Category Archives: Cognitive Confrontation

Professor Chen Yingwen China National University of Defense Technology Describes Military Internet of Things: Everything is Connected, Attacking & Winning from Thousands of Miles Away

國防科技大學陳英文教授闡述軍事物聯網:萬物互聯,千里之外也能攻打

現代英語:

In mid-July 2021 World Internet of Things Expo held a press conference and revealed that the expo is scheduled to be held in Wuxi in early September. At that time, the expo will be themed “Intelligently Connecting Everything and Leading the Future with Digital”, focusing on showcasing the latest achievements in the global Internet of Things field.

The Internet of Things is changing people’s daily lives, quietly changing the form of modern warfare, and promoting the development of intelligent warfare.

Professor Chen Yingwen from the National University of Defense Technology tells you about the military Internet of Things——

Everything is connected, winning thousands of miles away

■Feng Zijian, Qu Shenghui, Qi Xucong

Schematic diagram of military Internet of Things technology simulation.

A “bridge” connecting the virtual world and the real world

The so-called Internet of Things can be simply understood as an Internet that connects everything. If the Internet is a “dialogue” in the virtual world, then the Internet of Things is a “bridge” connecting the virtual world and the real world.

The application of the Internet of Things had already appeared in wars under the name of “sensor networks” more than half a century before it attracted people’s attention.

In the 1960s, the “Ho Chi Minh Trail” on the Vietnam battlefield was covered with tens of thousands of “tropical tree” vibration sensors. These sensors are like a dense “spider web”, waiting for the “prey” to arrive. Whenever a person or vehicle passes by, the sensor detects the vibration generated by the target and records data such as its direction and speed.

At this time, tens of thousands of kilometers away, in an infiltration surveillance center code-named “Task Force Alpha”, US military technicians were receiving and processing relevant information sent back by the “sensor network”. Once a Vietnamese military convoy was discovered passing by, the command center would send instructions to the US troops stationed in Vietnam, instructing fighter planes to fly over the target and carry out bombing.

Due to the limited technology at the time, the sensors could only work for a few weeks. The “spider web” carefully built by the US military ultimately failed to prevent the Vietnamese army from transporting troops and supplies.

Although this “cooperative” combat method between humans and objects did not achieve any good results in history, it has prompted Western countries led by the United States to conduct in-depth research on Internet technology and continuously explore the interconnection between humans and objects, and objects and objects. Its highly informationized advantages are highlighted in many areas of military applications.

After decades of development, some military powers have successively developed a series of military sensor network systems, including the “Smart Dust” system for collecting battlefield information, the “Lumbas” system for remotely monitoring the battlefield environment, the “Sand Straight Line” system for monitoring the movement of weapon platforms, and the “Wolf Pack” system specifically for detecting electromagnetic signals.

Among them, the detection element of the “smart dust” system is only the size of a grain of sand, but it can realize all functions such as information collection, processing and sending, thereby enhancing the ability to control information during combat.

No combat entity will become an “island”

In the world of the Internet of Things, every grain of “sand” will have its network address. For the military Internet of Things, no operational entity will become an “island”.

During the first Gulf War, many weapons and equipment transported by the US military could not be found, resulting in a large waste of war resources. The reason is that the containers transporting weapons and equipment were not clearly marked, and personnel were unable to track the location of the transported weapons and equipment, which led to the loss of a large number of weapons and equipment.

Twelve years later, during the Iraq War, the US military installed radio frequency microchips on every container shipped to the Gulf region, and placed readers and writers according to transportation and storage needs, thereby achieving full tracking of personnel, equipment, and materials, greatly improving the effectiveness of military logistics support.

Foreign research data revealed that compared with the Gulf War, the Iraq War’s sea transport volume decreased by 87%, air transport volume decreased by 88.6%, combat equipment reserves decreased by 75%, and strategic support equipment mobilization decreased by 89%.

In fact, from the moment the electronic tags are attached and the sensing systems are installed, the originally silent equipment becomes like an organic life form that can sense and communicate with each other. Through the transformation of the Internet of Things technology, each combat entity such as combat personnel and combat equipment has become a “network node”. Through perception and communication with each other, the battlefield situation is clearer and combat operations are more efficient.

Take the personnel assessment network established by the Australian Department of Defense as an example: during combat, commanders can assess the physical functions and conditions of soldiers through sensors worn by soldiers, and then combine them with satellite positioning information to obtain the physical function status of all personnel. Commanders can use this as a basis for allocating troops, which can greatly improve the efficiency of battlefield decision-making.

Military IoT technology will play a big role in future battlefields

In today’s world, there are more and more similar military news——

In June 2016, the US military launched an airstrike using drones, killing 16 Taliban members; in September of the same year, Turkish security forces killed 6 terrorists under the guidance of their domestically produced drones.

In the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in the Middle East in 2020, a video released by Azerbaijan made many people feel the power of networked and intelligent weapons: after the drone discovered the enemy tank, it aimed and fired…

From sensing the battlefield situation to locking onto the target and then launching an attack on the target, the reason behind unmanned equipment becoming the main offensive entity is the huge support of military Internet of Things technology. This huge intelligent information network is like the “clairvoyance” and “super hearing” on the battlefield, allowing combat personnel to sit firmly in the “central military camp” and win the battle thousands of miles away.

“Everything is connected, and victory can be won thousands of miles away.” This is the development trend of military Internet of Things technology and an important feature of future intelligent warfare. In the era of the Internet of Everything, the military Internet of Things will connect several individual combat entities into intelligent combat groups and generate a smart combat system. In the future, it will only be necessary to give the smart combat system clear combat objectives, and military combat personnel will not have to participate in its execution process.

At present, the development of military Internet of Things technology still has a long way to go before it can realize the Internet of Everything, but we should be aware that when smart nodes reach a certain scale, the military Internet of Things will achieve a qualitative leap.

In future battlefields, military Internet of Things technology will surely play a big role in achieving victory through “connection”.

現代國語:

今年7月中旬,2021世界物聯網博覽會組委會召開新聞發布會透露,此次博覽會預定9月上旬在無錫舉行。屆時,博覽會將以「智聯萬物 數領未來」為主題,集中展現全球物聯網領域的最新成果。

物聯網,改變人們的日常生活,也悄悄改變現代戰爭形式,推動智慧化戰爭發展進程。

國防科技大學教授陳穎文為您講述軍事物聯網—

萬物互聯,決勝千里之外

■馮劍 曲晟暉 齊旭聰

軍用物聯網技術模擬示意圖。

連接虛擬世界與現實世界的一座“橋樑”

所謂物聯網,我們不妨將其簡單理解為物物相連的互聯網。如果說互聯網是虛擬世界中的一種“對話”,那麼物聯網則是連接虛擬世界與現實世界的一座“橋樑”。

物聯網應用,早在受到人們關注前的半個多世紀,就已在戰爭中以「傳感器網絡」之名現身。

上世紀60年代,越南戰場的「胡志明小徑」上,佈滿了數以萬計的「熱帶樹」振動傳感器。這些傳感器就像密密麻麻的「蛛網」一般,等待著「獵物」到來。每當有人員或車輛經過時,傳感器就會探測到目標產生的震動,並記錄其方向和速度等數據。

此時,數萬公裡之外,一家代號為「阿爾法特混部隊」的滲透監視中心裡,美軍技術人員在接收和處理著「傳感器網絡」回傳的相關資訊。一旦發現越軍車隊經過,指揮中心就會向駐紮在越南的美軍發出指令,讓戰機飛臨目標實施轟炸。

當時技術有限,傳感器實際工作時間只能維持幾週時間。美軍處心積慮搭建的這張“蛛網”,最終未能阻止越南軍隊對兵力和物資的運送。

雖然歷史上這次人與物「協同」的作戰方式並未取得什麼好的效果,卻推動了以美國為首的西方國家深入研究互聯技術,不斷探索人與物、物與物之間的互聯互通。其高度資訊化優勢,在軍事應用的多個領域凸顯出來。

經過幾十年發展,一些軍事強國先後研製出收集戰場資訊的「智慧微塵」系統、遠程監視戰場環境的「倫巴斯」系統、偵聽武器平台運動的「沙地直線」系統、專門偵收電磁信號的「狼群」系統等一系列軍事傳感器網絡系統。

其中,「智慧微塵」系統的探測元件只有沙粒大小,卻能實現資訊收集、處理和發送等全部功能,從而提升了作戰過程中的製資訊權能力。

沒有一個作戰實體會成為“孤島”

在物聯網世界裡,每一粒「沙子」都將擁有它的網路位址。對軍事物聯網來說,沒有一個作戰實體會成為「孤島」。

在第一次海灣戰爭中,美軍運送的許多武器裝備無從查找,造成了大量戰爭資源浪費。究其原因,是由於運送武器裝備的集裝箱標誌不清,人員對於傳送的武器裝備位置無法跟踪,進而導致武器裝備的大量遺失。

12年後,在伊拉克戰爭中,美軍給運送到海灣地區的每一個集裝箱均加裝了射頻微型晶片,並依據運輸和存儲需要安放了讀寫器,從而實現了對人員、裝備、物資的全程跟踪,使得軍事物流保障的有效性大大提高。

國外研究資料揭露,相較於海灣戰爭,伊拉克戰爭的海運量減少87%,空運量減少88.6%,戰役裝備儲備減少75%,戰略支援裝備動員量減少89%。

實際上,從貼上電子標簽、裝上感知系統的那一刻起,原本靜默的裝備就像一個有機生命體,它們可以相互感知和交流。透過對物聯網技術的改造,作戰人員、作戰裝備等每一個作戰實體都成了一個“網絡節點”,相互間通過感知與交流,讓戰場態勢更加清晰,也使得作戰行動更加高效。

以澳洲國防部所建立的人員評估網為例:作戰期間,指揮人員可通過士兵身上穿戴的傳感器,對士兵身體的機能與狀態進行評估,再結合衛星定位的位置信息,可獲得全體人員身體機能的態勢情況。指揮人員以此為依據進行兵力分配,可大幅提升戰場決策效率。

軍事物聯網技術在未來戰場上大有作為

當今世界,類似軍事新聞越來越多——

2016年6月,美軍利用無人機發動空襲,擊斃16名塔利班成員;同年9月,土耳其安全部隊在其國產無人機的指引下擊斃了6名恐怖分子。

在2020年中東地區的納卡沖突中,阿塞拜疆發布的一段視頻,讓許多人感受到了網絡化、智能化武器的力量:無人機發現敵方坦克後,瞄準、發射…

從感知戰場態勢到鎖定目標、再到對目標展開攻擊,無人裝備成為進攻主體的背後,是軍事物聯網技術的巨大支撐。這個龐大的智慧化資訊網絡,就如同戰場上的“千裡眼”“順風耳”,讓作戰人員穩坐“中軍帳”,就能決勝於千里之外。

「萬物互聯,決勝千里之外。」這是軍事物聯網技術的發展趨勢,也是未來智慧化戰爭的重要特徵。在萬物互聯的時代,軍事物聯網會將若干單一作戰實體連接成為智慧作戰群,生成智慧作戰體系。未來,只需給智慧作戰體係明確作戰目的,軍隊作戰人員不必參與其執行過程。

當前,軍事物聯網技術的發展距離萬物互聯還有很長一段路要走,但應清醒看到,當智慧節點達到一定規模後,軍事物聯網就會形成質的飛躍。

未來戰場,軍事物聯網技術必將大有作為,實現以「聯」制勝。

來源:中國軍網-解放軍報 作者:馮子劍 曲晟暉 齊旭聰 責任編輯:楊紅
2021-08-27 06:00

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/10081763888.html?big=fan

Uncertainty – Fog of War and the Way to Win in Modern Warfare for China’s Military

不確定性-戰爭迷霧與中國軍隊在現代戰爭中的勝利之道

現代英語:

Wars in different eras have different characteristics, and the “fog of war” that accompanies them is constantly changing. Often when people feel that they have basically seen the way to win through multi-faceted exploration, the next war presents new uncertainties. Local wars such as the Syrian War and the India-Azerbaijan conflict have demonstrated the multifaceted and complex nature of modern warfare from different perspectives. It can be seen that although traditional firepower warfare is still on the stage, the characteristics of intelligence have already emerged; although the combat type is still an offensive and defensive struggle, the combat guidance, environmental conditions, and specific methods of play have undergone profound changes. Wars are accelerating their evolution towards intelligence. The battlefield space has expanded from land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet to space, polar regions, deep sea, and cognitive confrontations. The game competition has changed from military confrontation to multi-dimensional competitions such as politics, economy, science and technology, and public opinion. The participating forces have developed from the two warring parties to global attention and multi-dimensional intervention. Information intelligence has moved from auxiliary support to comprehensive dominance, full penetration, and full coverage. The combat unit has evolved from scale optimization to small, micro, and sophisticated, and the form is scattered and capable. Intelligence and hybrid have become basic trends. In the face of evolving wars and new uncertainties, we need to be sensitive to change and respond proactively, accumulate momentum and forge ahead in the midst of change, so as to achieve leadership and surpass others and seize the opportunity to win.

Enhance the hybrid nature of war based on the “pan-variability”. War is the continuation of politics and has never been a simple military confrontation. In the era of intelligence, visible struggles and invisible struggles coexist, battlefields with gunpowder smoke and silent battles coexist, and gray areas, hybrid warfare, and marginal conflicts coexist. In the face of fierce and complex competitive game situations, it is necessary to accelerate the construction of a hybrid warfare system with military as the cornerstone. First, enrich strategic options. Closely follow the characteristics of the times, strengthen the exploration of the characteristics and laws of non-military confrontation and the construction of power means, implement relevant preparations, and form comprehensive advantages. Secondly, enhance invisible strength. Attach importance to geopolitical, cultural, psychological and other aspects of research, and form an effective discourse system through think tank exchanges, academic promotion, cultural integration, legal construction, media propaganda and other means to influence the other party’s cognition in a silent way. Thirdly, unite the forces of peace. Take the construction of a united front in the new era as an important means of hybrid confrontation, unite all forces that can be united, and enhance international influence and appeal.

Enhance the flexibility of tactics based on the “smart change” of the battlefield. Looking at recent local wars and conflicts, due to factors such as the regional dimension and the strength of both sides, the traces of traditional warfare are still relatively obvious, but intelligent and unmanned warfare has irreversibly come to the fore. It can be foreseen that comprehensive intelligent warfare is not far away, the extension range of weapons and equipment will be farther and wider, the combat perspectives of the opposing sides will be larger and wider, and the degree of hinge fusion between the physical domain, network domain, and cognitive domain will be deeper. The battlefield with deep “smart change” calls for concepts and tactics that are adapted to it. We should accelerate the promotion of intelligent thinking, intelligent technology, and intelligent network aggregation and empowerment to form a flexible closed link with fast perception, fast decision-making, fast judgment, fast action, and fast feedback, based on “OODA” and the kill chain to beat the slow with the fast and change with change. Relying on intelligent computing power and intelligent algorithms, we design wars in advance, build various models, and innovate tactics and training methods in peacetime. In wartime, we analyze the battle situation in real time, keenly seize opportunities, and make precise decisions and actions. We use “military + technology”, “theory + experiment”, and “algorithm + tactics” to integrate the art of strategy with intelligent technology to achieve a combination of the strange and the orthodox, take the lead in rapid changes, and win by intelligence.

Enhance the plasticity of forces based on the “micro-change” of units. One of the important characteristics of modern warfare is that large systems support elite combat, and combat units are becoming increasingly miniaturized, integrated, and modular. We must focus on the combat unit, the end of combat effectiveness, and forge a “sharp knife” and “sharp blade” that is small, fine, micro, and strong to adapt to intelligent warfare. On the one hand, strengthen its ability to integrate into the system and connect all parties, rely on ubiquitous access to information networks, and achieve decentralized combat and energy concentration through flexible matching and rapid reorganization; on the other hand, strengthen its independent decision-making and improvisation capabilities, improve robustness and self-recovery, and be able to survive, respond to emergencies, and fight in extreme situations. It is possible to explore the formation of a “micro-unit” concept force, implement a flexible organization, do not fix the number of personnel, and do not restrict the field. Advanced combat theories, new combat formations, and new weapons and equipment can be tested and verified in advance, so as to explore ways to achieve cloud combat, cloud joint, cloud energy gathering, and self-combination at the end of the strike chain.

Enhance strategic bottom line based on deterrence “evolution”. Deterrence has a long history like war. With the in-depth application of intelligent technology and weapons and equipment, the connotation and extension, force means, form and effect of deterrence are changing. Although traditional nuclear deterrence is still the cornerstone of bottom line, new deterrence capabilities have been quietly formed, requiring higher determination, strength, wisdom, and strategy. Focusing on the role of deterrence in blocking the enemy invisibly in peacetime, controlling the situation at the key in times of crisis, and winning the final victory in wartime, we should focus on strengthening the strong and making up for the weak, opening up new areas, and long-term strategy to maximize the strategic value of deterrence. First, we should give equal importance to conventional and unconventional, accelerate the development of new weapons and new forces, and achieve the predetermined deterrence intention through actual combat training and actual combat deployment, supplemented by the expression and transmission of strategic will. Secondly, we should continue to study new combat concepts and new combat theories, and promote the transformation of theories from “soft” to “hard” through academic exchanges, think tank collisions, and multi-track and multi-layer confrontations, and transform them into real deterrence. Thirdly, accelerate the transformation of science and technology into the military field, increase research efforts in cloud computing, blockchain, quantum technology, etc., and strive to form a potential deterrent to opponents.

現代國語:

郭呈淵 趙中其

不同時代的戰爭有不同的特點,而與之相伴的「戰爭迷霧」也在不斷變幻。往往當人們透過多方探索、感覺已經基本看清其中的勝利之道時,下一場戰爭又呈現出新的不確定性。敘利亞戰爭、亞阿衝突等局部戰爭,從不同側面展示了現代戰爭的多面性、複雜性。可以看到,傳統火力戰雖仍在舞台之中,但智慧化特徵已然顯現;作戰類型雖仍為攻防爭奪,但作戰指導、環境條件、具體打法已深刻變化。戰爭正加速向智慧化演進,戰場空間由陸、海、空、天、電、網向太空、極地、深海、認知等全域對抗拓展,博弈比拼由軍事對決向政治、經濟、科技、輿論等多維較量轉變,參與力量由交戰雙向全球關注、多元介入方向發展,資訊智能由輔助支撐向全面主導、全程貫穿、全域覆蓋邁進,作戰單元由規模集優向小微精尖、形散能聚演化,智能、混合成為基本趨勢。面對嬗變中的戰爭和新的不確定性,需要敏銳知變、積極應變,於變中蓄勢、變中進取,實現領先超越、搶得制勝先機。

基於戰爭「泛變」增強超限混合性。戰爭是政治的延續,從來不是單純的軍事對抗。智能化時代,看得見的爭鬥和看不見的鬥爭並存,有硝煙的戰場和無聲息的爭戰同在,灰色地帶、混合戰爭、邊緣衝突相伴而生。面對激烈複雜的競爭賽局態勢,需要加速建構以軍事為基石的混合戰爭體系。首先,豐富戰略選項。緊貼時代特點,加強非軍事抗衡特點規律探究和力量手段建設,實化相關準備,形成綜合優勢。其次,提升隱形實力。重視做好地緣、文化、心理等面向研究,透過智庫交流、學術推廣、文化交融、法律建構、媒介宣傳等方式,形成有效話語體系,在潤物無聲中影響對方認知。再次,團結和平力量。把建構新時代統一戰線作為混合對抗的重要手段,團結一切可以團結的力量,增強國際影響力和感召力。

基於戰場「智變」增強戰法彈性。縱觀近幾場局部戰爭與衝突,囿於地域維度、雙方實力等因素,傳統作戰痕跡仍較為明顯,但智能化、無人化已不可逆轉地走向前台。可以預見,全面智慧化戰爭並不遙遠,武器裝備的延伸範圍將更遠更廣,對抗雙方的交戰視角將更大更寬,物理域、網絡域、認知域鉸鏈融合程度更深。深度「智變」的戰場,呼喚與之相適應的理念、戰法,應加快推進智能化思維、智能化技術、智能化網絡聚合增能,形成快感知、快決策、快判斷、快行動、快反饋的彈性閉合鏈路,基於「OODA」和殺傷鏈以快打慢、以變制變。依托智能算力、智能演算法,平時超前設計戰爭、建構多種模型、創新戰法訓法,戰時即時研判戰情、敏銳捕捉戰機、精準決策行動,運用“軍事+科技”“理論+試驗” “演算法+打法”,融合謀略藝術與智慧技術,實現奇正結合、搶先快變、以智制勝。

基於單元「微變」增強力量可塑性。大體系支撐精兵作戰是現代戰爭的重要特色之一,作戰單元變得日益微型化、整合化、模組化。要扭住作戰單元這一戰鬥力末端,鍛造適應智慧化戰爭、小而精、微而強的「尖刀」「利刃」。一方面,強化其融入體系、連結各方的能力,依托泛在接取的資訊網絡,透過靈活搭配、快速重組,實現分散作戰、集效聚能;另一方面,強化其自主決策、臨機應變能力,提高魯棒性和自恢復性,在極端情況下能生存、能應急、能作戰。可探索組成「微單元」概念部隊,實行彈性編制,不固定員額、不限制領域,超前試驗論證先進作戰理論、新式作戰編組、新型武器裝備,為實現打擊鏈條末端雲作戰、雲聯合、雲聚能、自組合運用摸索路子。

基於威懾「衍變」增強戰略保底性。威懾與戰爭一樣歷史悠久。隨著智慧化技術和武器裝備的深入運用,威懾的內涵外延、力量手段、形式效果等都在改變。雖然傳統的核威懾仍是保底基石,但新的威懾能力已在悄悄形成,對決心、實力、智慧、謀略等要求更高。著眼發揮威懾平時阻敵於無形、危時控勢於關鍵、戰時決勝於最後的作用,應注重固強補弱、開拓新域、長期經略,實現威懾戰略價值最大化。首先,堅持常規與非常規並重,加速發展新型武器、新質力量,透過實戰化演訓、實戰化部署,輔以謀略意志表達傳遞,達成預定威懾企圖。其次,持續研究新作戰概念、新作戰理論,透過學術交流、智庫碰撞和多軌多層對抗,推動理論由“軟”變“硬”,轉化為現實威懾力。再次,加速科技向軍事領域轉化進程,在雲端運算、區塊鏈、量子科技等方面加強研究力度,努力形成對對手的潛在嚇阻。

中国军网 国防部网

2022年9月16日 星期五

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/16/content_324164888.htm

Create a New Situation for China’s National Defense and Chinese Military Modernization

開創中國國防與軍隊現代化建設新局面

現代英語:

National Defense University Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee is a very important meeting held at a critical period of comprehensively promoting the great cause of building a strong country and national rejuvenation with Chinese-style modernization. It focuses on studying and deploying the issues of further comprehensively deepening reform and promoting Chinese-style modernization, and makes strategic deployments for continuously deepening national defense and military reforms, drawing a blueprint for the new journey of relaying reforms to strengthen the military and constantly creating a new situation in national defense and military modernization. All levels of the military should earnestly study and implement the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, unify their thoughts, wills and actions, and thoroughly implement the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military, so as to provide strong guarantees for achieving the goal of building the army for 100 years as scheduled and basically realizing national defense and military modernization.

