People’s Republic of China Enters Global Governance Era

來源:中國信息安全

Source: China Information Security

China

Faced with a global network of new space, new areas, new home, how to learn the basis of Western Internet technology as the driving force of the traditional advantages of Internet governance model, to insist upon the sovereignty of the network, network security, network continue to promote economic prosperity and the need to fully reflect the General secretary Xi “four principles, five advocate” contains Chinese wisdom. For this reason, we face the reality of network threats, adherence to the “network of global governance China is entering the era of” road confidence is to make the network power of dreams and the vision to build a common destiny in cyberspace interconnection important ideological foundation.

Wuzhen successful conclusion of the summit, the global Internet governance is being used by Western values-based, rule the West as the main rule, Western Internet technology as the driving force of traditional Internet governance model, to insist on the sovereignty of the network, network security and economic prosperity as the basic network-oriented China mode steering. This shift was marked by the construction of the Internet learning General Secretary of the five propositions. These five ideas ranging from the physical aspects of China Unicom, cultural communication, trade exchange and network security, summed up in three fundamental characteristics, namely security, prosperity and globalization.

First, the general secretary Xi five ideas, to enhance network security and Internet freedom both status. This is a development of the Internet during ultra-liberal favorable correction of flooding. In human society entered the globalization and modernization of the historical background of a higher stage, the Internet has gone beyond the scope of technology, business and even exchange on the state of human life made for a global state. The living conditions of globalization try to mankind so far carried out in other areas, as both benefit from the freedom, innovation and diversity, but also trapped in dangerous disorder brought pluralism and deconstruction of the conflicts caused confusion . If in the early stages of development of the Internet, people can also use the price of liberty to defend the Internet out of order, then in this case, today’s Internet life is closely related to the direct and real life, it has been found that the “price of freedom “not only heavy and expensive, and in many cases even have constituted for economic security, political security and social security of all-round challenge.

Such challenges are mainly in three aspects, first, transnational crime is using Internet technology to achieve a new global distribution and the ability to upgrade the crime, and international judicial cooperation system is still unable to effectively respond to this challenge. In addition to traditional money laundering, smuggling, drug trafficking and other transnational criminal activities is the “Internet +” vision beyond the restructuring, the Internet itself is a breeding ground for its unique form of high-tech crime, such as hacking, virus, virtual currency black market, etc. . Although countries the judiciary had a hard struggle, but due to unity, flexibility, vastly more complex than the effectiveness of cooperation among countries of the Internet world, this fragmented country anchored to the Internet security system there are still serious failure. Second, among the increasingly fierce national competition, confrontation and ideological cultural conflict, so that the Internet has become a virtual battleground possible. If in reality, due to multiple brutal war mankind has accumulated a number of how much the bottom line with consensus, then in such a new field of Internet, the human consensus is still quite limited. Some countries and groups act in the Internet has been a serious violation of international rules and the reality of national sovereignty, and even loss of human ethics basic respect. The Internet has become the espionage, subversion and extreme battlefield behavior, the imperialists, hegemony, extremists and terrorists are turning to the name of freedom, the basic values ​​of human society and order challenge. Third, the Internet has brought economic opportunities are increasingly reflect the complex multi-faceted, excessive trade liberalization on economic security are new challenges. On the one hand, the “Internet +” is indeed able to promote the rational allocation of resources, to break the monopoly and information asymmetry, to facilitate transactions occur frequently, but on the other hand, the Internet economy has a serious impact on many traditional offline trading patterns, exacerbated protection of intellectual property rights dilemma, enlarged attention economy bubble. In this case, the security of the Internet has become the common interests of China and around the world essential.

Secondly, the development of the online world is inseparable from the real world support. E-commerce, network attention economy is becoming the world’s most important material basis, and this basis in fact. The stability is closely related to the real economy. In the world economy, there are many uncertainties, sluggish Western economies today, only continued prosperity of China’s economy can continue to provide opportunities for the development of the global Internet economy, only China is leading the world in order to build the basis for a global network to maximize. During the “Twelve Five”, China’s Internet industry to flourish. China Internet Network Information Center show that China’s industrial development of the Internet show a continued increase in industrial scale, “Twelve Five” period, expanding the audience, and gradually optimize the characteristics of technical facilities. “Twelve Five” period, the economic growth rate of China’s Internet significantly improved, the Internet economy in the proportion of GDP continues to rise. In 2014, the rate of contribution to the GDP of the Internet industry of 7% over the same period the United States. China is the world’s largest network of retail trading market, trading volume and user scale ranked first in the world.

And promote the common development of the global Internet economy in the West embarrassment structure of vested interests, to fully release the potential of the Internet can not be compared, the greater the intensity and commitment to reform, the reality of China’s Internet economy less bound themselves not only to achieve the turn to overtake, but already has strength.It is particularly worth mentioning is that, with the advancement of initiatives along the way, along the way to integrate e-commerce in global e-commerce is becoming a hot spot. Unicom physical, smooth e-commerce business will provide a vast space on the upgrade along the way.

Finally, the general secretary Xi five not trying to advocate a traditional concept of sovereignty to limit the development of the modern Internet, but on the basis of security, freedom and prosperity on both raised the times of global Internet governance ideas. This is because, on the one hand, the reform and opening up has always been China’s basic national policy, including any area, including the Internet field, it is impossible to challenge the policy. China’s Internet development in China’s economy as a result of integration into the world rather than isolated from the world. On the other hand, Internet issues facing China and local issues facing the global community as to promote closer cooperation of all concerned to build a just and rational order of the Internet, almost the only solution. The problem is that, for the purposes of some developed countries have technological advantages and disorderly state has given them much brought some problems, but it also brings technical advantages of the abuse of privilege. In this case, the responsibility and conditional responsibility, perhaps only China, which is the biggest beneficiary because on the one hand, China is both Internet freedom and prosperity, but also the largest Internet chaos and crime victims.

