中國新的網絡安全法 // Internet Security Law of the People ‘s Republic of China

中國新的網絡安全法 // Internet Security Law of the People ‘s Republic of China

Table of Contents

    Chapter 1 General Provisions

Chapter 2 Network Security Support and Promotion

Chapter 3 Network Operation Safety

Section 1 General Provisions

SECTION 2: Operational safety of key information infrastructures

Chapter 4 Network Information Security

Chapter 5 Monitoring Early Warning and Emergency Handling

Chapter VI Legal Liability

Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

Chapter 1 General Provisions

The first order to protect network security , safeguard cyberspace sovereignty and national security , public interests , protection of citizens , legal persons and other organizations , to promote the healthy development of economic and social information , this law is enacted .

Article in the territory of People’s Republic of China construction , operation , maintenance and use of the network , as well as supervision and management of network security , this Law shall apply .

Third countries adhere to both network security and information technology development , follow the active use , scientific development , according to management , to ensure the safety policy , promote the network infrastructure construction and interoperability , to encourage innovation and application of network technology , to support the development of network security personnel , Establish and improve the network security system , improve network security protection .

Article 4 The State shall formulate and continuously improve the network security strategy , clearly define the basic requirements and main objectives of the network security , and put forward the network security policies , tasks and measures in the key areas .

Article 5 The State shall take measures to monitor , defend and dispose of network security risks and threats arising from the territory of the People’s Republic of China , protect the critical information infrastructure from attack , intrusion , interference and destruction , punish the network for criminal activities and maintain the network Space security and order .

Article 6 The State shall promote the network behavior of honesty and trustworthiness , health and civilization , promote the dissemination of socialist core values , and take measures to raise the awareness and level of cybersecurity in the whole society and form a favorable environment for the whole society to participate in promoting network security .

Article VII countries active in cyberspace governance , network technology research and standards development , the fight against international exchange and cooperation network and other crimes , to promote the building of peace , security , open , cooperative cyberspace , multilateral , democratic , transparent network Governance system .

Article VIII of the National Network Information Department is responsible for co-ordination network security and related supervision and administration . State Council department in charge of telecommunications , public security departments and other relevant authorities in accordance with this Law and other relevant laws , administrative regulations , responsible for network security and supervision and administration within their respective areas of responsibility .

Local people’s governments above the county level of network security and regulatory functions , determined in accordance with relevant state regulations .

Article IX network and service operators to carry out business activities , must abide by laws , administrative regulations , respect social ethics , abide by business ethics , honesty and credit , fulfill the obligation to protect network security , and accept the supervision of government and society , social responsibility .

Article X build , operate or provide network services through a network , it should be in accordance with laws , regulations and national standards and administrative regulations of mandatory requirements , technical measures and other necessary measures , to ensure network security , stable operation , to effectively deal with network security incidents , Prevent cyber criminal activities , maintain the integrity of network data , confidentiality and usability .

Article XI  network-related industry organizations accordance with the constitution , strengthen self-discipline , to develop guidelines for network security behavior , guide members to strengthen network security , increase network security levels , and promote the healthy development of the industry .

Article XII of  the State protection of citizens , legal persons and other organizations the right to use the network in accordance with law , the promotion of universal access network , improve network service levels , and provide safe , convenient network services , to protect the free flow of network information according to law and orderly .

Any person and organization using the network should abide by the constitutional law , abide by the public order , respect social morality , not endanger the network security , shall not use the network to endanger national security , honor and interests , incite subversion of state power , overthrow the socialist system , incitement to split the country , The destruction of national unity , the promotion of terrorism , extremism , the promotion of national hatred , ethnic discrimination , the dissemination of violence , obscene pornography , fabricating and disseminating false information to disrupt economic order and social order , and infringe upon the reputation , privacy , intellectual property and other legitimate rights and interests of others And other activities .

Article XIII  countries to support research and development is conducive to healthy growth of minors networking products and services , punishing minors using the Internet to endanger physical and mental health activities according to law , to provide security for minors , healthy network environment .

Article 14  Any individual or organization shall have the right to report to the network , telecommunications , public security and other departments that are harmful to the safety of the Internet . The department that receives the report shall handle it in a timely manner and if it does not belong to the duties of the department , it shall promptly transfer the department to be handled .

The relevant departments shall keep the relevant information of the whistleblower and protect the legitimate rights and interests of the whistleblower .

Chapter 2 Network Security Support and Promotion

Article 15 The  State shall establish and improve the network security standard system . The department in charge of standardization of the State Council and other relevant departments under the State Council shall, in accordance with their respective duties , organize and formulate and revise the national standards and industry standards for network security management and network products , services and operation safety .

National support enterprises , research institutions , colleges and universities , network-related industry organizations to participate in network security national standards , industry standards .

Article 16 The   State Council and the people’s governments of provinces , autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall make overall plans , increase investment , support key network security technology industries and projects , support the research and development and application of network security technology , promote safe and reliable network products and services , Protection of network technology intellectual property rights , support enterprises , research institutions and colleges and universities to participate in national network security technology innovation projects .

Article 17 The   State shall promote the construction of a social security service system for network security and encourage the relevant enterprises and institutions to carry out safety services such as network security certification , testing and risk assessment .

Article 18 The   State encourages the development of network data security protection and utilization technology to promote the opening of public data resources and promote technological innovation and economic and social development .

State support innovative network security management , the use of new network technologies , enhance network security level .

Article XIX   governments at all levels and relevant departments should organize regular network security education , and guidance , and urge the relevant units to do network safety publicity and education work .

The mass media should be targeted to the community for network security publicity and education .

Article 20 The  State shall support enterprises and institutions of higher education , vocational schools and other educational and training institutions to carry out network safety-related education and training , and adopt a variety of ways to train network security personnel and promote the exchange of network security personnel .

Chapter 3 Network Operation Safety

Section 1 General Provisions

Article 21 The  State shall implement a system of network security protection . Network operators should be in accordance with the requirements of the network security level protection system , perform the following security obligations , to protect networks from interference , damage or unauthorized access , preventing data leakage or stolen , tampered with :

( 1 ) to formulate internal safety management systems and operating procedures , to determine the network security responsible person , the implementation of network security protection responsibility ;

( 2 ) to take precautions against computer viruses and network attacks , network intrusion and other hazards of network security behavior of technical measures ;

( 3 ) to take technical measures to monitor and record the operation status of the network and the network security incident , and to keep the relevant network log in accordance with the regulations for not less than six months ;

( D ) to take data classification , important data backup and encryption and other measures ;

( 5 ) other obligations stipulated by laws and administrative regulations .

Article 22 The  network products and services shall conform to the mandatory requirements of the relevant national standards . Network products , service providers may not set up malicious programs ; found their network products , services, security defects , loopholes and other risks , should immediately take remedial measures , in accordance with the provisions of the timely notification of the user and report to the relevant authorities .

The providers of network products and services shall provide continuous maintenance of their products and services ; they shall not terminate the provision of safety maintenance within the time limit prescribed by the parties or the parties .

Network products , services with the collection of user information function , the provider should be clear to the user and obtain consent ; involving the user’s personal information , but also should comply with this law and the relevant laws and administrative regulations on personal information protection requirements .

Article 23 The  network of key equipment and network security specific products should be in accordance with national standards of mandatory requirements , qualified by the agency safety certification or qualified safety testing to meet the requirements after , before they sell or provide . The State Network letter department in conjunction with the relevant departments of the State Council to develop and publish network key equipment and network security products directory , and promote safety certification and safety testing results mutual recognition , to avoid duplication of certification , testing .

Article 24 The  network operator shall handle the services such as network access , domain name registration service , fixed telephone and mobile telephone , or provide services such as information release and instant messaging , and enter into an agreement with the user or confirm the service when , should be required to provide true user identity information . If the user does not provide the true identity information , the network operator shall not provide the relevant service .

National implementation trusted identity network strategy , to support research and development of safe , convenient electronic authentication technology , to promote mutual recognition between different electronic authentication .

Article 25  network operators shall develop network security emergency response plan , timely disposal system vulnerabilities , computer viruses , network attacks , security risks and other network intrusions ; in the event of the occurrence of the harm network security , immediately launched the emergency plan , take the appropriate remedial measures , and report to the relevant authorities in accordance with the provisions .

Article 26   to carry out certification of network security , detection , risk assessment and other activities , released to the public system vulnerabilities , computer viruses , network attacks , network intrusions and other network information security , should comply with the relevant provisions of the State .

Article 27   No individual or organization may not engage in illegal intrusion into networks of others , interfere with the normal function of the network of others , active network data theft and other hazards network security ; not provide specifically for the network in the invasion , interfere with the normal function of the network and protective measures , theft Network data and other activities that endanger the network security activities , tools ; knowing that others engaged in activities that endanger network security , not to provide technical support , advertising , payment and settlement help .

Article 28 The   network operators shall provide technical support and assistance to the public security organs and the state security organs to safeguard the national security and the investigation of crimes according to law .

Article 29 The   State supports between network operators to collect information on network security , analysis , reporting and emergency response and other aspects of cooperation , to improve the security capabilities of network operators .

Relevant industry organizations to establish and improve network security norms and mechanisms for cooperation in this sector , to strengthen the analysis and evaluation of network security risks , regularly risk warning to the members , to support , to assist members to deal with network security risks .

Article 30   Network and Information Department and relevant information acquired in the performance of network security protection responsibilities , only for the need to maintain network security , shall not be used for other purposes .

SECTION 2: Operational safety of key information infrastructures

Article 31 The   state public communication and information services , energy , transportation , water conservancy , finance , public services , e-government and other important industries and fields , as well as other once destroyed , the loss of functionality or data leakage , could seriously endanger national security , people’s livelihood , the critical information infrastructure of public interest , on the basis of network security protection system on , special protection . The specific scope and safety protection of key information infrastructure shall be formulated by the State Council .

The country encourages network operators outside key information infrastructures to participate voluntarily in critical information infrastructure protection systems .

Article 32  in accordance with the division of duties prescribed by the State Council , responsible for the protection of critical information infrastructure security departments are working to formulate and implement the industry , the art of critical information infrastructure security planning , guidance and supervision of the safe operation of critical information infrastructure protection Work .

Article 33 The   construction of the critical information infrastructure to support business should ensure it has a stable , continuous operation performance , and technical measures to ensure the safety synchronized planning , simultaneous construction , simultaneous use .

Article 34   In addition to the provisions of Article 21 of this Law , critical information infrastructure operators shall perform the following security obligations :

( A ) set up a special safety management and safety management agency in charge of people , and the negative security background screening of responsibility and the key staff positions ;

( 2 ) regularly carry out network security education , technical training and skills assessment for employees ;

( Iii ) disaster recovery of critical systems and databases ;

( D ) the development of network security incident contingency plans , and regular exercise ;

( 5 ) other obligations stipulated by laws and administrative regulations .

Article 35 Where  a operator of a key information infrastructure purchases a network of products and services that may affect the safety of the State , it shall pass the national security review organized by the State Network Department in conjunction with the relevant departments of the State Council .

Article 36 of   the critical information infrastructure of network operators purchasing products and services , shall sign a confidentiality agreement with the security provider in accordance with the provisions , clear security and confidentiality obligations and responsibilities .

Article 37  Personal information and important data collected and produced by operators of key information infrastructure operators in the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall be stored in the territory . Due to business needs , do need to provide to the outside , should be in accordance with the State Network letter department in conjunction with the relevant departments of the State Council to develop a safety assessment ; laws and administrative regulations otherwise provided , in accordance with its provisions .

Article 38   critical information infrastructure operator shall himself or entrust their network security services and the possible risk of network security test and evaluation carried out at least once a year , and will assess the situation and improve the detection measures submitted to the responsible Key information Infrastructure Security protection work .

Article 39 The   State Network Letters shall coordinate the relevant departments to take the following measures for the protection of key information infrastructures :

( A ) the security risk of critical information infrastructure will be random testing , suggest improvements , can be entrusted network security services when necessary for the existence of network security risk assessment to detect ;

( 2 ) to organize the operators of key information infrastructures on a regular basis to conduct network security emergency drills to improve the level and coordination capability of responding to network security incidents ;

( 3 ) to promote the sharing of network security information between the relevant departments and operators of key information infrastructures and relevant research institutions and network security services ;

( Four ) emergency response network security incidents and recovery network functions, etc. , to provide technical support and assistance .

Chapter 4 Network Information Security

Article 40  network operators should collect information on its users strictly confidential , and establish and improve the user information protection system .

Article 41 Where a  network operator collects or uses personal information , it shall follow the principles of lawfulness , reason and necessity , publicly collect and use the rules , expressly collect and use the purpose , manner and scope of the information and agree with the collectors .