Reform is a key move in designing and shaping the future of the military

Reform and opening up are the most prominent features and the most magnificent aura of contemporary China. The military field is the field with the most intense competition and confrontation, and it is also the field with the most innovative vitality and the most need for reform and innovation. Whether a military can possess an unremitting spirit of reform and a pioneering and enterprising spirit of innovation is an important indicator of its ability to win. Deepening the reform of national defense and the military is the only way to strengthen the military. The driving force for strengthening the military lies in reform, the way out lies in reform, and the future also lies in reform.

The strength of the People’s Army comes from reform and innovation, and the victory of the People’s Army comes from reform and innovation. The history of the growth and development of the People’s Army is a history of reform and innovation. From the establishment of a complete set of principles and systems for building the army under the absolute leadership of the Party during the Agrarian Revolution, to the implementation of the policy of streamlining the military during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression; from the establishment of five major field armies during the War of Liberation, to the repeated adjustments to the system and organization after the founding of New China, to the massive reduction of millions of troops in the new era of reform and opening up and socialist modernization… The People’s Army has been fighting and reforming, building and reforming, and has become stronger and stronger. From the “Sixteen-Character Formula” of the Red Army period, to the “Protracted War” of the Anti-Japanese War, from the “Ten Military Principles” of the Liberation War, to the “piecemeal” of the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, to the continuous adjustment of military strategic policies after the founding of New China… The People’s Army learned war from war, explored laws from practice, and wrote a vivid chapter of continuous innovation in the art of war leadership in the history of world military. Along the way, reform and innovation have always been an important magic weapon for our army to grow from small to large, from weak to strong, and continuously from victory to victory. Deepening the reform of national defense and the military is the requirement of the times to realize the Chinese Dream and the dream of a strong military, the only way to strengthen the military, and a key move to determine the future of the military. At present, it is a period of hard struggle to achieve the goal of building the army for 100 years. In order to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests with stronger capabilities and more reliable means, and to provide strategic support for comprehensively promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese-style modernization, it is necessary to continue to deepen the reform of national defense and the military.

Only reformers can make progress, and only innovators can become strong. President Xi Jinping stressed that “the new military revolution has provided us with a golden opportunity. We must seize the opportunity and work hard to not only keep up with the trend and the times, but also strive to be at the forefront of the times.” In today’s world, the new military revolution is surging, the intelligent warfare form is gradually showing its true face in the practice of war, and the new military technology and weapons and equipment system are further affecting the rules of war. All these require us to maintain a keen sense of reform and cutting-edge innovative thinking, base ourselves on the actual development of our army, focus on the needs of preparing for war, think deeply about the new force structure and winning logic necessary to win modern wars, rely on reform to continuously optimize the military system, improve the effectiveness of military governance in line with actual combat requirements, and go all out to fight a tough battle to achieve the goal of building the army for the centenary.

Comprehensively deepening reform has achieved great changes in the People’s Army in the new era

Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as its core has, with great political courage and wisdom, pushed forward the theory and practice of reform of socialism with Chinese characteristics to a new breadth and depth. In the new era and new journey, we must insist on deepening reform to gain creativity, cohesion and combat effectiveness, and insist on the unchanged direction, unswerving path and unreduced efforts, and continuously push forward the modernization of national defense and the army with better strategies, higher efficiency and faster speed, and resolutely complete the mission and tasks of the new era entrusted by the Party and the people.

Grasp the overall changes in deepening national defense and military reforms. Since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, the People’s Army has adhered to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, thoroughly implemented Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army, and taken the Party’s goal of strengthening the army in the new era as its guide. It has comprehensively implemented the strategy of reform and strengthening the army, and has thoroughly resolved the institutional obstacles, structural contradictions, and policy issues that have long constrained national defense and army building, promoted the reform of the leadership and command system, the reform of the scale structure and force composition, and the reform of military policies and systems, and achieved historic achievements in deepening the reform of national defense and the army. The People’s Army has achieved an overall revolutionary reshaping; the new system, structure, pattern, and appearance have made our army’s winning advantage more prominent, its innovative vitality continuously released, and its morale more uplifting. Practice has fully proved that as long as we unswervingly continue to deepen the reform of national defense and the military, we will be able to create a new situation in the modernization of national defense and the military.

Adhere to the ideological guidance of deepening the reform of national defense and the military. President Xi’s series of important strategic thoughts on deepening the reform of national defense and the military, which are directional, fundamental, and overall, have profoundly clarified the contemporary significance, essential attributes, fundamental guidance, goals and tasks, core requirements, important directions, strategic measures, and scientific methods of deepening the reform of national defense and the military. To carry out the reform of national defense and the military to the end, we must adhere to Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military as the general guidance and general compliance, and consistently use Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military to arm the minds of officers and soldiers, further unify thoughts, deepen understanding, and use it to guide reform practice, further work on resolving deep-seated contradictions and problems, promote the implementation of reform arrangements, and realize the determination and intentions of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission, and President Xi at a high standard.

Advancing national defense and military modernization requires continued reform

President Xi stressed: “On the road ahead, the People’s Army must be brave in reform and good at innovation, and never become rigid or stagnant at any time or under any circumstances.” The People’s Army is a strong backing for national security. The deeper the reform goes, the more it must take responsibility, move forward steadily and courageously, and there must be no slackness or rest. It is necessary to continue to deepen the reform of national defense and the army to provide security guarantees and strategic support for comprehensively promoting the construction of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation with Chinese-style modernization.

The cause of strengthening the military is inspiring, and the goal of strengthening the military inspires fighting spirit. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee made strategic arrangements for deepening the implementation of the strategy of reform and strengthening the military. This is not only a call to action for continued reform and attack, but also a drumbeat for determination to strengthen the military. We must focus our efforts on implementing the strategy of reform and strengthening the military, and continuously push forward the cause of strengthening the military in the new era. The mission is imminent, and the goal calls. The goal of strengthening the military depicts the goal map, roadmap and development map for strengthening and revitalizing the military. It is the soul and main line that runs through the deepening of national defense and military reform. The promotion of reform must not deviate from the goal of strengthening the military for a moment or a single moment. The goal of strengthening the military must always be used to measure, regulate and correct, providing a strong impetus for advancing the modernization of national defense and the military.

A strong country must have a strong military, and a strong military must reform. National defense and military modernization are important components of China’s modernization. Further deepening reform and promoting China’s modernization will inevitably put forward new and higher requirements for deepening national defense and military reform. On the one hand, with the increase in the breadth and depth of the practice of China’s modernization, the new progress of comprehensively deepening reform requires our military construction to accelerate and build high quality in improving quality and efficiency. We must uphold the core position of innovation in our military construction and promote national defense and military modernization through reform and innovation. On the other hand, with the practice of modern warfare, especially the militarization of artificial intelligence, the profound changes in the internal mechanism of war and the mode of winning, etc., all require national defense and military reform to seize the opportunity and act in response to the times, and make greater efforts to enhance our military’s joint combat capability based on the network information system and the all-domain combat capability. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee made major strategic arrangements around the continued deepening of national defense and military reforms, and proposed a number of important reform measures involving the optimization and adjustment of systems, mechanisms, and institutions, which are highly contemporary, forward-looking, and targeted. All levels of the military must earnestly study and implement the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, focus on improving the leadership and management system and mechanism of the People’s Army, deepen the reform of the joint combat system, deepen cross-military and local reforms, and constantly create a new situation in strengthening and revitalizing the army.

We should follow the general trend of reform and gather strong forces. To thoroughly implement the strategy of reform and strengthening the military, we need unity of purpose and unity of purpose. We should persist in using the Party’s innovative theories to unite our hearts and minds and strengthen our foundations, arm our heads with Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military, unify our thoughts and actions with the decisions of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi, and take on the responsibility of thoroughly implementing the strategy of reform and strengthening the military with a high degree of historical consciousness and a strong sense of mission, further consolidate the consensus on reform, strengthen the will to reform, and enhance the confidence in reform. We should focus on summarizing and applying the successful experience of national defense and military reform, deeply grasp the characteristics and laws of reform and strengthening the military, use reform to solve the problems encountered in development, and continuously promote the modernization of national defense and the military to break through obstacles. Party members and cadres in the military, especially leading cadres, must be good promoters and doers of reform, take the lead in tackling tough problems with practical actions, work hard and fast, and make great strides forward in the journey of building a world-class military in an all-round way.

(Written by: Tang Junfeng)

現代國語:

國防大學習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想研究中心

黨的二十屆三中全會是在以中國式現代化全面推進強國建設、民族復興偉業的關鍵時期召開的一次十分重要的會議,重點研究部署進一步全面深化改革、推進中國式現代化問題,對持續深化國防和軍隊改革作出戰略部署,為新征程接力推進改革強軍、不斷開創國防和軍隊現代化新局面繪就了藍圖。全軍各級要認真學習貫徹黨的二十屆三中全會精神,統一思想、統一意志、統一行動,深入實施改革強軍戰略,為如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標、基本實現國防和軍隊現代化提供有力保障。

改革是設計和塑造軍隊未來的關鍵一招

改革開放性是當代中國最顯著的特徵、最壯麗的氣象。軍事領域是競爭和對抗最激烈的領域,也是最具創新活力、最需改革創新的領域。能否具備永不停頓的改革精神和開拓進取的創新精神,是衡量一支軍隊打贏能力的重要標志。深化國防和軍隊改革是強軍興軍必由之路,強軍興軍動力在改革,出路在改革,前途也在改革。

人民軍隊的力量來自改革創新,人民軍隊的勝利來自改革創新。人民軍隊成長發展史,就是一部改革創新史。從土地革命戰爭時期創立黨對軍隊絕對領導一整套建軍原則制度,到抗日戰爭時期實行精兵簡政;從解放戰爭時期組建五大野戰軍,到新中國成立後多次調整體制編制,再到改革開放和社會主義現代化建設新時期百萬大裁軍……人民軍隊邊戰邊改,邊建邊改,愈改愈強。從紅軍時期的“十六字訣”,到抗日戰爭時期的“持久戰”,從解放戰爭時期的“十大軍事原則”,到抗美援朝戰爭時期的“零敲牛皮糖”,再到新中國成立後軍事戰略方針的不斷調整……人民軍隊從戰爭中學習戰爭,從實踐中探索規律,在世界軍事史上書寫了戰爭指導藝術不斷創新的生動篇章。一路走來,改革創新始終是我軍從小到大、由弱到強,不斷從勝利走向勝利的重要法寶。深化國防與軍隊改革,是實現中國夢、強軍夢的時代要求,是強軍興軍的必經之路,也是決定軍隊未來的關鍵一招。當前,實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標到了吃勁奮鬥的攻堅期,以更強大的能力、更可靠的手段捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益,為以中國式現代化全面推進中華民族偉大復興提供戰略支撐,必須持續深化防衛和軍隊改革。

惟改革者進,惟創新者強。習主席強調指出:「新軍事革命為我們提供了千載難逢的機遇,我們要抓住機遇、奮發有為,不僅要趕上潮流、趕上時代,還要力爭走在時代前列。」當今世界,新軍事革命風起雲湧,智慧化戰爭形態在戰爭實踐中漸顯真容,新的軍事技術和武器裝備體系進一步影響戰爭規則,這些都要求我們必須保持敏銳的改革意識、前沿的創新思維,立足我軍發展實際,聚焦備戰打仗需求,深入思考打贏現代戰爭所必需的全新力量結構、制勝邏輯,依靠改革持續優化軍事體系,對標實戰化要求提高軍事治理效能,全力以赴打好實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標攻堅戰。

全面深化改革成就新時代人民軍隊偉大變革

黨的十八大以來,以習近平同志為核心的黨中央以巨大的政治勇氣和智慧,把中國特色社會主義改革理論和改革實踐推進到新的廣度和深度。新時代新征程,必須堅持向深化改革要創造力、凝聚力、戰鬥力,堅持方向不變、道路不偏、力度不減,以更優策略、更高效益、更快速度把國防和軍隊現代化不斷推向前進,堅決完成黨和人民賦予的新時代使命任務。

把握深化國防和軍隊改革的整體性變革。黨的十八屆三中全會以來,人民軍隊堅持以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想為指導,深入貫徹習近平強軍思想,以黨在新時代的強軍目標為引領,全面實施改革強軍戰略,深入破解長期制約國防和軍隊建設的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題,推進領導指揮體制改革、規模結構和力量編成改革、軍事政策制度改革,深化國防和軍隊改革取得歷史性成就,人民軍隊實現整體性革命性重塑;體制一新、結構一新、格局一新、面貌一新,使我軍制勝優勢更加彰顯、創新活力不斷釋放、精神面貌更為昂揚。實踐充分證明,只要堅定不移持續深化國防和軍隊改革,就一定能開創國防和軍隊現代化新局面。

堅持深化國防和軍隊改革的思想引領。習主席關於深化國防和軍隊改革的一系列方向性、根本性、全局性的重要戰略思想,深刻闡明了深化國防和軍隊改革的時代意義、本質屬性、根本引領、目標任務、核心要求、重要指向、戰略舉措和科學方法。把國防和軍隊改革進行到底,必須堅持習近平強軍思想這個總指導總遵循,一以貫之地用習近平強軍思想武裝官兵頭腦,進一步統一思想、深化認識,用以指導改革實踐,進一步向破解深層次矛盾問題發力,推動改革部署落實,高標準實現黨中央、中央軍委會和習主席的決心意圖。

推進國防和軍隊現代化需要持續深化改革

習主席強調:「前進道路上,人民軍隊必須勇於改革、善於創新,任何時候任何情況下都永不僵化、永不停滯。」人民軍隊是國家安全的堅強後盾,改革越到深處,就越要擔當作為、蹄疾步穩、奮勇前進,不能有任何停一停、歇一歇的懈怠。必須持續深化國防和軍隊改革,為以中國式現代化全面推進強國建設、民族復興偉業提供安全保障和戰略支撐。

強軍事業催人奮進,強軍目標激勵鬥志。黨的二十屆三中全會對深入實施改革強軍戰略作出戰略部署,這既是繼續改革攻堅的動員號令,也是矢志強軍的催徵戰鼓。凝心聚力實施改革強軍戰略,把新時代強軍事業不斷推向前進。使命在即,目標召喚。強軍目標描繪了強軍興軍的目標圖、路線圖和展開圖,是貫穿深化國防和軍隊改革的靈魂和主線,推進改革一時一刻、一絲一毫都不能偏離強軍目標,必須始終用強軍目標來衡量、規範和校正,為推進國防和軍隊現代化提供強大動力。

強國必強軍,強軍必改革。國防和軍隊現代化是中國式現代化的重要組成部分。進一步全面深化改革、推進中國式現代化,必然對深化國防和軍隊改革提出新的更高要求。一方面,隨著中國式現代化的實踐廣度和深度的增加,全面深化改革的新進展需要我軍建設在提質增效中跑出加速度、建出高質量。要堅持創新在我軍建設中的核心地位,以改革創新推進國防和軍隊現代化。另一方面,隨著現代戰爭實踐特別是人工智慧的軍事化運用,戰爭內在機理、制勝模式的深刻轉變等,都要求國防和軍隊改革乘勢而為、應時而動,在提升我軍基於網絡資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力等方面下更大功夫。黨的二十屆三中全會圍繞持續深化國防和軍隊改革作出重大戰略部署,提出多項重要改革舉措,涉及體制、機制、制度等方面的優化調整,具有很強的時代性、前瞻性、針對性。全軍各級要認真學習貫徹黨的二十屆三中全會精神,著力完善人民軍隊領導管理體制機制、深化聯合作戰體系改革、深化跨軍地改革,不斷開創強軍興軍新局面。

順應改革大勢,匯聚強大合力。深入實施改革強軍戰略,需要上下齊心、眾志成城。要堅持用黨的創新理論凝心鑄魂、強基固本,用習近平強軍思想武裝頭腦,把思想和行動統一到黨中央、中央軍委和習主席的決策上來,以高度的歷史自覺和強烈的使命擔當深入實施改革強軍戰略,進一步凝聚改革共識、堅定改革意志、增強改革信心。要注重總結運用國防和軍隊改革成功經驗,深入把握改革強軍的特點規律,用改革解決發展中遇到的問題,不斷推動國防和軍隊現代化破障前行。軍隊黨員幹部尤其領導幹部要當好改革的促進派和實干家,以實際行動帶頭攻堅、真抓實幹、緊張快幹,在全面建成世界一流軍隊的征程上闊步前行。

(執筆:湯俊峰)

來源:中國軍網-解放軍報 作者:湯俊峰 責任編輯:張碩 發布:2024-07-29 06:00

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16327611888.html

Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare Research Cannot be separated from Dialectical Thinking

中國軍事智能化戰爭研究離不開辯證思維

現代英語:

●The application of artificial intelligence in the military field is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it greatly improves combat effectiveness, but on the other hand, it also requires great attention to the potential weaknesses and loopholes of artificial intelligence.

●The use of intelligent weapons does not mean that the role of humans has declined, but rather that some of the functions of humans have been transferred and materialized into weapons. Weapons extend the human body and brain, and stimulate human creativity and initiative.

Accelerating the development of military intelligence is a strategic task proposed in the report of the 19th CPC National Congress. It is a powerful tool to promote the modernization of national defense and the army and realize the party’s goal of strengthening the army in the new era. It is also a major measure to aim at the future war situation and seize strategic opportunities. When conducting research on intelligent warfare, we should adhere to dialectical thinking, prevent research from “deviating from reality to virtuality”, “generalizing from a single case”, and “focusing on technology rather than theory”. Only by scientifically analyzing the characteristics and laws of intelligent warfare can we truly promote in-depth and practical research.

To prevent “decoupling from reality and turning to virtuality”, we need to use scientific methodology and epistemology to analyze the problem

Intelligent warfare is a highly informationized war conducted in the physical and cognitive domains through the extensive use of intelligent weapons and equipment and the corresponding combat styles and methods. It is essentially not out of the scope of informationized warfare. The trend of unmanned warfare in recent local wars only has some characteristics of intelligent warfare, and is far from being an intelligent war in the true sense. At present, there is a wave of research on artificial intelligence in all walks of life, but to some extent, there is also a phenomenon of exaggeration and exaggeration. Some people also believe that intelligent warfare will give rise to geopolitical changes, and the traditional physical space control will be replaced by “intelligence control” with artificial intelligence as the core. This view inevitably has a tendency to virtualize cognition. To this end, intelligent warfare should be rationally studied and understood using scientific methodology and epistemology.

System theory perspective. Intelligent warfare is an advanced stage of information warfare, and is essentially still a system confrontation based on information systems. Whether it is human-machine collaborative operations, real-time perception of the entire battlefield, or brain-machine integrated decision-making, the characteristics it exhibits are all conscious behaviors of the various elements of the military system with “winning the war” as the ultimate goal. The understanding of military intelligence cannot stop at “technology-only theory” and “weapon-only theory”, but should focus on the mutual connection and action characteristics between the various elements of the military system, and explore its triggering mechanism, internal laws and implementation path.

