Tag Archives: Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare

China’s Military Accelerating Integrated Development of Mechanization, Informatization and Intelligence

我軍加速機械化、資訊化、智慧化融合發展

現代英語:

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee made strategic arrangements for my country’s economic and social development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period and the long-term goal of basically achieving socialist modernization by 2035. In terms of national defense and military construction, the plenary session communiqué emphasized accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informationization, and intelligence. This strategic requirement is of great significance for improving the strategic capabilities of our military to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests, and ensuring the realization of the struggle goal of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the army by 2027 and the basic realization of national defense and military modernization by 2035.

1. Fully understand the importance of accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations”

Accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence is based on the understanding and implementation of Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military. In his report to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi pointed out that “we should accelerate the development of military intelligence and improve the joint combat capability and all-domain combat capability based on the network information system”. On the eve of the August 1st Army Day this year, President Xi presided over the 22nd collective study of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on strengthening national defense and military modernization, and put forward the strategic idea of ​​”accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence”. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee further emphasized and deployed this, and incorporated it into the 14th Five-Year Plan and the 2035 Vision Goals for implementation, which will greatly accelerate the pace of our military modernization.

On April 8, 2020, soldiers from the Sarang Border Defense Company of a border defense regiment of the Ali Military Sub-district in Tibet used drones to scout the terrain. Photo by Liu Xiaodong/Guangming Photo

In today’s world, driven by a new round of scientific and technological revolution, a new wave of military revolution is coming. Artificial intelligence, quantum information, big data, cloud computing and other cutting-edge technologies are accelerating their application in the military field. Various unmanned combat platforms and intelligent weapon equipment systems have appeared in large numbers and put into modern battlefields. The form of war is rapidly evolving towards intelligent warfare after cold weapon war, hot weapon war, mechanized war and information war. Recently, the armed conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia has presented the world with a textbook drone war. People have seen drones destroying chariots, tanks and artillery as easily as “roll calling” on the Internet. This may become another sign of the advent of intelligent warfare.

According to relevant data, at present, at least more than 70 countries in the world are developing unmanned intelligent military platforms, and some military powers are stepping up the intelligent upgrade of their armed forces. In 2019, the United States announced the “National Artificial Intelligence Strategy” and the “Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Strategy”, and launched the implementation of intelligent strategies at the national, military, and service levels. Nearly 80% of its “Third Offset Strategy” against China and Russia is closely related to artificial intelligence technology. The United States has already developed or used a large number of smart bombs, smart missiles, drones, robot soldiers, etc. The US military plans to achieve unmanned intelligentization of 60% of its ground combat platforms by 2030.

If our army wants to achieve modernization and remain invincible, it must stand at the forefront of the new military revolution and accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence. The white paper “my country’s National Defense in the New Era” released by the Chinese government last year pointed out: “China’s military transformation with Chinese characteristics has made significant progress, but the task of mechanization construction has not been completed, the level of informationization needs to be improved urgently, and military security faces the risk of technological surprise and the widening of the technological gap. The level of military modernization is still far behind the national security needs and the world’s advanced military level.” At present, the intelligent development of our army has just started, and the development of mechanization and informationization is not sufficient. However, compared with the previous military revolutions led by the West, the technological gap of our army in the new round of military revolution is not large. We must seize the opportunities of the times, conform to the current development status of our army, and accelerate the integration of intelligence while promoting mechanization and informationization.

2. Correctly understand the connotation of accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations”

From the perspective of the process of technology promoting combat effectiveness, mechanical technology amplifies human skills, information technology extends human perception, and artificial intelligence technology expands human intelligence. Mechanization, informationization, and intelligence are essentially amplification and efficiency enhancement of human ability to control war. Although these three empowerment methods are simple and complex, backward and advanced, and single-dimensional and multi-dimensional, they are inseparable from each other and are reflected as an inseparable unity in advanced equipment. Their development is like the first generation of jet fighters focusing on breakthroughs in engines, the second generation of fighters focusing on breakthroughs in aerodynamics, the third generation of fighters focusing on breakthroughs in system integration, and the fourth generation of fighters focusing on breakthroughs in intelligence. It is a process of mutual penetration, gradual progression, orderly dependence, and inclusiveness. Without the former “one transformation”, there would be no latter “two transformations”. Intelligence is a higher form of development and undoubtedly needs to be accelerated, but this does not mean that mechanization and informationization can be avoided, because if mechanization and informationization are skipped and the focus of construction is fully shifted to intelligence, intelligence will become a “castle in the air”, and haste makes waste.

In a certain sea area, multiple types of carrier-based aircraft of the Liaoning aircraft carrier are arrayed on the deck. Xinhua News Agency

Intelligence represents advanced combat effectiveness, is the development direction of future military construction and war, and is the leader in accelerating the integration of the “three transformations”. We must take advantage of the direction of intelligence to seek a generational advantage in military construction and future operations. Informatization is the leading factor. Informatization plays a connecting role between intelligence and mechanization, and is in a dominant position in the integration of the “three transformations”. At present, information capabilities still play a major role in the generation of combat effectiveness of our army, and the informatization of weapons and equipment is still in the main aspect. We should aim at intelligence to accelerate the upgrading and transformation of informatized weapons and equipment, form an equipment system with informatized weapons and equipment as the backbone, and improve the system combat capability based on information systems. Mechanization is the foundation. Mechanization is the material basis and carrier for the development of intelligence and informatization. Intelligent technology and information technology have greatly improved the accuracy and reaction speed of weapons, but to achieve “accurate, far and fast” is inseparable from a strong combat platform and power capability, and to “hit hard” depends on the improvement of weapon power. Our army’s mechanization foundation is not strong, and it still owes a “debt” for mechanization development in the information age. It is necessary to promote the construction of new mechanization at the same time.

To accelerate the integrated development of the “three transformations”, with the focus on accelerating intelligent development, we must have a strong sense of opportunity and urgency. We cannot wait until mechanization and informatization are fully developed and then advance intelligent development step by step. Instead, we must seize the opportunities of the scientific and technological revolution and take extraordinary measures to promote intelligence.

3. Find the focus of accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations”

Among all the reasons for backwardness, backwardness in ideology is the most fundamental. After studying the success and failure of military reforms in history, British military expert Liddell Hart said that the only thing more difficult than instilling new ideas in a soldier is to remove his old ideas. Those who can successfully keep up with the pace of changes in the form of war and successfully push forward military reforms all regard changing old ideas and establishing new ideas as their top priority. To accelerate the integrated development of the “three transformations”, we must have a brainstorming and conceptual revolution. We must have the courage to break through the mindset of mechanized warfare and even information warfare, establish ideas and concepts that are compatible with intelligent warfare, strengthen system thinking, data thinking, and algorithmic thinking, break the mindset of “winning by quantity and scale”, and firmly establish the concept of “winning by quality and efficiency”; break the mindset of “labor-intensive development” and firmly establish the concept of “intelligence-intensive development”; break the mindset of “passive use of weapons and equipment” and firmly establish the concept of “machine autonomous dominance”; break the mindset of “relying only on manned platforms for combat”, and firmly establish the concept of “unmanned, human-machine integrated platform combat”, etc., use new ideas and concepts to open up ideas for integrated development and seek ways to accelerate development.

The core of accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations” is to accelerate the development of intelligence, and the key factor is to promote scientific and technological innovation. Whether it is hardware represented by physical entities such as combat platforms, weapons and ammunition, or software centered on combat data, algorithms, and models, all require strong scientific and technological innovation to support. Science and technology are core combat power and the most active and revolutionary factor in military development. Under the great changes that have not been seen in a century, the United States has put pressure on us in all fields, especially in the field of high-tech, increasing its blockade and containment of us. Scientific and technological innovation has never had such a profound impact on the overall national and military strategy as it does today, and has never had such a profound impact on the construction and development of our army as it does today. We must vigorously implement the strategy of strengthening the army with science and technology, put national defense scientific and technological innovation in a more prominent position, insist on demanding combat power from scientific and technological innovation, and realize the transformation from following and running side by side to running side by side and leading.

The key to accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations” is to strengthen the support of talents. Fundamentally speaking, it is a challenge of intelligence and cutting-edge technology. In particular, with the in-depth development of intelligence, the relationship between people and weapons will inevitably be reshaped, and there will inevitably be leapfrog requirements for people’s quality. The human factor in future wars will be concentrated in the talent factor. The strength of talents determines the success or failure of development. We must implement the strategy of strengthening the army with talents, highlight the construction of key talent teams such as joint combat command talents, new combat force talents, high-level scientific and technological innovation talents, and high-level strategic management talents. We must implement the “Decision on Accelerating the Construction of a Three-in-One New Military Talent Training System” recently issued by the Central Military Commission, give full play to the main channel role of military academy education, adhere to the battlefield and the troops, update the education concept, deepen the teaching reform, and take the connotation-based development path with improving the quality of talent training as the core. We must give full play to the melting pot role of the troops’ training practice, focus on promoting knowledge transformation and capability generation, and let officers and soldiers practice skills and talents in promoting the integrated development of the “three transformations” and military struggle preparation, and experience the wind and rain and be tempered in completing urgent, difficult and dangerous tasks. We must give full play to the role of military vocational education as a large classroom, focus on improving professional literacy, professional quality, and job skills, and expand and consolidate the knowledge and ability base of new military talents through continuous learning and in-depth specialized research.

Guangming Daily (November 8, 2020, p. 05)

現代國語:

【講武堂】

作者:吳志忠(軍事科學院軍隊政治工作創新發展研究中心研究員)

黨的十九屆五中全會對十四五時期我國經濟社會發展和二〇三五年基本實現社會主義現代化遠景目標作了戰略部署。在國防和軍隊建設方面,全會公報強調加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展。這項戰略性要求對於提高我軍捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益的戰略能力,確保二〇二七年實現百年建軍奮鬥目標、二〇三五年基本實現國防和軍隊現代化具有重要意義。

1.充分認識加快「三化」融合發展的重要性

加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,是基於對習近平強軍思想的領悟落實。習主席在黨的十九大報告中就指出,「加速軍事智能化發展,提升基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力」。今年八一建軍節前夕,習主席在主持中共中央政治局就加強國防和軍隊現代化建設舉行的第二十二次集體學習時,提出“加快機械化信息化智能化融合發展”這一戰略思想,黨的十九屆五中全會對此作了進一步強調部署,並納入十四五規劃和二〇三五遠景目標中加以實現以實現現代化,這必將加快發展步伐。

2020年4月8日,西藏阿里軍分區某邊防團薩讓邊防連官兵利用無人機偵察地形。劉曉東攝/光明圖片

當今世界,在新一輪科技革命推動下,新一輪軍事革命浪潮撲面而來,人工智慧、量子資訊、大數據、雲計算等前沿科技加速運用軍事領域,各種無人作戰平台和智慧化武器裝備系統大量出現並投入現代戰場,戰爭形態繼冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭、資訊化戰爭之後智能化戰爭快速演變。最近,阿塞拜疆和亞美尼亞兩國的武裝沖突,給世人呈現出一場頗具教科書意義的無人機戰爭,人們在網絡上看到無人機像「點名」一樣輕松擊毀戰車、坦克、火砲,這或許成為智能化戰爭來臨的又一時代標志。

據有關資料,目前世界上至少有70多個國家在發展無人智慧化軍用平台,部分軍事強國加緊推進軍隊智慧化升級。 2019年,美國公佈《國家人工智慧戰略》《國防部人工智慧戰略》等,啟動實施國家、軍隊、軍種層面智慧化戰略,其針對中俄的“第三次抵消戰略”,有接近80%的項目與人工智能技術密切相關,美已經大量開發或使用靈巧炸彈、智能導彈、無人機、機器人士兵等,美軍計劃到2030年60%的智能化地面作戰。

我軍要實現現代化、立於不敗之地,就必須站立新軍事革命的潮頭,加速推進機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展。我國政府去年發布的《新時代的中國國防》白皮書指出:「中國特色軍事變革取得重大進展,但機械化建設任務尚未完成,信息化水平亟待提高,軍事安全面臨技術突襲和技術代差被拉大的風險,軍隊現代化水平與國家安全需求相比差距還很大,與世界先進軍事水平相比差距還很大。差距並不大,我們要把握好時代機遇,契合我軍發展現狀,在推進機械化資訊化時加快融入智能化。

2.正確理解加速「三化」融合發展的內涵

從技術推動戰鬥力生成歷程看,機械技術放大人的技能,資訊化技術延伸人的感知,人工智慧技術拓展人的智能,機械化資訊化智能化本質上是對人駕馭戰爭的能力放大增效。這三種賦能方式雖然有簡單與復雜、落後與先進、單維與多維差別,但三者之間你中有我、我中有你,在先進裝備上體現為不可分割的統一體,其發展如同第一代噴氣式戰鬥機重在突破發動機、第二代戰鬥機重在突破空氣動力、第三代戰鬥機重在突破系統上、相互影響推進過程。沒有前“一化”就沒有後“兩化”,智能化是發展的更高形態,無疑需要加快發力,但這絕不意味著可以不要機械化信息化,因為如果跳過機械化信息化,把建設重點全面轉向智能化,智能化就會成為“空中樓閣”,反而欲速則不達。

在某海域,遼寧艦多型艦載機列陣甲板。新華社發

智慧化代表先進戰鬥力,是未來軍隊建設和戰爭的發展方向,是加快「三化」融合發展的龍頭,要以智慧化「化」出來的方向優勢,謀取軍隊建設和未來作戰的代差勝勢。資訊化是主導。資訊化在智慧化和機械化之間,起著承上啟下的作用,在「三化」融合發展過程中處於主導地位。目前,資訊能力在我軍戰鬥力生成模式中仍然起著主要作用,武器裝備資訊化建設還處於主要方面,我們應瞄準智能化加快推進信息化武器裝備升級改造,形成以信息化武器裝備為骨幹的裝備體系,提高基於信息系統的體係作戰能力。機械化則是基礎。機械化是智慧化、資訊化發展的物質基礎和載體。智慧技術、資訊技術大大提高了武器的命中精度和反應速度,但要實現「打得準、打得遠、打得快」離不開強有力的作戰平台和動力能力,而要「打得狠」則要依靠武器威力的提升。我軍機械化底子還不厚,進入資訊化時代仍欠機械化發展的“賬”,有必要同時推進新型機械化建設。

加速「三化」融合發展,重點在於加速智慧化發展,要有強烈的機遇意識與緊迫感,不能等機械化資訊化充分發展後,再按部就班推進智慧化發展,而必須抓住科技革命機遇,採取超常措施推進智慧化。

3.找準加快「三化」融合發展的著力點

在一切落後所導致的原因中,思想觀念的落後最為根本。英國軍事家利德爾·哈特在研究歷史上軍事變革的成敗後說,唯一比向軍人灌輸新觀念更難的是去除他的舊觀念。能成功跟上戰爭形態變化步伐,成功將軍事變革推向前進的,無不把改變舊觀念、樹立新觀念作為首要任務。加速「三化」融合發展,必須來一場頭腦風暴和觀念革命,要勇於突破機械化戰爭乃至信息化戰爭的思維定勢,樹立與智能化戰爭相適應的思想觀念,強化體系思維、數據思維、算法思維,破除「以數量規模取勝」的思維定勢,牢固的設備確立“支持質量支持”的被動理念;主導」的理念;破除「僅依靠有人平台作戰」的思維定勢,穩固確立「無人、人機融合平台作戰」的理念等,用新的思想觀念打開融合發展思路,謀取加快發展出路。

個人資料圖片

加速「三化」融合發展的核心是加速智慧化發展,關鍵因素是推進科技創新,無論是作戰平台、武器彈藥等物理實體為代表的硬件,還是以作戰數據、演算法、模型等為核心的軟件,無不需要強大的科技創新作支撐。科學技術是核心戰鬥力,是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性因素。在百年未有之大變局下,美對我實施全領域施壓,尤其在高新技術領域加大對我封鎖遏制。科技創新從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響國家和軍事戰略全局,從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響我軍建設發展。我們必須大力實施科技強軍戰略,把國防科技創新放在更突出的位置,堅持向科技創新要戰鬥力,實現由跟跑並跑向並跑領跑轉變。

加快「三化」融合發展的要害的是強化人才支撐,從根本上說是智能力和前沿科技的挑戰,特別是隨著智能化深入發展,人與武器的關係必將重塑,對人的素質必然有跳躍式要求,未來戰爭中人的因素,將集中體現為人才因素,人才的強弱決定著發展的成敗。我們要深入實施人才強軍戰略,突顯強化聯合作戰指揮人才、新型作戰力量人才、高層次科技創新人才、高水準戰略管理人才等重點人才隊伍建設。要貫徹落實中央軍委最近剛剛印發的《關於加快推進三位一體新型軍事人才培養體系建設的決定》,發揮軍隊院校教育的主渠道作用,堅持面向戰場、面向部隊,更新教育理念,深化教學改革,走以提高人才培養質量為核心的內涵式發展道路。要發揮部隊訓練實踐的大熔爐作用,聚焦促進知識轉化、能力生成,讓官兵在推進「三化」融合發展和軍事鬥爭準備中練本領、長才幹,在完成急難險重任務中經風雨、受歷練。要發揮軍事職業教育的大課堂作用,圍繞提升職業素養、專業品質、崗位技能,在持續學習、專項深研中,拓展夯實新型軍事人才知識與能力基礎。

《光明日報》( 2020年11月08日 05版)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ss_208539/9932394888.html

AI integrated into Chinese Armed Forces: PLA Strategic Support Force Developed Artificial Intelligence Innovation Capabilities

人工智慧融入中國軍隊:解放軍戰略支援部隊發展人工智慧創新能力

現代英語:

Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) technology has advanced by leaps and bounds in recent years . All major powers have developed advanced AI capabilities and attempted to effectively integrate AI into their armed forces. Beijing has also released an ambitious plan to make China a global leader in advanced artificial intelligence by 2030. Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping also reiterated at the 20th Party Congress that China should attach equal importance to the development of artificial intelligence and “intelligent warfare.”

Although China’s strategic goals in the field of artificial intelligence are clear, how it will integrate artificial intelligence into the People’s Liberation Army remains opaque. But at least the recently established PLA Strategic Support Force (SSF) provides some clues: the organization has been given an innovative mission and is responsible for integrating multiple “strategic functions.” To effectively understand the Strategic Support Force, we need to explore whether it will have a “game-changing” impact in future conflicts, where mastery of the information domain and effective integration of artificial intelligence may determine victory or defeat.

The PLA’s “Joint Operationality”: Strategic Support Force

The PLA underwent major reforms in 2015, partly motivated by the need to shift the PLA’s force focus from land territorial defense to extended force projection to ensure China’s strategic interests in areas such as space, cyber warfare and the far seas. A key element of these reforms is the creation of the Strategic Support Force, which concentrates tasks in these broad areas.

The Strategic Support Force (SSF) is tasked with integrating many “strategic” functions and capabilities previously dispersed across the PLA, including space, cyber, information, and psychological warfare. Today, the Strategic Support Force consists of two departments covering these functions: the Space Systems Department, which is responsible for all space-related missions; and the Cyber ​​Systems Department, which undertakes the PLA’s broad information warfare activities.

The ultimate goal of the Strategic Support Force is to gain information advantage, achieve decision-making advantage, and thus achieve ultimate victory. Analysts recently concluded that its mission is likely to support the pursuit of information superiority and can be divided into two categories: providing strategic information superiority and support capabilities to the PLA’s top leadership, including counter-space operations and offensive cyber warfare, and providing information support services to theater military commands.

The Strategic Support Force appears to be designed to enhance the PLA’s “jointness,” or its ability to conduct joint operations. Historically, the PLA has faced challenges integrating joint operations due to the difficulty in innovating and implementing new command and control and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities. Because the information support provided by the Strategic Support Force is likely to include “intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance to achieve operational and strategic objectives”, some experts believe that the Strategic Support Force plays a key role in improving the overall joint combat effectiveness of the PLA.

The SSF also appears to have several mechanisms in place to develop or acquire technology in order to carry out its mission effectively. While the SSF is not the only agency within the PLA with this function, the SSF is responsible for more AI-related equipment contracts than any other service in the PLA. For example, the Strategic Support Force has made significant investments in artificial intelligence innovation, leveraging citizen partnerships to acquire new technologies such as intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, autonomous vehicles, information and electronic warfare, simulation and training, and target identification.

On December 31, 2015, the founding ceremony of the leadership bodies of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) Ground Force, the PLA Rocket Force, and the PLA Strategic Support Force was grandly held at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping awarded military flags to the Army, Rocket Force and Strategic Support Force and delivered a speech. Photo/Xinhua News Agency
On December 31, 2015, the founding ceremony of the leadership bodies of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Ground Force, the PLA Rocket Force, and the PLA Strategic Support Force was grandly held at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping awarded military flags to the Army, Rocket Force and Strategic Support Force and delivered a speech. Photo/Xinhua News Agency

PLA Artificial Intelligence Innovation

The U.S. National Security Council pointed out in its 2022 final report that “while artificial intelligence will be widely used in all fields, the large amount of data associated with space, cyber, and information operations makes these application cases particularly suitable for priority integration of AI technology in war simulations, exercises, and experiments.” This is exactly the area where the Strategic Support Force operates.

Many of the Strategic Support Force’s functions involve processing a variety of diverse, large volumes of rapidly changing information flows at speeds exceeding human capacity, making them excellent candidates for the application of artificial intelligence. For example, AI can help create and maintain situational awareness and can be used for prediction by collecting, integrating and analyzing information. AI can also be used to analyze the consequences and planning of potential actions and conduct war simulations.

However, actual command decisions are made by the theater military command or the Joint Chiefs of Staff. At the same time, the development of AI for decision-support applications may be the responsibility of other PLA components, such as the National University of Defense Technology and the Academy of Military Sciences, rather than the Strategic Support Force. Nevertheless, in providing information support to these decision makers, the Strategic Support Force is likely to play an important role in human-machine interface interaction with such artificial intelligence systems, thereby effectively supporting decision making.

At the same time, of the twelve major military applications currently being developed by the PLA, at least five are closely related to the missions of the Strategic Support Force, namely smart satellites, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance software, automated cyber attack software, cognitive electronic software, and possible automated vehicles, including:

  1. Space Battle
  2. Cyber ​​Warfare
  3. Electronic warfare
Schematic diagram. The picture shows facial recognition technology demonstrated at the "Security China" held in Beijing, China in 2018. Photo/Associated Press

While many applications of AI within the SSU mission area can be identified today, the most important long-term impacts may be difficult to predict. Furthermore, the AI ​​plans proposed in China’s national white paper are not consistent with actual innovation progress.

In fact, most of China’s major investments in AI appear to be business-related and have little to do with military missions. Some assessments suggest that previous estimates of China’s current AI capabilities may be overstated. This means that it is not possible to immediately see the effective integration of artificial intelligence into the PLA’s mission areas, but the Strategic Support Force does have the mission of gaining information advantages to achieve decision-making advantages and ultimate victory.

As for artificial intelligence, it means that the Strategic Support Force must integrate artificial intelligence applications to make up for the PLA’s weaknesses in ensuring and utilizing information advantages. But this does not mean that the Strategic Support Force will become the focus of the PLA’s overall artificial intelligence innovation.

While many of the SSF’s missions are amenable to AI and there may be synergies between missions for applying AI, it is unclear which applications the SSF will use, whether these synergies are feasible, and whether the SSF has the capability to execute them. There will inevitably be a certain degree of prioritization in innovation for specific AI applications that are differentiated across different tasks.

