, follow the laws of technological development, and pay more attention to intensive and efficient development. Focus on improving top-level design, starting from different types of forces, tasks at different stages, and contradictions and problems, refine the specific development plan one by one, formulate and improve a clear development roadmap, and achieve precise planning, precise planning, precise deployment, precise implementation, and precise testing to avoid directional errors, structural chaos, and process loss of control; focus on making good use of incremental resources, integrating existing resources, and revitalizing idle resources, Improve the efficiency of resource utilization, transform resources into combat effectiveness to the greatest extent possible, prevent and put an end to inefficient, low-quality and low-level repeated construction, and ensure that the construction of new-quality combat effectiveness advances rapidly along the right direction and path.

現代國語：

引言

戰鬥力因素是軍隊興衰成敗的決定性因素，戰鬥力標準是軍隊建立唯一的根本的標準。新質戰鬥力是創新驅動戰鬥力要素革命性突破、創新配置、創意運用的產物，代表先進戰鬥力的發展方向，是贏得未來戰爭的「利劍」和「刀尖」。我們要掌握新質戰鬥力生成的特點規律，堅持以我為主，從實際出發，大力推進自主創新、原始創新，打造新質戰鬥力增長極，為如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標，加快把人民軍隊建成世界一流軍隊提供強大的戰略支撐。

新興領域是孵化沃土

科學技術是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。新興領域是隨著科學技術進步和人類活動範圍拓展，而出現的新型戰略空間和關鍵技術領域，天然擁有極強的時代性、戰略性、前沿性、顛覆性等價值屬性。這也決定新興領域在許多方面具有傳統領域所不具備的特殊優勢。科技是核心戰鬥力，新質戰鬥力從根本上看源自於科技的創新與應用。新興領域關鍵核心技術物化具化過程的持續推進，將對武器裝備建設、作戰樣式創新、編制體制調整和戰爭形態演進產生深刻影響，實現武器裝備、作戰樣式及人員的創新性配置和優化組合，推動戰鬥力建設取得新發展、新突破，為解放和發展新質戰鬥力提供了良好的速度因此，要全面提升新興領域戰略能力，統籌佈局前瞻性戰略性新興產業發展，把科技創新擺在更加突出的位置，打通新質生產力向新質戰鬥力直達轉化通道，構建同新興領域發展相適應的新質戰鬥力創新鏈、成長鏈、殺傷鏈，營造生產力向新戰略性新興產業解放與發展新質戰鬥力的良好生態力，不高效創新

軍事創新是內核驅動

「遠飛者當換其新羽。」抓創新​​就是抓發展，謀創新就是謀未來。創新是引領發展的第一動力，也是產生和提升戰鬥力的加速器。對一支軍隊來說，敢於自我變革、自我重塑，勇於擊水中流、逐浪潮頭，才能致勝未來戰場。世界一流軍隊需要在建設和改革中實現物質技術上的鑄造和重塑，更需要在戰爭和準備戰爭的實踐中實現思想觀念上的昇華與蛻變。軍事創新已成為許多國家和軍隊尋求競爭優勢的重要策略，成為攸關大國博弈成敗、軍隊生死興衰的關鍵變量，成為解放和發展新質戰鬥力的強大動力。因此，要弘揚創新文化，優化創新環境，營造創新氛圍，大力提倡並鼓勵追求卓越、引領潮流、不懈探索，弘揚與時俱進的創新精神，努力激發廣大官兵的創新潛能和創新活力，使軍事創新成為一種價值導向、一種思維方式、一種生活習慣，打造創新型軍隊。要堅決克服各種守常心理、守成思想和守舊做法，積極推進軍事理論、軍事技術、軍事組織、軍事管理創新，大力推進從武器裝備到作戰訓練、從理論研究到戰法運用、從體制機製到人才培養的全方位創新，讓軍事創新走在戰爭前面、走在對手前面，以創新戰鬥力由「質」的增值邁向「質」的增值邁向。

科學理論是發展先導

科學的軍事理論就是戰鬥力。新質戰鬥力的生成，無疑有賴先進科學技術。然而，新質戰鬥力本質上是先進軍事科技和先進軍事理論「聯姻」的產物。未來戰爭中，新質戰鬥力潛力的發揮，將依賴相應軍事理論是否有新突破，依賴相應作戰理論體系能否有效建立。一方面，新質戰鬥力已由過去的單純基於科技進步的「技術推動」轉向更加註重基於軍事理論創新牽引的「設計驅動」的新軌道。這樣才能為解放和發展新質戰鬥力注入新的活力和活力。另一方面，新質戰鬥力的生成發展，是物質力創新發展的產物，而要用好這一產物，佔據未來戰爭的製高點，則必須靠思想力飛躍推進戰法創新，使新質戰鬥力的運用躍升到更高的境界。正如機械化遇到了「閃擊戰」威力才倍增一樣，物質力與思想力的有機統一，方可構成製勝的王道。因此，要把握世界發展大勢和軍事發展潮流，前瞻應對國家安全風險和戰爭威脅，不斷適應新形勢、應對新挑戰、解決新問題，在實踐上大膽探索，在理論上勇於突破，給軍事理論插上科技的翅膀，捕捉前沿性戰略性技術發展的“奇點”“戰點”，加快軍事理論的現代化，形成具有現代性戰略性技術發展的“奇點”“戰點”，加快軍事理論發展，形成具有現代性理論，引領性支持性理論，支持性運動理論，形成具有獨特性的現代性理論和領導性理論，支持性運動理論。

人才隊伍是決定因素

強軍之道，要在得人。人才強則新質戰鬥力強，人才興則新質戰鬥力興，人才隊伍是解放和發展新質戰鬥力的寶貴戰略資源。人、武器以及人與武器的結合方式，是戰鬥力要素構成的基本形態。決定戰爭勝敗的因素是人不是物。人是戰鬥力中最活躍、最具決定意義的因素，新質戰鬥力對軍事人才的思維、知識和技能提出更高要求。當人員的能力素質與人員的整體結構都無法較好適應戰鬥力內涵變化與戰鬥力生成模式轉變要求時，就會在戰鬥力系統中形成短板，降低戰鬥力活性。今天，資訊化智能化人才已成為引領新質戰鬥力發展的重要資源和決定因素。因此，要適應現代戰爭加速向智慧化演變趨勢，面向世界軍事前沿、面向國家安全重大需求、面向國防和軍隊現代化、面向形成一體化聯合作戰能力，深入實施新時代人才強軍戰略，牢固樹立人才資源是第一戰略資源的理念，構建新型軍事人才體系，加快軍事人員現代化，推動軍事人員能力素質、結構佈局、開發管理全面轉型升級，鍛造德才兼備的高素質、專業化新型軍事人才，建強聯合作戰指揮人才、新型作戰力量人才、高層次科技創新人才、高水平戰略管理人才等各方面人才隊伍，更好發揮人才對解放和發展新質戰鬥力的引領和支撐作用。

武器裝備是物質基礎

“手槍戰勝利劍”，這是戰爭的普遍法則。武器裝備是戰爭形態劃分的主要標誌，也是軍隊現代化的重要標誌，也是作戰能力的物質技術基礎，直接影響戰鬥力水準。現代戰爭中，武器裝備對戰爭勝負的影響愈加凸顯。當科技革命來臨，特別是大量科技創新成果的湧現並廣泛運用於軍事領域時，以這些科技創新成果為基礎的新型武器裝備的出現，帶來武器裝備體系的革命性轉變，以這種新型武器裝備體系為基礎的新質戰鬥力就會隨之產生，從而導致戰鬥力的整體轉型升級，實現戰鬥力形態的躍升。可以說，新質戰鬥力就是各種新型武器裝備綜合作用而產生的作戰能力。因此，設計武器裝備就是設計未來戰爭，而武器裝備建設是集技術、資金、管理等於一體的系統工程。因此，要深刻認識和掌握現代戰爭的特點規律，深刻把握武器裝備建設時代內涵、特點要求，積極順應世界之變、時代之變、歷史之變，積極適應科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變，準確識變、科學應變、主動求變，加快武器裝備現代化，在創新戰鬥中累積優勢，在緊緊抓住武器中推動力量發展力量，在創新中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量強大，在創新中推動力量，在力量中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量力量，在新事物中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量力量，在新事物中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量力量，在新事物中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量力量，在新事物中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量力量，在新事物中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量，在力量中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量，在力量中推動力量，在力量中推動力量強大，在新事物中推動力量發展為新力量。

結構編成是關鍵承載

結構決定功能，功能決定成敗。戰爭資源的有機組合，是力量發揮的動力來源、擴大機；誰能使作戰要素組合為一個更適應新的戰爭環境的整體，誰就能發揮出更強大的作戰效能。沒有軍隊組織形態優勢，即便技術、武器再先進，也很難獲得壓倒性制勝優勢。特別是在當代科學技術群體式爆發驅動下，解放和發展新質戰鬥力迫切需要軍隊組織形態深刻變革調整，推動軍事人才、裝備、理論、技術、數據、管理等要素整合設計、協同化開發、便利化流動、網路化共享、系統化整合、高效利用，進而大幅提升資源配置效率。新質戰鬥力的主體形態，是透過網路資訊系統的融合而形成的，而且每個作戰要素的貢獻已不再是簡單線性疊加關係，綜合感知是前提，猶如人的眼睛；實時指控是關鍵，猶如人的腦袋；精確打擊是重心，猶如人的拳頭；全維防護是基礎，猶如人的腦袋；精確打擊是重心，猶如人的拳頭；全維防護是基礎，猶如人的自我防衛補充。因此，推進組織形態現代化，實現作戰編組科學化，就要由按軍種職能編組向按作戰功能融合轉變，作戰體係由單元功能融合向要素能量聚合轉變，擺脫將作戰力量「物理式」簡單疊加、機械協同的模式，轉而追求「化學式」的有機融合、高效聚合，從而打造全新質戰鬥力的具備組合體。

教育訓練是基本途徑

動態演進是新質戰鬥力生成的基本規律，沒有嚴格教育訓練就沒有新質戰鬥力。教育訓練是戰鬥力生成和提升的基本路徑，是把由人員素質、武器裝備所形成的潛在戰鬥力轉化為現實戰鬥力的基本途徑，更是解放和發展新質戰鬥力的中心環節。新型作戰裝備入列，人們往往只是對其新異功能有了初步把握，更大的使用價值、更強大的作戰效能，必須在實戰化的對抗演練中發現和挖掘。新域新質作戰力量與傳統作戰力量相比，作戰平台更加複雜，能量釋放機制更為特殊，戰場行動涉及的調控關係更多，需要掌握新的駕馭之術。每個崗位人員只有具備熟練的武器裝備操控技能，才能藝高人膽大，將武器系統的效能發揮到極致；每位指揮人員只有切實掌握各系統、各要素緊密銜接、流暢配合的方法，才能指揮控制得游刃有餘。科技提供了有效的教育訓練手段，尤其是當代科技創新推動人和武器兩大要素結合得越來越緊密。因此，要加強科技練兵，探索「智慧+」網路+」等賦能軍事訓練方法路徑，強化模擬模擬、作戰試驗等方式，在對戰場「遊戲規則」從適應到打破再到重建中，探索摸清最廣的戰場適用範圍、最佳的編成聚力方式、最大的對抗能力效應，縮短新質戰鬥力生成週期。

策略管理是重要保證

「秉綱而目自張，執本而末自從。」解放和發展新質戰鬥力是個複雜的系統工程，也是一個「始於技術、成於管理」的時代工程。只有加強策略管理，掌握其內在的系統性、關聯性、協同性，才能整體推進，將“一指禪”練成“鐵拳頭”，收到事半功倍之效。一方面，解放和發展新質戰鬥力涉及許多方面，包括軍事理論、編制體制、武器裝備、人才建設、綜合保障等，需要集納戰略專家、軍事專家、技術專家和工程專家等眾多相關領域的智慧和成果，從而確保問題研究多維視角和頂層設計的完整性。另一方面，新質戰鬥力建設類型多、時間跨度大、資源需求廣，需要妥善處理軍事需求與資源供給、近期應急與長遠發展、局部調整與整體推進的關係。加之，新需求、新知識、新經驗、新技術不斷湧現，也必然影響我們對新質戰鬥力的認知。為此，要強化策略管理，遵循技術發展規律，更重視集約高效。專注於提升頂層設計，從不同類型力量、不同階段任務、不同矛盾問題入手，把具體的發展規劃逐一細化，制訂完善明晰的發展路線圖，做到精準規劃、精準規劃、精準部署、精準落實、精準檢驗，避免出現方向性錯誤、結構性混亂和過程性失控；注重用好增量資源、整合存量資源、盤活閒置資源，提高資源利用效益，最大限度地把資源轉化為戰鬥力，防止和杜絕低效低質低水平重複建設，確保新質戰鬥力建設沿著正確的方向、路徑快速推進。

来源：中国军网-解放军报 作者：许三飞 责任编辑：孙智英 发布：2024-06-20 00

许三飞

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/

#collaborative warfare, #cross-domain collaborative operations, #cyber #warfare, #Information Support Force, #mosaic #warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Information Support Force, Mosaic Warfare

China’s Contemporary Requirements for Accelerating the Development of Advanced Combat Capabilities

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我國加快發展先進作戰能力的當代要求

現代英語：

Combat effectiveness is the ultimate determining factor in the rise and fall of an army. It not only affects the operational methods and actual effectiveness of armed forces, but also safeguards the survival, security, and long-term stability of a nation and its people. Advanced combat effectiveness is the latest viewpoint on combat effectiveness development put forward by our Party after President Xi Jinping’s profound exposition of the original and iconic concept of “new-type combat effectiveness.” In January 2019, President Xi Jinping pointed out at the Central Military Commission’s military work conference: “We must strengthen the construction of new types of combat forces and increase the proportion of new-type combat effectiveness.” Since then, President Xi has repeatedly discussed this important issue, emphasizing “building a powerful strategic deterrent force system and increasing the proportion of new-type combat forces in new domains” and “promoting the accelerated improvement of new-type combat effectiveness.” It is precisely on the basis of the practical experience of the formation and development of new-type combat effectiveness in our army in the new era that the new idea and new conclusion of “advanced combat effectiveness” has emerged. Advanced combat capability is a higher form of combat capability, led and supported by new-type combat capability. It emphasizes the large-scale, practical, and systematic application of new-type combat capability, focuses on theoretical innovation, intelligent enhancement, system upgrade, intelligence enhancement, and weapon and equipment upgrade. It also includes the upgrading and creative application of traditional combat capability. It is the evolution of the form, capacity expansion, and quality upgrade of new-type combat capability.

　　Advanced combat capabilities represent the development trend of military transformation, military intelligence, and military combat methods. They are a new growth point for combat power and a commanding height on the future battlefield. The “Suggestions of the CPC Central Committee on Formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development” (hereinafter referred to as the “Suggestions”), adopted at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, is based on the overall strategic situation of China’s modernization. It makes arrangements for achieving the centenary goal of the People’s Liberation Army on schedule and promoting the modernization of national defense and the armed forces with high quality. It proposes “accelerating the construction of advanced combat capabilities,” pointing out the direction and providing a benchmark for achieving the centenary goal of the People’s Liberation Army on schedule and further improving the quality and efficiency of national defense and military modernization from a new starting point. We must thoroughly study and understand the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, deeply comprehend the firm will and far-sighted planning of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core in building a consolidated national defense and a powerful army, and continuously creating a new situation in the cause of building a strong military in the new era. We must profoundly grasp the requirements of the times for accelerating the construction of advanced combat capabilities, actively seize the commanding heights of military struggle, seek new advantages in military competition, focus on advanced combat capabilities to think about reforms, grasp construction, and make preparations, promote the work of preparing for war in the new era to go deeper and more practical, and continuously improve the strategic capability to safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

　　Advanced combat capabilities are proposed based on a profound understanding of global military development trends, the leapfrog development of new-type productive forces, and the laws governing the modernization of the armed forces.

　　President Xi Jinping pointed out: “For a country and a nation to revitalize, it must advance in the logic of historical progress and develop in the trend of the times.” Advanced combat capability is an original and iconic concept of Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military. It is a scientific deployment made by the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, which has keenly grasped the trends of world military development and the laws governing the evolution of warfare, deeply understood the new situation of efficient integration and two-way driving between new-type productive forces and new-type combat capabilities, and scientifically grasped the achievements, historical position, and mission of national defense and military modernization in the new era.

　　The development of the new military revolution and the evolution of warfare are powerfully driving changes in combat capabilities. In today’s world, a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is accelerating, and the new military revolution is progressing rapidly. Strategic high-tech fields such as artificial intelligence, network information, big data, blockchain, quantum technology, biotechnology, and nanomaterials are emerging in rapid succession. The widespread application of science and technology in the military field has profoundly changed the nature of warfare and combat methods, increasingly becoming a crucial factor in determining victory or defeat. The evolution of warfare is showing many new trends, with increasingly prominent intelligent characteristics. Some new technologies and equipment are creating a disruptive advantage over traditional equipment. New types of combat forces, represented by strategic early warning, information control, algorithmic attack and defense, and unmanned intelligence, are increasingly becoming important forces shaping the modern battlefield. Thanks to the rapid advancements in technologies such as artificial intelligence and military robots, the “autonomous capabilities” of weapons and equipment—including autonomous battlefield perception, autonomous combat decision-making, autonomous planning, and autonomous action—are becoming increasingly stronger, elevating them from “execution tools” to “intelligent nodes.” The deep integration of drones and artificial intelligence recognition technology has resulted in a “long-range pursuit” deterrent effect. The coordinated use of firepower strikes and cyberattacks is creating an integrated hardware and software offensive system with full-domain coverage. Driven by military intelligence, new types of combat capabilities are constantly emerging, with higher efficiency and superior quality. Advanced combat capabilities are increasingly becoming a powerful force driving the new military revolution in the world.

　　The vigorous development of new-type productive forces is driving the upgrading and improvement of combat capabilities. The generation and upgrading of any combat capability is the application and extension of productive forces in the military field under a certain social structure. New-type productive forces are advanced productive forces characterized by high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, with innovation playing a leading role. They represent the most active, technologically advanced, promising, and influential productive force in contemporary society. The rapid development of new-type productive forces provides advanced science and technology and a solid material foundation for the generation of new-type combat capabilities, while also providing the driving force and support for their upgrading and transformation, becoming a key variable in reshaping the form of warfare, reconstructing combat systems, and reorganizing command elements. New-type combat capabilities originate from breakthroughs in key common technologies, cutting-edge leading technologies, and disruptive technologies. They rely on emerging technological means and advanced combat concepts, fully embedding information technology genes and integrating into networked systems. Utilizing new technologies, new equipment, and new tactics, they enable military systems to exhibit new advantages such as strategic guidance, information empowerment, network aggregation, technological strength, and systemic energy release. With the rapid development and widespread application of new-type combat capabilities, the advanced combat capability form they dominate will inevitably emerge, becoming a powerful engine for promoting the transformation and development of modern military systems.

　　The significant achievements in national defense and military modernization in the new era have laid a solid foundation for advanced combat capabilities. Since the beginning of the new era, President Xi Jinping, based on the overall strategic situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the unprecedented changes in the world, has used the goal of building a strong military to examine and guide the construction of combat capabilities, promoting the vigorous development of all elements of combat capabilities. The reform of national defense and the military has been deepened, forming a new pattern of overall command by the Central Military Commission, combat command by the theater commands, and development by the services. New combat force systems, such as the military aerospace force, cyberspace force, and information support force, have been established and adjusted, achieving a holistic and revolutionary reshaping of the organizational structure and force system. The development of strategic emerging industries and new combat forces has been promoted in a coordinated manner, yielding a series of significant results. The modernization of weaponry has been accelerated, with new fourth-generation equipment, represented by new tanks, carrier-based aircraft, and fighter jets, being deployed to the troops. Major national weapons, represented by the “Dongfeng-5C” liquid-fueled intercontinental strategic nuclear missile, have been showcased at military parades. The first electromagnetic catapult-equipped aircraft carrier, the Fujian, has officially entered service. The strategy of strengthening the military through talent has been implemented in depth, and high-quality, professional, and new-type military personnel are rapidly growing. These revolutionary advancements and historic achievements in the new era have enabled new combat capabilities to continuously accumulate momentum and be optimized and upgraded from concept to planning to practice, providing a solid fertile ground for the birth of advanced combat capabilities through military practice.

　　Advanced combat capabilities possess distinct characteristics of the times, innovation, and dialectical nature.

　　President Xi Jinping pointed out: “The military must be prepared to fight, and all work must adhere to the standard of combat effectiveness, focusing on the ability to fight and win wars.” Looking back on history, our military has grown from small to large, from weak to strong, and has continuously moved from victory to victory. A crucial lesson learned is the consistent emphasis on combat effectiveness development, the dynamic upgrading of combat capabilities, and the measurement of development effectiveness using actual combat standards. With technological progress and the development of the times, the form of warfare is rapidly evolving, and the connotation, elements, and characteristics of combat effectiveness are constantly undergoing new changes. Only by actively adapting to the development trend of the military revolution and keenly grasping the pulse of the times and the strong demands of combat effectiveness evolution can we clarify what kind of wars we will fight and how we will fight them, anchor the logical basis of war preparation, and accurately identify the direction of the military’s combat effectiveness development. Advanced combat effectiveness is an important concept proposed by President Xi Jinping in leading the modernization of national defense and the military, based on building a new type of military force system, accelerating the construction of new-quality combat effectiveness, improving the quality and efficiency of winning battles, and fulfilling missions and tasks to a high standard. It possesses distinct characteristics of timeliness, innovation, and dialectical thinking.

　　Advanced combat capabilities embody the development direction of military intelligence. Currently, adhering to the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence, with mechanization as the foundation, informatization as the support, and intelligence as the guide, is an important path for our military to advance modernization. Traditional combat capabilities are based on mechanical and chemical energy, emphasizing the superposition of personnel, weapons, and forces, and focusing on the struggle for physical space such as land, sea, air, and space. New-type combat capabilities, based on traditional combat capabilities, rely more on new energy sources such as data, algorithms, and computing power, emphasizing the implantation of data elements, algorithmic elements, and cross-domain elements, and focusing on defeating the enemy in emerging fields such as the network domain, information domain, and cognitive domain. Advanced combat capabilities adapt to the new trend of future warfare leaping from “energy-dominated” to “information-dominated” and then to “intelligence-dominated.” They not only focus on the “new quality” composition of combat capabilities and emphasize the leading role of new-type combat capabilities, but also focus on the “superiority” of the application effectiveness of new-type combat capabilities, giving full play to their scale, combat realism, and systemic effects, and emphasizing the use of military intelligence to transform the combat capability generation structure and continuously improve the intelligence level of combat capabilities.