More importantly, the rise of China and indeed eager to have a field to lead the world to practice their own ideals. In the online world, the Chinese have the opportunity to turn to overtake. Indeed, in an increasingly global political unrest, economic stagnation appetite, the reality of an increasingly negative energy dispersive historical juncture, the online world has never been so urgently needs Chinese wisdom, Chinese programs and Chinese forces.China likely to extraordinary efforts to lead the world digital economy, out of the mire of stagnation. China advocates the concept may lead the online world hegemony from the digital world into the jungle community of destiny.The Chinese also need to grasp this opportunity, as compared to large countries, vested interest structure is highly curable realities of the international community, in the digital global society, China has more space and more opportunities to show himself as a modern powers to govern, to get a feeling of authority in the world should have a big country, and this authority will eventually radiated by the network to reality.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

面对全球一网的新空间、新领域、新家园,如何在汲取以西方互联网技术为动力的传统互联网治理模式优点的基础上,坚持网络主权、网络安全,持续推动网络经济繁荣,需要充分体现习总书记“四项原则、五大主张” 蕴含的中国智慧。为此,直面现实网络威胁,坚持“网络全球治理正在进入中国时代”的道路自信,是让网络强国梦想与构建网络空间命运共同体愿景互联互通的重要思想基础。

乌镇峰会顺利结束,全球互联网治理正在由以西方价值观为基础、以西方规则为主要规则、西方互联网技术为动力的传统互联网治理模式,向坚持网络主权、网络安全与网络经济繁荣为基本导向的中国模式转向。这个转向的标志就是习总书记提出的互联网建设五大主张。这五大主张涵盖了从物理联通、文化沟通、贸易互通以及网络安全等多个方面,归纳起来有三个根本的特征,即安全、繁荣与全球化。

首先,习总书记的五大主张,将网络安全提升到与网络自由并重的地位。这是对互联网发展过程中极端自由主义泛滥的有利纠治。在人类社会进入全球化、现代化更高阶段的历史背景下,互联网已经超越了技术、商务乃至交流上的范畴,而成为了一种人类全球化状态下的生活状态。这一生活状态与人类迄今为止在其他领域内进行的全球化尝试一样,既受益于自由、创新与多元,也受困于无序带来的危险、多元带来的冲突与解构带来的混乱。如果说在早期的互联网发展阶段,人们还可以用自由的代价来对互联网的失序进行辩护,那么在今天这种互联网生活直接与现实生活密切相关的情况下,人们已经发现这种“自由的代价”不仅沉重且昂贵,而且在很多时候甚至已经构成了对于经济安全、政治安全与社会安全的全方位挑战。

这种挑战主要表现在三个方面,其一,跨国犯罪正在利用互联网技术,实现全新的全球化布局与犯罪能力升级,而国际司法合作体系尚无法有效回应这一严峻挑战。除了传统的洗钱、偷渡、贩毒等跨国犯罪活动正在以“互联网+”的视野进行重组之外,互联网本身也滋生出其特有的高科技犯罪形态,比如黑客攻击、病毒传播、虚拟货币黑市等等。尽管各国司法机关进行了艰苦的斗争,但是由于互联网世界的一体性、灵活性、复杂性远远超过各国合作的有效性,这种以碎片状的国家为基点的互联网安全体制仍然存在着严重的失灵。其二,日益激烈的国家间竞争、意识形态对立以及文化冲突,让互联网有成为虚拟战场的可能。如果说在现实社会中,人类由于多次残酷的大战还多少积累了一些底线与共识,那么在互联网这样一个全新的领域中,人类的共识还相当有限。一些国家与群体在互联网中的行径已经严重侵犯了现实中的国际规则与国家主权,甚至丧失了对于人类道德伦理的基本尊重。互联网成为了间谍行为、颠覆行为与极端行为的战场,帝国主义者、霸权主义者、极端主义者与恐怖主义者正在借助自由的名义,对人类社会的基本秩序与价值进行挑战。其三,互联网带来的经济机遇正在越来越体现出复杂的多面性,过度的贸易自由正在对经济安全提出新的挑战。一方面,“互联网+”的确能够促进资源的合理配置,打破信息的垄断与不对称,便于交易的频繁发生,但是另一方面,互联网经济也严重冲击了许多传统的线下交易模式,加剧了知识产权保护的困境,放大了注意力经济中的泡沫。在这种情况下,互联网的安全已经成为中国与全球各国至关重要的共同利益。

其次,网络世界的发展离不开现实世界的支撑。电子商务、注意力经济正在成为网络世界最重要的物质基础,而这个基础的牢固与否其实与实体经济的发展密切相关。在世界经济存在诸多不确定因素、西方经济低迷不振的今天,只有持续繁荣的中国经济能够为全球互联网经济的发展提供持续的机遇,也只有中国的引领才能最大限度地构筑全球网络世界的基础。“十二五”期间,中国的互联网产业蓬勃发展。中国互联网络信息中心的报告显示,“十二五”期间我国的互联网产业发展呈现产业规模持续增加、受众群体不断扩大、技术设施逐步优化的特点。“十二五”期间,中国互联网对经济增长的贡献率显著提升,互联网经济在GDP中的占比持续攀升。2014年,互联网行业对GDP的贡献率达到7%,超过了美国的同期水平。中国更是拥有全球最大的网络零售交易市场,交易额和用户规模位居世界首位。

与西方困窘于既得利益集团结构,无法充分释放互联网潜力相比,改革决心与力度更大,现实束缚更少的中国互联网经济不仅自己实现了弯道超车,而且已经具备了带动全球互联网经济共同发展的实力。尤其值得一提的是,随着一带一路倡议的推进,电子商务在一带一路上的集成正在成为全球电子商务的热点。物理上的联通,贸易上的畅通将为电子商务在一带一路上的升级提供广阔的空间。

