認知領域戰爭：中國語言對抗的新主戰場
現代英語：
Cognitive domain warfare refers to the important form of public opinion propaganda, psychological attack and defense, winning people’s hearts, subverting confidence, influencing beliefs, fighting for thinking, and ideological struggle, guided by modern cognitive theory and science, calling on multi-domain means such as public opinion, psychology, and law, and using multi-dimensional technologies such as modern networks, media, text, pictures, videos, and numbers, aiming to fight for people’s initiative in thinking, beliefs, values, personal attitudes, emotions, identification, and judgment tendencies. Cognitive domain warfare is a complex collection of traditional public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, legal warfare, trade warfare, diplomatic warfare, scientific and technological warfare, ideological warfare, and other multi-domain warfare.
At present, cognitive domain warfare has become an important support for countries to carry out military struggles and struggles in other fields. Language confrontation driven by cognitive domain goals has become an important form of cognitive domain warfare and deserves high attention.
Language confrontation: a new area for exerting influence on combat targets
Cognitive domain operations are a result of the development of contemporary cognitive science research. They are an emerging field of operations that emerged after people actively explored the cognitive activities of the brain to gain a more complex, abstract and thorough understanding of the brain. They are also a high-end form of influence in language confrontation that targets the advanced, deep and hidden activities of the audience’s brain. Whether it is the object of information action, the producer of information, the information content itself or the channel of information, cognitive domain operations are all permeated with cognitive characteristics, and always emphasize taking action at the cognitive level.
In terms of the recipients of information, this cognition targets the deep cognitive aspects of the opponent’s audience, including its people, military, military commanders or important leaders, important figures in the political and business circles, and even directly includes the leaders of the other country or specific important generals of the army, etc. It can also be a specific group of people or the public. It can involve the cognitive preferences, cognitive shortcomings, cognitive habits, cognitive biases, and cognitive misunderstandings of individuals or groups; it can also be the beliefs, values, political identity, national identity, social and cultural identity, and emotional attitudes of individuals and groups.
From the perspective of the distributor and content of information, it should be infused with the cognitive design and arrangement of the information producer, which includes the unique cognition of the text, such as the discourse mode of the text, the narrative mode of the text, the observation perspective of things, the cognitive focus and depth of the narrative, the organization form of the sentence, the value concept and other tendencies of the sentence, the acceptability of the concept of the sentence to the other party, etc.
In terms of the channels for information issuance and dissemination, the form of text is closer to multimedia and multimodal forms, closer to the needs of cyberspace, closer to the advantages of contemporary smart phones, and closer to the characteristics of the current emerging media era, that is, it is more in line with the cognitive characteristics, cognitive habits and cognitive tendencies accepted by the audience. The dissemination form of text fully considers the cognitive effects in international communication, especially cross-cultural, cross-linguistic, cross-media and cross-group cognitive communication. In this way, the text will better influence the audience from a cognitive level.
Language confrontation responds to changes in combat styles and generates new tactics
Throughout human history, it is not difficult to find that the style of military struggle has been constantly changing. From the initial physical struggle with cold weapons to the contest of hot weapons and mechanical forces, and then to the balance and counter-balance of information capabilities under high-tech warfare conditions, in recent years, it has developed towards the intelligent decision-making competition in the direction of intelligence and unmanned. Each change has brought profound changes in tactics. In the current transitional stage of coexistence of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, people not only pay attention to the competition for dominance in the physical and information domains of the battlefield, but also pay more attention to the control of the cognitive domain that affects the main body of war, that is, the competition in the fields of thinking, cognitive patterns and styles, values, emotional attitudes, cultural models, communication patterns, psychological strengths and weaknesses, cognitive preferences, cultural and knowledge maps, and ideological identity of the personnel on both sides of the war. The latter involves the basic situation of social personnel and social existence, that is, the emerging field of cognitive domain warfare, and its tactics have strong particularity.