　　Advanced combat capability signifies a comprehensive iterative upgrade of all elements of combat capability. Essentially, advanced combat capability is high-quality combat capability, driven by innovation, empowered by technology, and enhanced by intelligence, exhibiting prominent characteristics such as high intelligence, high technology, high quality, and high integration. On the one hand, advanced combat capability requires a comprehensive iterative upgrade of all constituent elements of combat capability, ensuring that the soul of military theory, the structure of organizational form, the core of military personnel, and the support of weaponry fully implement the principles of quality first and efficiency priority, promoting quality transformation, efficiency transformation, and power transformation, and driving the widespread penetration and deep empowerment of intelligent technology into people, weapons, and their integration methods, thereby generating advanced combat capability through comprehensive element optimization. On the other hand, advanced combat capability relies more heavily on the integrated linkage of the entire military system, transforming the way combat capability is released from “points” to “areas,” the presentation of effectiveness from fragmented to aggregated, and the human-machine relationship from “master-slave cooperation” to “intelligent symbiosis,” optimizing the entire military system’s output and release efficiency of combat capability, and using the “superiority” of the system structure to generate “strength” in combat capability.

　　Advanced combat capabilities embody a materialist dialectical approach to military thinking. Advanced combat capabilities are not fixed, static, or passive. They are relative, representing a lead over stronger adversaries, possessing a clear advantage of being one step ahead, one point ahead, and one unit faster than the enemy. Advanced combat capabilities are dynamic; all “advanced” capabilities are evolving, a process of advanced technology leading tradition and new technologies transforming old ones. Today’s advancement does not guarantee tomorrow’s, and temporary advancement does not guarantee permanent advancement. From the perspective of ultimate operational effectiveness, “advanced” capabilities necessarily mean high efficiency defeating low efficiency, high quality crushing low quality, and strong military intelligence surpassing weak military intelligence. Advanced combat capabilities possess agency, exhibiting initiative that is not subject to external control, the ability to leverage strengths and avoid weaknesses, and the flexibility, resilience, and dynamism to adapt to the latest military developments and changes in the war environment. The original and iconic concept of advanced combat capability creatively reveals the dialectical unity of advanced and backward, quality and scale, and initiative and passivity in the generation of military capabilities. It profoundly reveals the general laws of combat capability generation, development and leap, expands the new vision of military theory, deepens the new understanding of military theory, realizes the innovative transformation and systematic reform of the constituent elements of combat capability, and opens up a new path for liberating and developing combat capability.

　　The concept of advanced combat capability represents a breakthrough in multiple aspects of the history of military theory development.

　　Standing at the forefront of the times, President Xi has profoundly grasped the laws governing the military transformation and the evolution of modern warfare in the new era. He has made theoretical innovations in combat capability building, enriched and developed the Marxist theoretical system on combat capability building, promoted the theoretical innovation and transformation of the Party’s combat capability form, transcended the logical limitations of Western theories on combat capability generation, and achieved multiple strategic value breakthroughs in the history of military thought and the history of military theory development.

　　This has enriched and developed the Marxist theoretical system on combat capability building. Marx and Engels profoundly understood the intrinsic connection between military and political, economic, and other social factors, scientifically grasped the essence and laws of military activities, and emphasized that “the nature and type of armed forces, as well as their characteristics, equipment, and tactics, and the organization and training methods of the troops, depend on the level of development of productive forces, on the social system, and on the class structure of society.” They formed a theoretical understanding of the constituent elements of military combat capability and the laws governing their generation and development, providing scientific guidance for the proletarian party to build its own armed forces and improve its combat capability. President Xi Jinping adheres to the Marxist military view and methodology, based on the new characteristics of the times and the new realities of the PLA’s development, and has put forward a series of concepts and propositions such as “science and technology are the core combat capability of modern warfare,” “scientific military theory is combat capability,” and “new-quality combat capability.” He scientifically revealed the generation mode and evolution law of combat capability under the conditions of the information and intelligent era, leading the PLA’s combat capability to achieve a new leap forward and enriching and developing the Marxist military theoretical conceptual system.

　　This has driven the innovation and transformation of the Party’s theory on combat effectiveness. Throughout the history of building and strengthening the People’s Liberation Army, our Party has always attached great importance to improving the army’s combat effectiveness. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, our Party raised the issue of “improving the combat effectiveness of the main force,” and in practice, maintained strong combat effectiveness through extremely insightful strategic guidance, flexible strategies and tactics, rigorous training, and courageous spirit. On the eve of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, Comrade Mao Zedong clearly pointed out: “The People’s Liberation Army will always be a fighting force.” In the new era of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out that “the army must improve its combat effectiveness,” leading our army to continuously develop its combat effectiveness through streamlining, reorganization, reform, and strengthened training. With the continuous liberation and development of productive forces, our Party emphasized “using science and technology to promote training” and “using science and technology to train troops,” promoting new improvements in combat effectiveness. Entering the new era, President Xi Jinping scientifically grasped the trend of implementing the new development philosophy and developing new-quality productive forces, focusing on achieving the Party’s goal of building a strong military in the new era. Based on emphasizing firmly establishing combat effectiveness as the sole fundamental standard, he put forward scientific conclusions such as “strengthening the construction of new types of combat forces” and “fully liberating and developing new-quality combat effectiveness,” providing important guidance for the iterative upgrading of our army’s combat effectiveness. “Advanced combat capability” is a condensation, sublimation, and innovative development of the Party’s historical experience in building combat capability. It enriches the scientific theory of the Party’s military combat capability in the new era and has become a new concept and category with great guiding significance and ideological power in Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military. It lays a solid foundation for the systematization, physics, and chemistry of the Party’s military theory in the new era.

　　This transcends the logical limitations of Western theories of combat power generation. Engels profoundly pointed out that “the entire organization and mode of warfare of an army, and the outcome of battles related to it, depend on material, i.e., economic conditions,” which laid the historical materialist methodological foundation for combat power research. However, for a long time, technology worship and the “weaponry determinism” were prevalent in the issue of combat power construction, leading to the misconception that combat power was only about “things” and not “people.” For example, the US military once used technological superiority to completely defeat many weaker adversaries, but its “military transformation” frequently fell into the logic of “replacing combat platforms” with old weapons. The concept of advanced combat capability, starting from the foundation of new-type combat capability, uses “new” to identify technological breakthroughs, “quality” to characterize qualitative changes in combat capability structure, and “combat effectiveness” to measure the effectiveness of combat capability construction and application. It strengthens the ecosystem of combat capability generation, integrates theory, data, algorithms, talent, and organization into the productivity and combat capability fusion system, shifts the focus of combat capability from weapons competition to system confrontation, reshapes the underlying logic of combat capability generation, and forms a combat capability generation theory with Chinese characteristics. It effectively gets rid of the misconceptions of combat capability generation such as over-reliance on technology and materials, and the separation of political goals from military means, and lays a solid foundation for building China’s independent military knowledge system.

　　Scientifically construct an advanced combat capability generation, development, and maintenance system

　　President Xi Jinping emphasized: “Improving the operational efficiency of the military system and promoting the high-quality development of our armed forces.” The theme of my country’s economic and social development during the 15th Five-Year Plan period is promoting high-quality development. This is not only an inevitable choice for developing new productive forces on the new journey, but also an inevitable principle for strengthening advanced combat capabilities. We must thoroughly implement Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military, deeply understand the deployment requirements of the “Suggestions,” accurately grasp the phased characteristics of the next five years and even longer, highlight the theme of promoting high-quality development, consistently uphold and strengthen the Party’s absolute leadership over the military, advance political building of the military, reform and strengthening of the military, technological strengthening of the military, talent strengthening of the military, and rule of law in the military, uphold principles and innovate in the overall planning of advanced combat capability building, construct a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics, continuously improve combat capabilities, and enhance the strategic capability to safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

　　We must persist in promoting the high-quality development of all elements of combat capability. In future warfare, with the continuous strengthening of new domain and new quality forces and the rapid development of technologies such as unmanned and intelligent systems, combat capability generation will exhibit a trend of comprehensive upgrading, presenting new characteristics such as three-dimensional, mobile, and efficiency-oriented optimization. We must focus on the new trends in the development of warfare, accelerate the modernization of military theory, earnestly implement President Xi Jinping’s important expositions on combat capability building, analyze the winning mechanisms of informationized and intelligent warfare, and promote the flourishing development of core combat capability theories such as military strategy, operational thinking, and military modernization. Adapting to the significantly enhanced overall, coordinated, and complex nature of military system operations, we must ensure the implementation of reform tasks, continuously optimize the military force system, and do a good job in modernizing military governance to improve the efficiency of combat capability extraction and aggregation. We must combine investment in materials with investment in people, adhere to the principle of cultivating, evaluating, and utilizing talent from a political perspective, build a military talent pool adapted to the requirements of intelligent warfare, further accelerate the development of advanced weaponry and equipment, improve the intelligence level of weaponry and equipment, implement major national defense development projects, expedite national defense science and technology innovation and the transformation of advanced technologies, and develop and build more “killer” weapons and equipment capable of defeating the enemy.

　　Make good use of military intelligence as a powerful engine for upgrading combat capabilities. With breakthroughs in artificial intelligence, the trend of human society moving from informatization to intelligence is also reflected in the military field. The “mast” of military intelligence has appeared on the “sea level” of the evolution of warfare, and information warfare with intelligent characteristics is beginning to take shape. It is imperative to accelerate the coordinated construction and application of network information systems. Networks are the carriers and channels of information and intelligence; under modern warfare conditions, network information systems have become a core support. We must coordinate the construction and application of network information systems, strengthen the development and utilization of data resources, achieve interconnection and interoperability between combat units and various weapon systems, build a distributed, reconfigurable, and resilient combat network, and accelerate the improvement of network information system construction and service support capabilities for combat readiness. It is also imperative to build an intelligent military system, accelerate the transformation and application of cutting-edge technologies in the field of artificial intelligence to the military, accelerate the construction of unmanned intelligent combat forces and countermeasure capabilities, and enable military intelligence to better and faster integrate into, drive, and empower the system.

　　Cultivating the integrated development of new-type productive forces is the lifeblood of combat capability building. In today’s world, the technological revolution, industrial transformation, and military revolution are accelerating, and national strategic competitiveness, social productivity, and military combat capability are becoming increasingly interconnected, mutually influential, and mutually supportive. Promoting the efficient integration and two-way synergy between new-type productive forces and new-type combat capabilities is a fundamental requirement for achieving the unity of a prosperous nation and a strong military, and it is the lifeblood of accelerating the development of advanced combat capabilities. We must innovate the models of combat capability building and application, actively guide the direction of new-type productive forces and new-type combat capabilities according to the needs of military struggle, improve and perfect institutional mechanisms for demand alignment, planning coordination, and resource sharing, highlight the top priority of promoting strategic capabilities in emerging fields, vigorously promote the development and integrated application of new types of military talent, new types of combat equipment, new organizational forms, and new tactics, continuously consolidate the material foundation for social production to serve future warfare, accelerate the supply of new-type combat capabilities, and ensure that wartime military combat capabilities and social productivity are effectively focused and precisely released on the battlefield, so as to win future wars with a strong and sustainable overall national strength.

　　Emphasizing realistic combat training as a crucial lever for catalyzing combat effectiveness is essential. Realistic combat training serves as a bridge and means to achieve efficient integration of personnel, weaponry, and organizational systems. It possesses a strong capacity for integrating and transforming various resources and elements involved in combat capability generation, and is a vital pathway for generating, developing, and strengthening advanced combat capabilities. President Xi Jinping, with profound insight into the key to developing advanced combat capabilities, has called for “strengthening the consistency between combat and training, adhering to the principle of training guided by combat and promoting combat through training, ensuring training according to actual combat requirements, and achieving the integration of operations and training,” and “improving the level of full-cycle, refined training management,” thus pointing out the “realistic” path for generating advanced combat capabilities. It is necessary to deepen strategic and operational planning, solidly advance realistic combat military training, strengthen the integration of combat capability systems, innovate combat capability construction and application models, vigorously carry out modern training in conjunction with combat readiness building, joint exercises and training, and the application of diversified military forces, strengthen targeted and confrontational training, and continuously improve the combat capabilities of the troops.

　　(The author is a researcher at the Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era Research Center of the National Defense University.)

　　People’s Daily (November 17, 2025, Page 9)

現代國語：

戰鬥力是一支軍隊興衰成敗的最終決定力量，不僅影響武裝力量的作戰方式和實際效能，更維繫著一個國家和一個民族的生存安全和長治久安。先進戰鬥力，是習主席深刻論述「新質戰鬥力」這個原創性概念標識性概念之後，我們黨提出的關於戰鬥力建設的最新觀點。 2019年1月，習主席在中央軍委會軍事工作會議中指出：「要加強新型作戰力量建設，增加新質戰鬥力比重。」此後，習主席多次論述這一重要問題，強調「打造強大戰略威懾力量體系，增加新域新質作戰力量比重」「推動新質戰鬥力加速提升」等。正是在新時代我軍新質戰鬥力形成發展的實踐基礎上，「先進戰鬥力」這個新思想新論斷應運而生。先進戰鬥力是更高級形態的戰鬥力，以新質戰鬥力為引領和支撐，強調新質戰鬥力的規模化、實戰化、體系化運用，注重理論創新、智能加持、體系升級、才智升維、武器裝備升級，同時還包括對傳統戰鬥力的升級改造和創造性運用，是新質戰鬥力的形態升級和容量、質量升級。

先進戰力代表軍事變革、軍事智慧和軍事作戰方式的發展趨勢，是戰鬥力的新增長點、未來戰場的製高點。黨的二十屆四中全會通過的《中共中央關於製定國民經濟和社會發展第十五個五年規劃的建議》（以下簡稱《建議》），立足中國式現代化戰略全局，對如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標、高質量推進國防和軍隊現代化作出部署，提出“加快建設戰力建設目標”，為在新世界建設方向上提供了現代優勢、標準建設目標、建設發展能力建設目標、建設發展了一百年總發展在新軍隊起點。我們要深入學習領會黨的二十屆四中全會精神，深刻領悟以習近平同志為核心的黨中央建設鞏固國防和強大軍隊、不斷開創新時代強軍事業新局面的堅定意志和深謀遠慮，深刻把握加快先進戰鬥力建設的時代要求，積極搶佔軍事鬥爭制高點、謀取軍事競爭發展新優勢，聚焦先進戰鬥力思變革、抓建設、做準備，推動新時代備戰打仗工作走深走實，不斷提高捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益戰略能力。

先進戰力是深刻洞察世界軍事發展趨勢、新質生產力躍升態勢和軍隊現代化發展規律提出的

習主席指出：「一個國家、一個民族要振興，就必須在歷史前進的邏輯中前進、在時代發展的潮流中發展。」先進戰鬥力，是習近平強軍思想的原創性概念標識性概念，是以習近平同志為核心的黨中央敏銳掌握世界軍事發展趨勢與戰爭形態演變規律，深刻洞察新質生產力與新質戰鬥力高效融合、雙向拉動嶄新態勢，科學掌握新時代國防與軍隊現代化發展成就、歷史方位與使命任務所作的科學部署。

世界新軍事革命發展與戰爭形態演變強勁推動戰鬥力形態變革。當今世界，新一輪科技革命和產業變革加速突破，世界新軍事革命加速推進，人工智慧、網路資訊、大數據、區塊鏈、量子科技、生物交叉、奈米材料等戰略高新技術群體迸發，科學技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用引起了戰爭形態和作戰方式深刻變化，日益成為決定戰爭勝負的重要因素。戰爭形態演變呈現許多新趨勢，智能化特徵更加突出，一些新的技術裝備對傳統裝備形成降維打擊態勢，以戰略預警、資訊控制、演算法攻防、無人智能等為代表的新質作戰力量愈發成為左右現代戰場的重要力量。憑藉著人工智慧和軍用機器人等技術的快速進步，武器裝備的自主戰場感知、自主作戰決策、自主規劃計畫、自主採取行動等「自主能力」越來越強，從「執行工具」升維成「智慧節點」。無人機與人工智慧辨識技術深度融合，出現「千里追殺」震懾效果。火力打擊與網電攻擊有序配合，打造出軟硬一體、全域覆蓋的進攻體系。新質戰鬥力在軍事智慧牽引下，不斷孕育效能更高、質態更優的戰鬥力類型，先進戰鬥力癒益成為驅動世界新軍事革命的強勁力量。

新質生產力的蓬勃發展連動拉升戰鬥力建設提質升級。任何戰鬥力的生成、升級，都是一定社會形態下生產力在軍事領域的運用與延伸。新質生產力是創新起主導作用，具有高科技、高效、高品質特徵的先進生產力質態，是當今社會創新最活躍、技術最前沿、前景最廣闊、影響最廣泛的生產力構成。新質生產力的快速發展，既為新質戰鬥力生成提供了先進科學技術和雄厚物質基礎，也為其提供了升級換代的牽引力、支撐力，成為重塑戰爭形態、重建作戰體系、重組指揮要素的關鍵變數。新質戰鬥力源自關鍵共通技術、前沿引領技術與顛覆性技術創新突破，依托新興科技手段與先進作戰理念，全要素植入資訊化基因、融進網路化體系，運用新科技、新裝備、新戰法，使軍事體系呈現出謀略導能、資訊賦能、網路聚能、科技強能、體系釋能等新優勢。隨著新質戰鬥力的快速發展和廣泛運用，由其主導的先進戰鬥力形態必然顯現出來，成為推動現代軍事體系變革發展的有力引擎。

新時代國防與軍隊現代化重大成就奠定先進戰鬥力厚實基礎。新時代以來，習主席立足中華民族偉大復興戰略全局和世界百年未有之大變局，用強軍目標審視和牽引戰鬥力建設，推動戰力各要素的活力競相迸發。深化國防與軍事改革，形成軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建新格局，先後組成調整軍事太空部隊、網路太空部隊、資訊支援部隊等新型作戰力量體系，實現了組織架構和力量體系整體性、革命性重塑。統籌推動戰略性新興產業和新型作戰力量發展，取得一系列重大成果。加速武器裝備更新換代，以新型戰車、艦載機、殲擊機等為代表的新型四代裝備列裝部隊，以「東風—5C」液體洲際戰略核子飛彈等為代表的大國重器亮相閱兵場，首艘電磁彈射型航母福建艦正式入列。人才強軍戰略深入實施，高素質專業化新型軍事人才加速成長。新時代這些革命性進展和歷史性成就，使新質戰鬥力由概念到規劃、到實踐，不斷累積成勢、優化升級，為先進戰鬥力誕生提供了堅實的軍事實踐沃土。

先進戰鬥力具有鮮明的時代性、創新性、辯證性

習主席指出：「軍隊是要準備打仗的，一切工作都必須堅持戰鬥力標準，向能打仗、打勝仗聚焦。」回顧歷史，我軍從小到大、由弱到強，不斷從勝利走向勝利，一條重要經驗，就是始終注重戰鬥力建設，推進作戰能力動態衡量，用實戰標準建設成效。隨著科技進步和時代發展，戰爭形態加速演變，戰鬥力內涵、要素和特徵不斷發生新的變化。只有積極適應軍事革命發展趨勢，敏銳掌握戰鬥力演變的時代脈動和強勁需求，才能明晰未來打什麼仗、怎麼打仗，錨定戰爭準備的邏輯基點，找準軍隊戰鬥力發展方向。先進戰鬥力，就是習主席在領導國防和軍隊現代化的時代征程中，基於打造新型軍事力量體系、加速新質戰鬥力建設、提高勝戰能力質效、高標準履行使命任務提出的重要概念，具有鮮明的時代性、創新性、辯證性等特徵。

先進戰力體現軍事智慧化的發展方向。目前，堅持機械化資訊化智能化融合發展，以機械化為基礎，以資訊化為支撐，以智能化為引領，是我軍推進現代化的重要路徑。傳統戰鬥力以機械能、化學能為基底，注重人員、武器、力量疊加，聚焦陸海空天等實體空間爭奪。新質戰鬥力在傳統戰力基礎上，更依托數據、演算法、算力等新型能量，注重資料要素、演算法要素、跨域要素植入，聚焦網路域、資訊域、認知域等新興領域制敵謀勝。先進戰鬥力順應未來戰爭將從「能量主導」向「資訊主導」再向「智慧主導」躍遷的新趨勢，不僅關注戰鬥力的「新質」構成，強調新質戰鬥力發揮主導地位，更關注新質戰鬥力的應用效能之“優”，發揮其規模化、實戰化、體系化戰力提升

先進戰鬥力意味著戰鬥力全要素迭代升級。先進戰鬥力本質上是高品質戰鬥力，依靠創新驅動、科技賦能、智能加持，具有高智能、高科技、高品質、高度整合等突出特徵。一方面，先進戰鬥力要求戰鬥力構成諸要素全面迭代升級，使軍事理論這個靈魂、組織形態這個結構、軍事人員這個核心、武器裝備這個支撐全面貫徹質量第一、質效優先導向，推動質量變革、效率變革、動力變革，推動智能技術對人、武器及其結合方式廣泛滲透和深度賦能，以全要素優化生成先進戰鬥力。另一方面，先進戰鬥力更依託於整個軍事體系一體聯動，使戰鬥力釋放方式由「點」向「面」轉變，效能呈現由條塊化向聚合化轉變，人機關係從「主從配合」向「智慧共生」變革，使整個軍事系統對戰鬥力的產出最優、釋放效能最佳，以體系結構之「優異」化。

先進戰鬥力蘊含著唯物辯證的軍事思維方法。先進戰鬥力不是固化的、靜止的、被動的。先進戰鬥力具有相對性，是相對強敵對手的領先性，有著先敵一步、勝敵一籌、快敵一分的明顯優勢。先進戰鬥力具有動態性，所有的「先進」都是發展著的，是先進引領傳統、新質改造舊質的過程，今天的先進不等於明天的先進，一時先進不等於永遠先進；「先進」從作戰的最終能效上講，必然是高效能戰勝低效能，高質量碾壓低質量，強軍事智能化勝過弱軍事智能化。先進戰鬥力具有主體性，既有不受制於人的主動性，又有善於揚長避短、積極進取的主動性，以及適應軍事最新發展、戰爭環境變化的彈性、堅韌、活力等特徵。先進戰鬥力這個原創性概念標識性概念的提出，創造性揭示了軍事能力生成中先進與落後、質量與規模、主動與被動等辯證統一關係，深刻揭示了戰鬥力生成、發展和躍升的一般規律，拓展了軍事理論新視域，深化了對軍事理論的新認識，實現了對戰鬥力構成要素的創新變革和系統發展，新解放和解放路徑。

先進戰力概念在軍事理論發展史上實現多重突破

習主席站在時代前沿，深刻把握新時代軍事變革和現代戰爭形態演變規律，對戰鬥力構建進行理論創新，豐富發展了馬克思主義關於戰鬥力構建理論體系，推動了黨的戰鬥力形態理論創新變革，超越了西方戰鬥力生成理論的邏輯局限，在軍事思想史、軍事理論發展史中實現多重戰略價值突破史中實現多重戰略價值。