最后,习总书记的五项主张并不是试图以一种传统的主权观念去限制现代互联网的发展,而是在安全、自由、繁荣并重的基础上提出的与时俱进的互联网全球治理思路。这是因为,一方面,改革开放始终是中国的基本国策,包括互联网领域在内的任何领域,都不可能挑战这一政策。中国的互联网发展与中国的经济一样,是融入世界而非隔离于世界的结果。另一方面,中国所面临的互联网问题与当地全球社会面临的问题一样,推动有关各方的密切合作,构建一个公正、合理的互联网秩序,几乎是唯一的解决办法。问题在于,对于一些拥有技术优势的发达国家而言,无序的状态虽然给它们多少带来了一些困扰,但是也带来了滥用技术优势的特权。在这种情况下,能够负起责任的,有条件负起责任的,也许只有中国,这是因为一方面,中国既是互联网自由与繁荣的最大受益者,也是互联网混乱与犯罪最大的受害者。

更重要的是,崛起中的中国也的确渴望能有一块场域来实践自己对于引领世界的理想。在网络世界中,中国更有机会弯道超车。事实上,在全球政治日益动荡、经济停滞不振,现实中的负能量日益弥散的历史关口,网络世界从未如此迫切地需要中国智慧、中国方案和中国力量。中国不凡的努力有可能引领世界数字经济发展,走出发展停滞不前的泥潭中。中国倡导的理念可能引领网络世界从霸权的丛林世界变为数字化的命运共同体。而中国也同样需要把握这样一个机会,因为相比于大国林立、既得利益结构高度固化的现实国际社会,在数字化的全球社会中,中国拥有更大的空间与更多的机遇去展现自己作为一个现代化大国的治理才能,去获得一个具有天下情怀大国应有的权威,而这个权威也终将由网络辐射到现实之中。

來源:中國信息安全

Source: China Information Security

China’s National Network Security is in Their Own Hands

Source: China National Defense News

来源:中国国防报-国防特刊

Chinese “White Hat Hacker Corps” has become an important force in Chinese national cybersecurity”

習近平

◆ General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed that no network security is no national security, no information will be no modernization. Power network construction, China must have her own technology, excellent technology.

◆ Free security software “China model” to create a network security field, the “Chinese miracle.” The Chinese Dream…

◆ In the network security has risen to national security background, should consciously create a good development space for China’s own “white hat Legion” of hackers, while cautioning against a number of organizations or enterprises affected by outside forces controlled competition Chinese security market, and then to depth strategic goals of China’s core security.

After September 17, the US Senate Armed Services Committee issued a report called China network intrusion, causing great concern at home and abroad media.Chinese Foreign Ministry and the Defense Ministry spokesman, speaking one after another, the report noted that the United States is purely fabricated, deliberately fabricated entirely untenable. Defense Ministry spokesman Geng Yansheng solemnly pointed out that the Chinese government and armed forces have never engage in or support any network attacks and theft activities. China has always resolutely opposed and crack down on criminal activities related to network attacks. China faces a serious threat of cyber attacks is one of the world’s leading hacking victim. For network hacker attacks from abroad, we have sufficient evidence.

The United States is China’s largest Internet security threats

Geng Yansheng said that needs to be emphasized is that the “Prism” incident exposed more than a year, the United States should its foreign dignitaries, business, personal theft and network monitoring, monitoring the behavior of reflection to the Chinese side and the international community to make clear explanation . We urge the US to do more to contribute to peace and tranquility in cyberspace thing, rather than the opposite.

In fact, the attacks from the United States is China’s largest Internet security threats.

National Internet Emergency Center recently released “2013 China Internet Network Security Report” revealed that in 2013, China’s government websites frequently suffer outside hackers attacks, including national organized network attacks have increased significantly. China’s government websites, especially the local government website, is under attack “disastrous.”

According to monitoring, in 2013, our country has been tampered with the number of sites is 24,034, an increase of 46.7% compared with 2012, in which the number of government websites has been tampered with 2430, an increase of 34.9% compared with 2012; our territory to be implanted backdoors number of sites for the 76160, compared with 45.6% growth in 2012, has been tampered with and implanted in the back door of government websites, more than 90 per cent below the provincial and municipal local government Web site. Overseas hackers frequently attack government websites in China. In 2013, offshore “anonymous”, “Algerian hacker” and other hackers had attacked government websites in China. Among them, the “hacker anti-communist” organization more active, sustained launched against the territory of government agencies, universities, enterprises and institutions and well-known social organization site of the attack in 2013 on the organization of the territory of more than 120 government websites embodiment tampering. They use pre-implantation site vulnerability backdoor, then attacked the site after the implementation of control, at least the current invasion of the territory of more than 600 sites, an average of every three days publish tampering incident in their social networking sites.

In these networks from outside attacks, the national network of organized attacks increased significantly on China’s network security and information systems pose a serious threat and challenge. Since June 2013, Snowden exposure “Prism Plan” US National Security Agency and a number of network monitoring projects, the disclosure of US intelligence agencies in many countries and people in long-term implementation and monitor network penetration attacks, including multinational monitoring target politicians, diplomatic system, media networks, large enterprise networks and international organizations. Our focus on listening and belong to their targets, national security and Internet security is facing a serious threat to users’ privacy.

According to monitoring found only in 2013, there are 31,000 foreign hosts through a back door to China 61000 Website implement remote control, which ranks first in the United States hosts a total of 6215 hosts in control of our 15,349 sites. Phishing attacks against China in terms of attack from the United States the same primacy. Trojan zombie network connection, our country hosts more than 1090 are outside the control server control, which is located in the United States control server control our country hosts 448.5 million, accounting for 41.1% of the total, ranking the first place ……

Original mandarin Chinese:

核心提示

◆习近平总书记强调指出,没有网络安全就没有国家安全,没有信息化就没有现代化。建设网络强国,要有自己的技术,有过硬的技术。

◆免费安全软件的“中国模式”创造了网络安全领域的“中国奇迹”。

◆在网络安全已经上升到国家安全的大背景下,应当有意识地为中国自己的“白帽子军团”创造良好的发展空间,同时警惕一些受境外势力控制的组织或企业争夺中国安全市场,进而达到深入我国核心安全领域的战略目的。