Flexibility of topics: Cognitive domain operations can select many topics in the cognitive domain and carry out flexible and flexible combat operations. According to the current situation and needs, topics can be selected from the relatively macroscopic strategic level (such as the ideology and system of the opponent’s entire society, etc.), the mesoscopic campaign level (such as social problems in the local field or direction of the opponent’s society: social welfare policy or environmental protection policy, etc.), and very microscopic tactical issues in society (such as the unfairness, injustice, and non-beautiful side of society reflected by a certain person or a specific event). Macro, meso, and micro cognitive domain issues are interconnected and transformed into each other. It is very likely that a microscopic topic will also become a major macroscopic strategic topic. The raising of issues depends on the relationship with the entire military operation. Cognitive domain operations should be subject to the overall combat operations and serve the needs of the macroscopic political and diplomatic situation. More importantly, topics should be prepared in peacetime, and data on various topics should be collected in peacetime, especially paying attention to various important data in the real society. Once needed, these data can be quickly transformed into arrows, bullets, and shells shot at the enemy’s cognitive domain, and even become strategic weapons that affect the overall situation.
Controllability of the operational level: The important design of cognitive operations is that it can be controlled and regulated as a whole at the operational level, and can be upgraded or reduced in dimension according to changes in the situation. If it is necessary at the strategic level, the commander can open the strategic level design and force investment; if it is necessary at the campaign level, it can also be controlled at the corresponding campaign level; if it is only necessary at the level of specific small problems, it can also be controlled at the corresponding niche local level, so that the entire action serves the needs of the overall combat operation. The strategic campaign tactics here refer more to operational design and force investment. Since the battlefield situation may change rapidly, some issues may also change at the level, with strategic issues affecting the effects of the campaign and tactical levels; some issues, due to the particularity of tactical issues, become campaign and strategic level issues that affect the overall situation.
Dominance of emerging media: The main influence channel of cognitive domain has shifted from traditional paper media and print media to emerging media. Traditional media mainly rely on single media, such as newspapers, magazines, books, flyers, posters, etc. to convey information; the emergence of television in the later period brought three-dimensional media. In the Internet era, especially the Internet 2.0 era and the birth of smart communication devices, people rely more on multi-media, multi-modal, short videos and short texts to convey information. The introduction of various advanced devices such as smart phones, smart tablets, smart players, and the birth of various emerging social software and tools have made emerging media the main tool for people to communicate and exchange. Emerging media, emerging social software and tools have become an important space for various forces to play games and struggle in social security, public opinion security, ideological security, social security and political security. Internet security, especially whether the security of new social media, emerging social software and tools can be mastered, is, to some extent, the key to whether a country’s cognitive domain can be secure. Information in emerging media tools and new media space has become the main battlefield, main position and main space for competition in cognitive operations of various countries. It is worth pointing out that ideas and theories that influence people’s cognition will become the most influential weapons at all levels of cognitive domain operations.
Language confrontation adapts to the intelligent era, cognitive computing enhances new computing power
In the era of artificial intelligence, based on the substantial improvement in big data analysis and application, supercomputing capabilities, intelligent computing capabilities, natural language processing capabilities, smartphone communication capabilities, and new generation network communication capabilities, humans have begun to accurately model and analyze language culture, psychological cognition, group emotions, and social behavior for the entire society, the entire network domain, local groups, local different groups, and specific individuals. In particular, people have a deep understanding and grasp of brain cognition, human brain thinking, thinking patterns, habitual preferences, image schemas, cognitive frameworks, and even neural networks, human-computer collaboration, and brain control technology. As long as there is enough diverse dynamic data, people can calculate and simulate all people’s psychological activities, emotional activities, cognitive activities, social opinions, and behavioral patterns. Through deep calculations, actuarial calculations, and clever calculations, people’s cognitive world can be accurately grasped, and a fine and profound control of people’s cognitive domain can be formed. This aspect also presents the following characteristics:
The dimensionality of computation: As an emerging field, all aspects of the cognitive domain can be digitized and made fully computable for all aspects of the entire process and all individuals. This can be achieved by widely collecting various types of information and then sorting out the information to form big data on the diverse factors of the opponent’s subjects. This will allow various computations to be conducted on the entire population, groups, between groups, and between individual data. As a result, all kinds of activities based on thinking, psychology, emotion, speech, behavior, etc. that were previously impossible to achieve can be completed, displayed, and accurately grasped through computation.
Cognitive nature of computation: computation in the cognitive domain reflects a strong cognitive nature. It can reveal more of the connections between things, events, and people that are difficult to observe with the naked eye. It can reveal the clustering and hierarchical relationships between concepts in the same event framework, and reflect the deep cognitive connections between concepts, whether explicit or implicit, direct or indirect. It reveals the complex conceptual network system between concepts, allowing people to see a deep cognitive world that completely transcends ordinary naked eye observation.