China is determined to become a global leader in artificial intelligence and apply its technology to military missions to suppress U.S. advantages in the Indo-Pacific region. In many ways, the SSF has the advantages to achieve these goals, including a relaxed policy environment that promotes innovation, the SSF’s clear innovation responsibilities, and senior leadership support for “smartness.” The SSF also builds partnerships with China’s high-tech commercial sector and academia. These efforts are consistent with China’s military-civil fusion agenda, which aims to overcome barriers that prevent the People’s Liberation Army from acquiring resources from the commercial sector.

Schematic diagram. Photo/Associated Press
Schematic diagram. Photo/Associated Press

Obstacles to the Strategic Support Force’s Implementation of the PLA’s Innovation Plan

However, the Strategic Support Force also faces huge obstacles in implementing the People’s Liberation Army’s innovation-driven plan. The SSF and the PLA as a whole will face several challenges in AI applications, including attracting and retaining high-quality high-tech talent and mainland China’s inability to domestically develop and manufacture advanced logic and memory chips that are critical to developing cutting-edge AI—a clear weakness now that the United States has disrupted its supply of high-end semiconductors. In addition, research institutions in the United States and other Western countries are now increasingly cautious about collaborating with Chinese researchers in fields such as artificial intelligence, which have significant military potential.

The PLA’s limited combat experience has led to a lack of relevant “real and empirical” data, which may hinder the development of decision-making support artificial intelligence systems. More importantly, unless the PLA focuses on understandable, trustworthy AI, the use of AI systems with opaque operations, uncertain effective areas, and uncertain failure modes could cause serious damage.

For the national army , although there may be some limitations and uncertainties in the military application of artificial intelligence, with the continuous development and maturity of artificial intelligence technology, its application potential in the military field is still huge. As technology advances, we can expect to see more artificial intelligence systems introduced into military applications to improve operational efficiency and combat effectiveness.

However, to ensure that artificial intelligence technology can be robustly applied to military missions, it is necessary to strengthen technology research and development and testing, ensure the safety and reliability of the system, and rationally plan and manage the use of artificial intelligence technology. Only in this way can we better utilize artificial intelligence technology to enhance the information-based combat effectiveness of our military and achieve stronger and more robust combat capabilities.

現代國語:

近年來人工智能(Artificial Intelligence, AI)技術突飛猛進,所有主要大國都發展先進的AI能力,並試圖將AI有效地融入武裝力量。北京亦發佈雄心勃勃之計畫,要求2030年將中國建設成為全球先進人工智能強國。中共領導人習近平亦於第20次黨代表大會再次強調,中國應於人工智慧領域發展與「智慧戰爭」 並重。

雖然中國大陸於人工智能領域的戰略目標明確,但其如何將人工智能融入解放軍仍然是不透明的。但至少,最近成立的解放軍戰略支援部隊(Strategic Support Force, SSF)提供了一些線索:該組織賦予了創新任務,負責整合多種「戰略功能」。為了有效理解戰略支援部隊,探究它是否將在未來衝突中產生「改變遊戲規則」的影響,其中掌握資訊領域和有效整合人工智能可能決定勝負。

解放軍的「聯合作戰性」:戰略支援部隊

2015年解放軍軍隊進行重大改革,部分動機是將解放軍武力重點從陸地領土防禦轉向延伸武力投射,以確保中國在太空、網絡戰和遠海等領域的戰略利益。這些改革的主要關鍵要素即為成立戰略支援部隊,集中了這些廣泛領域中的任務。

戰略支援部隊(SSF)的任務是整合先前分散在解放軍各部隊的許多「戰略」職能和能力,包括太空、網絡、資訊與心理戰等。如今,戰略支援部隊由兩個部門組成,涵蓋了這些職能:太空系統部門,負責所有與太空有關的任務;網路系統部門,承擔解放軍廣義的資訊戰活動。

戰略支援部隊最終目標是獲得資訊優勢,實現決策優勢,從而取得最終勝利。分析家最近得出結論,其任務很可能是支援追求資訊優勢,並可分為兩類:為解放軍最高層領導提供戰略資訊優勢和支援能力,包括反太空行動和攻擊性網絡戰,以及向戰區軍事指揮部提供資訊支援服務。

戰略支援部隊設計似乎旨在提升解放軍的「聯合作戰性」,或其進行聯合作戰的能力。歷史上,因新的指揮掌控與情報、監視和偵察能力的創新和實施方面實存在困難性,解放軍在整合聯合作戰方面面臨挑戰。因戰略支援部隊提供的資訊支援很可能包含「情報、監視和偵察,以實現作戰和戰略目標」,一些專家認為戰略支援部隊在提高解放軍整體聯合作戰性方面起到了關鍵作用。

為了有效遂行任務,戰略支援部隊似乎還擁有若干機制來開發或取得技術。雖然戰略支援部隊並非解放軍內唯一承擔此功能的機構,戰略支援部隊負責與人工智能相關的裝備合約比解放軍的任何一個服務都要多。例如戰略支援部隊在人工智慧創新方面進行了大量投資,利用公民合作夥伴關係來獲取情報、監視和偵察、自主車輛、資訊與電子戰、模擬與訓練、以及目標識別等新技術。

2015年12月31日,中國人民解放軍陸軍領導機構、中國人民解放軍火箭軍、中國人民解放軍戰略支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。習近平授予陸軍、火箭軍、戰略支援部隊軍旗並致訓詞。 圖/新華社
2015年12月31日,中國人民解放軍陸軍領導機構、中國人民解放軍火箭軍、中國人民解放軍戰略支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。習近平授予陸軍、火箭軍、戰略支援部隊軍旗並致訓詞。 圖/新華社

解放軍人工智慧創新

美國國家安全委員會於2022年最終報告中指出,「雖然人工智能將在所有領域普遍應用,但與空間、網絡和信息作戰領域相關的大數據量,使得這些領域的應用案例特別適合優先整合AI技術應用於戰爭模擬、演習和實驗。」而這正是戰略支援部隊所運營的領域。

戰略支援部隊許多功能涉及處理各種多樣、大量和快速變化之信息流,處理速度超過人類容量,都是應用人工智能的絕佳候選領域。例如,人工智慧可以幫助創建和維持態勢感知,透過收集、整合和分析信息,也可用於預測;另人工智能還可於分析潛在行動的後果與規劃、進行戰爭模擬。

然而實際指揮決策則由戰區軍事指揮部或聯合參謀部負責。同時,用於決策支援應用的人工智慧的開發可能由其他解放軍組成部分,如中國國防科技大學和軍事科學院,並非由戰略支援部隊負責。儘管如此,在為這些決策者提供資訊支援方面,戰略支援部隊很可能在與此類人工智慧係統進行人機界面互動發揮重要作用,並進而有效支援決策制定。

與此同時,解放軍刻正開發的十二個主要軍事應用中,至少五個與戰略支援部隊的任務密切相關,分別是智慧衛星、情報、監視和偵察軟件、自動化網絡攻擊軟件、認知電子軟件以及可能的自動化車輛,包含:

太空戰
對於太空戰,解放軍可能探索應用人工智能,內含用於管理大規模衛星;與在地球觀測資料集分析(處理和目標識別衛星圖像);認知無線電技術,一種「智慧」無線電技術,旨在藉由自主切換頻道來避免干擾和擁擠,從而使空間通訊更加高效;自主衛星操作,以彌補有限的帶寬和延遲與減輕地面衛星操作員的工作負荷。

網路戰
網路戰,即為網路安全和電子戰都依賴於即時處理大量資料以識別威脅並更新防禦措施。如藉由人工智能引導對敵對網絡的指引,亦可同時支援技術偵察和網絡攻擊。此任務處於戰略支援部隊的職責範圍內,此部隊的創立旨在鞏固解放軍在網路安全和電子戰方面的聯繫。自動化還可以提高網絡防禦的速度和規模,減輕先前解放軍面臨的限制。

電子戰
人工智能亦可協助電子戰,增強電子戰系統的自主性。如人工智能可以識別和分類雷達或通訊系統的信號,檢測和分類幹擾器,提高幹擾信號的到達方向估計,開發高效的抗干擾協議與即時更新防禦措施(認知電子戰)。


示意圖。圖為2018年中國北京舉行的「安全中國」(Security China)上展示的人臉辨識技術。 圖/美聯社

雖然目前可確定戰略支援單位任務範圍內許多人工智能的應用,但最重要的長期影響可能難以預測。此外,中共國家白皮書中提出的人工智慧計劃並非與實際的創新進展一致。

實際上,中共於人工智能大部分重要投資似乎與商業相關,與軍事任務關係不大。一些評估先前關於中國當前人工智能能力的估計可能過於誇大。意謂不可能立即看到人工智能有效整合於解放軍的任務領域,但戰略支援部隊確實賦予提取信息優勢以實現決策優勢和最終勝利的任務。

至於人工智能方面,意謂戰略支援部隊必然整合人工智能應用,以彌補解放軍在確保和利用資訊優勢方面之弱點。但這不意謂戰略支援部隊將成為解放軍整體人工智慧創新的焦點。

儘管戰略支援部隊的許多任務均適用於人工智能,而且在任務之間可能存在應用人工智能的協同效應,但目前尚不清楚戰略支援部隊將使用哪些應用,這些協同效應是否具有可行性,與戰略支援部隊是否有能力執行。對於在不同任務中具有差異的特定人工智慧應用,創新中必然會存在一定程度的優先考慮。

中國決心成為全球人工智慧領域領導者,並將其技術應用於軍事任務,以壓制美國在印太地區的優勢。在許多方面,戰略支援部隊都具備説明實現這些目標的優勢,包括寬鬆的政策環境促進創新、戰略支援部隊明確的創新職責以及高層領導對「智慧化」的支持。戰略支援部隊也與中國的高科技商業部門和學術界建立合作關係。這些努力與中國的軍民融合協議一致,旨在克服妨礙解決中國人民解放軍從商業部門獲取資源屏障。

戰略支援部隊執行解放軍創新計畫的障礙

不過戰略支援部隊在執行中國人民解放軍創新驅動計畫時,亦面臨巨大障礙。戰略支援部隊和解放軍總體上將在人工智能應用面臨一些挑戰,包括吸引和留住高素質高科技人才,與中國大陸無法於國內研發和製造對開發尖端人工智能至關重要的先進邏輯和存儲芯片——這是目前美國已中斷對高端半導體的供應所導致的明顯弱點。此外,美國和其他西方國家的研究機構現在對與具有重大軍事潛力的人工智能等領域的中國研究人員進行合作越來越謹慎。

根據解放軍有限的戰鬥經驗,導致了相關「實踐實證」資料匱乏,可能妨礙發展決策支援人工智慧系統。更重要的是,除非解放軍專注於可理解、值得信賴的人工智能,否則使用具有不透明操作、不確定有效區域和不確定故障模式的人工智能係統可能會造成嚴重損害。

對於國軍而言,儘管人工智能於軍事應用可能存在一些限制和不確定性,但隨著人工智能技術的不斷發展和成熟,其在軍事領域的應用潛力仍然巨大。隨著技術的進步,我們有望看到更多人工智慧係統被引入軍用應用中,提高作戰效率和戰鬥力。

然而,要確保人工智能技術能夠穩健地應用於軍事任務中,需要加強技術研發和測試,確保系統的安全性和可靠性,以及合理規劃和管理人工智能技術的使用。只有這樣,我們才能更好地利用人工智慧技術來提升國軍資訊化戰鬥力,並實現更強大、更穩健的作戰能力。

中國原創軍事資源:https://opinion.udn.com/opinion/story/123525/7360758884

Uncertainty – Fog of War and the Way to Win in Modern Warfare for China’s Military

不確定性-戰爭迷霧與中國軍隊在現代戰爭中的勝利之道

現代英語:

Wars in different eras have different characteristics, and the “fog of war” that accompanies them is constantly changing. Often when people feel that they have basically seen the way to win through multi-faceted exploration, the next war presents new uncertainties. Local wars such as the Syrian War and the India-Azerbaijan conflict have demonstrated the multifaceted and complex nature of modern warfare from different perspectives. It can be seen that although traditional firepower warfare is still on the stage, the characteristics of intelligence have already emerged; although the combat type is still an offensive and defensive struggle, the combat guidance, environmental conditions, and specific methods of play have undergone profound changes. Wars are accelerating their evolution towards intelligence. The battlefield space has expanded from land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet to space, polar regions, deep sea, and cognitive confrontations. The game competition has changed from military confrontation to multi-dimensional competitions such as politics, economy, science and technology, and public opinion. The participating forces have developed from the two warring parties to global attention and multi-dimensional intervention. Information intelligence has moved from auxiliary support to comprehensive dominance, full penetration, and full coverage. The combat unit has evolved from scale optimization to small, micro, and sophisticated, and the form is scattered and capable. Intelligence and hybrid have become basic trends. In the face of evolving wars and new uncertainties, we need to be sensitive to change and respond proactively, accumulate momentum and forge ahead in the midst of change, so as to achieve leadership and surpass others and seize the opportunity to win.

Enhance the hybrid nature of war based on the “pan-variability”. War is the continuation of politics and has never been a simple military confrontation. In the era of intelligence, visible struggles and invisible struggles coexist, battlefields with gunpowder smoke and silent battles coexist, and gray areas, hybrid warfare, and marginal conflicts coexist. In the face of fierce and complex competitive game situations, it is necessary to accelerate the construction of a hybrid warfare system with military as the cornerstone. First, enrich strategic options. Closely follow the characteristics of the times, strengthen the exploration of the characteristics and laws of non-military confrontation and the construction of power means, implement relevant preparations, and form comprehensive advantages. Secondly, enhance invisible strength. Attach importance to geopolitical, cultural, psychological and other aspects of research, and form an effective discourse system through think tank exchanges, academic promotion, cultural integration, legal construction, media propaganda and other means to influence the other party’s cognition in a silent way. Thirdly, unite the forces of peace. Take the construction of a united front in the new era as an important means of hybrid confrontation, unite all forces that can be united, and enhance international influence and appeal.

Enhance the flexibility of tactics based on the “smart change” of the battlefield. Looking at recent local wars and conflicts, due to factors such as the regional dimension and the strength of both sides, the traces of traditional warfare are still relatively obvious, but intelligent and unmanned warfare has irreversibly come to the fore. It can be foreseen that comprehensive intelligent warfare is not far away, the extension range of weapons and equipment will be farther and wider, the combat perspectives of the opposing sides will be larger and wider, and the degree of hinge fusion between the physical domain, network domain, and cognitive domain will be deeper. The battlefield with deep “smart change” calls for concepts and tactics that are adapted to it. We should accelerate the promotion of intelligent thinking, intelligent technology, and intelligent network aggregation and empowerment to form a flexible closed link with fast perception, fast decision-making, fast judgment, fast action, and fast feedback, based on “OODA” and the kill chain to beat the slow with the fast and change with change. Relying on intelligent computing power and intelligent algorithms, we design wars in advance, build various models, and innovate tactics and training methods in peacetime. In wartime, we analyze the battle situation in real time, keenly seize opportunities, and make precise decisions and actions. We use “military + technology”, “theory + experiment”, and “algorithm + tactics” to integrate the art of strategy with intelligent technology to achieve a combination of the strange and the orthodox, take the lead in rapid changes, and win by intelligence.

Enhance the plasticity of forces based on the “micro-change” of units. One of the important characteristics of modern warfare is that large systems support elite combat, and combat units are becoming increasingly miniaturized, integrated, and modular. We must focus on the combat unit, the end of combat effectiveness, and forge a “sharp knife” and “sharp blade” that is small, fine, micro, and strong to adapt to intelligent warfare. On the one hand, strengthen its ability to integrate into the system and connect all parties, rely on ubiquitous access to information networks, and achieve decentralized combat and energy concentration through flexible matching and rapid reorganization; on the other hand, strengthen its independent decision-making and improvisation capabilities, improve robustness and self-recovery, and be able to survive, respond to emergencies, and fight in extreme situations. It is possible to explore the formation of a “micro-unit” concept force, implement a flexible organization, do not fix the number of personnel, and do not restrict the field. Advanced combat theories, new combat formations, and new weapons and equipment can be tested and verified in advance, so as to explore ways to achieve cloud combat, cloud joint, cloud energy gathering, and self-combination at the end of the strike chain.

Enhance strategic bottom line based on deterrence “evolution”. Deterrence has a long history like war. With the in-depth application of intelligent technology and weapons and equipment, the connotation and extension, force means, form and effect of deterrence are changing. Although traditional nuclear deterrence is still the cornerstone of bottom line, new deterrence capabilities have been quietly formed, requiring higher determination, strength, wisdom, and strategy. Focusing on the role of deterrence in blocking the enemy invisibly in peacetime, controlling the situation at the key in times of crisis, and winning the final victory in wartime, we should focus on strengthening the strong and making up for the weak, opening up new areas, and long-term strategy to maximize the strategic value of deterrence. First, we should give equal importance to conventional and unconventional, accelerate the development of new weapons and new forces, and achieve the predetermined deterrence intention through actual combat training and actual combat deployment, supplemented by the expression and transmission of strategic will. Secondly, we should continue to study new combat concepts and new combat theories, and promote the transformation of theories from “soft” to “hard” through academic exchanges, think tank collisions, and multi-track and multi-layer confrontations, and transform them into real deterrence. Thirdly, accelerate the transformation of science and technology into the military field, increase research efforts in cloud computing, blockchain, quantum technology, etc., and strive to form a potential deterrent to opponents.

現代國語:

郭呈淵 趙中其

不同時代的戰爭有不同的特點,而與之相伴的「戰爭迷霧」也在不斷變幻。往往當人們透過多方探索、感覺已經基本看清其中的勝利之道時,下一場戰爭又呈現出新的不確定性。敘利亞戰爭、亞阿衝突等局部戰爭,從不同側面展示了現代戰爭的多面性、複雜性。可以看到,傳統火力戰雖仍在舞台之中,但智慧化特徵已然顯現;作戰類型雖仍為攻防爭奪,但作戰指導、環境條件、具體打法已深刻變化。戰爭正加速向智慧化演進,戰場空間由陸、海、空、天、電、網向太空、極地、深海、認知等全域對抗拓展,博弈比拼由軍事對決向政治、經濟、科技、輿論等多維較量轉變,參與力量由交戰雙向全球關注、多元介入方向發展,資訊智能由輔助支撐向全面主導、全程貫穿、全域覆蓋邁進,作戰單元由規模集優向小微精尖、形散能聚演化,智能、混合成為基本趨勢。面對嬗變中的戰爭和新的不確定性,需要敏銳知變、積極應變,於變中蓄勢、變中進取,實現領先超越、搶得制勝先機。

基於戰爭「泛變」增強超限混合性。戰爭是政治的延續,從來不是單純的軍事對抗。智能化時代,看得見的爭鬥和看不見的鬥爭並存,有硝煙的戰場和無聲息的爭戰同在,灰色地帶、混合戰爭、邊緣衝突相伴而生。面對激烈複雜的競爭賽局態勢,需要加速建構以軍事為基石的混合戰爭體系。首先,豐富戰略選項。緊貼時代特點,加強非軍事抗衡特點規律探究和力量手段建設,實化相關準備,形成綜合優勢。其次,提升隱形實力。重視做好地緣、文化、心理等面向研究,透過智庫交流、學術推廣、文化交融、法律建構、媒介宣傳等方式,形成有效話語體系,在潤物無聲中影響對方認知。再次,團結和平力量。把建構新時代統一戰線作為混合對抗的重要手段,團結一切可以團結的力量,增強國際影響力和感召力。

基於戰場「智變」增強戰法彈性。縱觀近幾場局部戰爭與衝突,囿於地域維度、雙方實力等因素,傳統作戰痕跡仍較為明顯,但智能化、無人化已不可逆轉地走向前台。可以預見,全面智慧化戰爭並不遙遠,武器裝備的延伸範圍將更遠更廣,對抗雙方的交戰視角將更大更寬,物理域、網絡域、認知域鉸鏈融合程度更深。深度「智變」的戰場,呼喚與之相適應的理念、戰法,應加快推進智能化思維、智能化技術、智能化網絡聚合增能,形成快感知、快決策、快判斷、快行動、快反饋的彈性閉合鏈路,基於「OODA」和殺傷鏈以快打慢、以變制變。依托智能算力、智能演算法,平時超前設計戰爭、建構多種模型、創新戰法訓法,戰時即時研判戰情、敏銳捕捉戰機、精準決策行動,運用“軍事+科技”“理論+試驗” “演算法+打法”,融合謀略藝術與智慧技術,實現奇正結合、搶先快變、以智制勝。

基於單元「微變」增強力量可塑性。大體系支撐精兵作戰是現代戰爭的重要特色之一,作戰單元變得日益微型化、整合化、模組化。要扭住作戰單元這一戰鬥力末端,鍛造適應智慧化戰爭、小而精、微而強的「尖刀」「利刃」。一方面,強化其融入體系、連結各方的能力,依托泛在接取的資訊網絡,透過靈活搭配、快速重組,實現分散作戰、集效聚能;另一方面,強化其自主決策、臨機應變能力,提高魯棒性和自恢復性,在極端情況下能生存、能應急、能作戰。可探索組成「微單元」概念部隊,實行彈性編制,不固定員額、不限制領域,超前試驗論證先進作戰理論、新式作戰編組、新型武器裝備,為實現打擊鏈條末端雲作戰、雲聯合、雲聚能、自組合運用摸索路子。

基於威懾「衍變」增強戰略保底性。威懾與戰爭一樣歷史悠久。隨著智慧化技術和武器裝備的深入運用,威懾的內涵外延、力量手段、形式效果等都在改變。雖然傳統的核威懾仍是保底基石,但新的威懾能力已在悄悄形成,對決心、實力、智慧、謀略等要求更高。著眼發揮威懾平時阻敵於無形、危時控勢於關鍵、戰時決勝於最後的作用,應注重固強補弱、開拓新域、長期經略,實現威懾戰略價值最大化。首先,堅持常規與非常規並重,加速發展新型武器、新質力量,透過實戰化演訓、實戰化部署,輔以謀略意志表達傳遞,達成預定威懾企圖。其次,持續研究新作戰概念、新作戰理論,透過學術交流、智庫碰撞和多軌多層對抗,推動理論由“軟”變“硬”,轉化為現實威懾力。再次,加速科技向軍事領域轉化進程,在雲端運算、區塊鏈、量子科技等方面加強研究力度,努力形成對對手的潛在嚇阻。

中国军网 国防部网

2022年9月16日 星期五

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/16/content_324164888.htm

Create a New Situation for China’s National Defense and Chinese Military Modernization

開創中國國防與軍隊現代化建設新局面

現代英語:

National Defense University Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee is a very important meeting held at a critical period of comprehensively promoting the great cause of building a strong country and national rejuvenation with Chinese-style modernization. It focuses on studying and deploying the issues of further comprehensively deepening reform and promoting Chinese-style modernization, and makes strategic deployments for continuously deepening national defense and military reforms, drawing a blueprint for the new journey of relaying reforms to strengthen the military and constantly creating a new situation in national defense and military modernization. All levels of the military should earnestly study and implement the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, unify their thoughts, wills and actions, and thoroughly implement the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military, so as to provide strong guarantees for achieving the goal of building the army for 100 years as scheduled and basically realizing national defense and military modernization.

Reform is a key move in designing and shaping the future of the military

Reform and opening up are the most prominent features and the most magnificent aura of contemporary China. The military field is the field with the most intense competition and confrontation, and it is also the field with the most innovative vitality and the most need for reform and innovation. Whether a military can possess an unremitting spirit of reform and a pioneering and enterprising spirit of innovation is an important indicator of its ability to win. Deepening the reform of national defense and the military is the only way to strengthen the military. The driving force for strengthening the military lies in reform, the way out lies in reform, and the future also lies in reform.