Services unrelated to the personal information of the network operator shall not collect its offer , shall not violate laws , administrative regulations and bilateral agreements to collect , use of personal information , and shall be in accordance with laws , administrative regulations and the agreement with the user , process save Of personal information .

Article 42   network operators shall not be disclosed , tampering , destruction of personal information it collects ; without the consent of the collectors , may not provide personal information to others . However , except that processing does not recognize a particular person and can not be recovered .

The network operator shall take technical measures and other necessary measures to ensure that the personal information collected by it is safe to prevent leakage , damage and loss of information . Or may occur in the event of leakage of personal information , damage , time lost the case , it should take immediate remedial measures , in accordance with the provisions promptly inform the user to the relevant competent authorities report .

Article 43   personal discovery network operators violate laws , administrative regulations or bilateral agreements to collect , use their personal information , the right to require network operators to delete their personal information ; find network operators to collect , store their personal The information is wrong , the right to require the network operator to be corrected . The network operator should take action to remove or correct it .

Article 44   No individual or organization may steal or acquire personal information in any other illegal manner and may not illegally sell or illegally provide personal information to others .

Article 45 The   departments and their staff members with network security supervision and administration according to law , must be aware of personal information in carrying out their duties , privacy and trade secrets strictly confidential , shall not disclose , sell or illegally available to others .

Article 46   No individual or organization shall be responsible for the use of network behavior , not set up to commit fraud , to teach criminal methods , production or sale of prohibited items , sites illegal and criminal activities of controlled items, etc. , communication groups , should not be used Internet publishing involves the implementation of fraud , the production or sale of prohibited items , control of goods and other criminal activities of the information .

Article 47   network operators should strengthen the management of information published by its users , we found that laws , administrative regulations prohibit the release or transfer of information , should immediately stop the transmission of the information , to take measures to eliminate the disposal, etc. , to prevent the diffusion of information , save The relevant records and report to the relevant authorities .

Article 48  electronic information sent by any individual and organization , application software provided , shall set up a malicious program , shall not contain laws , administrative regulations prohibit the release or transfer of information .

Send electronic information service providers and application software download service provider , shall perform the safety management obligations , know that the user is under the aforesaid acts , it should stop providing services , to take measures to eliminate the disposal, etc. , keep the relevant records , and the relevant authorities Report .

Article 49 The  network operators shall establish information such as complaints and reporting systems for network information security , announce complaints and report methods, and promptly accept and handle complaints and reports on the security of network information .

Supervision and inspection network operators to network and Information Department and relevant departments according to law , shall cooperate .

Article 50   National Grid and other departments concerned to fulfill the letter of network information security supervision and administration according to law , found legal , information and administrative regulations prohibit the release or transfer , should be required to stop the transmission network operator , to take measures to eliminate the disposal, etc. , keep the relevant records ; the above information comes from outside the People’s Republic of China , it shall notify the relevant agencies to take technical measures and other necessary measures to interrupt transmission .

Chapter 5 Monitoring Early Warning and Emergency Handling

Article 51 The   State shall establish a network security monitoring and early warning and information communication system . The national network letter department should coordinate the relevant departments to strengthen the network security information collection , analysis and notification work , in accordance with the provisions of unified release of network security monitoring and early warning information .

Article 52   is responsible for critical information infrastructure security affairs , shall establish and improve the industry , network security monitoring and early warning and communications systems in the art , and network security monitoring and early warning information submitted in accordance with the provisions .

Article 53   National Grid and Information Department to coordinate relevant departments to establish and improve network security risk assessment and emergency response mechanisms , the development of network security emergency response plan , and regular exercise .

Responsible for key information infrastructure security work departments should develop the industry , the field of network security incident contingency plans , and regularly organize exercises .

Network security emergency response plan should be in accordance with the degree of harm after the incident , the network security incidents were graded sphere of influence and other factors , and provides the appropriate emergency measures .

Article 54   of network security event that occurs when the risk increases , the provincial people’s governments shall, in accordance with statutory authorities and procedures , and the characteristics of the network security risks and possible harm , take the following measures :

( A ) asked the relevant authorities , institutions and personnel timely collection , reporting information , strengthening the monitoring of network security risks ;

( Two ) organizational departments , agencies and professionals , network security risk assessment information for analysis , predicting the likelihood of events , the scope and extent of harm ;

( C ) to the community release network security risk early warning , release to avoid , reduce the harm measures .

Article 55   of network security incidents , should immediately start emergency response plan network security , network security incident investigation and assessment , require network operators to take technical measures and other necessary measures , to eliminate safety hazards , prevent harm to expand , and in a timely manner Publish public-related warning messages to the community .

Article 56  above the provincial level people’s governments in the implementation of network safety supervision and management responsibilities , found that there is a big security risk or network security incidents , be in accordance with the authority and procedures of the legal representative of the network operator’s Person or main person in charge . The network operator shall take measures as required and carry out rectification and rectification to eliminate the hidden danger .

Article 57  because of network security incidents , the occurrence of unexpected events or production safety accidents , should be in accordance with the ” Emergency Response Law of People’s Republic of China “, ” Production Safety Law of People’s Republic of China ,” the relevant laws and so on , disposal and administrative regulations The

Article 58 for the maintenance of national security and public order , require major emergency incidents disposal of social security , the State Council decision or approval , can take temporary measures such as limiting network traffic in a particular area .

Chapter VI Legal Liability

Article 59 Where the   network operator fails to perform the obligations of the network security protection stipulated in Article 21 and Article 25 of this Law , the relevant competent department shall order it to make corrections and give a warning ; refusing to correct or cause harm to the network security and other consequences of , at 100,000 yuan fine of $ 10,000 or more , the person directly responsible for the 50,000 yuan fine of $ 5,000 or more .

If the operator of the key information infrastructure fails to perform the obligations of the network security protection as prescribed in Article 33 , Article 34 , Article 36 and Article 38 of this Law , the relevant competent department shall order it to make corrections and give a warning ; refuse to correct or cause harm network security consequences , at 1,000,000 yuan fine of $ 100,000 or more , the person directly responsible for at 100,000 yuan fine of $ 10,000 or more .

Article 60   in violation of the first paragraph of Article 22 of this Law , (2) and the first paragraph Article 48 , any of the following acts , ordered by the competent department of corrections , give a warning ; refuse to correct Or cause harm to the network security and other consequences , at 50,000 yuan to more than 500,000 yuan fine , the person in charge directly responsible for more than 10,000 yuan more than 100,000 yuan fine :

( A ) set up malicious programs ;

( Two ) of their products , security flaws services , risk exposure and other remedial measures are not taken immediately , or failing to promptly inform the user of the report to the relevant authorities ;

( 3 ) to terminate the security of its products and services .

Article 61   network operators who violate the provisions of Article 24 first paragraph , did not require users to provide real identity information , or provide related services for the user does not provide real identity information , by the competent authorities ordered to make corrections ; or refuse to correct the circumstances are serious , at five hundred thousand fine of $ 50,000 or more , and may be ordered by the competent authorities to suspend the relevant business , ordered to stop , to close the site , revoke the relevant business license or business license revoked , directly responsible for The person in charge and other directly responsible persons shall be fined not less than 10,000 yuan but not more than 100,000 yuan .

Article 62  in violation of Article 26 of this Law , to carry out certification of network security , detection , risk assessment and other activities , or to the public distribution system vulnerability , computer viruses , network attacks , network intrusions and other network security information , by the relevant the competent department shall order correction , given a warning ; refuse to correct or circumstances are serious , at 100,000 yuan fine of $ 10,000 or more , and may be ordered by the competent authorities to suspend the relevant business , ordered to stop , to close the site , revoked or related business license revoke the business license , the persons in charge and other directly responsible personnel directly responsible for 50,000 yuan fine of $ 5,000 or more .

Article 63   violation of Article 27 of this Law , engaged in activities that endanger network security , or to provide dedicated program to endanger network security activities , tools , technical support, or to endanger the security of network activity for others , advertising , payment settlement and other help , not constitute a crime , the public security authorities confiscate the illegal income , 5 days detention , can fine of over 50,000 yuan to 500,000 yuan fine ; the circumstances are serious , at least five days 15 days of detention , and may impose a fine of not less than 100,000 yuan but not more than one million yuan .

Units with the conduct of , the public security authorities confiscate the illegal income , at a fine of one million yuan more than 100,000 yuan , and directly in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be punished in accordance with the preceding paragraph .

Violation of Article 27 of this Law , subject to administrative penalties for public security personnel , shall not engage in network security management and network operators work in key positions within five years ; people subject to criminal punishment , he may not engage in key positions in operations and network security management network Work .

Article 64 A  provider of a network operator , a network product or service shall , in violation of the provisions of Article 22 , paragraph 3 , and Article 41 to Article 43 of this Law , violate the right of the personal information to be protected according to law , ordered to make corrections by the competent authorities , can be a warning or a fine according to the seriousness single office , confiscate the illegal income , illegal income more than doubled a fine of ten times , there is no illegal income , at a fine of one million yuan , directly responsible Supervisors and other directly responsible persons shall be fined not less than 10,000 yuan but not more than 100,000 yuan ; if the circumstances are serious , they may order to suspend the relevant business , suspend business for rectification , close the website , revoke the relevant business license or revoke the business license .

Violation of the provisions of Article 44 of this Law , theft or other illegal means to obtain , illegally sell or illegally provide personal information to others , does not constitute a crime , the public security organs confiscated the illegal income , and more than double the illegal income ten times If there is no illegal income , a fine of not more than one million yuan shall be imposed .

Article 65 of the   critical information infrastructure of operators in violation of the provisions of Article 35 of this Law , used without safety review or not to review the security of the network through a product or service , by the competent authorities ordered to stop using , at the purchase amount More than ten times the fine ; the person directly in charge and other directly responsible persons shall be fined not less than 10,000 yuan but not more than 100,000 yuan .

Article 66   critical information infrastructure operators in violation of the provisions of Article 37 of this Law , outside the network data storage , or network data provided to the outside , ordered to make corrections by the competent authorities , be given a warning , confiscate the illegal income , of fifty yuan fine of $ 50,000 or more , and may be ordered to suspend the business , ordered to stop , to close the site , revoke the relevant business license or revoke the business license ; in charge and other directly responsible personnel directly responsible yuan and not Fine of not more than 100,000 yuan .

Article 67   in violation of the provisions of Article 46 of this Law , the website set up for the implementation of criminal activities , distribution group , or use the Internet release of information related to the implementation of criminal activities , does not constitute a crime , the public security organs 5 days detention , can impose a fine of 100,000 yuan ; the circumstances are serious , at least five days custody for 15 days or less , you can fine of over 50,000 yuan to 500,000 yuan fine . Close the website for the implementation of criminal activities , communication groups .

If the unit has the preceding paragraph , the public security organ shall be fined not less than 100,000 yuan but not more than 500,000 yuan , and shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph for the person directly in charge and other directly responsible persons .

Article 68  network operators in violation of the provisions of Article 47 of this Law , legal , administrative regulations prohibit the release or transfer of information transmission is not stopped , to take measures to eliminate the disposal, etc. , keep the relevant records , ordered by the competent department of corrections , given a warning , confiscation of illegal gains ; refuse to correct or circumstances are serious , at 500,000 yuan more than 100,000 yuan , and can be ordered to suspend the relevant business , ordered to stop , to close the site , revoke the relevant business license or business license revoked , A fine of not less than 10,000 yuan but not more than 100,000 yuan shall be imposed on the person directly in charge and other directly responsible persons .

Electronic messaging services provider , application software download service providers , non-compliance and safety management obligations specified in the second paragraph of Article 48 of this Law , in accordance with the preceding paragraph shall be punished .

Article 69   network operators in violation of the provisions of this Act , any of the following acts , by the competent authorities shall order rectification ; refuse to correct or circumstances are serious , at 500,000 Yuan more than 50,000 yuan , directly responsible for the charge and other directly responsible personnel , at one million yuan to 100,000 yuan fine :

( A ) not in accordance with the requirements of the relevant departments of the law , administrative regulations prohibit the release or the information’s transmission , taken to stop transmission , disposal measures to eliminate such ;

( 2 ) refusing or hindering the supervision and inspection carried out by the relevant departments according to law ;

( 3 ) refusing to provide technical support and assistance to the public security organs and the state security organs .

Article 70  issued or transmitted in Article 12 (2) and other laws , administrative regulations prohibit the release or transfer of information , in accordance with relevant laws , penalties and administrative regulations .

Article 71   of this Law prescribed offenses , in accordance with relevant laws , administrative regulations credited to the credit files , and to be publicized .

Article 72 Where  an operator of a government organ of a state organ fails to perform its obligations under the provisions of this Law , it shall be ordered by its superior organ or the relevant organ to make corrections , and the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible persons shall be punished according to law .