豐富發展了馬克思主義關於戰鬥力建構理論體系。馬克思、恩格斯深刻洞察軍事與政治、經濟等社會因素的內在聯繫，科學把握軍事活動的本質和規律，強調“武裝力量的性質和類型以及它們的特點、裝備和戰術，部隊的編制和訓練方法，取決於生產力發展的水平，取決於社會制度和社會的階級結構”，並形成軍隊戰鬥力構成了黨及其生成發展規律的理論。習主席堅持馬克思主義軍事觀和方法論，立足新的時代特徵和我軍發展的新實際，提出「科技是現代戰爭的核心戰鬥力」「科學的軍事理論就是戰鬥力」「新質戰力」等一系列概念和命題，科學揭示了資訊性智能化時代條件下戰力生成模式及新質戰力」等一系列概念和命題，科學揭示了資訊化智能化時代條件下戰力生成模式及新質戰力」等一系列概念和命題，科學揭示了資訊化智能化時代條件下戰力生成模式及新質戰力道變新法力道學概念。

推動了黨的戰鬥力形態理論創新變革。在人民軍建軍強軍的歷程中，我們黨始終十分注重提升軍隊戰鬥力。在新民主主義革命時期，我們黨提出「提高主力軍的戰鬥力」問題，並在實踐中以極為高明的戰略指導、機動靈活的戰略戰術、刻苦訓練和勇敢精神，保持了強大戰鬥力。毛澤東同志在新中國成立前夕明確指出：“人民解放軍永遠是一個戰鬥隊。”在改革開放和社會主義現代化建設新時期，鄧小平同志指出“軍隊要提高戰鬥力”，領導我軍通過精簡、整頓、改革和強化訓練等不斷發展戰鬥力。隨著不斷解放和發展生產力，我們黨強調“科技興訓”“科技練兵”，推動戰鬥力建設有了新的提高。進入新時代，習主席科學把握貫徹新發展理念、發展新質生產力的時代大勢，著眼實現黨在新時代的強軍目標，在強調牢固樹立戰鬥力這個唯一的根本的標準基礎上，提出“加強新型作戰力量建設”“充分解放和發展新質戰鬥力”等科學論斷，為我軍戰鬥力迭代升級提供重要引領。 「先進戰鬥力」是對黨的戰鬥力建設歷史經驗的凝練昇華和創新發展，豐富了新時代黨的軍事戰鬥力形態科學理論，成為習近平強軍思想中極具引領性和思想力的新概念新範疇，為新時代黨的軍事理論的體系化學理化奠定堅實基礎。

超越了西方戰鬥力生成理論的邏輯限制。恩格斯深刻指出“軍隊的全部組織和作戰方式以及與之有關的勝負，取決於物質的即經濟的條件”，這為戰鬥力研究奠定了歷史唯物主義方法論基礎。但在戰鬥力建構問題上，很長一段時間，技術崇拜、「武器裝備決定論」等很有市場，出現了論戰鬥力只見「物」不見「人」的誤解。例如，美軍曾以技術代差，完敗很多弱小對手，其「軍事轉型」卻頻繁陷入從舊武器到新武器的「作戰平台替換」邏輯。先進戰鬥力概念，堅持從新質戰鬥力的基點出發，以「新」標識技術突變，以「質」表徵戰鬥力結構質變，以「作戰質效」衡量戰鬥力建設運用效果，強化戰鬥力生成的生態體系，將理論、數據、演算法、人才、組織納入生產力、戰鬥力融合拉動體系，把戰鬥力重心從武器比拼轉向體系對抗，重塑了戰鬥力生成底層邏輯，形成了具有中國特色的戰鬥力生成理論，有效擺脫那些過度依賴技術與物質、政治目標與軍事手段相脫離等戰鬥力生成的誤區，為構建中國自主的軍事知識體系打下堅實的軍事知識體系。

科學建構先進戰鬥力生成、建構與維護體系

習主席強調：「提升軍事系統運作效能，推動我軍高品質發展。」「十五五」時期我國經濟社會發展的主題是推動高品質發展，這不僅是新旅程發展新質生產力的必然選擇，也是加強先進戰鬥力建設的必然遵循。我們要深入貫徹習近平強軍思想，深刻領會《建議》部署要求，把準未來五年乃至更長時間階段性特徵，突出推動高品質發展這個主題，一以貫之堅持並加強黨對軍隊的絕對領導，推進政治建軍、改革強軍、科技強軍、人才強軍、依法治作戰，守正創新籌資先進戰力強化為強國作戰能力、建構安全性強軍；

堅持推進戰鬥力構成的全要素高品質發展。未來作戰，隨著​​新域新質力量不斷加強和無人智能等技術快速發展，戰鬥力生成將出現全要素升級的態勢，呈現立體聚優、動中聚優、效能聚優等新特徵。要著眼戰爭形態發展新趨勢，加速軍事理論現代化步伐，認真貫徹實習主席關於戰鬥力建設重要論述，研析資訊化智能化戰爭制勝機理，推動軍事戰略、作戰思想、軍隊現代化建設等戰力主幹理論繁榮發展。適應軍事系統運作整體性、協同性、複雜性顯著提升的實際，抓好改革任務落地，持續優化軍事力量體系，做好軍事治理現代化這篇大文章，提升戰鬥力萃取和聚合效能。把投資於物與投資於人結合起來，堅持從政治上培養、考察、使用人才，打造適應智能化戰爭要求的軍事人才方陣，進一步加快先進武器裝備發展，提升武器裝備智能化程度，實施國防發展重大工程，加緊國防科技創新和先進技術轉化，研發建造更多製強勝強的「殺手鐧」武器裝備。

用好軍事智慧化這個戰鬥力質態升級的強勁引擎。隨著人工智慧領域技術的突破，人類社會由資訊化向智慧化的發展趨勢也反映在軍事領域，軍事智慧化的「桅杆」已經出現在戰爭形態發展演進的「海平面」上，具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭顯露雛形。必須加快統籌網路資訊體系建置運用。網路是資訊和智慧的載體和通道，在現代戰爭條件下，網路資訊體系成為核心支撐。要統籌網路資訊體系建置運用，加強資料資源開發利用，實現作戰單元、各類武器系統之間的互聯互通，建構分散式、可重構、強韌性的作戰網絡，加快把網路資訊體系建構和服務支撐備戰打仗能力搞上去。必須建構智慧化軍事體系，加速人工智慧領域前沿技術成果向軍事領域的轉換應用，加速無人智慧作戰力量及反制能力建設，使軍事智慧更好更快融入體系、驅動體系、賦能體系。

涵養一體融合這個戰鬥力建設的源頭活水。當今世界，科技革命、產業變革、軍事革命加速發展，國家戰略競爭力、社會生產力、軍隊戰鬥力三者相互關聯、相互影響、相互支撐越來越緊密。推動新質生產力同新質戰鬥力高效融合、雙向拉動，是實現富國與強軍相統一的根本要求，是加速先進戰鬥力建設的源頭活水。要創新戰鬥力建設與運用模式，根據軍事鬥爭需要積極牽引新質生產力、新質戰鬥力前進方向，健全完善需求對接、規劃銜接、資源共享等製度機制，突顯推進新興領域戰略能力建設這個重中之重，大力推動新型軍事人才、新型作戰裝備、新型組織形態、新型戰法建設發展和融合運用，持續打牢社會生產服務未來戰爭的物質基礎，加速新質戰鬥力供給，確保戰時軍隊戰鬥力和社會生產力在戰場上有效聚焦、精準釋能，以強大持續的國家整體力量打贏未來戰爭。

突顯實戰化訓練這個戰鬥力催化的重要抓手。實戰化訓練，是實現人與武器裝備、組織體系高效融合的橋樑和手段，對戰鬥力生成的各種資源和要素具有很強的整合轉化功能，是生成、發展和強化先進戰鬥力的重要途徑。習主席深刻洞察發展先進戰鬥力的要害所在，要求“強化戰訓一致，堅持以戰領訓、以訓促戰，做到按實戰要求訓練，實現作戰和訓練一體化”“提高全週期、精細化訓練管理水平”，為先進戰鬥力指明了“實戰化”生成路徑。要深化戰略和作戰籌劃，紮實推進實戰化軍事訓練，加強作戰能力體系集成，創新戰鬥力建設和運用模式，結合鬥爭塑勢、聯演聯訓和多樣化軍事力量運用大力開展現代化練兵，加強針對性對抗性訓練，推動部隊實戰能力不斷提升。

（作者為國防大學習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想研究中心研究員）

《 人民日報 》（ 2025年11月17日 09 版）

汤俊峰

2025年11月17日08:37    来源：人民网－人民日报

中國原創軍事資源：https://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2025/

#collaborative warfare, #cross-domain collaborative operations, #cyber #warfare, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #mosaic #warfare

China’s Violence of War Shifts from Annihilation to Domination of the Enemy

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中國的戰爭暴力從殲滅戰轉向對敵方的征服戰

現代英語：Military Academy

Editor’s Note: In today’s world, war looms large, with open and covert conflicts erupting one after another, revealing new connotations of war. The theory of war discusses the superstructure of violence, taking conflict as its object of study, exploring the roots, purposes, forms, and methods of political, military, economic, and social conflicts; the theory of violence studies the means and behavioral basis of war, taking confrontation as its object of study, exploring the nature, forms, laws, and violence of weapons and their use in confrontation. The theory of war is supported by the theory of violence, and the theory of violence is guided by the theory of war; the two complement each other, driving the evolution of the art of war. On July 24th of this year, this journal published Professor Lin Dong’s article “Comprehensive War Changes the Form of Conflict,” proposing a new theory of war. Here, this journal has invited Professor Lin Dong to write another article, “War Violence: From Annihilating the Enemy to Dominating the Enemy,” elaborating on the new theory of violence corresponding to the new theory of war, for our readers.

War is the highest form of violence, and violence is its most essential characteristic. As humanity entered the 21st century, driven by both technological advancements and pressing needs, war and violence entered a more advanced stage—the era of dominant violence.

1. The inevitability of the shift in war violence from annihilating the enemy to dominating the enemy

In the 21st century, information and intelligent technologies are reshaping the space and means of violence in warfare, triggering a differentiation in the application of violence. While novice war players are still reveling in the ever-evolving violence of conquering cities and territories, skilled war players have already devised new forms of violence that allow them to manipulate the enemy without firing a single shot. Once the opponent falls into the trap of being controlled, no matter how many battles they win, it will all be in vain, ultimately returning them to square one, or even leading to utter ruin.

The purpose of dominating violence is to enable oneself to strike the enemy and render their strikes ineffective. The ultimate goal of victory, pursued by both sides in war throughout history—to subdue the enemy without being subdued—is characterized by the asymmetry of violent confrontation. Information and intelligent technologies have solved the complexities of controllable and coordinated warfare, making war no longer like it was during World War II, where “the war machine, once started, was difficult to stop.” Violence has become a political tool that can be manipulated and used with ease. Especially under informationized and intelligent conditions, the controllability and deprivation of violence in war provide the conditions for dominating violence. The side possessing advanced technology can dominate the battlefield and control the course of war through non-contact warfare, achieving its war objectives by deterring, dismantling, and dismantling the enemy’s tools of violence. Thus, violent confrontation manifests as the deprivation or restraint of the opponent’s violence, allowing oneself to successfully evade enemy attacks.

The essence of dominating violence lies in the shift from annihilating the enemy to dominating the enemy, a shift determined by the emphasis on economic objectives in modern warfare. Engels pointed out, “Violence is merely a means; on the contrary, economic interests are the ends. The ends are far more ‘fundamental’ than the means used to achieve them.” Fundamentally, modern warfare pursues social values ​​and economic interests, leading to the expansion of war violence from direct to indirect violence. Simply put, victory can be achieved without physically destroying the enemy. Firstly, it involves the precise use and control of violence. The controllability of violence is developing towards precision, which is not only a political necessity to reduce collateral damage but also an economic necessity to lower the cost of war. It is also a requirement for quickly controlling the battlefield, effectively dominating the enemy, and seizing victory—a distinctive feature of modern warfare. Secondly, it has evolved from inflicting violence to deterring violence. Traditional violent confrontation emphasizes victory through battlefield combat, while dominating violence seeks to deter and dismantle the effectiveness of enemy violence. By displaying force and refusing the enemy’s use of force, it instills fear of war or renders the war machine inoperable, thereby achieving war objectives with minimal use of violence. Currently, the US military’s concepts of deterrence warfare and decapitation strikes are based on this idea. Thirdly, bloodless violence is comparable to bloody violence. The greatest advantage of bloodless violence is that it not only significantly reduces the cost of using violence but also increases the asymmetry of its use, leading to unexpected changes in the course of battle.

The dominant principle governing violence has shifted from the traditional greater use of violence to the optimal use of violence, leading to a decrease in the brutality of war. Since the end of the Cold War, casualties in modern warfare have decreased dramatically. From the Gulf War to the Iraq War, the total number of deaths on both sides dropped from less than 100,000 to less than 20,000, while the Vietnam War saw nearly 1.7 million deaths. However, the driving force behind this sharp decline in war casualties is not a decrease in the lethality of war, but rather strategic needs, primarily economic needs, as the economy has always been the root of war. Taking the Iraq War as an example, the United States sought oil resources; therefore, its purpose in launching the war was to establish an Iraq that aligned with American interests. “Destroying” Iraq or plunging it into chaos would only exacerbate the destructive nature of the war, increase the cost of post-war reconstruction, and amplify hostility, making post-war stability maintenance more difficult. Simultaneously, the overall decline in the brutality of war is also attributed to the progress in the world’s moral views on war since World War II, resulting in restrictions on the use of violence in war, with media playing a role in public opinion oversight. Thus, the violence of war was precisely used and released after precise planning and design. Unprecedented high-intensity military strikes could be carried out under the principle of minimizing (sufficient) collateral damage and not causing large-scale casualties. Instead of causing mass casualties among the enemy, the strikes quickly rendered the enemy unable to resist, which is equivalent to turning surgical strikes into minimally invasive surgery to reduce the aftereffects of war.

2. Dominating the enemy’s thinking is becoming the direct course of war.

Dominating the enemy evolved from deterring the enemy, but it is not a new concept. From Sun Tzu’s “the best strategy is to subdue the enemy by their plans” to the tactics of “leading the enemy by the nose,” there is a wealth of ideas about domination. However, in the past, due to a lack of weapons and technology, dominating the enemy was indirect. Today, the informatization and intelligentization of weapons are transforming the idea of ​​dominating the enemy into a direct approach to warfare.

Lethal violence plays a dominant role in military force, exhibiting a dual-track pattern of bloodshed and non-bloodshed in manned combat spaces, moving from physically eliminating the enemy to dominating them physiologically and psychologically. From cold weapons to firearms, all are physical violence that injures the body, belonging to the category of bloodshed violence. After carpet bombing reached its peak, it was constrained by the laws of war, shifting towards precision strikes to reduce unnecessary casualties. At the same time, demonstrating force remains an effective political tool; nuclear deterrence acts as a strategic stabilizer, and precision strikes enhance the effectiveness of conventional deterrence. However, precision violence is not “merciful violence,” and battlefield pressure is greater than ever before.

During World War I, biological and chemical weapons emerged, with bacteriological and chemical warfare entering the battlefield, causing massive casualties and ecological damage, and were banned by the Hague Convention. However, since the beginning of the 21st century, hegemonic powers have continued to pursue biological and chemical warfare, and terrorism has used these weapons as the best tool of violence against humanity. Therefore, some scholars consider the 21st century the century of biological warfare. With technological advancements, the controllability of the lethality of biological agents has greatly increased. In 2002, Russia used biogas for the first time in the anti-terrorism battlefield during a hostage crisis, marking the entry of non-lethal weapons into conventional warfare. With the rapid development of non-lethal weapons, the focus has shifted from gunpowder-based killings to controlling and destroying biological (physiological) systems, thereby disabling combat effectiveness. In particular, non-lethal weapons are more cost-effective compared to lethal weapons such as aircraft, warships, and tanks. With simplified manufacturing techniques, olfactory weapons, rubber bullets, traps, biological reagents, stun grenades, and laser blinding weapons have been deployed, driving lethal violence towards a soft-kill approach. Modern deterrence warfare and effects-based operations demonstrate that making the enemy afraid to use weapons or unable to use weapons on the battlefield can lead to easier victories. During the Iraq War, the United States successfully used deterrence warfare to intimidate and deceive Saddam Hussein, preventing him from using the Scud missiles that posed a threat to U.S. forces.

Intelligent warfare is shifting from force-intensive to weapon-intensive battlefields. Higher-dimensional spaces such as cyberspace, outer space, and electromagnetic spectrum are replacing land, sea, and air as the dominant operational spaces. These spaces are nearly unmanned, and with massive political, economic, and military critical infrastructure such as oil pipelines, storage facilities, and transportation hubs becoming the focus of attack, weapons of mass destruction are breaking free from the constraints of manned battlefields and turning towards destroying weapon systems and combat platforms. This shift from lethal violence to destructive violence has led to an unlimited increase in war violence. From the Gulf War to the Iraq War, the US military used cluster bombs and depleted uranium munitions to strike Iraqi military and political infrastructure and armored convoys, breaking the nuclear threshold to some extent and opening a new direction for the development of weapons of mass destruction. From the US military’s use of graphite bombs to attack urban power systems in the Kosovo War to the damage and paralysis of Iranian nuclear facilities by a virus attack, electromagnetic pulse weapons, space weapons, and cyber weapons have demonstrated enormous power. Although destructive weapons are strictly controlled and do not directly target humans, they aim to destroy operational systems, infrastructure, and even the enemy’s survival environment, thereby forcing the enemy to submit. What warrants particular attention is that nuclear strikes, restricted by the laws of war, are moving away from cities and civilians, and even densely populated manned battlefields, but are shifting towards sparsely populated unmanned battlefields, such as space, the deep sea, and isolated islands.

With the development of informatization and intelligentization, the information and cognitive domains have become new battlegrounds for penetrating the economy and society. Information tools and cognitive tools have naturally become new tools of violence, mainly manifested in the forms of cyber violence, economic violence, and cultural violence, which have emerged rapidly and forcibly altered the judgments, positions, and decisions of adversaries at the strategic and social levels. Cyber ​​warfare involves artificially creating false data or tampering with big data to induce adversaries to make incorrect judgments and decisions; economic violence has evolved into economic sanctions, financial warfare, and technological decoupling warfare, attacking adversaries’ stock markets and banking systems, disrupting adversaries’ supply chains through legal and coercive commercial means, and hindering adversaries’ development and innovation; cultural violence leverages digital networks to push traditional public opinion warfare into public diplomacy and global media warfare, thereby influencing the positions of the international community and the global public.

In short, in the era of dominant violence, the violence of war has shifted, expanding from lethal violence to destructive and coercive violence.

3. Just wars and unjust wars follow different paths of dominant violence.

In the 21st century, the violent nature of war has not changed; violence remains the primary act of war, and without violence, there can be no war. In the era of cold weapons, violence manifested as the clash of swords; in the era of firearms, it evolved into the smoke of gunpowder; and in the nuclear age, the violence of war has expanded infinitely. To this day, humanity as a whole still lives in a relatively peaceful era of insecurity under the threat of nuclear weapons.

Marx’s assertion that “violence is the midwife of every old society that gives birth to a new one” remains a tenet of just war. However, advancements in warfare and the globalization of warfare have elevated the structural transformation of violence in just war from a natural process to a conscious one. First, we must not allow the pursuit of efficiency in war to obscure our historical perspective, recognizing that only just war can achieve complete victory. Wars are always categorized as just or unjust, and informationized and intelligent warfare is no exception. Second, modern warfare practice has provided both tactical and technical lessons for promoting the development of just war theory and negative examples for political and strategic critique. A profound realization is that the US military’s promotion of low-casualty, low-cost warfare efficiency has given the world a strong impression of swift military victories. However, the US spent trillions of dollars on post-war reconstruction in Afghanistan and Iraq, yet still could not avoid the eventual withdrawal. Such lessons are ancient, and modern warfare continues to repeat them. The secret it reveals is that the pursuit of efficiency in informationized and intelligent warfare has not changed the fundamental principle that only just war can win peace. The U.S. military achieved military dominance through its superior combat power and, to some extent, economic dominance from before the start of the war until the end of the major combat operations. However, without just political leadership, its rapid victories based on information superiority were still short-lived, unsustainable, and politically unsuccessful military victories. Therefore, developing informationized and intelligent warfare along a just path is both determined by the political nature of the just side and a prerequisite for the just side to win.

Just wars differ from unjust wars, which are frequently waged for hegemonic gain. Just wars are typically acts of self-defense, driven by necessity, aiming to deter further and larger conflicts through a single act of violence, thus serving an educational purpose against violence. In 1958, the People’s Liberation Army’s shelling of Kinmen, evolving from all-weather attacks aimed at eliminating enemy manpower to shelling every other day, then to shelling without targeting individuals, and finally to notifying the enemy before shelling, represents a transformation from lethal violence to destructive violence, and finally to coercive violence. This served the war’s objectives of deterring, educating, and uniting the enemy, fully demonstrating the wisdom and courage of just wars. The view of violence in just wars can be summarized by “one central principle and two basic points”—the central principle is using just violence to curb unjust violence. This is fundamentally different from the pursuit of maximizing violence and the inhumane tendencies of unjust wars. One fundamental point is the development of self-defense violence, advocating the development of weapons to destroy weapons. Dominating the enemy requires emphasizing the development of violence capable of stopping violence itself, expanding military force in a direction where lethality and destructiveness are controllable, moving from lethal to non-lethal, and from environmentally destructive to environmentally minimal. Another fundamental point is the forceful, justified, and restrained use of force, not seeking to maximize its use, but rather selecting the methods of its application to dominate the enemy, and defining the laws of force in its specific application.

A just war advocates using lethal and destructive violence supplemented by coercive violence, moving from focusing on destroying the enemy’s tools of violence to deterring and preventing the enemy from using them, demonstrating a higher level of dominance over violence. Fundamentally, a just war is about defending one’s own territory and maritime borders, and highly values ​​the need for post-war environmental and social governance. It should be recognized that the US military dropped large quantities of depleted uranium, thermobaric, and graphite bombs in cities in Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, and Iraq, and established virus laboratories in other countries, causing long-term damage to urban environments and people’s livelihoods; its invisible destruction is enormous. Unjust wars, under the guise of reducing “bloodshed politics,” expand from inflicting external wounds to inflicting irreparable internal damage, abusing non-lethal violence, such as using audio weapons beyond reasonable limits, rupturing eardrums and causing hearing loss—more cruel than gunpowder-based killings, bringing terror rather than deterrence. Compared to the destructive and lethal nature of unjust wars, the violent structure of a just war is centered on coercion. First, we must strive to deter the enemy from launching its war machine, based on large-scale military declarations and pressure, demonstrating invincible strength and the determination to not withdraw until the objective is achieved. This will advance the deterrence strategy to a new level of dominance, showcasing the effectiveness of war preparations and deterring the enemy from taking desperate measures. Second, we must use limited lethal and destructive violence to prevent the enemy from operating its war machine, forcing it to abandon violent resistance. This method of depriving or hindering the enemy from using weapons is far less costly than destroying their weapons, more effective than destroying their troops and equipment, and more suitable for just wars. Third, we must use coercive violence as the main force, based on a protracted approach, and win an overwhelming strategic posture through flexible economic warfare, cyber warfare, and cognitive warfare.