The strength of the People’s Army comes from reform and innovation, and the victory of the People’s Army comes from reform and innovation. The history of the growth and development of the People’s Army is a history of reform and innovation. From the establishment of a complete set of principles and systems for building the army under the absolute leadership of the Party during the Agrarian Revolution, to the implementation of the policy of streamlining the military during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression; from the establishment of five major field armies during the War of Liberation, to the repeated adjustments to the system and organization after the founding of New China, to the massive reduction of millions of troops in the new era of reform and opening up and socialist modernization… The People’s Army has been fighting and reforming, building and reforming, and has become stronger and stronger. From the “Sixteen-Character Formula” of the Red Army period, to the “Protracted War” of the Anti-Japanese War, from the “Ten Military Principles” of the Liberation War, to the “piecemeal” of the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, to the continuous adjustment of military strategic policies after the founding of New China… The People’s Army learned war from war, explored laws from practice, and wrote a vivid chapter of continuous innovation in the art of war leadership in the history of world military. Along the way, reform and innovation have always been an important magic weapon for our army to grow from small to large, from weak to strong, and continuously from victory to victory. Deepening the reform of national defense and the military is the requirement of the times to realize the Chinese Dream and the dream of a strong military, the only way to strengthen the military, and a key move to determine the future of the military. At present, it is a period of hard struggle to achieve the goal of building the army for 100 years. In order to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests with stronger capabilities and more reliable means, and to provide strategic support for comprehensively promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese-style modernization, it is necessary to continue to deepen the reform of national defense and the military.

Only reformers can make progress, and only innovators can become strong. President Xi Jinping stressed that “the new military revolution has provided us with a golden opportunity. We must seize the opportunity and work hard to not only keep up with the trend and the times, but also strive to be at the forefront of the times.” In today’s world, the new military revolution is surging, the intelligent warfare form is gradually showing its true face in the practice of war, and the new military technology and weapons and equipment system are further affecting the rules of war. All these require us to maintain a keen sense of reform and cutting-edge innovative thinking, base ourselves on the actual development of our army, focus on the needs of preparing for war, think deeply about the new force structure and winning logic necessary to win modern wars, rely on reform to continuously optimize the military system, improve the effectiveness of military governance in line with actual combat requirements, and go all out to fight a tough battle to achieve the goal of building the army for the centenary.

Comprehensively deepening reform has achieved great changes in the People’s Army in the new era

Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as its core has, with great political courage and wisdom, pushed forward the theory and practice of reform of socialism with Chinese characteristics to a new breadth and depth. In the new era and new journey, we must insist on deepening reform to gain creativity, cohesion and combat effectiveness, and insist on the unchanged direction, unswerving path and unreduced efforts, and continuously push forward the modernization of national defense and the army with better strategies, higher efficiency and faster speed, and resolutely complete the mission and tasks of the new era entrusted by the Party and the people.

Grasp the overall changes in deepening national defense and military reforms. Since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, the People’s Army has adhered to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, thoroughly implemented Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army, and taken the Party’s goal of strengthening the army in the new era as its guide. It has comprehensively implemented the strategy of reform and strengthening the army, and has thoroughly resolved the institutional obstacles, structural contradictions, and policy issues that have long constrained national defense and army building, promoted the reform of the leadership and command system, the reform of the scale structure and force composition, and the reform of military policies and systems, and achieved historic achievements in deepening the reform of national defense and the army. The People’s Army has achieved an overall revolutionary reshaping; the new system, structure, pattern, and appearance have made our army’s winning advantage more prominent, its innovative vitality continuously released, and its morale more uplifting. Practice has fully proved that as long as we unswervingly continue to deepen the reform of national defense and the military, we will be able to create a new situation in the modernization of national defense and the military.

Adhere to the ideological guidance of deepening the reform of national defense and the military. President Xi’s series of important strategic thoughts on deepening the reform of national defense and the military, which are directional, fundamental, and overall, have profoundly clarified the contemporary significance, essential attributes, fundamental guidance, goals and tasks, core requirements, important directions, strategic measures, and scientific methods of deepening the reform of national defense and the military. To carry out the reform of national defense and the military to the end, we must adhere to Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military as the general guidance and general compliance, and consistently use Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military to arm the minds of officers and soldiers, further unify thoughts, deepen understanding, and use it to guide reform practice, further work on resolving deep-seated contradictions and problems, promote the implementation of reform arrangements, and realize the determination and intentions of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission, and President Xi at a high standard.

Advancing national defense and military modernization requires continued reform

President Xi stressed: “On the road ahead, the People’s Army must be brave in reform and good at innovation, and never become rigid or stagnant at any time or under any circumstances.” The People’s Army is a strong backing for national security. The deeper the reform goes, the more it must take responsibility, move forward steadily and courageously, and there must be no slackness or rest. It is necessary to continue to deepen the reform of national defense and the army to provide security guarantees and strategic support for comprehensively promoting the construction of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation with Chinese-style modernization.

The cause of strengthening the military is inspiring, and the goal of strengthening the military inspires fighting spirit. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee made strategic arrangements for deepening the implementation of the strategy of reform and strengthening the military. This is not only a call to action for continued reform and attack, but also a drumbeat for determination to strengthen the military. We must focus our efforts on implementing the strategy of reform and strengthening the military, and continuously push forward the cause of strengthening the military in the new era. The mission is imminent, and the goal calls. The goal of strengthening the military depicts the goal map, roadmap and development map for strengthening and revitalizing the military. It is the soul and main line that runs through the deepening of national defense and military reform. The promotion of reform must not deviate from the goal of strengthening the military for a moment or a single moment. The goal of strengthening the military must always be used to measure, regulate and correct, providing a strong impetus for advancing the modernization of national defense and the military.

A strong country must have a strong military, and a strong military must reform. National defense and military modernization are important components of China’s modernization. Further deepening reform and promoting China’s modernization will inevitably put forward new and higher requirements for deepening national defense and military reform. On the one hand, with the increase in the breadth and depth of the practice of China’s modernization, the new progress of comprehensively deepening reform requires our military construction to accelerate and build high quality in improving quality and efficiency. We must uphold the core position of innovation in our military construction and promote national defense and military modernization through reform and innovation. On the other hand, with the practice of modern warfare, especially the militarization of artificial intelligence, the profound changes in the internal mechanism of war and the mode of winning, etc., all require national defense and military reform to seize the opportunity and act in response to the times, and make greater efforts to enhance our military’s joint combat capability based on the network information system and the all-domain combat capability. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee made major strategic arrangements around the continued deepening of national defense and military reforms, and proposed a number of important reform measures involving the optimization and adjustment of systems, mechanisms, and institutions, which are highly contemporary, forward-looking, and targeted. All levels of the military must earnestly study and implement the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, focus on improving the leadership and management system and mechanism of the People’s Army, deepen the reform of the joint combat system, deepen cross-military and local reforms, and constantly create a new situation in strengthening and revitalizing the army.

We should follow the general trend of reform and gather strong forces. To thoroughly implement the strategy of reform and strengthening the military, we need unity of purpose and unity of purpose. We should persist in using the Party’s innovative theories to unite our hearts and minds and strengthen our foundations, arm our heads with Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military, unify our thoughts and actions with the decisions of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi, and take on the responsibility of thoroughly implementing the strategy of reform and strengthening the military with a high degree of historical consciousness and a strong sense of mission, further consolidate the consensus on reform, strengthen the will to reform, and enhance the confidence in reform. We should focus on summarizing and applying the successful experience of national defense and military reform, deeply grasp the characteristics and laws of reform and strengthening the military, use reform to solve the problems encountered in development, and continuously promote the modernization of national defense and the military to break through obstacles. Party members and cadres in the military, especially leading cadres, must be good promoters and doers of reform, take the lead in tackling tough problems with practical actions, work hard and fast, and make great strides forward in the journey of building a world-class military in an all-round way.

(Written by: Tang Junfeng)

現代國語:

國防大學習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想研究中心

黨的二十屆三中全會是在以中國式現代化全面推進強國建設、民族復興偉業的關鍵時期召開的一次十分重要的會議,重點研究部署進一步全面深化改革、推進中國式現代化問題,對持續深化國防和軍隊改革作出戰略部署,為新征程接力推進改革強軍、不斷開創國防和軍隊現代化新局面繪就了藍圖。全軍各級要認真學習貫徹黨的二十屆三中全會精神,統一思想、統一意志、統一行動,深入實施改革強軍戰略,為如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標、基本實現國防和軍隊現代化提供有力保障。

改革是設計和塑造軍隊未來的關鍵一招

改革開放性是當代中國最顯著的特徵、最壯麗的氣象。軍事領域是競爭和對抗最激烈的領域,也是最具創新活力、最需改革創新的領域。能否具備永不停頓的改革精神和開拓進取的創新精神,是衡量一支軍隊打贏能力的重要標志。深化國防和軍隊改革是強軍興軍必由之路,強軍興軍動力在改革,出路在改革,前途也在改革。

人民軍隊的力量來自改革創新,人民軍隊的勝利來自改革創新。人民軍隊成長發展史,就是一部改革創新史。從土地革命戰爭時期創立黨對軍隊絕對領導一整套建軍原則制度,到抗日戰爭時期實行精兵簡政;從解放戰爭時期組建五大野戰軍,到新中國成立後多次調整體制編制,再到改革開放和社會主義現代化建設新時期百萬大裁軍……人民軍隊邊戰邊改,邊建邊改,愈改愈強。從紅軍時期的“十六字訣”,到抗日戰爭時期的“持久戰”,從解放戰爭時期的“十大軍事原則”,到抗美援朝戰爭時期的“零敲牛皮糖”,再到新中國成立後軍事戰略方針的不斷調整……人民軍隊從戰爭中學習戰爭,從實踐中探索規律,在世界軍事史上書寫了戰爭指導藝術不斷創新的生動篇章。一路走來,改革創新始終是我軍從小到大、由弱到強,不斷從勝利走向勝利的重要法寶。深化國防與軍隊改革,是實現中國夢、強軍夢的時代要求,是強軍興軍的必經之路,也是決定軍隊未來的關鍵一招。當前,實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標到了吃勁奮鬥的攻堅期,以更強大的能力、更可靠的手段捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益,為以中國式現代化全面推進中華民族偉大復興提供戰略支撐,必須持續深化防衛和軍隊改革。

惟改革者進,惟創新者強。習主席強調指出:「新軍事革命為我們提供了千載難逢的機遇,我們要抓住機遇、奮發有為,不僅要趕上潮流、趕上時代,還要力爭走在時代前列。」當今世界,新軍事革命風起雲湧,智慧化戰爭形態在戰爭實踐中漸顯真容,新的軍事技術和武器裝備體系進一步影響戰爭規則,這些都要求我們必須保持敏銳的改革意識、前沿的創新思維,立足我軍發展實際,聚焦備戰打仗需求,深入思考打贏現代戰爭所必需的全新力量結構、制勝邏輯,依靠改革持續優化軍事體系,對標實戰化要求提高軍事治理效能,全力以赴打好實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標攻堅戰。

全面深化改革成就新時代人民軍隊偉大變革

黨的十八大以來,以習近平同志為核心的黨中央以巨大的政治勇氣和智慧,把中國特色社會主義改革理論和改革實踐推進到新的廣度和深度。新時代新征程,必須堅持向深化改革要創造力、凝聚力、戰鬥力,堅持方向不變、道路不偏、力度不減,以更優策略、更高效益、更快速度把國防和軍隊現代化不斷推向前進,堅決完成黨和人民賦予的新時代使命任務。

把握深化國防和軍隊改革的整體性變革。黨的十八屆三中全會以來,人民軍隊堅持以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想為指導,深入貫徹習近平強軍思想,以黨在新時代的強軍目標為引領,全面實施改革強軍戰略,深入破解長期制約國防和軍隊建設的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題,推進領導指揮體制改革、規模結構和力量編成改革、軍事政策制度改革,深化國防和軍隊改革取得歷史性成就,人民軍隊實現整體性革命性重塑;體制一新、結構一新、格局一新、面貌一新,使我軍制勝優勢更加彰顯、創新活力不斷釋放、精神面貌更為昂揚。實踐充分證明,只要堅定不移持續深化國防和軍隊改革,就一定能開創國防和軍隊現代化新局面。

堅持深化國防和軍隊改革的思想引領。習主席關於深化國防和軍隊改革的一系列方向性、根本性、全局性的重要戰略思想,深刻闡明了深化國防和軍隊改革的時代意義、本質屬性、根本引領、目標任務、核心要求、重要指向、戰略舉措和科學方法。把國防和軍隊改革進行到底,必須堅持習近平強軍思想這個總指導總遵循,一以貫之地用習近平強軍思想武裝官兵頭腦,進一步統一思想、深化認識,用以指導改革實踐,進一步向破解深層次矛盾問題發力,推動改革部署落實,高標準實現黨中央、中央軍委會和習主席的決心意圖。

推進國防和軍隊現代化需要持續深化改革

習主席強調:「前進道路上,人民軍隊必須勇於改革、善於創新,任何時候任何情況下都永不僵化、永不停滯。」人民軍隊是國家安全的堅強後盾,改革越到深處,就越要擔當作為、蹄疾步穩、奮勇前進,不能有任何停一停、歇一歇的懈怠。必須持續深化國防和軍隊改革,為以中國式現代化全面推進強國建設、民族復興偉業提供安全保障和戰略支撐。

強軍事業催人奮進,強軍目標激勵鬥志。黨的二十屆三中全會對深入實施改革強軍戰略作出戰略部署,這既是繼續改革攻堅的動員號令,也是矢志強軍的催徵戰鼓。凝心聚力實施改革強軍戰略,把新時代強軍事業不斷推向前進。使命在即,目標召喚。強軍目標描繪了強軍興軍的目標圖、路線圖和展開圖,是貫穿深化國防和軍隊改革的靈魂和主線,推進改革一時一刻、一絲一毫都不能偏離強軍目標,必須始終用強軍目標來衡量、規範和校正,為推進國防和軍隊現代化提供強大動力。

強國必強軍,強軍必改革。國防和軍隊現代化是中國式現代化的重要組成部分。進一步全面深化改革、推進中國式現代化,必然對深化國防和軍隊改革提出新的更高要求。一方面,隨著中國式現代化的實踐廣度和深度的增加,全面深化改革的新進展需要我軍建設在提質增效中跑出加速度、建出高質量。要堅持創新在我軍建設中的核心地位,以改革創新推進國防和軍隊現代化。另一方面,隨著現代戰爭實踐特別是人工智慧的軍事化運用,戰爭內在機理、制勝模式的深刻轉變等,都要求國防和軍隊改革乘勢而為、應時而動,在提升我軍基於網絡資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力等方面下更大功夫。黨的二十屆三中全會圍繞持續深化國防和軍隊改革作出重大戰略部署,提出多項重要改革舉措,涉及體制、機制、制度等方面的優化調整,具有很強的時代性、前瞻性、針對性。全軍各級要認真學習貫徹黨的二十屆三中全會精神,著力完善人民軍隊領導管理體制機制、深化聯合作戰體系改革、深化跨軍地改革,不斷開創強軍興軍新局面。

順應改革大勢,匯聚強大合力。深入實施改革強軍戰略,需要上下齊心、眾志成城。要堅持用黨的創新理論凝心鑄魂、強基固本,用習近平強軍思想武裝頭腦,把思想和行動統一到黨中央、中央軍委和習主席的決策上來,以高度的歷史自覺和強烈的使命擔當深入實施改革強軍戰略,進一步凝聚改革共識、堅定改革意志、增強改革信心。要注重總結運用國防和軍隊改革成功經驗,深入把握改革強軍的特點規律,用改革解決發展中遇到的問題,不斷推動國防和軍隊現代化破障前行。軍隊黨員幹部尤其領導幹部要當好改革的促進派和實干家,以實際行動帶頭攻堅、真抓實幹、緊張快幹,在全面建成世界一流軍隊的征程上闊步前行。

(執筆:湯俊峰)

來源:中國軍網-解放軍報 作者:湯俊峰 責任編輯:張碩 發布:2024-07-29 06:00

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16327611888.html

Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare Research Cannot be separated from Dialectical Thinking

中國軍事智能化戰爭研究離不開辯證思維

現代英語:

●The application of artificial intelligence in the military field is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it greatly improves combat effectiveness, but on the other hand, it also requires great attention to the potential weaknesses and loopholes of artificial intelligence.

●The use of intelligent weapons does not mean that the role of humans has declined, but rather that some of the functions of humans have been transferred and materialized into weapons. Weapons extend the human body and brain, and stimulate human creativity and initiative.

Accelerating the development of military intelligence is a strategic task proposed in the report of the 19th CPC National Congress. It is a powerful tool to promote the modernization of national defense and the army and realize the party’s goal of strengthening the army in the new era. It is also a major measure to aim at the future war situation and seize strategic opportunities. When conducting research on intelligent warfare, we should adhere to dialectical thinking, prevent research from “deviating from reality to virtuality”, “generalizing from a single case”, and “focusing on technology rather than theory”. Only by scientifically analyzing the characteristics and laws of intelligent warfare can we truly promote in-depth and practical research.

To prevent “decoupling from reality and turning to virtuality”, we need to use scientific methodology and epistemology to analyze the problem

Intelligent warfare is a highly informationized war conducted in the physical and cognitive domains through the extensive use of intelligent weapons and equipment and the corresponding combat styles and methods. It is essentially not out of the scope of informationized warfare. The trend of unmanned warfare in recent local wars only has some characteristics of intelligent warfare, and is far from being an intelligent war in the true sense. At present, there is a wave of research on artificial intelligence in all walks of life, but to some extent, there is also a phenomenon of exaggeration and exaggeration. Some people also believe that intelligent warfare will give rise to geopolitical changes, and the traditional physical space control will be replaced by “intelligence control” with artificial intelligence as the core. This view inevitably has a tendency to virtualize cognition. To this end, intelligent warfare should be rationally studied and understood using scientific methodology and epistemology.

System theory perspective. Intelligent warfare is an advanced stage of information warfare, and is essentially still a system confrontation based on information systems. Whether it is human-machine collaborative operations, real-time perception of the entire battlefield, or brain-machine integrated decision-making, the characteristics it exhibits are all conscious behaviors of the various elements of the military system with “winning the war” as the ultimate goal. The understanding of military intelligence cannot stop at “technology-only theory” and “weapon-only theory”, but should focus on the mutual connection and action characteristics between the various elements of the military system, and explore its triggering mechanism, internal laws and implementation path.

Global thinking. Qian Xuesen believes that war is an organic whole composed of many parts and cannot be separated. In all human social practices, there is no activity that emphasizes the global concept and the overall concept more than directing war, and emphasizes starting from the overall situation, using all forces rationally, and ultimately achieving the overall final effect. This is true for directing war and studying war. Intelligent warfare not only refers to the intelligence of weapons and equipment, but also includes a series of intelligence such as intelligence analysis, command and control, military training, and logistics support. Only by conducting all-round research and thinking on the relevant elements can we have a global understanding of intelligent warfare. Global thinking also requires us to consider military intelligence in the context of achieving the Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era and the overall national strategy, and to grasp the dialectical relationship between short-term and long-term, key and urgent needs, and actual military needs and overall military modernization.

Engineering design. To win future wars, we must have the ability to design future wars. We should use engineering thinking to classify and plan the operational concepts, operational styles, and force use of future intelligent warfare, and put forward practical military needs, phased development goals, and methods based on the current development stage of our army and targeting powerful enemies. We can follow the idea of ​​”proposing theories – developing concepts – experimental simulations – actual military exercises” to promote innovative breakthroughs in military theories based on intelligent warfare, incorporate them into operational regulations, and integrate them into actual combat training.

Avoid generalizing from a single example, and grasp the opposites of contradictions with the unity of opposites thinking

The ancients said: “The way to win or lose, to be safe or dangerous, is the way.” The “way” here includes not only the fundamental view of war, but also the speculative understanding of the laws of winning war. Intelligent warfare research should go beyond the limitations of one-sided descriptions such as “algorithmic warfare”, “unmanned warfare” and “self-adaptation”, and use dialectical thinking to fully understand and grasp the relationship between the various elements of future wars.

The relationship between people and weapons. With the widespread use of drones, unmanned combat vehicles, unmanned submarines, etc. in the military, “war between people” will be largely replaced by “war between machines”. The realization of combat means such as autonomous coordination and autonomous decision-making has reshaped the combat process, and the combat style with unmanned operations as a prominent feature has rewritten the rules of the battlefield. Despite this, the decisive role of people in war has not changed, but the way they act is significantly different from before. As Engels said, “It is people, not guns, who win the battle… Guns will not move by themselves, and they need a brave heart and a strong hand to use them.” Intelligent weapons undoubtedly play an important role in war, but the subject of war is still people, and people are always the most active factor in war. The use of intelligent weapons does not mean that the role of humans has declined, but rather that some of the functions of humans have been transferred and materialized into weapons. Weapons extend the human body and brain, and stimulate human creativity and initiative. Intelligent weapons cannot replace the important role of fighting spirit. The superposition of indestructible political beliefs, overwhelming heroism, the bloody spirit of daring to fight and win, as well as superb strategies and flexible strategies and tactics, these dynamic factors make it possible to win when the enemy and our strength are equal, and to have the possibility of defeating the strong with the weak when we are at a disadvantage.

The relationship between offense and defense. The application of artificial intelligence in the military field is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it greatly improves combat effectiveness, but on the other hand, it is also necessary to pay great attention to the potential weaknesses and loopholes of artificial intelligence. Intelligent warfare mainly relies on powerful algorithms and interconnected networks. Once they are attacked, fatal errors occur, or they are reversely controlled, the advantage may turn into a disadvantage. The U.S. Department of Defense has now established a special agency to assess the potential risks of military intelligence and countermeasures. While promoting military intelligence, we should pay special attention to strengthening information protection and risk management, and simultaneously develop “anti-artificial intelligence technology” to establish a two-way advantage of both offense and defense.

The relationship between inheritance and innovation. Artificial intelligence has promoted major changes in the war situation, but it has not changed the general sense of the war guidance rules and war winning mechanism. No matter how the future war is fought, we must not abandon or deviate from the precious war experience and theoretical guidance accumulated by our army in long-term practice. We must still adhere to the principle of “you fight yours, I fight mine”, uphold the principle of asymmetric strategic checks and balances, and attach importance to giving full play to people’s subjective initiative. On the other hand, we must follow the general trend of military reform, keep a close eye on the forefront of war development, promote military innovation with a sense of urgency and accelerate the application and transformation of results.

To prevent “focusing on technology and neglecting science”, it is necessary to promote technological and theoretical innovation by integrating science and technology.

An advanced army needs advanced military theory to guide it. The emergence of intelligent warfare is first of all due to the promotion of the new scientific and technological revolution, but it is inseparable from the scientific guidance of advanced military theory, especially Marxist military theory. The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to comprehensively promote the modernization of military theory, which is an inevitable requirement for realizing the party’s goal of strengthening the army in the new era, and is also the meaning of intelligent warfare research. To this end, we must conscientiously implement the development idea of ​​integrating theory and technology, and promote the simultaneous innovation of technology and theory in deepening problem research.

Conceptual integration. Modern military theories are increasingly characterized by actual combat-driven, interdisciplinary, and systemic support. To promote the integration of science and technology, we must first break through the barriers of concepts and ideas. We should adhere to the complex research approach of overall planning, system design, and system integration, based on the evolution of war forms and the actual national and military conditions and development stages, and coordinate the promotion of technological breakthroughs, concept development, tactics innovation, combat power generation and other theoretical innovations to provide scientific guidance and theoretical support for winning future wars. We should strengthen research on the winning mechanism, combat guidance, and combat style of intelligent warfare, and conduct in-depth research on the military organization form caused by intelligent warfare, especially the series of changes in organizational system, scale structure, combat organization, tactical principles, combat support, and force application, so as to make ideological and theoretical preparations for a new round of military reforms.