Global thinking. Qian Xuesen believes that war is an organic whole composed of many parts and cannot be separated. In all human social practices, there is no activity that emphasizes the global concept and the overall concept more than directing war, and emphasizes starting from the overall situation, using all forces rationally, and ultimately achieving the overall final effect. This is true for directing war and studying war. Intelligent warfare not only refers to the intelligence of weapons and equipment, but also includes a series of intelligence such as intelligence analysis, command and control, military training, and logistics support. Only by conducting all-round research and thinking on the relevant elements can we have a global understanding of intelligent warfare. Global thinking also requires us to consider military intelligence in the context of achieving the Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era and the overall national strategy, and to grasp the dialectical relationship between short-term and long-term, key and urgent needs, and actual military needs and overall military modernization.

Engineering design. To win future wars, we must have the ability to design future wars. We should use engineering thinking to classify and plan the operational concepts, operational styles, and force use of future intelligent warfare, and put forward practical military needs, phased development goals, and methods based on the current development stage of our army and targeting powerful enemies. We can follow the idea of ​​”proposing theories – developing concepts – experimental simulations – actual military exercises” to promote innovative breakthroughs in military theories based on intelligent warfare, incorporate them into operational regulations, and integrate them into actual combat training.

Avoid generalizing from a single example, and grasp the opposites of contradictions with the unity of opposites thinking

The ancients said: “The way to win or lose, to be safe or dangerous, is the way.” The “way” here includes not only the fundamental view of war, but also the speculative understanding of the laws of winning war. Intelligent warfare research should go beyond the limitations of one-sided descriptions such as “algorithmic warfare”, “unmanned warfare” and “self-adaptation”, and use dialectical thinking to fully understand and grasp the relationship between the various elements of future wars.

The relationship between people and weapons. With the widespread use of drones, unmanned combat vehicles, unmanned submarines, etc. in the military, “war between people” will be largely replaced by “war between machines”. The realization of combat means such as autonomous coordination and autonomous decision-making has reshaped the combat process, and the combat style with unmanned operations as a prominent feature has rewritten the rules of the battlefield. Despite this, the decisive role of people in war has not changed, but the way they act is significantly different from before. As Engels said, “It is people, not guns, who win the battle… Guns will not move by themselves, and they need a brave heart and a strong hand to use them.” Intelligent weapons undoubtedly play an important role in war, but the subject of war is still people, and people are always the most active factor in war. The use of intelligent weapons does not mean that the role of humans has declined, but rather that some of the functions of humans have been transferred and materialized into weapons. Weapons extend the human body and brain, and stimulate human creativity and initiative. Intelligent weapons cannot replace the important role of fighting spirit. The superposition of indestructible political beliefs, overwhelming heroism, the bloody spirit of daring to fight and win, as well as superb strategies and flexible strategies and tactics, these dynamic factors make it possible to win when the enemy and our strength are equal, and to have the possibility of defeating the strong with the weak when we are at a disadvantage.

The relationship between offense and defense. The application of artificial intelligence in the military field is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it greatly improves combat effectiveness, but on the other hand, it is also necessary to pay great attention to the potential weaknesses and loopholes of artificial intelligence. Intelligent warfare mainly relies on powerful algorithms and interconnected networks. Once they are attacked, fatal errors occur, or they are reversely controlled, the advantage may turn into a disadvantage. The U.S. Department of Defense has now established a special agency to assess the potential risks of military intelligence and countermeasures. While promoting military intelligence, we should pay special attention to strengthening information protection and risk management, and simultaneously develop “anti-artificial intelligence technology” to establish a two-way advantage of both offense and defense.

The relationship between inheritance and innovation. Artificial intelligence has promoted major changes in the war situation, but it has not changed the general sense of the war guidance rules and war winning mechanism. No matter how the future war is fought, we must not abandon or deviate from the precious war experience and theoretical guidance accumulated by our army in long-term practice. We must still adhere to the principle of “you fight yours, I fight mine”, uphold the principle of asymmetric strategic checks and balances, and attach importance to giving full play to people’s subjective initiative. On the other hand, we must follow the general trend of military reform, keep a close eye on the forefront of war development, promote military innovation with a sense of urgency and accelerate the application and transformation of results.

To prevent “focusing on technology and neglecting science”, it is necessary to promote technological and theoretical innovation by integrating science and technology.

An advanced army needs advanced military theory to guide it. The emergence of intelligent warfare is first of all due to the promotion of the new scientific and technological revolution, but it is inseparable from the scientific guidance of advanced military theory, especially Marxist military theory. The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to comprehensively promote the modernization of military theory, which is an inevitable requirement for realizing the party’s goal of strengthening the army in the new era, and is also the meaning of intelligent warfare research. To this end, we must conscientiously implement the development idea of ​​integrating theory and technology, and promote the simultaneous innovation of technology and theory in deepening problem research.

Conceptual integration. Modern military theories are increasingly characterized by actual combat-driven, interdisciplinary, and systemic support. To promote the integration of science and technology, we must first break through the barriers of concepts and ideas. We should adhere to the complex research approach of overall planning, system design, and system integration, based on the evolution of war forms and the actual national and military conditions and development stages, and coordinate the promotion of technological breakthroughs, concept development, tactics innovation, combat power generation and other theoretical innovations to provide scientific guidance and theoretical support for winning future wars. We should strengthen research on the winning mechanism, combat guidance, and combat style of intelligent warfare, and conduct in-depth research on the military organization form caused by intelligent warfare, especially the series of changes in organizational system, scale structure, combat organization, tactical principles, combat support, and force application, so as to make ideological and theoretical preparations for a new round of military reforms.

Integration of disciplines. Intelligent warfare research not only involves the application of artificial intelligence in the military field, but also involves multiple fields such as algorithms and materials, and multiple disciplines such as physics, chemistry, electronics, and biology, and involves a wide range of fields such as war ethics and international law. In order to achieve the integration of science and technology, technical workers are required to break away from the shackles of pure engineering thinking, establish strategic thinking and global awareness, master scientific methodology and epistemology, and use dialectical thinking to lead technology research and development. Theoretical researchers should break the boundaries of disciplines, step out of the small circle of pure academic research, actively promote the interaction between scientific research institutions and colleges, troops, and technology research and development departments, strive to achieve original results in the basic field of artificial intelligence, and enrich the theory of intelligent warfare. Make good use of data, focus on actual combat, adhere to the “three aspects”, and effectively play the leading and guiding role of theory on technology.

現代國語:

要點提示

●人工智慧運用於軍事領域是柄雙刃劍,一方面極大提高了作戰效能,另一方面也需要高度重視人工智慧潛在的弱點和漏洞。

●智慧武器的運用不表示人的作用下降了,而是人的部分功能被轉移物化在武器之中了。武器延長了人的肢體,也延伸了人的大腦,激發了人的創造性和能動性。

加速軍事智慧化發展是黨的十九大報告提出的戰略任務,是推進國防和軍隊現代化建設、實現黨在新時代的強軍目標的有力抓手,是瞄準未來戰爭形態、搶抓戰略機遇的重大舉措。在進行智慧化戰爭研究時,應堅持辯證思維,防止研究“脫實向虛”“以偏概全”“重技輕理”,科學分析智能化戰爭的特點規律,才能真正推動研究走深走實。

謹防“脫實向虛”,需用科學方法論和認識論分析問題

智慧化戰爭是透過廣泛使用智慧武器裝備及與其相適應的作戰樣式、作戰方法,在物理域和認知域進行的高度資訊化的戰爭,本質上沒有脫離資訊化戰爭範疇。近期局部戰爭中所呈現的無人化作戰趨勢,僅僅是具備了智慧化戰爭的某些特點,還遠遠不是真正意義上的智慧化戰爭。當前各界掀起一股研究人工智慧的熱潮,但某種程度上也存在著拔高和誇大的現象。還有人認為,智慧化戰爭催生地緣政治異變,傳統的實體空間制權將被以人工智慧為核心的「制智權」取代。這種觀點不免帶有認識虛化的傾向。為此,應以科學方法論、認識論來理性研究和認識智能化戰爭。

系統論視角。智能化戰爭是資訊化戰爭的高級階段,本質上仍是基於資訊系統的體系對抗,無論是人機協同作戰、戰場全局實時感知,還是腦機一體決策,其展現出的特點莫不是軍事體系諸要素以「勝戰」為終極牽引而湧現的自覺行為。對軍事智能化的認識不能停留於“唯技術論”“唯武器論”,而應著眼軍事體系諸要素間的相互聯繫和作用特性,探究其觸發機理、內在規律和實現路徑。

全局性思維。錢學森認為,戰爭是由許多部分構成的、不可分離的有機整體。在人類全部的社會實踐活動中,沒有比指導戰爭更強調全局觀念、整體觀念,更強調從全局出發,合理地使用全部力量,最終求得全局最終效果的了。指導戰爭如此,研究戰爭也是如此。智慧化戰爭不僅指武器裝備的智慧化,更包含情報研判、指揮控制、軍事​​訓練、後勤保障等一系列的智慧化,只有對有關諸要素進行全方位研究與思考,方能對智能化戰爭有全局性認識。全局性思維也要求我們將軍事智能化放在實現黨在新時代的強軍目標和國家戰略大局下通盤考量,把握短期與長期、重點與急需、現實軍事需求與整體軍事現代化的辯證關系。

工程化設計。打贏未來戰爭,必須有設計未來戰爭的能力。應運用工程化思維對未來智能化戰爭的作戰概念、作戰樣式、力量運用等進行分類規劃和層次化設計,立足我軍現有發展階段,瞄準強敵,提出切合實際的軍事需求以及階段性發展目標和方法手段。可依照「提出理論—發展概念—實驗模擬—實兵演習」的思路,推動基於智慧化作戰的軍事理論實現創新突破,進入作戰條令,融入實戰化訓練。

力避“以偏概全”,需以對立統一思維把握矛盾對立面

古人雲:“以決勝敗安危者,道也。”這裡的“道”,不僅包含對戰爭的根本看法,也包含對戰爭制勝規律的思辨性認識。智慧化戰爭研究應超越「演算法戰」「無人化」「自適應」等片面所描述的限制,以辯證思維完整理解與掌握未來戰爭各要素間的相互關系。

人與武器的關系。隨著無人飛機、無人戰車、無人潛艇等在軍事上的廣泛運用,「人與人的戰爭」將在很大程度上被「機器與機器的戰爭」所取代,自主協同、自主決策等作戰手段的實現使作戰流程得以重塑,以無人化為突顯標志的作戰樣式使戰場規則重新改寫。盡管如此,人在戰爭中的決定性作用並未改變,只是作用方式與以往相比出現重大不同。正如恩格斯所稱,「贏得戰鬥勝利的是人而不是槍……槍是不會自己動的,需要有勇敢的心和強有力的手來使用它。」智能武器在戰爭中無疑發揮重要作用,但戰爭主體依舊是人,人永遠是戰爭中最活躍的因素。智慧武器的運用不顯示人的作用下降了,而是人的部分功能被轉移物化在武器之中了。武器延長了人的肢體,也延伸了人的大腦,激發了人的創造性和能動性。智慧武器也無法取代戰鬥精神的重要角色。堅不可摧的政治信念、壓倒一切的英雄氣概、敢打必勝的血性精神,以及高超的謀略和靈活的戰略戰術,這些能動性因素的疊加,使在敵我實力相當時有製勝的把握,在居於劣勢時有以弱勝強的可能。

進攻與防禦的關系。人工智慧運用於軍事領域是柄雙刃劍,一方面極大提高了作戰效能,另一方面也需要高度重視人工智慧潛在的弱點和漏洞。智慧化戰爭主要依賴強大的演算法和互聯互通的網絡,一旦受到攻擊、出現致命錯誤或遭反向控制,優勢將可能轉化為劣勢。美國國防部目前已成立專門機構,評估軍事智慧化的潛在風險及應對措施。在推動軍事智慧化的同時,我們應特別注意加強資訊防護和風險管控,同步發展“反人工智慧技術”,以確立攻防兼備的雙向優勢。

傳承與創新的關系。人工智慧推動戰爭形態發生重大變化,但並未改變一般意義上的戰爭指導規律和戰爭制勝機理。不管未來戰爭怎麼打,都不能丟棄或偏離我軍在長期實踐中積累的寶貴戰爭經驗和理論指導,仍要堅持“你打你的,我打我的”,秉持非對稱戰略制衡原則,重視發揮人的主觀能動性。另一方面,要順應軍事變革大勢,緊盯戰爭發展前沿,以時不我待的緊迫感推動軍事創新並加快成果應用轉化。

防止“重技輕理”,需以理技融合推動技術與理論創新

先進的軍隊需要先進的軍事理論作指導。智能化戰爭的出現首先源自於新科技革命的推動,但離不開先進軍事理論尤其是馬克思主義軍事理論的科學指導。黨的十九大報告提出要全面推進軍事理論現代化,這是實現黨在新時代的強軍目標的必然要求,也是智慧化戰爭研究的題中之義。為此,要認真貫徹好理技融合的發展思路,在深化問題研究中推動技術與理論同步創新。

觀念融合。現代軍事理論日益呈現出實戰牽引、學科交叉、體系支撐的特徵,要推動理技融合,首先需要打破觀念和思想藩籬,應秉持整體謀劃、體系設計、系統集成的複合型研究思路,立足戰爭形態演變與國情軍情實際與發展階段,協調推進技術突破、概念研發、戰法革新、戰鬥力生成等多面向理論創新,為打贏未來戰爭提供科學引領與理論支撐。應加強研究智能化戰爭的製勝機理、作戰指導、作戰樣式,深入研究智能化戰爭引發的軍隊組織形態,尤其是組織體制、規模結構、戰鬥編成、戰術原則、作戰保障、力量運用等方面的系列變化,為迎接新一輪軍事變革做好思想與理論準備。

學科融合。智慧化戰爭研究不僅涉及人工智慧在軍事領域的運用,還涉及演算法、材料等多領域和物理、化學、電子、生物等多學科,涉及戰爭倫理、國際法等廣泛領域。為實現理技融合,要求技術工作者要擺脫單純工程思維的羈絆,樹立戰略思維和全局意識,熟練掌握科學方法論和認識論,用辯證思維統領技術研發。理論研究者要打破學科界限,走出純學術研究的小圈子,積極推動科研機構與院校、部隊、技術研發部門的互動,力爭在人工智慧基礎領域取得原創性成果,同時豐富智能化戰爭理論。善用數據說話,向實戰聚焦,堅持“三個面向”,切實發揮理論對技術的引領和指導作用。

來源:解放軍報 作者:馬榮升 責任編輯:楊一楠 2019-07-04 14:xx

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4845177.html

Chinese Military Combat Deception on the Intelligent Battlefield

中國軍隊在智慧戰場上進行作戰欺騙

現代英語:

It is easy to break the “fog” of the battlefield, but it is difficult to break the “obsession” in your heart——

Since ancient times, achieving surprise through combat deception has been an important way to win on the battlefield. Entering the era of intelligence, the in-depth application of artificial intelligence technology has not only clearly dispelled the original war “fog”, but also created a large amount of new war “fog”. If we only rely on improving deception techniques and means, and simply superimposing and strengthening the traditional deception paradigm, it will become increasingly difficult to achieve the deception goal. From “smart deception” to “smart victory”, there is an urgent need for an overall transformation of the objects of deception, means of deception, methods of deception, and focus of deception, so as to form a new deception paradigm that meets the requirements of the intelligent era.

The target of deception has shifted from humans to human-machine hybrid agents

Clausewitz believed that three-quarters of the factors on which war is based are more or less surrounded by the “fog” of uncertainty. Combat deception is essentially the use of uncertainty in war. The more “fog” there is in war, the more room there is for maneuvering. Traditional combat deception is carried out around the opponent’s decision-making level, and people are the only target of deception. However, with the increasingly prominent role of intelligent intelligence analysis and auxiliary decision-making systems in command activities, the use of deception to achieve strategic, campaign, and tactical surprises faces major challenges. How to deceive human-machine hybrid intelligent entities composed of humans and intelligent systems has become an important factor that needs to be considered when planning and implementing deception in the intelligent era. The competition surrounding intelligent deception and anti-deception is becoming increasingly fierce.

There is a world of difference between deceiving people and deceiving intelligent systems. In the past, the “calculations” that deceived people may be exposed when facing the “calculations” of intelligent systems. Intelligent systems can efficiently integrate and process massive amounts of sensor data and Internet open source information, making a qualitative leap in the speed, depth, breadth and accuracy of battlefield situation perception, realizing a profound transformation from “sensing” to “knowing”, from “state” to “momentum”, and playing an important role in dispelling the “fog” of war. For example, on the battlefield, although both sides try to hide the truth and cover up their intentions in various ways, they still cannot escape the “eyes” of the intelligent system: the tracks left by carefully disguised tanks and armored vehicles, after being detected by the opponent’s satellites, drones, etc., will also reveal their specific locations under the analysis of the intelligent system.

On the contrary, it is very easy to deceive intelligent systems with methods that target them, but it may not be able to deceive people. A foreign research team found that by changing a few key pixels in a picture of a cat, the intelligent system can identify the cat as a dog, while the human eye will not make any recognition errors due to this change. Similar incidents are common. Some studies have pointed out that sticking a piece of paper with a special pattern on a person’s forehead can deceive the strongest facial recognition system, and this method is highly portable and can deceive other facial recognition algorithms with a slight change.

It can be seen that deceiving people and deceiving intelligent systems are two different “deception methods”. After the deep application of artificial intelligence in the field of intelligence analysis and auxiliary decision-making, from the formulation of strategic deception plans to the design of battlefield camouflage patterns, how to deceive both the human brain and the computer and keep the human-machine hybrid intelligent body “in the dark” will be an important issue that needs to be focused on and solved in order to win the initiative in war.

The fraudulent methods have shifted from being mainly human-based to a combination of human and machine.

The organization and implementation of traditional combat deception is mainly manual, especially large-scale strategic deception, which requires a lot of manpower, material and financial resources. For example, in World War II, the Allies formulated a series of deception plans to ensure the success of the Normandy landing: setting up a fake radio network and a simulated landing fleet, and imagining that the US 1st Army Group with 50 divisions and 1 million people was actively preparing to cross the channel and land in the direction of Calais; using the air force to bomb Calais and Normandy, but the former was bombed more than 1 times more than the latter, etc. The application of artificial intelligence in deception can fundamentally change this situation. With humans as the main guide and intelligent means as the auxiliary, it can quickly generate massive amounts of false information, confusing the real with the fake, and create a thicker war “fog” for the opponent.

The use of intelligent means can improve the quality of deception. On the one hand, intelligent decision-making aids can be used to formulate deception plans, optimize the design of deception forces, deception deployment, deception processes, etc., to achieve systematic deception with the best overall effect; on the other hand, intelligent intelligence analysis systems can be used to pre-test the deception effect, “using one’s own spear to attack one’s own shield”, find out the loopholes and contradictions in the plan, and then improve the deception plan to make it logically self-consistent and seamless.

The use of intelligent means can expand the scale of deception. The increasingly mature deep fake technology can synthesize realistic fake pictures, handwriting, audio, video, etc. in large quantities, and has broad application prospects in strategic, campaign, and tactical deception. For example, in strategic campaign deception, corresponding technical means can be used to confuse opponents by forging fake radio stations and fake commanders, and even to fake an active command post in a certain battle direction; in tactical deception, battlefield camouflage can be used to attach special patterns to high-value equipment to make the opponent’s intelligent system recognize it incorrectly.

The use of intelligent means can reduce the cost of deception. With the support of technologies such as virtual reality and deep fakes, unexpected deception effects can often be achieved with the help of synthetic optics, acoustics and other means, and they are low-cost and low-investment, which is more cost-effective than traditional strategic deception methods. For example, setting up false targets such as bait unmanned combat platforms, using electronic feints and electronic camouflage to send false signals can effectively restrain the opponent’s power, produce high returns at low cost, and thus gain the upper hand.

The use of intelligent means can optimize the accuracy of deception. Traditional combat deception is usually stereotyped, with prominent characteristics of broadcast, extensive, and generalized. For this reason, in the era of intelligence, we should focus on collecting data on opponent decision makers in peacetime and use big data for precise analysis to “know the enemy” more deeply and specifically. On this basis, deep fake technology can be used in wartime to customize the content of deception, realizing precise deception from targeting groups to targeting individuals.

The method of deception has shifted from mainly deceiving to mainly confusing and seducing.

“Playing cards” and “playing chess” are two game modes with completely different battlefield transparency. In the “playing cards” mode, both sides only know the cards that the opponent has played, but do not know the cards in the opponent’s hand, let alone what cards the opponent will play next; while in the “playing chess” mode, the deployment of both sides’ forces on the chessboard is completely transparent, but the opponent’s intentions and the next move are unknown. It is not difficult to see that from cold weapon wars, hot weapon wars, mechanized wars, informationized wars, and then to intelligent wars, the form of war confrontation is increasingly changing from the “playing cards” mode to the “playing chess” mode.