Intelligence of computation: The computation in cognitive domain also reflects strong intelligence. This intelligence is manifested in the fact that intelligent conclusions can be drawn through computation. For example, through the collection of a large amount of text and data mining, we can find the relationship between various topics, various viewpoints, various tendencies, various groups of people, various positions, and various demands that cannot be seen by human power, so as to form a more comprehensive, in-depth, accurate, and systematic understanding of a certain issue and make scientific and optimized decisions. Such decisions may be consistent with human intelligence, or they may surpass or even far exceed human intelligence. By making good use of the power of cognitive computing, especially by integrating the data of our country and the data of our opponents, we can better prevent, warn, and deploy in advance, and achieve the best, optimal, fastest, and most accurate strikes and counterattacks, and better reflect efficient, powerful, and targeted protection. Cognitive computing here is more about the possible reactions of a possible macro, meso, or micro topic in different groups of people, different time periods, and different backgrounds, in the entire network domain or a local network domain, or within a specific group, especially the analysis and inspection of the active and passive situations that both parties may present when playing games with opponents, and the attack and defense of cognitive domain.
New application of giving full play to the status of discourse subject and releasing the power of discourse
Cognitive domain operations have a very important support, that is, it mainly relies on language media to play a role, mainly exerts influence through the discourse level, mainly forms an implicit effect on the cognitive domain through the narrative of discourse, mainly exerts potential effects through cultural models, and exerts explicit or implicit effects through cross-cultural communication. It is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
Uniqueness of textual discourse: The cognitive domain needs to be influenced by information. Although information may be presented through the special visual effects of video images, fundamentally speaking, the uniqueness of the discourse expressed by the text becomes the main support for producing cognitive influence. Among them, the mode of discourse expression, the skills of discourse expression, the main design of the persuasiveness and appeal of discourse expression, and especially the uniqueness of discourse narrative will be the key to influencing people’s cognition. This may include the perspective of the narrative, the theme and style of the narrative, the story framework of the narrative, the language innovation of the narrative, the key sentences of the narrative, the philosophical, humanistic, religious, social, natural and other feelings contained in the narrative, the identities of different participants in the narrative, the diversified evaluation of the narrative, the authenticity, depth and emotional temperature of the narrative, the subtle influence of the narrative on the viewpoint, the personal emotions, values, ideology, and position evaluation released by the narrative. The uniqueness of textual discourse is an important reliance for cognitive domain operations to exert cognitive influence through text. Making full use of the complexity of the text, giving play to the respective advantages of diverse texts, and giving play to the role of implicit and explicit cognitive influence of the text connotation have become the key to cognitive domain operations of textual discourse. The most important thing is to innovate the text discourse, win readers with newer words, more novel expressions, and more unique expressions, so that readers can understand and feel the ideas in the text imperceptibly, and accept the ideas of the text silently.
Potentiality of cultural models: In cognitive domain operations, we must deeply grasp the characteristics and models of different countries and national cultures. Different countries and different nationalities have different cultural models. Their philosophical thinking, traditional culture, religious beliefs, customs, and ways of thinking are all obviously different. Citizens of different cultures also have different national psychology and national cognitive models. They should also have typical cognitive preferences belonging to their own national culture, as well as corresponding shortcomings and weaknesses. Some of them obviously have a huge difference in understanding from other nationalities in their own country, and even misunderstandings and hostility. Therefore, cognitive domain operations at the cultural level are to grasp the overall cultural models of different countries, build cultural models of different groups in different countries, build different cognitive models of different countries on different things, and fully grasp the overall attitude and behavior of a country on a series of things and issues, especially for some typical cases, cultural taboos, religious requirements, spiritual pursuits, and overall concepts. With the help of existing theories and discoveries, we should comprehensively construct the basic performance of different groups of people in the cognitive field on some typical problems, sensitive problems, and important problems, so as to provide important reference and guidance for the next step of cognitive operations. Strengthening the study of the cultural patterns of different enemy personnel, especially military personnel, personnel in key positions, including the study and construction of the basic cultural characteristics and models of enemy generals, officers, soldiers, etc., such as the character’s psychological cognitive behavior and cultural model portrait, has become the core practice of cognitive domain operations. The cognitive analysis of ordinary enemy personnel, especially the general public, citizens, and specific groups, including special non-governmental organizations, is also of great value.