Looking to the future, only just wars can bring about progress in the civilization of warfare. This is because the progress of the civilization of warfare depends on the warring parties’ understanding and choice of violence. History has proven that the dominant role of absolute violence in unjust wars is temporary and unreliable. While it provides conditions for the inevitable victory of just wars, the excessive abuse of violence simultaneously creates asymmetrical pressure on the just warring parties to exercise restraint. Therefore, just wars need to combine violence and non-violence to exert a dominant role, giving new support to the “inevitable victory of just wars” in the era of intelligent globalization. Just wars employ relative violence to achieve victory, aiming to create conditions for a political solution through limited but long-term military and economic control. This involves mobilizing the people of both sides and the international community to prevent the enemy from using the war machine, winning through containment, and containing through victory. It seeks to use violence efficiently and at low cost, achieving political victory with minimal casualties, minimal damage, and minimal cost.

(Author: Lin Dong, Professor at the National Defense University)

現代國語：

【講武堂】

編者按：當今世界，戰爭風雲籠罩，明戰暗戰此起彼伏，蘊藏戰爭新內涵。戰爭論講暴力之上層建筑，以沖突為研究對象，探究政治軍事經濟社會沖突的根源、目的、形態和方式﹔暴力論則研究戰爭之手段與行為基礎，以對抗為研究對象，探究武器和運用武器進行對抗的性質、形式、法則和暴烈程度。戰爭論以暴力論為支撐，暴力論則以戰爭論為指導，二者相輔相成，推動戰爭藝術的演化。今年7月24日，本刊發表了林東教授的文章《綜合戰爭改變沖突形態》提出了一種新戰爭論，這裡，本刊再請林東教授撰寫《戰爭暴力從消滅敵人走向支配敵人》一文，闡述與新戰爭論相對應的新暴力論，以饗讀者。

戰爭是暴力的最高形式，暴力是戰爭的最本質特征。人類進入21世紀，在技術推動和需求牽引雙雙作用之下，戰爭暴力進入了一個高級階段——支配暴力時代。

1、戰爭暴力從消滅敵人向支配敵人轉變的必然性

21世紀，信息化智能化技術正在刷新戰爭暴力的空間和手段，觸發暴力應用層次分化。當初級戰爭玩家還陶醉於攻城克地的暴力日新月異之中，高明的戰爭玩家已經布局不費一兵一卒而調動敵人於股掌之中的全新暴力，而對手一旦掉入受支配的陷阱，無論打贏多少場戰役戰斗，都是做無用功，終回原點，甚至萬劫不復。

支配暴力目的是使自己能打擊敵人，並使敵人的打擊失靈。歷來戰爭雙方所追求的至高戰勝境界——致人而不致於人，其最大特點就是暴力對抗的不對等性。信息和智能技術解決了戰爭手段可控與協調等復雜性問題，使戰爭不再像二戰時期那樣“戰爭機器一經啟動就難以停止”，暴力手段成了可以駕馭並游刃有余的政治工具。尤其是在信息化智能化條件下，戰爭暴力的可控性、可剝奪性為支配暴力提供了條件，掌握高技術的一方通過實施非接觸作戰主宰戰場和主導戰爭進程，通過威懾、瓦解和解除敵人的暴力工具來達到戰爭目的，從而使暴力對抗呈現為剝奪或掣肘對手的暴力，並使自己成功避開敵人的打擊。

支配暴力本質是從消滅敵人向支配敵人轉移，是現代戰爭凸顯經濟目的所決定的。恩格斯指出：“暴力僅僅是手段，相反地，經濟利益是目的。目的比用來達到目的的手段要‘基礎性’得多。”從根本上講，現代戰爭追求社會價值和經濟利益，導致戰爭暴力從直接暴力向間接暴力拓展。簡單地說，不需要從肉體上毀滅敵人而贏得勝利，一是精確使用和控制暴力。暴力的可控性向精確化方向發展，這不僅是減少附帶損傷的政治需要，也是降低戰爭成本的經濟需要，還是快速控制戰局，有效支配敵人，奪取戰爭勝利的效益需求，這已成為現代戰爭發展的鮮明特點。二是從施與暴力發展到遏制暴力。傳統的暴力對抗強調通過戰場搏斗來取勝，而支配暴力則追求威懾、拆解敵人暴力的效力，通過顯示武力和拒止敵人使用武力的方式，使敵人畏懼戰爭或無法運作戰爭機器，從而以最少量地施與暴力，來達到戰爭目的。目前看，美軍發明的震懾戰、斬首戰都是基於這樣的觀念產生的。三是不流血的暴力與流血的暴力相媲美。不流血的暴力的最大優勢是不僅能大幅度減輕暴力運用的成本，而且能提高暴力運用的非對稱性，使戰局發生奇變。

支配暴力的法則從傳統更多地使用暴力變為最佳使用暴力，從而導致戰爭暴烈性有所下降。冷戰結束以來，現代化戰爭造成的傷亡驟然減少了。從海灣戰爭到伊拉克戰爭，戰爭雙方死亡總數從不到10萬人下降到不足2萬人，而越南戰爭死亡總數則是近170萬人。但導致戰爭傷亡銳減的動因並不是戰爭殺傷力在減小，而是戰略上的需要，首先是經濟上的需要，經濟歷來是戰爭的本源。以伊拉克戰爭為例，美國要獲得的是石油資源，因此它發起戰爭的目的是建立符合美國利益的伊拉克，“打爛”伊拉克或者伊拉克陷入混亂隻能加劇戰爭的破壞程度，增加戰后重建的成本，並擴大敵對情緒增加戰后維穩的困難。同時，戰爭暴烈性的總體下降還歸因於二戰以來世界人民在戰爭道義觀上的進步，產生了對戰爭暴力使用的限制，其中媒體傳播起到了輿論監督作用。由此，戰爭暴力在精確規劃和計劃之后被精確地使用了、被精確地釋放了，前所未有的高強度軍事打擊，能夠在最少（足夠）並不導致大面積附帶損傷的原則下進行，不再使敵人大量死去，而是使敵人快速失去抵抗意志和抵抗能力，相當於外科手術式打擊轉向微創手術，以減小戰爭后遺症。

2、支配敵人的思想正在變成直接的戰爭路線

支配敵人是從威懾敵人發展而來的，但並非新概念。從孫子的“上兵伐謀”到“牽著敵人鼻子走”的戰略戰術，都蘊含著豐富的支配思想，但過去缺乏武器和技術條件，支配敵人的方式是間接的。而今，武器的信息化智能化，正在把支配敵人的思想變成直接的戰爭路線。

殺傷性暴力發揮武力支配作用，在有人作戰空間呈現流血和不流血雙軌模式，從肉體上消滅敵人邁向從生理和心理上支配敵人。從冷兵器到火器，都是物理暴力殺傷肌體，屬於流血的暴力，當地毯式轟炸發展到頂峰后受到戰爭法制約，轉向精確殺傷，減少不必要的殺傷。同時，顯示武力仍是有效的政治工具，核威懾起著戰略穩定器作用，精確殺傷提升常規威懾效力。但精確暴力並非“仁慈的暴力”，戰場壓力超過以往任何時期。

在第一次世界大戰期間，生化武器興起，細菌戰、毒氣戰進入戰場，導致大規模傷亡並破壞生態環境，被《海牙公約》禁止。但進入21世紀以來，霸權主義仍在謀求生化戰爭，而恐怖主義更是把生化武器作為反人類的最佳暴力工具，因此，21世紀被一些學者認為是生物戰的世紀。隨著科技的進步，生物戰劑殺傷力可控性大大增強，2002年俄羅斯在處置人質危機事件中首次將生物氣體用於反恐戰場，標志著非致命性武器走進了常規戰爭。隨著非致命性武器大發展，從火藥殺傷肌體邁向控制、破壞生物（生理）系統，從而使戰斗力失能。尤其是非致命性武器的造價與飛機、軍艦、坦克等致命性武器相比具有高性價比，隨著制造技術簡易化，嗅覺武器、橡皮子彈、捕捉器、生物試劑、眩暈彈、激光致盲武器列裝，它們帶動殺傷性暴力朝著軟殺傷方向發展。現代震懾戰和基於效果作戰實踐表明，戰場上使敵人不敢使用武器和使用不了武器，可以贏得更容易。伊拉克戰爭期間，美國成功地運用震懾戰來恫嚇和欺騙薩達姆，使其一直未能啟用對美軍有威脅的飛毛腿導彈。

智能化戰爭從兵力密集型戰場轉向武器密集型戰場，網絡、太空、電磁空間等高維度空間取代陸海空成為主導性作戰空間，這些空間近乎無人化，加上輸油管道、倉儲、交通樞紐等體積龐大的政治經濟軍事關鍵基礎設施成為打擊重心，推動大規模殺傷性武器突破有人戰場的羈絆，轉向破壞武器系統和作戰平台。殺傷性暴力轉向破壞性暴力，導致戰爭暴力仍在無限增長。從海灣戰爭到伊拉克戰爭，美軍使用集束炸彈、貧鈾彈打擊伊拉克軍政基礎設施和裝甲車隊，一定程度上打破了核門檻的禁忌，開啟了大規模殺傷性武器發展的新方向。自美軍科索沃戰爭使用石墨炸彈攻擊城市供電系統起，到伊朗核設施受到病毒攻擊而毀傷癱瘓，電磁脈沖武器、太空武器、網絡武器顯示出巨大威力。破壞性武器雖然嚴格控制，不直接針對人體，但卻力圖破壞作戰體系、基礎設施甚至是敵人的生存環境，從而迫使敵人屈服。尤需警惕的是，核打擊因戰爭法限制而遠離城市和平民，甚至兵力密集的有人戰場，但轉向人員稀少的無人戰場，太空、深海和孤立的島嶼。

隨信息化智能化發展，信息域認知域成為深入經濟社會的新戰場，信息工具和認知工具也自然成為新暴力工具，其主要以網絡暴力、經濟暴力、文化暴力等形式展現出來並異軍突起，強制性改變對手戰略層和社會層的判斷、立場和決策。網絡戰人為制造假數據或篡改大數據，誘導對手做出錯誤判斷和決策﹔經濟暴力演化出經濟制裁、金融戰、科技脫鉤戰，打擊對手股市和銀行系統，以法律和強制性商業手段中斷對手供應鏈，遲滯對手發展創新﹔文化暴力借助數字網絡推動傳統輿論戰邁向公共外交戰和全球傳媒戰，從而影響國際社會和全球公眾的立場。

總之，在支配暴力時代，戰爭的暴烈性發生了轉移，即從殺傷性暴力向破壞性暴力、強制性暴力拓展。

3、正義戰爭與非正義戰爭走不同的支配暴力路線

21世紀，戰爭的暴力本質並未改變，暴力仍是戰爭的主要行為，沒有暴力就談不上戰爭。在冷兵器時代暴力表現為刀光劍影，在火器時代發展成硝煙彌漫，到了核時代戰爭暴力走向無限擴大，至今，人類總體上仍處於核威脅下不安全的相對和平年代。

馬克思關於“暴力是每一個孕育著新社會的舊社會的助產婆”的論斷，至今仍是正義戰爭信條。但戰爭手段的進步和戰爭時空全球化的展開，使正義戰爭的暴力結構性轉變從自然過程上升到自覺過程中來。首先，不為戰爭的效益觀掩蓋戰爭的歷史觀，認清隻有正義的支配才能取得戰爭的徹底勝利。戰爭總是分正義和非正義兩類，信息化智能化戰爭也不例外。其次，現代戰爭實踐既為我們推動發展正義戰爭理論提供了戰術技術上的經驗借鑒，同時也提供了政治和戰略上批判的反面教材。一個深刻認識是，美軍宣揚的小傷亡、低成本戰爭效益觀，給世界帶來了軍事速勝的深刻印象。但美國在阿富汗、伊拉克這兩個國家花上萬億美元來搞戰后重建，還是無法避免最終撤軍走人的結局。這樣的教訓古已有之，現代戰爭又繼續重演，它揭示的奧秘是，信息化智能化戰爭的效益觀並沒有改變隻有正義戰爭才能贏得和平的規律。美軍憑借強大的戰斗力做到了軍事上的支配，從戰爭發起前到主要戰事結束期間也在一定程度做到經濟支配，但沒有正義的政治統領，其信息優勢下的快速制勝仍然是短暫的、不能維持的、政治失敗的武力勝利。因此，開辟信息化智能化戰爭在正義方向上的發展路線，既是正義方政治性質所決定，同時也是決定正義方打贏的前提條件。

正義戰爭與非正義戰爭牟取霸權利益而頻繁發動戰爭不同，通常是被迫採取戰爭自衛行動，並力爭通過一次性暴力的釋放來阻止更多更大的戰爭，從而達成反暴力的教育作用。1958年，中國人民解放軍炮擊金門，從消滅敵人有生力量的全天候打擊轉向隔日炮擊，再轉向不打人的炮擊，再轉向炮擊前通知敵人，就是從殺傷性暴力到破壞性暴力，再到強制性暴力的轉換過程，起到震懾敵人、教育敵人、團結敵人的戰爭目的，充分展示了正義戰爭的大智大勇。正義戰爭的暴力觀可以用“一個中心兩個基本點”來概括——以正義暴力遏制非正義暴力是中心，這與非正義戰爭追求暴力最大化及其反人類傾向有本質區別。一個基本點是發展自衛的暴力，主張發展消滅武器的武器，支配敵人更要強調發展那些能夠制止暴力的暴力，立足朝殺傷力、破壞力可控的方向拓展武力，從致命性向非致命性方向拓展，從環境破壞大向環境破壞小方向拓展。另一個基本點是有力有理有節地使用武力，不求最大化地使用武力，而是圍繞支配敵人選擇武力的運用方式，並在具體運用中界定武力法則。

正義戰爭主張以殺傷性暴力、破壞性暴力輔助強制性暴力，從重在摧毀敵人暴力工具邁向遏制和拒止敵人使用暴力工具，展示更高的支配暴力境界。從根本上講，正義戰爭是保衛自己的國土、海疆，高度重視戰后環境和社會治理需要。應看到美軍在南聯盟、阿富汗和伊拉克城市扔下了大量貧鈾彈、溫壓彈和石墨彈，在他國建立病毒實驗室，對城市環境和民生的傷害是長遠的，其隱形的破壞是巨大的。這種非正義戰爭以降低“流血的政治”為名，從制造外傷向制造不可修復的內傷拓展，濫用非致命性暴力，如音頻武器超過合理的度，震裂耳膜，導致聽覺喪失，比火藥殺傷更殘忍，帶來的不是威懾而是恐怖。相比於非正義戰爭突出破壞性和殺傷性，正義戰爭暴力結構則以強制性為中心。一是力求遏制敵人啟動戰爭機器，立足大規模的武力宣示和施壓，顯示不可戰勝的實力和不達目的不收兵的決心，將威懾戰略推進到支配戰略的新思路，把戰爭准備的實效顯示出來，懾止敵人鋌而走險﹔二是以有限殺傷性暴力、破壞性暴力釋放拒止敵人運行戰爭機器，使敵人放棄暴力抵抗，這種用剝奪或掣肘敵人使用武器的方式比摧毀敵人武器代價要小得多，比摧毀敵人兵力兵器更有效，更適用於正義戰爭。三是以強制性暴力為主體，立足持久，以富有彈性的經濟戰、網絡戰、認知戰贏得壓倒性戰略態勢。

展望未來，隻有正義戰爭才能帶來戰爭文明的進步。因為，戰爭文明是否進步取決於戰爭方對暴力的認知和選擇。歷史証明，非正義戰爭奉行絕對暴力的支配作用是暫時的、不可靠的，為正義戰爭必勝提供了條件，但同時超限濫用暴力對正義戰爭方的克制暴力構成非對稱的犧牲壓力。為此，正義戰爭有必要把暴力和非暴力綜合起來發揮支配作用，使“正義戰爭必勝”在智能化全球化時代獲得新支撐。正義戰爭施展相對暴力制勝，立足以有限但長期的軍事和經濟扼控為政治解決創造條件，發動敵我雙方的人民和國際社會，制止敵人使用戰爭機器，在遏制中打贏，在打贏中遏制，追求高效益、低代價的暴力運用，以最小傷亡、最小破壞、最小成本達成政治勝利。

（作者：林東，系國防大學教授）

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/

#Artificial #Intelligence, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #mosaic #warfare, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Combat Planning, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare

The Intrinsic Evolution of the Winning Mechanisms in Chinese Military Joint Operations

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中國軍事聯合作戰中獲勝機制的內在演變

現代英語:

Joint operations, as a fundamental form of modern warfare, have evolved in their winning mechanisms along with advancements in military technology and changes in the nature of warfare. From the coordinated formations of the cold weapon era to the combined arms operations of infantry and artillery in the era of firearms, from joint operations of various services and branches in the era of mechanized warfare to multi-domain joint operations in the era of informationized warfare, each military revolution has brought about fundamental changes in the winning mechanisms of warfare.

Currently, emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things are driving the evolution of warfare towards informatization and intelligence at an unprecedented pace. The connotation and extension of joint operations are constantly expanding, and the mechanisms of victory are also showing a series of new development trends. In-depth research into the development trends of the mechanisms of victory in joint operations, based on a multi-perspective analysis framework, systematically exploring the historical evolution and future development direction of these mechanisms from five dimensions—operation time, operation space, operation force, operation actions, and operation command and control—is of vital importance for accurately grasping the changes in future warfare, scientifically establishing the direction of military force development, and effectively enhancing joint operations capabilities.

From a combat time perspective: the strategy has evolved from step-by-step progression to instantaneous enemy destruction.

Time is one of the fundamental elements of war, and the art of utilizing operational time is key to victory in joint operations. In the era of mechanized warfare, limited by intelligence gathering methods, command and control capabilities, and weapon performance, joint operational operations are typically organized and implemented under strict time constraints, unfolding sequentially in stages: reconnaissance and early warning, fire preparation, forward breakthrough, deep attack, and fortification. Each branch of the armed forces carries out its operational mission according to a predetermined plan at each stage. This operational model results in a relatively slow pace of combat and inefficient use of time, often requiring several days or even months to complete a single operational phase. With the development of information technology and precision-guided weapons, the time-dimensional winning mechanism of modern joint operations is shifting towards “instantaneous enemy destruction.” The pace of combat operations has accelerated significantly, and the division of combat phases has become increasingly blurred. The traditional step-by-step approach is gradually being replaced by “instantaneous” warfare characterized by real-time perception, real-time decision-making, and real-time action. Real-time information sharing and rapid flow have drastically shortened the combat command and decision-making cycle, achieving the “detect and destroy” combat effect. The widespread application of precision-guided weapons has greatly improved the speed and accuracy of firepower strikes, enabling combat forces to carry out devastating strikes against key targets in an instant. In the future, with the development and application of artificial intelligence technology, the speed of combat decision-making and action will be further improved, and the instantaneous nature of joint operations will become more prominent.

From the perspective of operational space: expanding from the tangible battlefield to the intangible space

The operational space is the arena for joint combat forces, and its constantly evolving form and scope directly influence the mechanisms of victory in joint operations. In industrial-era warfare, the operational space was primarily confined to tangible physical spaces such as land, sea, and air. Operations mainly revolved around seizing and controlling key geographical points, transportation lines, and strategic locations, and the deployment of combat forces and the evaluation of operational effectiveness were also primarily based on the tangible spatial scope. Entering the information age, the operational space is undergoing revolutionary changes. In addition to the traditional tangible physical spaces of land, sea, air, and space, intangible spaces such as information space, cyberspace, and psychological space are increasingly becoming important battlefields for joint operations, even determining the outcome of combat to some extent. The struggle for information space has become a primary aspect of joint operations, the battle in cyberspace is intensifying, and the psychological warfare is constantly evolving. The battlefield of modern joint operations is characterized by a fusion of tangible and intangible spaces, and an equal emphasis on the physical and information domains. In the future, with the development of emerging technologies such as quantum technology, biotechnology, and artificial intelligence, the space for joint operations will further expand, potentially giving rise to new operational domains such as quantum space and biological space. The mechanisms for winning in joint operations will also undergo profound changes.

From the perspective of combat power: a shift from human-machine integration to human-machine collaboration.

Combat forces are the material foundation of joint operations, and their composition and deployment directly affect the outcome of such operations. In the era of mechanized warfare, the composition of joint combat forces was primarily a human-equipment integration model, with personnel as the main body and weapons and equipment as the tools. The effectiveness of combat forces depended mainly on the number and quality of personnel, the performance and quantity of weapons and equipment, and the degree of integration between personnel and equipment. Armies around the world emphasize improving the level of personnel-equipment integration through rigorous training to fully leverage the combat effectiveness of weapons and equipment. With the development of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and big data, the composition and deployment of modern joint combat forces are undergoing profound changes, and human-machine collaboration is becoming a new logic for winning joint combat operations. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned ships, unmanned combat vehicles, and unmanned underwater vehicles have become an important component of joint combat forces. They are capable of performing reconnaissance, surveillance, strike, and interference missions in high-risk environments, significantly improving the survivability and combat effectiveness of combat forces. The application of artificial intelligence technology has also endowed weaponry with a certain degree of autonomous action, enabling them to autonomously collaborate with humans to complete complex tasks. Machine intelligence has not only changed the composition of combat forces but also their operational methods. In the future, with the continuous advancement of human-machine integration technology, the boundaries between humans and machines will become increasingly blurred, and human-machine collaboration will reach an even higher level.

From a combat operations perspective: The shift from segmented cooperation to cross-domain integration.

Joint operations are the concrete practice of joint warfare, and their organizational form and implementation methods directly affect the overall effectiveness of joint operations. In traditional joint operations, limited by command and control capabilities and coordination mechanisms between various services and branches, forces from each service and branch can only carry out missions within their respective operational domains and conduct limited cooperation through pre-established coordination plans. This domain-specific cooperation model is prone to problems such as coordination failures and operational disconnects. In the information age, with the improvement of all-domain awareness capabilities and the refinement of command and control methods, joint operations are gradually developing towards cross-domain integration. Cross-domain integration emphasizes breaking down the boundaries between different operational domains, achieving seamless connection and deep integration of operational forces across multiple domains such as land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, and cyberspace, forming a coordinated overall operational effect. Operational forces in each domain can share battlefield information in real time, dynamically adjust operational actions, rapidly transcend geographical and domain boundaries, and conduct operations simultaneously in multiple domains. Through the integration and sharing of multi-domain information, a high degree of coordination and precise cooperation in operational actions across domains is achieved, forming a synergistic and effective overall operational effect. In the future, with the continuous development of information technology, the degree of cross-domain integration in joint operations will further deepen, becoming a key to victory in joint operations.