9月17日,美国参议院军事委员会发表所谓中国网络入侵报告后,引起海内外媒体的高度关注。中国外交部和国防部新闻发言人相继发言,指出美方报告纯属无中生有,蓄意捏造,完全是站不住脚的。国防部新闻发言人耿雁生严正指出,中国政府和军队从未从事或支持任何网络攻击和窃密活动。中方一贯坚决反对并依法打击网络攻击等相关犯罪活动。中国面临着网络攻击的严重威胁,是世界上最主要的黑客攻击受害国之一。对于来自境外的网络黑客攻击行为,我们掌握有充分证据。

美国是中国网络安全最大的威胁

耿雁生表示,需要强调的是,“棱镜门”事件曝光一年多了,美方应就其对外国政要、企业、个人进行网络窃密和监听、监控的行为进行反思,向中方和国际社会作出清楚解释。我们敦促美方多做有利于网络空间和平与安宁的事,而不是相反。

实际上,来自美国的网络攻击是中国网络安全最大的威胁。

国家互联网应急中心最新发布的《2013年中国互联网网络安全报告》披露,2013年,我国政府网站频繁遭受境外黑客组织的攻击,其中国家级有组织网络攻击行为显著增多。我国的政府网站,尤其是地方政府网站,是遭受攻击的“重灾区”。

据监测,2013年,我国境内被篡改网站数量为24034个,较2012年增长46.7%,其中政府网站被篡改数量为2430个,较2012年增长34.9%;我国境内被植入后门的网站数量为76160个,较2012年增长45.6%,在被篡改和植入后门的政府网站中,超过90%是省市级以下的地方政府网站。境外黑客组织频繁攻击我国政府网站。2013年,境外“匿名者”“阿尔及利亚黑客”等多个黑客组织曾对我国政府网站发起攻击。其中,“反共黑客”组织较为活跃,持续发起针对我国境内党政机关、高校、企事业单位以及知名社会组织网站的攻击,2013年该组织对我国境内120余个政府网站实施篡改。他们利用网站漏洞预先植入后门,对网站实施控制后遂发起攻击,目前至少入侵600余个境内网站,平均每3天在其社交网站发布一起篡改事件。

在这些来自境外的网络攻击中,国家级有组织网络攻击行为显著增多,对我国的网络安全和信息系统带来严重威胁和挑战。2013年6月以来,斯诺登曝光“棱镜计划”等多项美国家安全局网络监控项目,披露美国情报机构对多个国家和民众长期实施监听和网络渗透攻击,监控对象包括多国政要、外交系统、媒体网络、大型企业网络和国际组织等。我国属于其重点监听和攻击目标,国家安全和互联网用户隐私安全面临严重威胁。

据监测发现,仅在2013年,境外有3.1万台主机通过植入后门对我国6.1万个网站实施远程控制,其中位于美国的主机居首位,共有6215台主机控制着我国15349个网站。在针对中国的网络钓鱼攻击方面,来自美国的攻击同样居于首位。在网络木马僵尸方面,我国境内1090万余台主机被境外控制服务器控制,其中位于美国的控制服务器控制了我国境内448.5万余台主机,占总数的41.1%,仍居首位…

Who will guard China’s network security?

China ushered in the Internet age is the tide of reform and opening up.Chinese Internet users surf the initial means of the Internet, whether hardware or software, mostly imported from overseas to domestic.

八一解放軍

This “borrowed boat” mode, while promoting the development of China’s high-speed network, but also to China’s network security left a great security risk. We use the Internet browser is someone else’s, you’ve seen what page, others see that; our search engine to find the problem is someone else’s, for what you are interested in something, it will be automatically recorded in a database outside in ……

We use the operating system as others in the system hidden “back door” through overseas. After the United States, according to media reports, the world’s largest user coverage Microsoft “Windows” operating system, found loopholes in the system, it will first notify the US intelligence agencies, will then inform the user, provide patches fix vulnerabilities. This means that, in someone else’s “window”, we almost “transparent”. Even more serious is that Microsoft in order to protect its own commercial interests, has designed a mandatory upgrade marketing strategy.For example, in order to promote Win8 operating system, on April 8 to forcibly stop the official service XP system, the millions of Chinese users directly discarded in molar sucking blood before hackers. Domestic media pointed out in a review of Microsoft XP stop taking event, which is an important event once the impact of China’s Internet security. This is not only related to the large number of individual users, but also is related to the key sectors involved in the national economy. Network security system, China must rely on its own security vendors innovation and action.

Network security experts pointed out that China’s current network security system is set up in technology research and development on the basis of the United States, not to mention technology, cloud security technology in the field of key technologies such as a CPU, communications and data transmission encryption and decryption system in the field art networking technology and so on. If you play a very appropriate analogy, just as the Chinese network security gate, he stood an American security.

Network security is a core protection capability of the modern state in cyberspace, the party and state leaders highly concerned about network security issues. February 27, the central network security and information technology leading group was established. CPC Central Committee General Secretary and State President and CMC Chairman Xi Jinping himself as a centralized network security and information technology group leader, he delivered an important speech at the first meeting of the leading group, pointed out that China has become a big country network, network security and information technology is a matter of national security and national development, major strategic issues related to the broad masses of working life, starting from the domestic and international trend, the overall layout of the parties to co-ordinate, innovation and development, and strive to build China into a powerful network.

General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed that no network security is no national security, no information will be no modernization. Power network construction, have their own technology, excellent technology.

General Secretary earnest expectation, explicit requirements for China’s domestic network security vendors, it is the direction of future efforts.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

谁来守护中国的网络安全?