In a war of “playing cards”, blind deception is very useful. Through strict disguise and strict confidentiality, the opponent’s channels of information can be blocked as much as possible, making it impossible for the opponent to detect one’s own intentions and actions, thereby achieving surprise. In the past, when the means of obtaining information were limited and information on the battlefield situation was scarce, there were many examples of wars that used “hiding the truth” and “showing falsehood” to achieve surprise. However, at present, with the help of advanced reconnaissance technology, full-dimensional and full-spectrum reconnaissance has been realized, and the battlefield is becoming more and more transparent. Complete concealment without any revealing features is difficult to achieve. Once the concealment state is switched to the action state, the probability of being discovered by the opponent will be greatly increased. Blind deception can only become an auxiliary deception method.

In the war of “chess”, the following two deception methods are usually used: one is confusing deception, that is, using intelligent means to send a large amount of true and false mixed and difficult to identify information, increasing the ambiguity of information and the difficulty of analysis, making it difficult for the opponent to judge or misjudge. The second is inducement deception, that is, by sending high-definition misleading information, the opponent is led into a preset trap. The combination of these two methods and the cooperation of blinding deception together constitute a hybrid deception that is difficult for the opponent to guard against.

The focus of deception shifts from human perception to human cognition

As the main subject of war, people are important variables that influence the war situation, which implies uncertainty and uncontrollability. From the perspective of psychology, cognitive neurology and other aspects, the “black box” of the mind still cannot be revealed. Deception by deception targets people’s eyes and ears, taking advantage of human sensory weaknesses, while deception by deception and temptation directly targets people’s minds, taking advantage of human weaknesses.

From past cases, even with the most advanced intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance technology and the most intelligent analysis methods, it is impossible to make up for and overcome human weaknesses. In many cases, it is not that the intelligence department failed to recognize the opponent’s deception, but that the decision-makers are unwilling to believe the facts. On the eve of the Soviet-German War in World War II, although more and more evidence showed that Germany was planning to invade the Soviet Union, the Soviet decision-makers believed that the war would not come for the time being. Therefore, when the war broke out, the Soviet army was not well prepared for the response, and the initial defensive actions were very passive.

War practice shows that in the era of intelligence, even if the opponent has obvious military technology advantages and can achieve one-way transparency on the battlefield through advanced intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance technology, the enemy can still take advantage of the cognitive weaknesses of the opponent’s decision-making layer to implement counter-intuitive deception and cover up the true intentions and actions. This also shows that the focus and center of deception in the era of intelligence should not be entirely on how to deliberately cover up the traces of military actions, but should focus more on targeting the opponent’s decision-making layer and inducing it to make decisions and actions that the enemy wants to see.

Yuan Yi Zhao Di

(Author’s unit: Institute of War Studies, Academy of Military Science)

現代國語:

破戰場“迷霧”易,破心中“執念”難——

袁 藝 趙 頔

自古以來,透過作戰欺騙達成突然性,是戰場制勝的重要途徑。進入智慧化時代,人工智慧技術的深度應用,在清晰撥開原有戰爭「迷霧」的同時,又製造出大量新的戰爭「迷霧」。如果只依賴改進欺騙技術和手段,在傳統欺騙範式上做簡單的疊加強化,就想達成欺騙目標的難度越來越大。由“智騙”到“智勝”,迫切需要欺騙對象、欺騙手段、欺騙方式、欺騙重心等各個方面的整體轉變,形成適應智能化時代要求的新型欺騙範式。

欺騙對象由人轉向人機混合智能體

克勞塞維茨認為,戰爭所依據的四分之三的因素或多或少被不確定性的「迷霧」包圍著。作戰欺騙本質上就是對戰爭中不確定性的利用,戰爭「迷霧」越多,施計用謀的空間就越大。傳統作戰欺騙都是圍繞著對方決策層而展開的,人是欺騙的唯一對象。但隨著智慧情報分析與輔助決策系統在指揮活動中的地位作用日益凸顯,以欺騙達成戰略、戰役、戰術突然性面臨重大挑戰。如何欺騙人與智慧系統共同組成的人機混合智能體,成為智能化時代籌劃實施欺騙需要考慮的重要因素,圍繞智能欺騙與反欺騙的較量日趨激烈。

欺騙人與欺騙智慧系統有著天壤之別,以往欺騙人的「算計」在面對智慧系統的「計算」時可能會被識破。智慧型系統可高效融合處理海量的傳感器數據和互聯網開源信息,使得戰場態勢感知的速度、深度、廣度和精度產生質的飛躍,實現由“感”到“知”、由“態”到“勢”的深刻轉變,在撥開戰爭「迷霧」方面發揮重要作用。例如,戰場上盡管交戰雙方都試圖用各種方法隱藏真相、掩蓋企圖,但仍逃不出智能係統的「慧眼」:精心偽裝的坦克、裝甲車等留下的車轍痕跡,被對方衛星、無人機等偵照後,在智慧型系統的分析下也會暴露出具體位置。

相反,針對智慧型系統的欺騙方式欺騙智慧系統非常容易,但可能又欺騙不了人。國外研究團隊發現,只要改變一隻貓的圖片中的少數幾個關鍵像素,就可以使智慧系統將貓識別為狗,而人眼則完全不會因這種變化而出現識別錯誤。類似的事件屢見不鮮,有研究指出,在人類前額上貼一張有特殊圖案的紙片,就能夠騙過最強的人臉識別系統,且這一方法具有很強的可移植性,稍加改變就可以欺騙其他的人臉識別演算法。

由此可見,欺騙人與欺騙智慧系統是兩種不同的「騙法」。人工智慧深度應用於情報分析與輔助決策領域後,大到戰略欺騙方案的製定,小到戰場迷彩圖案的設計,如何既騙過人腦又騙過電腦,把人機混合智能體「蒙在鼓裡”,將會是贏得戰爭主動權需要重點關注並加以解決的重要課題。

欺騙手段由人工為主轉向人機結合

傳統作戰欺騙的組織實施以人工為主,尤其是大規模的戰略欺騙,需要投入大量的人力物力財力。例如,二戰時盟軍為確保諾曼底登陸成功,制定了一系列疑兵計畫:建立假的無線電網和模擬登陸艦隊,虛構有50個師100萬人的美第1集團軍群,正在積極準備橫渡海峽向加萊方向登陸;使用空軍對加萊和諾曼底進行轟炸,但前者遭到的轟炸比後者多1倍以上等等。人工智慧運用於欺騙可從根本上改變這一局面,以人為主導輔以智能手段,可快速生成海量虛假信息,以假亂真,給對手製造更加濃厚的戰爭“迷霧”。

運用智慧手段可提升欺騙品質。一方面,可運用智慧輔助決策手段訂定欺騙計畫,優化設計欺騙力量、欺騙部署、欺騙流程等,實現全局效果最佳的體系化欺騙;另一方面,可運用智慧情報分析系統預先檢驗欺騙效果, “以己之矛攻己之盾”,找出計劃中的漏洞和矛盾點,進而完善欺騙計劃,使其邏輯自洽、嚴絲合縫。

運用智慧手段可擴大欺騙規模。日益成熟的深度偽造技術,可大量合成逼真的虛假圖片、筆跡、音頻、視頻等,在戰略、戰役、戰術欺騙中有著廣泛的應用前景。例如,在戰略戰役欺騙方面,可透過相應技術手段,偽造假電台、假指揮員等迷惑對手,甚至能夠在某一戰役方向偽造一個活躍的指揮所;在戰術欺騙方面,可通過戰場偽裝,給高價值裝備貼上特製圖案,使對手的智慧系統識別出錯。

運用智慧手段可降低欺騙成本。在虛擬現實、深度偽造等技術的支持下,借助合成光學、聲學等手段往往也能達到意想不到的欺騙效果,並且兼具低成本、小投入的特點,相比傳統戰略欺騙方式具有高效費比優勢。如設置誘餌無人作戰平台等假目標,運用電子佯動、電子偽裝等施放假信號,都能夠有效牽制對手力量,以低成本產出高回報,從而贏得制勝先機。

運用智慧手段可優化欺騙精度。傳統作戰欺騙通常千篇一律,廣播式、粗放式、概略化特點比較突出。為此,智能化時代,平時就應注重廣泛收集對手決策者數據,並運用大數據進行精確分析,以更加深刻更加具體地「知彼」。在此基礎上,戰時就可運用深度偽造技術個性化客製化欺騙內容,實現由針對群體到瞄準個體的精準欺騙。

欺騙方式由以蒙蔽為主轉向以迷惑、誘導為主

「打牌」和「下棋」是戰場透明度截然不同的兩種賽局模式。 「打牌」模式中,雙方都只知道對手已出的牌,但不知道對手手中的牌,更不知道下一步對手會出什麼牌;而「下棋」模式中,棋盤上雙方兵力部署完全透明,但不知道對手企圖和下一步棋怎麼走。不難看出,從冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭到資訊化戰爭,再到智慧化戰爭,戰爭對抗形式日益由「打牌」模式轉變為「下棋」模式。

在「打牌」模式的戰爭中,蒙蔽式欺騙非常管用,可通過嚴密偽裝和嚴格保密,盡可能地封鎖對手的獲情渠道,使其無法察覺己方企圖和行動,進而達成突然性。在過去資訊獲取手段有限、戰場態勢資訊匱乏的年代,主用「隱真」輔以「示假」達成突然性的戰例很多。但當前,憑借先進偵察技術,已經實現了全維全譜偵察,戰場透明化程度越來越高,無任何暴露特徵的完全隱蔽已難以實現,而一旦由隱蔽狀態轉入行動狀態,更會大大增加被對手發現的機率,蒙蔽式欺騙只能成為輔助欺騙手段。

在「下棋」模式的戰爭中,通常採用以下兩種欺騙方式:一是迷惑式欺騙,即藉助智能手段,發出大量真假混雜、難以辨認的信息,增大信息模糊度和分析難度,使對手難以判斷或判斷失誤。二是誘導式欺騙,即透過發出高清晰誤導訊息,將對手引入預設陷阱。兩種方式結合再加上蒙蔽式欺騙的配合,共同構成了對手難以防範的混合式欺騙。

欺騙重心由人的感知轉向人的認知

作為戰爭的主體,人是左右戰局的重要變量,蘊含著不確定性和不可控性。從心理學、認知神經學等層面來看,心智的「黑箱」仍然無法揭開。蒙蔽式欺騙針對的是人的耳目,利用的是人類感官弱點,而迷惑式和誘導式欺騙直指人的心智,利用的是人性弱點。

從以往案例來看,即使擁有最先進的情報監視偵察技術和最聰明化的分析手段,也無法彌補和克服人性弱點。很多情況下,不是情報部門沒有辨識出對手的欺騙,而是決策層不願意相信事實。在第二次世界大戰蘇德戰爭前夕,盡管當時越來越多的證據表明,德國正計劃入侵蘇聯,但蘇聯決策層認為戰爭暫時不會來臨,所以當戰爭爆發時,沒有做好應對準備的蘇軍,前期的防禦行動非常被動。

戰爭實踐表明,進入智能化時代,即使對手擁有明顯的軍事技術優勢,能夠通過先進的情報監視偵察技術達成戰場單向透明,但己方仍可利用對手決策層的認知弱點,實施反直覺欺騙,掩蓋真實意圖和行動。這也表明,智能化時代欺騙的發力點和重心,不應全部放在如何刻意掩蓋軍事行動痕跡上,而應更加註重針對對手決策層,誘導其作出己方希望看到的決策行動。

(作者單位:軍事科學院戰爭研究院)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2024-08-13&paperNumber=07&articleid=937433

China’s Military Accelerating Integrated Development of Mechanization, Informatization and Intelligentization

我軍加速機械化、資訊化、智慧化融合發展

中国军网 国防部网

2020年11月25日 星期三

現代英語:

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee made new and comprehensive arrangements for national defense and military construction, aimed at achieving the goal of the centenary of the founding of the army, and clearly put forward the contemporary requirements and strategic measures for accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence. Forging ahead on a new journey, focusing on accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, seizing opportunities, responding to challenges, and taking advantage of the situation are of great significance for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the army and comprehensively improving the ability to prepare for war in the new era.

Recognize the necessity of accelerating the integration of mechanization, informatization and intelligence

Those who follow the trend will win, and those who control the trend will prevail. At present, the new round of scientific and technological revolution is showing a strong trend of intelligent technology leading the way, pushing the world’s new military revolution to develop in depth. The trend of intelligent weapons and equipment is obvious, and the superposition and aggregation effect with mechanization and informatization is prominent. The war form is accelerating from mechanization to informatization, entering the stage of giving birth to intelligent warfare. It is the development and change of the times that has made the acceleration of the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence become the general trend and powerful driving force for promoting the in-depth development of military transformation, and the inevitable choice to ensure winning the initiative, winning advantages and winning the future.

Comply with the trend of the world’s military revolution. At present, the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology is increasingly having a subversive impact on the field of war and combat. Seizing the strategic commanding heights of artificial intelligence and accelerating the development of artificial intelligence militarization and practical combat have become the strategic frontiers of military competition among major countries in the world. Increasing the intensity of military application of artificial intelligence technology, realizing the deep transformation and comprehensive upgrading of mechanized and informationized combat equipment, embedding artificial intelligence systems into the informationized combat command chain and action chain, and making the combat force organization more modular and integrated through intelligent transformation are the common practices of the world’s military powers in seeking new military advantages. Whether it is possible to accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, especially to fully release the efficiency expansion of intelligence on mechanization and informatization, so that platform operations, system operations and precision operations can obtain higher quality and efficient intelligent support, is undoubtedly a key to whether the strategic initiative of military competition can be firmly grasped.

The need to comprehensively improve the level of modernization. Modernization has a distinct timeliness, and the requirements of the times are the key measure to measure the degree of modernization of a country and an army. Today, we are entering a stage where intelligence is the core driving force of change. The integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence is not only an important symbol of the level of modernization of the country and the army, but also a fundamental measure to promote the modernization of national defense and the army. To accelerate the modernization of military theory, military organizational form, military personnel and weapons and equipment, we need to obtain a powerful engine and support for reform and innovation, transformation and upgrading, quality improvement and efficiency increase from the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, and in a certain sense, it plays an important role in determining the direction, mode and path of modernization. Only by accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, and making it run through all aspects of the whole process of promoting modernization, and promoting quality change, efficiency change and power change from a high starting point, can we comprehensively improve the level of national defense and military modernization.

The need to accelerate the transformation of combat effectiveness generation mode. The generation of combat effectiveness, from the combination of people and weapons to the element structure and the way of force release, has its mandatory era orientation and positioning. With the advent of the era of intelligent warfare, unmanned intelligent warfare has become a key factor affecting the direction of the war and even the outcome of the war. Intelligent technology and equipment have become a multiplier of mechanized and informationized combat effectiveness. Accelerating the development of military intelligence has become the strategic focus of improving the combat capability of the system and building new domains and new qualities of combat forces, making the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness increasingly dependent on the level of integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence. Only by incorporating the transformation of combat effectiveness generation mode into the track of integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, building an intelligent and networked combat command platform, forming a human-machine efficient collaborative combat force use method, and making “smart victory” the core direction of combat theory innovation and combat method transformation, can combat effectiveness construction achieve substantial breakthroughs and overall leaps.

Grasp the requirements of the times to accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence

Accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence is a new proposition of the times. Grasping its requirements of the times from the perspective of its essential connotation, mode of action and basic laws is an important prerequisite for ensuring that the integrated development has a clear direction, accurate positioning, clear ideas and practical measures.

Grasp the essential connotation of integrated development. Mechanization, informatization and intelligentization are integrated and developed, with mechanization as the foundation, informatization as the leading factor and intelligence as the direction. The so-called integrated development is to form an integrated and unified promotion pattern, build an integrated design, and gather the best and release the energy operation mode, and produce an overall effect of superposition aggregation and quality and efficiency doubling. This deep integrated development is mainly reflected in: taking cognitive integration as the guide, having a scientific understanding of the advantages of firepower, mobility, information power and intellectual value, and establishing the operational concept of comprehensive control, comprehensive integration and comprehensive victory; relying on platform integration, building a combat platform integrating main combat equipment, information network and artificial intelligence, and improving the comprehensive combat capability of full-domain, precise and unmanned; taking system integration as the core, through the embedded transformation of weapon equipment system and information network system by artificial intelligence system, the overall potential of combat force and combat elements is demonstrated with higher quality and level of system integration; with system integration as the support, coordinating the construction of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, coordinating the construction of combat force and support guarantee force, and creating an integrated joint combat system that adapts to the needs of actual combat.

Grasp the role of integrated development. The integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence is a process of showing their strengths, interacting with each other and promoting each other. It is a process of aggregating equipment advantages, information advantages and intelligence advantages. Its role is mainly reflected in: strengthening the leading role of intelligence, focusing on accelerating the development of military intelligence, insisting on using intelligence to drive the leapfrog development of mechanization and informatization, taking intelligence as the core direction of the development of weapons and equipment and information network construction, increasing the research and development of unmanned and autonomous weapons and equipment, and improving the intelligent application, intelligent management and control, and intelligent operation level of information networks, and giving full play to the maximum effect of controlling energy with intelligence, gathering excellence with intelligence, and winning with intelligence; strengthening the leading role of informatization, grasping the information network system as a handle, accelerating the construction of command information systems and information combat systems, using the advantages of information technology to upgrade and transform existing weapons and equipment, and developing precise, intelligent, integrated, and efficient informationized weapons and equipment, and maximizing the adhesion and integration of information networks on combat systems and effectiveness; strengthening the basic role of mechanization, insisting on taking the mechanization of weapons and equipment as the material basis and carrier for the development of intelligence and informatization, strengthening the construction of weapons and equipment systems, and working hard to fill the gaps in the system and make up for the shortcomings and weaknesses, greatly improving the application level of information technology and intelligent technology in weapons and equipment, and enhancing the scientificity, pertinence, and cutting-edge nature of equipment construction and development.

Grasp the basic laws of integrated development. Mechanization, informatization and intelligence are inevitably closely linked, and together they constitute the key support for the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness. The basic laws of integrated development are mainly manifested in: the progressive nature of development and change, which reflects the different historical stages of the evolution of war forms, changes in combat methods, and the development of weapons and equipment in the time sequence; in terms of interaction, the former is the premise and foundation of the latter (for example, mechanization is the foundation and premise of informatization, and informatization is the foundation and premise of intelligence), and the latter is the development trend and higher potential of the former. With the long-term nature of overlapping and coexisting, the former will produce a marginal diminishing effect when it develops to a certain stage, and the latter needs to inject new momentum and vitality into it, but the latter is not a negation or end of the former, but a repositioning and orientation of the former. What needs to be achieved is the “three-in-one” inclusiveness, rather than the “three-choice” mutual exclusion. It has inclusive complementarity. Mechanization focuses on entities, informatization focuses on data, and intelligence focuses on algorithms. The stronger the foundation of the former, the greater the degree of realization of the latter; the stronger the traction of the latter, the faster the upgrading of the former. It has the empowerment of improving quality and efficiency. Weapon platforms need information networks to empower them, and weapon platforms and information networks need artificial intelligence to empower them. This is a process of optimization and upgrading, improving quality and efficiency, and achieving a new leap in combat effectiveness, quality and efficiency.

Tighten the strategic grasp to accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence

To accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, we should plan, act and follow the trend, focus on combat effectiveness as the only fundamental standard, continuously promote the modernization of national defense and the armed forces, and realize the party’s goal of building a strong military in the new era.

We should focus on preparing for war. Wars change with the times, and victory changes with the times. We should take accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence as an important mission topic to comprehensively improve the ability to prepare for war in the new era. Focus on mission tasks, focus on the new requirements for winning modern wars, conduct in-depth research on the winning mechanism and changes in combat methods brought about by the evolution of war forms, grasp the new characteristics of the informationized and intelligent battlefield, actively explore new tactics for using and responding to intelligent weapons, and improve the informationized and intelligent combat capabilities; focus on transformation and construction, accelerate the transformation of combat effectiveness generation to informatization and intelligence, take military intelligent construction and combat as the main line, accelerate the construction of new domains and new types of combat forces, increase the training of informationized and intelligent talents, and strive to achieve the overall reshaping of combat forces and combat systems; focus on training with war, actively explore new ways of informationized and intelligent training, examine future battlefields and combat opponents from the perspective of “smart war” and “smart victory”, enhance the pertinence of mission topics and emergency response training, use intelligent technology to improve the level of science and technology training, and promote practical training to a higher quality level.

We must focus on deepening reform. Reform is a key move to strengthen the army and win the future. We must accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informationization, and intelligence as an important focus of deepening national defense and military reform. We must insist on seeking combat effectiveness from reform, focus on the prominent characteristics of the army’s lean, integrated, miniaturized, modular, and multi-functional nature in the intelligent era, design reforms with a forward-looking, innovative, and open mind, establish a smooth and efficient leadership, command, and support mechanism, further integrate force resources, streamline the construction and management mechanism, and optimize the organizational structure. Adapting to the requirements of being able to fight and win battles, we must build a strategic and campaign command system that is integrated in peacetime and wartime, operates normally, specializes in the main business, is lean and efficient, and build a joint combat force system with elite combat forces as the main body, promote the development of the force organization in the direction of enrichment, synthesis, multi-functionality, and flexibility, implement modular organization, building block combination, and task-based joint, build a force with multiple capabilities and broad adaptability, and promote the overall leap in combat effectiveness through system structure optimization and reconstruction.