From the perspective of combat command and control: Evolution from central radiation to flexible periphery

Operational command and control is the “brain” and “nerve center” of joint operations; its mode selection and effectiveness directly determine the success or failure of joint operations. In the era of mechanized warfare, due to limited command and control technology, joint operational command and control typically adopted a centralized, hierarchical, tree-like organizational model. This model, centered on the highest command organization, implements operational command and control by transmitting orders downwards and feeding back information upwards, possessing significant advantages in centralized and unified action. However, it also suffers from drawbacks such as multiple command levels, slow information transmission, and poor responsiveness. With the development of information network technology and artificial intelligence technology, modern joint operational command and control is evolving towards greater flexibility. A modular and reconfigurable command structure enables the entire combat system to flexibly adjust command relationships and processes according to changes in combat missions and battlefield environments. While maintaining a centralized and unified strategic intent, it grants greater autonomy to tactical nodes at the system’s periphery, thereby enhancing the system’s flexibility and responsiveness, and better adapting to the rapidly changing challenges of future battlefields. In the future, with the development of technologies such as brain-computer interfaces and quantum communication, the real-time nature, accuracy, and flexibility of joint operations command and control will reach new heights.

In conclusion, with the development of emerging technologies such as information technology and artificial intelligence and their widespread application in the military field, the form of joint operations is undergoing continuous evolution, and the mechanisms for winning joint operations are also undergoing profound changes. This not only reshapes traditional operational concepts and methods but also poses new and higher requirements for the development of future joint operational capabilities. Therefore, we must maintain strategic clarity and innovative vitality, closely monitor global military development trends, conduct in-depth research on the mechanisms for winning joint operations, and continuously promote innovation in joint operational theory and practice to lay a solid foundation for winning informationized and intelligent warfare.

現代國語：

把握聯合作戰制勝機理內在演進

■李玉焱 楊飛龍 李忠智

寫在前面

聯合作戰作為現代戰爭的基本作戰形式，其制勝機理隨著軍事技術的進步和戰爭形態的演變而不斷發展。從冷兵器時代的方陣協同到熱兵器時代的步炮配合，從機械化戰爭時代的諸軍兵種合同作戰到信息化戰爭時代的多域聯合作戰，每一次軍事革命都帶來了作戰制勝機理的根本性變革。

當前，以人工智能、大數據、雲計算、物聯網等為代表的新興技術正以前所未有的速度推動戰爭形態向信息化智能化方向加速演進，聯合作戰的內涵和外延不斷拓展，制勝機理也呈現出一系列新的發展趨勢。深入研究聯合作戰制勝機理的發展趨勢，基於多視角分析框架，從作戰時間、作戰空間、作戰力量、作戰行動和作戰指控五個維度，系統探討聯合作戰制勝機理的歷史演進軌跡和未來發展方向，對於我們准確把握未來戰爭形態變化、科學確立軍事力量建設方向、有效提升聯合作戰能力，具有至關重要的意義。

從作戰時間視角看：由按階推進向瞬時破敵發展

時間是戰爭的基本要素之一，作戰時間的運用藝術是聯合作戰制勝的關鍵所在。在機械化戰爭時代，受限於情報獲取手段、指揮控制能力和武器裝備性能，聯合作戰行動組織實施通常遵循嚴格的時間限制，按照偵察預警、火力准備、前沿突破、縱深攻擊、鞏固防御的階段劃分依次展開，各軍兵種力量在各階段根據預定計劃遂行作戰任務。這種作戰模式下，作戰節奏相對緩慢，時間利用效率不高，往往需要數天甚至數月才能完成一個戰役階段。隨著信息技術和精確制導武器的發展，現代聯合作戰的時間維度制勝機理正在向“瞬時破敵”方向轉變。作戰行動節奏大大加快，作戰階段劃分日益模糊，傳統的按階推進模式逐漸被實時感知、實時決策、實時行動的“秒殺”式作戰所取代。信息的實時共享和快速流動使得作戰指揮決策周期大幅縮短，實現了“發現即摧毀”的作戰效果。精確制導武器的廣泛應用大大提高了火力打擊的速度和精度，使得作戰力量能夠在瞬間對關鍵目標實施毀滅性打擊。未來，隨著人工智能技術的發展和應用，作戰決策和行動的速度將進一步提升，聯合作戰的瞬時性特征將更加凸顯。

從作戰空間視角看：由有形戰場向無形空間拓展

作戰空間是聯合作戰力量活動的舞台，其形態和范圍的不斷變化直接影響著聯合作戰的制勝機理。在工業時代的戰爭中，聯合作戰的空間主要局限於陸地、海洋和空中等有形物理空間。作戰行動主要圍繞著奪取和控制地理要點、交通線和戰略要地展開，作戰力量的運用和作戰效果的評估也主要基於有形空間范圍。進入信息化時代，聯合作戰空間正在發生革命性變化，除了傳統的陸、海、空、天等有形物理空間外，信息空間、網電空間、心理空間等無形空間日益成為聯合作戰的重要戰場，甚至在某種程度上決定著作戰的勝負。信息空間的爭奪已成為聯合作戰的首要環節，網電空間的斗爭也日趨激烈，心理空間的較量更是層出不窮，現代聯合作戰的戰場空間已經呈現出“有形空間與無形空間交融、物理域與信息域並重”的鮮明特征。未來，隨著量子技術、生物技術、人工智能等新興技術的發展，聯合作戰空間還將進一步拓展，可能會出現量子空間、生物空間等新的作戰領域，聯合作戰的制勝機理也將隨之發生更深層次的變革。

從作戰力量視角看：由人裝結合向人機協作轉變

作戰力量是聯合作戰的物質基礎，其構成和運用方式直接關系到聯合作戰的勝負。在機械化戰爭時代，聯合作戰力量的構成主要是以人員為主體、以武器裝備為工具的人裝結合模式，作戰力量的效能主要取決於人員的數量、素質和武器裝備的性能、數量，以及人與裝備的結合程度。各國軍隊都強調通過嚴格的訓練提高人與裝備的結合水平，以充分發揮武器裝備的作戰效能。隨著人工智能、機器人技術、大數據等新興技術的發展，現代聯合作戰力量的構成和運用方式正在發生深刻變化，人機協作正成為聯合作戰力量制勝的新邏輯。無人機、無人艦艇、無人戰車、無人潛航器等無人裝備已經成為聯合作戰力量的重要組成部分，它們能夠在高危環境下遂行偵察、監視、打擊、干擾等任務，大大提高了作戰力量的生存能力和作戰效能。人工智能技術的應用也使得武器裝備具備了一定的自主行動能力，能夠與人自主協同完成復雜任務，機器智能不僅改變了作戰力量的構成形式，也改變了其運用方式。未來，隨著人機融合技術的持續進步，人與機器的界限會日益模糊，人機協作也將達到更高水平。

從作戰行動視角看：由分域配合向跨域融合深化

作戰行動是聯合作戰的具體實踐，其組織形式和實施方式將直接影響聯合作戰的整體效能。在傳統的聯合作戰中，受限於指揮控制能力和各軍兵種之間的協同機制，各軍兵種力量僅能在各自作戰領域內遂行任務，並通過預先制定的協同計劃進行有限的配合。這種分域配合的模式很容易出現協同失調、行動脫節等問題。進入信息時代，隨著全域感知能力的提升和指揮控制手段的完善，聯合作戰行動正逐步向跨域融合的方向發展。跨域融合強調打破各作戰領域之間的界限，實現作戰力量在陸、海、空、天、電、網等多域空間的無縫銜接和深度融合，形成整體聯動的作戰效果。各域作戰力量能夠實時共享戰場信息，動態調整作戰行動，快速跨越地理空間和領域界限，在多個域內同時展開行動，通過多域信息的融合共享，實現各域作戰行動的高度協同和精確配合，形成疊加增效的整體作戰效果。未來，隨著信息技術的不斷發展，聯合作戰行動的跨域融合程度將進一步加深，成為聯合作戰制勝的關鍵所在。

從作戰指控視角看：由中央輻射向彈性邊緣演進

作戰指揮控制是聯合作戰的“大腦”和“神經中樞”，其模式選擇和效能發揮將直接決定聯合作戰行動的成敗。在機械化戰爭時代，由於指控技術手段有限，聯合作戰指控通常采取中央輻射、層級樹狀的組織模式。這種模式以最高指揮機構為中心，通過逐級向下傳遞命令和向上反饋信息的方式實施作戰指揮控制，具有行動集中統一的顯著優勢，但也存在指揮層級多、信息傳遞慢、應變能力差等不足。隨著信息網絡技術和人工智能技術的發展，現代聯合作戰指控正在向彈性邊緣的方向發展演變。模塊化、可重組的指揮體系結構，使整個作戰體系能夠根據作戰任務和戰場環境的變化，靈活調整指揮關系和指揮流程，在保持戰略意圖集中統一的前提下，賦予體系邊緣的戰術節點更大的自主決策權，進而提高了作戰體系的靈活性和應變能力，能夠更好地適應未來戰場局勢瞬息萬變的挑戰。未來，隨著腦機接口、量子通信等技術的發展，聯合作戰指控的實時性、准確性和靈活性還將達到新的高度。

總之，隨著信息技術、人工智能等新興技術的發展及其在軍事領域的廣泛應用，聯合作戰形態正在發生持續演變，聯合作戰制勝機理也隨之發生深刻變革。這不僅重塑了傳統的作戰理念和作戰方式，也對未來聯合作戰能力建設提出了新的更高要求。對此，我們必須保持戰略清醒和創新活力，密切關注世界軍事發展趨勢，深入研究聯合作戰制勝機理，不斷推動聯合作戰理論和實踐創新，為打贏信息化智能化戰爭奠定堅實基礎。

中國原創軍事資源：

http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16848385973.html

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Analyzing the Chinese Military New Changes in Winning Methods of Intelligent Warfare

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分析中國軍隊在情報戰制勝方式上的新變化

現代英語：

From war of attrition to war of dissipation—

Analyzing the New Changes in the Winning Methods of Intelligent Warfare

President Xi Jinping pointed out that the core of studying combat issues is to understand the characteristics, laws, and winning mechanisms of modern warfare. From the clash of bronze swords to the roar of tank engines and the saturation attack of unmanned “swarms,” ​​each leap in the form of warfare has profoundly changed the way wars are won. In the long era of cold weapons, firearms, and mechanized warfare, wars of attrition were waged by offsetting the deficit of national wealth and resources to exhaust the opponent’s will to resist. However, the new military revolution, led by the information technology revolution and accelerating towards the intelligent era, is pushing the way wars are won to a completely new dimension—wars of attrition. This transforms the traditional method of warfare, which is mainly based on the consumption of materials and energy, into a comprehensive method of warfare that integrates the consumption of materials, the offsetting of energy, and information confrontation.

The war of attrition is an ironclad rule of traditional warfare.

In the long period before and during the industrial age, wars were primarily based on the struggle for material and energy resources, and the balance of power often tilted toward the side that could withstand greater material and energy losses.

War of attrition is a primary method of victory in traditional warfare. In cold weapon warfare, the focus of confrontation lies in the number of troops, physical endurance, metal weapons, and food reserves. Victory often depends on who has a larger troop size and a stronger logistical chain. For example, the siege warfare commonly seen in ancient times was essentially a war of attrition between the defender’s material reserves and the attacker’s manpower and equipment. In firearms warfare, the use of gunpowder did not reduce the attrition of war; on the contrary, it pushed it to new heights. The dense charges of line infantry in the Napoleonic Wars and the brutal trench warfare of the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme in World War I all exemplify the essence of war of attrition: “trading space for steel and flesh.” In mechanized warfare, the advent of platforms such as tanks, airplanes, and aircraft carriers pushed the scale of material and energy consumption to its peak. In World War II, the Battle of Kursk on the Eastern Front and the brutal Battle of Iwo Jima in the Pacific were the ultimate clash between national industrial capacity and the military’s ability to withstand casualties.

The war of attrition is essentially a contest of material and energy resources. It’s a contest of size and reserves, involving static or slowly accumulating factors such as population size, resource reserves, industrial capacity, and troop strength. Its primary objective is to destroy the enemy’s manpower, war materials, and deprive them of territory and resources; in essence, it’s a contest of material and energy resources between the opposing sides. Clausewitz’s assertion that “war is an act of violence that compels the enemy to submit to our will” is based on the underlying logic of violent attrition. The winning mechanism of a war of attrition is that victory belongs to the side that can more sustainably convert material resources into battlefield lethality and can withstand greater losses.

The war of attrition has revealed significant historical limitations in practice. From the long-term experience of traditional warfare, the fundamental limitations of attrition warfare manifest in the enormous loss of life and material wealth, the prohibitively high costs to society, and the waste of vast amounts of energy and resources on non-critical targets, indiscriminate artillery bombardment, and large-scale but inefficient assaults. When the strength of both sides is nearly equal and their will is firm, the outcome is difficult to predict, leading to repeated back-and-forth battles and easily resulting in a protracted quagmire like that of the Western Front in World War I. Faced with increasingly networked and information-based modern warfare systems, the attrition model relying on large-scale firepower coverage is insufficient for accurately striking the opponent’s key nodes and functional connections, resulting in diminishing returns.

The information technology revolution gave rise to the prototype of dissipation warfare

The information technology revolution in the second half of the 20th century injected disruptive variables into the form of warfare. Information began to surpass matter and energy, becoming the core element of victory, and information warfare took center stage in history.

The focus of information warfare has shifted. The Gulf War is considered a milestone in information warfare, where multinational forces, leveraging reconnaissance aircraft, early warning aircraft, electronic warfare systems, precision-guided weapons, and C4ISR systems, achieved overwhelming information superiority, realizing “one-way transparency” on the battlefield. The focus of this war was no longer on completely annihilating the opponent’s massive ground forces, but rather on systematically destroying their command and control systems, air defense systems, communication hubs, and logistical supply lines, leading to the rapid collapse of the opponent’s overall combat capability and plunging them into a chaotic state of disorganized warfare and command failure. This marks the beginning of a shift in the focus of warfare from “hard destruction” in the physical domain to “system disruption” and functional paralysis in the information domain.

The methods of winning in information warfare are changing. Information warfare alters the way and objectives of material and energy utilization through information superiority. The winning strategy is no longer simply about “consuming” the opponent’s materials and energy, but rather about guiding the flow of materials and energy through efficient information flow, precisely targeting the “critical chains” of the enemy’s operational system. This aims to achieve maximum chaos, disorder, functional collapse, and overall effectiveness reduction in the enemy system with minimal material and energy input. Therefore, information warfare is beginning to pursue “entropy increase,” or increased disorder, in the enemy’s operational system, causing it to move from order to disorder. This indicates that dissipative warfare, reflecting the complex systemic confrontation of intelligent warfare, is beginning to emerge.

Dissipation warfare is a typical form of intelligent warfare.

With the rapid development of intelligent technology and its widespread application in the military, intelligent warfare is becoming a new form of warfare after information warfare, and dissipation warfare is becoming a typical mode of intelligent warfare.

Dissipation warfare has adapted to the demands of the modern world security landscape. In the era of intelligent technology, technologies and applications such as broadband networks, big data, cloud computing, brain-computer interfaces, intelligent chips, and deep learning are rapidly developing. Connections between nations and ethnic groups are becoming more extensive, non-traditional security threats are emerging and intertwining with traditional security threats, the subjects and scope of intelligent warfare are constantly expanding, and the time and space of warfare are continuously extending. Warfare systems are shifting from relatively closed to more open, forming higher-level and broader-ranging confrontations. Dissipation warfare, a winning strategy in the intelligent era, is becoming increasingly prominent.

Dissipation warfare reflects the historical development of methods for winning wars. Dissipation warfare has always existed, but before the emergence of intelligent warfare, due to technological limitations, it remained in a relatively rudimentary and simple form, with combat primarily manifesting as a confrontation between one of the elements: matter, energy, or information. Cold weapon warfare was mainly characterized by a material-centric, human-centered confrontation; firearms and mechanized warfare were mainly characterized by an energy-centric, platform-centered confrontation; and information warfare was mainly characterized by an information-centric, network-based confrontation. In the intelligent era, intelligent technology highly unifies the cognitive, decision-making, and operational advantages in adversarial confrontation. Essentially, it unifies matter, energy, and information, forming an intelligent warfare form dominated by intelligent elements and centered on intelligent algorithms through intelligent empowerment, energy aggregation, energy drive, and energy release. Its typical form is dissipation warfare, reflecting the complex systemic confrontation of intelligent warfare.

Dissipation warfare embodies the resilience of complex warfare systems. From the perspective of its winning mechanism, to gain an advantage in a confrontation, it is necessary to construct a rapid “perception, decision-making, action, and assessment” dissipation warfare closed loop based on the principles of “negative entropy infusion, threshold identification, phase transition triggering, and victory control.” This continuously increases the enemy’s entropy value in a dynamic hybrid game, causing the enemy to lose its overall combat capability. From the perspective of its winning path, dissipation warfare emphasizes the comprehensive use of material attrition, energy counter-attack, and information confrontation. Internally, it “establishes order,” achieving logical concentration, immediate enrichment, complementary advantages, and integrated superiority to form comprehensive combat power. Externally, it “increases entropy” through the continuous operation of military, political, economic, technological, cultural, and diplomatic components until the accumulated effectiveness reaches a certain level, forming a “fluctuation,” achieving a sudden change in combat power and the emergence of system effectiveness. In terms of its basic characteristics, dissipative warfare is characterized by comprehensive confrontation and competition, multiple subjects across domains, complex and diverse forms, integrated and concentrated forces, and the cumulative emergence of effectiveness. The core of the confrontation has shifted from the destruction of the physical domain and the control of the information domain to a game of disrupting and maintaining the inherent “orderliness” of the complex system of intelligent warfare.

Dissipation warfare encompasses various forms of intelligent warfare. Beyond the traditional attrition warfare across land, sea, air, space, cyberspace, and electronic domains, it also includes forms of struggle employed by one or more nations against their adversaries in multiple social domains. These include political isolation and encirclement, economic and financial blockades, disruption of technological supply chains, cultural strategic exports, authoritative media campaigns to seize the initiative in discourse, creation of trending events to guide public perception, AI-assisted social media information cocoons, and the use of proxies to establish multilateral battlefields. The diverse forms of dissipation warfare allow it to be conducted both in wartime and peacetime. The principle of “victorious armies first secure victory and then seek battle,” as taught in Sun Tzu’s *Art of War*, takes on new meaning in the context of war preparations in the intelligent age.

The shift in winning strategies from war of attrition to war of dissipation

Dissipative warfare manifests itself in the comprehensive confrontation across multiple domains, including the physical and information domains, in the intelligent era. It embodies a high degree of unity among political contests, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflicts, and diplomatic checks and balances, reflecting the openness, complexity, and emergent nature of intelligent warfare systems.

The evolution from attrition warfare to dissipation warfare represents a comprehensive and profound transformation. The basis for victory has shifted from relying on resource reserves such as population, mineral deposits, and industrial bases to relying on information superiority, intelligent algorithm superiority, network structure superiority, and the ability to dynamically control energy and information flows. The target has shifted from focusing on destroying physical entities such as soldiers, tanks, and factories to focusing on dismantling the “function” and “order” of the war system. The pursuit of effectiveness has shifted from the absolute destruction and annihilation of manpower to the pursuit of highly efficient “asymmetric paralysis,” that is, inducing maximum chaos and incompetence in the enemy’s combat system at the lowest possible cost, aiming to “paralyze” rather than “destroy.” The focus of war has shifted from confrontation primarily in the physical domains of land, sea, and air to a comprehensive game involving multiple domains, including the physical and information domains. While confrontation in the physical domain still exists, it is often determined by advantages in higher-dimensional domains.

The evolution from attrition warfare to dissipation warfare reflects a shift in the decisive advantage. In the era of intelligent warfare, victory will no longer simply belong to the side with the largest steel army, but will inevitably belong to the side that can more efficiently “establish order” and “induce entropy”—that is, the side that can maintain a highly ordered and efficient operation of its own war system while precisely and intelligently dismantling the order of the enemy’s system, forcing it into irreversible “entropy increase” and chaos. To gain a decisive advantage in war, it is necessary to adapt to the openness, complexity, and emergent nature of intelligent warfare systems, shifting from the extensive consumption and application of single materials, energy, and information to using intelligent advantages to dominate the dissipation of the war system, striving to gain the initiative and advantage in comprehensive multi-domain competition.

The evolution from attrition warfare to dissipation warfare is an inevitable trend driven by the tide of technological revolution. Technology is the core combat capability and the most active and revolutionary factor in military development. Currently, intelligent technology is developing rapidly. Only by proactively embracing the wave of intelligence and firmly grasping the key to victory in the precise understanding, intelligent control, and efficient dissipation of the complex system of warfare can we remain invincible in the ever-changing landscape of future global competition and the profound transformation of warfare.