中国是在改革开放大潮中迎来网络时代的。中国网民最初冲浪国际互联网的手段,无论是硬件还是软件,大多是从海外进口到国内的。

这种“借船出海”的模式,在促进中国网络高速发展的同时,也给中国的网络安全留下了极大的安全隐患。我们上网用的浏览器是别人的,你看过什么网页,别人一看就知道;我们查找问题的搜索引擎是别人的,你对什么东西感兴趣,会被自动记录在境外的数据库里……

我们用的操作系统也是别人的,系统中暗藏的“后门”直通海外。据美国媒体披露,全球覆盖用户最多的微软“视窗”操作系统,发现系统漏洞后,会首先通知美国的情报部门,而后才会告知用户,提供修补漏洞的补丁。这就意味着,在别人的“视窗”里,我们几乎是“透明”的。更为严重的是,微软为了保护自身的商业利益,设计了一套强制升级的营销战略。例如为了促销Win8操作系统,于4月8日强行停止XP系统的官方服务,把无数中国用户直接丢弃在磨牙吮血的黑客面前。国内媒体在评论微软XP停服事件时指出,这是一次影响中国网络安全的重要事件。这不仅关系到为数众多的个人用户,更是关系到涉及国计民生的关键行业。网络系统的安全保障,必须依靠中国自己的安全厂商的创新与行动。

网络安全专家指出,我国当前的网络安全体系,是在美国研发的技术基础上建立起来的,更不要说CPU等核心关键技术,通信数据传输方面的加密和解密系统领域技术,云安全技术领域和物联网技术领域技术等等。如果打一个不太恰当的比喻,就如同中国网络安全的大门前,站了一个美国保安。

网络安全是现代国家网络空间的核心防护能力,党和国家领导人高度关注网络安全问题。2月27日,中央网络安全和信息化领导小组成立。中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席习近平亲自担任中央网络安全和信息化领导小组组长,他在领导小组第一次会议上发表重要讲话,指出中国已成为网络大国,网络安全和信息化是事关国家安全和国家发展、事关广大人民群众工作生活的重大战略问题,要从国际国内大势出发,总体布局,统筹各方,创新发展,努力把我国建设成为网络强国。

习近平总书记强调指出,没有网络安全就没有国家安全,没有信息化就没有现代化。建设网络强国,要有自己的技术,有过硬的技术。

总书记的殷殷期望,是对中国本土网络安全厂商的明确要求,更是未来努力的方向。

“China model” to create a “China miracle”

Rivers and lakes of the network can be divided into decent and Xiepai.Commonly known as “black hat” hackers manufactured by Trojan, the use of computers, mobile phone operating system vulnerabilities to attack, steal private data, illegally obtained personal interests. The guardian of network security “white hat” on the contrary, they take the initiative to find a computer, mobile phone operating system vulnerabilities, provide technical repair programs, research and development of security software and hardware products, build a firewall against hackers, for individuals, society and the country’s network security add a layer of protective cover, active in the first line of network security guard.

China’s domestic network security vendors are on their market growth and competition from foreign giants up security. Rely on a strong sense of social responsibility and familiarity with national conditions, China’s network security vendors gradually grow from a little foreign magnates recapture market, has won vitality. Many users still remember those familiar names: Kingsoft, Rising, Jiangmin ……

China’s network security vendors not only by virtue of their own efforts to win the market, but also creatively launched the network security field, “China model” completely rewritten the pattern of China’s network security industry.Traditional network security software are used charging mode, charge more than $ 200 a year on average. Because of the higher price threshold, resulting in many who do not want to use security software. The absence of security software, also led to the Trojan virus on the network as a scourge, such as CIH, panda, etc., hundreds of millions of infected computers, sensational news events.

Introduced in 2005, 360 free security software, once the user uses the threshold down to zero. Along with other local network security vendors follow-up, only less than 10 years, Chinese security software PC penetration rate has risen to 99%. In 2013, Microsoft released a security report, the Chinese computer malware infection index of 0.6 per thousand, the global average is only 1/10 of the world’s countries with the lowest infection rates of malware. In 2014, Microsoft re-released a report, a detailed summary of the data in the world’s more than 100 countries and regions, more than 10 million computers after malware statistics pointed out that China is the world’s lowest 4.4, far below the world average of 18.

360 free security software model, Wall Street interpreted as “Chinese model”: the core layer on the basis of free goods and services, to build browser applications open platform and two basic platforms, and refine the site navigation, buy navigation, navigation games, search, open platform and mobile open platform and other services, these services through advertising and internet value-added services realized profits. Such an innovative “China model” will not only China’s network security software penetration is significantly improved, and the R & D investment by increasing safety, security personnel and gather technical team, making China’s network security technology continues to improve and is widely used by foreign counterparts and learn from the followers of the world’s security technology security technology leader, but also created the Eastern Hemisphere strongest Chinese “white hat Legion.”

In this sense, the free security software “China model” to create a network security field, “Chinese miracle.”

Original Mandarin Chinese:

“中国模式”创造“中国奇迹”

网络的江湖中也分正派和邪派。俗称“黑帽子”的网络黑客靠制造木马病毒、利用电脑、手机操作系统漏洞等进行攻击,窃取隐私、数据,非法获得个人利益。而守护网络安全的“白帽子”正好相反,他们主动发现电脑、手机操作系统的漏洞,提供技术修补方案,研发安全软件硬件产品,对黑客的攻击建立防火墙,为个人、社会乃至国家的网络安全加上一层防护罩,活跃在守护网络安全的第一线。

中国本土的网络安全厂商,是在自己的市场上与国外安全巨头的竞争中成长起来的。依靠强烈的社会责任感和对国情的熟悉,中国网络安全厂商逐步发展壮大,从外国巨头手中一点点夺回市场,赢得了生机。很多网民都还记得那些熟悉的名字:金山、瑞星、江民……

中国的网络安全厂商不但凭借自己的努力赢得了市场,还创造性地推出网络安全领域的“中国模式”,彻底改写了中国网络安全行业的格局。传统的网络安全软件都采用收费模式,平均一年收费超过200元。由于较高的价格门槛,导致很多用者不愿使用安全软件。安全软件的缺位,也导致了网络上的木马病毒像洪水猛兽,如CIH、熊猫烧香等,动辄感染上千万台电脑,成为轰动一时的新闻事件。