Article 73  Network and Information Department and relevant departments in violation of the provisions of Article 30 of this Law , the information acquired in the performance of network security protection responsibilities for other purposes , given to the persons in charge and other directly responsible personnel directly responsible according to law Punish .

The network department and the relevant departments of the staff neglected duty , abuse of power , favoritism , does not constitute a crime , according to the law to give punishment .

Article 74 Whoever , in violation of the   provisions of this Law , causes damage to others , shall bear civil liability according to law .

Violation of the provisions of this Law , constitute a violation of public security management behavior , according to the law to give security management punishment ; constitute a crime , shall be held criminally responsible .

Article 75   The organs , organizations and individuals engaged in activities , such as attack , intrusion , interference or destruction , which violate the key information infrastructure of the People’s Republic of China , cause serious consequences, and shall hold legal liabilities according to law ; the public security departments and relevant departments of the State Council the institution may decide , organize , to freeze property or other necessary personal sanctions .

Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

Article 76   The meaning of the following terms in this Law :

( A ) network , refers to a computer or other information terminals and associated equipment consisting of the information collected in accordance with certain rules and procedures , storage , transmission , switching , the system processing .

( Two ) network security , refers to taking the necessary measures , to prevent attacks on the network , intrusion , interference , destruction and illegal use and accidents , the network is in a state of stable and reliable operation , integrity, and protect network data , privacy , The ability to be available .

( C ) network operators , refers to the network of owners , managers and network service providers .

( D ) network data , refers to the network through the collection , storage , transmission , processing and production of various electronic data .

( Five ) personal information , refer to various identification information can be used alone or in combination with other natural personal identity information electronically recorded or otherwise , including but not limited to a natural person’s name , date of birth , ID number , personal biometric information , Address , telephone number and so on .

Article 77 The   storage , processing network information involving state secrets operational security , in addition shall comply with this Act , shall also comply with privacy laws , administrative regulations .

Article 78   security protection of military networks , otherwise provided by the Central Military Commission .

Article 79   of this Law since 2017  6 June 1 from the date of implementation .

Original mandarin Chinese:

目    录

    第一章  总    则

第二章  网络安全支持与促进

第三章  网络运行安全

第一节  一般规定

第二节  关键信息基础设施的运行安全

第四章  网络信息安全

第五章  监测预警与应急处置

第六章  法律责任

第七章  附    则

第一章  总    则

第一条  为了保障网络安全,维护网络空间主权和国家安全、社会公共利益,保护公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益,促进经济社会信息化健康发展,制定本法。

第二条  在中华人民共和国境内建设、运营、维护和使用网络,以及网络安全的监督管理,适用本法。

第三条  国家坚持网络安全与信息化发展并重,遵循积极利用、科学发展、依法管理、确保安全的方针,推进网络基础设施建设和互联互通,鼓励网络技术创新和应用,支持培养网络安全人才,建立健全网络安全保障体系,提高网络安全保护能力。

第四条  国家制定并不断完善网络安全战略,明确保障网络安全的基本要求和主要目标,提出重点领域的网络安全政策、工作任务和措施。

第五条  国家采取措施,监测、防御、处置来源于中华人民共和国境内外的网络安全风险和威胁,保护关键信息基础设施免受攻击、侵入、干扰和破坏,依法惩治网络违法犯罪活动,维护网络空间安全和秩序。

第六条  国家倡导诚实守信、健康文明的网络行为,推动传播社会主义核心价值观,采取措施提高全社会的网络安全意识和水平,形成全社会共同参与促进网络安全的良好环境。

第七条  国家积极开展网络空间治理、网络技术研发和标准制定、打击网络违法犯罪等方面的国际交流与合作,推动构建和平、安全、开放、合作的网络空间,建立多边、民主、透明的网络治理体系。

第八条  国家网信部门负责统筹协调网络安全工作和相关监督管理工作。国务院电信主管部门、公安部门和其他有关机关依照本法和有关法律、行政法规的规定,在各自职责范围内负责网络安全保护和监督管理工作。

县级以上地方人民政府有关部门的网络安全保护和监督管理职责,按照国家有关规定确定。

第九条  网络运营者开展经营和服务活动,必须遵守法律、行政法规,尊重社会公德,遵守商业道德,诚实信用,履行网络安全保护义务,接受政府和社会的监督,承担社会责任。

第十条  建设、运营网络或者通过网络提供服务,应当依照法律、行政法规的规定和国家标准的强制性要求,采取技术措施和其他必要措施,保障网络安全、稳定运行,有效应对网络安全事件,防范网络违法犯罪活动,维护网络数据的完整性、保密性和可用性。

第十一条  网络相关行业组织按照章程,加强行业自律,制定网络安全行为规范,指导会员加强网络安全保护,提高网络安全保护水平,促进行业健康发展。

第十二条  国家保护公民、法人和其他组织依法使用网络的权利,促进网络接入普及,提升网络服务水平,为社会提供安全、便利的网络服务,保障网络信息依法有序自由流动。

任何个人和组织使用网络应当遵守宪法法律,遵守公共秩序,尊重社会公德,不得危害网络安全,不得利用网络从事危害国家安全、荣誉和利益,煽动颠覆国家政权、推翻社会主义制度,煽动分裂国家、破坏国家统一,宣扬恐怖主义、极端主义,宣扬民族仇恨、民族歧视,传播暴力、淫秽色情信息,编造、传播虚假信息扰乱经济秩序和社会秩序,以及侵害他人名誉、隐私、知识产权和其他合法权益等活动。

第十三条  国家支持研究开发有利于未成年人健康成长的网络产品和服务,依法惩治利用网络从事危害未成年人身心健康的活动,为未成年人提供安全、健康的网络环境。

第十四条  任何个人和组织有权对危害网络安全的行为向网信、电信、公安等部门举报。收到举报的部门应当及时依法作出处理;不属于本部门职责的,应当及时移送有权处理的部门。

有关部门应当对举报人的相关信息予以保密,保护举报人的合法权益。

第二章  网络安全支持与促进

第十五条  国家建立和完善网络安全标准体系。国务院标准化行政主管部门和国务院其他有关部门根据各自的职责,组织制定并适时修订有关网络安全管理以及网络产品、服务和运行安全的国家标准、行业标准。

国家支持企业、研究机构、高等学校、网络相关行业组织参与网络安全国家标准、行业标准的制定。

第十六条  国务院和省、自治区、直辖市人民政府应当统筹规划,加大投入,扶持重点网络安全技术产业和项目,支持网络安全技术的研究开发和应用,推广安全可信的网络产品和服务,保护网络技术知识产权,支持企业、研究机构和高等学校等参与国家网络安全技术创新项目。

第十七条  国家推进网络安全社会化服务体系建设,鼓励有关企业、机构开展网络安全认证、检测和风险评估等安全服务。

第十八条  国家鼓励开发网络数据安全保护和利用技术,促进公共数据资源开放,推动技术创新和经济社会发展。

国家支持创新网络安全管理方式,运用网络新技术,提升网络安全保护水平。

第十九条  各级人民政府及其有关部门应当组织开展经常性的网络安全宣传教育,并指导、督促有关单位做好网络安全宣传教育工作。

大众传播媒介应当有针对性地面向社会进行网络安全宣传教育。

第二十条  国家支持企业和高等学校、职业学校等教育培训机构开展网络安全相关教育与培训,采取多种方式培养网络安全人才,促进网络安全人才交流。

第三章  网络运行安全

第一节 一般规定

第二十一条  国家实行网络安全等级保护制度。网络运营者应当按照网络安全等级保护制度的要求,履行下列安全保护义务,保障网络免受干扰、破坏或者未经授权的访问,防止网络数据泄露或者被窃取、篡改:

(一)制定内部安全管理制度和操作规程,确定网络安全负责人,落实网络安全保护责任;

(二)采取防范计算机病毒和网络攻击、网络侵入等危害网络安全行为的技术措施;

(三)采取监测、记录网络运行状态、网络安全事件的技术措施,并按照规定留存相关的网络日志不少于六个月;

(四)采取数据分类、重要数据备份和加密等措施;

(五)法律、行政法规规定的其他义务。

第二十二条  网络产品、服务应当符合相关国家标准的强制性要求。网络产品、服务的提供者不得设置恶意程序;发现其网络产品、服务存在安全缺陷、漏洞等风险时,应当立即采取补救措施,按照规定及时告知用户并向有关主管部门报告。

网络产品、服务的提供者应当为其产品、服务持续提供安全维护;在规定或者当事人约定的期限内,不得终止提供安全维护。

网络产品、服务具有收集用户信息功能的,其提供者应当向用户明示并取得同意;涉及用户个人信息的,还应当遵守本法和有关法律、行政法规关于个人信息保护的规定。

第二十三条  网络关键设备和网络安全专用产品应当按照相关国家标准的强制性要求,由具备资格的机构安全认证合格或者安全检测符合要求后,方可销售或者提供。国家网信部门会同国务院有关部门制定、公布网络关键设备和网络安全专用产品目录,并推动安全认证和安全检测结果互认,避免重复认证、检测。

第二十四条  网络运营者为用户办理网络接入、域名注册服务,办理固定电话、移动电话等入网手续,或者为用户提供信息发布、即时通讯等服务,在与用户签订协议或者确认提供服务时,应当要求用户提供真实身份信息。用户不提供真实身份信息的,网络运营者不得为其提供相关服务。

国家实施网络可信身份战略,支持研究开发安全、方便的电子身份认证技术,推动不同电子身份认证之间的互认。

第二十五条  网络运营者应当制定网络安全事件应急预案,及时处置系统漏洞、计算机病毒、网络攻击、网络侵入等安全风险;在发生危害网络安全的事件时,立即启动应急预案,采取相应的补救措施,并按照规定向有关主管部门报告。

第二十六条  开展网络安全认证、检测、风险评估等活动,向社会发布系统漏洞、计算机病毒、网络攻击、网络侵入等网络安全信息,应当遵守国家有关规定。

第二十七条  任何个人和组织不得从事非法侵入他人网络、干扰他人网络正常功能、窃取网络数据等危害网络安全的活动;不得提供专门用于从事侵入网络、干扰网络正常功能及防护措施、窃取网络数据等危害网络安全活动的程序、工具;明知他人从事危害网络安全的活动的,不得为其提供技术支持、广告推广、支付结算等帮助。

第二十八条  网络运营者应当为公安机关、国家安全机关依法维护国家安全和侦查犯罪的活动提供技术支持和协助。

第二十九条  国家支持网络运营者之间在网络安全信息收集、分析、通报和应急处置等方面进行合作,提高网络运营者的安全保障能力。

有关行业组织建立健全本行业的网络安全保护规范和协作机制,加强对网络安全风险的分析评估,定期向会员进行风险警示,支持、协助会员应对网络安全风险。

第三十条  网信部门和有关部门在履行网络安全保护职责中获取的信息,只能用于维护网络安全的需要,不得用于其他用途。

第二节 关键信息基础设施的运行安全

第三十一条  国家对公共通信和信息服务、能源、交通、水利、金融、公共服务、电子政务等重要行业和领域,以及其他一旦遭到破坏、丧失功能或者数据泄露,可能严重危害国家安全、国计民生、公共利益的关键信息基础设施,在网络安全等级保护制度的基础上,实行重点保护。关键信息基础设施的具体范围和安全保护办法由国务院制定。

国家鼓励关键信息基础设施以外的网络运营者自愿参与关键信息基础设施保护体系。

第三十二条  按照国务院规定的职责分工,负责关键信息基础设施安全保护工作的部门分别编制并组织实施本行业、本领域的关键信息基础设施安全规划,指导和监督关键信息基础设施运行安全保护工作。

第三十三条  建设关键信息基础设施应当确保其具有支持业务稳定、持续运行的性能,并保证安全技术措施同步规划、同步建设、同步使用。

第三十四条  除本法第二十一条的规定外,关键信息基础设施的运营者还应当履行下列安全保护义务:

(一)设置专门安全管理机构和安全管理负责人,并对该负责人和关键岗位的人员进行安全背景审查;

(二)定期对从业人员进行网络安全教育、技术培训和技能考核;

(三)对重要系统和数据库进行容灾备份;

(四)制定网络安全事件应急预案,并定期进行演练;

(五)法律、行政法规规定的其他义务。

第三十五条  关键信息基础设施的运营者采购网络产品和服务,可能影响国家安全的,应当通过国家网信部门会同国务院有关部门组织的国家安全审查。

第三十六条  关键信息基础设施的运营者采购网络产品和服务,应当按照规定与提供者签订安全保密协议,明确安全和保密义务与责任。

第三十七条  关键信息基础设施的运营者在中华人民共和国境内运营中收集和产生的个人信息和重要数据应当在境内存储。因业务需要,确需向境外提供的,应当按照国家网信部门会同国务院有关部门制定的办法进行安全评估;法律、行政法规另有规定的,依照其规定。