We should stick to the support point of innovation-driven development. Innovation is the core support for the development of combat effectiveness. We should accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence as the focus of implementing the innovation-driven development strategy. We should seek breakthroughs in the innovation of combat theory, closely follow the development trend of military revolution and the recent wars in the world, study the development and application of high-tech, especially intelligent technology and its impact on war, study the new characteristics, new styles and new mechanisms of intelligent warfare, study the winning strategies of intelligent warfare and combat, and accelerate the construction of a combat theory system with the characteristics of our army and in line with the laws of modern warfare. We should seek breakthroughs in scientific and technological innovation, focus on independent innovation and original innovation in national defense science and technology, take the military application of high-tech, especially artificial intelligence technology, as the main direction, accelerate the implementation of major strategic projects in national defense science and technology and weapons and equipment, accelerate the development of strategic, cutting-edge and disruptive technologies, accelerate the upgrading and replacement of weapons and equipment and the development of intelligent weapons and equipment, strive to achieve the transformation from following and running side by side to running side by side and leading, and provide stronger scientific and technological support for the transformation and construction of our army’s combat effectiveness.

(Author’s unit: Joint Operations College of National Defense University)

現代國語:

黨的十九屆五中全會對國防和軍隊建設作出新的全面部署,著眼實現建軍百年奮鬥目標,明確提出加快機械化資訊化智能化融合發展的時代要求和戰略舉措。奮進新征程,聚力加快機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,搶抓機遇,應對挑戰,乘勢而上,對於加速國防和軍隊現代化、全面提高新時代備戰打仗能力具有極其重要的意義。

認清加速機械化資訊化智能化融合發展的時代必然性

順勢者贏,駕馭者勝。目前,新一輪科技革命呈現智慧化技術強勁引領的態勢,推動世界新軍事革命向縱深發展,武器裝備智慧化趨勢明顯、與機械化資訊化的疊加聚合效應凸顯,戰爭形態在加速由機械化向訊息化演變中,進入到催生智慧化戰爭階段。正是時代發展與變革,使加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,成為推動軍事變革深入發展的大勢所趨和強大動力,成為確保贏得主動、贏得優勢、贏得未來的必然選擇。

順應世界軍事革命潮流之需。目前,人工智慧技術正在高速發展,正日益對戰爭和作戰領域產生顛覆性影響。搶佔人工智慧戰略制高點,加速人工智慧軍事化實戰化發展,成為世界主要國家軍事競爭的戰略前線。加大人工智慧技術軍事應用的力度,實現對機械化、資訊化作戰裝備的深度改造、全面升級,把人工智慧系統嵌入資訊化作戰指揮鏈、行動鏈,透過智慧化改造使作戰力量編成更加模組化、一體化,是世界軍事大國謀求新的軍事優勢的通行做法。能否加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,特別是充分釋放智慧化對機械化、資訊化的效能拓展,讓平台作戰、體係作戰、精準作戰獲得更高質高效的智慧化支撐,無疑是能否牢牢把握軍事競爭戰略主動權的一個關鍵。

全面提升現代化建設水準之需。現代化有著鮮明的時代性,時代要求是衡量一個國家、一支軍隊現代化程度的關鍵尺度。當今時代,正進入到以智慧化為核心變革動力的階段,機械化資訊化智能化的融合發展,既是國家和軍隊現代化水平的重要標誌,也是推進國防和軍隊現代化的根本性舉措。加速軍事理論、軍隊組織形態、軍事人員和武器裝備現代化,都需從機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展中,獲得變革創新、轉型升級、提質增效的強力引擎和支撐,並在一定意義上起著決定現代化建設發展方向、發展方式、發展路徑的重要角色。只有加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,使之貫穿到推動現代化建設的全過程各環節,在高起點上推動品質變革、效率變革、動力變革,才能全面提升國防與軍事現代化建設水準。

加快轉變戰鬥力生成模式之需。戰鬥力的生成,從人與武器的結合到要素結構、力量釋放方式,都有其強制性的時代定向、定位。智慧化戰爭時代的到來,無人智慧化作戰成為影響戰局走向乃至戰爭勝負的關鍵要素,智慧化技術裝備成為機械化、資訊化作戰效能的倍增器,加速軍事智慧化發展成為提升體係作戰能力、打造新域新質作戰力量的戰略重心,使戰鬥力的生成與提升愈來愈取決於機械化資訊化智慧化的融合發展水準。只有把轉變戰鬥力生成模式納入機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展的軌道,建構智慧化網路化的作戰指揮平台,形成人機高效協同的作戰力量運用方式,讓「智勝」成為作戰理論創新、作戰方式變革的核心指向,才能使戰鬥力建設取得實質突破、實現整體性躍升。

掌握加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展的時代要求

加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展是一個全新的時代命題,從本質內涵、作用方式、基本規律上把握其時代要求,是確保融合發展方向明、定位準、思路清、舉措實的重要前提。

掌握融合發展本質內涵。機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,機械化是基礎,資訊化是主導,智能化是方向。所謂融合發展,就是形成融為一體、合而為一的推進格局,建構一體設計、聚優釋能的運作模式,產生疊加聚合、質效倍增的整體效應。這種深度融合發展主要體現在:以認知融合為先導,具有對火力、機動力、資訊力和智力價值優勢的科學認知,確立綜合製權、綜合整合、綜合製勝的作戰理念;以平台融合為依托,建構主戰裝備、資訊網路、人工智慧融為一體的作戰平台,提升全域化、精確化、無人化的綜合作戰能力;以系統融合為內核,透過人工智慧系統對武器裝備系統、資訊網路系統的嵌入式改造,以更高品質和水平的系統整合展現作戰力量、作戰要素的整體勢能;以體系融合為支撐,統籌機械化資訊化智能化建設,統籌作戰力量、支援保障力量建設,打造適應實戰需求的一體化聯合作戰體系。

把握融合發展作用方式。機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,是各展其長、互為作用、相互促進的過程,是聚合裝備優勢、資訊優勢、智能優勢的過程。其作用方式集中體現在:強化智能化的引領作用,聚焦加速軍事智能化發展,堅持以智能化牽引機械化、信息化跨越式發展,把智能化作為武器裝備和信息網絡建設發展的核心指向,加大研發無人化、自主化武器裝備的力度,提升資訊網路的智慧應用、智慧管控、智慧運作水平,發揮以智駕馭能、以智聚優、以智取勝的最大效應;強化資訊化的主導作用,扭住資訊網路體系這個抓手,加快指揮資訊系統、資訊作戰系統建設,運用資訊科技優勢升級改造現有武器裝備,開發精確、智慧、融通、高效的資訊化武器裝備,最大限度地發揮資訊網路對作戰體系與效能的黏合力、整合力;強化機械化的基礎作用,堅持將武器裝備機械化作為智慧化、資訊化發展的物質基礎與載體,加強武器裝備體系建設,在填補體系空白、補齊短板弱項上下功夫,大幅提升武器裝備的資訊科技、智慧技術應用水平,增強裝備建設發展的科學性、針對性、前沿性。

把握融合發展基本法則。機械化資訊化智能化之間有著必然的內在的緊密聯繫,共同構成戰鬥力生成和提升的關鍵支撐。其融合發展的基本法則主要表現在:具有發展變革的遞進性,在展開時序上,反映了戰爭形態演進、作戰方式變革、武器裝備發展的不同歷史階段;在相互作用上,前者是後者的前提和基礎(例如機械化是資訊化的基礎和前提,資訊化是智慧化的基礎和前提),後者是前者的發展趨向和更高位能。具有交疊並存的長期性,前者發展到某一階段會產生邊際遞減效應,需要後者為其註入新動能、新活力,但後者不是對前者的否定和終結,而是對前者的重新定位和定向,所要達成的是「三合一」式的兼容並蓄,而不是「三選一」式的互斥排他。具有相容且蓄的互補性,機械化以實體為重心,資訊化以數據為重心,智能化以演算法為重心,前者的基礎越牢,後者的實現程度就越大;後者的牽引作用越強,前者的升級換代就越快。具有提質增效的賦能性,武器平台需要資訊網路為其賦能,武器平台、資訊網路需要人工智慧為其賦能,這是優化升級、提質增效的過程,是實現戰鬥力品質效能新躍升的過程。

緊扭加快機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展的策略性抓手

加速機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,應因勢而謀、應勢而動、順勢而為,緊緊圍繞以戰鬥力這個唯一的根本標準,不斷推進國防和軍隊現代化建設,實現黨在新時代的強軍目標。

扭住備戰打仗這個聚焦點。戰爭因時而化,勝戰據時而變。要把加速機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,作為全面提升新時代備戰打仗能力的重要使命課題。聚焦使命任務,著眼打贏現代化戰爭的新要求,深入研究戰爭形態演變帶來的致勝機理、作戰方式之變,掌握資訊化智能化戰場的新特點,積極探索運用與應對智慧武器的新戰法,提升資訊化智慧化作戰能力;聚焦轉型建設,加速推進戰鬥力生成向資訊化、智慧化轉型,以軍事智慧化建設與作戰為主線,加速新域新質作戰力量建設,加大資訊化智慧化人才的培養力度,著力實現作戰力量、作戰體系的整體重塑;聚焦以戰領訓,積極探索資訊化智慧化訓練的新路子,從「智戰」「智勝」視角審視未來戰場、作戰對手,增強使命課題、應急應戰訓練的針對性,運用智能技術提昇科技興訓水平,推動實戰化訓練向更高質量水平發展。

扭住深化改革這個著力點。改革是強軍興軍、制勝未來的關鍵一招。要把加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,作為深化國防和軍事改革的重要著力點。堅持向改革要戰力,著眼智慧時代軍隊精幹化、一體化、小型化、模組化、多能化的突出特徵,以前瞻、創新、開放的思路設計改革,建立順暢高效的領導、指揮、保障機制,進一步整合力量資源、理順建管機制、優化編成結構。適應能打仗、打勝仗的要求,建構平戰一體、常態運作、專司主營、精幹高效的戰略戰役指揮體系,建構以精銳作戰力量為主體的聯合作戰力量體系,推動部隊編成向充實、合成、多能、靈活方向發展,實行模組化編組、積木式組合、任務式聯合,打造具備多種能力和廣泛適應性的部隊,透過體系結構優化再造促進戰鬥力整體躍升。

扭住創新驅動這個支撐點。創新是戰鬥力建設發展的核心支撐力。要把加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,作為實施創新驅動發展策略的重心。在作戰理論創新上求突破,密切追蹤軍事革命發展趨勢和近期世界發生的戰爭,研究高新技術特別是智慧化技術發展運用及對戰爭的影響,研究智能化作戰的新特徵、新樣式、新機理,研究智慧化戰爭與作戰的致勝方略,加速建構具有我軍特色、符合現代戰爭規律的作戰理論體系。在科技創新上求突破,聚力國防科技自主創新、原始創新,把高新技術特別是人工智慧技術的軍事應用作為主攻方向,加速實施國防科技與武器裝備重大戰略工程,加速戰略性前沿性顛覆性技術發展,加速武器裝備升級換代和智慧化武器裝備發展,奮力實現由跟跑並跑向並跑領跑的轉變,為我軍戰鬥力轉型建設提供更強勁的科技支撐。

(作者單位:國防大學聯合作戰學院)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/gfbmap/content/2020-11/25/content_276619888.htm

Chinese Military Focusing on Essential Characteristics of Integrated Development of Mechanization, Informatization and Intelligentization

現代英語:

Source: Liberation Army News Author: Yuan Yi, Xu Jinhua, Li Zhifei Editor-in-charge: Wang Feng 2020-12-01 10:xx:xx

introduction

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, while emphasizing the need to accelerate the modernization of national defense and the armed forces and achieve the unity of enriching the country and strengthening the military, pointed out the need to accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informationization, and intelligence (hereinafter referred to as the “three modernizations”), thereby raising the requirements for the integrated development of the “three modernizations” to a strategic level. We must conscientiously implement the spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, carry out scientific strategic positioning, strategic planning, and strategic deployment for the integrated development of the “three modernizations”, and vigorously promote the integrated development of the “three modernizations” to expand in depth and breadth. We must accurately grasp the essential connotation of the integrated development of the “three modernizations”.

The era background of the integrated development of the “three transformations”

The parallel advancement, mutual promotion and integrated development of the “three transformations” have profound historical inevitability and are the only way for our military to modernize national defense and the armed forces in the future.

The integrated development of the “three transformations” is in line with the concept of mechanization and informatization. Since the late 1990s, our army has promptly proposed to promote the integrated development of mechanization and informatization. At that time, the war situation was changing from mechanization to informatization. National defense and military construction must take the path of leapfrog development. There is no need to wait until the entire process of mechanization construction of the military of developed countries is completed before engaging in informatization. We should strive to promote the integrated development of mechanization and informatization. We must strive to leapfrog certain stages of mechanization development, and at the same time learn from the mistakes and lessons of mechanization and informatization construction of the military of developed countries, and take as few detours as possible. The experience and lessons learned from the integrated development of national defense and military mechanization and informatization provide valuable experience for how to coordinate the integrated development of the “three transformations” at this stage.

The integrated development of the “three transformations” reflects the reality of the current “multiple forms of warfare”. In today’s world, a new wave of military revolution characterized by military intelligence is sweeping across the world, and the armies of major countries in the world are striding towards the threshold of intelligence. However, due to the imbalance in the development of scientific and technological levels and military strength among countries in the world, several local wars and armed conflicts in the world have shown the characteristics of “multiple forms of warfare” of mechanization, informationization, and intelligence. In the Syrian War, low-end, cheap civilian pickup trucks danced with high-end, expensive stealth aircraft, crudely made homemade rockets and high-precision cruise missiles flew together, and the highly informationized and intelligent U.S. and Russian armies, the highly mechanized Syrian and Turkish armies, and the opposition with a very low mechanization level, jointly performed an alternative “hybrid war” on the Syrian battlefield, in which mechanized warfare, informationized warfare, and elementary intelligent warfare overlapped with each other.

The integrated development of the “three modernizations” is in line with the stage characteristics of the current national social and economic development. my country’s path to modernization is very different from that of Western developed countries. Western developed countries have a “serial” development process, with industrialization, urbanization, agricultural modernization, and informatization developing in sequence, and it took more than 200 years to develop to the current level. my country’s development must be a “parallel” process, with industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization developing in an overlapping manner. The national social and economic foundation is the basic support for national defense and military construction. It is precisely the “parallel” development characteristics of my country’s current social economy that determine that national defense and military construction must adopt the “three modernizations” integrated development mode.

The integrated development of the “three transformations” is adapted to the current level of development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence in the military. After long-term efforts, our military has basically achieved mechanization, and has made significant progress in informatization construction, but is also facing opportunities and challenges of intelligence. The special national and military conditions make it impossible and impossible for our military to copy the development path of the Western developed countries represented by the US military. “Step-by-step” development may lead to the loss of the historical opportunity of promoting intelligence to accelerate the completion of mechanization and informatization, and leading and promoting the development of mechanization and informatization to a higher stage.

The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that “we should accelerate the development of intelligent military and improve the joint combat capability and all-domain combat capability based on the network information system”, “basically realize mechanization by 2020, make significant progress in informatization construction, and greatly enhance strategic capabilities”, and “strive to basically realize the modernization of national defense and the army by 2035, and build the people’s army into a world-class army in an all-round way by the middle of this century.” On the eve of the August 1st Army Day this year, President Xi Jinping proposed the strategic idea of ​​”accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence” when presiding over the 22nd collective study of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on strengthening national defense and military modernization. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee further emphasized and deployed this, and incorporated it into the 14th Five-Year Plan and the 2035 Vision Goals for implementation, marking that the requirements for the integrated development of the “three transformations” have been elevated to a strategic level and have become an important guiding ideology for leading national defense and military construction.

The essential connotation of the integrated development of the “three transformations”

The “integration” in the “three transformations” does not mean mixing, combining or compounding. The word “integration” in the physical sense means melting or melting into one; in the psychological sense, it means that after a certain collision or contact, different individuals or groups tend to merge into one in terms of cognition, emotion or attitude. The integrated development of the “three transformations” in national defense and military construction refers to the coordinated mutual tolerance, mutual penetration and mutual promotion of mechanization, informationization and intelligence, from “you are you and I am me” to “you have me and I have you”, and then to “you are me and I am you”, reaching the level of perfect integration and unity, and thus producing a superposition effect, aggregation effect and multiplication effect, and realizing a leap in the overall combat capability.

The basic laws and main characteristics of the integrated development of the “three transformations”. The main ones are: First, the “three transformations” are progressive and orderly dependent. From a chronological perspective, the “three transformations” did not originate at the same time. Without the previous “transformation” as a premise, foundation and input, there would be no occurrence and development of the latter “transformation”. The previous “transformation” provides an important material basis for the latter “transformation”. Second, the “three transformations” overlap and penetrate each other. Informatization is not the end of mechanization. There is still a certain degree of mechanization in the process of informatization. Intelligence is not the end of mechanization and informatization. There is still a certain degree of informatization and mechanization in the process of intelligence. Third, intelligence and informatization can enhance the efficiency of mechanization through virtual control. The “real” here mainly refers to the hardware represented by physical entities such as combat platforms and ammunition, and the “virtual” mainly refers to software with combat data, algorithms, etc. as the core. Mechanization is mainly based on hardware construction, while informatization and intelligence are mainly based on software construction. “Software defines everything”, and hardware is optimized, upgraded, empowered and made more efficient through software. With the in-depth development of the integration of the “three transformations”, the construction priority will be that load will surpass platform, software will surpass load, and algorithm will surpass software.

The internal mechanism and driving mechanism of the integrated development of the “three transformations”. The main ones are: First, the superposition of advantages. Practice has proved that no matter whether it is mechanization, informatization or intelligence, the supporting technology group of each “transformation” will give birth to new weapons and equipment, generate new combat forces, and ultimately form new combat capabilities with different combat mechanisms. These new combat capabilities and the original combat capabilities are combined with advantages to produce a system outflow effect and greatly enhance the overall combat capability of the army.

The second is upgrading and expansion. Informatization aggregates and upgrades mechanized combat systems into informationized combat systems through digital transformation and networking of various mechanized combat platforms, making a qualitative leap in combat effectiveness. Intelligence can also be integrated with mechanization and informatization through upgrading and expansion. On the one hand, intelligent technology is used to upgrade the “brain” of the combat platform – the control system, and promote the control mode of unmanned combat platforms such as drones, unmanned boats, and unmanned ground vehicles, in accordance with the human direct operation mode, human assistance mode, human authorization mode, fully autonomous mode, and machine adaptive mode. After some old combat platforms are upgraded through informatization and intelligent transformation, they can also realize remote control operation and cooperate with manned platforms. On the other hand, the use of intelligent technology to optimize and upgrade the informationized combat system has greatly enhanced its capabilities in information acquisition, transmission, processing, sharing, security and other aspects, and the system’s combat capability has been comprehensively improved again.

The third is to make up for shortcomings and replace them. From the history of military construction, in the process of deepening development of a certain “ization”, bottleneck problems that are difficult to solve by relying solely on its own technical system often appear, and other “ization” technical means and development ideas are urgently needed to find a new way to solve them. At present, machinery is becoming more and more sophisticated and complex, and the difficulty of design and control is increasing; informatization leads to “information explosion”, massive data is generated, rapidly diffused, true and false are mixed, and it is increasingly difficult to quickly transform into useful information. These problems are difficult to be effectively solved within the technical system of mechanization and informatization itself. To break through the bottleneck of mechanical control capabilities and information processing capabilities, the use of intelligent technical means is an important option. Conversely, the technological breakthroughs and applications produced by the previous “ization” may also offset the shortcomings of the latter “ization”. For example, the speed of hypersonic missiles can exceed the reaction capability of the informationized defense combat system and achieve rapid penetration; high-energy microwave weapons can directly destroy networks and electronic equipment, etc., which to a certain extent offset the opponent’s information advantage.