2005年推出的360免费安全软件,一下子把用户使用门槛降到了零。随着其他本土网络安全厂商的跟进,只用了不到10年的时间,中国个人电脑的安全软件普及率已经上升至99%。2013年,微软发布安全报告称,中国电脑的恶意软件感染率指标为千分之零点六,仅是全球平均水平的1/10,是全球恶意软件感染率最低的国家。2014年,微软再度发布报告,在汇总了全球100余个国家和地区10亿余台计算机的详尽数据后,指出中国恶意软件统计数据为世界最低的4.4,远低于世界平均水平的18。

360的免费安全软件模式,被华尔街解读为“中国模式”:在核心免费产品服务层基础上,构建浏览器平台与应用开放两大基础平台,然后细化为网址导航、团购导航、游戏导航、搜索、应用开放平台和移动开放平台等服务,将这些服务通过广告与互联网增值服务变现实现盈利。这样一个创新的“中国模式”不但将中国的网络安全软件普及率大幅提高,而且通过不断增加安全研发投入,集聚安全人才和技术团队,使得中国网络安全技术不断提升,被国外同行所广泛应用和借鉴,从安全技术的追随者成为世界安全技术的领先者,也造就了东半球最强的中国“白帽子军团”。

从这个意义上说,免费安全软件的“中国模式”创造了网络安全领域的“中国奇迹”。

Chinese “White Hat Hacker Corps” has become an important force in Chinese national cybersecurity

June 2013, “Prism” incident broke out. Former National Security Agency employee Edward Snowden would disclose secret documents US intelligence agencies monitor the project to the media, in one fell swoop depth reflection triggered a global information security issues. April 2014, suffered more than the major global Internet exploits of attacks: Open SSL “heart bleeding loophole”, IE browser’s “zero-day vulnerabilities”, Struts vulnerability, Flash vulnerability, Linux kernel vulnerability, Synaptics Touchpad Driver Vulnerability and other important vulnerabilities have been found to be. An attacker can exploit to achieve complete control of the target computer, steal confidential information.

The current world, hacking has become the most important network security threats, and network security threats has become a major threat to social security, national security. Cyber ​​attacks not only can disrupt the normal operation of enterprises and social institutions, but also can easily destroy a country’s operational command system and livelihood facilities, network security has become an important part of a national security defense system.

The current network security situation simmering, a turbulent, especially the “prism door” incident has exposed a series of deep-seated problems, showing security threats overseas hostile forces in the formation of China’s network security is growing. After the “Prism” incident, security products and related overseas smartphone products through the back door to steal the core data set of events repeatedly been exposed, and other international security software giant Symantec is also exposed the existence of a backdoor, domestic users lose confidence, exclusion in addition to government procurement list.

At these foreign security software lose confidence forced to withdraw from the Chinese market, the Chinese “white hat Legion” With long-term accumulation of technology and product innovation, and take up more than 600 million Internet users security guard duties. China’s domestic network security vendors have become a priority in government procurement national security products. Information security person in charge of a large state-owned enterprises, said they not only many major projects builders, but also the construction of a number of the world’s top-class large-scale projects. For such a large state-owned enterprises, each security flaw is thrilling security risks. Select the security products must be cautious, not only in respect of corporate security, national interests even more solidarity and public safety. In this context, they would prefer to secure key, handed the hands of their own people.

The rapid development of the network economy, so China’s network security is facing new challenges. The grim reality requires Chinese “white hat Corps” must quick response, China’s network security as a good “gatekeeper.”

The current domestic network ecosystem is very complex, a lot of important Internet companies have the background of foreign capital, which also makes the competitive Internet market, often there will be some market factors outside.Recently, for example, 360 to prosecute the “Daily Economic News” reported a case of alleged false in Shanghai Xuhui District People’s Court formally sentenced.Commenting on the domestic public opinion at the time of the court, and not just limited to commercial disputes, but through the appearance of the event, focusing on national cybersecurity issues. Many network security field and legal experts pointed out that, in the network security has risen to national security background, should be conscious of China’s own “white hat Corps” to create a good development space, while cautioning against a number of foreign forces in control of the organizations or enterprises for China’s security market, thus achieving further core areas of our strategic security purposes.

China’s network security depends on our own. This is not just a question of national pride, not just a confidence issue, but a matter of extreme cases, if there are areas of our security problems backdoor planted by hostile forces.Therefore, we should focus on in recent years in areas such as security, foreign hostile forces controlled by Chinese companies through the acquisition of M & I and other ways to penetrate the security field behavior.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

中国“白帽子军团”成为国家网络安全的重要力量

2013年6月,“棱镜门”事件爆发。美国国家安全局前雇员爱德华·斯诺登将美国情报机构监听项目的秘密文档披露给了媒体,一举引发了全球对于信息安全问题的深度反思。2014年4月,全球互联网遭遇多起重大漏洞攻击事件袭击:Open SSL的“心脏出血漏洞”、IE浏览器的“零日漏洞”、Struts漏洞、Flash漏洞、Linux内核漏洞、Synaptics触摸板驱动漏洞等重要漏洞被相继发现。攻击者利用漏洞可实现对目标计算机的完全控制,窃取机密信息。

当前世界范围内,黑客攻击已经成为最主要的网络安全威胁,而网络安全威胁成为社会安全、国防安全的重要威胁。网络攻击不仅能够破坏企业和社会机构的正常运行,还能够轻易地摧毁一个国家的作战指挥系统和民生设施,网络安全已经成为一个国家安全防御体系的重要组成部分。

当前网络安全形势暗流涌动、波谲云诡,尤其是“棱镜门”事件暴露出的一系列深层次问题,显示境外敌对势力在网络安全领域对中国形成的安全威胁越来越大。“棱镜门”事件之后,境外相关安全产品和智能手机类产品通过设置后门窃取核心数据的事件屡屡被曝光,赛门铁克等国际安全软件巨头也被曝光存在后门,失去国内用户信任,被排斥在政府采购名单之外。