第三十八条  关键信息基础设施的运营者应当自行或者委托网络安全服务机构对其网络的安全性和可能存在的风险每年至少进行一次检测评估,并将检测评估情况和改进措施报送相关负责关键信息基础设施安全保护工作的部门。

第三十九条  国家网信部门应当统筹协调有关部门对关键信息基础设施的安全保护采取下列措施:

(一)对关键信息基础设施的安全风险进行抽查检测,提出改进措施,必要时可以委托网络安全服务机构对网络存在的安全风险进行检测评估;

(二)定期组织关键信息基础设施的运营者进行网络安全应急演练,提高应对网络安全事件的水平和协同配合能力;

(三)促进有关部门、关键信息基础设施的运营者以及有关研究机构、网络安全服务机构等之间的网络安全信息共享;

(四)对网络安全事件的应急处置与网络功能的恢复等,提供技术支持和协助。

第四章  网络信息安全

第四十条  网络运营者应当对其收集的用户信息严格保密,并建立健全用户信息保护制度。

第四十一条  网络运营者收集、使用个人信息,应当遵循合法、正当、必要的原则,公开收集、使用规则,明示收集、使用信息的目的、方式和范围,并经被收集者同意。

网络运营者不得收集与其提供的服务无关的个人信息,不得违反法律、行政法规的规定和双方的约定收集、使用个人信息,并应当依照法律、行政法规的规定和与用户的约定,处理其保存的个人信息。

第四十二条  网络运营者不得泄露、篡改、毁损其收集的个人信息;未经被收集者同意,不得向他人提供个人信息。但是,经过处理无法识别特定个人且不能复原的除外。

网络运营者应当采取技术措施和其他必要措施,确保其收集的个人信息安全,防止信息泄露、毁损、丢失。在发生或者可能发生个人信息泄露、毁损、丢失的情况时,应当立即采取补救措施,按照规定及时告知用户并向有关主管部门报告。

第四十三条  个人发现网络运营者违反法律、行政法规的规定或者双方的约定收集、使用其个人信息的,有权要求网络运营者删除其个人信息;发现网络运营者收集、存储的其个人信息有错误的,有权要求网络运营者予以更正。网络运营者应当采取措施予以删除或者更正。

第四十四条  任何个人和组织不得窃取或者以其他非法方式获取个人信息,不得非法出售或者非法向他人提供个人信息。

第四十五条  依法负有网络安全监督管理职责的部门及其工作人员,必须对在履行职责中知悉的个人信息、隐私和商业秘密严格保密,不得泄露、出售或者非法向他人提供。

第四十六条  任何个人和组织应当对其使用网络的行为负责,不得设立用于实施诈骗,传授犯罪方法,制作或者销售违禁物品、管制物品等违法犯罪活动的网站、通讯群组,不得利用网络发布涉及实施诈骗,制作或者销售违禁物品、管制物品以及其他违法犯罪活动的信息。

第四十七条  网络运营者应当加强对其用户发布的信息的管理,发现法律、行政法规禁止发布或者传输的信息的,应当立即停止传输该信息,采取消除等处置措施,防止信息扩散,保存有关记录,并向有关主管部门报告。

第四十八条  任何个人和组织发送的电子信息、提供的应用软件,不得设置恶意程序,不得含有法律、行政法规禁止发布或者传输的信息。

电子信息发送服务提供者和应用软件下载服务提供者,应当履行安全管理义务,知道其用户有前款规定行为的,应当停止提供服务,采取消除等处置措施,保存有关记录,并向有关主管部门报告。

第四十九条  网络运营者应当建立网络信息安全投诉、举报制度,公布投诉、举报方式等信息,及时受理并处理有关网络信息安全的投诉和举报。

网络运营者对网信部门和有关部门依法实施的监督检查,应当予以配合。

第五十条  国家网信部门和有关部门依法履行网络信息安全监督管理职责,发现法律、行政法规禁止发布或者传输的信息的,应当要求网络运营者停止传输,采取消除等处置措施,保存有关记录;对来源于中华人民共和国境外的上述信息,应当通知有关机构采取技术措施和其他必要措施阻断传播。

第五章  监测预警与应急处置

第五十一条  国家建立网络安全监测预警和信息通报制度。国家网信部门应当统筹协调有关部门加强网络安全信息收集、分析和通报工作,按照规定统一发布网络安全监测预警信息。

第五十二条  负责关键信息基础设施安全保护工作的部门,应当建立健全本行业、本领域的网络安全监测预警和信息通报制度,并按照规定报送网络安全监测预警信息。

第五十三条  国家网信部门协调有关部门建立健全网络安全风险评估和应急工作机制,制定网络安全事件应急预案,并定期组织演练。

负责关键信息基础设施安全保护工作的部门应当制定本行业、本领域的网络安全事件应急预案,并定期组织演练。

网络安全事件应急预案应当按照事件发生后的危害程度、影响范围等因素对网络安全事件进行分级,并规定相应的应急处置措施。

第五十四条  网络安全事件发生的风险增大时,省级以上人民政府有关部门应当按照规定的权限和程序,并根据网络安全风险的特点和可能造成的危害,采取下列措施:

(一)要求有关部门、机构和人员及时收集、报告有关信息,加强对网络安全风险的监测;

(二)组织有关部门、机构和专业人员,对网络安全风险信息进行分析评估,预测事件发生的可能性、影响范围和危害程度;

(三)向社会发布网络安全风险预警,发布避免、减轻危害的措施。

第五十五条  发生网络安全事件,应当立即启动网络安全事件应急预案,对网络安全事件进行调查和评估,要求网络运营者采取技术措施和其他必要措施,消除安全隐患,防止危害扩大,并及时向社会发布与公众有关的警示信息。

第五十六条  省级以上人民政府有关部门在履行网络安全监督管理职责中,发现网络存在较大安全风险或者发生安全事件的,可以按照规定的权限和程序对该网络的运营者的法定代表人或者主要负责人进行约谈。网络运营者应当按照要求采取措施,进行整改,消除隐患。

第五十七条  因网络安全事件,发生突发事件或者生产安全事故的,应当依照《中华人民共和国突发事件应对法》、《中华人民共和国安全生产法》等有关法律、行政法规的规定处置。

第五十八条 因维护国家安全和社会公共秩序,处置重大突发社会安全事件的需要,经国务院决定或者批准,可以在特定区域对网络通信采取限制等临时措施。

第六章  法律责任

第五十九条  网络运营者不履行本法第二十一条、第二十五条规定的网络安全保护义务的,由有关主管部门责令改正,给予警告;拒不改正或者导致危害网络安全等后果的,处一万元以上十万元以下罚款,对直接负责的主管人员处五千元以上五万元以下罚款。

关键信息基础设施的运营者不履行本法第三十三条、第三十四条、第三十六条、第三十八条规定的网络安全保护义务的,由有关主管部门责令改正,给予警告;拒不改正或者导致危害网络安全等后果的,处十万元以上一百万元以下罚款,对直接负责的主管人员处一万元以上十万元以下罚款。

第六十条  违反本法第二十二条第一款、第二款和第四十八条第一款规定,有下列行为之一的,由有关主管部门责令改正,给予警告;拒不改正或者导致危害网络安全等后果的,处五万元以上五十万元以下罚款,对直接负责的主管人员处一万元以上十万元以下罚款:

(一)设置恶意程序的;

(二)对其产品、服务存在的安全缺陷、漏洞等风险未立即采取补救措施,或者未按照规定及时告知用户并向有关主管部门报告的;

(三)擅自终止为其产品、服务提供安全维护的。

第六十一条  网络运营者违反本法第二十四条第一款规定,未要求用户提供真实身份信息,或者对不提供真实身份信息的用户提供相关服务的,由有关主管部门责令改正;拒不改正或者情节严重的,处五万元以上五十万元以下罚款,并可以由有关主管部门责令暂停相关业务、停业整顿、关闭网站、吊销相关业务许可证或者吊销营业执照,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员处一万元以上十万元以下罚款。

第六十二条  违反本法第二十六条规定,开展网络安全认证、检测、风险评估等活动,或者向社会发布系统漏洞、计算机病毒、网络攻击、网络侵入等网络安全信息的,由有关主管部门责令改正,给予警告;拒不改正或者情节严重的,处一万元以上十万元以下罚款,并可以由有关主管部门责令暂停相关业务、停业整顿、关闭网站、吊销相关业务许可证或者吊销营业执照,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员处五千元以上五万元以下罚款。

第六十三条  违反本法第二十七条规定,从事危害网络安全的活动,或者提供专门用于从事危害网络安全活动的程序、工具,或者为他人从事危害网络安全的活动提供技术支持、广告推广、支付结算等帮助,尚不构成犯罪的,由公安机关没收违法所得,处五日以下拘留,可以并处五万元以上五十万元以下罚款;情节较重的,处五日以上十五日以下拘留,可以并处十万元以上一百万元以下罚款。

单位有前款行为的,由公安机关没收违法所得,处十万元以上一百万元以下罚款,并对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依照前款规定处罚。

违反本法第二十七条规定,受到治安管理处罚的人员,五年内不得从事网络安全管理和网络运营关键岗位的工作;受到刑事处罚的人员,终身不得从事网络安全管理和网络运营关键岗位的工作。

第六十四条  网络运营者、网络产品或者服务的提供者违反本法第二十二条第三款、第四十一条至第四十三条规定,侵害个人信息依法得到保护的权利的,由有关主管部门责令改正,可以根据情节单处或者并处警告、没收违法所得、处违法所得一倍以上十倍以下罚款,没有违法所得的,处一百万元以下罚款,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员处一万元以上十万元以下罚款;情节严重的,并可以责令暂停相关业务、停业整顿、关闭网站、吊销相关业务许可证或者吊销营业执照。

违反本法第四十四条规定,窃取或者以其他非法方式获取、非法出售或者非法向他人提供个人信息,尚不构成犯罪的,由公安机关没收违法所得,并处违法所得一倍以上十倍以下罚款,没有违法所得的,处一百万元以下罚款。

第六十五条  关键信息基础设施的运营者违反本法第三十五条规定,使用未经安全审查或者安全审查未通过的网络产品或者服务的,由有关主管部门责令停止使用,处采购金额一倍以上十倍以下罚款;对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员处一万元以上十万元以下罚款。

第六十六条  关键信息基础设施的运营者违反本法第三十七条规定,在境外存储网络数据,或者向境外提供网络数据的,由有关主管部门责令改正,给予警告,没收违法所得,处五万元以上五十万元以下罚款,并可以责令暂停相关业务、停业整顿、关闭网站、吊销相关业务许可证或者吊销营业执照;对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员处一万元以上十万元以下罚款。

第六十七条  违反本法第四十六条规定,设立用于实施违法犯罪活动的网站、通讯群组,或者利用网络发布涉及实施违法犯罪活动的信息,尚不构成犯罪的,由公安机关处五日以下拘留,可以并处一万元以上十万元以下罚款;情节较重的,处五日以上十五日以下拘留,可以并处五万元以上五十万元以下罚款。关闭用于实施违法犯罪活动的网站、通讯群组。

单位有前款行为的,由公安机关处十万元以上五十万元以下罚款,并对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依照前款规定处罚。

第六十八条  网络运营者违反本法第四十七条规定,对法律、行政法规禁止发布或者传输的信息未停止传输、采取消除等处置措施、保存有关记录的,由有关主管部门责令改正,给予警告,没收违法所得;拒不改正或者情节严重的,处十万元以上五十万元以下罚款,并可以责令暂停相关业务、停业整顿、关闭网站、吊销相关业务许可证或者吊销营业执照,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员处一万元以上十万元以下罚款。

电子信息发送服务提供者、应用软件下载服务提供者,不履行本法第四十八条第二款规定的安全管理义务的,依照前款规定处罚。

第六十九条  网络运营者违反本法规定,有下列行为之一的,由有关主管部门责令改正;拒不改正或者情节严重的,处五万元以上五十万元以下罚款,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员,处一万元以上十万元以下罚款:

(一)不按照有关部门的要求对法律、行政法规禁止发布或者传输的信息,采取停止传输、消除等处置措施的;

(二)拒绝、阻碍有关部门依法实施的监督检查的;

(三)拒不向公安机关、国家安全机关提供技术支持和协助的。

第七十条  发布或者传输本法第十二条第二款和其他法律、行政法规禁止发布或者传输的信息的,依照有关法律、行政法规的规定处罚。

第七十一条  有本法规定的违法行为的,依照有关法律、行政法规的规定记入信用档案,并予以公示。

第七十二条  国家机关政务网络的运营者不履行本法规定的网络安全保护义务的,由其上级机关或者有关机关责令改正;对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依法给予处分。