Integration of disciplines. Intelligent warfare research not only involves the application of artificial intelligence in the military field, but also involves multiple fields such as algorithms and materials, and multiple disciplines such as physics, chemistry, electronics, and biology, and involves a wide range of fields such as war ethics and international law. In order to achieve the integration of science and technology, technical workers are required to break away from the shackles of pure engineering thinking, establish strategic thinking and global awareness, master scientific methodology and epistemology, and use dialectical thinking to lead technology research and development. Theoretical researchers should break the boundaries of disciplines, step out of the small circle of pure academic research, actively promote the interaction between scientific research institutions and colleges, troops, and technology research and development departments, strive to achieve original results in the basic field of artificial intelligence, and enrich the theory of intelligent warfare. Make good use of data, focus on actual combat, adhere to the “three aspects”, and effectively play the leading and guiding role of theory on technology.

現代國語:

要點提示

●人工智慧運用於軍事領域是柄雙刃劍,一方面極大提高了作戰效能,另一方面也需要高度重視人工智慧潛在的弱點和漏洞。

●智慧武器的運用不表示人的作用下降了,而是人的部分功能被轉移物化在武器之中了。武器延長了人的肢體,也延伸了人的大腦,激發了人的創造性和能動性。

加速軍事智慧化發展是黨的十九大報告提出的戰略任務,是推進國防和軍隊現代化建設、實現黨在新時代的強軍目標的有力抓手,是瞄準未來戰爭形態、搶抓戰略機遇的重大舉措。在進行智慧化戰爭研究時,應堅持辯證思維,防止研究“脫實向虛”“以偏概全”“重技輕理”,科學分析智能化戰爭的特點規律,才能真正推動研究走深走實。

謹防“脫實向虛”,需用科學方法論和認識論分析問題

智慧化戰爭是透過廣泛使用智慧武器裝備及與其相適應的作戰樣式、作戰方法,在物理域和認知域進行的高度資訊化的戰爭,本質上沒有脫離資訊化戰爭範疇。近期局部戰爭中所呈現的無人化作戰趨勢,僅僅是具備了智慧化戰爭的某些特點,還遠遠不是真正意義上的智慧化戰爭。當前各界掀起一股研究人工智慧的熱潮,但某種程度上也存在著拔高和誇大的現象。還有人認為,智慧化戰爭催生地緣政治異變,傳統的實體空間制權將被以人工智慧為核心的「制智權」取代。這種觀點不免帶有認識虛化的傾向。為此,應以科學方法論、認識論來理性研究和認識智能化戰爭。

系統論視角。智能化戰爭是資訊化戰爭的高級階段,本質上仍是基於資訊系統的體系對抗,無論是人機協同作戰、戰場全局實時感知,還是腦機一體決策,其展現出的特點莫不是軍事體系諸要素以「勝戰」為終極牽引而湧現的自覺行為。對軍事智能化的認識不能停留於“唯技術論”“唯武器論”,而應著眼軍事體系諸要素間的相互聯繫和作用特性,探究其觸發機理、內在規律和實現路徑。

全局性思維。錢學森認為,戰爭是由許多部分構成的、不可分離的有機整體。在人類全部的社會實踐活動中,沒有比指導戰爭更強調全局觀念、整體觀念,更強調從全局出發,合理地使用全部力量,最終求得全局最終效果的了。指導戰爭如此,研究戰爭也是如此。智慧化戰爭不僅指武器裝備的智慧化,更包含情報研判、指揮控制、軍事​​訓練、後勤保障等一系列的智慧化,只有對有關諸要素進行全方位研究與思考,方能對智能化戰爭有全局性認識。全局性思維也要求我們將軍事智能化放在實現黨在新時代的強軍目標和國家戰略大局下通盤考量,把握短期與長期、重點與急需、現實軍事需求與整體軍事現代化的辯證關系。

工程化設計。打贏未來戰爭,必須有設計未來戰爭的能力。應運用工程化思維對未來智能化戰爭的作戰概念、作戰樣式、力量運用等進行分類規劃和層次化設計,立足我軍現有發展階段,瞄準強敵,提出切合實際的軍事需求以及階段性發展目標和方法手段。可依照「提出理論—發展概念—實驗模擬—實兵演習」的思路,推動基於智慧化作戰的軍事理論實現創新突破,進入作戰條令,融入實戰化訓練。

力避“以偏概全”,需以對立統一思維把握矛盾對立面

古人雲:“以決勝敗安危者,道也。”這裡的“道”,不僅包含對戰爭的根本看法,也包含對戰爭制勝規律的思辨性認識。智慧化戰爭研究應超越「演算法戰」「無人化」「自適應」等片面所描述的限制,以辯證思維完整理解與掌握未來戰爭各要素間的相互關系。

人與武器的關系。隨著無人飛機、無人戰車、無人潛艇等在軍事上的廣泛運用,「人與人的戰爭」將在很大程度上被「機器與機器的戰爭」所取代,自主協同、自主決策等作戰手段的實現使作戰流程得以重塑,以無人化為突顯標志的作戰樣式使戰場規則重新改寫。盡管如此,人在戰爭中的決定性作用並未改變,只是作用方式與以往相比出現重大不同。正如恩格斯所稱,「贏得戰鬥勝利的是人而不是槍……槍是不會自己動的,需要有勇敢的心和強有力的手來使用它。」智能武器在戰爭中無疑發揮重要作用,但戰爭主體依舊是人,人永遠是戰爭中最活躍的因素。智慧武器的運用不顯示人的作用下降了,而是人的部分功能被轉移物化在武器之中了。武器延長了人的肢體,也延伸了人的大腦,激發了人的創造性和能動性。智慧武器也無法取代戰鬥精神的重要角色。堅不可摧的政治信念、壓倒一切的英雄氣概、敢打必勝的血性精神,以及高超的謀略和靈活的戰略戰術,這些能動性因素的疊加,使在敵我實力相當時有製勝的把握,在居於劣勢時有以弱勝強的可能。

進攻與防禦的關系。人工智慧運用於軍事領域是柄雙刃劍,一方面極大提高了作戰效能,另一方面也需要高度重視人工智慧潛在的弱點和漏洞。智慧化戰爭主要依賴強大的演算法和互聯互通的網絡,一旦受到攻擊、出現致命錯誤或遭反向控制,優勢將可能轉化為劣勢。美國國防部目前已成立專門機構,評估軍事智慧化的潛在風險及應對措施。在推動軍事智慧化的同時,我們應特別注意加強資訊防護和風險管控,同步發展“反人工智慧技術”,以確立攻防兼備的雙向優勢。

傳承與創新的關系。人工智慧推動戰爭形態發生重大變化,但並未改變一般意義上的戰爭指導規律和戰爭制勝機理。不管未來戰爭怎麼打,都不能丟棄或偏離我軍在長期實踐中積累的寶貴戰爭經驗和理論指導,仍要堅持“你打你的,我打我的”,秉持非對稱戰略制衡原則,重視發揮人的主觀能動性。另一方面,要順應軍事變革大勢,緊盯戰爭發展前沿,以時不我待的緊迫感推動軍事創新並加快成果應用轉化。

防止“重技輕理”,需以理技融合推動技術與理論創新

先進的軍隊需要先進的軍事理論作指導。智能化戰爭的出現首先源自於新科技革命的推動,但離不開先進軍事理論尤其是馬克思主義軍事理論的科學指導。黨的十九大報告提出要全面推進軍事理論現代化,這是實現黨在新時代的強軍目標的必然要求,也是智慧化戰爭研究的題中之義。為此,要認真貫徹好理技融合的發展思路,在深化問題研究中推動技術與理論同步創新。

觀念融合。現代軍事理論日益呈現出實戰牽引、學科交叉、體系支撐的特徵,要推動理技融合,首先需要打破觀念和思想藩籬,應秉持整體謀劃、體系設計、系統集成的複合型研究思路,立足戰爭形態演變與國情軍情實際與發展階段,協調推進技術突破、概念研發、戰法革新、戰鬥力生成等多面向理論創新,為打贏未來戰爭提供科學引領與理論支撐。應加強研究智能化戰爭的製勝機理、作戰指導、作戰樣式,深入研究智能化戰爭引發的軍隊組織形態,尤其是組織體制、規模結構、戰鬥編成、戰術原則、作戰保障、力量運用等方面的系列變化,為迎接新一輪軍事變革做好思想與理論準備。

學科融合。智慧化戰爭研究不僅涉及人工智慧在軍事領域的運用,還涉及演算法、材料等多領域和物理、化學、電子、生物等多學科,涉及戰爭倫理、國際法等廣泛領域。為實現理技融合,要求技術工作者要擺脫單純工程思維的羈絆,樹立戰略思維和全局意識,熟練掌握科學方法論和認識論,用辯證思維統領技術研發。理論研究者要打破學科界限,走出純學術研究的小圈子,積極推動科研機構與院校、部隊、技術研發部門的互動,力爭在人工智慧基礎領域取得原創性成果,同時豐富智能化戰爭理論。善用數據說話,向實戰聚焦,堅持“三個面向”,切實發揮理論對技術的引領和指導作用。

來源:解放軍報 作者:馬榮升 責任編輯:楊一楠 2019-07-04 14:xx

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4845177.html

Chinese Military Combat Deception on the Intelligent Battlefield

中國軍隊在智慧戰場上進行作戰欺騙

現代英語:

It is easy to break the “fog” of the battlefield, but it is difficult to break the “obsession” in your heart——

Since ancient times, achieving surprise through combat deception has been an important way to win on the battlefield. Entering the era of intelligence, the in-depth application of artificial intelligence technology has not only clearly dispelled the original war “fog”, but also created a large amount of new war “fog”. If we only rely on improving deception techniques and means, and simply superimposing and strengthening the traditional deception paradigm, it will become increasingly difficult to achieve the deception goal. From “smart deception” to “smart victory”, there is an urgent need for an overall transformation of the objects of deception, means of deception, methods of deception, and focus of deception, so as to form a new deception paradigm that meets the requirements of the intelligent era.

The target of deception has shifted from humans to human-machine hybrid agents

Clausewitz believed that three-quarters of the factors on which war is based are more or less surrounded by the “fog” of uncertainty. Combat deception is essentially the use of uncertainty in war. The more “fog” there is in war, the more room there is for maneuvering. Traditional combat deception is carried out around the opponent’s decision-making level, and people are the only target of deception. However, with the increasingly prominent role of intelligent intelligence analysis and auxiliary decision-making systems in command activities, the use of deception to achieve strategic, campaign, and tactical surprises faces major challenges. How to deceive human-machine hybrid intelligent entities composed of humans and intelligent systems has become an important factor that needs to be considered when planning and implementing deception in the intelligent era. The competition surrounding intelligent deception and anti-deception is becoming increasingly fierce.

There is a world of difference between deceiving people and deceiving intelligent systems. In the past, the “calculations” that deceived people may be exposed when facing the “calculations” of intelligent systems. Intelligent systems can efficiently integrate and process massive amounts of sensor data and Internet open source information, making a qualitative leap in the speed, depth, breadth and accuracy of battlefield situation perception, realizing a profound transformation from “sensing” to “knowing”, from “state” to “momentum”, and playing an important role in dispelling the “fog” of war. For example, on the battlefield, although both sides try to hide the truth and cover up their intentions in various ways, they still cannot escape the “eyes” of the intelligent system: the tracks left by carefully disguised tanks and armored vehicles, after being detected by the opponent’s satellites, drones, etc., will also reveal their specific locations under the analysis of the intelligent system.

On the contrary, it is very easy to deceive intelligent systems with methods that target them, but it may not be able to deceive people. A foreign research team found that by changing a few key pixels in a picture of a cat, the intelligent system can identify the cat as a dog, while the human eye will not make any recognition errors due to this change. Similar incidents are common. Some studies have pointed out that sticking a piece of paper with a special pattern on a person’s forehead can deceive the strongest facial recognition system, and this method is highly portable and can deceive other facial recognition algorithms with a slight change.

It can be seen that deceiving people and deceiving intelligent systems are two different “deception methods”. After the deep application of artificial intelligence in the field of intelligence analysis and auxiliary decision-making, from the formulation of strategic deception plans to the design of battlefield camouflage patterns, how to deceive both the human brain and the computer and keep the human-machine hybrid intelligent body “in the dark” will be an important issue that needs to be focused on and solved in order to win the initiative in war.

The fraudulent methods have shifted from being mainly human-based to a combination of human and machine.

The organization and implementation of traditional combat deception is mainly manual, especially large-scale strategic deception, which requires a lot of manpower, material and financial resources. For example, in World War II, the Allies formulated a series of deception plans to ensure the success of the Normandy landing: setting up a fake radio network and a simulated landing fleet, and imagining that the US 1st Army Group with 50 divisions and 1 million people was actively preparing to cross the channel and land in the direction of Calais; using the air force to bomb Calais and Normandy, but the former was bombed more than 1 times more than the latter, etc. The application of artificial intelligence in deception can fundamentally change this situation. With humans as the main guide and intelligent means as the auxiliary, it can quickly generate massive amounts of false information, confusing the real with the fake, and create a thicker war “fog” for the opponent.

The use of intelligent means can improve the quality of deception. On the one hand, intelligent decision-making aids can be used to formulate deception plans, optimize the design of deception forces, deception deployment, deception processes, etc., to achieve systematic deception with the best overall effect; on the other hand, intelligent intelligence analysis systems can be used to pre-test the deception effect, “using one’s own spear to attack one’s own shield”, find out the loopholes and contradictions in the plan, and then improve the deception plan to make it logically self-consistent and seamless.

The use of intelligent means can expand the scale of deception. The increasingly mature deep fake technology can synthesize realistic fake pictures, handwriting, audio, video, etc. in large quantities, and has broad application prospects in strategic, campaign, and tactical deception. For example, in strategic campaign deception, corresponding technical means can be used to confuse opponents by forging fake radio stations and fake commanders, and even to fake an active command post in a certain battle direction; in tactical deception, battlefield camouflage can be used to attach special patterns to high-value equipment to make the opponent’s intelligent system recognize it incorrectly.

The use of intelligent means can reduce the cost of deception. With the support of technologies such as virtual reality and deep fakes, unexpected deception effects can often be achieved with the help of synthetic optics, acoustics and other means, and they are low-cost and low-investment, which is more cost-effective than traditional strategic deception methods. For example, setting up false targets such as bait unmanned combat platforms, using electronic feints and electronic camouflage to send false signals can effectively restrain the opponent’s power, produce high returns at low cost, and thus gain the upper hand.

The use of intelligent means can optimize the accuracy of deception. Traditional combat deception is usually stereotyped, with prominent characteristics of broadcast, extensive, and generalized. For this reason, in the era of intelligence, we should focus on collecting data on opponent decision makers in peacetime and use big data for precise analysis to “know the enemy” more deeply and specifically. On this basis, deep fake technology can be used in wartime to customize the content of deception, realizing precise deception from targeting groups to targeting individuals.

The method of deception has shifted from mainly deceiving to mainly confusing and seducing.

“Playing cards” and “playing chess” are two game modes with completely different battlefield transparency. In the “playing cards” mode, both sides only know the cards that the opponent has played, but do not know the cards in the opponent’s hand, let alone what cards the opponent will play next; while in the “playing chess” mode, the deployment of both sides’ forces on the chessboard is completely transparent, but the opponent’s intentions and the next move are unknown. It is not difficult to see that from cold weapon wars, hot weapon wars, mechanized wars, informationized wars, and then to intelligent wars, the form of war confrontation is increasingly changing from the “playing cards” mode to the “playing chess” mode.

In a war of “playing cards”, blind deception is very useful. Through strict disguise and strict confidentiality, the opponent’s channels of information can be blocked as much as possible, making it impossible for the opponent to detect one’s own intentions and actions, thereby achieving surprise. In the past, when the means of obtaining information were limited and information on the battlefield situation was scarce, there were many examples of wars that used “hiding the truth” and “showing falsehood” to achieve surprise. However, at present, with the help of advanced reconnaissance technology, full-dimensional and full-spectrum reconnaissance has been realized, and the battlefield is becoming more and more transparent. Complete concealment without any revealing features is difficult to achieve. Once the concealment state is switched to the action state, the probability of being discovered by the opponent will be greatly increased. Blind deception can only become an auxiliary deception method.

In the war of “chess”, the following two deception methods are usually used: one is confusing deception, that is, using intelligent means to send a large amount of true and false mixed and difficult to identify information, increasing the ambiguity of information and the difficulty of analysis, making it difficult for the opponent to judge or misjudge. The second is inducement deception, that is, by sending high-definition misleading information, the opponent is led into a preset trap. The combination of these two methods and the cooperation of blinding deception together constitute a hybrid deception that is difficult for the opponent to guard against.

The focus of deception shifts from human perception to human cognition

As the main subject of war, people are important variables that influence the war situation, which implies uncertainty and uncontrollability. From the perspective of psychology, cognitive neurology and other aspects, the “black box” of the mind still cannot be revealed. Deception by deception targets people’s eyes and ears, taking advantage of human sensory weaknesses, while deception by deception and temptation directly targets people’s minds, taking advantage of human weaknesses.

From past cases, even with the most advanced intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance technology and the most intelligent analysis methods, it is impossible to make up for and overcome human weaknesses. In many cases, it is not that the intelligence department failed to recognize the opponent’s deception, but that the decision-makers are unwilling to believe the facts. On the eve of the Soviet-German War in World War II, although more and more evidence showed that Germany was planning to invade the Soviet Union, the Soviet decision-makers believed that the war would not come for the time being. Therefore, when the war broke out, the Soviet army was not well prepared for the response, and the initial defensive actions were very passive.

War practice shows that in the era of intelligence, even if the opponent has obvious military technology advantages and can achieve one-way transparency on the battlefield through advanced intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance technology, the enemy can still take advantage of the cognitive weaknesses of the opponent’s decision-making layer to implement counter-intuitive deception and cover up the true intentions and actions. This also shows that the focus and center of deception in the era of intelligence should not be entirely on how to deliberately cover up the traces of military actions, but should focus more on targeting the opponent’s decision-making layer and inducing it to make decisions and actions that the enemy wants to see.

Yuan Yi Zhao Di

(Author’s unit: Institute of War Studies, Academy of Military Science)

現代國語:

破戰場“迷霧”易,破心中“執念”難——

袁 藝 趙 頔

自古以來,透過作戰欺騙達成突然性,是戰場制勝的重要途徑。進入智慧化時代,人工智慧技術的深度應用,在清晰撥開原有戰爭「迷霧」的同時,又製造出大量新的戰爭「迷霧」。如果只依賴改進欺騙技術和手段,在傳統欺騙範式上做簡單的疊加強化,就想達成欺騙目標的難度越來越大。由“智騙”到“智勝”,迫切需要欺騙對象、欺騙手段、欺騙方式、欺騙重心等各個方面的整體轉變,形成適應智能化時代要求的新型欺騙範式。

欺騙對象由人轉向人機混合智能體

克勞塞維茨認為,戰爭所依據的四分之三的因素或多或少被不確定性的「迷霧」包圍著。作戰欺騙本質上就是對戰爭中不確定性的利用,戰爭「迷霧」越多,施計用謀的空間就越大。傳統作戰欺騙都是圍繞著對方決策層而展開的,人是欺騙的唯一對象。但隨著智慧情報分析與輔助決策系統在指揮活動中的地位作用日益凸顯,以欺騙達成戰略、戰役、戰術突然性面臨重大挑戰。如何欺騙人與智慧系統共同組成的人機混合智能體,成為智能化時代籌劃實施欺騙需要考慮的重要因素,圍繞智能欺騙與反欺騙的較量日趨激烈。

欺騙人與欺騙智慧系統有著天壤之別,以往欺騙人的「算計」在面對智慧系統的「計算」時可能會被識破。智慧型系統可高效融合處理海量的傳感器數據和互聯網開源信息,使得戰場態勢感知的速度、深度、廣度和精度產生質的飛躍,實現由“感”到“知”、由“態”到“勢”的深刻轉變,在撥開戰爭「迷霧」方面發揮重要作用。例如,戰場上盡管交戰雙方都試圖用各種方法隱藏真相、掩蓋企圖,但仍逃不出智能係統的「慧眼」:精心偽裝的坦克、裝甲車等留下的車轍痕跡,被對方衛星、無人機等偵照後,在智慧型系統的分析下也會暴露出具體位置。

相反,針對智慧型系統的欺騙方式欺騙智慧系統非常容易,但可能又欺騙不了人。國外研究團隊發現,只要改變一隻貓的圖片中的少數幾個關鍵像素,就可以使智慧系統將貓識別為狗,而人眼則完全不會因這種變化而出現識別錯誤。類似的事件屢見不鮮,有研究指出,在人類前額上貼一張有特殊圖案的紙片,就能夠騙過最強的人臉識別系統,且這一方法具有很強的可移植性,稍加改變就可以欺騙其他的人臉識別演算法。

由此可見,欺騙人與欺騙智慧系統是兩種不同的「騙法」。人工智慧深度應用於情報分析與輔助決策領域後,大到戰略欺騙方案的製定,小到戰場迷彩圖案的設計,如何既騙過人腦又騙過電腦,把人機混合智能體「蒙在鼓裡”,將會是贏得戰爭主動權需要重點關注並加以解決的重要課題。

欺騙手段由人工為主轉向人機結合

傳統作戰欺騙的組織實施以人工為主,尤其是大規模的戰略欺騙,需要投入大量的人力物力財力。例如,二戰時盟軍為確保諾曼底登陸成功,制定了一系列疑兵計畫:建立假的無線電網和模擬登陸艦隊,虛構有50個師100萬人的美第1集團軍群,正在積極準備橫渡海峽向加萊方向登陸;使用空軍對加萊和諾曼底進行轟炸,但前者遭到的轟炸比後者多1倍以上等等。人工智慧運用於欺騙可從根本上改變這一局面,以人為主導輔以智能手段,可快速生成海量虛假信息,以假亂真,給對手製造更加濃厚的戰爭“迷霧”。

運用智慧手段可提升欺騙品質。一方面,可運用智慧輔助決策手段訂定欺騙計畫,優化設計欺騙力量、欺騙部署、欺騙流程等,實現全局效果最佳的體系化欺騙;另一方面,可運用智慧情報分析系統預先檢驗欺騙效果, “以己之矛攻己之盾”,找出計劃中的漏洞和矛盾點,進而完善欺騙計劃,使其邏輯自洽、嚴絲合縫。

運用智慧手段可擴大欺騙規模。日益成熟的深度偽造技術,可大量合成逼真的虛假圖片、筆跡、音頻、視頻等,在戰略、戰役、戰術欺騙中有著廣泛的應用前景。例如,在戰略戰役欺騙方面,可透過相應技術手段,偽造假電台、假指揮員等迷惑對手,甚至能夠在某一戰役方向偽造一個活躍的指揮所;在戰術欺騙方面,可通過戰場偽裝,給高價值裝備貼上特製圖案,使對手的智慧系統識別出錯。

運用智慧手段可降低欺騙成本。在虛擬現實、深度偽造等技術的支持下,借助合成光學、聲學等手段往往也能達到意想不到的欺騙效果,並且兼具低成本、小投入的特點,相比傳統戰略欺騙方式具有高效費比優勢。如設置誘餌無人作戰平台等假目標,運用電子佯動、電子偽裝等施放假信號,都能夠有效牽制對手力量,以低成本產出高回報,從而贏得制勝先機。

運用智慧手段可優化欺騙精度。傳統作戰欺騙通常千篇一律,廣播式、粗放式、概略化特點比較突出。為此,智能化時代,平時就應注重廣泛收集對手決策者數據,並運用大數據進行精確分析,以更加深刻更加具體地「知彼」。在此基礎上,戰時就可運用深度偽造技術個性化客製化欺騙內容,實現由針對群體到瞄準個體的精準欺騙。