現代國語：

從消耗戰到耗散戰——

試析智能化戰爭制勝方式新變革

習主席指出，研究作戰問題，核心是要把現代戰爭的特點規律和制勝機理搞清楚。從青銅劍的碰撞到坦克發動機的轟鳴再到無人“蜂群”的飽和攻擊，戰爭形態的每一次躍遷都深刻改變著戰爭制勝方式。在漫長的冷兵器、熱兵器和機械化戰爭時代，消耗戰以國家財富資源的對沖抵消來耗盡對手的抵抗意志。然而，以信息技術革命為先導，並加速向智能化時代邁進的新軍事革命，正將戰爭制勝方式推向全新的維度——耗散戰，即將傳統的以物質、能量消耗為主，轉變為集物質對耗、能量對沖和信息對抗綜合一體的戰爭方式。

消耗戰是傳統戰爭形態的鐵律

在工業時代及其之前的漫長歲月裡，戰爭主要是基於物質與能量要素的對抗，勝負的天平往往向能夠承受更大物質與能量損耗的一方傾斜。

消耗戰是傳統戰爭形態的主要制勝方式。冷兵器戰爭，對抗重心在於兵員數量、體能耐力、金屬兵器與糧秣儲備的比拼，戰爭勝負往往取決於誰的兵員數量規模大，誰的後勤鏈條更牢固。如古代比較多見的圍城戰本質就是守城方物資儲備與攻城方兵力器械的消耗戰；熱兵器戰爭，火藥的運用並未削弱戰爭消耗，反而將其推至新高度。拿破侖戰爭線列步兵的密集沖鋒，第一次世界大戰的凡爾登、索姆河戰役戰壕對峙的殘酷絞殺，無不體現著“以鋼鐵和血肉換取空間”的消耗戰本質；機械化戰爭，坦克、飛機、航母等平台的登場，將物質與能量的消耗規模推向巔峰。第二次世界大戰中，蘇德戰場的庫爾斯克坦克大會戰、太平洋戰場慘烈的硫磺島爭奪戰，都是國家工業產能與軍隊承受傷亡能力的終極對撞。

消耗戰實質是基於物質與能量要素的比拼。消耗戰比拼的是體量和存量，是人口基數、資源儲備、工業產能、兵力規模等靜態或可緩慢累積的要素，主要目標是摧毀敵方有生力量、戰爭物資、剝奪其領土和資源，實質上是對抗雙方物質與能量要素的比拼。克勞塞維茨“戰爭是迫使敵人服從我們意志的一種暴力行為”的論斷，底層邏輯正是暴力消耗。消耗戰的制勝機理是：勝利屬於能更持久地將物質資源轉化為戰場殺傷力，並能承受更大損失的一方。

消耗戰在實踐中暴露出重大歷史局限性。從傳統戰爭的長期實踐看，消耗戰的根本局限性體現為巨大的生命、物質財富損失，社會難以承受的高昂成本，以及大量能量與資源被浪費在非關鍵目標或盲目炮擊、大規模但低效的沖鋒等無效對抗上。當對抗雙方實力接近且意志堅定時，勝負難分，反復拉鋸，極易陷入如第一次世界大戰西線戰場般的長期消耗泥潭。面對日益網絡化、信息化的現代作戰體系，依靠大規模火力覆蓋的消耗模式，難以精准打擊對手關鍵節點與功能連接，效果事倍功半。

信息技術革命催生耗散戰雛形

20世紀下半葉的信息技術革命，為戰爭形態注入了顛覆性變量，信息開始超越物質與能量，成為核心制勝要素，信息化戰爭形態登上歷史舞台。

信息化戰爭的重心發生轉移。海灣戰爭被視為信息化戰爭的裡程碑，多國部隊憑借偵察機、預警機、電子戰系統、精確制導武器和C4ISR系統，形成壓倒性信息優勢，實現了戰場“單向透明”。這場戰爭的重點不再是徹底殲滅對手龐大的地面部隊，而是轉向系統性摧毀其指揮控制系統、防空體系、通信樞紐和後勤補給線，導致對手整體作戰能力迅速瓦解，陷入各自為戰、指揮失靈的混亂狀態。這標志著戰爭重心開始從物理域的“硬摧毀”，向信息域的“體系破擊”和功能癱瘓轉移。

信息化戰爭的制勝方式發生變化。信息化戰爭通過信息優勢改變物質、能量運用的方式與目標。制勝方式不再是單純追求“消耗”對手的物質與能量，而是通過高效的信息流引導物質流與能量流，精確作用於敵作戰體系的“關鍵鏈”，以最小的物質與能量投入，達成敵方體系最大程度的混亂失序、功能瓦解和整體效能塌縮。由此可見，信息化戰爭開始追求敵方作戰體系的“熵增”即混亂度增加，使其從有序走向無序，表明反映智能化戰爭復雜體系對抗的耗散戰已經初露端倪。

耗散戰是智能化戰爭的典型方式

隨著智能化技術快速發展及其在軍事上的廣泛應用，智能化戰爭正成為信息化戰爭後的新戰爭形態，而耗散戰則成為智能化戰爭的典型方式。

耗散戰適應了世界安全形勢的時代要求。進入智能化時代，寬網絡、大數據、雲計算、腦機連接、智能芯片、深度學習等智能技術及其應用快速發展，各國家、民族之間的聯系更加廣泛，非傳統安全威脅興起並與傳統安全威脅交織，智能化戰爭主體和范疇不斷拓展，戰爭時間與空間不斷外延，戰爭體系從相對封閉走向更加開放，形成更高層次和更大范圍的對抗，耗散戰這一智能化時代的戰爭制勝方式日益凸顯。

耗散戰反映了戰爭制勝方式的歷史發展。耗散戰實際上始終存在，只不過在智能化戰爭形態出現之前，由於技術的制約，一直處於較為低級的形式和簡單狀態，戰爭對抗只能突出體現為物質、能量和信息某一種要素間的對抗。冷兵器戰爭主要表現為以物質要素為主導的以人體為中心的對抗，熱兵器和機械化戰爭主要表現為以能量要素為主導的以平台為中心的對抗，信息化戰爭主要表現為以信息要素為主導的以網絡信息體系為中心的對抗。進入智能時代，智能化技術將敵我對抗中的認知優勢、決策優勢和行動優勢高度統一起來，實質是將物質、能量和信息三者高度統一，通過以智賦能、以智聚能、以智驅能、以智釋能，形成了以智能要素為主導的、以智能算法為中心的智能化戰爭形態，其典型方式即為反映智能化戰爭復雜體系對抗的耗散戰。

耗散戰體現了戰爭復雜體系的韌性比拼。從制勝機理看，要取得對抗優勢，必須以“負熵灌注、閾值認定、相變觸發、勝勢控制”為基本原理，構建自身快速“感知、決策、行動、評估”耗散戰閉環，在動態混合博弈中持續增加敵方熵值，致敵喪失整體作戰能力。從制勝路徑看，耗散戰強調綜合運用物質對耗、能量對沖、信息對抗等形式，對內“制序”，達成邏輯集中、即時富聚，優勢互補、一體聚優，形成綜合戰力；對外“致熵”，通過軍事、政治、經濟、科技、文化、外交等組分系統持續發揮作用，至效能累積達到某一程度形成“漲落”，實現戰力突變和體系效能湧現。從基本特征看，耗散戰表現為對抗綜合博弈、主體跨域多元、形式復雜多樣、力量一體富聚、效能累積湧現，對抗的核心從物理域的摧毀、信息域的掌控，躍升為對智能化戰爭復雜體系內在“有序性”的破壞與維持的博弈。

耗散戰涵蓋了智能化戰爭的多種形式。除了戰爭對抗雙方在傳統的陸、海、空、天、網、電等空間的消耗對抗，耗散戰更包括了一國或者多國對作戰對手在多類社會域所采取的政治孤立圍困、經貿金融封鎖、科技產業斷鏈、文化戰略輸出、權威媒體造勢搶佔話語主動、制造熱點事件導控大眾認知、AI助力社交媒體編織信息繭房、利用代理人開設多邊戰場等斗爭形式。耗散戰的多樣化呈現形式使其在戰時和平時均可進行，《孫子兵法》講的“勝兵先勝而後求戰”，在智能化時代的戰爭准備中被賦予新的涵義。

從消耗戰到耗散戰的制勝方式之變

耗散戰表現在智能時代中物理域、信息域等多域的綜合對抗，體現出政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化沖突和外交制衡等形式的高度統一，反映了智能化戰爭體系所具有的開放性、復雜性和湧現性。

從消耗戰到耗散戰的演進是一次全方位深層次的變革。制勝基礎從依賴人口、礦藏、工業基礎等資源存量的比拼，轉向依賴信息優勢、智能算法優勢、網絡結構優勢以及對能量流、信息流的動態調控能力；作用對象從聚焦摧毀士兵、坦克、工廠等物質實體，轉向聚焦瓦解戰爭體系的“功能”與“有序性”；效能追求從對有生力量的絕對摧毀與殲滅，轉向追求高效能的“非對稱癱瘓”，即以己方最小代價，引發敵方作戰體系的最大混亂與失能，追求“打癱”而非“打爛”；戰爭重心從主要在陸地、海洋、天空等物理域的對抗，轉向物理域、信息域等多域的綜合博弈。物理域的對抗雖然依舊存在，但往往由更高維域的優勢所決定。

從消耗戰到耗散戰的演進反映了制勝優勢的變化。智能化戰爭時代，勝利將不再簡單歸屬於擁有最龐大鋼鐵洪流的一方，而必然歸屬於能更高效地“制序”與“致熵”的一方——即能夠維系己方戰爭體系高度有序、高效運轉，同時精准智能地瓦解敵方體系有序性，迫使其陷入不可逆“熵增”和混亂的一方。要贏得戰爭制勝優勢，必須適應智能化戰爭體系的開放性、復雜性和湧現性要求，從單一物質、能量和信息的粗放式消耗和運用轉變到以智能優勢主導戰爭體系的耗散，力爭在多領域的綜合博弈中贏得主動和優勢。

從消耗戰向耗散戰的演進是科技革命洪流裹挾下的必然趨勢。科技是核心戰斗力，是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。當前，智能化科技迅猛發展，只有主動擁抱智能化浪潮，將制勝之鑰牢牢掌握在對戰爭復雜體系有序性的精確認知、智能調控與高效耗散之中，才能在未來世界博弈的風雲變幻與戰爭方式的深刻變革中立於不敗之地。

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：王榮輝 責任編輯：王韻
2025-09-10 06:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/1640888718.html

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Functional Orientation of the Modern Combat System with Chinese Characteristics

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中國特色現代作戰體系的功能定位

2018年08月14日 xx:xx　来源：解放军报

現代英語：

Functional Orientation of the Modern Combat System with Chinese Characteristics

　　Key Points

　　● The coexistence, iterative development, dynamic evolution, and integrated development of multiple generations of mechanization, informatization, and intelligentization constitute the historical context of national defense and military construction in the new era, and also represent the historical position of building a modern combat system with Chinese characteristics.

　　● Traditional and non-traditional security threats are intertwined, and various strategic directions and security fields face diverse real and potential threats of local wars. This requires our military to abandon old models such as linear warfare, traditional ground warfare, and homeland defense warfare, and accelerate the transformation to joint operations and all-domain operations.

　　The report to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed that, standing at a new historical starting point and facing the demands of building a strong country and a strong military, “we should build a modern combat system with Chinese characteristics.” This is a strategic choice to adapt to the rapidly evolving nature of warfare, to thoroughly implement Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military, to comprehensively advance the modernization of national defense and the armed forces, and to aim at building a world-class military. Among these choices, the grasp of the functional orientation of the modern combat system with Chinese characteristics greatly influences the goals, direction, and quality of its construction.

　　Seize the opportunities of the times and take the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligentization as the historical orientation.

　　The combat system is the material foundation of war and is closely related to the form of warfare. In today’s world, a new round of technological and industrial revolution is brewing and emerging. Original and disruptive breakthroughs in some major scientific problems are opening up new frontiers and directions, prompting human society to rapidly transform towards intelligence, and accelerating the evolution of warfare towards intelligence. Currently, our military is in a stage of integrated mechanization and informatization development. Mechanization is not yet complete, informatization is being deeply advanced, and we are facing both opportunities and challenges brought about by the intelligent military revolution. The new era provides us with a rare historical opportunity to achieve innovative breakthroughs and rapid development, and also provides a rare historical opportunity for our military’s combat system construction to achieve generational leaps and leapfrog development.

　　A new era and a new starting point require establishing a new coordinate system. The coexistence, iterative development, dynamic evolution, and integrated development of multiple generations of mechanization, informatization, and intelligentization constitute the historical context of national defense and military construction in the new era, and also the historical position of building a modern combat system with Chinese characteristics. We should accurately grasp the historical process of the evolution of warfare, the historical stage of the combined development of mechanization and informatization, and the historical opportunities brought about by intelligent warfare. We must prioritize the development of military intelligence, using intelligence to lead and drive mechanization and informatization, coordinating mechanization and informatization within the overall framework of intelligent construction, and completing the tasks of mechanization and informatization development within the process of intelligentization. We must focus on top-level design for military intelligence development, researching and formulating a strategic outline and roadmap for military intelligence development, clarifying key areas, core technologies, key projects, and steps for intelligent development, and accelerating the construction of a military intelligent combat system. We must achieve significant progress as soon as possible in key technologies such as deep learning, cross-domain integration, human-machine collaboration, autonomous control, and neural networks, improving the ability to materialize advanced scientific and technological forces into advanced weaponry and equipment, and providing material conditions for building a modern combat system.

　　Emphasizing system-on-system confrontation, with the development of joint operations and all-domain operations capabilities as the core indicators.

　　Information-based local wars are characterized by integrated joint operations as their basic form, with network support, information dominance, and system-on-system confrontation as their main features. The combat capability generation model is shifting towards a network-based information system. Currently and for some time to come, my country’s geostrategic environment remains complex, with traditional and non-traditional security threats intertwined. Various strategic directions and security domains face diverse real and potential threats of local wars. Simultaneously, with the expansion of national interests, the security of overseas interests is becoming increasingly prominent, requiring the PLA to abandon old models such as linear warfare, traditional ground warfare, and territorial defense warfare, and accelerate its transformation towards joint operations and all-domain operations.

　　The report of the 19th CPC National Congress pointed out that “enhancing joint operational capabilities and all-domain operational capabilities based on network information systems” is a new summary of the PLA’s operational capabilities in the new era and a core indicator for building a modern operational system with Chinese characteristics. We should actively explore the characteristics, laws, and winning mechanisms of modern warfare, and proactively design future operational models, force application methods, and command and coordination procedures to provide advanced theoretical support for building a modern operational system with Chinese characteristics. Following the new pattern of the Central Military Commission exercising overall command, theater commands focusing on combat operations, and services focusing on force development, we should adapt to the new joint operational command system, the reform of the military’s size, structure, and force composition, highlighting the network information system as the core support, and building an operational system capable of generating powerful joint operational capabilities to fully leverage the overall power of the various services and branches. With a view to properly addressing various strategic directions and traditional and non-traditional security threats, ensuring the PLA can reliably carry out various operational missions, we should build an operational system capable of generating powerful all-domain operational capabilities, achieving overall linkage across multiple battlefields and domains, including land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace.

　　Focusing on real threats, the strategic objective is to gain an asymmetric advantage over the enemy.

　　The world today is at a new turning point in the international situation, with strategic competition among major powers taking on new forms and the struggle for dominance in the international and regional order becoming unprecedentedly fierce. The specter of hegemonism and power politics lingers, and some countries are intensifying their efforts to guard against and contain China. my country’s geostrategic environment is becoming increasingly complex, with multiple destabilizing factors, facing multi-directional security pressures, and an increasingly complex maritime security environment. All of these factors contribute to increasing the dangers and challenges to national security.

　　Effectively responding to real military security threats is a crucial strategic task in our military preparedness and a strategic direction for building a modern combat system with Chinese characteristics. We should focus on keeping up with technological advancements, vigorously developing advanced equipment, and striving to avoid creating new technological gaps with potential adversaries. This will provide solid material support for the construction of our combat system. Simultaneously, we must emphasize leveraging the PLA’s long-standing principles of flexibility, mobility, and independent operation, capitalizing on our strengths and avoiding weaknesses, targeting the enemy’s vulnerabilities and weaknesses. We should not simply compete with the best in high-tech fields, but rather focus on deterring the enemy and preventing war. We must accelerate the development of asymmetric counterbalancing mechanisms, strengthen the construction of conventional strategic means, new concepts and mechanisms, and strategic deterrence in new domains, supporting the formation of a new combat system with new deterrent and combat capabilities. We must not fear direct confrontation, preparing for the most complex and difficult situations, and building a combat system capable of providing multiple means, forces, and methods to address diverse war threats. This will ensure that, in the event of conflict, the comprehensive effectiveness of the combat system is fully utilized, guaranteeing victory in battle and deterring further war through war.

　　Promoting military-civilian integration and using the national strategic system to support winning the people’s war in the new era is a fundamental requirement.

　　The deepest roots of the power of war lie within the people. The concept of people’s war is the magic weapon for our army to defeat the enemy. Modern warfare is a comprehensive confrontation of the combined strength of opposing sides, involving political, economic, military, technological, and cultural fronts. Various armed forces are closely integrated, and various forms of struggle are coordinated with each other. The role and status of civilian technology and civilian forces in war are increasingly important, which further requires integrating the national defense system into the national economic and social system and striving to win the people’s war in the new era.

　　Leveraging the power of military-civilian integration to support the fight against people’s war in the new era with the national strategic system is a fundamental requirement for building a modern combat system with Chinese characteristics. We must deeply implement the national strategy of military-civilian integration, deeply integrate the construction of our military’s combat system into the national strategic system, utilize national resources and overall strength to achieve a continuous leap in combat effectiveness, and maximize the overall power of people’s war. We must focus on strengthening military-civilian integration in emerging strategic fields, actively seize the commanding heights of future military competition, and continuously create new advantages in people’s war. We must incorporate the military innovation system into the national innovation system, strengthen demand alignment and collaborative innovation, enhance independent innovation, original innovation, and integrated innovation capabilities, and proactively discover, cultivate, and utilize strategic, disruptive, and cutting-edge technologies to provide advanced technological support for building a modern combat system. We must also focus on the in-depth exploitation of civilian resources, strengthen the integration of various resources that can serve national defense and military construction, prevent duplication and waste, self-contained systems, and closed operations, and maximize the incubation effect of civilian resources on the construction of a modern combat system.

　　(Author’s affiliation: Institute of War Studies, Academy of Military Sciences)

Zhang Qianyi

現代國語：

中國特色現代作戰體系的功能取向

要點提示

●機械化信息化智能化多代並存、迭代孕育、動態演進、融合發展，是新時代國防和軍隊建設的時代背景，也是中國特色現代作戰體系建設的歷史方位。

●傳統和非傳統安全威脅相互交織，各戰略方向、各安全領域面臨多樣化現實和潛在的局部戰爭威脅，要求我軍必須摒棄平麵線式戰、傳統地面戰、國土防禦戰等舊模式，加快向聯合作戰、全域作戰轉變。

黨的十九大報告提出，站在新的歷史起點上，面對強國強軍的時代要求，“構建中國特色現代作戰體系”。這是適應戰爭形態加速演變的時代要求，深入貫徹習近平強軍思想、全面推進國防和軍隊現代化、瞄準建設世界一流軍隊的戰略抉擇。其中，對中國特色現代作戰體系功能取向的把握，極大影響著體系構建的目標、方向和質量。

抓住時代機遇，以機械化信息化智能化融合發展為歷史方位

作戰體係是戰爭的物質基礎，與戰爭形態緊密關聯。當今世界，新一輪科技革命和產業革命正在孕育興起，一些重大科學問題的原創性顛覆性突破正在開闢新前沿新方向，促使人類社會向智能化快速轉型，戰爭形態向智能化加速演變。當前，我軍正處於機械化信息化複合發展階段，機械化尚未完成、信息化深入推進，又面臨智能化軍事革命帶來的機遇和挑戰。新時代為我們實現創新超越、快速發展提供了難得歷史機遇，也為我軍作戰體系建設實現跨代超越、彎道超車提供了難得歷史機遇。

新時代新起點，需要確立新的坐標系。機械化信息化智能化多代並存、迭代孕育、動態演進、融合發展，是新時代國防和軍隊建設的時代背景，也是中國特色現代作戰體系建設的歷史方位。應準確把握戰爭形態演變的歷史進程，準確把握機械化信息化複合發展的歷史階段，準確把握智能化戰爭帶來的歷史機遇，堅持把軍事智能化建設擺在優先發展位置，以智能化引領帶動機械化信息化，在智能化建設全局中統籌機械化信息化，在智能化進程中完成機械化信息化發展的任務；注重搞好軍事智能化發展的頂層設計，研究制定軍事智能化發展戰略綱要和路線圖，明確智能化發展的關鍵領域、核心技術、重點項目和步驟措施等，加快軍事智能化作戰體系建設進程；盡快在深度學習、跨界融合、人機協同、自主操控、神經網絡等關鍵技術上取得重大進展，提高先進科技力物化為先進武器裝備的能力，為構建現代作戰體系提供物質條件。

突出體係對抗，以打造聯合作戰和全域作戰能力為核心指標

信息化局部戰爭，一體化聯合作戰成為基本形式，網絡支撐、信息主導、體係對抗成為主要特徵，戰鬥力生成模式向基於網絡信息體系轉變。當前及今後一個時期，我國地緣戰略環境仍然複雜，傳統和非傳統安全威脅相互交織，各戰略方向、各安全領域面臨多樣化現實和潛在的局部戰爭威脅，同時隨著國家利益的拓展，海外利益安全問題日益凸顯，要求我軍必須摒棄平麵線式戰、傳統地面戰、國土防禦戰等舊模式，加快向聯合作戰、全域作戰轉變。

黨的十九大報告指出，“提高基於網絡信息體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力”，這是對新時代我軍作戰能力的新概括，也是中國特色現代作戰體系建設的核心指標。應積極探索現代戰爭特點規律和製勝機理，前瞻設計未來作戰行動模式、力量運用方式、指揮協同程式等，為構建中國特色現代作戰體系提供先進理論支撐；按照軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建的新格局，適應聯合作戰指揮新體制、軍隊規模結構和力量編成改革，突出網絡信息體系這個核心支撐，打造能夠生成強大聯合作戰能力的作戰體系，充分發揮諸軍兵種作戰力量整體威力；著眼妥善應對各戰略方向、傳統和非傳統安全威脅，確保我軍可靠遂行各種作戰任務，打造能夠生成強大全域作戰能力的作戰體系，實現陸海空天電網多維戰場、多域戰場的整體聯動。

著眼現實威脅，以形成對敵非對稱作戰優勢為戰略指向

當今世界，國際形勢正處在新的轉折點上，大國戰略博弈呈現新態勢，圍繞國際和地區秩序主導權的鬥爭空前激烈。霸權主義和強權政治陰魂不散，一些國家加緊對華防範和遏制。我國地緣戰略環境日趨複雜，存在多重不穩定因素，面對多方向安全壓力，我海上安全環境日趨複雜等，這些都使得國家安全面臨的危險和挑戰增多。

有效應對現實軍事安全威脅，是我軍事鬥爭準備的重要戰略任務，也是中國特色現代作戰體系建設的戰略指向。應注重技術跟進，大力研發先進裝備，力避與潛在對手拉開新的技術代差，為作戰體系建設提供堅實物質支撐，同時注重發揮我軍歷來堅持的靈活機動、自主作戰原則，揚長避短，擊敵弱項、軟肋，不單純在高科技領域“與龍王比寶”，著眼懾敵止戰，加快發展非對稱制衡手段，加強常規戰略手段、新概念新機理和新型領域戰略威懾手段建設，支撐形成具有新質威懾與實戰能力的新型作戰體系；不懼直面過招，立足最複雜最困難情況，構建能夠提供多種手段、多種力量、多種方式應對多樣化戰爭威脅的作戰體系，確保一旦有事，充分發揮作戰體係綜合效能，確保戰而勝之、以戰止戰。

推進軍民融合，以國家戰略體系支撐打贏新時代人民戰爭為根本要求

戰爭偉力之最深厚根源存在於民眾之中。人民戰爭思想是我軍克敵制勝的法寶。現代戰爭是敵對雙方綜合實力的整體對抗，涉及政治、經濟、軍事、科技、文化等各條戰線，各種武裝力量緊密結合、各種鬥爭形式相互配合，民用技術和民間力量在戰爭中的地位作用日益提升，更加要求把國防體系融入國家經濟社會體系，努力打贏新時代人民戰爭。

發揮軍民融合時代偉力，以國家戰略體系支撐打贏新時代人民戰爭，是中國特色現代作戰體系建設的根本要求。要深入實施軍民融合發展國家戰略，推動我軍作戰體系建設深度融入國家戰略體系，利用國家資源和整體力量實現戰鬥力的持續躍升，最大限度發揮人民戰爭的整體威力；注重加強在新興戰略領域的軍民融合發展，積極搶占未來軍事競爭的製高點，不斷創造人民戰爭的新優勢；把軍事創新體系納入國家創新體系之中，加強需求對接、協同創新，增強自主創新、原始創新、集成創新能力，主動發現、培育和運用戰略性顛覆性前沿性技術，為構建現代作戰體系提供先進技術支撐；抓好民用資源深度挖掘，強化可服務於國防和軍隊建設的各種資源整合力度，防止重複浪費、自成體系、封閉運行，最大限度發揮民用資源對現代作戰體系構建的孵化效應。

（作者單位：軍事科學院戰爭研究院）

張謙一

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.chinanews.com.cn/mil/2018/08-14/8599617888.shtml

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Chinese Military Exclusive Requirements for Strategies & Tactics of People’s War in The New Era

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新時代中國軍隊對人民戰爭戰略戰術的獨特要求

現代英語：

Looking back on its glorious combat history, the People’s Army has consistently adhered to the absolute leadership of the Party, proposing and implementing a comprehensive set of strategies and tactics for people’s war. These strategies and tactics are a crucial weapon for the People’s Army to defeat the strong with the weak and to conquer the enemy. Over the past 98 years, with the changing times and evolving forms of warfare, the specific content and manifestations of the strategies and tactics for people’s war have continuously evolved. To confront the challenges of information-based and intelligent warfare, we must firmly grasp the essential requirements and value orientations of the strategies and tactics for people’s war amidst the rapidly evolving global trends and practices, unifying the inherently unchanging laws of conduct with the external realities of change, and continuously innovating and developing the strategies and tactics for people’s war in the new era.