Cross-cultural strategic communication: Cognitive domain operations are international language and cultural communications, and need to follow the laws of international communication. We must grasp the basic paradigm of international communication, skillfully combine our own stories with international expressions, and skillfully combine the other party’s language and culture with our own stories and ideas; we must be good at combining different art forms, including text, pictures, paintings, music (sound), video and other means or multimodal means to achieve international communication of information. At the same time, we must coordinate multi-dimensional macro communication at the strategic level: we must use various means to carry out communication through military-civilian integration, military-civilian coordination, and military-civilian integration; in addition to non-governmental organizations, we must especially rely on civilian forces, experts, opinion leaders, and ordinary people to help the military carry out cognitive domain operations; we must unify the setting of topics, speak out in multiple locations and dimensions, form a strategic communication situation, and form a good situation for emergency solutions for major actions, major issues, and major crisis management, form a good public opinion atmosphere, create positive effects, and eliminate or extinguish adverse effects. In particular, we must establish a capable team that is proficient in foreign languages, understands cross-cultural skills, knows the laws of international communication, and can speak out skillfully on international multi-dimensional platforms. These people can usually conduct extensive topic perception, information collection and discussion, and use common or special topics to build personal connections and establish fan communities. More importantly, at critical moments, they can exert influence through their fan groups and complete strategic communication tasks.