欺騙方式由以蒙蔽為主轉向以迷惑、誘導為主

「打牌」和「下棋」是戰場透明度截然不同的兩種賽局模式。 「打牌」模式中,雙方都只知道對手已出的牌,但不知道對手手中的牌,更不知道下一步對手會出什麼牌;而「下棋」模式中,棋盤上雙方兵力部署完全透明,但不知道對手企圖和下一步棋怎麼走。不難看出,從冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭到資訊化戰爭,再到智慧化戰爭,戰爭對抗形式日益由「打牌」模式轉變為「下棋」模式。

在「打牌」模式的戰爭中,蒙蔽式欺騙非常管用,可通過嚴密偽裝和嚴格保密,盡可能地封鎖對手的獲情渠道,使其無法察覺己方企圖和行動,進而達成突然性。在過去資訊獲取手段有限、戰場態勢資訊匱乏的年代,主用「隱真」輔以「示假」達成突然性的戰例很多。但當前,憑借先進偵察技術,已經實現了全維全譜偵察,戰場透明化程度越來越高,無任何暴露特徵的完全隱蔽已難以實現,而一旦由隱蔽狀態轉入行動狀態,更會大大增加被對手發現的機率,蒙蔽式欺騙只能成為輔助欺騙手段。

在「下棋」模式的戰爭中,通常採用以下兩種欺騙方式:一是迷惑式欺騙,即藉助智能手段,發出大量真假混雜、難以辨認的信息,增大信息模糊度和分析難度,使對手難以判斷或判斷失誤。二是誘導式欺騙,即透過發出高清晰誤導訊息,將對手引入預設陷阱。兩種方式結合再加上蒙蔽式欺騙的配合,共同構成了對手難以防範的混合式欺騙。

欺騙重心由人的感知轉向人的認知

作為戰爭的主體,人是左右戰局的重要變量,蘊含著不確定性和不可控性。從心理學、認知神經學等層面來看,心智的「黑箱」仍然無法揭開。蒙蔽式欺騙針對的是人的耳目,利用的是人類感官弱點,而迷惑式和誘導式欺騙直指人的心智,利用的是人性弱點。

從以往案例來看,即使擁有最先進的情報監視偵察技術和最聰明化的分析手段,也無法彌補和克服人性弱點。很多情況下,不是情報部門沒有辨識出對手的欺騙,而是決策層不願意相信事實。在第二次世界大戰蘇德戰爭前夕,盡管當時越來越多的證據表明,德國正計劃入侵蘇聯,但蘇聯決策層認為戰爭暫時不會來臨,所以當戰爭爆發時,沒有做好應對準備的蘇軍,前期的防禦行動非常被動。

戰爭實踐表明,進入智能化時代,即使對手擁有明顯的軍事技術優勢,能夠通過先進的情報監視偵察技術達成戰場單向透明,但己方仍可利用對手決策層的認知弱點,實施反直覺欺騙,掩蓋真實意圖和行動。這也表明,智能化時代欺騙的發力點和重心,不應全部放在如何刻意掩蓋軍事行動痕跡上,而應更加註重針對對手決策層,誘導其作出己方希望看到的決策行動。

(作者單位:軍事科學院戰爭研究院)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2024-08-13&paperNumber=07&articleid=937433

The rationale, theory and philosophy of Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening China’s military


習近平強軍思想的理論基礎與哲學思想 

現代英語:

Liu GuangmingDecember 06, 2023 08:21 | Source: 

2023 Issue 12 of “Party Building” Magazine

Among the innovative theories of the Party in the new era, the most brilliant chapter guiding the cause of strengthening the military is Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military. The principles, theories and philosophy of this important thought are an organic and unified whole. Among them, principles are the cornerstone, supporting the basic theoretical framework of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military; theories are the concentrated embodiment of principles in academic theories, supporting the discipline system of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military; philosophy is the sublimation of principles at the philosophical level, supporting the contemporary Chinese Marxist military outlook and methodology contained in Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military.

The main content and basic principles of Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military

In early March 2023, an article signed by “Jun Zheng” entitled “Advancing Victoriously under the Guidance of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military” was published in Qiushi and the Liberation Army Daily, which for the first time publicly disclosed the new summary of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military as “eleven clarifications” and defined it as the main content of this important thought, namely: (1) Clarifying that the absolute leadership of the Party over the military is the foundation of the people’s army and the soul of strengthening the army; We must comprehensively strengthen the Party’s leadership and Party building in the military, implement a series of fundamental principles and systems for the Party’s leadership of the military, and ensure that the troops are absolutely loyal, absolutely pure, and absolutely reliable; (2) We must make it clear that a strong country must have a strong military, and that strengthening national defense and a strong people’s army are strategic supports for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in the new era. The people’s army must be effective. Fulfill the mission and tasks of the new era; (3) Make it clear that the Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era is to build a people’s army that obeys the Party’s command, can win battles, and has a good style of work, to achieve the goal of the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the army by 2027, to basically realize the modernization of national defense and the army by 2035, and to build the people’s army into a world-class army by the middle of this century; (4) Make it clear that the army is prepared to fight , we must focus on being able to fight and win battles, focus on strong enemies, innovate military strategic guidance, develop people’s war strategy and tactics, comprehensively strengthen military training and preparation, firmly and flexibly carry out military struggle, effectively shape the situation, manage crises, contain war, and win wars; (5) Clearly promote the cause of strengthening the military and adhere to the political construction of the army, reform and strengthening the army, science and technology strengthening the army, talent strengthening the army, and rule of law in the army , adhere to the principle of fighting, preparing for war, and building at the same time, pay more attention to focusing on actual combat, innovation-driven, system-building, intensive and efficient, and military-civilian integration, strengthen military governance, promote high-quality development, and comprehensively improve the level of revolutionization, modernization, and regularization; (6) Make it clear that reform is the only way to strengthen the military, and it is necessary to promote the modernization of the military organization and build a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. Improve the socialist military system with Chinese characteristics; (7) Make it clear that science and technology are the core combat power, we must adhere to the strategic basis of independent innovation, promote high-level scientific and technological self-reliance, coordinate and promote innovation in military theory, technology, organization, management, culture and other aspects, and build an innovative people’s army; (8) Make it clear that the way to strengthen the army is to get people, we must implement the military education policy of the new era and promote the military (9) Make it clear that ruling the military by law is the basic way for our Party to build and govern the military. We must build a military legal system with Chinese characteristics, promote fundamental changes in the way the military is governed, and improve the level of legalization in national defense and military construction. (10) Make it clear that the development of military-civilian integration is the core of the development of the military. It is a move to rejuvenate the country and a strategy to strengthen the military. We must consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities. (11) We must make it clear that good work style is the distinctive feature and political advantage of our military. We must strictly govern the Party and the military in an all-round way, train a strong grassroots in an all-round way, unswervingly rectify work styles, discipline and fight corruption, vigorously promote the glorious traditions and good work style of our Party and our military, and forever maintain the nature, purpose and character of the people’s army.

Deeply understand that “the fundamental focus is to support the great cause of rejuvenation with a strong military.” Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military is fundamentally focused on supporting the great cause of rejuvenation with a strong military. This important proposition is a scientific conclusion drawn by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, which has placed national defense and military construction under the great goal of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Only by deeply studying and understanding this “fundamental focus” and comprehensively and accurately grasping the far-sighted considerations of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi to support the great cause of rejuvenation with a strong military can we understand Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military from the political and strategic levels. The “second clarification” is an important statement that directly reflects the fundamental focus of “supporting the great cause of rejuvenation with a strong military.” Whether this “support” is effective or not depends on whether we have real world-class military strength. Now, although there are more means and options for maintaining national security, we can use them flexibly and maneuver them in all directions, but we must never forget that military struggle is a strong backing for national political and diplomatic struggles, and military means are always the last resort. We must take the initiative in national rejuvenation into our own hands. While striving for strategic mutual trust, we must work hard to build a world-class military that can compete with powerful enemies. We must then insist on conducting strategic operations based on strong military strength, so that the comprehensive spillover effects of a strong military can be truly brought into play, ensuring that we can achieve national rejuvenation regardless of whether the enemy forces are willing or not and whether the international environment is relaxed or not.

Deeply realize that “the core requirement is to realize the party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era”. Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military, the core requirement is to realize the party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era. This is a major conclusion based on “building a strong national defense and a strong people’s army that is commensurate with our country’s international status and consistent with national security and development interests”. The “third clarification” comprehensively explains the goal of strengthening the military. The goal of strengthening the military is the general strategy of our party in building and governing the military in the new era, and provides fundamental guidance for promoting national defense and military construction from a new starting point. Obeying the Party’s command is the soul, determining the political direction of the army’s construction, and is embodied in the “first clarification”; being able to win battles is the core, reflecting the army’s fundamental functions and the fundamental direction of the army’s construction, and is embodied in the “fourth clarification”; having a good work style is the guarantee, related to the nature, purpose, and character of the army, and is embodied in the “eleventh clarification”. These three points embody the guiding ideology and principles of our party’s consistent construction and management of the army, embody the idea of ​​comprehensive construction that unifies revolutionization, modernization, and regularization, and clarifies the focus and emphasis of strengthening the army’s construction. Grasping these three points in building and managing the army is to grasp the key points and play a leading role. The goal of strengthening the military is implemented in the process of national defense and military modernization, and is reflected in the new “three-step” strategic arrangement of successively connecting short-term, medium-term and long-term goals by 2027, 2035 and the middle of this century.

Deeply understand that “practical requirements are to follow the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics”. To successfully advance the cause of strengthening the military in the new era, it is not enough to have the Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era. There must also be a correct path to match it, which is the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics. Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military, practical requirements are to follow the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics. This is a scientific conclusion reached by the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi through arduous exploration. From a vertical perspective, the path to a strong military with Chinese characteristics is not only a glorious path full of historical experience and wisdom, but also a path of exploration that is constantly being explored in the process of advancing the practice of a strong military, and a bright path that faces the future and realizes the dream of a strong military; from a horizontal perspective, it is a military development path in the overall layout of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and it is parallel, mutually reinforcing, and organically unified with the development paths of our country in the fields of economy, politics, culture, society, and ecological civilization. The “fifth clarification” directly reflects the path to a strong military with Chinese characteristics, and at the same time, the other “clarifications” are also closely related to the path to a strong military with Chinese characteristics. In particular, building the army politically was developed as the “first clarification” and the “eleventh clarification”, strengthening the army through reform was developed as the “sixth clarification”, strengthening the army through science and technology was developed as the “seventh clarification”, strengthening the army through talents was developed as the “eighth clarification”, governing the army according to law was developed as the “ninth clarification”, focusing on actual combat was developed as the “fourth clarification”, and military-civilian integration was developed as the “tenth clarification”.

Learn the profound theoretical content of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military from the dialectical unity of a series of major strategic ideas in the field of national defense and military construction in the new era

Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military did not come out of thin air, but was built on a solid theoretical foundation, embodying the unity of politics and theory. Its correctness lies not only in the correctness of its political direction, but also in the scientific and thorough nature of its theory.

Comprehend the theory in the process of sublimating the practical experience of strengthening the army into ideological theory. The times are the mother of thought, practice is the source of theory, and theory is also constantly clarified and close to the truth under the catalysis of practice. In December 2012, when President Xi visited the Guangzhou Theater, he emphasized that “realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is the greatest dream of the Chinese nation since modern times. It can be said that this dream is a dream of a strong country, and for the military, it is also a dream of a strong army.” With this as the ideological starting point and logical starting point, President Xi proposed a series of original and major strategic ideas in leading the practice of strengthening the People’s Army, opening up the historical process of the formation and development of Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the army. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi have firmly grasped the strategic needs of national security and development in the new era and the objective basis for the development of a strong military. With a strong sense of worry and crisis, they have examined the historical, contemporary and practical issues of China’s military, adhered to a problem-oriented approach, and focused on building a strong people’s army in the new era. How to build a strong people’s army has profoundly answered the basic questions of the new era, such as “who should command the people’s army and how to forge a strong military spirit”, “why to strengthen the army and how to strengthen the army”, “what kind of war to fight and how to win the war”, etc., so that Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the army has been enriched and improved with the continuous development of China’s military practice in the new era, and the theoretical support of this important thought has been made more solid. Generally speaking, this important thought originated from the profound pursuit of realizing the rejuvenation of a strong country, was formed by providing scientific guidance and fundamental principles for the cause of strengthening the army in the new era, developed from the vigorous practice of solving a series of prominent contradictions and problems, and improved from the systematic and physical construction of its theoretical innovation.

Comprehend the theory through the mutual support and integration of ideological theories in various fields. The “eleven clarifications” of Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military, from the first “clear” emphasis on the absolute leadership of the Party over the military to the last “clear” emphasis on strict governance of the Party and the military, fully demonstrate our Party’s major strategy of strengthening the military and demonstrating the great ambition and strategy of comprehensively strengthening the Party’s leadership and Party building in the military to lead the modernization of national defense and the military in the new era. Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military covers the party’s absolute leadership over the military, military strategy, war and combat guidance, military modernization, national defense construction and other disciplines. It is a scientific military theory system with rich content, profound thoughts and keeping pace with the times. Regarding the modernization of the military, it is proposed to comprehensively promote the modernization of military theory, military organizational structure, military personnel, and weapons and equipment, accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence, comprehensively strengthen military governance, and promote the high-quality development of our military; regarding national defense construction, it is proposed to implement the overall national security concept, consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities, strengthen the integrated integration of strategic layout in various fields, the integrated integration of strategic resources, and the integrated use of strategic forces, and build a strong and stable modern border, sea, and air defense; and so on. These new ideas, new viewpoints and new conclusions on related fields have deepened the understanding of the laws of national defense and military construction, the laws of military struggle preparation and the laws of war guidance with a new perspective, and have become the “four pillars” supporting Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military.

Comprehend the theory from the comprehensive penetration and guidance of the distinctive theme of strengthening the army. To construct a scientific theoretical system, we must focus on the theme to plan the layout. Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army takes strengthening the army as its theme, which is a natural manifestation of the inherent theoretical logic of this thought in the process of formation and development. The chapters of the main part of the “Outline for Studying Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army (2023 Edition)” are closely related to the theme of strengthening the army, and the subtitle of each chapter begins with “On Strengthening the Army”. Grasping the theme of strengthening the army is mastering the “golden key” to learning and understanding Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army. The main contents of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military, which are “eleven clarifications”, profoundly answer major questions such as the fundamental guarantee, requirements of the times, goals, fundamental orientation, strategic layout, the only way, a powerful engine, fundamental plan, legal guarantee, important support, and unique advantages of strengthening and rejuvenating the military. Each “clarification” is closely linked to strengthening and rejuvenating the military, covering all areas and aspects of military construction, reform and military struggle preparation in the new era, running through the entire process of military force construction and use, and enriching and developing the party’s military guidance theory with systematic innovation and creative sublimation. Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military, with the theme of “strengthening and rejuvenating the military”, runs through and guides the construction of the discipline system of the party’s military thought in the new era.

Comprehend the profound philosophy of Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military from the military outlook and methodology of the “Five Persistences”

Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military insists on using Marxism to examine contemporary Chinese military issues, profoundly expounds on a series of major relationships, and creatively puts forward the contemporary Chinese Marxist military outlook and methodology of “five insistences”: insist on political leadership, insist on stopping war with force, insist on being proactive and enterprising, insist on overall planning and balancing all aspects, and insist on daring to fight and win. It is a vivid manifestation of the world outlook and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in the military field, and has opened up a new realm of Marxist military dialectics and contemporary Chinese military philosophy.

Understand the relationship between the military and politics from “upholding political guidance”. “Upholding political guidance” emphasizes that the military should obey politics, and that political nature is the essential attribute of the military, which profoundly explains the political nature of military power. In the relationship between the military and politics, the first thing to grasp is that politics determines the military, and political strategy determines strategy. We must unswervingly uphold the party’s absolute leadership over the military, serve the people wholeheartedly, always think about and handle military issues from a political perspective, faithfully perform the mission and tasks entrusted by the party and the people, always listen to the party, follow the party, and always be the people’s soldiers. At the same time, the importance of the military cannot be ignored. Politics determines and leads the military, and the military serves and supports politics. These two aspects complement each other and are organically unified.

Understand the relationship between war and peace from “insisting on stopping war with force”. President Xi pointed out: “Only by being able to fight can we stop war, and only by being prepared to fight can we avoid fighting. The less able we are to fight, the more likely we are to be beaten. This is the dialectic between war and peace.” This important statement scientifically reveals the contradictory characteristics of the mutual connection and mutual transformation between war and peace, and points out that the premise and key to achieving peace is “being able to fight”, and the ultimate way to win peace is “stopping war with war and stopping war with force”. Therefore, we must build military struggle preparations on the basis of coping with the most complex and difficult situations, not fight unprepared battles, grasp strategic initiative, effectively formulate strategies and tactics, and ensure that we can effectively stop war and resolutely win the war.

From “persisting in positive progress”, we can understand the relationship between stability and shaping. First, stability and shaping are mutually conditional: stability is the premise and foundation of shaping. Without stability, shaping is impossible; without positive and enterprising shaping, stability is impossible. Second, stability and shaping promote each other: stability can prevent shaping from “going astray”; shaping can enhance the “new quality” of stability. Therefore, we must insist on putting ourselves first, proceed from reality, give full play to our conscious initiative, be good at taking the initiative, fight proactively, find opportunities in crises and turn crises into opportunities, strive to be proactive and avoid being passive, and strive for all possible victories on a stable and reliable basis.

Understand the relationship between system and efficiency from “adhering to overall planning and balancing considerations”. Dialectical materialism believes that everything is interconnected and interdependent, and the entire world is an interconnected whole and an interactive system. Within the system, the various components coordinate and interact with each other to achieve optimized efficiency. Military practice is full of various complex contradictory movements. Grasping the relevance and mastering the complexity are the basic requirements for promoting military development. The cause of strengthening the military in the new era must be planned and operated as a systematic project. We must implement the overall national security concept, coordinate economic construction and national defense construction, coordinate military struggle and other aspects of the struggle, coordinate major tasks of war preparation, use key breakthroughs to drive overall progress, and improve overall effectiveness through coordination and linkage.

Understand the relationship between people and weapons from “insisting on daring to fight and winning”. In today’s era, with the rapid development of high-tech and the widespread use of new weapons and equipment, the human factor and the weapon factor are becoming more and more closely integrated. Faced with the new changes in the relationship between people and weapons in modern warfare, President Xi Jinping clearly pointed out that “people are the decisive factor in winning wars”, and emphasized that “with the continuous development of military technology, the importance of equipment factors is increasing”. If there is a generation gap in weapons and equipment, it will be difficult to fight. We must attach importance to the factor of weapons. It is not enough to talk about the human factor without weapons and equipment, the basic components of war. Attaching importance to the equipment factor is to attach importance to the human factor. We must carry forward the fighting spirit of not fearing hardship and not fearing death, dare to overcome all difficulties, and dare to overwhelm all enemies.

(Author’s unit: National Defense University’s Research Center for Xi Jinping’s Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era)

(Editors: Wang Zifeng, Wang Keyuan)

現代國語:

在新時代黨的創新理論中,用來指導強軍事業的精彩篇章是習近平強軍思想。這一重要思想的道理學理哲理是有機統一的整體。其中,道理是基石,支撐起習近平強軍思想的基本理論架構﹔學理是道理在學術理論上的集中體現,支撐起習近平強軍思想的學科體系﹔哲理是道理在哲學層面的升華,支撐起習近平強軍思想蘊含的當代中國馬克思主義軍事觀與方法論。

習近平強軍思想的主要內容與基本道理

2023年3月初,「鈞政」署名文章《在習近平強軍思想引領下勝利前進》在《求是》和《解放軍報》發表,首次公開了習近平強軍思想「十一個明確」的新概括,並將其界定為這一重要思想的主要內容,即:(1)明確黨對軍隊絕對領導是人民軍隊建軍之本、強軍之魂,必須全面加強軍隊黨的領導和黨的建設,貫徹黨領導軍隊的一系列根本原則和製度,確保部隊絕對忠誠、絕對純潔、絕對可靠﹔(2)明確強國必須強軍,鞏固國防和強大人民軍隊是新時代堅持發展中國特色社會主義、實現中華民族偉大復興的戰略支撐,人民軍隊必須有效履行新時代使命任務﹔(3)明確黨在新時代的強軍目標是建設一支聽黨指揮、能打勝仗、作風優良的人民軍隊,到2027年實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標,到2035年基本實現國防和軍隊現代化,到本世紀中葉把人民軍隊建成世界一流軍隊﹔(4)明確軍隊是要準備打仗的,必須聚焦能打仗、打勝仗,扭住強敵對手,創新軍事戰略指導,發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,全面加強練兵備戰,堅定靈活開展軍事鬥爭,有效塑造態勢、管控危機、遏制戰爭、打贏戰爭﹔ (5)明確推進強軍事業必須堅持政治建軍、改革強軍、科技強軍、人才強軍、依法治軍,堅持邊鬥爭、邊備戰、邊建設,更加重視聚焦實戰、創新驅動、體系建設、集約高效、軍民融合,加強軍事治理,推動高質量發展,全面提高革命化現代化正規化水平﹔(6)明確改革是強軍的必經之路,必須推進軍隊組織形態現代化,建立中國特色現代軍事力量體系,完善中國特色社會主義軍事制度﹔(7)明確科技是核心戰鬥力,必須堅持自主創新戰略基點,推進高水準科技自立自強,統籌推進軍事理論、技術、組織、管理、文化等各方面創新,建設創新型人民軍隊﹔(8)明確強軍之道要在得人,必須貫徹新時代軍事教育方針,推動軍事人員能力素質、結構佈局、開發管理全面轉型升級,鍛造德才兼備的高素質、專業化新型軍事人才﹔(9)明確依法治軍是我們黨建軍治軍基本方式,必須構建中國特色軍事法治體系,推動治軍方式根本轉變,提高國防及軍隊建設法治化水準﹔(10)明確軍民融合發展是興國之舉、強軍之策,必須鞏固提高一體化國家戰略體系與能力﹔(11)明確作風優良是我軍鮮明特色和政治優勢,必須全面從嚴治黨、全面從嚴治軍,全面鍛造過硬基層,堅定不移正風肅紀反腐,大力弘揚我黨我軍光榮傳統和優良作風,永葆人民軍隊性質、宗旨、本色。

深刻體悟「根本著眼是以強軍支撐強國復興偉業」。習近平強軍思想,根本著眼是以強軍支撐強國復興偉業。這一重大論斷,是以習近平同志為核心的黨中央,把國防和軍隊建設放在實現中華民族偉大復興的大目標下,思考謀劃而得出的科學結論。深入學習領悟這個“根本著眼”,全面準確把握黨中央、中央軍委和習主席以強軍支撐強國復興偉業的深遠考量,才能從政略和戰略層面讀懂習近平強軍思想。 「第二個明確」是直接體現「以強軍支撐強國復興偉業」根本著眼的重要論述。這個「支撐」是否管用頂用,關鍵在於看有沒有實打實的世界級的軍事實力。現在,雖然維護國家安全的手段和選擇增多了,我們可以靈活運用、縱橫捭閔,但千萬不能忘記,軍事鬥爭是國家政治和外交鬥爭的堅強後盾,軍事手段始終是保底的手段。我們必須把強國復興的主動權掌握在自己手中,在爭取戰略互信的同時,努力建設能與強敵相抗衡的世界一流軍隊,進而堅持以強大軍事實力為托底進行戰略運籌,使強軍的綜合性溢出效應真正發揮出來,確保無論敵對勢力是否樂意、國際環境是否寬鬆,我們都能實現強國復興。