第七十三条  网信部门和有关部门违反本法第三十条规定,将在履行网络安全保护职责中获取的信息用于其他用途的,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依法给予处分。

网信部门和有关部门的工作人员玩忽职守、滥用职权、徇私舞弊,尚不构成犯罪的,依法给予处分。

第七十四条  违反本法规定,给他人造成损害的,依法承担民事责任。

违反本法规定,构成违反治安管理行为的,依法给予治安管理处罚;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。

第七十五条  境外的机构、组织、个人从事攻击、侵入、干扰、破坏等危害中华人民共和国的关键信息基础设施的活动,造成严重后果的,依法追究法律责任;国务院公安部门和有关部门并可以决定对该机构、组织、个人采取冻结财产或者其他必要的制裁措施。

第七章  附    则

第七十六条  本法下列用语的含义:

(一)网络,是指由计算机或者其他信息终端及相关设备组成的按照一定的规则和程序对信息进行收集、存储、传输、交换、处理的系统。

(二)网络安全,是指通过采取必要措施,防范对网络的攻击、侵入、干扰、破坏和非法使用以及意外事故,使网络处于稳定可靠运行的状态,以及保障网络数据的完整性、保密性、可用性的能力。

(三)网络运营者,是指网络的所有者、管理者和网络服务提供者。

(四)网络数据,是指通过网络收集、存储、传输、处理和产生的各种电子数据。

(五)个人信息,是指以电子或者其他方式记录的能够单独或者与其他信息结合识别自然人个人身份的各种信息,包括但不限于自然人的姓名、出生日期、身份证件号码、个人生物识别信息、住址、电话号码等。

第七十七条  存储、处理涉及国家秘密信息的网络的运行安全保护,除应当遵守本法外,还应当遵守保密法律、行政法规的规定。

第七十八条  军事网络的安全保护,由中央军事委员会另行规定。

第七十九条  本法自2017年6月1日起施行。

Communist Party of China referring URL:

http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/xinwen/2016-11/07/content_2001605.htm

 

中華人民共和國國家信息與情報法草案 // People’s Republic of China DRAFT National Information & Intelligence Law

中華人民共和國國家信息與情報法草案

People’s Republic of China DRAFT National Information & Intelligence Law

A Note on the “National Information Law of the People ‘s Republic of China (Draft)”

First, the general idea of ​​legislation
First, under the guidance of the overall national security concept, adhere to the principle of socialist rule of law, focus on strengthening and safeguarding national intelligence work, respecting and safeguarding human rights, providing basic legal principles and legal basis for national intelligence work.
The second is to sum up the successful experience of China’s national intelligence work, based on the current and future period to carry out the actual needs of national intelligence work, provides the national intelligence work system mechanism, the national intelligence work agency’s authority and national intelligence work and so on.
The third is to deal with the national security law, anti-espionage law, anti-terrorism law and other legal relations, do with these laws convergence.

Second, the main content of the draft
(A) clear the national intelligence work tasks and institutional mechanisms. The draft stipulates that the national intelligence work should adhere to the overall national security concept and provide information for the major national decision-making, provide intelligence support for the prevention and mitigation of the risks that endanger national security, safeguard national power, sovereignty, unity, independence and territorial integrity, people’s well-being and economy Social sustainable development and other significant national interests (Article 2). Establish a sound national reunification, division of labor, scientific and efficient national intelligence system (Article 3). National security organs and public security organs intelligence agencies, military intelligence agencies in accordance with the division of responsibilities, with each other, do intelligence work, carry out intelligence action (Article 5).
(2) to clarify the powers of the State Intelligence Working Party. The drafting regulations stipulate that the national intelligence work agencies shall collect and deal with the organs of foreign institutions, organizations, individuals or implement or direct the financing of others, or the harm that the domestic institutions, organizations and individuals collusion with the overseas institutions, organizations and individuals of the People’s Republic of China Information on interests (Article 10). The national intelligence work agency shall provide information reference or basis (Article 11) for the prevention, suppression and punishment of foreign institutions, organizations and individuals in China to carry out acts that endanger our national security and interests in China. When the staff of the State Intelligence Working Party carry out their tasks according to law, they may go to the relevant authorities, organizations, enterprises and organizations and individuals to understand and inquire about the relevant circumstances, inspect or retrieve the relevant files, materials and articles; enter the relevant areas and places that restrict access; Enjoy the convenience of accommodation (Article 15, Article 16).
(3) to clarify the protection of national intelligence work. The drafting stipulates that the state shall strengthen the construction of the national intelligence work organization and carry out special management of its institutions, personnel, establishment, funds and assets; establish a management system for personnel recruitment, selection, assessment, training, treatment and withdrawal of personnel Nineteen). (Article 21) shall be protected by the staff of the national intelligence working agency and the personnel of the cooperative relationship and their close relatives. For those who contribute to the national intelligence work and need to be resettled, the relevant departments shall assist the national intelligence work agencies to properly resettle (Article 22). The draft also provides for the support and cooperation of citizens and organizations (Article 6, Article 13). Provides for the imposition of national intelligence work, disclosure of legal responsibility for state secrets related to national intelligence work (Article 25, Article 26).
(4) to clarify the norms and supervision of national intelligence work. The draft stipulates that national intelligence work should be carried out in accordance with the law, respect and protect human rights (Article VII). The national intelligence working agencies and their staff shall not go beyond their powers, abuse their power and engage in malpractices for personal gains, and shall not violate the lawful rights and interests of citizens and organizations and shall not disclose state secrets, trade secrets and personal privacy (Article 18). The State Intelligence Working Party shall abide by the relevant provisions of the State when using the necessary means, means and channels (Article 14, Article 15, Article 16 and Article 17). The national intelligence working agency shall establish a supervision and safety review system (Article 23). The draft also stipulates that any individual and organization shall have the right to report to the higher authorities or relevant departments for the violation of the powers, abuse of power, malpractice for personal gains and other offenses against the national intelligence working agencies and their staff members (Article 24).

Original Mandarin Chinese:

關於《中華人民共和國國家情報法(草案)》的說明

一、立法的總體思路
一是以總體國家安全觀為指導,堅持社會主義法治原則,著眼於加強和保障國家情報工作,尊重和保障人權,為國家情報工作提供基本的法律原則和法律依據。
二是總結我國國家情報工作的成功經驗,立足於當前和今後一段時期開展國家情報工作的實際需要,規定了國家情報工作的體制機制、國家情報工作機構的職權以及國家情報工作保障等內容。
三是處理好與國家安全法、反間諜法、反恐怖主義法等法律的關係,做好與這些法律的銜接。
二、草案的主要內容
(一)明確國家情報工作的任務和體制機制。草案規定,國家情報工作堅持總體國家安全觀,為國家重大決策提供情報參考,為防範和化解危害國家安全的風險提供情報支持,維護國家政權、主權、統一、獨立和領土完整、人民福祉、經濟社會可持續發展和國家其他重大利益(第二條)。建立健全集中統一、分工協作、科學高效的國家情報體制(第三條)。國家安全機關和公安機關情報機構、軍隊情報機構按照職責分工,相互配合,做好情報工作、開展情報行動(第五條)。
(二)明確國家情報工作機構的職權。草案規定,國家情報工作機構應當依法蒐集、處理境外機構、組織、個人實施或者指使、資助他人實施,或者境內機構、組織、個人與境外機構、組織、個人相勾結實施的危害中華人民共和國國家安全、利益的相關信息(第十條)。國家情報工作機構應當為防範、制止和懲治境外機構、組織、個人在中國境內實施的危害我國國家安全、利益的行為提供情報參考或依據(第十一條)。國家情報工作機構工作人員依法執行任務時,可以向有關機關、團體、企業事業組織和個人了解、詢問有關情況,查閱或者調取有關的檔案、資料、物品;進入限制進入的有關地區、場所;享受通行便利等(第十五條、第十六條)。
(三)明確國家情報工作保障。草案規定,國家加強國家情報工作機構建設,對其機構設置、人員、編制、經費、資產實行特殊管理;建立適應情報工作需要的人員錄用、選調、考核、培訓、待遇、退出等管理制度(第十九條)。對國家情報工作機構工作人員和有合作關係人員及其近親屬人身安全予以保護(第二十一條)。對為國家情報工作作出貢獻並需要安置的人員,有關部門應當協助國家情報工作機構妥善安置(第二十二條)。草案還規定了公民和組織的支持、配合義務(第六條、第十三條)。規定了阻礙國家情報工作、洩露與國家情報工作有關的國家秘密的法律責任(第二十五條、第二十六條)。
(四)明確對國家情報工作的規範和監督。草案規定,國家情報工作應當依法進行,尊重和保障人權(第七條)。國家情報工作機構及其工作人員不得超越職權、濫用職權、徇私舞弊,不得侵犯公民和組織的合法權益,不得洩露國家秘密、商業秘密和個人隱私(第十八條)。國家情報工作機構使用必要的方式、手段和渠道開展工作時,應當遵守國家有關規定(第十四條、第十五條、第十六條、第十七條)。國家情報工作機構應當建立監督和安全審查制度(第二十三條)。草案還規定了任何個人和組織對國家情報工作機構及其工作人員超越職權、濫用職權、徇私舞弊和其他違法行為,有權向上級機關或者有關部門檢舉、控告(第二十四條)。

 

Original Communist Chinese Government Source:

http://www.npc.gov.cn/COBRS_LFYJNEW/user/UserIndex.jsp?ID=8289337

China’s Blurred War: Trends of Future Battlefields // 中國模糊戰爭:未來戰場的發展趨勢

China’s Blurred War: Trends of Future Battlefields //

中國模糊戰爭:未來戰場的發展趨勢

With the continuous development of information technology, changing the form, nature and scale of war, so that the combat style, combat methods, combat environment, combat conditions and other elements have been a lot of changes in the past, the future battlefield becomes more blurred, Can be summarized as the following:

War scale and level ambiguity

War in size and level, can be divided into strategies, campaigns and tactics, in the past, the difference between the three very obvious. From the three interrelationships, the strategy decides the battle, the battle determines the tactics, and the tactics reacts to the battle, the battle reacts to the strategy, which is the inherent law of the existence of the war itself. With the development of information technology, the development of high-tech war as information war, although not fundamentally change the strategic, campaign, tactical and counter-role of this dialectical relationship, but it makes the strategy, battle, tactical action scale increasingly blurred. This is because, under the conditions of information under the conditions of local war, the size and use of troops, weapons, limited duration of war, political prominence, war and strategy, battle, tactics combined very closely, tend to one. Information weapons and weapons to combat high precision, powerful, long range, with all-weather, all-weather combination of peaceful reconnaissance and combat integration capabilities for the rapid realization of the purpose of war to provide an effective means, sometimes do not use large forces can Reach the strategy, the battle target. Any combat unit, and even the individual combat operations, can get a strong information and fire support. Under their influence, tactical combat can directly achieve strategic objectives, strategic command can be involved in the tactical level is no longer a dream at any time. Thus, in the past through the local small victory gradually integrated into a strategic victory of the operational theory of the impact of the strategy, campaign, tactical three combat levels between the increasingly blurred.

With the extensive use of precision strike weapons, stealth weapons, unmanned aerial vehicles, and thus through the first and second fire assault can be reached a battle or strategic objectives. In the Gulf War, the multinational force first through a large-scale strategic air raids, and then through the ground operations of the various forces reached a war purpose; US invasion of Panama, through the use of the Army to implement the five-way center of the campaign to achieve the desired purpose; In the war in Afghanistan, the US military, through the air strike and the special forces to achieve the purpose of the war; the Iraq war, the US military in the air against the cover, the US Army division through tactical action reached a war purpose. The scale of operation and the ambiguity of the level are the reflection of the essential characteristics of information warfare. In the information war, the hostile parties for the rapid completion of the established strategic objectives, will be extraordinary use of combat power, to maximize the advanced technical weapons and elite troops, and strive to destroy each other in a short time the command and control system to win the battlefield The advantage of making information right. This feature of the information warfare, so that the battle of combat and strategic purposes there is no obvious distinction between the scale of operations there is no clear battle battle difference. A battle may determine the outcome of the war, a battle may also achieve the purpose of war, thus greatly improving the strategic role of the battle battle. Especially the various precision guidance weapons, ballistic missile defense system, reconnaissance surveillance system, stealth weapon, C4ISR system and other information weapons and the extensive use of rapid reaction forces, special forces, strategic reserve and other frequently into the battlefield, making the definition of combat scale fuzzy More prominent.