現代國語:

來源:解放軍報 作者:袁藝 徐金華 李志飛 責任編輯:王鳳 2020-12-01 10:xx:xx
引 言

黨的十九屆五中全會在強調加速國防和軍隊現代化,實現富國和強軍相統一時指出,加快機械化資訊化智能化(以下簡稱「三化」)融合發展,從而把「三化」融合發展要求提升到了戰略全局高度。認真貫徹落實十九屆五中全會精神,對「三化」融合發展進行科學的戰略定位、戰略規劃和戰略部署,大力推動「三化」融合發展向深度廣度拓展,要準確把握好「三化」融合發展的本質內涵。

「三化」融合發展的時代背景

「三化」並行推進、互促共生、一體發展,具有深刻的歷史必然性,是我軍未來一段時期國防和軍隊現代化建設的必經之路。

「三化」融合發展與機械化資訊化複合發展概念一脈相承。自上世紀90年代末期以來,我軍及時提出推動機械化資訊化複合發展。當時,戰爭形態正由機械化轉變為資訊化。國防和軍隊建設必須走跨越式發展的道路,沒有必要等到走完發達國家軍隊機械化建設的全部過程再來搞資訊化,應該努力推進機械化和資訊化的複合發展。既要努力跨越機械化發展的某些階段,同時還要吸取發達國家軍隊機械化和資訊化建設失誤教訓,盡可能少走彎路。國防與軍隊機械化資訊化復合發展的經驗教訓,為如何統籌現階段「三化」融合發展提供了寶貴經驗。

「三化」融合發展反映了當前戰爭形態「多態並存」的現實狀況。當今世界,以軍事智能化為特徵的新一輪軍事革命浪潮撲面而來,世界主要國家軍隊正大步向智能化的門檻邁進,但由於世界各國科技水平和軍事實力發展的不平衡,使得在幾次世界局部戰爭與武裝沖突中,呈現出機械化資訊化智慧化戰爭「多態並存」的特點。敘利亞戰爭中,低端廉價的民用皮卡與高端昂貴的隱身飛機共舞,粗製濫造的土製火箭與高精度的巡航導彈齊飛,高度信息化並向智能化邁進的美軍、俄軍,較高機械化程度的敘軍、土軍,以及機械化程度很低的反對派,在敘利亞戰場共同演繹了機械化戰爭、資訊化戰爭和初級智能化戰爭三種戰爭形態相互交疊的另類「混合戰爭」。

「三化」融合發展符合當前國家社會經濟發展的階段性特徵。我國實現現代化之路同西方發達國家有很大不同。西方發達國家是一個「串聯式」的發展過程,工業化、城鎮化、農業現代化、資訊化順序發展,發展到目前水準花了二百多年時間。我國發展必然是一個「並聯式」的過程,工業化、資訊化、城鎮化、農業現代化是疊加發展的。國家社會經濟基礎是國防和軍隊建設的基本依托,正是當前我國社會經濟的「並聯式」發展特點,決定了國防和軍隊建設必然採取「三化」融合發展方式。

「三化」融合發展適應了當前軍隊機械化資訊化智慧化發展水準。經過長期努力,當前我軍基本上實現機械化,資訊化建設取得重大進展,又面臨智慧化的機會與挑戰。特殊的國情軍情,使得我軍不可能也不會複製以美軍為代表的西方發達國家軍隊的發展路徑。 「按部就班」式發展可能導致錯失智能化促進加速完成機械化資訊化、並引領和推動機械化資訊化向更高階段發展的歷史機遇。

黨的十九大報告指出,「加速軍事智能化發展,提高基於網絡資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全局作戰能力」「到二○二○年基本實現機械化,資訊化建設取得重大進展,戰略能力有大的提升」「力爭二○三五年基本實現國防和軍隊現代化,到本世紀中葉把人民軍隊全面建成世界一流軍隊」。今年八一建軍節前夕,習主席在主持中共中央政治局就加強國防和軍隊現代化建設舉行的第二十二次集體學習時,提出「加快機械化資訊化智能化融合發展」這一戰略思想,黨的十九屆五中全會對此做了進一步強調部署,並納入十四五規劃和二○三五年遠景目標中加以落實,標誌著「三化」融合發展要求提升到了戰略全局高度,成為引領國防和軍隊建設的重要指導思想。

「三化」融合發展的本質內涵

「三化」融合中的「融合」不等於混合、化合或複合。 「融合」一詞,物理意義上是指熔成或如熔化那樣融成一體;心理意義上是指不同個體或不同群體在一定的碰撞或接觸之後,認知、情感或態度傾向融為一體。國防與軍隊建設中的「三化」融合發展,則是指統籌協調機械化資訊化智慧化相互包容、相互滲透、相互促進,從「你是你、我是我」變成「你中有我、我中有你”,進而變成“你就是我,我就是你”,達到水乳交融、合而為一的程度,並由此產生疊加效應、聚合效應和倍增效應,實現整體戰鬥力質的躍升。

「三化」融合發展的基本規律與主要特點。主要有:一是「三化」逐次遞進有序依存。從時序上看,“三化”不是同時起源的,沒有前一“化”作為前提、基礎和輸入,就沒有後一“化”的發生和發展,前一“化”為後一“化”提供了重要的物質基礎。二是「三化」相互交疊相互滲透。資訊化不是機械化的終結,資訊化過程中還有一定的機械化,智慧化也不是機械化、資訊化的終結,智慧化過程中還有一定的資訊化、機械化。三是智慧化資訊化對機械化以虛控實賦能增效。這裡所說的「實」主要是指以作戰平台、彈藥等物理實體為代表的硬件,「虛」主要是指以作戰數據、演算法等為核心的軟件。機械化以硬體建設為主,資訊化和智能化則以軟件建設為主,“軟件定義一切”,通過軟件對硬體進行優化升級和賦能增效。隨著「三化」融合的深入發展,在建設優先級上,將會是載荷超越平台、軟件超越載荷、演算法超越軟件。

「三化」融合發展的內在機理與驅動機制。主要有:一是優勢疊加。實踐證明,不管是機械化、資訊化或智慧化,每一「化」的支撐技術群都會催生出新型武器裝備,產生新型作戰力量,最終形成不同作戰機理的新質作戰能力。這些新質作戰能力與原有作戰能力綜合運用優勢疊加,能夠產生系統湧現效應,極大提升軍隊整體作戰能力。

二是升級拓展。資訊化透過對各類機械化作戰平台進行數字化改造和網絡化鏈接,將機械化作戰體系聚合升級為信息化作戰體系,使得戰鬥力產生質的飛躍。智能化也可透過升級拓展方式,與機械化、資訊化融為一體。一方面,運用智慧技術升級作戰平台的「大腦」──操控系統,推動無人機、無人艇、無人地面車輛等無人化作戰平台的控制方式,依照人類直接操作模式、人類協助模式、人類授權模式、完全自主模式、機器自適應模式的逐次遞進方式升級。一些老舊作戰平台進行資訊化智慧化改造升級後,也可以實現遙控操作並與有人平台協同作戰。另一方面,運用智慧技術優化升級資訊化作戰體系,使其資訊取得、傳輸、處理、分享、安全等各個環節能力都大幅增強,體係作戰能力再次全面提升。

三是補短替代。從軍隊建設歷史來看,某一「化」在深化發展過程中,往往會出現僅靠自身技術體系難以解決的瓶頸問題,迫切需要其他「化」的技術手段和發展思維另闢蹊徑來加以解決。當前,機械越來越精密復雜,設計和控制難度越來越大;信息化導致“信息爆炸”,海量數據產生、急劇擴散、真假混雜,快速轉化為有用信息的難度越來越大,這些問題在機械化、資訊化自身技術體系內難以有效解決。要突破機械操控能力、資訊處理能力瓶頸,運用智慧化的技術手段是重要選項。反過來說,前一「化」產生的技術突破及應用也可能抵消後一「化」的不​​足。如高超聲速導彈速度可以超出資訊化防禦作戰體系的反應能力實現快速突防,高能量微波武器可直接破壞網絡和電子設備等,這都在一定程度上抵消了對手的信息優勢。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4874873888.html

Prosperity and Development Support a Strong Chinese Military Culture Leading to Victory

繁榮發展支撐中國軍事文化走向勝利

現代英語:

A strong military culture is the inner guarantee for the people’s army to be invincible, invincible, and continuously develop and grow. It is a fertile spiritual ground for nourishing officers and soldiers, and an important factor in improving the combat effectiveness of the army. The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized the need to “prosper and develop a strong military culture and strengthen the cultivation of fighting spirit.” In-depth study and implementation of Xi Jinping’s cultural thoughts, for the people’s army, is to prosper and develop a strong military culture. Through the education and influence of culture, we can cultivate the fighting spirit and brave and tenacious fighting style of the officers and soldiers who dare to fight and win, and use advanced culture to sharpen the spirit of defeating the enemy, providing spiritual motivation for being able to fight and win wars, and truly make the culture of a strong army point to winning and winning. Win with service and win with support.

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To comprehensively strengthen military training and preparations and improve the People’s Army’s ability to win, we must attach great importance to the valuable function of a strong military culture in educating people for war and assisting a strong military. Prosperity and development support the culture of a strong military that wins and wins. It is not only a historical inheritance, a need of the times, but also the call of the cause of strong military.

The basic direction of continuing our military’s cultural tradition. Culture is the root of a nation’s prosperity and an important support for a strong military. More than 80 years ago, Comrade Mao Zedong said at the Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art: “If we want to defeat the enemy, we must first rely on the army with guns in hand. But it is not enough to have this kind of army. We also need an army with culture. This is An army that is indispensable for uniting ourselves and defeating the enemy. “In the long-term practice of revolution, construction and reform, our army has used its blood and lives to forge the “cultural gene” of victory and the “cultural bloodline” of heroes, nourishing generations after generations. A generation of officers and soldiers. All the winning culture for victory contains a strong bloody gene and shows a clear direction of winning. In the new era and new journey, the key to extracting the essence and absorbing energy from our military’s cultural traditions is to polish the sharp knives and swords of the officers and soldiers’ fighting spirit, continue to enhance the officers and soldiers’ awareness of war, and constantly strengthen the joy of hearing war, bravery and tenacity, and The martial spirit of winning if you dare to fight.

An inevitable choice to adapt to the evolution of war patterns. The world’s new military revolution is accelerating the evolution of war toward information-based warfare with intelligent characteristics, showing characteristics such as informatization of technology, systematization of organization, and digitization of weapons and equipment. The evolution of war patterns will inevitably lead to the reshaping of military cultural patterns. From mechanized warfare to informatized and intelligent warfare, from “large corps” operations and “large depth” assaults, to “asymmetric operations”, “non-line operations”, “integrated joint operations”, and then to “multi-domain precision warfare” “Cognitive domain warfare” and the evolution of the mechanism for winning wars have promoted corresponding changes in the form of military culture. On the new journey, our military promotes the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence. It must not only accelerate the iterative update of weapons and equipment, but also actively promote the transformation and development of military culture, shape and reflect the characteristics of the times in terms of military theory, strategy, tactics, and fighting spirit. Create a strong military culture in the new era that is compatible with the development of the times and in line with technological progress to support victory.

The essential requirement of prospering and developing a strong military culture. The fundamental function of a strong military culture is to serve as a military force for war, which determines that the fundamental purpose of building a strong military culture is to provide spiritual motivation for being able to fight and win wars. The culture of a strong military is extremely permeable and durable. The loyalty, quality and will to fight it contains forge the spirit of the people’s army and cultivate the invincible combat effectiveness of the people’s army. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the People’s Army has been reborn, transformed and reshaped. The entire military has taken the ability to fight and win wars as its fundamental focus, and has taken the prosperity and development of a strong military culture as a powerful measure to generate combat effectiveness. It is closely integrated with the generation of combat effectiveness. At the same time, it is closely integrated with the main responsibilities and main business of the army, constantly improving the contribution rate of a strong military culture to combat effectiveness, and fully demonstrating the combat function of a strong military culture in troop training and preparation.

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To prosper and develop a strong military culture that supports victory, we must be guided by Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army, grasp the main thread, highlight the key points, and strive to cultivate a strong military cultural system with combat culture, joint culture, and military characteristic culture as the main content. .

Cultivate a fighting culture that can win battles. Combat culture reflects the inherent essence of a strong military culture and determines the value positioning and value orientation of a strong military culture. Combat culture is a bloody culture that has been tempered, washed, and accumulated through the practice of military struggle. It has profound cultural heritage, strong combat characteristics, and distinctive characteristics of the times. Its value functions are mainly manifested in strengthening war awareness, improving combat skills, and sharpening combat skills. Spirit is an important component of combat effectiveness, the main body of the cultural system of a strong military, and an important magic weapon for the people’s army to win. To cultivate a combat culture, efforts must be made to strengthen the responsibility of officers and soldiers to serve as soldiers in war, lead troops to fight, and train troops to fight. The fighting spirit of “one is not afraid of hardship, and the other is not afraid of death” and the fighting qualities of bravery, tenacity, and determination to win if they dare to fight, and effectively set the standard of combat effectiveness. As the basic focus and foothold for the prosperity and development of a strong military culture, it serves as the fundamental criterion for testing the quality and effectiveness of the construction of a strong military culture.

Cultivate a joint culture that unites to win. Modern warfare cannot be fought without alliances and cannot be won without alliances. The basic combat style is integrated joint operations. Joint culture is based on the sum of joint knowledge systems, values, ways of thinking and behavioral norms that are required to win modern wars. It widely penetrates into the joint combat system, force structure, behavioral norms and models. It is like an invisible hand, effectively promoting the joint combat system from “physical connection” to “spiritual connection”, from “heart to heart” to “heart to heart.” To cultivate a joint culture, we must rely on task traction and joint exercises and training to solidify the political soul of officers and soldiers to obey the party’s command, cultivate the operational concept of joint victory, improve the knowledge system of joint operations, temper the way of thinking of integrated linkage, and cultivate common emotions and values, strengthen and stabilize the collective psychological identity, and condense the unbreakable will to win.

Cultivate a rich and colorful military culture. One flower blooming alone is not spring, but a hundred flowers blooming together fills the garden. In military practice, our army has formed its own distinctive service and service cultures, including the Army’s “Armored Iron Style” culture, “Artillery God of War” culture, and “Army Aviation War Eagle” culture, the Navy’s “Deep Blue Culture”, and the Air Force’s “Sky” culture. The culture of “Eagle”, “Ladder to Heaven” and “Arrow of Heaven”, the Rocket Army’s “Sword Sharpening Culture” and “Lang Ying Culture”, etc. The magnificent flowers of military service culture not only constitute a unique spiritual symbol, but also become a “multiplier” to improve the combat effectiveness of the troops. Creating a service culture with distinctive characteristics and profound heritage is not inconsistent with cultivating a joint culture. The culture of the services and arms supports the joint culture, and the joint culture realizes the organic integration of the cultures of the services and arms. The deeper the roots of the distinctive cultures of the services and arms are, the stronger the combat nature and combat effectiveness of the joint culture will be. At the same time, it is necessary to vigorously carry out colorful military camp cultural activities, use characteristic culture to build the soul of the army, gather soldiers’ hearts, and improve morale, and strive to create a lively situation where everyone has a stage, and more effectively use culture to educate people, Use educated people and literary talents to fight for their role.

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To prosper and develop a strong military culture in the new era, we must adhere to serving to win as the fundamental orientation, strengthen historical confidence, and continue to win the gene; persist in fighting for war and strengthen combat attributes; take multiple measures, integrate innovation, and create a military-minded and capable military culture. Create a strong atmosphere and effectively use a strong military culture to generate combat effectiveness.

Foster the winning genes of revolutionary soldiers in the new era. Culture is essentially a spiritual carrier. Over the course of more than 90 years of struggle, our army has forged a combat culture that dares to fight and must win, and has created unique advantages for defeating the enemy and winning the future. On the new journey, we must vigorously carry forward the glorious tradition of the People’s Army, publicize the typical deeds of advanced heroes and combat heroes, guide officers and soldiers to draw nourishment from the revolutionary spirit, draw fighting spirit from the glorious war history, and draw strength from combat honors, so that the people’s army can The winning gene is passed down from generation to generation. At present, the world’s major changes are accelerating. Changes in the world, the times, and history are unfolding in an unprecedented way. It is necessary to educate and guide the officers and soldiers not to be afraid of powerful enemies, to understand clearly that adhering to the party’s absolute leadership over the military is the fundamental guarantee for our army to win the war, to understand clearly that the overall power of the people’s war is the magic weapon for our army to defeat the enemy, and to combine the fighting spirit with the scientific spirit , continue the fine traditions of our army, and firmly establish the confidence and determination to win based on existing equipment.

Improve the combat index of building a strong military culture. President Xi pointed out: “We must combine the traditions and mission characteristics of each army, strengthen the construction of military culture, create a strong military culture, and cultivate the fearless heroism and brave and tenacious fighting style of the troops.” The fundamental direction of military cultural work must be reformed to support capabilities. To fight and win the battle. Deeply explore the revolutionary historical themes, highlight the creation of realistic military themes, and always shape people with a noble spirit and inspire people with excellent works. Regular arrangements are made for the literary and artistic light cavalry, field propaganda teams, and field photography teams to go to cold areas, go to the Gobi, go to plateaus, go to coastal defenses, go to border crossings, and join squads to prepare for military training and war, warm the hearts of soldiers, boost morale, and inspire fighting spirit. . We must insist on seeking combat effectiveness from culture, and promote the construction of a strong military culture to extend from the camp to the battlefield, and from peacetime to wartime. Organize wartime cultural work drills, explore the content, timing, methods and means of wartime cultural work, and provide important support for improving the combat effectiveness of the troops.

Enhance the military atmosphere and military atmosphere of the military camp. To build a strong military culture, an important task is to create an environment with a strong sense of war, so that officers and soldiers can be constantly influenced and subtly cultivate their will to fight and sharpen their fighting character. To create a strong atmosphere for military training and war, raise battle flags, shout battle slogans, and sing battle songs to strengthen the army, set up cultural light boxes, battle slogans, sculptures of heroes and models, etc., build cultural venues that reflect the military’s war history, battle examples, and revolutionary spirit, and continuously strengthen the officers and soldiers War awareness, combat readiness concepts, and fighting spirit. We should pay close attention to mass cultural activities, hold lectures on the culture of a strong army, organize forums on the culture of a strong army, organize officers and soldiers to tell battle stories and read books on combat culture, and carry out extensive assassination combat training and martial arts competitions to inspire officers and soldiers to dare to fight and fight well. . Innovate methods and methods, combine the elements of the times, science and technology with culture and art, and use technological means such as VR, AR, and MR to create battlefield cultural simulation rooms, etc., so that officers and soldiers can “immerse themselves” in the battlefield atmosphere and hone their winning capabilities.

(Author’s unit: Army Party Innovation Theory Research Center)

現代國語:

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16279540888.html■陳 陣

強軍文化是人民軍隊戰無不勝、攻無不克,不斷發展壯大的內在保證,是滋養官兵的精神沃土,是提高部隊戰鬥力的重要因素。黨的二十大報告強調要「繁榮發展強軍文化,強化戰鬥精神培育」。深入學習貫徹習近平文化思想,對人民軍隊而言,就是要繁榮發展強軍文化。通過文化的教化與薰陶,培育廣大官兵敢打必勝的戰鬥血性、英勇頑強的戰鬥作風,以先進文化砥礪克敵制勝精神,為能打仗、打勝仗提供精神動力,真正讓強軍文化指向打贏、服務打贏、支撐打贏。

全面加強練兵備戰,提升人民軍隊打贏能力,必須重視發揮強軍文化為戰育人、助力強軍的價值功能。繁榮發展支撐打贏制勝的強軍文化,既是歷史傳承、時代所需,也是強軍事業的召喚。

賡續我軍文化傳統的根本指向。文化是一個民族昌盛的根脈,也是一支軍隊強大的重要支撐。 80多年前,毛澤東同志在延安文藝座談會上說:「我們要戰勝敵人,首先要依靠手裡拿槍的軍隊。但是僅僅有這種軍隊是不夠的,我們還要有文化的軍隊,這是團結自己、戰勝敵人必不可少的一支軍隊。一代官兵。一切為了勝利的勝戰文化,蘊含著強大的血性基因,彰顯著鮮明的打贏指向。新時代新征程,從我軍文化傳統中萃取精華、汲取能量,關鍵要著力擦亮官兵戰鬥精神的尖刀利劍,持續增強官兵的向戰為戰意識,不斷強化聞戰則喜、英勇頑強、敢打必勝的尚武精神。

適應戰爭形態演變的必然選擇。世界新軍事革命正推動戰爭形態朝向具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭加速演進,呈現出技術形態資訊化、組織形態體系化、武器裝備數字化等特徵。戰爭形態的演變,必然引發軍事文化形態的重塑。從機械化戰爭到資訊化、智慧化戰爭,從“大兵團”作戰、“大縱深”突擊,到“非對稱作戰”“非線式作戰”“一體化聯合作戰”,再到“多域精確戰”“認知域作戰”,戰爭制勝機理的演變,推動軍事文化形態相應隨之改變。新征程上,我軍推進機械化資訊化智慧融合發展,既要加速武器裝備的迭代更新,更要積極推進軍事文化轉型發展,從軍事理論、戰略戰術、戰鬥精神等方面塑造和體現時代特質,打造與時代發展相適應、與技術進步相符的新時代支撐打贏制勝的強軍文化。

繁榮發展強軍文化的本質要求。強軍文化姓軍為戰的根本職能,決定了打造強軍文化的根本目的就是為能打仗、打勝仗提供精神動力。強軍文化具有極強的滲透性、持久性,其所蘊含的忠誠品質和鬥爭意志,鍛造著人民軍隊的精氣神,培育著人民軍隊無堅不摧的戰鬥力。黨的十八大以來,人民軍隊浴火重生、轉型重塑,全軍部隊以能打仗、打勝仗為根本著眼點,把繁榮發展強軍文化作為催生戰鬥力的有力舉措,與戰鬥力生成緊密結合在一起,與軍隊主責主業緊密結合在一起,不斷提升強軍文化對戰鬥力的貢獻率,充分彰顯了強軍文化在練兵備戰中的戰鬥功能。