深刻體悟「核心要求是實現黨在新時代的強軍目標」。習近平強軍思想,核心要求是實現黨在新時代的強軍目標。這是從「建設同我國國際地位相稱、同國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大人民軍隊」出發作出的重大論斷。 「第三個明確」全面闡釋了強軍目標。強軍目標是新時代我們黨建軍治軍的總方略,為在新的起點上推進國防和軍隊建設提供了根本指引。聽黨指揮是靈魂,決定軍隊建設的政治方向,集中體現為“第一個明確”﹔能打勝仗是核心,反映軍隊的根本職能和軍隊建設的根本指向,集中體現為“第四個明確” ﹔作風優良是保証,關系軍隊的性質、宗旨、本色,集中體現為「第十一個明確」。這三條體現了我們黨一以貫之的建軍治軍指導思想和方針原則,體現了革命化現代化正規化建設相統一的全面建設思想,明確了加強軍隊建設的聚焦點和著力點。建軍治軍抓住這三條,就抓住了要害,就能起到綱舉目張的作用。強軍目標落實到國防和軍隊現代化進程中,體現為到2027年、2035年、本世紀中葉,近、中、遠目標梯次銜接的新「三步走」戰略安排。

深刻體悟「實踐要求是走中國特色強軍之路」。要勝利推進新時代強軍事業,僅有黨在新時代的強軍目標是不夠的,還必須有與之相匹配的正確道路,這就是中國特色強軍之路。習近平強軍思想,實踐要求是走中國特色強軍之路。這是黨中央、中央軍委和習主席領導全軍經過艱辛探索的科學結論。中國特色強軍之路,從縱向看,既是飽含歷史經驗和智慧的光榮之路,又是在推進強軍實踐中不斷開拓的求索之路,也是面向未來、實現強軍夢的光明之路﹔從橫向來看,是中國特色社會主義事業總體佈局中的軍事發展道路,與我國在經濟、政治、文化、社會、生態文明等領域的發展道路並行展開、交相輝映、有機統一。直接體現中國特色強軍之路的,是“第五個明確”,同時,其他各個“明確”也都與中國特色強軍之路緊密相關。特別是其中的政治建軍展開為“第一個明確”和“第十一個明確”,改革強軍展開為“第六個明確”,科技強軍展開為“第七個明確”,人才強軍展開為“第八個明確”,依法治軍展開為“第九個明確”,聚焦實戰展開為“第四個明確”,軍民融合展開為“第十個明確”。

從新時代國防與軍隊建設領域一系列重大戰略思想的辯証統一中領悟習近平強軍思想的厚實學理

習近平強軍思想,不是憑空冒出來的,而是建立在堅實的學理基礎之上,體現了政治性與學理性的統一,其正確性,既在於政治方向的正確性,也在於學理的科學性、徹底性。

在強軍實踐經驗向思想理論升華的進程中領悟學理。時代是思想之母,實踐是理論之源,學理也是在實踐的催化下不斷明晰並貼近真理。 2012年12月,習主席在廣州戰區考察時強調,“實現中華民族偉大復興,是中華民族近代以來最偉大的夢想。可以說,這個夢想是強國夢,對軍隊來說,也是強軍夢” 。以此為思想發端和邏輯起點,習主席在領航人民軍隊的強軍實踐中提出一系列原創性重大戰略思想,開啟了習近平強軍思想形成和發展的歷史進程。黨的十八大以來,黨中央、中央軍委和習主席牢牢把握新時代國家安全與發展的戰略需求和強軍事業發展的客觀基點,以強烈的憂患意識和危機意識審視中國軍事的歷史之問、時代之問、實踐之問,堅持問題導向,圍繞新時代建立一支什麼樣的強大人民軍隊、怎樣建設強大人民軍隊,深刻回答了新時代「人民軍隊聽誰指揮、怎樣鑄牢軍魂」「為什麼強軍、怎樣強軍」「打什麼仗、怎樣打勝仗」等基本問題,使習近平強軍思想隨著新時代中國軍事實踐的不斷發展而豐富完善,也使這一重要思想的學理支撐更加堅實。整體來看,這一重要思想發軔於對實現強國復興的深沉追求,形成於為新時代強軍事業提供科學指引和根本遵循,發展於破解一系列突出矛盾問題的壯闊實踐,完善於其理論創新的體系化學理化構建。

在各領域思想理論的相互支撐與契合融通中領悟學理。習近平強軍思想的“十一個明確”,從第一個“明確”強調黨對軍隊絕對領導,到最後一個“明確”強調全面從嚴治黨、全面從嚴治軍,全面展現了我們黨強軍興軍的重大方略,彰顯了以全面加強軍隊黨的領導和黨的建設統領新時代國防和軍隊現代化建設的大氣魄大戰略。習近平強軍思想涵括了黨對軍隊絕對領導、軍事戰略、戰爭和作戰指導、軍隊現代化、國防建設等學科內容,是內涵豐富、思想深邃、與時俱進的科學軍事理論體系。關於軍隊現代化,提出全面推進軍事理論、軍隊組織形態、軍事人員、武器裝備現代化,加速機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,全面加強軍事治理,推動我軍高質量發展﹔關於國防建設,提出貫徹總體國家安全觀,鞏固提高一體化國家戰略體系與能力,加強各領域戰略佈局一體融合、戰略資源一體整合、戰略力量一體運用,建設強大穩固的現代邊海空防﹔等等。這些對相關領域提出的一系列新思想新觀點新論斷,以全新視野深化了對國防和軍隊建設規律、軍事鬥爭準備規律、戰爭指導規律的認識,成為支撐習近平強軍思想的「四樑八柱」。

從強軍興軍這個鮮明主題的全面貫通引領中領悟學理。建構一個科學的理論體系,必須著眼主題來謀篇佈局。習近平強軍思想以強軍興軍為主題,是這一思想在形成與發展過程中內在理論邏輯的自然體現。 《習近平強軍思想學習綱要(2023年版)》主體部分的各章節緊扣強軍興軍這個主題,其中每一章的副標題都是以「關於強軍興軍的」打頭。掌握住強軍興軍這個主題,就掌握了學習理解習近平強軍思想的「金鑰匙」。習近平強軍思想「十一個明確」的主要內容,深刻回答了強軍興軍的根本保証、時代要求、奮鬥目標、根本指向、戰略佈局、必由之路、強大引擎、根本大計、法治保障、重要依托、特有優勢等重大問題,每一個「明確」都緊扣強軍興軍來展開,涵蓋新時代軍隊建設、改革和軍事鬥爭準備各領域各方面,貫通軍事力量建設和運用全過程,以體系性創新、創造性升華豐富發展了黨的軍事指導理論。習近平強軍思想以「強軍興軍」這個主題貫通引領新時代黨的軍事思想的學科體系建設。

從「五個堅持」的軍事觀和方法論中領悟習近平強軍思想的精深哲理

習近平強軍思想,堅持用馬克思主義審視當代中國軍事問題,深刻闡述一系列重大關系,創造性提出「五個堅持」的當代中國馬克思主義軍事觀和方法論:堅持政治引領、堅持以武止戈、堅持積極進取、堅持統籌兼顧、堅持敢打必勝,是習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想的世界觀和方法論在軍事領域的生動體現,開拓了馬克思主義軍事辯証法和當代中國軍事哲學新境界。

從「堅持政治引領」中領悟軍事與政治的相互關系。 “堅持政治引領”,強調軍事服從政治,政治性是軍隊的本質屬性,深刻闡明了軍事力量的政治本質。在軍事與政治的相互關系中,首先要把握的是政治決定軍事、政略決定戰略,必須毫不動搖堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導,全心全意為人民服務,始終從政治高度思考和處理軍事問題,忠實履行黨和人民賦予的使命任務,永遠聽黨話、跟黨走,永遠做人民子弟兵。同時,也不能忽視軍事的重要性。政治決定軍事、引領軍事,軍事服務政治、支撐政治,這兩個面向相輔相成、有機統一。

從「堅持以武止戈」領悟戰爭與和平的相互關系。習主席指出:「能戰方能止戰,準備打才可能不必打,越不能打越可能挨打,這就是戰爭與和平的辯証法。」這一重要論述,科學揭示了戰爭與和平相互聯繫、相互轉化的矛盾特徵,指明了實現和平的前提和關鍵是“能戰”,贏得和平的最後途徑是“以戰止戰、以武止戈”。因此,要把軍事鬥爭準備建立在應對最復雜最困難的基礎上,不打無準備之仗,掌握戰略主動、有效制定戰略戰術,確保有力懾止戰爭、堅決打贏戰爭。

從「堅持積極進取」領悟穩局與塑勢的相互關系。一是穩局和塑勢互為條件:穩局是塑勢的前提和基礎,立足未穩就不可能塑勢﹔離開了積極進取的塑勢,想穩也穩不住。二是穩局和塑勢互相促進:穩局可以防止塑勢「劍走偏鋒」﹔塑勢可以提升穩局的「新質」。因此,要堅持以我為主,從實際出發,充分發揮自覺能動性,善於下先手棋、打主動仗,善於危中尋機、化危為機,力爭主動、力避被動,在穩當可靠基礎上爭取一切可能的勝利。

從「堅持統籌兼顧」領悟系統與效能的相互關系。唯物辯証法認為,萬事萬物是相互聯繫、相互依存的,整個世界是相互聯繫的整體,也是相互作用的系統。在系統內部,各組成部分之間相互協調、相互作用,實現效能優化。軍事實踐充滿各種複雜矛盾運動,把握關聯性、駕馭複雜性是推動軍事發展的基本要求,必須把新時代強軍事業作為系統工程來謀劃和運籌。要貫徹總體國家安全觀,統籌經濟建設和國防建設,統籌軍事鬥爭和其他方面鬥爭,統籌戰建備重大任務,以重點突破帶動整體推進,以協調聯動提高綜合效能。

從「堅持敢打必勝」領悟人與武器的相互關系。在當今時代,隨著高新技術的快速發展以及新式武器裝備的廣泛使用,人的因素和武器因素結合得越來越緊密。面對現代戰爭中人與武器關系的新變化,習主席明確指出,“在戰爭制勝問題上,人是決定因素”,同時強調“隨著軍事技術不斷發展,裝備因素的重要性在上升”。如果武器裝備上有代差,仗就很難打了。要重視武器的因素,脫離了武器裝備這個戰爭的基本構件來講人的因素是不行的。重視裝備因素也就是重視人的因素。要發揚一不怕苦、二不怕死的戰鬥精神,敢於戰勝一切困難,敢於壓倒一切敵人。

(作者單位:國防大學習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想研究中心)

(責編:王珂園)

中國原創軍事資源:http://ztjy.people.cn/BIG5/n1/2023/1206/c457340-40132768.html

China’s Military Accelerating Integrated Development of Mechanization, Informatization and Intelligentization

我軍加速機械化、資訊化、智慧化融合發展

中国军网 国防部网

2020年11月25日 星期三

現代英語:

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee made new and comprehensive arrangements for national defense and military construction, aimed at achieving the goal of the centenary of the founding of the army, and clearly put forward the contemporary requirements and strategic measures for accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence. Forging ahead on a new journey, focusing on accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, seizing opportunities, responding to challenges, and taking advantage of the situation are of great significance for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the army and comprehensively improving the ability to prepare for war in the new era.

Recognize the necessity of accelerating the integration of mechanization, informatization and intelligence

Those who follow the trend will win, and those who control the trend will prevail. At present, the new round of scientific and technological revolution is showing a strong trend of intelligent technology leading the way, pushing the world’s new military revolution to develop in depth. The trend of intelligent weapons and equipment is obvious, and the superposition and aggregation effect with mechanization and informatization is prominent. The war form is accelerating from mechanization to informatization, entering the stage of giving birth to intelligent warfare. It is the development and change of the times that has made the acceleration of the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence become the general trend and powerful driving force for promoting the in-depth development of military transformation, and the inevitable choice to ensure winning the initiative, winning advantages and winning the future.

Comply with the trend of the world’s military revolution. At present, the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology is increasingly having a subversive impact on the field of war and combat. Seizing the strategic commanding heights of artificial intelligence and accelerating the development of artificial intelligence militarization and practical combat have become the strategic frontiers of military competition among major countries in the world. Increasing the intensity of military application of artificial intelligence technology, realizing the deep transformation and comprehensive upgrading of mechanized and informationized combat equipment, embedding artificial intelligence systems into the informationized combat command chain and action chain, and making the combat force organization more modular and integrated through intelligent transformation are the common practices of the world’s military powers in seeking new military advantages. Whether it is possible to accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, especially to fully release the efficiency expansion of intelligence on mechanization and informatization, so that platform operations, system operations and precision operations can obtain higher quality and efficient intelligent support, is undoubtedly a key to whether the strategic initiative of military competition can be firmly grasped.

The need to comprehensively improve the level of modernization. Modernization has a distinct timeliness, and the requirements of the times are the key measure to measure the degree of modernization of a country and an army. Today, we are entering a stage where intelligence is the core driving force of change. The integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence is not only an important symbol of the level of modernization of the country and the army, but also a fundamental measure to promote the modernization of national defense and the army. To accelerate the modernization of military theory, military organizational form, military personnel and weapons and equipment, we need to obtain a powerful engine and support for reform and innovation, transformation and upgrading, quality improvement and efficiency increase from the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, and in a certain sense, it plays an important role in determining the direction, mode and path of modernization. Only by accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, and making it run through all aspects of the whole process of promoting modernization, and promoting quality change, efficiency change and power change from a high starting point, can we comprehensively improve the level of national defense and military modernization.

The need to accelerate the transformation of combat effectiveness generation mode. The generation of combat effectiveness, from the combination of people and weapons to the element structure and the way of force release, has its mandatory era orientation and positioning. With the advent of the era of intelligent warfare, unmanned intelligent warfare has become a key factor affecting the direction of the war and even the outcome of the war. Intelligent technology and equipment have become a multiplier of mechanized and informationized combat effectiveness. Accelerating the development of military intelligence has become the strategic focus of improving the combat capability of the system and building new domains and new qualities of combat forces, making the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness increasingly dependent on the level of integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence. Only by incorporating the transformation of combat effectiveness generation mode into the track of integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, building an intelligent and networked combat command platform, forming a human-machine efficient collaborative combat force use method, and making “smart victory” the core direction of combat theory innovation and combat method transformation, can combat effectiveness construction achieve substantial breakthroughs and overall leaps.

Grasp the requirements of the times to accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence

Accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence is a new proposition of the times. Grasping its requirements of the times from the perspective of its essential connotation, mode of action and basic laws is an important prerequisite for ensuring that the integrated development has a clear direction, accurate positioning, clear ideas and practical measures.

Grasp the essential connotation of integrated development. Mechanization, informatization and intelligentization are integrated and developed, with mechanization as the foundation, informatization as the leading factor and intelligence as the direction. The so-called integrated development is to form an integrated and unified promotion pattern, build an integrated design, and gather the best and release the energy operation mode, and produce an overall effect of superposition aggregation and quality and efficiency doubling. This deep integrated development is mainly reflected in: taking cognitive integration as the guide, having a scientific understanding of the advantages of firepower, mobility, information power and intellectual value, and establishing the operational concept of comprehensive control, comprehensive integration and comprehensive victory; relying on platform integration, building a combat platform integrating main combat equipment, information network and artificial intelligence, and improving the comprehensive combat capability of full-domain, precise and unmanned; taking system integration as the core, through the embedded transformation of weapon equipment system and information network system by artificial intelligence system, the overall potential of combat force and combat elements is demonstrated with higher quality and level of system integration; with system integration as the support, coordinating the construction of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, coordinating the construction of combat force and support guarantee force, and creating an integrated joint combat system that adapts to the needs of actual combat.

Grasp the role of integrated development. The integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence is a process of showing their strengths, interacting with each other and promoting each other. It is a process of aggregating equipment advantages, information advantages and intelligence advantages. Its role is mainly reflected in: strengthening the leading role of intelligence, focusing on accelerating the development of military intelligence, insisting on using intelligence to drive the leapfrog development of mechanization and informatization, taking intelligence as the core direction of the development of weapons and equipment and information network construction, increasing the research and development of unmanned and autonomous weapons and equipment, and improving the intelligent application, intelligent management and control, and intelligent operation level of information networks, and giving full play to the maximum effect of controlling energy with intelligence, gathering excellence with intelligence, and winning with intelligence; strengthening the leading role of informatization, grasping the information network system as a handle, accelerating the construction of command information systems and information combat systems, using the advantages of information technology to upgrade and transform existing weapons and equipment, and developing precise, intelligent, integrated, and efficient informationized weapons and equipment, and maximizing the adhesion and integration of information networks on combat systems and effectiveness; strengthening the basic role of mechanization, insisting on taking the mechanization of weapons and equipment as the material basis and carrier for the development of intelligence and informatization, strengthening the construction of weapons and equipment systems, and working hard to fill the gaps in the system and make up for the shortcomings and weaknesses, greatly improving the application level of information technology and intelligent technology in weapons and equipment, and enhancing the scientificity, pertinence, and cutting-edge nature of equipment construction and development.

Grasp the basic laws of integrated development. Mechanization, informatization and intelligence are inevitably closely linked, and together they constitute the key support for the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness. The basic laws of integrated development are mainly manifested in: the progressive nature of development and change, which reflects the different historical stages of the evolution of war forms, changes in combat methods, and the development of weapons and equipment in the time sequence; in terms of interaction, the former is the premise and foundation of the latter (for example, mechanization is the foundation and premise of informatization, and informatization is the foundation and premise of intelligence), and the latter is the development trend and higher potential of the former. With the long-term nature of overlapping and coexisting, the former will produce a marginal diminishing effect when it develops to a certain stage, and the latter needs to inject new momentum and vitality into it, but the latter is not a negation or end of the former, but a repositioning and orientation of the former. What needs to be achieved is the “three-in-one” inclusiveness, rather than the “three-choice” mutual exclusion. It has inclusive complementarity. Mechanization focuses on entities, informatization focuses on data, and intelligence focuses on algorithms. The stronger the foundation of the former, the greater the degree of realization of the latter; the stronger the traction of the latter, the faster the upgrading of the former. It has the empowerment of improving quality and efficiency. Weapon platforms need information networks to empower them, and weapon platforms and information networks need artificial intelligence to empower them. This is a process of optimization and upgrading, improving quality and efficiency, and achieving a new leap in combat effectiveness, quality and efficiency.

Tighten the strategic grasp to accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence

To accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, we should plan, act and follow the trend, focus on combat effectiveness as the only fundamental standard, continuously promote the modernization of national defense and the armed forces, and realize the party’s goal of building a strong military in the new era.

We should focus on preparing for war. Wars change with the times, and victory changes with the times. We should take accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence as an important mission topic to comprehensively improve the ability to prepare for war in the new era. Focus on mission tasks, focus on the new requirements for winning modern wars, conduct in-depth research on the winning mechanism and changes in combat methods brought about by the evolution of war forms, grasp the new characteristics of the informationized and intelligent battlefield, actively explore new tactics for using and responding to intelligent weapons, and improve the informationized and intelligent combat capabilities; focus on transformation and construction, accelerate the transformation of combat effectiveness generation to informatization and intelligence, take military intelligent construction and combat as the main line, accelerate the construction of new domains and new types of combat forces, increase the training of informationized and intelligent talents, and strive to achieve the overall reshaping of combat forces and combat systems; focus on training with war, actively explore new ways of informationized and intelligent training, examine future battlefields and combat opponents from the perspective of “smart war” and “smart victory”, enhance the pertinence of mission topics and emergency response training, use intelligent technology to improve the level of science and technology training, and promote practical training to a higher quality level.

We must focus on deepening reform. Reform is a key move to strengthen the army and win the future. We must accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informationization, and intelligence as an important focus of deepening national defense and military reform. We must insist on seeking combat effectiveness from reform, focus on the prominent characteristics of the army’s lean, integrated, miniaturized, modular, and multi-functional nature in the intelligent era, design reforms with a forward-looking, innovative, and open mind, establish a smooth and efficient leadership, command, and support mechanism, further integrate force resources, streamline the construction and management mechanism, and optimize the organizational structure. Adapting to the requirements of being able to fight and win battles, we must build a strategic and campaign command system that is integrated in peacetime and wartime, operates normally, specializes in the main business, is lean and efficient, and build a joint combat force system with elite combat forces as the main body, promote the development of the force organization in the direction of enrichment, synthesis, multi-functionality, and flexibility, implement modular organization, building block combination, and task-based joint, build a force with multiple capabilities and broad adaptability, and promote the overall leap in combat effectiveness through system structure optimization and reconstruction.

We should stick to the support point of innovation-driven development. Innovation is the core support for the development of combat effectiveness. We should accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence as the focus of implementing the innovation-driven development strategy. We should seek breakthroughs in the innovation of combat theory, closely follow the development trend of military revolution and the recent wars in the world, study the development and application of high-tech, especially intelligent technology and its impact on war, study the new characteristics, new styles and new mechanisms of intelligent warfare, study the winning strategies of intelligent warfare and combat, and accelerate the construction of a combat theory system with the characteristics of our army and in line with the laws of modern warfare. We should seek breakthroughs in scientific and technological innovation, focus on independent innovation and original innovation in national defense science and technology, take the military application of high-tech, especially artificial intelligence technology, as the main direction, accelerate the implementation of major strategic projects in national defense science and technology and weapons and equipment, accelerate the development of strategic, cutting-edge and disruptive technologies, accelerate the upgrading and replacement of weapons and equipment and the development of intelligent weapons and equipment, strive to achieve the transformation from following and running side by side to running side by side and leading, and provide stronger scientific and technological support for the transformation and construction of our army’s combat effectiveness.