President Xi Jinping emphasized that no matter how the situation develops, the magic weapon of people’s war must never be lost. However, we must grasp the new characteristics and new requirements of people’s war in the new era, innovate its content, methods and approaches, and unleash its overall power. Currently, facing profound challenges brought about by changes in science and technology, warfare, and our adversaries, we must not only inherit and carry forward the fine traditions of people’s war, but also be sensitive to changes, actively respond to them, and proactively seek change. We must accurately grasp the inherent requirements of the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era, consciously update our thinking and concepts, and innovate strategic guidance, so that this magic weapon of defeating the enemy can be demonstrated on future battlefields.

Adhere to relying on the people and deeply rooted

In the long practice of revolutionary war, the people are the most profound force for victory. The people are the primary force behind the strategies and tactics of people’s war, a magic weapon for victory. People’s war has its roots deeply rooted in the people, and its confidence comes from the people. Regardless of how the times change or how the war evolves, relying closely on the people and fully mobilizing them will always be the fundamental condition and the only way to carry out people’s war. Developing the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era requires adhering to the mass perspective of history and the fundamental requirement that soldiers and civilians are the foundation of victory. We must integrate the traditional strategic advantages of people’s war with the mass line, broaden the sources of vitality for the strategies and tactics of people’s war, draw strategic wisdom and tactical methods from the people, and develop an intellectual advantage for people’s war in the new era. We must solidly carry out national defense education throughout the nation, continuously foster a strong sense of patriotism, inspire patriotism, strengthen awareness of potential dangers, and enhance national defense awareness. We must guide the masses to actively care about and support national defense, thereby infusing powerful spiritual strength into people’s war in the new era. We must focus on promoting high-quality population development, comprehensively improve the cultural, scientific, and innovative qualities of the entire population, accelerate the development of a modern human resource base of high quality, sufficient in volume, optimized in structure, and rationally distributed, and promote the shift of the dominant force in people’s war from quantitative to qualitative. Further improve the national defense mobilization system and mechanism, promote the establishment of a rapid response system that is connected with the national emergency response mechanism and integrated with the joint combat system, fully tap and gather the unlimited war potential contained in the people, and give full play to the resource aggregation and value-added effect.

Focus on overall planning and full-area offense and defense

In the long-term practice of revolutionary warfare, the strategies and tactics of people’s war require the comprehensive mobilization of diverse forces and resources in the political, economic, cultural, diplomatic, and military sectors, and the integrated use of various forms of struggle and methods of operation. This holistic approach compensates for local deficiencies and disadvantages, ultimately defeating powerful adversaries. Modern warfare is not only a fierce confrontation in the military sphere, but also a comprehensive struggle in the political, economic, and diplomatic spheres, exhibiting the distinct characteristics of hybrid warfare. To develop the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era, we must establish a broad systemic mindset, relying on the national strategic system and supported by the joint operations system, explore the implementation methods of people’s war strategies and tactics, and win the total war of people’s war in the new era. We should fully leverage the advantages of the new national system, relying on the integrated national strategic system and capabilities, efficiently aggregate superior resources across the board, fully activate the country’s national defense potential, and weave various forces and resources into a network. We should integrate and plan the subsystems of people’s war, including leadership, organization, personnel, command, technology, equipment, and support, to maximize the effectiveness of holistic linkage and systemic operation, and achieve the maximum benefits of all-round effort and multiplied energy. We must strengthen comprehensive coordination across the physical, information, and social domains, focusing on seeking breakthroughs in new domains and new qualities, and making achievements in new dimensions such as unmanned warfare, human-machine collaborative warfare, network and electronic warfare, space and deep-sea warfare, and intelligent and autonomous warfare. Military and non-military means must be coordinated, integrating various forms of struggle, including political, economic, diplomatic, public opinion, and military. Comprehensive measures must be implemented to effectively wage diplomatic offensive and defensive battles, financial and trade battles, psychological defense battles, and public opinion and legal battles. We must leverage the combined effectiveness of political offensives and armed strikes to effectively fight the political and military battles.

Strengthen active defense and take the initiative

Through the long practice of revolutionary warfare, the People’s Army has developed a comprehensive strategic philosophy of active defense, emphasizing, for example, the unity of strategic defense and offensive action in campaigns and battles, the principles of defense, self-defense, and preemptive strike, and the principle of “if no one offends me, I will not offend; if someone offends me, I will certainly offend.” Active defense is fundamentally defensive, its essence lies in activeness, and its inherent characteristic is proactiveness. Currently, profound changes have taken place in the international, national, and Party, military, and political landscapes. The strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era generally adhere to the fundamental principle of defense and are not aimed at hegemony, aggression, or oppression of other countries. Consequently, they will win the support and endorsement of the vast majority of the Chinese people, as well as the understanding and assistance of peace-loving and justice-loving countries and peoples around the world. Developing the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era must adapt to the times and circumstances. We must adhere to a defensive national defense policy, implement the military strategic guidelines of the new era, excel at observing and analyzing issues from a political perspective, and be adept at considering and applying strategies from regional and global perspectives to consolidate the political foundation for victory in people’s war. We must persist in neither provoking trouble nor fearing it, strengthen the regular and diversified use of military force, firmly and flexibly carry out military struggle, and while adhering to the strategic preemptive strike, we must not give up campaign and combat offensives under favorable conditions and when necessary. We must advance steadily, make progress within stability, and be proactive within stability, effectively shape the security situation, contain crises and conflicts, and firmly grasp the initiative in the struggle.

Highlight new quality dominance and technological empowerment

In the long practice of revolutionary warfare, while emphasizing that victory in war is primarily determined by people, not objects, the People’s Army has also placed great emphasis on the research and development of advanced military technology, particularly weaponry. Comrade Mao Zedong once emphasized that without modern equipment, it would be impossible to defeat the armies of imperialism. The technological content of modern warfare has undergone a qualitative leap, with advanced technologies and new weaponry such as artificial intelligence, big data, quantum computing, unmanned aerial vehicles, and brain control being widely applied in the military. While the people remain the decisive force in determining victory in war, the manifestation of this power has undergone significant changes. Science and technology are core combat power, and People’s War will place greater emphasis on the application of scientific and technological means and rely even more heavily on the wisdom and creativity of the people. Developing the strategies and tactics of People’s War in the new era should prioritize winning information-based and intelligent warfare. We should deeply study the essential characteristics, winning mechanisms, and strategies and tactics of high-end warfare, accelerate the shift from “winning by numbers” to “winning by talent,” and from “winning by manpower” to “winning by intelligence,” effectively enhance our ability to win through scientific and technological empowerment and digital intelligence, and truly unleash the crucial role of science and technology and talent in People’s War in the new era. We will accelerate the development of high-tech industries, vigorously strengthen the construction of new forces in new domains such as ocean, space, cyberspace, artificial intelligence, and quantum technology, increase military-civilian collaboration in high-tech fields, accelerate the transformation and application of new productive forces into new combat capabilities, and promote the expansion of war potential reserves into emerging fields and the focus on new forces. We will integrate and coordinate military and civilian scientific and technological advantages, shifting the focus from traditional support and guarantee elements such as human and material resources to new support and guarantee elements such as information, technology, and intelligence. We will build information, resource, and technology pools with profound foundations and rich reserves, actively cultivate capable, strong, and professional professional support units, and continuously expand the breadth and depth of people’s participation in the war and scientific and technological support.

Emphasis on flexibility, maneuverability, innovation and checks and balances

In the long-term practice of revolutionary warfare, the strategies and tactics of People’s War are highly flexible and maneuverable. Their most essential requirement is to prioritize self-reliance, attacking the enemy without being attacked by them. Based on the actual situation of both sides, we fight the battles based on our weapons, against the enemy, and at the right time and place. We identify the enemy’s weaknesses and vulnerabilities, leverage our strengths and advantages, and defeat the enemy with our own strengths, always seizing the initiative on the battlefield. Flexible and maneuverable strategies and tactics are the magic weapon for defeating an enemy with superior equipment with inferior equipment. “You fight yours, I fight mine” is a summary and generalization of the long-term experience of China’s revolutionary war and the soul and essence of the strategies and tactics of People’s War. Developing the strategies and tactics of People’s War in the new era must grasp the methodological requirements of asymmetric checks and balances, leverage innovative operational concepts, adhere to the mechanisms of victory in modern warfare, and continuously develop practical and effective tactics to defeat the enemy. We must proceed from the actual circumstances of both sides, gaining a deep understanding of operational missions, adversaries, and the evolving operational environment. We must thoroughly grasp the concepts, elements, and methods of victory, objectively analyze and study the strengths and weaknesses, advantages and disadvantages of both sides, know the enemy and ourselves, adapt to the situation, and flexibly utilize various combat forces and methods, striving to achieve maximum results at the lowest cost. We must adhere to the principle of “attacking the enemy without being attacked by them,” capitalize on strengths and avoid weaknesses, avoid the real and attack the weak, attack where the enemy is least prepared, and attack where they must be defended. We must proactively create opportunities, flexibly maneuver the enemy, and fight wherever we are most advantageous and wherever we are most skilled. We must adhere to the principle of “using what we can to defeat what we cannot,” advancing the research and application of military theory, operational guidance, tactics, and training methods in a timely manner, innovating core operational concepts, and developing new types of combat methods. We must fight against the enemy’s tactics, targeting their weaknesses, and leveraging our military’s strengths, thus creating new winning advantages in people’s war through asymmetric checks and balances.

Emphasis on accumulating small things into big things and focusing on unity of purpose

Throughout the long practice of revolutionary warfare, our army has been at an overall disadvantage for considerable periods. Therefore, the strategies and tactics of people’s war emphasize leveraging strength against weakness locally, persisting in accumulating small victories into larger ones, and concentrating forces to wage annihilation campaigns. This has become a key strategy for the people’s army to defeat powerful foes. Compared to previous eras, modern warfare often unfolds across multiple dimensions and domains, providing greater scope for implementing this strategy of “accumulating small victories into larger ones.” Developing the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era requires strengthening the concept of “dispersed in appearance, yet focused in spirit; dispersed in form, yet united in strength.” This involves dynamically consolidating and uniting the numerous combat forces distributed across the multidimensional battlefield. Through the fusion of capabilities and immediate optimization, we can launch rapid localized focused-energy attacks, wide-area guerrilla harassment, and deliver annihilating and destructive strikes against key enemy locations. This not only creates a hammering effect, but also continuously wears down the enemy, gradually depriving them of the initiative on the battlefield. This highly integrated distributed warfare emphasizes the wide-area dispersion of troop deployment and the discrete distribution of capabilities. Based on the needs of achieving operational intent, objectives, and missions, it prioritizes the best operational elements, units, and forces. Through the integration of operational capabilities and the accumulation of operational impacts, it aggregates optimal operational effects, unleashes maximum operational potential, maximizes operational effectiveness, and achieves optimal operational results. This distributed warfare has evolved from “geographical dispersion” to “dynamic coupling across all domains and dimensions”: no longer limited to the physical dispersion of personnel and equipment, it extends to multi-dimensional battlefields such as cyber, electromagnetic, and cognitive. Relying on data links, artificial intelligence, and distributed command systems to achieve cross-domain collaboration, it significantly enhances battlefield survivability and multiplies strike effectiveness.

現代國語：

編者按

回望輝煌戰鬥歷程，人民軍隊始終堅持在黨的絕對領導下，提出並實施了一整套人民戰爭戰略戰術，這是人民軍隊以弱勝強、克敵制勝的重要法寶。 98年來，隨著時代變遷和戰爭形態演變，人民戰爭戰略戰術的具體內容和表現形式不斷發展變化。直面資訊化智慧化戰爭挑戰，我們要在快速變化發展的世界大勢和實踐樣態中，牢牢把握人民戰爭戰略戰術的本質要求和價值取向，把內在不變的規律性特徵與外在變化的現實性特徵統一起來，不斷創新發展新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術。

習主席強調指出，無論形勢如何發展，人民戰爭這個法寶永遠不能丟，但要把握新的時代條件下人民戰爭的新特點新要求，創新內容和方式方法，充分發揮人民戰爭的整體威力。當前，面對科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變帶來的深刻挑戰，我們既要繼承發揚人民戰爭優良傳統，也要敏銳識變、積極應變、主動求變，準確把握新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術內在要求，自覺更新思維理念，創新戰略指導，讓克敵制勝的法寶顯威未來戰場。

堅持依靠人民、深根基

在長期革命戰爭實踐中，人民群眾是戰爭勝利最深厚的偉力。人民戰爭戰略戰術，人民是構成這一制勝法寶的主體，人民戰爭的根基深植於人民、底氣來自於人民，無論時代如何發展、戰爭如何演進，緊緊依靠人民、充分動員群眾，永遠是開展人民戰爭的基礎條件和不二法門。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，必須堅持群眾史觀和兵民是勝利之本的根本要求，把人民戰爭的傳統謀略優勢和群眾路線結合起來，拓展人民戰爭戰略戰術的源頭活水，從人民群眾中汲取戰略智慧和策略方法，形成新時代人民戰爭的智力優勢。札實開展全民防衛教育，不斷厚植家國情懷，激發愛國動力，強化憂患意識，增強國防觀念，引導廣大群眾主動關心國防事業、支持國防建設，為新時代人民戰爭注入強大精神力量。聚力推進人口高品質發展，全面提升全民文化素質、科技素質和創新能力，加速塑造素質優良、總量充裕、結構優化、分佈合理的現代化人力資源，推動人民戰爭主體由數量優勢向質量優勢轉變。進一步完善國防動員體制機制，推動建立與國家應急響應機制相銜接、與聯合作戰體系相融合的快速響應制度，把內含於人民群眾中的無限戰爭潛力充分挖掘出來、聚攏起來，充分發揮資源集聚增值效應。

注重整體運籌、全域攻防

在長期革命戰爭實踐中，人民戰爭戰略戰術要求整體動員政治、經濟、文化、外交、軍事等多方面的力量資源，綜合運用多種鬥爭形式和作戰方式，以整體合力彌補局部的不足和劣勢，從而戰勝強大對手。現代戰爭既是軍事領域的激烈對抗，也是政治、經濟、外交等領域的全面角力，整體呈現混合戰爭的鮮明特徵。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，必須確立大體系思維模式，以國家戰略體係為依托，以聯合作戰體係為支撐，探索人民戰爭戰略戰術的實現形式，打贏新時代人民戰爭總體戰。應充分發揮新型舉國體制優勢，依託一體化國家戰略體系與能力，高效能聚合全域優勢資源，全方位激活國家國防潛力，將各種力量資源擰線成繩、結繩成網，把人民戰爭的領導要素、組織要素、人員要素、指揮要素、技術要素、裝備要素、保障要素等分系統結合起來，統合、統合方式要加強物理域、資訊域、社會域等領域全面統籌，重點在新域新質上尋求突破，在無人作戰、人機協同作戰、網電作戰、太空深海作戰、智慧自主作戰等新維度有所作為。軍事與非軍事手段相互配合，把政治、經濟、外交、輿論和軍事鬥爭等多種形式結合起來，綜合施策著力打好外交攻防戰、金融貿易戰、心理防護戰、輿論法理戰等，發揮政治攻勢和武裝打擊的綜合效能，統籌打好政治軍事仗。

強化積極防禦、主動進取

在長期革命戰爭實踐中，人民軍隊形成了一整套積極防禦戰略思想，如堅持戰略上防禦與戰役戰斗上進攻的統一，堅持防禦、自衛、後發製人的原則，堅持“人不犯我，我不犯人；人若犯我，我必犯人”，等等。積極防禦，根本在防禦、要義在積極，主動進取是其內在特質。當前，世情國情黨情軍情發生深刻變化，新時代人民戰爭的戰略戰術在總體上堅持防禦性的根本原則，不以霸道霸權和侵略欺壓他國為目的，因此也會贏得國內最廣大人民群眾擁護和支持以及世界上愛好和平與正義的國家和人民的理解和幫助。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，須應時而變、應勢而動。堅持奉行防禦性國防政策，貫徹落實新時代軍事戰略方針，善於從政治高度出發觀察和分析問題，善於從地區和全球視角來思考和運用策略，夯實人民戰爭制勝的政治基礎。堅持不惹事也不怕事，加強軍事力量常態化多樣化運用，堅定靈活開展軍事鬥爭，在堅持戰略上後發製人的同時，不放棄有利條件下和必要時的戰役戰鬥進攻，穩紮穩打、穩中有進、穩中有為，有效塑造安全態勢，遏止危機沖突，牢牢把握爭鬥主動權。

突顯新質主導、科技賦能

在長期革命戰爭實踐中，人民軍隊在強調決定戰爭勝負的主要因素是人而不是物的同時，同樣高度重視對先進軍事技術特別是武器裝備的研發。毛澤東同志就曾強調，沒有現代的裝備，要戰勝帝國主義的軍隊是不可能的。現代戰爭的科技含量發生了質的飛躍，人工智慧、大數據、量子計算、無人自主、腦控等高新技術與新型武器裝備廣泛應用於軍事領域。雖然人民群眾依然是戰爭勝負的決定性力量，但是這種力量的表現形式發生了重要變化。科技是核心戰鬥力，人民戰爭將更重視科技手段的運用，更依賴人民群眾的智慧和創造力。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，應把打贏資訊化智能化戰爭作為戰爭準備的著眼點，深研高端戰爭的本質特徵、制勝機理、戰略戰法，加速推動從「人多製勝」向「人才制勝」、從「人力製勝」向「智力製勝」轉變，切實提高新科技賦能、數智者發揮勝利能力、數智性的科技人才、新人民主義中的關鍵人民發揮作用。加速推進高新產業發展，大力加強海洋、太空、網路空間、人工智慧、量子科技等新域新質力量建設，加大高新技術領域軍地協作力度，加速新質生產力向新質戰鬥力轉化運用，推動戰爭潛力儲備向新興領域拓展、向新質力量聚焦。聚合協同軍地科技優勢，由聚焦人力物力等傳統支撐保障要素向聚焦資訊、技術、智慧等新質支撐保障要素轉變，建設底蘊深厚、儲備豐富的資訊池、資源池、技術池，積極打造精幹強能、專業性強的專業支前分隊，不斷拓展人民參戰與科技支前的廣度與深度。

講究靈活機動、創新制衡

在長期革命戰爭實踐中，人民戰爭戰略戰術是高度靈活機動的戰略戰術，最本質的要求是堅持以我為主，致人而不致於人，根據敵我雙方的實際情況，有什麼武器打什麼仗，對什麼敵人打什麼仗，在什麼時間地點打什麼時間地點的仗，找準敵之弱點和軟肋，發揚我之長主動和優勢，能永遠不能掌握戰場。靈活機動的戰略戰術是以劣勢裝備戰勝優勢裝備之敵的致勝法寶。 “你打你的、我打我的”，是中國革命戰爭長期經驗的總結和概括，是人民戰爭戰略戰術的靈魂和精髓。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，必須掌握非對稱制衡的方法論要求，以作戰概念創新為抓手，遵循現代戰爭制勝機理，不斷推出實用管用的克敵制勝招法。堅持一切從敵我雙方的實際情況出發，深刻洞悉作戰任務、作戰對手、作戰環境變化，深刻把握制勝觀念、制勝要素、制勝方式發展，客觀分析研究敵我雙方的強弱、優劣，知彼知己、因勢而變，靈活運用各種作戰力量和作戰方法，努力以最小代價取得最大戰果。堅持“致人而不致於人”，揚長避短、避實就虛，出其不趨、攻其必救，主動創造戰機，靈活調動敵人，怎麼有利就怎麼打，怎麼擅長就怎麼打。堅持“以能擊不能”，與時俱進推進軍事理論、作戰指導、戰法訓法研究運用，創新核心作戰概念，發展新質作戰手段，不按敵人套路打、盯著敵人軟肋打、發揮我軍優長打，在非對稱制衡中創造人民戰爭新的製勝優勢。

重視積小為大、神聚力合

在長期革命戰爭實踐中，我軍在相當長的時間內都是處於全局上的劣勢地位，所以人民戰爭戰略戰術重視局部上以強對弱，堅持積小勝為大勝，集中力量打殲滅戰，這成為人民軍隊戰勝強敵的關鍵一招。相較於以往，現代戰爭作戰往往在多維多域中展開，為實施「積小勝為大勝」提供了更加廣闊空間。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要強化「貌散而神聚，形散而力合」的理念，將分佈在多維戰場的諸多作戰力量動態集中聯合起來，通過效能融合、即時聚優，實施局部快速聚能攻擊、廣域遊擊襲擾，對敵分佈的要點實施殲這種神聚力合的分散式作戰更強調兵力部署廣域分散、能力狀態離散分佈，根據實現作戰企圖、達成作戰目的、遂行作戰任務需要，優選最佳作戰要素、單元、力量，通過作戰能力融合、行動作用累積，聚合最優作戰效應，激發最大作戰潛能，實現作戰效益最大化，達成最佳作戰效果。這種分散式作戰已經從「地理空間的分散」上升為「全局全維的動態耦合」：不再局限於人員裝備在物理空間的分散，而是拓展到網絡、電磁、認知等多維戰場；依託數據鏈、人工智能和分佈式指揮系統實現跨域協同，既極大提升了戰場生存力，又倍增了打擊效能。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2025-08-01&paperNumber=07&articleid=960384888

#cyber #warfare, #mosaic #warfare, #網路戰爭, #馬賽克 #戰爭

Chinese Military Operational Transition “Cyber Warfare” to “Mosaic Warfare”

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中國軍事行動從「網路戰」轉型為「馬賽克戰」

現代英語：

Theory is the precursor of action. Strengthening innovation in combat concepts and promoting innovation in combat guidance have always been important ways for militaries around the world to develop military advantages. In recent years, the U.S. military has successively proposed cutting-edge combat theories such as “cyber warfare”“ and mosaic warfare”, in order to realize that the combat model “production relationship” can be more adapted to the development of combat capabilities “productivity”. Through comparative analysis of these two combat theories, the world can get a glimpse of the changes in the thinking of building the US military’s combat capabilities, especially the understanding of the winning mechanism “mosaic warfare”, so as to find targeted and effective checks and balances.