繁榮發展支撐打贏制勝的強軍文化,必須以習近平強軍思想為指導,把準主脈、突出重點,著力培塑以戰鬥文化、聯合文化、部隊特色文化等為主體內容的強軍文化體系。

培育能打勝仗的戰鬥文化。戰鬥文化反映強軍文化的內在本質,決定強軍文化的價值定位與價值取向。戰鬥文化是歷經軍事鬥爭實踐錘煉、淘洗、積蓄形成的血性文化,具有深厚的文化底蘊、強烈的戰鬥特性和鮮明的時代特徵,其價值功能主要表現為強化打仗意識、提升作戰本領、砥礪戰鬥精神,是戰鬥力的重要構成要素,是強軍文化體系的主體,是人民軍隊打贏制勝的重要法寶。培育戰鬥文化,要著力強化官兵當兵打仗、帶兵打仗、練兵打仗的責任擔當,「一不怕苦、二不怕死」的戰鬥精神和英勇頑強、敢打必勝的戰鬥品質,切實把戰鬥力標準作為繁榮發展強軍文化的基本著力點和根本落腳點,作為檢驗強軍文化建設質效的根本尺度。

培育聯合製勝的聯合文化。現代戰爭無戰不聯、無聯不勝,基本作戰樣式是一體化聯合作戰。聯合文化是基於打贏現代戰爭所具備的聯合知識體系、價值觀念、思維方式和行為規範的總和,廣泛滲透於聯合作戰體制編制、力量結構、行為準則和模式之中。它就像看不見的手,有力地推動著聯合作戰體係從“形聯”到“神聯”,從“芯聯芯”到“心連心”。培育聯合文化,要依托任務牽引和聯演聯訓,鑄牢官兵聽黨指揮的政治靈魂,培塑聯合製勝的作戰理念,完善聯合作戰的知識體系,錘煉一體聯動的思維方式,培育共同的情感和價值,強固穩定的集體心理認同,凝聚牢不可破的打贏意志。

培育豐富多彩的部隊特色文化。一花獨放不是春,百花齊放春滿園。我軍在軍事實踐中形成了各具特色的軍兵種文化,有陸軍的“裝甲鐵流”文化、“砲兵戰神”文化、“陸航戰鷹”文化,海軍的“深藍文化”,空軍的“天鷹”“天梯”“天箭”文化,火箭軍的“礪劍文化”“長纓文化”,等等。一朵朵軍兵種文化的瑰麗之花,既構成了獨特的精神標識,也成為部隊戰鬥力提升的「倍增器」。打造具有鮮明特色、底蘊深厚的軍兵種文化,與培育聯合文化並不矛盾。軍兵種文化支撐聯合文化,聯合文化實現了軍兵種文化的有機融合,軍兵種特色文化的根扎得越深,聯合文化戰鬥性就越強,就越有戰鬥力。與此同時,要大力開展多姿多彩的軍營文化活動,以特色文化鑄軍魂、聚兵心、提士氣,著力形成人人都有舞台的生動活潑局面,更有效地發揮以文育人、以文化人、以文資戰作用。

繁榮發展新時代強軍文化,必須堅持把服務打贏作為根本指向,堅定歷史自信,賡續勝戰基因;堅持向戰為戰,強化戰鬥屬性;多措並舉,融合創新,營造尚武精武的濃厚氛圍,切實用強軍文化催生戰鬥力。

厚植新時代革命軍人的勝戰基因。文化在本質上是一種精神承載,我軍在90多年的奮鬥歷程中鍛造形成的敢打必勝的戰鬥文化,鑄就了克敵制勝、贏得未來的特有優勢。新旅程上,我們要大力弘揚人民軍隊光榮傳統,宣傳先進英模、戰鬥英雄典型事跡,引導官兵從革命精神中汲取營養,從輝煌戰史中汲取鬥志,從戰鬥榮譽中汲取力量,讓人民軍隊的勝戰基因薪火相傳。當前,世界大變局加速演進,世界變化、時代之變、歷史變正以前所未有的方式展開。要教育引導廣大官兵不畏強敵,認清堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導是我軍能打勝仗的根本保證,認清人民戰爭的整體威力是我軍克敵制勝的法寶,把戰鬥精神與科學精神結合起來,賡續我軍優良傳統,穩固樹立立足現有裝備打贏制勝的信心決心。

提升強軍文化建設的戰鬥指數。習主席指出:「要結合各部隊傳統和任務特點,加強軍事文化建設,打造強軍文化,培養部隊大無畏的英雄氣概和英勇頑強的戰鬥作風。」要把軍事文化工作根本指向歸正到支撐能打仗、打勝仗上。深入探討革命歷史題材,突顯現實軍事題材創作,始終以高貴的精神塑造人、以優秀的作品鼓舞人心。常態安排文藝輕騎隊、戰地宣傳隊、戰地攝影隊等進寒區、入戈壁、上高原、下海防、走邊關、進班排,為練兵備戰、矢志打贏溫暖兵心、鼓舞士氣、激發鬥志。堅持向文化要戰鬥力,推動強軍文化建設重心從營區延伸至戰場、從平時拓展到戰時。組織戰時文化工作演練,探索戰時文化工作的內容、時機和方式手段,為提升部隊戰鬥力提供重要支撐。

增強軍營文化氛圍的兵味戰味。打造強軍文化,一項重要任務是營造兵味戰味濃厚的環境氛圍,使官兵時時受到薰陶,在潛移默化中培養戰鬥意志、砥礪戰鬥品格。濃厚練兵打仗氛圍,把戰鬥旗幟揚起來、戰鬥口號喊起來、強軍戰歌唱起來,設置文化燈箱、戰鬥標語、英模雕塑等,修建反映部隊戰史戰例、革命精神的文化場所,不斷強化廣大官兵戰爭意識、戰備觀念、戰鬥精神。抓好群眾性文化活動,開設強軍文化講座,舉辦強軍文化論壇,組織官兵講戰鬥故事、讀戰鬥文化書籍,廣泛開展刺殺格鬥訓練和比武競賽活動,激發官兵敢戰能戰善戰的血性膽氣。創新方式方法,將時代元素、科學技術與文化藝術結合起來,運用VR、AR、MR等科技手段,打造戰場文化模擬室等,讓官兵「身臨其境」感受戰場氛圍、錘煉打贏能力。

(作者單位:陸軍黨的創新理論研究中心)

Chinese Military Forum: Exploring the Way to “Total Victory” in Modern Warfare

中國軍事論壇:探索現代戰爭「全面勝利」之路

現代英語:

Exploring the Way to “Total Victory” in Modern Warfare

■ Zhao Siyang

Introduction

“Sun Tzu’s Art of War” is a representative work of ancient Chinese military theory, which contains rich wisdom for defeating the enemy. Entering the era of information-based and intelligent warfare, the limited, shocking, and mixed characteristics of war are more prominent, highlighting the invaluable thoughts of Sun Tzu such as “conquering the enemy without fighting”, “destroying the enemy’s plots and alliances”, and “ensuring the country and the whole army”. The wisdom of victory contained in “Sun Tzu’s Art of War” still has important practical implications for solving the current national security and war problems, limiting war violence to the maximum extent, and achieving “total victory”.

The core idea of ​​”total victory”: the method of attacking and defeating the enemy without fighting

Sun Tzu discussed military affairs, but he did not believe that force was the only means of victory. He proposed the concept of “total victory” of attacking the enemy with strategy and conquering the enemy without fighting. He advocated that the enemy should be subdued by non-violent means as much as possible to achieve the greatest victory at the lowest cost.

The key to Sun Tzu’s “total victory” idea is the word “total”. “Total” means to make the enemy completely surrender and not suffer any losses, thus minimizing the damage of the war. Sun Tzu advocated that with superior strength and full preparation for war as the prerequisite, we should use political, economic, diplomatic, and military intimidation means comprehensively, and stop the outbreak of war by taking the initiative, being flexible and maneuverable, and creating momentum. According to his idea, we can make the enemy surrender without fighting, from the enemy country to the enemy army, and from the enemy brigade to the enemy soldier, so as to achieve the goal of defeating the enemy and ensuring the safety of the lives of both armies. In Sun Tzu’s conception, we should not only cherish the lives of our soldiers and civilians, but also attach importance to protecting the enemy’s soldiers and civilians to avoid the confrontation between the two sides ending up in the destruction of the country and the family.

In order to achieve the goal of “total victory”, in terms of strategic planning, we must have an advantage over the enemy, “the one who is good at calculations has more calculations”; in terms of power comparison, we must be in an advantageous position, “the victorious army is like a hammer against a hammer”; in terms of war preparations, we must be thorough and meticulous, “first make ourselves invincible, and then wait for the enemy to be defeated.” “Subjugating the enemy without fighting” is an ideal outcome, but in real wars, it is often necessary to win a certain part of the war in exchange for “subjugating the enemy without fighting” in another part. This principle is equally applicable from the national strategic level to the combat level. It not only plays an important role in stopping and containing wars in peacetime, but is also widely applicable even in the course of a war to weaken the enemy’s strength, strike the enemy’s arrogance, and cooperate with the victory of military struggle.

The destructive power of war is enormous. “One hundred thousand soldiers were mobilized, and the daily expenditure was thousands of gold coins.” “Nothing was seen when going out, and the plain was covered with bones.” Sun Tzu proposed the way of “total victory”, advocating that by relying on one’s own superior strength, various means should be used in a comprehensive manner, and through comprehensive preparation and continuous maintenance of absolute superiority, the enemy’s political foundation and strategy should be disintegrated, and the enemy should be isolated and helpless. He emphasized the use of military means to form a strategic posture that intimidates the enemy, to achieve maximum benefits with relatively small consumption, and to achieve the goal as much as possible without fighting. This idea is different from the Western theory of strategic intimidation and reflects the flexibility of Chinese strategic thinking.

Sun Tzu regarded “complete victory” as the best outcome of war, rather than just seeking “victory”, with the goal of minimizing the losses of war. The key to “complete victory” is the change in thinking and strategic concepts: not only winning the military, but also winning the political; not only winning the war, but also winning the peace; not only winning the interests, but also winning the hearts of the people. Informatization and intelligentization of war, the destructive power of war is unprecedented, but the means of controlling war have not increased significantly. Therefore, if you want to form a winning trend in wartime and achieve the goal of “no delay in the army and the benefits can be complete”, you cannot wait until the war breaks out before taking action. Instead, you should win the enemy in peacetime and in war preparation activities.

The way to achieve “total victory”: destroy the plots and alliances, and attack the troops and cities

Through in-depth research on war issues, Sun Tzu proposed the strategic idea of ​​”conquering the enemy without fighting”, advocating to avoid bloodshed as much as possible to achieve strategic goals.

Sun Tzu’s “subjugating the enemy without fighting” can be divided into two Fan Tu. “Attacking the enemy’s plans” and “attacking the alliances” belong to the “no-war” Fan Tu; “Attacking the soldiers” and “attack the city” belong to the “cautious war” Fan Tu. Among them, “Attacking the enemy’s plans” and “Attacking the alliances” belonging to the political and diplomatic struggle Fan Tu put the first place in the means of war, through strategic planning and diplomatic games, without losing a single soldier, which is the best strategy. “Attacking the soldiers” and “attack the city” and other military means are the worst strategies used when necessary. Sun Tzu took “subjugating the enemy without fighting” as the highest principle to guide war, opposed the use of military forces, and advocated the greatest victory at the lowest cost. Sun Tzu believed that in order to achieve certain political goals, both military and non-military means can be adopted, and these two means and two ways can be used to comprehensively plan strategic strategies. The best way to resolve contradictions and conflicts between countries and political groups is to use non-violent means to achieve the desired goals, that is, to use a strong military force as a backing, comprehensively use a variety of forces, and through means such as thwarting the enemy’s schemes and destroying the enemy’s diplomacy, divide and disintegrate the enemy’s alliance and make it surrender. Carry out actions with the most complete preparations and the least cost, reduce the harm of war to the lowest level, and avoid causing major losses to the country and the people.

The concept of “conquering the enemy without fighting” does not advocate completely abandoning war, but rather that the key to victory lies in strong military strength and careful advance preparation, supplemented by a variety of means such as politics, economy, military, and diplomacy, to force the enemy not to take the risk of launching a war, thereby avoiding the occurrence of war. “No war” does not mean that military struggle can be abandoned, but is the result of the comprehensive deterrence formed by the comprehensive use of various military and non-military means. At all times, military struggle is the last and most powerful means of all means.

We must clearly realize that “conquering the enemy without fighting” is a special phenomenon and a special law, and “conquering the enemy by fighting” is a universal law. In many cases, the “cause” of “conquering the enemy by fighting” can give rise to the “result” of “conquering the enemy without fighting”. Only when one side is in an absolute advantage and the other side is in an absolute disadvantage in the comprehensive comparison of power, “conquering the enemy without fighting” can be achieved. Without the support of strong military strength, it will be difficult to obtain the expected benefits in the construction of state relations, and the existing benefits will also be lost. Judging from the many military treatises and war practices after Sun Tzu, the idea of ​​”not fighting” has been constantly developing with the evolution of the times and the changes in technical conditions. More and more military strategists of later generations no longer regard absolute non-war as the highest goal, but are more concerned with how to win first and then fight. This evolution reflects the unity of preparing for war, being cautious about war, and daring to fight in Chinese strategic thinking.

The realistic choice of “total victory”: safeguarding the country and the army and maintaining peace

Since ancient times, people have known that war is not about warmongering. The Chinese nation has always loved peace. “War is dangerous” and “Warfare leads to destruction” are the basic attitudes of Chinese traditional culture and the Chinese people towards war. On the issue of war and peace, Sun Tzu advocated resolving disputes by non-war means. Even if military means are used, he opposed the narrow military view that relies solely on force to achieve goals. In Sun Tzu’s view, war is not only about the survival of a country, but also about the rise and fall of a nation. Whether it is “conquering the enemy without fighting” or “the best strategy is to attack the enemy’s plans”, the essence is “stop fighting and seek peace”, which reflects the values ​​and ideals of benevolence and justice, peace-oriented values ​​and ideal pursuits that have been passed down in Chinese history, and strives to resolve disputes by non-war means.

In today’s international society, local wars and terrorism are still huge obstacles to world peace and development. Sun Tzu’s “total victory” thought may provide new ideas for solving these problems. From the perspective of war practice, in today’s world, war is still the “Sword of Damocles” hanging over the heads of mankind. Controlling the scale of war, reducing war casualties, reducing incidental losses, and protecting people’s lives and property have become inevitable requirements for the development of human society and political civilization. The abuse of war means is neither in line with the world’s people’s desire for peace, freedom and development, nor does it help to fundamentally eliminate the inherent contradictions that cause disputes. It may even intensify the conflicts and confrontations between different civilizations, affecting regional and even world peace and stability. Avoiding casualties and destruction is the development trend of human civilization. Relying on power advantage to achieve goals at the lowest cost and in the shortest time is often the best choice. How to reduce the possibility of war, effectively reduce war losses, and better control the scale and progress of war, this trend embodies the goal pursued by Sun Tzu’s “total victory” thought and gives it modern value.

In today’s world, opposing war and maintaining peace have become the common aspirations of all countries in the struggle for their own survival and development. Of course, the jungle law of international competition has not changed, and history is far from the era of turning swords into plowshares. In international politics, we need to proceed from the most fundamental overall interests of mankind, abandon the power politics mentality, understand each other, seek common ground while reserving differences, fully understand the historical traditions of different cultural groups, use war and other violent means prudently, handle international affairs fairly, and promote the formation of a mutually beneficial and win-win world pattern.

現代國語:

探析現代戰爭的「全勝」之道

■趙巳陽

引 言

《孫子兵法》是中國古代軍事理論的代表作,蘊含著豐富的克敵制勝智慧。進入資訊化智慧化戰爭時代,戰爭的有限性、震懾性、混合性等特徵更加突出,凸顯了孫子「不戰而屈人之兵」「伐謀伐交」「安國全軍」等思想的彌足珍貴。 《孫子兵法》所蘊含的製勝智慧,對於破解當今國家安全和戰爭難題,最大限度地限制戰爭暴力並獲得“全勝”,仍具有重要的現實啟示意義。

「全勝」的核心思想:謀攻之法,不戰屈敵

孫子談兵論戰,卻不認為武力是製勝的唯一手段。他提出以謀攻敵,不戰而屈人之兵的「全勝」觀,主張盡可能地透過非暴力手段使敵方屈服,以最小的代價獲取最大勝利。

孫子「全勝」思想,要義是一個「全」字。 「全」就是使敵完全屈服,我方不受損失,從而將戰爭的傷害降到最低。孫子主張,以優勢的實力和充分的迎戰準備為前提條件,綜合運用政治、經濟、外交、武力威懾等手段,通過先機制敵、靈活機變、謀勢造勢,制止戰爭的爆發。按照他的主張,大到敵國敵軍,小到敵旅敵卒都可以不戰而使其屈服,從而達到既打敗對方,又保證兩軍生命安全的目的。在孫子的構想中,不但要珍惜我方軍民的生命,而且要重視保全敵方將士和民眾,避免對抗雙方走向國破家亡的結局。

為達到「全勝」的目的,在戰略謀劃上,要勝敵一籌,「廟算勝者,得算多也」;在力量對比上,要處於優勢,「勝兵若以鎰稱銖」;在戰爭準備上,要周到細緻,「先為不可勝,以待敵之可勝」。 「不戰而屈人之兵」是理想的結局,但在現實戰爭中,往往需要用某一局部的戰而勝之,換取另一局部的「不戰而屈人之兵」。這原則從國家戰略層次到戰鬥層次,都同樣適用。不僅和平時期對制止和遏制戰爭有重要作用,即便在戰爭進程中,也廣泛適用,以削弱敵方實力,打擊敵之氣焰,配合軍事鬥爭的勝利。

戰爭的破壞力是巨大的,「興師十萬,日費千金」「出門無所見,白骨蔽平原」。孫子提出「全勝」之道,主張憑借己方優勢力量,綜合利用各種手段,通過全面的準備和絕對優勢的持續保持,瓦解敵方的政治基礎和戰略,陷敵於孤立無援境地。他強調以軍事手段運用形成威加於敵的戰略態勢,以較小消耗實現最大化收益,盡量用不戰的方式達成目的。這一思想不同於西方的戰略威懾理論,體現了中國戰略思想的彈性。

孫子將“全”作為戰爭的最佳結局,而非一味求“勝”,其目的是將戰爭的損失降至最低限度。 「全勝」的關鍵是思維方式和戰略理念的轉變:不僅贏得軍事,更要贏得政治;不僅贏得戰爭,更要贏得和平;不僅贏得利益,更要贏得人心。資訊化智能化戰爭,戰爭的破壞力空前巨大,但控制戰爭的手段並未明顯增加。因此,要在戰時形成製勝之勢,達到「兵不頓而利可全」的目的,就不能等戰爭爆發以後再行動。而應在和平時期,在戰爭準備活動中就勝敵於先。

「全勝」的實現途徑:伐謀伐交,伐兵攻城

孫子透過對戰爭問題的深入研究,提出「不戰而屈人之兵」這一戰略思想,主張盡量避免用流血手段來達成戰略目的。

孫子「不戰而屈人之兵」可分為兩個範疇。 「伐謀」和「伐交」屬於「不戰」的範疇;「伐兵」和「攻城」屬於「慎戰」的範疇。其中,把屬於政治外交鬥爭範疇的「伐謀」和「伐交」擺在戰爭手段的首位,通過謀略運籌與外交博弈,不損一兵一卒,是為上策。 「伐兵」「攻城」等軍事手段則是不得已而用的下策。孫子以「不戰而屈人之兵」作為指導戰爭的最高原則,反對窮兵黷武,主張以最小的代價換取最大的勝利。孫子認為,為實現一定的政治目的,既可以採取軍事手段,也可以採取非軍事手段,以這兩種手段、兩種方式去綜合籌劃戰略策略。解決國家之間、政治集團之間的矛盾和沖突的最佳方法是採用非暴力手段達成預期目的,即以強大的軍事實力為後盾,綜合運用多種力量,通過挫敗敵方的計謀、破壞敵方的外交等手段,分化瓦解敵人的聯盟,使之屈服。以最全的準備和最小的代價實施行動,把戰爭的危害降到最低程度,避免對國家、人民造成重大損失。

「不戰而屈人之兵」理念並非主張完全擯棄戰爭,而是講取勝的關鍵在於強大的軍事實力和周密的預先準備,並輔之以政治、經濟、軍事、外交等多種手段,迫使敵人不敢冒險發動戰爭,進而避免戰爭發生。 「不戰」絕不代表可以放棄軍事鬥爭,而是綜合運用軍事與非軍事的各種手段所形成的綜合威懾力的結果。無論何時,軍事鬥爭是一切手段中最後也是最有力的手段。

必須清醒地認識到,「不戰而屈人之兵」是特殊現象和特殊規律,「戰而屈人之兵」才是普遍規律。很多時候,“戰而屈人之兵”的“因”才能催生出“不戰而屈人之兵”的“果”,只有在力量的綜合對比中,一方處於絕對優勢,而另一方處在絕對劣勢的情況下,「不戰而屈人之兵」才有可能實現。缺少了強大軍事實力的支撐,在國家關系構建中,預期的利益就難以獲得,已有的利益也將喪失。從孫子以後的諸多兵家論著與戰爭實踐來看,「不戰」的思想隨著時代的演進和技術條件的改變而不斷發展。更多的後世兵家不再把絕對化的非戰視為最高目標,而是更重視如何先勝後戰。這種演變,體現中國戰略思想中備戰、慎戰、敢戰的統一。