(Author’s unit: Joint Operations College of National Defense University)

現代國語:

黨的十九屆五中全會對國防和軍隊建設作出新的全面部署,著眼實現建軍百年奮鬥目標,明確提出加快機械化資訊化智能化融合發展的時代要求和戰略舉措。奮進新征程,聚力加快機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,搶抓機遇,應對挑戰,乘勢而上,對於加速國防和軍隊現代化、全面提高新時代備戰打仗能力具有極其重要的意義。

認清加速機械化資訊化智能化融合發展的時代必然性

順勢者贏,駕馭者勝。目前,新一輪科技革命呈現智慧化技術強勁引領的態勢,推動世界新軍事革命向縱深發展,武器裝備智慧化趨勢明顯、與機械化資訊化的疊加聚合效應凸顯,戰爭形態在加速由機械化向訊息化演變中,進入到催生智慧化戰爭階段。正是時代發展與變革,使加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,成為推動軍事變革深入發展的大勢所趨和強大動力,成為確保贏得主動、贏得優勢、贏得未來的必然選擇。

順應世界軍事革命潮流之需。目前,人工智慧技術正在高速發展,正日益對戰爭和作戰領域產生顛覆性影響。搶佔人工智慧戰略制高點,加速人工智慧軍事化實戰化發展,成為世界主要國家軍事競爭的戰略前線。加大人工智慧技術軍事應用的力度,實現對機械化、資訊化作戰裝備的深度改造、全面升級,把人工智慧系統嵌入資訊化作戰指揮鏈、行動鏈,透過智慧化改造使作戰力量編成更加模組化、一體化,是世界軍事大國謀求新的軍事優勢的通行做法。能否加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,特別是充分釋放智慧化對機械化、資訊化的效能拓展,讓平台作戰、體係作戰、精準作戰獲得更高質高效的智慧化支撐,無疑是能否牢牢把握軍事競爭戰略主動權的一個關鍵。

全面提升現代化建設水準之需。現代化有著鮮明的時代性,時代要求是衡量一個國家、一支軍隊現代化程度的關鍵尺度。當今時代,正進入到以智慧化為核心變革動力的階段,機械化資訊化智能化的融合發展,既是國家和軍隊現代化水平的重要標誌,也是推進國防和軍隊現代化的根本性舉措。加速軍事理論、軍隊組織形態、軍事人員和武器裝備現代化,都需從機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展中,獲得變革創新、轉型升級、提質增效的強力引擎和支撐,並在一定意義上起著決定現代化建設發展方向、發展方式、發展路徑的重要角色。只有加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,使之貫穿到推動現代化建設的全過程各環節,在高起點上推動品質變革、效率變革、動力變革,才能全面提升國防與軍事現代化建設水準。

加快轉變戰鬥力生成模式之需。戰鬥力的生成,從人與武器的結合到要素結構、力量釋放方式,都有其強制性的時代定向、定位。智慧化戰爭時代的到來,無人智慧化作戰成為影響戰局走向乃至戰爭勝負的關鍵要素,智慧化技術裝備成為機械化、資訊化作戰效能的倍增器,加速軍事智慧化發展成為提升體係作戰能力、打造新域新質作戰力量的戰略重心,使戰鬥力的生成與提升愈來愈取決於機械化資訊化智慧化的融合發展水準。只有把轉變戰鬥力生成模式納入機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展的軌道,建構智慧化網路化的作戰指揮平台,形成人機高效協同的作戰力量運用方式,讓「智勝」成為作戰理論創新、作戰方式變革的核心指向,才能使戰鬥力建設取得實質突破、實現整體性躍升。

掌握加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展的時代要求

加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展是一個全新的時代命題,從本質內涵、作用方式、基本規律上把握其時代要求,是確保融合發展方向明、定位準、思路清、舉措實的重要前提。

掌握融合發展本質內涵。機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,機械化是基礎,資訊化是主導,智能化是方向。所謂融合發展,就是形成融為一體、合而為一的推進格局,建構一體設計、聚優釋能的運作模式,產生疊加聚合、質效倍增的整體效應。這種深度融合發展主要體現在:以認知融合為先導,具有對火力、機動力、資訊力和智力價值優勢的科學認知,確立綜合製權、綜合整合、綜合製勝的作戰理念;以平台融合為依托,建構主戰裝備、資訊網路、人工智慧融為一體的作戰平台,提升全域化、精確化、無人化的綜合作戰能力;以系統融合為內核,透過人工智慧系統對武器裝備系統、資訊網路系統的嵌入式改造,以更高品質和水平的系統整合展現作戰力量、作戰要素的整體勢能;以體系融合為支撐,統籌機械化資訊化智能化建設,統籌作戰力量、支援保障力量建設,打造適應實戰需求的一體化聯合作戰體系。

把握融合發展作用方式。機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,是各展其長、互為作用、相互促進的過程,是聚合裝備優勢、資訊優勢、智能優勢的過程。其作用方式集中體現在:強化智能化的引領作用,聚焦加速軍事智能化發展,堅持以智能化牽引機械化、信息化跨越式發展,把智能化作為武器裝備和信息網絡建設發展的核心指向,加大研發無人化、自主化武器裝備的力度,提升資訊網路的智慧應用、智慧管控、智慧運作水平,發揮以智駕馭能、以智聚優、以智取勝的最大效應;強化資訊化的主導作用,扭住資訊網路體系這個抓手,加快指揮資訊系統、資訊作戰系統建設,運用資訊科技優勢升級改造現有武器裝備,開發精確、智慧、融通、高效的資訊化武器裝備,最大限度地發揮資訊網路對作戰體系與效能的黏合力、整合力;強化機械化的基礎作用,堅持將武器裝備機械化作為智慧化、資訊化發展的物質基礎與載體,加強武器裝備體系建設,在填補體系空白、補齊短板弱項上下功夫,大幅提升武器裝備的資訊科技、智慧技術應用水平,增強裝備建設發展的科學性、針對性、前沿性。

把握融合發展基本法則。機械化資訊化智能化之間有著必然的內在的緊密聯繫,共同構成戰鬥力生成和提升的關鍵支撐。其融合發展的基本法則主要表現在:具有發展變革的遞進性,在展開時序上,反映了戰爭形態演進、作戰方式變革、武器裝備發展的不同歷史階段;在相互作用上,前者是後者的前提和基礎(例如機械化是資訊化的基礎和前提,資訊化是智慧化的基礎和前提),後者是前者的發展趨向和更高位能。具有交疊並存的長期性,前者發展到某一階段會產生邊際遞減效應,需要後者為其註入新動能、新活力,但後者不是對前者的否定和終結,而是對前者的重新定位和定向,所要達成的是「三合一」式的兼容並蓄,而不是「三選一」式的互斥排他。具有相容且蓄的互補性,機械化以實體為重心,資訊化以數據為重心,智能化以演算法為重心,前者的基礎越牢,後者的實現程度就越大;後者的牽引作用越強,前者的升級換代就越快。具有提質增效的賦能性,武器平台需要資訊網路為其賦能,武器平台、資訊網路需要人工智慧為其賦能,這是優化升級、提質增效的過程,是實現戰鬥力品質效能新躍升的過程。

緊扭加快機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展的策略性抓手

加速機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,應因勢而謀、應勢而動、順勢而為,緊緊圍繞以戰鬥力這個唯一的根本標準,不斷推進國防和軍隊現代化建設,實現黨在新時代的強軍目標。

扭住備戰打仗這個聚焦點。戰爭因時而化,勝戰據時而變。要把加速機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,作為全面提升新時代備戰打仗能力的重要使命課題。聚焦使命任務,著眼打贏現代化戰爭的新要求,深入研究戰爭形態演變帶來的致勝機理、作戰方式之變,掌握資訊化智能化戰場的新特點,積極探索運用與應對智慧武器的新戰法,提升資訊化智慧化作戰能力;聚焦轉型建設,加速推進戰鬥力生成向資訊化、智慧化轉型,以軍事智慧化建設與作戰為主線,加速新域新質作戰力量建設,加大資訊化智慧化人才的培養力度,著力實現作戰力量、作戰體系的整體重塑;聚焦以戰領訓,積極探索資訊化智慧化訓練的新路子,從「智戰」「智勝」視角審視未來戰場、作戰對手,增強使命課題、應急應戰訓練的針對性,運用智能技術提昇科技興訓水平,推動實戰化訓練向更高質量水平發展。

扭住深化改革這個著力點。改革是強軍興軍、制勝未來的關鍵一招。要把加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,作為深化國防和軍事改革的重要著力點。堅持向改革要戰力,著眼智慧時代軍隊精幹化、一體化、小型化、模組化、多能化的突出特徵,以前瞻、創新、開放的思路設計改革,建立順暢高效的領導、指揮、保障機制,進一步整合力量資源、理順建管機制、優化編成結構。適應能打仗、打勝仗的要求,建構平戰一體、常態運作、專司主營、精幹高效的戰略戰役指揮體系,建構以精銳作戰力量為主體的聯合作戰力量體系,推動部隊編成向充實、合成、多能、靈活方向發展,實行模組化編組、積木式組合、任務式聯合,打造具備多種能力和廣泛適應性的部隊,透過體系結構優化再造促進戰鬥力整體躍升。

扭住創新驅動這個支撐點。創新是戰鬥力建設發展的核心支撐力。要把加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,作為實施創新驅動發展策略的重心。在作戰理論創新上求突破,密切追蹤軍事革命發展趨勢和近期世界發生的戰爭,研究高新技術特別是智慧化技術發展運用及對戰爭的影響,研究智能化作戰的新特徵、新樣式、新機理,研究智慧化戰爭與作戰的致勝方略,加速建構具有我軍特色、符合現代戰爭規律的作戰理論體系。在科技創新上求突破,聚力國防科技自主創新、原始創新,把高新技術特別是人工智慧技術的軍事應用作為主攻方向,加速實施國防科技與武器裝備重大戰略工程,加速戰略性前沿性顛覆性技術發展,加速武器裝備升級換代和智慧化武器裝備發展,奮力實現由跟跑並跑向並跑領跑的轉變,為我軍戰鬥力轉型建設提供更強勁的科技支撐。

(作者單位:國防大學聯合作戰學院)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/gfbmap/content/2020-11/25/content_276619888.htm

China’s Prosperity and Economic Development Support a Strong Chinese Military Culture that Wins Battles

中國的繁榮與經濟發展支撐起強大的中國軍事文化

現代英語:

A strong military culture is the internal guarantee for the People’s Army to be invincible, victorious in all battles, and to continue to grow and develop. It is the spiritual fertile soil that nourishes officers and soldiers and an important factor in improving the combat effectiveness of the troops. The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized the need to “flourish and develop a strong military culture and strengthen the cultivation of fighting spirit.” For the People’s Army, to thoroughly study and implement Xi Jinping’s cultural thoughts is to prosper and develop a strong military culture. Through cultural education and edification, we can cultivate the fighting spirit and heroic and tenacious fighting style of the officers and soldiers, and use advanced culture to sharpen their spirit of defeating the enemy and winning, so as to provide spiritual motivation for fighting and winning battles, and truly let the strong military culture point to winning and Win with service and win with support.

one

In order to comprehensively strengthen military training and preparation and improve the people’s army’s ability to win, we must pay attention to the value function of strong military culture in educating people for war and helping to strengthen the army. The prosperity and development of a strong military culture that supports victory is not only a historical heritage and a requirement of the times, but also the call of the cause of building a strong military.

The fundamental direction of continuing the cultural tradition of our army. Culture is the root of a nation’s prosperity and an important support for the strength of an army. More than 80 years ago, Comrade Mao Zedong said at the Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art: “If we want to defeat the enemy, we must first rely on the army with guns in their hands. But it is not enough to have such an army. We must also have a cultural army, which is In the long-term practice of revolution, construction and reform, our army has forged the “cultural gene” of victory and the “cultural bloodline” of heroes with blood and life, nourishing generation after generation. A generation of officers and soldiers. The war culture of everything for victory contains a strong blood gene and demonstrates a clear direction of winning. In the new era and new journey, the key to extracting the essence and drawing energy from the cultural traditions of our army is to focus on sharpening the sharp sword of the officers and soldiers’ fighting spirit, continuously enhancing the officers and soldiers’ awareness of fighting for war, and constantly strengthening the spirit of being happy when hearing about war, being brave and tenacious, The martial spirit of daring to fight and winning.

An inevitable choice to adapt to the evolution of war forms. The new world military revolution is driving the evolution of warfare forms towards information warfare with intelligent characteristics, showing characteristics such as informatization of technical forms, systematization of organizational forms, and digitalization of weapons and equipment. The evolution of war forms will inevitably lead to the reshaping of military culture forms. From mechanized warfare to information-based and intelligent warfare, from “large-scale” combat and “deep” assault to “asymmetric warfare”, “non-linear warfare”, “integrated joint warfare”, and then to “multi-domain precision warfare”. “Cognitive domain warfare”, the evolution of the mechanism of winning wars has promoted corresponding changes in the military cultural form. On the new journey, our army will promote the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence. We must not only accelerate the iteration and update of weapons and equipment, but also actively promote the transformation and development of military culture, and shape and embody the characteristics of the times in terms of military theory, strategy and tactics, and fighting spirit. Create a strong military culture in the new era that adapts to the development of the times and is in line with technological progress to support winning battles.

An essential requirement for the prosperity and development of a strong military culture. The fundamental function of a strong military culture is to fight, which determines that the fundamental purpose of building a strong military culture is to provide spiritual motivation for the army to fight and win. The culture of a strong military is extremely permeable and durable. The loyalty and fighting will it contains forge the spirit of the people’s army and cultivate the invincible combat effectiveness of the people’s army. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the People’s Army has been reborn from the ashes and transformed. The whole army has focused on being able to fight and win battles, and has taken the prosperity and development of a strong military culture as a powerful measure to boost combat effectiveness, which is closely integrated with the generation of combat effectiveness. Together, it is closely integrated with the main responsibilities and tasks of the military, continuously improving the contribution rate of strong military culture to combat effectiveness, and fully demonstrating the combat function of strong military culture in training and preparation for war.

two

To prosper and develop a strong military culture that supports victory, we must be guided by Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military, grasp the main thread, highlight the key points, and strive to cultivate a strong military cultural system with combat culture, joint culture, and special military culture as the main content. .

Cultivate a fighting culture that can win battles. Combat culture reflects the inherent essence of a strong military culture and determines the value positioning and value orientation of a strong military culture. Combat culture is a bloody culture that has been tempered, refined and accumulated through military struggle practice. It has a profound cultural heritage, strong combat characteristics and distinct characteristics of the times. Its value function is mainly manifested in strengthening the awareness of fighting, improving combat skills, and sharpening the fighting spirit. Spirit is an important component of combat effectiveness, the main body of the strong military cultural system, and an important magic weapon for the People’s Army to win victory. To cultivate a combat culture, we must focus on strengthening the responsibility of officers and soldiers to serve in the army, lead the army in combat, and train the army for combat, and the combat spirit of “not fearing hardship or death” and the combat quality of being brave and tenacious and daring to fight and win, and effectively raise the combat effectiveness standard As the basic focus and fundamental foothold for the prosperity and development of a strong military culture, and as the fundamental measure for testing the quality and effectiveness of building a strong military culture.

Cultivate a joint culture of winning together. In modern warfare, there is no war without integration and no victory without integration. The basic combat style is integrated joint operations. Joint culture is the sum of the joint knowledge system, values, ways of thinking and behavioral norms required to win modern warfare, and is widely permeated in the joint combat system, force structure, behavioral codes and models. It is like an invisible hand, powerfully pushing the joint combat system from “form connection” to “spiritual connection”, from “core connection” to “heart connection”. To cultivate a joint culture, we must rely on mission-driven and joint exercises and training to build a political soul for officers and soldiers to obey the Party’s command, cultivate the concept of joint victory, improve the knowledge system of joint operations, temper the thinking mode of integration and linkage, and cultivate common emotions. and values, a strong and stable collective psychological identity, and an unbreakable will to win.

Cultivate a rich and colorful military culture. When only one flower blooms it is not spring, but when a hundred flowers bloom the garden fills with spring. In the course of military practice, our army has formed distinctive military and arms cultures, including the Army’s “Armored Iron Stream” culture, the “Artillery God of War” culture, the “Army Aviation War Eagle” culture, the Navy’s “Deep Blue Culture”, the Air Force’s “Sky Culture”, and the Air Force’s “Sky Culture”. The “Eagle”, “Sky Ladder” and “Sky Arrow” cultures; the Rocket Force’s “Sword Sharpening Culture” and “Long Ribbon Culture”, and so on. The magnificent flowers of military culture not only constitute a unique spiritual symbol, but also serve as a “multiplier” for enhancing the combat effectiveness of the troops. Creating a military culture with distinctive characteristics and profound heritage does not conflict with cultivating a joint culture. The culture of each service supports the joint culture, and the joint culture realizes the organic integration of the cultures of each service. The deeper the roots of the distinctive cultures of each service are, the stronger the combat effectiveness of the joint culture will be, and the more combat-effective it will be. At the same time, we should vigorously carry out colorful military camp cultural activities, use distinctive culture to forge the military soul, gather soldiers’ hearts, and boost morale, strive to create a lively situation where everyone has a stage, and more effectively play the role of educating people with culture, Use culture to educate people and use culture to support war.

three

To prosper and develop the culture of strengthening the army in the new era, we must insist on serving and winning as the fundamental direction, strengthen historical confidence, and continue the genes of victory; insist on fighting for the sake of war and strengthen combat attributes; take multiple measures, integrate innovation, and create a culture of advocating martial arts and refining martial arts. Create a strong atmosphere and use strong military culture to boost combat effectiveness.

Strengthen the winning genes of revolutionary soldiers in the new era. Culture is essentially a spiritual carrier. The fighting culture of daring to fight and winning that our army has forged in the course of more than 90 years of struggle has created a unique advantage in defeating the enemy and winning the future. On the new journey, we must vigorously carry forward the glorious traditions of the People’s Army, publicize the typical deeds of advanced heroes and combat heroes, guide officers and soldiers to draw nourishment from the revolutionary spirit, draw fighting spirit from the glorious war history, draw strength from the combat honor, and let the People’s Army’s The winning gene is passed on from generation to generation. At present, major changes in the world are accelerating, and changes in the world, the times, and history are unfolding in unprecedented ways. We must educate and guide officers and soldiers to not fear powerful enemies, recognize that upholding the Party’s absolute leadership over the army is the fundamental guarantee for our army to win battles, recognize that the overall might of the people’s war is the magic weapon for our army to defeat the enemy, and combine the fighting spirit with the scientific spirit. , continue the fine traditions of our army, and firmly establish the confidence and determination to win the battle based on the existing equipment.

Improve the combat index of strong military culture construction. President Xi pointed out: “We should combine the traditions and mission characteristics of each unit to strengthen military culture construction, build a strong military culture, and cultivate the troops’ fearless heroism and brave and tenacious fighting style.” We should fundamentally redirect military cultural work to support Fight and win the battle. We will deeply explore revolutionary historical themes, highlight the creation of realistic military themes, and always shape people with noble spirits and inspire people with excellent works. We regularly arrange literary and artistic cavalry teams, battlefield propaganda teams, battlefield photography teams, etc. to go into cold areas, deserts, plateaus, coastal defenses, border checkpoints, and squads to warm the hearts of soldiers, boost morale, and inspire fighting spirit in order to prepare for war and win. . We must insist on seeking combat effectiveness from culture, and push the focus of building a strong military culture from the barracks to the battlefield, and from peacetime to wartime. Organize wartime cultural work drills, explore the content, timing, methods and means of wartime cultural work, and provide important support for improving the combat effectiveness of the troops.

Enhance the military flavor and combat atmosphere of the military camp culture. To build a strong military culture, an important task is to create an environment with a strong military flavor and combat atmosphere, so that officers and soldiers can be influenced at all times, cultivate their fighting will and hone their fighting character in a subtle way. A strong atmosphere of training and fighting was created, battle flags were raised, battle slogans were shouted, and strong army war songs were sung. Cultural light boxes, battle slogans, hero sculptures, etc. were set up, and cultural venues reflecting the army’s war history and revolutionary spirit were built to continuously strengthen the officers and soldiers War awareness, combat readiness concept, and fighting spirit. We should carry out mass cultural activities, hold lectures on strengthening the military culture, hold forums on strengthening the military culture, organize officers and soldiers to tell battle stories and read books on combat culture, and widely carry out assassination and combat training and competitions to inspire officers and soldiers to be brave, capable and good at fighting. . Innovate ways and methods, combine contemporary elements, science and technology with culture and art, use VR, AR, MR and other technological means to create battlefield cultural simulation rooms, etc., so that officers and soldiers can experience the battlefield atmosphere “immersively” and hone their ability to win.

(Author’s unit: Army Party Innovation Theory Research Center)

現代國語:

■陳 陣

強軍文化是人民軍隊戰無不勝、攻無不克,不斷發展壯大的內在保證,是滋養官兵的精神沃土,是提高部隊戰鬥力的重要因素。黨的二十大報告強調要「繁榮發展強軍文化,強化戰鬥精神培育」。深入學習貫徹習近平文化思想,對人民軍隊而言,就是要繁榮發展強軍文化。通過文化的教化與薰陶,培育廣大官兵敢打必勝的戰鬥血性、英勇頑強的戰鬥作風,以先進文化砥礪克敵制勝精神,為能打仗、打勝仗提供精神動力,真正讓強軍文化指向打贏、服務打贏、支撐打贏。

全面加強練兵備戰,提升人民軍隊打贏能力,必須重視發揮強軍文化為戰育人、助力強軍的價值功能。繁榮發展支撐打贏制勝的強軍文化,既是歷史傳承、時代所需,也是強軍事業的召喚。

賡續我軍文化傳統的根本指向。文化是一個民族昌盛的根脈,也是一支軍隊強大的重要支撐。 80多年前,毛澤東同志在延安文藝座談會上說:「我們要戰勝敵人,首先要依靠手裡拿槍的軍隊。但是僅僅有這種軍隊是不夠的,我們還要有文化的軍隊,這是團結自己、戰勝敵人必不可少的一支軍隊。一代官兵。一切為了勝利的勝戰文化,蘊含著強大的血性基因,彰顯著鮮明的打贏指向。新時代新征程,從我軍文化傳統中萃取精華、汲取能量,關鍵要著力擦亮官兵戰鬥精神的尖刀利劍,持續增強官兵的向戰為戰意識,不斷強化聞戰則喜、英勇頑強、敢打必勝的尚武精神。

適應戰爭形態演變的必然選擇。世界新軍事革命正推動戰爭形態朝向具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭加速演進,呈現出技術形態資訊化、組織形態體系化、武器裝備數字化等特徵。戰爭形態的演變,必然引發軍事文化形態的重塑。從機械化戰爭到資訊化、智慧化戰爭,從“大兵團”作戰、“大縱深”突擊,到“非對稱作戰”“非線式作戰”“一體化聯合作戰”,再到“多域精確戰”“認知域作戰”,戰爭制勝機理的演變,推動軍事文化形態相應隨之改變。新征程上,我軍推進機械化資訊化智慧融合發展,既要加速武器裝備的迭代更新,更要積極推進軍事文化轉型發展,從軍事理論、戰略戰術、戰鬥精神等方面塑造和體現時代特質,打造與時代發展相適應、與技術進步相符的新時代支撐打贏制勝的強軍文化。

繁榮發展強軍文化的本質要求。強軍文化姓軍為戰的根本職能,決定了打造強軍文化的根本目的就是為能打仗、打勝仗提供精神動力。強軍文化具有極強的滲透性、持久性,其所蘊含的忠誠品質和鬥爭意志,鍛造著人民軍隊的精氣神,培育著人民軍隊無堅不摧的戰鬥力。黨的十八大以來,人民軍隊浴火重生、轉型重塑,全軍部隊以能打仗、打勝仗為根本著眼點,把繁榮發展強軍文化作為催生戰鬥力的有力舉措,與戰鬥力生成緊密結合在一起,與軍隊主責主業緊密結合在一起,不斷提升強軍文化對戰鬥力的貢獻率,充分彰顯了強軍文化在練兵備戰中的戰鬥功能。

繁榮發展支撐打贏制勝的強軍文化,必須以習近平強軍思想為指導,把準主脈、突出重點,著力培塑以戰鬥文化、聯合文化、部隊特色文化等為主體內容的強軍文化體系。

培育能打勝仗的戰鬥文化。戰鬥文化反映強軍文化的內在本質,決定強軍文化的價值定位和價值取向。戰鬥文化是歷經軍事鬥爭實踐錘煉、淘洗、積蓄形成的血性文化,具有深厚的文化底蘊、強烈的戰鬥特性和鮮明的時代特徵,其價值功能主要表現為強化打仗意識、提升作戰本領、砥礪戰鬥精神,是戰鬥力的重要構成要素,是強軍文化體系的主體,是人民軍隊打贏制勝的重要法寶。培育戰鬥文化,要著力強化官兵當兵打仗、帶兵打仗、練兵打仗的責任擔當,「一不怕苦、二不怕死」的戰鬥精神和英勇頑強、敢打必勝的戰鬥品質,切實把戰鬥力標準作為繁榮發展強軍文化的基本著力點和根本落腳點,作為檢驗強軍文化建設質效的根本尺度。