At present, with the prevalence of hybrid warfare, multi-domain warfare and global warfare, cognitive domain warfare has become a common means of mixing and blending. The process of cognitive domain warfare from unfamiliarity, emerging, development to growth is also the advanced stage, complex stage and upgraded stage of the development of traditional public opinion warfare, psychological warfare and legal warfare. Its rise is more deceptive, ambiguous, concealed, embedded, implanted and unobservable, especially considering its deep integration with the entry of contemporary emerging media, and it is constantly learning and drawing on new ideas, new technologies and new means that integrate into multiple disciplines, cross-disciplines and cross-disciplinary disciplines. As a result, cognitive domain warfare has become a form of warfare that we must be highly vigilant and guard against. (Liang Xiaobo, professor and doctoral supervisor at the College of Arts and Sciences of the National University of Defense Technology)
[This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund Major Project “National Defense Language Capacity Building in the Perspective of National Defense and Military Reform”]
(Source: China Social Sciences Network)
(Editors: Chen Yu, Huang Zijuan)
現代國語：
認知域作戰指的是以現代認知理論和科學為指導，調用輿論、心理、法律等多域手段，運用現代網絡、傳媒、文字、圖片、視頻、數字等多維技術，開展輿論宣傳、心理攻防、人心爭取、信心顛覆、信仰影響、思維爭奪以及意識形態斗爭的重要形式，意在爭奪人們在思維、信仰、價值觀、個人態度、情感、認同與評判傾向方面主動權。認知域作戰是傳統輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰及貿易戰、外交戰、科技戰、思想戰等多域戰的復合集合體。
當前，認知域作戰已成為國家間開展軍事斗爭和其他領域斗爭的重要依托，認知域目標驅動的語言對抗已經成為認知域作戰的重要形式，值得高度關注。
語言對抗針對作戰對象施加影響的新領域
認知域作戰是當代認知科學研究發展的伴隨結果，是人們積極探索大腦認知活動獲得對大腦更為復雜更為抽象更為透徹的理解后產生的一種新興作戰領域，更是語言對抗以受眾大腦的高級深層隱性活動為作用對象的高端影響形式。不管是從信息作用的對象、信息的生產者、信息內容本身還是信息的渠道，認知域作戰都無不貫穿了認知的特點，自始至終都突出從認知層面開展行動。
從信息的接受對象來說，這個認知針對的是對手受眾大腦深層的認知方面，包括其民眾、軍隊、軍事指揮員或者重要領導、政界商界的重要人物，甚至直接包括對方國家領導人或者軍隊的特定重要將領等，也可以是特定的人群或者民眾。它可以涉及個人或者群體的認知偏好、認知短板、認知習慣、認知偏差、認知誤區﹔也可以是個人和群體的信仰、價值觀念、政治認同、民族認同以及社會和文化認同與情感態度。
從信息的投放者和內容來說，它應該是注入了信息生產者的認知設計和安排，這個包括文本的獨特認知性，比如文本的話語模式、文本的敘事模式、事物的觀察視角、敘事的認知焦點與深度、語句的組織形式、語句的價值觀念等傾向性、語句的概念的對方可接受性等。
從信息發出和傳播的渠道來說，文本的形式更加貼近多媒體多模態形式，更加貼近網絡空間的需要，更加貼近當代智能手機的優勢，更加貼近當下新興媒體時代的特點，也就是更加符合受眾接受的認知特點認知習慣和認知傾向。文本的傳播形式充分考慮國際傳播中的認知效果，特別是跨文化、跨語言、跨媒體、跨群體的認知傳播。如此，文本將會從認知層面，更好地對受眾施加影響。
語言對抗應對作戰樣式變革生成新戰法