● From threat response to war design——

Active shaping and improvement of traction combat capability

“Threat-based ”or “capability-based” are two basic ways to build military combat capabilities.“ Threat-based ”reflecting demand traction and focusing on solving real-life problems in the near and medium term are the basic rules that the military should follow in building combat capabilities; “based on capabilities” embodying goal traction, aiming at future strategic missions, and supporting strategic concepts with new combat theories are the key to military combat capabilities. The only way to innovate and surpass. The development from “cyber warfare” to “mosaic warfare” reflects the differences and evolution of the internal laws of the above two approaches, and also reflects the changes in the thinking and concepts of the US military in promoting combat capability construction in recent years.

New changes in concept origin. Cyberspace was originally born to solve human communication needs. Later, it gradually evolved into a new combat domain independent of land, sea, air, and space. From this, a “cyber war” with the struggle for cyberspace control as the core was derived. In comparison, “mosaic warfare” is a new combat concept actively developed and designed by the US military in order to continue to maintain its strategic advantage and directly target competitors. Its formation process reflects the integration of demand traction and capability traction, and its strategy, initiative, and traction Sex is more prominent.

New ideas for the use of technology.“ Cyber warfare ”emphasis on supporting the transformation and implementation of combat concepts through the development of new generation technologies.“ Mosaic Warfare” breaks out of this model and does not place too much emphasis on the development of a new generation of equipment technology. It pays more attention to the rapid transformation of general military and civilian technologies and the incremental iteration of mature technologies. The basic idea is to build on existing equipment and follow the application concepts of service platforms such as online ride-hailing and crowdfunding development. Through module upgrades and intelligent transformation, various combat system units “mosaicization” will be transformed into single-function, flexible Assemble and replaceable “building blocks” or “pixels” to build a dynamically coordinated, highly autonomous, and seamlessly integrated combat system Embodied new technology-driven ideas.

Path Development New Design.“ Cyber warfare ”as a companion concept to the network space, wherever the network space develops, “cyber warfare” will follow suit. Generally speaking, “objective” material conditions will be considered first, and then “subjective” conceptual design will be carried out. It has strong dependence on path development.“ Mosaic warfare ”first from “subjective” to “objective”, by developing a force design model that can dynamically adjust the functional structure, it can adapt to different combat needs and changes in the battlefield environment.

It can be seen that “mosaic warfare” has clearer goals, more mature technology, and more reliable paths than previous combat concepts such as “cyber warfare”, reflecting the change in thinking actively shaped by the US military.

● From network center to decision center——

Group intelligence to achieve optimal system energy release

AI technology is a key variable in the information age and a core increment in the development of the “mosaic warfare” system.“ Cyber warfare ”emphasis on “network center”, “mosaic warfare” closely focuses on the core of artificial intelligence technology, adjusts the key to victory from “network center” to “decision-making center”, and changes the combat system structure from system level and platform level Joint transformation to functional level and factor level integration, seeking to fully gather energy in the network The “group intelligence technology” realizes the optimal release of the system and gives new connotation to the war winning mechanism in the intelligent era.

Use “fast” to control “slow” to seize the cognitive lead. In future wars, the battlefield situation will change rapidly, and the weight of time factors will continue to increase. “Fast” versus “Slow” can form a combat strike effect that is approximately dimensionally reduced.“ Mosaic War ” By using data information technology and artificial intelligence technology, we can improve the single-ring decision-making speed of our own “OODA” ring, expand the breadth of parallel decision-making, reduce the granularity of group decision-making, accelerate the progress of system operations, and create an overall one-step faster “First move” situation, aiming to firmly control the dominance of cognitive decision-making on the battlefield.

With “low” system “high”, we accumulate cost advantages. Different from the traditional combat concept of pursuing high-end weapon platforms, “mosaic warfare” focuses on using artificial intelligence technology to tap the potential and increase efficiency of existing weapon platforms and combat resources. By loading and operating intelligent algorithms and specific functional modules on many mid-to-low-end weapon platforms, it can achieve combat performance comparable to high-end weapon platforms, overall improving the cost-effectiveness ratio of the input and output of the weapon platform, thereby accumulating cost advantages.

To “disperse” control “gather” and seek sustainable survival. “ Mosaic Warfare ” emphasizes the adoption of decentralized ideas and asymmetric checks and balances, using an open system architecture, and decentralized configuration of various functions such as reconnaissance, positioning, communication, and strike on various manned/unmanned platforms to achieve power. Distributed deployment. At the same time, relying on intelligent algorithms to improve the self-organization, self-coordination, and independent attack capabilities of each platform to achieve dispersion and concentration of firepower. When some combat platforms are eliminated, interfered with or stripped away, the entire combat system can still operate normally, thereby enhancing the continued viability of the battlefield of the force cluster.

Use “movement” to control “stillness” to improve system flexibility. “ Mosaic warfare ” emphasizes further breaking through the barriers of various combat areas. By turning the fixed “kill chain” in different combat domains into a dynamically reconfigurable “kill net”, the “OODA” large ring is disassembled into small rings, and the single ring is differentiated into multiple rings. According to changes in combat processes and combat requirements, intelligent networking is relied on to realize the split-in-movement, call-in-movement and combination of combat forces. In this way, on the one hand, it can enhance the flexibility and adaptability of the combat system; on the other hand, it can also hedge and offset the node aggregation effect of complex networks, making it difficult for opponents to find key nodes to defeat their own systems.

“Mosaic warfare” provides a reference prototype for intelligent operations. But at the same time, as an idealized force design and application framework, “mosaic warfare” still needs closely related technical, doctrinal, policy and other supporting support. There is still a long way to go before it is fully realized, and it is consistent with traditional combat systems. The coexistence situation will exist for a long time.

● From factor integration to system restructuring——

Dynamic structure to enhance combat system flexibility

Structure and relationships often determine function and nature.“ Cyber warfare ”and “mosaic warfare” are built on the common material foundation of the information age and follow the same evolutionary paradigm, but the principles and effects of system construction are different.“ The system structure formed by cyber warfare” is statically deconstructable, while “mosaic warfare” dynamically combines functional units according to certain construction rules to form a flexible system structure with self-organizing and adaptive characteristics, similar to a “dynamic black box”, which is difficult to follow with conventional means. predict. And this flexible structure often “emerges” new capabilities to empower and increase effectiveness in the combat system.

The integrated development of network and cloud makes combat time and space more dynamic and malleable. The Internet and the cloud are the basic environment for the operation of the information combat system. They reshape the process elements of intelligence, accusation, strike, and support in traditional operations, and at the same time derive new combat time and space.“ Cyber warfare ”mainly focusing on network space, its combat time and space are relatively static.“ Mosaic warfare ” is not limited to a single combat space. Under the development trend of information infrastructure network following cloud movement and cloud network integration, tangible and intangible spaces can be further deep-linked. The boundaries between combat time and space are more flexible, and the allocation of combat resources is more flexible, the combat system structure is more dynamic.

Data flows across domains, making operational control more seamlessly coordinated. In the “Command and Control” link, “cyber warfare” focuses on the command and control of combat units by joint combat command agencies. Cross-domain exchange and flow of data is mainly concentrated on the theater battlefield.“ Mosaic warfare ”further sinks the level of joint operations to the tactical end. Through the autonomous cross-domain exchange and seamless flow of data at the tactical level, various data islands can be clustered into data clusters on demand, thereby producing a significant “spillover” effect, making the dynamic, discrete, agile, and parallel characteristics of the combat command control loop more obvious, and more conducive to achieving agile connection of each combat unit on demand Efficiently act in concert.

Algorithm full-dimensional penetration makes system operation more autonomous and efficient. Algorithms are the mapping of human consciousness in cyberspace, forming two basic forms: compilation codes transformed by intention and neural networks transformed by knowledge. In “cyber warfare”, compiled code is widely used, and neural networks are only used locally. In “Mosaic Warfare”, the algorithm expands the two key functions of shaping rules and providing engines, and the breadth and depth of application are more prominent. Shaping rules is mainly based on compilation code, supplemented by neural networks, to construct the process framework and operating logic of the “mosaic warfare” system, laying a structural foundation for its uncertainty, adaptability and ability “emergence”; the provision engine mainly integrates intelligent algorithms The model is distributed to the edge elements to operate, forming a knowledge diffusion effect, thereby comprehensively improving the intelligent autonomous combat capabilities of the “mosaic warfare” system.

The side end releases energy independently, making the combat style more flexible and polymorphic. The edge is an abstract model of various manned/unmanned combat functional units and a direct source of systemic capabilities “emergence”.“ Cyber warfare ”in a system where edge elements are closely coupled with superior and subordinate accusation processes and are in a state of precise control.“ In the mosaic warfare” system, the perception, interaction, reasoning, and decision-making capabilities of edge-end elements are greatly improved. Its “OODA” ring does not need to be linked back to the superior command structure, which is conducive to supporting the formation of a decentralized combat cluster with high and low matching and manned/unmanned combination. form, which can give edge-end elements more self-organizing authority and significantly enhance the battlefield confrontation advantage.

It can be seen that if “cyber warfare” is called a sophisticated war machine, “mosaic warfare” can be regarded as a complex “ecology” that can stimulate the dynamic growth of combat capabilities. New changes in network clouds, data, algorithms, and edges have contributed to The formation of a dynamically complex “system structure”. This structure in turn reversely regulates elements, platforms and systems, and new capabilities continue to emerge, playing an important role in enhancing and evolving the combat system.

● From “system breaking to compound confrontation——”

To analyse the advantages and disadvantages and seek effective checks and balances

“Mosaic warfare” represents to a certain extent the possible direction of the future development of joint operations. It is necessary to fully analyze and grasp the winning mechanism of “mosaic warfare”, shape the field of information and communication as a new quality and new domain that breaks the traditional boundaries of war time and space, create a new concept of network cloud-enabled combat, build and strengthen the support and support capabilities of national defense information infrastructure, and highlight military information network security defense capabilities, enhance the minimum support capabilities for the operation of strategic campaign command organizations, and continuously improve the network information system.

On the other hand, the emergence of the “mosaic warfare” theory makes it difficult for traditional combat methods to attack target nodes with limited capture and control to achieve the system-breaking effect of breaking points and breaking chains. But it should be noted that any system has its inherent contradictions, and the seemingly “impeccable” decentralized structure of “mosaic warfare” can still find ways to effectively crack it. For example, grasp its system complexity characteristics, use its correlation dependence, highlight the functional suppression of communication networks, construct network-electrical composite attack paths, and achieve disassembly and isolation of various units of the combat system; grasp its structural dissipation characteristics, and use Its external information dependence highlights the disguise and misleading of information data, prompting the combat system to transform into abnormal states such as information closure and information overload; Grasp its group autonomy characteristics, use its key technology dependence, highlight the confrontation and efficiency reduction of intelligent algorithms, and suppress the intelligent internal drive of each combat unit; grasp its functional non-linear characteristics, use its unknown vulnerabilities, and highlight battlefield differentiation Strike assessment, test and discover operational system imbalances with higher efficiency and faster speed, and find key weaknesses in system attack.

(Author’s unit: Unit 61001)

現代國語：

編者按

理論是行動的先導。加強作戰概念創新、推動作戰指導革新，歷來是世界各國軍隊培塑軍事優勢的重要途徑。近年來，美軍先後提出「賽博戰」「馬賽克戰」等前線作戰理論，以期實現作戰模式這一「生產關系」能夠更加適應作戰能力這一「生產力」的發展。透過對比分析這兩種作戰理論，世人可以一窺美軍作戰能力建設思路的變化，特別是認清「馬賽克戰」的製勝機理，從而有的放矢，找到有效制衡之策。

●從威脅應對到戰爭設計——

主動塑造，牽引作戰能力提升

「基於威脅」或「基於能力」是軍隊作戰能力建設的兩條基本途徑。 「基於威脅」體現需求牽引，聚焦解決近中期現實問題，是軍隊作戰能力建設應遵循的基本規律；「基於能力」體現目標牽引，瞄準未來戰略使命，以新作戰理論支撐戰略構想，是軍隊作戰能力創新超越的必由之路。從「賽博戰」向「馬賽克戰」的發展，體現了上述兩種途徑內在規律的差異與演進，也反映出美軍近年來推進作戰能力建設思維理念的變化。

概念發端新變化。網絡空間，最初為解決人類的通訊需求而生，後來逐漸演變為一個獨立於陸、海、空、天之外的新作戰域，由此衍生出以爭奪網絡空間制權為核心的「賽博戰」。與之相比，「馬賽克戰」是美軍為繼續保持戰略優勢地位，直接瞄準競爭對手而主動開發設計的新作戰概念，其形成過程體現了需求牽引與能力牽引的融合，戰略性、主動性、牽引性更加突顯。

技術運用新思路。 「賽博戰」強調，透過研發新世代技術支撐作戰概念轉化落地。 「馬賽克戰」則跳出這個模式，不過分強調研發新一代裝備技術，更加關注對軍民通用技術的快速轉化，對成熟技術的漸進迭代。其基本想法是立足現有裝備，按照類似網約車、眾籌開發等服務類平台的運用理念，通過模塊升級和智能化改造，將各類作戰系統單元“馬賽克化”為功能單一、靈活拼裝、便於替換的“積木”或“像素”，構建形成動態協調、高度自主、無縫融合的作戰體系，體現了新的技術驅動。

路徑發展新設計。 「賽博戰」作為網電空間的伴生概念，網電空間發展到哪裡，「賽博戰」就跟進到哪裡，總體上先考慮「客觀」的物質條件，再進行「主觀」的概念設計，在路徑發展上具有較強的依附性。 「馬賽克戰」則先由「主觀」再到「客觀」，透過開發可動態調整功能結構的兵力設計模型，使其能夠適應不同作戰需求及戰場環境變化。

由此可見，「馬賽克戰」相比「賽博戰」等過去作戰概念，其目標更加明確、技術更加成熟、路徑更加可靠，體現出美軍主動塑造的思路轉變。

●從網絡中心到決策中心—

群體智能，實現體系最優釋能

人工智慧技術是資訊時代的關鍵變量，也是「馬賽克戰」體系發展的核心增量。 《賽博戰》強調“網絡中心”，“馬賽克戰”則緊緊扭住人工智能技術這一核心，將製勝關鍵從“網絡中心”調整為“決策中心”，將作戰體系架構由系統級、平台級聯合轉變為功能級、要素級融合，謀求在網絡充分聚能的前提下，以群體性智能技術實現體系最優釋能，為勝理的戰爭賦予新涵機時代。

以“快”制“慢”，奪取認知先手。未來戰爭，戰場形勢瞬息萬變，時間要素的權重不斷上升，「快」對「慢」可以形成近似降維的作戰打擊效果。 「馬賽克戰」透過運用數據資訊技術與人工智慧技術，提升己方「OODA」環的單環決策速度，拓展並行決策廣度，降低組環決策粒度，加快體係作戰進度，在整體上塑造始終快人一步的「先手棋」態勢，旨在牢牢控制戰場認知決策的主導權。

以“低”制“高”，積累成本優勢。與追求高端武器平台的傳統作戰概念不同，「馬賽克戰」著重於利用人工智慧技術對現有武器平台及作戰資源的挖潛增效。透過在眾多中低階武器平台上加載運行智慧演算法和特定功能模塊，使其達到媲美高端武器平台的作戰性能，整體上提高了武器平台投入產出的效費比，進而積累形成成本優勢。

以“散”制“聚”，謀求持續生存。 「馬賽克戰」強調採用化整為零的去中心化思路和非對稱制衡理念，使用開放系統架構，在各類有人/無人平台上分散配置偵察、定位、通信、打擊等各類功能，實現力量的分佈式部署。同時，依托智能演算法提升各平台的自組織、自協同、自主攻擊能力，實現形散神聚、火力集中。當部分作戰平台被消滅、幹擾或剝離後，整個作戰體系仍能正常運轉，從而增強兵力集群的戰場持續生存能力。

以“動”制“靜”，提升體系彈性。 「馬賽克戰」強調進一步突破各作戰域壁壘。通過把不同作戰域中固定的“殺傷鏈”變成可動態重構的“殺傷網”，將“OODA”大環拆解為小環，單環分化為多環。根據作戰進程和作戰需求的變化，依托智能組網實現作戰力量的動中拆分、動中調用、動中組合。如此，一方面可增強作戰體系的靈活性、適應性；另一方面還可對沖抵消複雜網絡的節點聚集效應，使對手難以找到破擊己方體系的關鍵節點。

「馬賽克戰」為智慧化作戰提供了一種可藉鑑的參考原型。但同時，作為一種理想化的兵力設計和運用框架，「馬賽克戰」還需要與之緊密相關的技術、條令、政策等配套支持，距離完全實現還有很長的路要走，與傳統作戰體系共存的局面將長期存在。

●從要素整合到體系重組—

動態結構，增強作戰體係彈性

結構和關系往往決定功能和性質。 「賽博戰」與「馬賽克戰」建構於資訊時代共同的物質基礎，遵循相同的演進範式，但體系建構的原理和效果有所不同。 「賽博戰」形成的體系結構靜態可解構，而「馬賽克戰」則按照一定構建規則動態組合功能單元，形成具有自組織、自適應特徵的彈性體系結構，類似一種“動態黑箱”，常規手段難以跟踪預測。而這一彈性結構常會「湧現」出新的能力，為作戰體系賦能增效。

網雲融合發展，使作戰時空更動態可塑。網和雲是資訊化作戰體系運作的基礎環境，重塑了傳統作戰中情報、指控、打擊、保障的流程要素，同時衍生出新的作戰時空。 「賽博戰」主要聚焦網電空間，其作戰時空相對靜態。 「馬賽克戰」則不限於單一作戰空間，在資訊基礎設施網隨雲動、雲網一體的發展趨勢下，可進一步深度鉸鏈有形無形空間，作戰時空邊界更有彈性，作戰資源配置更加靈活，作戰體系結構更具動態。

數據跨域流轉，使作戰控制更加無縫協同。在指揮控制環節，「賽博戰」關注的重點是聯合作戰指揮機構對作戰單元的指揮控制，數據跨域交換流轉主要集中在戰區戰場。 「馬賽克戰」則進一步將聯合作戰的層級下沉至戰術末端，通過數據在戰術層面的自主跨域交換和無縫流轉，實現各類數據孤島按需集聚為數據集群，進而產生顯著的「溢出」效應，讓作戰指揮控制環路動態、離散、敏捷、並行的特徵更為明顯，更加有利於實現各作戰單元按需銜接、高效協同行動。

演算法全維滲透，使體系運作更加自主高效。演算法是人的意識在網絡空間的映射，形成了由意圖轉化的編譯代碼和由知識轉化的神經網絡兩種基本形態。在「賽博戰」中，編譯代碼大量應用，神經網絡只在局部應用。在「馬賽克戰」中，演算法擴展出塑造規則、提供引擎兩項關鍵職能，運用的廣度深度更加突出。塑造規則以編譯代碼為主，輔以神經網絡，構造「馬賽克戰」體系的流程框架和運行邏輯，為其不確定性、適應性和能力「湧現」性奠定結構基礎；提供引擎則主要將智能演算法模型分發至邊端要素運行，形成知識擴散效應，從而全面提升「馬賽克戰」體系的智能自主作戰能力。

邊端自主釋能，使作戰樣式更靈活多態。邊端是各類有人/無人作戰功能單元的抽像模型，也是體系能力「湧現」的直接來源。 「賽博戰」體系中，邊端要素與上下級指控流程緊密耦合，處於精確受控狀態。 「馬賽克戰」體系中，邊端要素的感知、交互、推理、決策能力大大提升，其「OODA」環不必回鏈至上級指揮機構，有利於支撐形成高低搭配、有人/無人結合的去中心化作戰集群形態，可以賦予邊端要素更多自組織權限，明顯增強了戰場對抗優勢。

可見，如果稱“賽博戰”為精密的戰爭機器，“馬賽克戰”則可以視為一種能夠激發作戰能力動態生長的復雜“生態”，網雲、數據、算法、邊端所產生的新變化，促進形成了動態復雜的“體系結構”。這一結構又反向調控要素、平台和系統，不斷湧現新的能力，為作戰體系增能、演變發揮重要作用。

●從體系破擊到復合對抗——

辨析優劣，尋求有效制衡之策

「馬賽克戰」某種程度上代表著未來聯合作戰形態發展的可能方向。應當充分研析把握「馬賽克戰」的製勝機理，將資訊通信領域作為打破傳統戰爭時空界限的新質新域加以塑造，打造網雲賦能作戰新概念，建強國防資訊基礎設施支撐保障能力，突顯軍事資訊網安全防禦能力，增強戰略戰役指揮機構運行的保底支撐能力，不斷完善網絡資訊體系。

另一方面，「馬賽克戰」理論的出現，使得打擊奪控有限目標節點的傳統作戰手段，難以達成毀點斷鏈的體系破擊效果。但應當看到，任何體係都有其固有矛盾，「馬賽克戰」看似「無懈可擊」的去中心化結構，仍可以找到有效破解的方法路徑。例如，掌握其體系複雜性特徵，利用其關聯關係依賴性，突出針對通信網絡的功能抑制，構建網電復合攻擊路徑，實現對作戰體系各單元的拆解孤立；把握其結構耗散性特徵，利用其外部信息依賴性，突出針對信息數據的偽裝誤導，促使作戰體係向信息封閉、信息過載等非正常狀態轉化；掌握其群體自主性特徵，利用其關鍵技術依賴性，突出針對智能算法的對抗降效，抑制各作戰單元的智能內驅力；把握其功能非線性特徵，利用其未知脆弱性，突出戰場差異化打擊評估，以更高的效率和更快的速度失衡、發現作戰體系擊點，尋找體系破擊的關鍵弱點。

（作者單位：61001部隊

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4894734888.html?big=fan