「全勝」的現實選擇:安國全軍,維護和平

自古知兵非好戰。中華民族歷來熱愛和平,「兵兇戰危」「好戰必亡」是中國傳統文化和中國人民對待戰爭的基本態度。在戰爭與和平問題上,孫子主張以非戰爭手段解決爭端。即使是運用軍事手段,也反對單純依賴武力達成目的的狹隘軍事觀點。在孫子看來,戰爭不僅事關國家存亡,也事關民族興衰。無論是“不戰而屈人之兵”,還是“上兵伐謀”,其精髓均在於“止戈謀和”,這集中反映了中國歷史上一脈相承的仁義為本、以和平為取向的價值觀和理想追求,力求以非戰爭手段解決爭端的文化傳統。

當今國際社會,局部戰爭與恐怖主義仍然是橫亙在世界和平與發展道路上的巨大障礙。而孫子的「全勝」思想或許能夠為破解這些難題提供新的思路。從戰爭實踐講,當今世界,戰爭仍然是懸掛在人類頭頂上的「達摩克利斯之劍」。控制戰爭規模,減少戰爭傷亡,降低附帶損失,保護人民生命和財產,成為人類社會政治文明發展的必然要求。濫用戰爭手段,既不符合世界人民追求和平、自由與發展的願望,也無助於從根本上消除引發紛爭的固有矛盾,甚至加劇不同文明之間的沖突與對抗,影響地區乃至世界和平與穩定。避免傷亡和破壞是人類文明的發展趨勢,以最小代價和在最短時間內實現目標往往成為最佳選擇。如何把戰爭可能性降低,有效減少戰爭損失,更好地控制戰爭規模和進程,這一趨勢正體現了孫子「全勝」思想所追求的目標,並為其賦予了現代價值。

當今世界,反對戰爭、維護和平,已成為各國在爭取自身生存和發展鬥爭過程中共同的心願。當然,國際競爭的叢林法則並沒有改變,歷史遠沒有走到鑄劍為犁的時代。在國際政治中,需要從人類最根本的整體利益出發,放棄強權政治思維,相互理解、求同存異,充分理解不同文化群體的歷史傳統,慎重運用戰爭等暴力手段,公平處理國際事務,推動形成互利共贏的世界格局。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16354594.html

Chinese Weaponization of Digitalization, Networking, Intelligence, Grasping the Focus New Chinese Generation of Information Technology

數位化、網路化、智慧化的中國武器化,抓住中國新一代資訊科技的焦點

現代英語:

Digitalization, networking, and intelligence are the prominent features of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, and are also the core of the new generation of information technology. Digitalization lays the foundation for social informatization, and its development trend is the comprehensive dataization of society. Dataization emphasizes the collection, aggregation, analysis and application of data. Networking provides a physical carrier for information dissemination, and its development trend is the widespread adoption of information-physical systems (CPS). Information-physical systems will not only give birth to new industries, but will even reshape the existing industrial layout. Intelligence reflects the level and level of information application, and its development trend is the new generation of artificial intelligence. At present, the upsurge of the new generation of artificial intelligence has arrived.

  In his important speech at the 2018 General Assembly of Academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out: “The world is entering a period of economic development dominated by the information industry. We must seize the opportunity of the integrated development of digitalization, networking, and intelligence, and use informatization and intelligence as leverage to cultivate new momentum.” This important statement is an accurate grasp of the dominant role and development trend of information technology in today’s world, and an important deployment for using information technology to promote national innovation and development.

  Human society, the physical world, and information space constitute the three elements of today’s world. The connection and interaction between these three worlds determine the characteristics and degree of social informatization. The basic way to perceive human society and the physical world is digitization, the basic way to connect human society and the physical world (through information space) is networking, and the way information space acts on the physical world and human society is intelligence. Digitalization, networking, and intelligence are the prominent features of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, and are also the focus of the new generation of information technology. Digitalization lays the foundation for social informatization, and its development trend is the comprehensive dataization of society; networking provides a physical carrier for information dissemination, and its development trend is the widespread adoption of information-physical systems (CPS); intelligence reflects the level and level of information application, and its development trend is the new generation of artificial intelligence.

  Digitalization: From computerization to dataization

  Digitalization refers to the technical approach of storing, transmitting, processing, handling and applying information carriers (text, pictures, images, signals, etc.) in digital coding form (usually binary). Digitalization itself refers to the way of representing and processing information, but in essence it emphasizes the computerization and automation of information application. In addition to digitalization, dataization (data is an information carrier in coded form, and all data is digital) emphasizes the collection, aggregation, analysis and application of data, and strengthens the production factors and productivity functions of data. Digitalization is developing from computerization to dataization, which is one of the most important trends in the current social informatization.

  The core connotation of dataization is the deep understanding and deep use of big data generated by the integration of information technology revolution and economic and social activities. Big data is a fragmentary record of social economy, real world, management decision-making, etc., containing fragmented information. With the breakthrough of analytical technology and computing technology, it is possible to interpret this fragmented information, which makes big data a new high-tech, a new scientific research paradigm, and a new way of decision-making. Big data has profoundly changed the way people think and live and work, bringing unprecedented opportunities to management innovation, industrial development, scientific discovery and other fields.

  The value generation of big data has its inherent laws (obeying the big data principle). Only by deeply understanding and mastering these laws can we improve the awareness and ability to consciously and scientifically use big data (big data thinking). The value of big data is mainly realized through big data technology. Big data technology is an extension and development of statistical methods, computer technology, and artificial intelligence technology. It is a developing technology. The current hot directions include: blockchain technology, interoperability technology, storage and management technology of integrated storage and computing, big data operating system, big data programming language and execution environment, big data foundation and core algorithm, big data machine learning technology, big data intelligent technology, visualization and human-computer interaction analysis technology, authenticity judgment and security technology, etc. The development of big data technology depends on the solution of some major basic problems, including: the statistical basis and computational theoretical basis of big data, the hardware and software basis and computational methods of big data computing, and the authenticity judgment of big data inference.

  Implementing the national big data strategy is an important way to promote the digital revolution. Since my country proposed the implementation of the national big data strategy in 2015, the pattern of rapid development of big data in my country has been initially formed, but there are also some problems that need to be solved: data openness and sharing are lagging, and the dividends of data resources have not been fully released; the profit model of enterprises is unstable, and the integrity of the industrial chain is insufficient; core technologies have not yet made major breakthroughs, and the technical level of related applications is not high; there are still loopholes in security management and privacy protection, and the construction of relevant systems is still not perfect; etc. At present, effective measures should be taken to solve the bottleneck problems that restrict the development of big data in my country.

  Networking: From the Internet to Cyber-Physical Systems

  As an information-based public infrastructure, the Internet has become the main way for people to obtain, exchange and consume information. However, the Internet only focuses on the interconnection between people and the resulting interconnection between services.

  The Internet of Things is a natural extension and expansion of the Internet. It connects various objects to the Internet through information technology, helping people obtain relevant information about the objects they need. The Internet of Things uses information collection equipment such as radio frequency identification, sensors, infrared sensors, video surveillance, global positioning systems, laser scanners, etc., and connects objects to the Internet through wireless sensor networks and wireless communication networks, so as to achieve real-time information exchange and communication between objects and between people and objects, so as to achieve the purpose of intelligent identification, positioning, tracking, monitoring and management. The Internet realizes the interconnection between people and services, while the Internet of Things realizes the cross-connection between people, objects and services. The core technologies of the Internet of Things include: sensor technology, wireless transmission technology, massive data analysis and processing technology, upper-level business solutions, security technology, etc. The development of the Internet of Things will go through a relatively long period, but it may take the lead in achieving breakthroughs in applications in specific fields. Internet of Vehicles, Industrial Internet, unmanned systems, smart homes, etc. are all areas where the Internet of Things is currently showing its prowess.

  The Internet of Things mainly solves the problem of people’s perception of the physical world, while to solve the problem of manipulating physical objects, it is necessary to further develop the cyber-physical system (CPS). The cyber-physical system is a multi-dimensional complex system that integrates computing, networking and physical environment. It realizes real-time perception, dynamic control and information services of large engineering systems through the organic integration and deep collaboration of 3C (Computer, Communication, Control) technologies. Through the human-computer interaction interface, the cyber-physical system realizes the interaction between the computing process and the physical process, and uses the networked space to control a physical entity in a remote, reliable, real-time, secure and collaborative manner. In essence, the cyber-physical system is a network with control attributes.

  Unlike public infrastructure that provides information interaction and application, the focus of the development of cyber-physical systems is on the research and development of networked physical equipment systems that deeply integrate perception, computing, communication and control capabilities. From an industrial perspective, cyber-physical systems cover a range of applications from smart home networks to industrial control systems and even intelligent transportation systems, which are national and even world-class applications. More importantly, this coverage is not just about simply connecting existing devices together, but will give rise to a large number of devices with computing, communication, control, collaboration and autonomous capabilities. The next generation of industry will be built on cyber-physical systems. With the development and popularization of cyber-physical system technology, physical devices that use computers and networks to achieve functional expansion will be ubiquitous, and will promote the upgrading of industrial products and technologies, greatly improving the competitiveness of major industrial fields such as automobiles, aerospace, national defense, industrial automation, health and medical equipment, and major infrastructure. Cyber-physical systems will not only give birth to new industries, but will even reshape the existing industrial layout.

  Intelligence: From Expert Systems to Meta-Learning

  Intelligence reflects the quality attributes of information products. When we say that an information product is intelligent, we usually mean that the product can accomplish things that only intelligent people can accomplish, or has reached a level that only humans can achieve. Intelligence generally includes perception, memory and thinking, learning and adaptive, behavioral decision-making, etc. Therefore, intelligence can also be generally defined as: enabling an object to have sensitive and accurate perception functions, correct thinking and judgment functions, adaptive learning functions, and effective execution functions.

  Intelligence is the eternal pursuit of the development of information technology, and the main way to achieve this pursuit is to develop artificial intelligence technology. In the more than 60 years since the birth of artificial intelligence technology, although it has experienced three ups and two downs, it has still made great achievements. From 1959 to 1976, it was a stage based on artificial representation of knowledge and symbol processing, which produced expert systems with important application value in some fields; from 1976 to 2007, it was a stage based on statistical learning and knowledge self-representation, which produced various neural network systems; in recent years, research based on environmental adaptation, self-game, self-evolution, and self-learning is forming a new stage of artificial intelligence development – meta-learning or methodological learning stage, which constitutes a new generation of artificial intelligence. The new generation of artificial intelligence mainly includes big data intelligence, group intelligence, cross-media intelligence, human-machine hybrid enhanced intelligence, and brain-like intelligence.

  Deep learning is an outstanding representative of the new generation of artificial intelligence technology. Due to its performance that surpasses that of humans in many fields such as face recognition, machine translation, and chess competitions, deep learning has almost become synonymous with artificial intelligence today. However, deep learning has major challenges in terms of topological design, effect prediction, and mechanism explanation. There is no solid mathematical theory to support the solution of these three major problems. Solving these problems is the main focus of future research on deep learning. In addition, deep learning is a typical big data intelligence, and its applicability is based on the existence of a large number of training samples. Small sample learning will be the development trend of deep learning.

  Meta-learning is expected to become the next breakthrough in the development of artificial intelligence. Recently developed meta-learning methods such as learning to learn, learning to teach, learning to optimize, learning to search, and learning to reason, as well as the outstanding performance of “AlphaGo Zero” in Go, have demonstrated the attractive prospects of such new technologies. However, meta-learning research is only just beginning, and its development still faces a series of challenges.

  The new generation of artificial intelligence is already here, and the foreseeable development trend is based on big data, centered on model and algorithm innovation, and supported by powerful computing power. The breakthrough of the new generation of artificial intelligence technology depends on the comprehensive development of other types of information technology, as well as the substantial progress and development of brain science and cognitive science. (Xu Zongben, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and professor of Xi’an Jiaotong University)

現代國語:

數位化、網路化、智慧化是新一輪科技革命的突出特徵,也是新一代資訊科技的核心。數位化為社會資訊化奠定基礎,其發展趨勢是社會的全面數據化。資料化強調對資料的收集、聚合、分析與應用。網路化為資訊傳播提供實體載體,其發展趨勢是資訊物理系統(CPS)的廣泛採用。資訊物理系統不僅會催生出新的工業,甚至會重塑現有產業佈局。智慧化體現資訊應用的層次與水平,其發展趨勢為新一代人工智慧。目前,新一代人工智慧的熱潮已經來臨。

習近平同志在2018年兩院院士大會上的重要演講指出:「世界正進入以資訊產業為主導的經濟發展時期。我們要把握數位化、網路化、智慧化融合發展的契機,以資訊化、智慧化為槓桿培育新動能。

人類社會、物理世界、資訊空間構成了當今世界的三元。這三元世界之間的關聯與交互,決定了社會資訊化的特徵與程度。感知人類社會和物理世界的基本方式是數位化,連結人類社會與物理世界(透過資訊空間)的基本方式是網路化,資訊空間作用於物理世界與人類社會的方式是智慧化。數位化、網路化、智慧化是新一輪科技革命的突出特徵,也是新一代資訊科技的聚焦點。數位化為社會資訊化奠定基礎,其發展趨勢是社會的全面資料化;網路化為資訊傳播提供物理載體,其發展趨勢是資訊物理系統(CPS)的廣泛採用;智慧化體現資訊應用的層次與水平,其發展趨勢是新一代人工智慧。

數位化:從電腦化到資料化

數位化是指將資訊載體(文字、圖片、影像、訊號等)以數位編碼形式(通常是二進位)進行儲存、傳輸、加工、處理和應用的技術途徑。數位化本身指的是資訊表示方式與處理方式,但本質上強調的是資訊應用的電腦化和自動化。資料化(資料是以編碼形式存在的資訊載體,所有資料都是數位化的)除包括數位化外,更強調對資料的收集、聚合、分析與應用,強化資料的生產要素與生產力功能。數位化正從電腦化朝向資料化發展,這是當前社會資訊化最重要的趨勢之一。

資料化的核心內涵是對資訊科技革命與經濟社會活動交融生成的大數據的深刻認識與深層利用。大數據是社會經濟、現實世界、管理決策等的片段記錄,蘊含著片段化資訊。隨著分析技術與運算技術的突破,解讀這些片段化資訊成為可能,這使得大數據成為一項新的高新技術、一類新的科學研究範式、一種新的決策方式。大數據深刻改變了人類的思考方式和生產生活方式,為管理創新、產業發展、科學發現等多個領域帶來前所未有的機會。

大數據的價值生成有其內在規律(服從大數據原理)。只有深刻認識並掌握這些規律,才能提高自覺運用、科學運用大數據的意識與能力(大數據思維)。大數據的價值主要透過大數據技術來實現。大數據技術是統計學方法、電腦技術、人工智慧技術的延伸與發展,是正在發展中的技術,目前的熱點方向包括:區塊鏈技術、互通技術、存算一體化儲存與管理技術、大數據作業系統、大數據程式語言與執行環境、大數據基礎與核心演算法、大數據機器學習技術、大數據智慧技術、視覺化與人機互動分析技術、真偽判定與安全技術等。大數據技術的發展依賴一些重大基礎問題的解決,這些重大基礎問題包括:大數據的統計基礎與計算理論基礎、大數據計算的軟硬體基礎與計算方法、大數據推斷的真偽性判定等。

實施國家大數據戰略是推動資料化革命的重要途徑。自2015年我國提出實施國家大數據戰略以來,我國大數據快速發展的格局已初步形成,但也存在一些亟待解決的問題:數據開放共享滯後,數據資源紅利仍未得到充分釋放;企業贏利模式不穩定,產業鏈完整性不足;核心技術尚未取得重大突破,相關應用的技術水準不高;安全管理與隱私保護還存在漏洞,相關制度建設仍不夠完善;等等。目前,應採取有效措施解決制約我國大數據發展的瓶頸問題。

網路化:從網際網路到資訊物理系統

作為資訊化的公共基礎設施,網路已成為人們獲取資訊、交換資訊、消費資訊的主要方式。但是,網路關注的只是人與人之間的互聯互通以及由此帶來的服務與服務的互聯。

物聯網是互聯網的自然延伸和拓展,它透過資訊科技將各種物體與網路相連,幫助人們獲取所需物體的相關資訊。物聯網透過使用射頻識別、感測器、紅外線感應器、視訊監控、全球定位系統、雷射掃描器等資訊擷取設備,透過無線感測網路、無線通訊網路把物體與網路連接起來,實現物與物、人與物之間的即時資訊交換和通信,以達到智慧化識別、定位、追蹤、監控和管理的目的。互聯網實現了人與人、服務與服務之間的互聯, 而物聯網實現了人、物、服務之間的交叉互聯。物聯網的核心技術包括:感測器技術、無線傳輸技術、大量資料分析處理技術、上層業務解決方案、安全技術等。物聯網的發展將經歷相對漫長的時期,但可能會在特定領域的應用中率先取得突破,車聯網、工業互聯網、無人系統、智慧家庭等都是當前物聯網大顯身手的領域。

物聯網主要解決人對物理世界的感知問題,而要解決對物理對象的操控問題則必須進一步發展資訊物理系統(CPS)。資訊物理系統是一個綜合運算、網路和物理環境的多維複雜系統,它透過3C(Computer、Communication、Control)技術的有機融合與深度協作,實現對大型工程系統的即時感知、動態控制和資訊服務。透過人機交互接口,資訊物理系統實現計算進程與實體進程的交互,利用網路化空間以遠端、可靠、即時、安全、協作的方式操控一個實體實體。從本質上來說,資訊物理系統是一個具有控制屬性的網路。

不同於提供資訊互動與應用的公用基礎設施,資訊物理系統發展的聚焦點在於研發深度融合感知、運算、通訊與控制能力的網路化實體設備系統。從產業角度來看,資訊物理系統的涵蓋範圍小到智慧家庭網路、大到工業控制系統乃至智慧交通系統等國家級甚至世界級的應用。更重要的是,這種涵蓋並不僅僅是將現有的設備簡單地連在一起,而是會催生出眾多具有計算、通訊、控制、協同和自治性能的設備,下一代工業將建立在在資訊物理系統之上。隨著資訊物理系統技術的發展和普及,使用電腦和網路實現功能擴展的實體設備將無所不在,並推動工業產品和技術的升級換代,大大提高汽車、航空航太、國防、工業自動化、健康醫療設備、重大基礎設施等主要工業領域的競爭力。資訊物理系統不僅會催生出新的工業,甚至會重塑現有產業佈局。

智能化:從專家系統到元學習

智能化反映資訊產品的品質屬性。我們說一個資訊產品是智慧的,通常是指這個產品能完成有智慧的人才能完成的事情,或是已經達到人類才能達到的程度。智能一般包括知覺能力、記憶與思考能力、學習與適應力、行為決策能力等。所以,智能化通常也可定義為:使對象具備靈敏準確的感知功能、正確的思考與判斷功能、自適應的學習功能、行之有效的執行功能等。

智能化是資訊科技發展的永恆追求,實現這項追求的主要途徑是發展人工智慧技術。人工智慧技術誕生60多年來,雖歷經三起兩落,但還是取得了巨大成就。 1959—1976年是基於人工表示知識和符號處理的階段,產生了在一些領域具有重要應用價值的專家系統;1976—2007年是基於統計學習和知識自表示的階段,產生了各種各樣的神經網路系統;近幾年開始的基於環境自適應、自博弈、自進化、自學習的研究,正在形成一個人工智慧發展的新階段——元學習或方法論學習階段,這構成新一代人工智慧。新一代人工智慧主要包括大數據智慧、群體智慧、跨媒體智慧、人機混合增強智慧和類腦智慧等。

深度學習是新一代人工智慧技術的卓越代表。由於在人臉辨識、機器翻譯、棋類競賽等眾多領域超越人類的表現,深度學習在今天幾乎已成為人工智慧的代名詞。然而,深度學習拓樸設計難、效果預期難、機理解釋難是重大挑戰,還沒有一套堅實的數學理論來支持解決這三大難題。解決這些難題是深度學習未來研究的主要關注點。此外,深度學習是典型的大數據智能,它的可應用性是以存在大量訓練樣本為基礎的。小樣本學習將是深度學習的發展趨勢。

元學習有望成為人工智慧發展的下一個突破口。學會學習、學會教學、學會優化、學會搜尋、學會推理等新近發展的元學習方法以及「AlphaGo Zero」在圍棋方面的出色表現,展現了這類新技術的誘人前景。然而,元學習研究僅是開始,其發展還面臨一系列挑戰。

新一代人工智慧的熱潮已經來臨,可以預見的發展趨勢是以大數據為基礎、以模型與演算法創新為核心、以強大的運算能力為支撐。新一代人工智慧技術的突破依賴其他各類資訊技術的綜合發展,也依賴腦科學與認知科學的實質進步與發展。 (中國科學院院士、西安交通大學教授 徐宗本)

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.cac.gov.cn/2019-03/01/c_1124178478.htm