縱觀人類歷史，我們不難發現，軍事斗爭的樣式一直在不斷變化。從最初的借助冷兵器的體力纏斗發展成為熱兵器機械力量的較量，又發展成為高科技戰爭條件下的信息化能力的制衡與反制衡，近年來又向著智能化無人化方向的智能決策比拼發展，每一次變革都帶來深刻的戰法變化。當下的機械化信息化智能化的共處過渡階段，人們不僅重視戰場的物理域和信息域主導權的爭奪，更重視影響戰爭主體——人的認知域的掌控，也就是作戰雙方人員的思維方式、認知模式與風格、價值觀念、情感態度、文化模型、溝通模式、心理強弱項、認知偏好、文化與知識圖譜、意識形態認同等領域的爭奪。后者涉及社會人員和社會存在的基本態勢，也就是認知域作戰施加影響的新興領域，其戰法有著強烈的特殊性。
議題靈活機動性：認知域作戰可挑選認知域的諸多議題，開展靈活機動的作戰行動。議題根據當下的情況與需要，既可以選擇涉及較為宏觀的戰略層面（如對方全社會的意識形態與制度等），也可以選擇中觀的戰役層面（如對方社會局部領域或方向的社會問題：社會福利政策或環境保護政策等），還可以選擇涉及社會中非常微觀的戰術問題（如某個人、某個具體事件所折射出的社會的非公平、非正義、非美好的一面）。宏觀、中觀、微觀的認知域問題相互聯系、相互轉化，很有可能一個微觀的議題也會成為一個宏觀的重大戰略性議題。而問題的提出要視與整個軍事行動的關系，要使認知域作戰服從於全局的作戰行動，服務於宏觀的政治、外交大局的需要。更為重要的是，議題要准備在平時，要把各種議題的數據收集在平時，特別是要關注現實社會中的各種重要數據。一旦需要，這些數據就可以迅速轉變為射向敵方認知域的箭頭、子彈、炮彈，甚至成為影響全局的戰略性武器。
作戰層次可控性：認知作戰其重要的設計是，在作戰的層面上，是整體可以控制的，也是可以調控的，可以根據形勢的變化，做出相應的升級或者降維。如果需要戰略層面的，指揮人員可以開通戰略層面的設計和力量投入﹔如果需要戰役級別的，也可以控制在相應戰役層面﹔如果僅僅需要是在特定的小問題層面，也可以將其控制在相應的小眾局域層面，使得整個行動服務於整體作戰行動的需要。這裡的戰略戰役戰術，更多的指的是作戰設計和力量的投入。由於戰場態勢可能瞬息萬變，有些議題也有可能在層級上發生變化，由戰略性的議題影響到戰役和戰術級的效果﹔有些議題，則由於戰術議題的特殊性，成為影響全局的戰役戰略級議題。
新興媒介主導性：認知域的主要影響渠道，已經從傳統的紙質媒體和平面媒體轉向了新興媒體。傳統媒介主要依靠單一媒介，如報紙、雜志、書籍、傳單、海報等來傳遞信息﹔后期電視的產生帶來了立體媒體。到了互聯網時代，特別是互聯網2.0時代和智能通訊設備的誕生，人們更加依靠多媒介、多模態以及短視頻、短文本的形式來傳遞信息。各種智能手機、智能平板、智能播放器等高級設備的推陳出新，各種新興社交軟件和工具的誕生，使得新興媒體成為當下人們開展溝通和交流的主要工具。新興媒體、新興社交軟件和工具已經成為當下各種力量在社會安全、輿論安全、意識形態安全、社會安全和政治安全展開博弈和斗爭的重要空間。互聯網安全，特別是能否掌握住新型的社交媒體、新興社交軟件和工具等的安全，在某種程度上說，是一國認知域能否安全的關鍵。新興媒體工具和新型媒體空間的信息已經成為各個國家認知作戰的主戰場、主陣地和主要爭奪空間。值得指出的是，左右人們認知的思想和理論將成為認知域作戰各層面的最為有影響力的武器。
語言對抗適應智能時代認知計算增強新算力
人工智能時代，在大數據分析與運用、超級計算能力、智能計算能力、自然語言處理能力、智能手機傳播能力以及新一代網絡通信能力大幅提高的基礎上，人類已經開始可以對全社會、全網域、局部群體、局部不同群體以及特定個體開展精准的語言文化、心理認知、群體情感、社會行為建模和分析。特別是人們對大腦認知、人腦思維、思維模式、習慣偏好、意象圖式、認知框架、乃至神經網絡、人機協同、腦控技術等的深刻認識和把握，隻要有足夠多樣化的動態數據，人們就可以把人們的心理活動、情感活動、認知活動、社會輿論以及行為方式等全部計算模擬出來，通過深算、精算、妙算，可以精准地把握人們的認知世界，形成對人們認知域的精細和深刻的掌控。這方面又呈現以下特征：
計算的全維性：認知域作為一個新興領域，其涉及的方方面面都可以被數據化並實現全方位全過程全個體可計算，可以通過廣泛的收集各類型信息，經過信息梳理進而可體現為關於作戰對手主體因素多樣化的大數據，從而可以就此開展面向全體、群體、群體之間以及個體數據及其之間的各種計算，由此，以往無法實現的基於思維、心理、情感、言論、行為等方面的各種活動都可以通過計算來完成、展示和精准把握。
計算的認知性：認知域的計算體現了了強烈的認知性，它更多地可以揭示各種事物、事件、人物之間的難以用肉眼觀察到的關聯關系，可以揭示同一事件框架中各種概念之間的聚類和層級關系，體現各概念之間或明或暗、或直接或間接的深層認知聯系，揭示概念之間的復雜概念網絡體系，使人們看到完全超越一般肉眼觀察的深層認知世界。
計算的智能性：認知域的計算又體現了強烈的智能性。這種智能性表現為通過計算，會得出具有智慧性的結論。譬如可以通過大量文本收集和數據挖掘，尋找人工力量受限而看不到的各種主題、各種觀點、各種傾向、各種人群、各種立場、各種訴求之間的關系，形成對某一問題的更為全面、縱深、精確、系統的認識，做出科學優化的決策。這類決策既可能是與人類智能相符，也可能是超越甚至遠遠勝過人類的智能。運用好認知計算的力量，特別是綜合本國的數據和對手的數據，可以更好地做到提前預防、提前預警、提前開展布局，並能夠實現最好最優最快最精准地打擊和反擊，也能夠更好地體現高效有力有針對性的防護。這裡的認知計算，更多的是對某一可能的宏觀中觀或微觀的議題在不同人群、不同時間段、不同背景下，在全網域或者某一局域網域、某一特定群體內部可能產生的反響，特別是對與對手展開博弈時雙方可能呈現的主動、被動的態勢開展分析和檢視，對認知域的攻防等。