Therefore, in the future information operations, the two sides will fight with the uncertainty of the scale of operations, to take over-the-line precision strike, non-programmatic “acupuncture” and structural damage and other tactics, against each other’s battlefield awareness system and information systems Quickly achieve the purpose of fighting. In this way, the special operations forces on the battlefield may be able to show their talents, that is, before the war secretly penetrate the enemy, direct attack and paralyze the enemy command and control system, so that the enemy lost control of its combat forces, and thus into the chaos of command, The Although the scale of the operation of the smaller, but for the outcome of the war can play a very important role.

Weapon equipment and functional blur

Technical decision tactics, also determines the army’s system and the composition of military and arms. For example, the emergence of weapons and equipment such as artillery, chemical weapons and radio telegraphy, laid the material foundation for the emergence of new arms such as artillery, chemical warfare, and communications. In terms of military services, due to the emergence of the aircraft, and then produced the Air Force; ship advent, gave birth to the Navy. Industrial era, the requirements of the division of labor, so refined and produced more and more professional, reflected in the composition of the army, is the division of arms and branches more and more fine; information age, requires the overall combat, the professional Close cooperation, and take the road of integrated and integrated operations. Reflected in the composition of the military trend, is the integration of combat systems. For example, many of the future weapons and equipment system will form an independent combat unit, both to complete the army requirements of the combat mission, but also to achieve the Air Force’s operational requirements, but also to achieve the purpose of naval combat. In other words, when the future combat aircraft’s infinite capacity to extend, and beyond the atmosphere combat; Army bid farewell to the “ground crawling” to achieve global arrival, global operations; the Navy to the sea to land, to the air combat capability transformation, Battle will inevitably lead to integrated forces. Integrated combat troops, generally composed of armored forces, artillery, mechanized infantry, missiles, attack and transport helicopters, naval vessels and other components, can independently combat, will realize the professional army to the professional army transition.

Future integration forces will be the main performance, will break the traditional land, sea, air, days and other military system, in accordance with the requirements of system integration, the establishment of “super-integrated” integrated combat forces. The future of information warfare is a highly integrated joint operations, the use of traditional forces of the implementation of joint operations, it is difficult to adapt to this highly integrated joint operations needs. To this end, the future composition of the military organization, will break the traditional land, sea, air, days and other military system, in accordance with the reconnaissance surveillance, command and control, precision strike and support to protect the four operational functions, built four subsystems, namely: Subsystems, command and control subsystems, precision strike and combat subsystems, and support assurance subsystems. The functions of these four subsystems are closely linked and organically linked to form an interdependent large integrated joint combat system. The army constructed in accordance with this idea will fundamentally abandon the pattern of military construction in the industrial age, eliminate the disadvantages of playing the military expertise and pursuing the interests of a single service, so that the combat forces form a “systematic system” or “system integration” Give full play to the overall power, the implementation of the true sense of “super-joint” integrated joint operations.

 

Military combat operations and the preparation of fuzzy war

Military combat forces have different targets and perform different combat missions. World War II, combat forces mainly infantry-based, basically infantry and infantry confrontation; the Second World War, due to the development of weapons and equipment, aircraft, tanks, cannons for war, arms and arms between the combat The task has a distinct distinction, usually performing a different combat mission. However, under the conditions of information in the local war, due to the development of weapons and equipment to the direction of multi-functional integration, the establishment of the army, not only the arms, as well as various services. Combat forces can perform both ground combat missions, but also the implementation of the fight against air and sea objectives and tasks, so that the boundaries between the military operations will be difficult to distinguish. For example: destroy the enemy tank weapons, may have been the Army’s tanks or anti-tank weapons, it may be the Air Force aircraft or naval submarines launched “smart” missiles. The US military plans to form four integrated forces: an integrated ground force composed of armored forces, artillery, flying warriors, attack and transport helicopters: air-to-air mechanized units with “flying tanks”; air force mixed knits composed of multiple models and A “joint task force” consisting of various military units. The Russian army intends to form a “multi-purpose mobile force”, an “aerospace force” composed of ground, air and space forces, and a “non-nuclear strategic deterrent force” composed of non-strategic nuclear forces.

In the future of localized information warfare, weapons and equipment to the multi-functional, integrated direction, the development of the trend of the trend of mixing, miniaturization. Combat, the arms and arms around the established operational objectives, each other, integrated into the organic whole. On the battlefield, the arms and services will be in the land, sea, air, days, electricity and other multi-dimensional areas, around the purpose of a unified combat, both in the activities of space is relatively independent, but also in the combat operations on a high degree of integration, making different arms and arms The task line becomes more vague.

War motives and ambiguity

The motive of the traditional war is generally the political struggle to cover up the economic interests of the dispute. In the information age, the economic interests of the dispute will continue to lead to the root causes of the war, but in addition, due to the international and domestic political forces between the various contacts increased, closely linked, which will inevitably lead to various countries, And the conflicts between the societies caused by political, diplomatic and spiritual factors have increased, so that the contradictions between religions and nationalities have increased, so that violence can be smuggled and drug trafficking and terrorist activities are internationalized. These contradictions and conflicts are not only the direct cause of the “sub-war operations”, but also one of the causes of the war. The direct cause of the Gulf War in 1991 was the convening of the United Nations Security Council immediately after Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990, the adoption of resolution 660, condemning Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait, and demanding that Iraq be unconditionally withdrawn from its forces. The United States for the protection of Western oil sources and in order to establish a new order in line with the interests of the world’s new order, take the lead in the implementation of economic sanctions against Iraq, followed by the United States led the multinational force to implement the UN Security Council resolution in the name of the troops to the Gulf. Through 42 days of war, the US military reached the purpose of the war. The war in Iraq, the United States to Iraq has a weapons of mass destruction on the grounds, without the authorization of the United Nations launched an injustice war. Throughout the war, the focus of US military operations against Saddam Hussein and a handful of Iraqi high-level leaders, and to find weapons of mass destruction and launched the attack. Although the war has overthrew the Saddam regime, the United States still has not found strong evidence that Iraq has such banned weapons. In this war military purpose, the United States is also to test the new operational theory.

In recent years, the US military vigorously advocated military reform. The theory of the war in Iraq is the theory of “cyber-centric warfare” and uses the new theory of “shock and deterrence” put forward in 1996: emphasizing the use of violent firepower, shocking against opponents, regardless of frontier and depth, The enemy to combat, the use of advanced precision guidance technology, against each other’s goals when one side of the pursuit of both sides less casualties; air and ground operations at the same time, the purpose is to destroy each other’s will, so that its regime collapse, so as to achieve war and subdue The purpose of the soldiers. In the Iraq war, the US military did not carry out large-scale strategic bombing, but the use of high-tech and special forces tactics to combat, which is one of the main achievements of US military reform.

War attack and defense blur

The process of attack and defense in the past is very clear, the attacking party usually in accordance with the offensive preparation, breakthrough, shock, deep combat and other step by step attack procedures, defense side in accordance with the defense preparation, fire against the preparation, anti-impact, deep combat and other sub-combat operations Attack and defense both sides of the various stages of combat orderly. The development of high-tech weapons and equipment and information technology, the new military revolution will change the future combat procedures, combat operations will break through the fixed battlefield and position constraints in the entire operational space at all levels, all directions, all aspects of the same time. In this way, the front and rear lines in the past are blurred, the relatively stable front and fixed battlefields no longer exist, the line of offensive action and defensive action because the battlefield’s high mobility and uncertainty also become blurred and influence World military force balance. Offensive and defensive both offensive and defensive combat, especially offensive and defensive information war will become the focus of future combat art, so that every war has attack in the defense, anti-attack.

Attack and defense operations will be in the land, sea, air, days, electricity and outer space and front and depth, front and wing side, front and rear at the same time, the battlefield frequent mobility, line combat style has not adapted to the conditions of local war development Need to, instead of non-line operations, the formation of a “island-based combat base”, front and rear of the line, the enemy and the two sides of the front becomes blurred, the battlefield of the flow of non-linear or non-state state of the multi-dimensional battlefield.

Measure the outcome of the war with the standard fuzzy

In the past, the criteria for measuring the outcome of a war usually refer to how many troops are wiped out, how many weapons are seized, how many cities and territories are occupied, but in the case of local warfare, the criteria for measuring the outcome of a war are not just that. Under the conditions of information, local warfare, political purpose and war are closely integrated, war attempts often not through the invasion of each other’s territory, wiped out the enemy or the enemy completely surrendered, so as not to lead the world public opinion and the people’s strong opposition, resulting in political Passive.

One of the hallmarks of information warfare is that it minimizes casualties, in particular, collateral damage, and often uses precision-guided weapons to strike precisely, to avoid heavy assault, face-to-face fights, and fight against Libya “Surgical” operations, the implementation of air long-range maneuvers, to achieve the purpose of war; also the implementation of missiles, thousands of miles away siege warfare, but also to achieve the purpose of local war; also like the Gulf War, do not occupy its territory, Do not kill their soldiers a soldier, not seized its weapons, ammunition, the implementation of large-scale air strikes, weakened its military facilities, destroyed its regime.

The war army is blurred with the people

In previous wars, the links between the army and the society were relatively “loose” due to restrictions on information infrastructure and technology; pure war weapons and equipment also led to military organizations that were completely independent of the people. Information age, information has become a link between the military and the people, this combination, with the social and military information degree of development, integration will also continue to improve. This makes society and ordinary people no longer a spectator of war, and even not only in support and subordinate status, but with the army, from the back of the war to the front desk.

As people see, on the one hand, the purpose of modern warfare is no longer simply pursuing siege and the greatest annihilation of enemy forces, the target is no longer confined to the enemy’s heavy military and military facilities, but includes Corresponding to the survival and operation of the infrastructure, such as: financial networks, power grids, transport networks, administrative networks, communications networks. On the other hand, the war has a tendency to “civilians”. For example, information makes the “non-state” has the ability to confront national power. Any “non-state subject”, as long as there is a certain technical and information equipment, you can attack the vital goal of a country, its harm is sometimes no less than a traditional sense of the war. Such as Al Qaeda attacks on the United States launched the 9.11 attack, that is the case. Although the composition of the information warfare forces, although still have traces of the war in the past war, but in the form of form and combat quality, due to more information to join the content, in particular, more to join the information of the whole society Warfare ability, so no doubt to determine the specific role of information warfare when the thinking tends to blur, but for combat decision-making and command to bring greater difficulties. With the in-depth development of information technology, the degree of social information will be greatly improved. In this case the information war, it is more prominent military and civilian compatibility characteristics. Especially in the information warfare, many high-tech work, alone, the strength of the army is difficult to complete independently, but also the need for the whole social forces of collaboration, which makes the information warfare combat power, more into the national factors.

Combat both forces with contrast and blur

In the past, the strength of the war between the two sides, usually the number of military personnel, the number of weapons to measure the number of weapons to determine the strength of the advantages of planning and combat operations. But in the information under the conditions of local war, concentrated forces of content and methods have changed. The strength of the comparison is not only the number of considerations, but also mainly consider the quality, in particular, to consider the concentration of firepower and information, a variety of long-range strike weapons do not need to focus on deployment, you can focus on the implementation of the target surprise. To make the concentration of fire after the effective role, but also must focus on a lot of information, otherwise they can not capture, track and destroy the target. The most important weapon in military forces will no longer be a high-performance fighter, bomber, tank, warships, but a huge flood of data from the information system. Invisible information and knowledge, like armored masters, play a huge role in combat and are increasingly becoming the most important combat and power multiplier. Computing power, communication ability, reconnaissance ability, processing ability, decision-making ability, computer simulation ability, network warfare and other information and knowledge factors will become a key factor in measuring military power.

The contrast of military forces is increasingly dependent on the invisible and difficult potential of the intelligence and structural forces of the information weapons system. Therefore, in the past according to the number of combatants and tanks, aircraft, artillery, warships and other weapons and equipment performance, quantity and other static indicators to assess the strength of military strength is clearly challenged. Because of the intelligence of the information weapon system, the structural force has great potential for dynamic. The strength of the Gulf War contrast and the outcome of the war can explain this problem. Before the war, Iraq and the multinational force compared to 1.6: 1, but the result of the war is the Iraqi army casualties for the multinational force 100 times. Obviously, if not a large number of multinational force weapons system to play a multiplier combat potential, there will be no such a war situation. It can be seen that the principle of force assessment of the number of static quantities will be replaced by a new force theory.

Battlefield information is true and false

Because of the development of information technology, and widely used in future war, so that a large amount of modern war information, processing information has been very difficult. Such as: the US Strategic Air Force Command, an average of more than 815,000 per month to deal with military information, almost 26,500 copies per day. In the Gulf War, the multinational force in the 42 days of combat, dealing with up to millions of military information. Only the US Army logistics will handle 10,700 copies of military information every day. After the military, weapons and equipment and the battlefield are digitized, the military information highway will cover the entire combat space, the information is true and false, there are new and old, heavy and light, there is real, there are thick and so on, information Like the tide to the red and blue both sides of the command came. In such a fast-paced, fighter fleeting, information massive battlefield environment, to the red and blue commander of a brief decision-making time, forcing both commanders in the complex battlefield information forging discrimination, analysis and judgment, quick decision-making , Through the phenomenon to seize the essence, improve the command ability.