培育聯合製勝的聯合文化。現代戰爭無戰不聯、無聯不勝,基本作戰樣式是一體化聯合作戰。聯合文化是基於打贏現代戰爭所具備的聯合知識體系、價值觀念、思維方式和行為規範的總和,廣泛滲透於聯合作戰體制編制、力量結構、行為準則和模式之中。它就像看不見的手,有力地推動著聯合作戰體係從“形聯”到“神聯”,從“芯聯芯”到“心連心”。培育聯合文化,要依托任務牽引與聯演聯訓,鑄牢官兵聽黨指揮的政治靈魂,培塑聯合製勝的作戰理念,完善聯合作戰的知識體系,錘煉一體聯動的思維方式,培育共同的情感和價值,強固穩定的集體心理認同,凝聚牢不可破的打贏意志。

培育豐富多彩的部隊特色文化。一花獨放不是春,百花齊放春滿園。我軍在軍事實踐中形成了各具特色的軍兵種文化,有陸軍的“裝甲鐵流”文化、“砲兵戰神”文化、“陸航戰鷹”文化,海軍的“深藍文化”,空軍的“天鷹”“天梯”“天箭”文化,火箭軍的“礪劍文化”“長纓文化”,等等。一朵朵軍兵種文化的瑰麗之花,既構成了獨特的精神標識,也成為部隊戰鬥力提升的「倍增器」。打造具有鮮明特色、底蘊深厚的軍兵種文化,與培育聯合文化並不矛盾。軍兵種文化支撐聯合文化,聯合文化實現了軍兵種文化的有機融合,軍兵種特色文化的根扎得越深,聯合文化戰鬥性就越強,就越有戰鬥力。與此同時,要大力開展多姿多彩的軍營文化活動,以特色文化鑄軍魂、聚兵心、提士氣,著力形成人人都有舞台的生動活潑局面,更有效地發揮以文育人、以文化人、以文資戰作用。

繁榮發展新時代強軍文化,必須堅持把服務打贏作為根本指向,堅定歷史自信,賡續勝戰基因;堅持向戰為戰,強化戰鬥屬性;多措並舉,融合創新,營造尚武精武的濃厚氛圍,切實用強軍文化催生戰鬥力。

厚植新時代革命軍人的勝戰基因。文化在本質上是一種精神承載,我軍在90多年的奮鬥歷程中鍛造形成的敢打必勝的戰鬥文化,鑄就了克敵制勝、贏得未來的特有優勢。新旅程上,我們要大力弘揚人民軍隊光榮傳統,宣傳先進英模、戰鬥英雄典型事跡,引導官兵從革命精神中汲取營養,從輝煌戰史中汲取鬥志,從戰鬥榮譽中汲取力量,讓人民軍隊的勝戰基因薪火相傳。當前,世界大變局加速演進,世界變化、時代之變、歷史變正以前所未有的方式展開。要教育引導廣大官兵不畏強敵,認清堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導是我軍能打勝仗的根本保證,認清人民戰爭的整體威力是我軍克敵制勝的法寶,把戰鬥精神與科學精神結合起來,賡續我軍優良傳統,穩固樹立立足現有裝備打贏制勝的信心決心。

提升強軍文化建設的戰鬥指數。習主席指出:「要結合各部隊傳統和任務特點,加強軍事文化建設,打造強軍文化,培養部隊大無畏的英雄氣概和英勇頑強的戰鬥作風。」要把軍事文化工作根本指向歸正到支撐能打仗、打勝仗上。深入探討革命歷史題材,突顯現實軍事題材創作,始終以高貴的精神塑造人、以優秀的作品鼓舞人心。常態安排文藝輕騎隊、戰地宣傳隊、戰地攝影隊等進寒區、入戈壁、上高原、下海防、走邊關、進班排,為練兵備戰、矢志打贏溫暖兵心、鼓舞士氣、激發鬥志。堅持向文化要戰鬥力,推動強軍文化建設重心從營區延伸至戰場、從平時拓展到戰時。組織戰時文化工作演練,探索戰時文化工作的內容、時機和方式手段,為提升部隊戰鬥力提供重要支撐。

增強軍營文化氛圍的兵味戰味。打造強軍文化,一項重要任務是營造兵味戰味濃厚的環境氛圍,使官兵時時受到薰陶,在潛移默化中培養戰鬥意志、砥礪戰鬥品格。濃厚練兵打仗氛圍,把戰鬥旗幟揚起來、戰鬥口號喊起來、強軍戰歌唱起來,設置文化燈箱、戰鬥標語、英模雕塑等,修建反映部隊戰史戰例、革命精神的文化場所,不斷強化廣大官兵戰爭意識、戰備觀念、戰鬥精神。抓好群眾性文化活動,開設強軍文化講座,舉辦強軍文化論壇,組織官兵講戰鬥故事、讀戰鬥文化書籍,廣泛開展刺殺格鬥訓練和比武競賽活動,激發官兵敢戰能戰善戰的血性膽氣。創新方式方法,將時代元素、科學技術與文化藝術結合起來,運用VR、AR、MR等科技手段,打造戰場文化模擬室等,讓官兵「身臨其境」感受戰場氛圍、錘煉打贏能力。

(作者單位:陸軍黨的創新理論研究中心)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16279540888.html

Artificial Intelligence Will Change Chinese Military Winning Mechanism of Future Wars

人工智慧將改變中國軍隊未來戰爭制勝機制

現代英語:

2024-05-02 09:xx | Source:  Peopke’s Liberation Army Daily

Artificial intelligence technology is an important support for improving strategic capabilities in emerging fields. In recent years, it has developed rapidly and has been widely used in the military field, constantly giving rise to new asymmetric advantages, and profoundly changing the basic form, combat methods and winning mechanisms of future wars. We should have a deep understanding of artificial intelligence as a revolutionary technological driving force, accurately identify changes, respond scientifically, and actively seek changes, strive to explore ways to win future wars, and gain the initiative in the accelerating intelligent war.

Information Mechanism

Knowing yourself and the enemy will ensure victory in every battle. Quickly and effectively mastering all-round information is the primary prerequisite for winning a war. Artificial intelligence can realize intelligent perception of battlefield situation, intelligent analysis of massive data, and intelligent processing of multiple information, which can form a “transparent” advantage on the battlefield.

Autonomous implementation of battlefield perception. By embedding intelligent modules into the wartime reconnaissance system, various reconnaissance node units can achieve random networking, on-the-spot coordination, and organic integration, and can autonomously capture battlefield information in all directions and dimensions, build a relatively “transparent” digital battlefield environment and combat situation, and then dispel the “fog” of war and present a panoramic view of the combat scene.

Accurately identify massive amounts of data. Relying on intelligent technologies such as precise sensing technology and analytical recognition technology, it accurately interprets, analyzes, compares, and integrates diversified voice, text, pictures, videos, and other data to obtain faster, more complete, more accurate, and deeper battlefield situation results, far exceeding the speed and accuracy of human brain processing.

Efficient response to key information. Based on intelligent technologies such as combat cloud, big data, and the Internet of Things, it is able to quickly discover large quantities of non-standardized, heterogeneous intelligence data, autonomously discover symptoms, identify intentions, analyze trends, find patterns, and respond to commanders’ needs for key information in real time and accurately.

Synchronous sharing of integrated situation. The intelligent control system can optimize and integrate various reconnaissance and surveillance systems distributed in different spaces and frequency domains such as land, sea, air, space, and power grids, and play an important hub role in sharing information and unified cognition, building a situation based on “one picture”, “one network”, and “one chain”, so that all combat units can synchronously share the required information from different spaces, distances, and frequencies in all domains and at all times, and realize intelligent sharing.

Decision-making mechanism

Those who win before the battle have made more calculations. Scientific and accurate decision-making is a prerequisite for winning a war. Artificial intelligence can simulate and deduce dynamic battlefields, quickly make feasible decisions, greatly shorten the operational planning and decision-making cycle, and form a decision-making advantage.

Intelligent strategic situation analysis. The decision-making support system that incorporates artificial intelligence technology has functions such as information collection, query management, data processing, and correlation analysis. It can effectively break through the limitations of human analytical capabilities, maximize the separation of false and true, correlation verification, and link thinking, automatically conduct big data analysis such as enemy situation, our situation, and battlefield environment, and form comparative data on related forces and weapons. It can efficiently assist combat command and help commanders quickly make combat decisions.

Intelligent optimization of combat plans. Relying on the intelligent combat simulation system, according to the pre-input combat missions and strike target information, it automatically generates multiple sets of intuitive plans and programs, comprehensively evaluates their advantages and disadvantages and potential risks, and selects the plan that is most conducive to achieving the commander’s intention for the commander to make the final decision. After receiving the combat missions and target requirements from the superior, each combat unit further screens the battlefield target information in combination with the tasks and requirements of this level, and independently formulates the best plan and program at this level to maximize combat effectiveness.

Intelligent prediction of decision-making effectiveness. The intelligent decision-making support system relies on intelligent technologies such as big data, high-performance computing, and neural network algorithms to give the command and control system more advanced “brain-like” capabilities, allowing it to think more rationally about unexpected situations on the battlefield and quickly come to relatively objective results of the engagement.

Power control mechanism

Power is the right to control based on benefits. Seizing control is the key factor in winning a war. Artificial intelligence can “transplant” part of human intelligence to weapons, making the combination of humans and weapon systems closer and closer. The deep interaction between man and machine has changed the traditional elements of control, endowed it with new connotations, and can help gain new control advantages.

The right to control the domain is expanding to the high frontier. In the future, highly intelligent unmanned systems will be able to carry out a variety of combat missions even under harsh conditions such as high temperature, extreme cold, high pressure, lack of oxygen, toxicity, radiation, and in extreme environments such as extremely high, extremely far, extremely deep, extremely microscopic, extremely dark, and extremely bright. The competition for control of the combat domain and combat space will extend to the high frontier, the far frontier, and the deep frontier.

The right to control information is expanding to multiple means. Traditionally, the right to control information is achieved by attacking the enemy’s reconnaissance and early warning system, destroying its command and control system, and other means to control the acquisition, processing, and distribution of information. However, information warfare dominated by artificial intelligence uses information itself as “ammunition”, and the means to seize the right to control information are more diverse.

The network control power is expanding to distributed. The network information system built based on intelligent technology provides a ubiquitous network “cloud” to aggregate battlefield resources of various terminals and provide services, which can realize modular organization and automated reorganization of combat forces. The traditional purpose of breaking the network and destroying the chain by attacking key nodes will no longer be achieved. It is inevitable to respond to the “decentralized” battlefield with an intelligent distributed attack mode.

The power to control the brain is expanding to new domains. Brain-like technology and simulation technology are gradually militarized, forming new areas of competition and confrontation. The focus has shifted from focusing on confrontation in the physical and information domains to focusing more on influencing and controlling the opponent’s psychology. Technologies such as virtual reality and audio-visual synthesis can be indistinguishable from the real thing. “Core attack” can quietly change the enemy’s command and control system algorithm. “Brain control” can directly control the enemy’s decision-making. By controlling and influencing the enemy’s psychology, thinking, will, etc., the goal of stopping and winning the war can be achieved at the lowest cost.

Mechanism of action

The key to victory in war is to take advantage of the enemy’s unpreparedness and to take actions that the enemy does not expect. Artificial intelligence can improve the intelligence of weapons and equipment, command and control systems, and action decision-making, making the mobile response capability faster and the joint strike capability more accurate, creating a super action advantage.

The speed of action is “instant kill”. The intelligent combat system can see, understand, learn and think, effectively shortening the “OODA” cycle. Once an “opportunity” is found, it will use intelligently controlled hypersonic weapons, kinetic weapons, laser weapons, etc. to quickly “instant kill” the target at a long distance.

Action style is “unmanned”. “Unmanned + intelligent” is the future development direction of weapons and equipment. Low-cost unmanned vehicles, drones, unmanned submarines and other unmanned autonomous equipment, with the support of cluster autonomous decision-making systems, can plan the task division of each unit according to combat objectives, accurately dock with each other, autonomously combine, covertly penetrate, and carry out cluster saturation attacks on the enemy.

“Blurred” action space. In future wars, using interference to carry out soft strikes on the enemy’s intelligent combat systems and intelligent weapons, and using intelligent weapons to delay or influence the enemy’s decision-making and psychology will become the key to victory. Most of these actions are completed unconsciously or silently, presenting a “blurred” state where the enemy and us are invisible, the boundaries between the front and the rear are unclear, and the visible and invisible are difficult to distinguish.

The action deployment is “stealth”. The intelligent command system and weapon equipment have bionic and stealth properties. As long as they are deployed in advance in possible combat areas during peacetime preparations or training exercises, they can be pre-positioned and dormant in preparation for war. Once they are activated in time during wartime, they can launch a sudden attack on the enemy, which will help to quickly seize the initiative in the war.

System Mechanism

Five factors and seven strategies determine victory or defeat. Future wars will be full-domain, full-system, full-element, full-process system confrontations, and a stable and efficient combat system is the basic support for winning the war. As the application of artificial intelligence in the military field continues to expand, the combat system is becoming more and more intelligent, and the full-domain integrated combat system will produce a strong system advantage.

There are more means of “reconnaissance”. Intelligent combat clusters rely on network information systems to connect with various large sensors, electronic warfare systems and other human-machine interaction platforms, use the detection and perception equipment of each combat unit to obtain battlefield data, give full play to the self-organizing characteristics of intelligent groups, strengthen real-time reconnaissance and monitoring support for joint combat systems and back-end intelligence analysis, and achieve full-domain reconnaissance, joint early warning, and coordinated verification, forming a multi-dimensional, full-domain coverage of large-area joint reconnaissance intelligence system.

The scope of “control” is wider. The use of intelligent unmanned combat platforms can break through the logical limits of human thinking, the physiological limits of senses and the physical limits of existence, and replace humans to enter traditional life-forbidden areas such as the deep sea, space, polar regions, and areas with strong radiation, and stay there for a long time to carry out “unconventional warfare”, thereby further expanding the combat space and having the ability to continuously deter opponents in a wider range of fields.

The speed of “fighting” is faster. Supported by the intelligent network information system, the intelligence chain, command chain, and kill chain are seamlessly connected, the speed of information transmission, decision-making speed, and action speed are simultaneously accelerated, and the intelligent combat units can be flexibly organized, autonomously coordinated, and quickly strike. All of these make the time utilization efficiency extremely high and the battlefield response speed extremely fast.

The “evaluation” is more accurate. Using intelligent technologies such as experiential interactive learning and brain-like behavior systems, the intelligent combat evaluation system can independently complete the collection, aggregation, and classification of multi-means action effect evaluation information, accurately perceive battlefield actions based on big data and panoramic images, dynamically identify combat progress and correct defects, predict complex battlefield changes, and make comprehensive plans and respond flexibly.

The “maintenance” is more efficient. The widespread application of intelligent comprehensive support systems represented by equipment maintenance expert systems and intelligent sensing equipment can efficiently respond to the support needs of various domains, intelligently plan support resources, ensure that the “cloud” aggregates various battlefield resources, and effectively improve the comprehensive support capabilities of the networked battlefield.

(Zeng Haiqing’s unit: Henan Provincial Military Region)

現代國語:

人工智慧技術是提升新興領域戰略能力的重要支撐,近年來獲得快速發展並廣泛運用於軍事領域,不斷催生新的非對稱優勢,深刻改變未來戰爭的基本形態、作戰方式和致勝機理。應該深刻認識人工智慧這項革命性技術動力,準確識變、科學應變、主動求變,努力探索制勝未來戰爭之道,在加速來臨的智慧化戰爭中贏得主動。

資訊機理

知彼知己,百戰不殆。快速有效地掌握全方位資訊是戰爭制勝的首要前提。人工智慧可實現戰場態勢智慧感知、大量資料智慧分析、多元資訊智慧處理,能夠形成戰場「透明」優勢。

戰場感知自主實施。將智慧模組嵌入戰時偵察系統,各類偵察節點單元可實現隨機組網、臨機協同、有機整合,能夠全方位、多維度自主捕獲戰場信息,構建相對「透明」的數位化戰場環境和戰態勢,進而撥開戰爭“迷霧”,全景式呈現作戰場景。

海量資料精準識別。依托精準感知技術及分析辨識技術等智慧化科技,精準判讀、分析、比對、融合多元化的語音、文字、圖片、視訊等數據,從而獲取更快、更全、更準、更深的戰場態勢結果,遠超人腦處理的速度和精確度。

關鍵資訊高效響應。基於作戰雲、大數據、物聯網等智慧化技術群,能夠從大批量、非標準化、異構化的情報數據中快速發掘,自主發現徵候、識別意圖、研判趨勢、找到規律,即時精準地響應指揮官對關鍵資訊的需求。

融合態勢同步共享。智慧化控制系統能夠將分佈在陸海空天電網等不同空間、不同頻域的各種偵察監視系統優化整合,並發揮共享信息和統一認知的重要樞紐作用,構建形成基於“一幅圖”“一張網」「一條鏈」的態勢,使各作戰單元全局全頻全時從不同空間、不同距離、不同頻率同步共享所需信息,實現智慧共享。

決策機理

夫未戰而廟算勝者,得算多也。科學準確決策是戰爭制勝的先決條件。人工智慧可進行動態戰場模擬推演,快速給予可行決策,大幅縮短作戰規劃決策週期,能夠形成決策優勢。

戰略形勢智能研判。融入人工智慧技術的決策輔助系統,具備資訊收集、查詢管理、資料處理、關聯分析等功能,可有效突破人類分析能力的限制,最大限度去偽存真、關聯印證、連結思考,自動進行敵情、我情和戰場環境等大數據分析,形成相關兵力、兵器等對比數據,能夠有效率地輔助作戰指揮,幫助指揮家快速定下作戰決心。

作戰方案智能優選。依托智能化作戰模擬系統,根據預先輸入的作戰任務和打擊目標訊息,自動產生多套形象直觀的方案和計劃,綜合評估其優缺點及潛在風險,優選出最有利於實現指揮官意圖的方案,供指揮官作出最後決斷。各作戰單元接到上級作戰任務和目標需求後,結合本級任務和要求,進一步對戰場目標資訊進行甄別篩選,自主制訂本級最優方案和計劃,實現作戰效能最大化。

決策效能智能預測。智慧化輔助決策系統依賴大數據、高效能運算、神經網路演算法等智慧化技術,賦予指揮控制系統更高階的「類腦」能力,可以更理性地思考戰場上出現的意外情況,快速得出相對客觀的交戰結果。

制權機理

勢者,因利而製權也。奪取制權是贏得戰爭制勝優勢的關鍵因素。人工智慧可將人的部分智慧「移植」到武器上,使得人與武器系統結合越來越緊密,人機一體深度互動改變了傳統的製權要素,賦予新的製權內涵,能夠助力獲得新的製權優勢。

制域權向高邊疆拓展。未來高度智慧化的無人系統,即使在高溫、極寒、高壓、缺氧、有毒、輻射等惡劣條件下,在極高、極遠、極深、極微、極黑、極亮等極端環境中,仍可遂行多種作戰任務,作戰領域和作戰空間的製權之爭向高邊疆、遠邊疆、深邊疆延伸。

制資訊權向多手段拓展。傳統的奪取制資訊權,是透過打擊敵偵察預警體系、破壞其指揮控制系統等手段實現對資訊取得、處理、分發等途徑的控制,而人工智慧主導下的資訊作戰則是將資訊本身作為「彈藥”,奪取制資訊權的手段更加多元。

制網權向分散式拓展。基於智慧科技建構的網路資訊體系,提供泛在網路「雲」以聚合各類終端的戰場資源並提供服務,能夠實現作戰力量模組化編組、自動化重組,傳統的透過打擊關鍵節點,達成斷網毀鏈的目的將很難再實現,必然是以智慧化分散式打擊模式來應對「去中心化」的戰場。

制腦權向新維度拓展。類腦技術、模擬技術等逐步軍事化,形成了新的博弈和對抗領域,重心由注重物理域、資訊域對抗向更加註重影響和控制對手心理轉變,虛擬實境、聲像合成等技術能夠以假亂真, 「攻芯戰」能夠悄無聲息地改變敵方指揮控制系統演算法,「控腦戰」能夠直接控制敵方決策,透過控制和影響敵方的心理、思維、意誌等,能夠以最小代價實現止戰、勝戰之目的。

行動機理

兵之情主速,乘人之不及。採取敵方意料不到的行動是戰爭制勝的關鍵要害。人工智慧可提高武器裝備、指控系統、行動決策等方面的智慧化程度,使機動反應能力更快、聯合打擊能力更準,創造出超強的行動優勢。

行動速度「秒殺化」。智慧化作戰系統看得見、聽得懂、能學習、會思考,有效縮短了“OODA”循環週期,一旦發現“有機可乘”,便運用智能化控制的超高聲速武器、動能武器、激光武器等,對目標進行遠距離快速「秒殺」。

行動樣式「無人化」。 「無人+智慧」是未來武器裝備發展方向。低成本的無人車、無人機、無人潛航器等無人自主裝備,在集群自主決策系統支援下,可針對作戰目標規劃各單元的任務分工,無人器之間精準對接、自主組合、隱蔽突防,對敵進行群集飽和攻擊。

行動空間「模糊化」。未來戰爭中,利用乾擾手段對敵方的智慧化作戰系統和智慧武器實施軟打擊,利用智慧武器遲滯或影響敵方人員的決策和心理將成為致勝關鍵。這些行動大都是在不知不覺或無聲無息中完成的,呈現敵我雙方不見人影、前方後方界限不清、有形無形難以辨別的「模糊」狀態。

行動布勢「隱身化」。智慧化指揮系統和武器裝備具有生物仿生和隱身性能。只要在平時備戰或訓練演習時提前佈設在可能交戰地域,潛伏預置、休眠待戰,戰時一旦需要適時激活,對敵實施猝然打擊,有助於快速掌握戰爭主動權。

體系機理

五事七計知勝負。未來戰爭是全領域、全系統、全要素、全流程的體系對抗,穩定且有效率的作戰體係是戰爭制勝的基礎支撐。隨著人工智慧在軍事領域應用不斷拓展,作戰體系智慧化程度越來越高,全域融合的作戰體系將產生強大的體系優勢。

「偵」的手段更多。智慧化作戰集群依托網路資訊體系與各類大型感測器、電子戰系統及其他人機互動平台連接,運用各作戰單元本身偵測感知設備取得戰場數據,發揮智慧群體自組織特性,強化對聯合作戰體系及後端情報分析的即時偵監支持,能夠實現全局偵搜、聯合預警、協同印證,形成多維一體、全域覆蓋的大區域聯合偵察情報體系。

「控」的領域更廣。運用智慧化無人作戰平台,能夠突破人類思維的邏輯極限、感官的生理極限和存在的物理極限,並取代人類進入深海、太空、極地、強輻射地域等傳統的生命禁區,並長時間置身其中實施“非常規作戰”,從而使作戰空間進一步拓展,具備在更廣的領域持續懾拒對手的實力。

「打」的速度更快。在智慧化網路資訊體系支撐下,情報鏈、指揮鏈、殺傷鏈無縫連接,資訊傳輸速度、決策速度與行動速度同步加快,智慧化作戰單元能夠靈活編組、自主協同、快速打擊。這些都使得時間利用效率極高、戰場反應速度極快。

「評」的精準度更準。運用經驗互動學習、類腦行為體係等智慧化科技,智慧化作戰評估系統能夠自主完成多手段行動效果評估資訊的擷取匯聚、分級分類,基於大數據和全景圖精準感知戰場行動,動態識別作戰進程並修正缺陷問題,預判複雜戰場變化,綜合規劃、靈活應對。

「保」的效率更高。以裝備維修專家系統、智慧化感知設備為代表的智慧化綜合保障系統的廣泛應用,能夠高效響應各域保障需求,智慧規劃保障資源,保障「雲」聚合各類戰場資源,有效提升網路化戰場綜合保障能力。

(曾海清 作者單位:河南省軍區)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2024-05-02&paperNumber=03&articleid=93088338