就在这些国外的安全软件失去信任被迫退出中国市场之际,中国的“白帽子军团”凭借长期技术积累和产品创新,担负起守护6亿多网民安全的职责。中国本土网络安全厂商也成为国家政府采购安全产品的优先考虑。一家大型国有企业的信息安全负责人表示,他们不但是国内许多重大工程的建设者,还承建了世界上多个顶尖级大型工程项目。对于这样的大型国有企业来说,每个安全漏洞都是惊心动魄的安全隐患。选择安全产品必须慎之又慎,这不但关乎企业的安全,更与公共安全甚至国家利益休戚相关。在这种背景下,他们更希望把安全的钥匙,交到自己人手上。

网络经济的飞速发展,使中国网络安全面临着全新的挑战。严峻的现实要求中国“白帽子军团”必须快速反应,为中国的网络安全当好“守门人”。

当前国内的网络生态十分复杂,很多重要的互联网企业都有境外资金的背景,这也使得网络市场的竞争中,往往会出现一些市场之外的因素。例如近日360起诉《每日经济新闻》涉嫌虚假报道一案在上海徐汇区人民法院正式宣判。国内舆论在评论这次法院判决的时候,并不仅仅局限于商业纠纷,而是透过事件的表象,关注国家网络安全的问题。多位网络安全领域的专家和法律专家指出,在网络安全已经上升到国家安全的大背景下,应当有意识地为中国自己的“白帽子军团”创造良好的发展空间,同时警惕一些受境外势力控制的组织或企业争夺中国安全市场,进而达到深入我国核心安全领域的战略目的。

中国的网络安全要靠我们自己。这不仅仅是一个民族气节问题,也不仅仅是一个信心问题,而是一个关乎极端情况下,我们的安全领域是否存在敌对势力安插的后门问题。因此,应重点关注近年来在安全等领域,敌对势力通过外资控制中国公司,通过收购并购等方式向我安全领域渗透的行为。

Original Source URL

China’s Military, Information Warfare & Interpretation of the PLA’s Strategic Support Units

中國軍事信息戰解读解放军战略支援部队

20160104131249755

December 31, 2015, People’s Liberation Army’s governing bodies, the PLA rocket forces, the PLA strategic support troops inaugural meeting was held in August Building.The Army is the armed forces of our party was first built, which needless to say, the military rocket is an upgraded version of the Second Artillery Corps, reflects the strategic support great power status, do not need to deny self, then this strategy support troops may be too mysterious.

Because at the inaugural meeting, the CPC Central Committee General Secretary and State President and CMC Chairman Xi Jinping to the Army, rocket forces, strategic support units and granted the flag caused precepts. This means that the strategic support units, and the People’s Liberation Army is the Army, Navy, Air Force, Army rocket same level independent military services. And with respect to the Army’s “name” and the Second Artillery Rocket Army “named” upgrade, strategic support since the Second Artillery Force of the PLA has become established, the birth of the only new military services. From the point of view of modern high-tech local wars, armed forces and strategic nuclear strike force contains basically the main mode of combat and battlefield environment, then this strategy support troops, and what capability, turned out to be able to come to the fore?

Strategic support troops inaugural meeting, President Xi strategic support units carried out the following qualitative: strategic support units is to maintain national security of new combat forces is an important growth point of our military combat capability of quality. Strategic support units to adhere to all officers and soldiers system integration, civil-military integration, and strive to achieve leapfrog development in key areas, starting point to promote high standards of combat forces to accelerate the development of new, integrated development, strive to build a strong modernization strategy support units.

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There are a few key words: new combat forces, combat new quality capability, system integration, civil-military integration, key areas.

Xinhua News Agency news show, strategic support unit’s first commander was Gaojin. Network data shows he originally from Jiangsu Province, of the Jingjiang people. 1985 Gao-Jin enters the PLA Second Artillery Command College. July 2006, promoted to the rank of major general, served as the PLA Second Artillery Force 52 base commander. In December 2011, he served as chief of staff of the PLA Second Artillery Force. August 2013, promoted to the rank of lieutenant.In July 2014, he was transferred to the Assistant Chief of Staff. In December 2014, he was promoted to president of Academy of Military Sciences, and replace older than 1 year old deputy chief of staff YiXiaoguang will become the youngest Chinese Military general officer, Military Academy is the youngest president in history.

On November 2, 2015,Gaojin became a strategic support troops commander in the first 60 days, “Liberation Army Daily” published a paper entitled “deepen defense and military reform is the only way the army strong army Hing,” the signed article . Article specifically mentioned: the world’s new military revolution is an important component of the key variables in the world today and the great development and changes and major adjustments, the large its speed, scope, degree of depth, the impact of the unprecedented. Following another face of this epoch-making revolution in military weapon cold, hot weapons, mechanized military revolution after the world’s major countries competing to adjust its military strategy, stepping up military transformation, in order to reshape the military information as the core morphology, reconstruction of military force system. In the form of war from mechanization to informationization of qualitative leap, under conditions of nuclear deterrence armed Skynet electrical integration of joint operations is increasingly becoming a reality, from the battlefield to the traditional space high, deep, very far from the physical space and virtual space to expand non symmetric, non-contact, non-line combat style more mature, battle to seize control of information has become a comprehensive control over the core mechanism of winning the war profoundly changed.

Armed Skynet electrical integration joint commander Gaojin said nuclear deterrence combat conditions, where “day”, it never refers to the Army’s rocket missile, but in outer space, “net” is in cyberspace, “power” is the electromagnetic space. Modern high-tech local wars, armed forces military remains the key to victory, but also the main battleground in the sea and air space, but a typical characteristic of information warfare is asymmetrical, non-contact, non-line operations, and achieve the key to this transformation is in outer space, cyberspace and electromagnetic space “three special battlefield.” Due to the large electromagnetic space and physical isolation from the impact, typically have only tactical significance. Whereas outer space and cyberspace, it is high, deep, very far from ubiquitous in the physical space and virtual space, which has a strategic significance. On both the battlefield flame, not flesh and blood flying, but dangerous worse than conventional battlefield, troops could have a corresponding force building and sound command response agencies, the result will be a conventional battlefield the outcome must have an important and even qualitative impact.