Battlefield space and scope is blurred

Battlefield is the enemy of the two sides of the interaction between combat forces and combat forces and firepower to kill the maximum distance. In the past war, due to the level of weapons and equipment constraints, cold weapons era battlefield space, basically confined to the war between the two sides of the visual distance; hot weapons and mechanized war era, battlefield space by the firearms and the two sides of the maneuverability And the battlefield space is expanding, and from a single land battlefield, to the development of the marine battlefield and air battlefield; combat distance from the visual distance to the development of remote and ultra-long-range , The depth and dimension of the battlefield continue to expand. After entering the information warfare, with the development of military weapons and equipment and structure changes, modern warfare space from the traditional land, sea and air to space, computer space, especially information, psychology, electromagnetic, cognitive and other virtual space expansion , In addition to the range of modern weapons and equipment and a substantial increase in mobility, the future battlefield in front and rear become increasingly blurred, in addition to the solid space in the solid before and after the exception, in the dynamic action space has no difference. Fighting may start from the front, it may start from the depth. Especially the establishment of digital forces, so that the army choose the way of combat operations, with greater freedom and flexibility. At the same time, but also to accurately determine the other side of the operational space and the exact location of the space, increasing the complexity. First, information weapons greatly improve the military’s ability to war, so that the military battlefield combat more flexible way. Second, information weapons greatly enhance the military’s full-time, all-round rapid mobility, so that information warfare warfare areas to expand.

Military aerospace capacity and long-range air transport capacity, the extensive use of armed helicopters, to achieve long-range rapid maneuver provides a good material basis. Future information warfare, or in three-dimensional space or in four-dimensional space, generally difficult to accurately grasp. And only when the other side of the combat operations to a certain size, it is possible to make a relatively accurate judgments, which to some extent increased the difficulty of command and control. The ambiguity of combat space is also manifested in the fuzzy scope of combat operations. As the future of information operations will break through the frontier to the depth of the gradual advance of the pattern, in a multi-dimensional space within the full range, full depth of the war, so that the scope of combat operations increased, combat space has become elusive. The uncertainty of the scale of combat operations in the information warfare determines the diversity of combat space. This also makes it possible to judge the space of the other combat operations, become blurred, and show the characteristics of difficult to predict and control.

Combat methods and methods are blurred

Advanced information technology, not only to achieve the real-time reconnaissance intelligence and digital battlefield, greatly improving the combat effectiveness of the army, more importantly, there have been many new means of warfare: such as information warfare momentum and power to make enemies Information deterrence; to disperse, conceal and open the information channel of the information shielding; on the enemy battlefield awareness system and information system implementation of information attacks; through the information system hidden false information fraud and information cut, computer virus attacks , Special operations, psychological warfare, non-contact operations, non-fatal attacks, structural damage warfare, these combat methods used in information warfare, completely changed the past offensive and defensive procedures clear and coherent characteristics, so that the use of combat means Order, combat form of non-model and other characteristics of more and more prominent, and then led to the information warfare, the use of the enemy means of warfare, timing and methods, become more difficult to guess. In the process of the combination of fuzzy, that is, in the course of the war, due to the enemy due to the appropriate choice of means of attack, and flexible combination, so that the enemy can not determine what the other side will take the means of combat, can not effectively take the appropriate protective measures. In the use of the timing of the fuzzy, that is, according to the intention of war and combat purposes, for different stages of combat and different areas of combat, to take different means of attack, reduce the enemy resistance will make it in trouble. In the fight against the ambiguity of the target, that is, the use of information warfare means of diversification, for the needs of information operations, both sound East West, but also the East and East, the flexibility to combat the enemy command center, communication center or radar station, air defense system , Logistical support systems and other key nodes, so that the enemy is difficult to use the means of my war to make accurate predictions.
原文網址:https://read01.com/j7m0M8.html

Original Mandarin Chinese:

隨著信息技術的不斷發展,改變了戰爭的形態、性質和規模,使作戰樣式、作戰方法、作戰環境、作戰條件等諸要素已較以往發生了諸多變化,未來戰場變得更加模糊不清,可歸納為以下幾種:

戰爭規模與層次模糊

戰爭在規模和層次上,可劃分為戰略、戰役和戰術,在以往戰爭中三者之間的區別十分明顯。從三者相互關係上,戰略決定戰役,戰役決定戰術,而且戰術反作用於戰役,戰役又反作用於戰略,這是戰爭本身存在的內在規律。隨著信息技術的發展,高技術戰爭發展為信息化戰爭,雖然未從根本上改變戰略、戰役、戰術這種作用與反作用的辯證關係,但是卻使戰略、戰役、戰術行動規模的日益模糊。這是因為,信息化條件下局部戰爭目的、規模和使用兵力、兵器有限,戰爭持續時間短,政治性突出,戰爭與戰略、戰役、戰術結合得十分緊密,趨於一體。信息化武器和兵器打擊精度高、威力大、射程遠,具有全天候、全時空的平戰結合的偵察與打擊一體化能力,為迅速達成戰爭目的提供了有效手段,有時不動用大部隊也能達成戰略、戰役目標。任何一個作戰單元,甚至是單兵的戰鬥行動,都能得到強大的信息和火力支援。在它們的作用下,戰術打擊可以直接達成戰略目的,戰略指揮可以隨時介入戰術層次已不再是夢想。由此可見,以往通過局部小勝逐步匯集成戰略性勝利的作戰理論受到衝擊,戰略、戰役、戰術三個作戰層次間的界線日益模糊。

隨著大量使用精確打擊兵器、隱形兵器、無人機,因而通過一、二次火力突擊就可達成戰役或戰略目標。海灣戰爭中,多國部隊首先是通過大規模的戰略空襲行動,爾後通過地面諸軍種聯合作戰達成了戰爭目的;美軍入侵巴拿馬,是通過動用陸軍實施五路重心攻擊的戰役行動達成了預期目的;阿富汗戰爭中,美軍主要通過空中精確打擊和特種部隊搜剿達成了戰爭目的;伊拉克戰爭中,美軍在空中打擊掩護下,美國陸軍師通過戰術行動達成了戰爭目的。作戰規模、層次的模糊性,是信息戰本質特徵的反映。在信息戰中,敵對雙方為迅速達成既定的戰略目的,將會超常使用作戰力量,最大限度地投入先進的技術兵器和精銳部隊,力求在短時間內摧毀對方的指揮控制系統,以奪取戰場上制信息權的優勢。信息戰的這一特點,使戰役戰鬥與戰略目的沒有明顯的區分,作戰規模也沒有明確的戰役戰鬥的區別。一次戰役既可能決定戰爭的勝負,一次戰鬥也可能實現戰爭的目的,從而大幅度地提高了戰役戰鬥的戰略作用。特別是各種精確制導武器、彈道飛彈防禦系統、偵察監視系統、隱形武器、C4ISR系統等信息化兵器的廣泛運用和快速反應部隊、特種部隊、戰略預備隊等頻繁投入戰場,使得作戰規模的界定模糊性更加突出。

因此,在未來信息作戰中,作戰雙方都將以不確定的作戰規模,採取超視距精確打擊、非程式化「點穴」和結構破壞等戰法,打擊對方的戰場感知系統與信息系統,以便迅速地達成作戰目的。這樣,戰場上的特種作戰部隊就可能大顯身手,即在戰前秘密地深入敵後,直接攻擊和癱瘓敵指揮控制系統,使敵失去對其作戰力量的控制,從而陷入指揮混亂、協調無序的困境。這種規模的作戰雖然較小,但對於作戰的勝負卻能起到極其重要的作用。

武器裝備與功能模糊

技術決定戰術,同樣也決定著軍隊的編制體制和軍兵種構成。例如,火炮、化學武器、無線電報機等武器裝備的出現,為炮兵、防化兵、通信兵等新兵種的出現奠定了物質基礎。就軍種而言,由於飛機的出現,進而產生了空軍;船舶的問世,催生出了海軍。工業時代,要求的是分工合作,所以細化和產生的專業越來越多,體現在軍隊的構成上,就是軍兵種劃分得越來越細;資訊時代,要求的是整體作戰,各專業之間密切協同,走集成一體化聯合作戰之路。反映在軍隊的構成趨勢上,就是作戰系統的一體化。比如,未來許多武器裝備系統將形成一個獨立的作戰單元,既可完成陸軍要求的作戰任務,也可實現空軍的作戰要求,還可達到海軍的作戰目的。換句話說,當未來作戰飛機的續航能力無限延長,並超越大氣層作戰;陸軍告別「地面爬行」,實現全球抵達、全球作戰;海軍實現由海到陸、到空的作戰能力轉化之時,一體化作戰必然催生一體化部隊。一體化作戰部隊,一般由裝甲兵、炮兵、機械化步兵、飛彈、攻擊和運輸直升機、海軍艦艇等組成,能獨立作戰,將實現專業軍隊向職業化軍隊過渡。

未來一體化部隊將主要表現為,將打破傳統的陸、海、空、天等軍種體制,按照系統集成的要求,建立「超聯合」的一體化作戰部隊。未來信息化戰爭是高度一體化聯合作戰,使用傳統的諸軍種力量實施聯合作戰,已難以適應這種高度一體化聯合作戰的需要。為此,未來軍隊組織的編成,將打破傳統的陸、海、空、天等軍種體制,按照偵察監視、指揮控制、精確打擊和支援保障四大作戰職能,建成四個子系統,即:探測預警子系統、指揮控制子系統、精確打擊與作戰子系統和支援保障子系統。這四個子系統的功能緊密銜接,有機聯繫,構成一個相互依存龐大的一體化聯合作戰系統。按照這個思路構建的軍隊,將從根本上拋棄工業化時代軍隊建設的模式,革除偏重發揮軍種專長和追求單一軍種利益的弊端,使作戰力量形成「系統的系統」或「系統的集成」,從而能夠充分發揮整體威力,實施真正意義上「超聯合」的一體化聯合作戰。

軍兵種作戰任務與編制模糊

軍兵種作戰力量具有不同的打擊目標和執行不同作戰任務。第一次世界大戰,作戰力量主要以步兵為主,基本上是步兵與步兵的對抗;第二次世界大戰,由於武器裝備的發展,飛機、坦克、大炮用於戰爭,軍兵種之間的作戰任務有了明顯區分,通常執行不同的作戰任務。但是在信息化條件下局部戰爭中,由於武器裝備向多功能一體化方向上發展,部隊的編制內,不僅有各兵種,還有各軍種。作戰部隊既能執行地面作戰任務,又能執行打擊空中和海上目標任務,使軍種間作戰的界線將不易區分。例如:摧毀敵方坦克的兵器,可能是已方陸軍的坦克或反坦克兵器,也可能是空軍的飛機或海軍潛艇發射的「智能」型飛彈。美軍計劃組建四種一體化部隊:由裝甲兵、炮兵、飛彈兵、攻擊與運輸直升機組成的一體化地面部隊:編有「飛行坦克」的陸空機械化部隊;由多機種組成的空軍混編聯隊和中隊;由各軍種部隊組成的「聯合特遣部隊」。俄軍擬組建集各軍兵種於一體的「多用途機動部隊」,由地面、空中和太空兵力組成的「航空航天部隊」,以及由各軍種非戰略核力量組成的「非核戰略威懾部隊」。

在未來信息化局部戰爭中,武器裝備向多功能、一體化方向發展,部隊的編制趨向混合化、小型化。作戰中,各軍兵種圍繞既定的作戰目標,彼此依存,融為有機的整體。在戰場上,各軍兵種將在陸、海、空、天、電等多維領域,圍繞統一的作戰目的,既在活動空間上相對獨立,又在作戰行動上高度融合,使得不同軍兵種所執行的任務界線變得更加模糊。