發揮話語主體地位釋放話語力量的新運用
認知域作戰有一個非常重要的依托，就是它主要依托語言媒介來發揮作用，主要通過話語層面來施加影響，主要通過話語的敘事性來形成對認知域的隱性作用，主要通過文化模式來施加潛在作用，通過跨文化的傳播來施加或明或暗的作用。其主要體現為以下方面：
文本話語獨特性：認知域是需要用信息來施加影響的。盡管信息可能依托視頻圖片的特殊視覺效果來展現，但從根本上說，文本所綜合表達話語的獨特性成為產生認知影響的主要依托。這其中，話語表達的模式、話語表達的技巧、話語表達說服力和感染力的主要設計，特別是話語敘事獨特性將是影響人們認知的關鍵。這可能會包括敘事的視角，敘事的主題、風格，敘事的故事框架，敘事的語言創新，敘事的關鍵語句，敘事蘊含的哲學、人文、宗教、社會、自然等情懷，敘事的不同參與者身份，敘事的多樣化評價，敘事的真實度、深度和情感溫度，敘事對於觀點的潛移默化影響作用，敘事釋放的個人情感、價值觀念、意識形態、立場評價等。文本話語的獨特性，是認知域作戰以文本施加認知影響的重要依靠。充分利用文本的復雜性，發揮多樣化文本各自優勢，發揮文本內涵的隱性和顯性認知影響的作用，已經成為文本話語認知域作戰的關鍵。其中最為重要的，就是要創新文本話語，用更加嶄新的話語、更加新奇的表述，更加獨特的表達來贏得讀者，使讀者了解並在潛移默化中感受文本中的思想，並在無聲無息中接受文本的思想。
文化模式潛在性：認知域作戰，一定要深刻把握不同國家和民族文化的特點和模式。不同國家、不同民族，其文化的模型不一樣，哲學思維、傳統文化、宗教信仰、風俗習慣、思維方式皆有明顯不同﹔不同文化下的國民，也有著不同樣的民族心理、民族性的認知模式，還應該有典型的屬於本民族本文化的認知偏好，也有相應的短處與弱點，有的還明顯存在與本國其他民族有巨大差異的認識，甚至還有誤解和敵意。因此，認知域作戰在文化層面，就是要把握好不同國家的總體文化模型，建設不同國家不同群體的文化模型，建設不同國家在不同事物上的不同認知模型，充分把握某一國家在一系列事物和議題上的總體態度和行事方式，特別是針對一些典型案例、文化禁忌、宗教要求、精神追求、總體觀念等。要借助現有理論和發現，綜合構建在認知領域不同人群對一些典型問題、敏感問題、重要問題的基本表現，為下一步開展認知作戰提供重要的參考和指導。加強對敵方不同人員的文化模式研究，特別是軍隊人員，重點崗位的人員，包括對方將領、軍官、士兵等的基本文化特點和模型的研究與構建，譬如人物心理認知行為與文化模型畫像，已經成為認知域作戰的核心做法。對對方普通人員，特別是一般國民、市民的認知模式，以及特定人群，包括特殊的非政府組織力量等的認知分析，也同樣具有重要價值。
跨文化戰略傳播性：認知域作戰，是面向國際的語言傳播和文化傳播，需要遵循國際傳播的規律。要把握好國際傳播的基本范式，要把本國故事與國際表達巧妙結合，要將對方語言與文化和本國的故事與思想巧妙結合﹔要善於結合不同的藝術形式，包括文字、圖片、繪畫、音樂（聲音）、視頻等手段或者多模態的手段來實現信息的國際傳播。同時，還要在戰略層面統籌多維宏觀的傳播：要利用各種手段，依靠軍民融合軍民協同軍民一體開展傳播﹔除了非政府組織之外，特別是要依靠民間力量，依靠專家、意見領袖、普通民眾來幫助軍隊來開展認知域作戰﹔要統一設置議題，多點多位多維發聲，形成戰略傳播態勢，為重大行動、重大議題、重大危機管控等形成應急解決的良好態勢，形成良好輿論氛圍，營造積極效應，消除不利影響或者扑滅不利影響。特別是要建立一支能夠精通外語、懂得跨文化技巧、知曉國際傳播規律、能在國際多維平台巧妙發聲的精干隊伍。這些人員平時可以開展廣泛的議題感知、收集和討論，借助普通議題或者特殊議題建立人脈關系，建立粉絲群落﹔更重要的是，在關鍵時刻，通過他們的粉絲群體，施加影響，完成戰略傳播任務。
當前，隨著混合戰多域戰全域戰的大行其道，認知域作戰已經成為雜糅其間、混合其間的常用手段，認知域作戰由陌生、新興、發展到壯大的歷程，更是傳統輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰發展的高級階段復雜階段升級階段。它的興起，更具有欺騙性、模糊性、隱蔽性、嵌入性、植入性和不可觀察性，特別是考慮它與當代新興媒體進場深度接軌深度融合，而且還不斷學習借鑒融入多學科、跨學科、交叉學科的新思想、新技術、新手段。由此，認知域作戰已然成為我們必須高度警惕高度提防的作戰形式。（國防科技大學文理學院教授、博士生導師梁曉波）
【本文系國家社科基金重大項目“國防與軍隊改革視野下的國防語言能力建設”階段性成果】
（來源：中國社會科學網）
(責編：陳羽、黃子娟)
2022年05月17日10:xx |
中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2022/0517/c1011-32423539888.html