戰爭動因與目的模糊

傳統戰爭的動因一般是政治鬥爭掩蓋下的經濟利益之爭。在資訊時代,經濟利益之爭仍將是導致戰爭的根本原因,但除此之外,由於各國之間、國際國內各派政治力量之間交往增多,聯繫密切,這就必然導致各個國家、民族、社團之間由政治、外交、精神等因素引發的衝突增多,使宗教、民族矛盾上升,使暴力活動、走私販毒、恐怖活動國際化。這些矛盾與衝突不僅是「亞戰爭行動」的直接根源,也是導致戰爭的動因之一。1991年海灣戰爭直接動因,是1990年8月2日伊拉克入侵科威特之後,聯合國安理會立即召開會議,通過了660號決議,譴責伊拉克入侵科威特,要求伊拉克無條件從科撤軍。美國出於保護西方石油來源和為建立符合其利益的世界新秩序的目的,乘虛而入帶頭對伊拉克實施經濟制裁,隨後以美國為首的多國部隊以執行聯合國安理會決議為名,出兵海灣。通過42天的交戰,美軍達到了戰爭目的。伊拉克戰爭,美國以伊拉克擁有大規模殺傷性武器為由,沒有經過聯合國授權而發動的一場非正義戰爭。整個戰爭中,美軍作戰的重心是針對薩達姆等少數伊拉克高層領導人,並以尋找大規模殺傷性武器而展開的攻擊行動。雖然戰爭已經推翻了薩達姆政權,但是美國至今仍然沒有找到伊拉克擁有這種違禁武器的有力證據。在這場戰爭軍事目的上,美國也是為了試驗新的作戰理論。

近幾年,美軍大力倡導軍事變革。指導伊拉克戰爭的理論是「網絡中心戰」理論,並運用1996年提出的「震撼與威懾」的新理論:強調運用猛烈的火力,震撼性打擊對手,不分前沿和縱深,全方位迅速地對敵人進行打擊,運用先進的精確制導技術,打擊對方目標時片面追求雙方較少的傷亡;空中與地面行動同時展開,目的是摧毀對方的意志,使其政權崩潰,從而達到不戰而屈人之兵的目的。伊拉克戰爭中,美軍沒有進行大規模的戰略轟炸,而是利用高技術加特種兵的戰術進行作戰,這是美軍軍事變革的主要成果之一。

戰爭進攻與防禦模糊

以往攻防作戰的程序十分明,進攻一方通常按照進攻準備、突破、衝擊、縱深作戰等步步進攻程序進行,防禦一方按照防禦準備、火力反準備、反衝擊、縱深抗擊等分段抗擊作戰程序進行,攻防雙方各個作戰階段展開有序。而高技術武器裝備和信息技術的發展,新軍事革命將改變未來作戰程序,作戰行動將突破固定的戰場和陣地的限制,在整個作戰空間的各個層次、各個方向、各個方面同時進行。這樣一來,以往戰爭中的前後方界線模糊,相對穩定的正面和固定的戰場不復存在,進攻行動和防禦行動的界線因為戰場的高度流動性和不確定性也變得模糊不清並影響世界軍事力量平衡。攻防兼備、攻防一體作戰尤其是攻防一體的信息戰將成為今後作戰藝術的焦點,使每一次戰爭都有攻中有防、防中有攻。

攻防作戰將在陸、海、空、天、電以及外層空間和前沿與縱深、正面與翼側、前方與後方同時展開,戰場機動頻繁,線式作戰樣式已不適應信息化條件下局部戰爭發展的需要,取而代之的是非線式作戰,形成一種「島嶼式作戰基點」,前方與後方的界線、敵我雙方的戰線變得模糊,戰場呈現流動的非線性或無戰線狀態的多維立體戰場。

衡量戰爭勝負與標準模糊

以往衡量一場戰爭勝負的標準通常指的是殲滅對方多少兵力,繳獲多少武器,占領多少城鎮和領土,然而在未來信息化條件下局部戰爭中,衡量一場戰爭勝負的標準已不只是這些。信息化條件下的局部戰爭,政治目的與戰爭結合得緊密,戰爭企圖往往不通過侵入對方領土,全殲敵軍或使敵方徹底投降,以免引發世界輿論的和民眾的強烈反對,造成政治上的被動。

信息化戰爭的一大特點是,將使傷亡、破壞,特別是附帶性破壞減少到最低限度,通常使用精確制導武器精確打擊,避免重兵集結進行面對面的拼殺,打一場像美軍懲罰利比亞發動的「外科手術式」作戰,實施空中遠程機動空襲,達成戰爭目的;也可實施飛彈,進行遠隔千里的攻城戰,也能達成局部戰爭的目的;也可像海灣戰爭那樣,不占領其國土,不殺傷其一兵一卒,不繳獲其武器、彈藥,實施的大規模的空襲戰,削弱其軍事設施,搗毀其國政權。

戰爭軍隊與民眾模糊

以往的戰爭,由於受信息基礎設施和技術的限制,軍隊與社會的聯繫相對「鬆散」;純戰爭的武器裝備亦導致完全獨立於民間之外的軍事組織。資訊時代,信息成為軍民結合的紐帶,這種結合,隨著社會和軍隊的信息化程度的發展,融合程度也將不斷提高。這就使得社會和普通民眾不再是戰爭的旁觀者,甚至也不僅處於支援和從屬地位,而是與軍隊一樣,從戰爭的幕後走向了前台。

正如人們看到的,一方面,現代戰爭的目的已不再單純地追求攻城掠地和最大限度地殲滅敵有生力量,打擊目標亦不再局限於敵方的重兵集團和軍事設施,而是包括對應賴以生存和運轉的基礎設施,如:金融網、電力網、交通網、行政網、通信網等。另一方面,戰爭有向「平民化」發展的趨勢。比如,信息化使得「非國家主體」具備了與國家力量進行對抗的能力。任何一個「非國家主體」,只要具備一定的技術和信息設備,就可以對一個國家的要害目標進行攻擊,其危害有時並不亞於一場傳統意義上的戰爭。比如基地組織對美發動的9·11襲擊,就是如此。信息戰力量的構成,雖然仍具有以往戰爭全民參戰的痕跡,但是在構成的形式和作戰的質量上,由於較多地加入了信息化的含量,特別是較多地加入了全社會民眾的信息戰能力,所以無疑使判斷信息戰具體參與力量時的思維趨於模糊,而為作戰決策與指揮帶來較大的困難。隨著信息技術深入發展,社會民眾的信息化程度也將極大地提高。在這種情況下的信息戰,就更加突出軍民兼容的特徵。特別在信息戰中,許多高技術工作,僅靠軍隊的力量難以獨立完成,還需要全社會力量的協作,這就使信息戰的作戰力量,較多地融入了全民皆兵的因素。

作戰雙方力量對比與能力模糊

以往交戰雙方力量對比,通常以軍隊人員數量多少、各種武器多少的比數來衡量力量優勢,進行籌劃攻防作戰。但在信息化條件下局部戰爭中,集中兵力的內容和方式有所改變。力量的對比不只是考慮數量多少,更主要是考慮質量,尤其是要考慮集中火力和信息,各種遠程打擊兵器不需要集中部署,就可對目標實施集中突擊。要使集中後的火力有效地發揮作用,還必須集中大量信息,否則就無法捕捉、跟蹤和摧毀目標。軍事力量中最重要的武器將不再是高性能的戰鬥機、轟炸機、坦克、戰艦,而是由信息系統湧現的巨大數據洪流。無形的信息和知識像裝甲雄師一般,在作戰中發揮巨大的作用,並日益成為最重要的戰鬥力和力量倍增器。計算能力、通信能力、偵察能力、處理能力、決策能力、計算機模擬能力、網絡戰等信息和知識因素都將成為衡量軍事力量的關鍵因素。

軍事力量的對比,越來越多地取決於信息武器系統的智力和結構力所帶來的無形的、難以量化的巨大潛力。因此,以往根據作戰人數和坦克、飛機、大炮、軍艦等武器裝備的性能、數量等靜態指標評定軍事力量強弱的方法顯然受到了挑戰。因為信息武器系統的智力、結構力具有巨大的動態潛力。海灣戰爭的兵力對比和戰爭結局就可說明這個問題。戰前,伊拉克與多國部隊的兵力對比是1.6:1,但戰爭結果是伊軍的傷亡為多國部隊的100倍。顯然,如果不是多國部隊的大量信息武器系統發揮出成倍的作戰潛力,是不會有如此戰局。可見,靜態數質量指標的力量評估原則將會被一種全新的力量理論所取代。

戰場信息真與假模糊

由於信息技術的發展,並廣泛運用於未來戰爭,使現代戰爭信息量很大,處理信息已經十分困難。如:美國戰略空軍司令部,平均每月要處理軍事信息815000多份,差不多每天處理26500份。在海灣戰爭中,多國部隊在42 天作戰中,處理軍事信息多達數百萬份。僅美國陸軍後勤每天就要處理軍事信息10700份。在軍隊、武器裝備和戰場都實現數字化以後,軍事信息高速公路將覆蓋整個作戰空間,這些信息有真有假、有新有舊、有重有輕、有虛有實、有粗有細等,信息像潮水般地向紅藍雙方指揮所湧來。在這樣快節奏、戰機稍縱即逝、信息海量戰場環境中,給紅藍雙方指揮員短暫決策處理時間,逼著雙方指揮員在錯綜複雜的戰場信息中鍛鍊辨別力、分析判斷力、快速決策力,透過現象抓住本質,提高指揮能力。

戰場空間與範圍模糊

戰場是指敵對雙方作戰力量相互作用並加上作戰力量機動和火力殺傷的最大距離。以往戰爭中,由於受武器裝備水平的限制,冷兵器時代的戰場空間,基本局限在交戰雙方的目視距離之內;熱兵器和機械化戰爭時代,戰場空間由火器的射程和雙方兵力的機動能力所決定,並隨著火器(炮)射程和兵力機動能力的不斷提高,戰場空間日漸擴大,並由單一的陸地戰場,發展到海洋戰場和空中戰場;作戰距離則由目視距離發展到遠程和超遠程,戰場的縱深和維度不斷拓展。進入信息化作戰後,隨著軍隊武器裝備和結構的發展變化,現代戰爭的作戰空間又從傳統的陸、海、空向太空、計算機空間,特別是信息、心理、電磁、認知等虛擬空間拓展,加之現代武器裝備的射程及機動能力大幅提高,未來戰場的前方和後方變得日漸模糊,除了在固態的地理空間上有前後之分外,在動態的行動空間上已無先後之別。戰鬥既可能從前方打響,也可能從縱深開始。特別是數字化部隊的建立,使軍隊選擇作戰行動的方式,具備了更大的自由度和靈活性。同時,也為準確地判斷對方作戰行動空間的具體範圍和準確位置,增加了複雜度。一是信息化武器大大提高了軍隊的遠戰能力,使軍隊的戰場打擊方式更加靈活。二是信息化武器大大增強了軍隊的全時空、全方位快速機動能力,使信息戰的交戰區域更加擴大。

軍事航天能力和遠程空運能力的提高,武裝直升機的廣泛運用,為實現遠距離快速機動提供了良好的物質基礎。未來信息戰,或在三維空間或在四維空間進行,一般不易準確把握。而只有當對方的作戰行動達到一定規模時,才有可能作出相對準確的判斷,這在一定程度上增加了指揮和控制的難度。作戰空間的模糊性,還表現在作戰行動範圍的模糊。由於未來信息作戰將打破由前沿向縱深逐次推進的格局,在多維的空間內進行全方位、全縱深的交戰,就使作戰行動的範圍增大,作戰空間變得難以捉摸。信息戰所具有的作戰行動規模的不確定性,決定了作戰空間的多樣性。這也使判斷對方作戰行動的空間,變得模糊起來,而呈現出不易預測和控制的特點。

作戰手段與方法模糊

先進的信息技術,不僅實現了偵察情報的實時化和戰場數字化,極大地提高了軍隊的戰鬥效能,更重要的是出現了許多嶄新的作戰手段:如以信息戰的聲勢和威力使敵懾服的信息威懾;以分散、隱蔽和廣開信息通道的方法進行的信息屏蔽;對敵戰場認識系統和信息系統實施的信息攻擊;通過信息系統隱真示假行動的信息欺騙以及信息割斷、計算機病毒襲擊、特種作戰、心理戰、非接觸作戰、非致命攻擊、結構破壞戰等,這些作戰手段運用於信息戰,完全改變了以往攻防作戰程序清晰、連貫性強的特點,使作戰手段運用的非有序性、作戰形式的非模式化等特點越來越突出,進而導致了在信息戰中,對敵方作戰手段運用的規律、時機和方法,變得更加難以揣度。在手段組合上的模糊,即在作戰過程中,因勢因敵恰當地選擇打擊手段,並靈活地進行組合,使敵無法判斷對方將要採取何種作戰手段,無法有效地採取相應的防護措施。在運用時機上的模糊,即根據作戰的意圖和作戰目的,針對不同的作戰階段和不同的作戰領域,採取不同的打擊手段,降低敵抵抗意志,使之陷入困境。在打擊目標上的模糊,即利用信息戰作戰手段多樣化的特點,針對信息作戰的需要,既可聲東擊西,亦可聲東擊東,靈活地打擊敵指揮中心、通信中心或雷達站、防空系統、後勤保障系統等關鍵節點,使敵難以對我作戰手段的運用作出準確的預測。
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