This is the meaning of China’s “strategic support” forces. Reasoning logically, Chinese strategic support units, it may be in outer space and cyberspace “new combat forces” for giving our military the “new mass combat capability” new growth point.

In order to achieve this capability “strategic support” of military power have set up competing celestial army (troops outer space) and Cyber ​​Army (network warfare units). US troops in outer space, from the “Decree” system, troops belonging to the armed forces, including missile and space defense forces, the Navy’s carrier-based anti-missile forces, the Air Force C4ISR and the use of space satellites Army troops, and in the “military orders on “system, these forces are unified owned by the US strategic command headquarters. In 2009, under the US Strategic Command has established a new subordinate command, namely Network Warfare Command, the unified command of the US Armed Corps network warfare units.

Russia in December 2011 set up air and space defense troops, but it was such a force has only arms and the operational level status, the military power of the central air and space defense forces only jurisdiction, but can not solve Russia’s air defense force under unified command of proposal question. August 1, 2015, the Russian air force and air defense forces, air defense forces merged to form the air and space forces. Which it is now Russia has no air force in the traditional sense. Air and space defense forces will remain the unified command of the Russian General Staff, and the direct leadership of the day will be empty Army General Headquarters. Aerospace duty Army is responsible for unified management of air, anti-aircraft and anti-missile forces, and Russian satellite orbit Cluster spacecraft launch and management. In addition, the missile attack warning systems and space surveillance systems within the scope of the jurisdiction of military air and space.

From the public point of view, so far Russia has not yet set up as a dedicated network warfare units like the US, but does not have a special unified command structure.

Advances in technology, to make human use of outer space and cyberspace, to achieve the purpose of the military, but that does not mean big opportunities for state-owned, have the ability and courage to break the old military system, to adapt to the new form of war requirements. How to build a national unified command and outer space and cyberspace defense system. Russia and the United States gave us a lot of lessons.

The United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War hegemony, had spent heavily in the development of military platforms and a lot of space weapons systems, but the US military space systems, almost all rests in the hands of the Air Force, and the Soviet Union established the Strategic Rocket Forces troops. Visible, the US military is relying on the armed services to build space defense system, and the former Soviet Union is the establishment of a new military services.

At the end of the Cold War, the Russian strategic rocket forces in the original, based on an independent arms to draw a military space forces. March 2011, the Russian military space forces again, based on the formation of air and space defense troops.However, under the oppression of US nuclear weapons, global strike, anti-missile and other space powers, Russia and aerospace field is still fragmented, air and space attack threats it faces increasingly severe pain, while there is no uniform national air and space defense command structure . To safeguard the security of Russian aerospace field, create a better organizational and technical conditions for the implementation of the strategic future of air and space battles, the Russians in August 2015 set up air and space forces. But have to say is that the so-called empty space forces, the Russian equivalent of the US back to the old way, both relying on a unified air defense system to re-member space. This shows that, although Russia considers itself aerospace suffered a big threat, but the economic and technological strength, has been insufficient to support the establishment of a development, a separate military services promising, but only on the basis of the Air Force “linger.”

Russian frustration with respect to the United States the development of air and space power is somewhat intentional play balance. The main part of the US Air Force air and space power, but in the “ABM” the US military in the 21st century the most important military operation of air and space, is the main operator of the US Army. In addition to the Navy’s “Aegis” missile defense system, the US military’s ground-based midcourse ABM, THAAD and Patriot anti-missile terminal, they are in control of the US Army, and a bunch of computer manipulation Army Air Force Base. Of course, whether it is armed soldiers, they eventually unify obey the command of US Strategic Command. But the US military services rely on different building space defense system, military services still reflects the inherent ideological balance thinking. This is because the US military very large volume, especially during the Cold War, which makes the US military services have funding research challenges of new technologies. And after 1986, the new Department of Defense Reorganization Act by the US military approach is from the perspective of the Joint Operations Command, the unified “collection” command the services of new combat forces to integrate. US Network Warfare Command was established, also a product of this approach.

US military advantage of this approach is that the services Eight Immortals recount, the final choice can be optimized in the competition, but the disadvantage is that there is a huge waste, and the services in peacetime and do not belong to the system, it is difficult wartime unity of action. Although the US military reform highlights the joint operations of thought, but the individual military services after all are not the same culture, and outer space and cyberspace, the required military personnel are a small number of capable staff, if the artificial formation of different military services background, a bit “for the United the joint “deliberate sense.

With respect to the United States and Russia, China’s military advantage is the revolution in military time scale, technological change and changes in the army almost simultaneously, the synchronization off, which makes the Chinese military have the opportunity to design the height from the top, in the lessons learned from military based on the construction of military services and more rational planning. While China’s national strength and technological level of rapid growth, but also to the construction of China’s new military services will not fall into the “make bricks without straw,” the fantasy embarrassment.

In the field of anti-missile, the Chinese Defense Ministry has confirmed that the January 11, 2010, September 11, 2012, January 27, 2013, July 23, 2014 were carried out four ground-based midcourse missile interception technical tests. In the field of anti-satellite, the Chinese Foreign Ministry acknowledged in January 2007 anti-satellite missile test. Out media speculation in 2010 and 2013. China has conducted two tests of anti-satellite weapons, but did not get China confirmed. Platform in space, China from 2010 into more than 15 times the average annual emission intensive stage, reaching an average growth of around 20 the number of satellites, the establishment of a chain of day, the Beidou, high scores, and a series of remote sensing satellites family now the number of satellites in orbit over Russia, after the United States. In 2014 MH370 lost contact incident, China urgent mobilization of four models ocean, clouds, high, remote sensing, nearly 10 satellites to provide technical support for ground search and rescue operations.

In network technology, China has become the world’s Internet and mobile Internet users than any other country, not only the birth of a group of like Alibaba, Tencent world-class Internet companies, such as Huawei also appeared in network technology giant. China in the next generation of Internet technology, has become one rule-makers. But while China has become the network against the most affected countries by the world, which means that China must consider the network security of the country from a strategic height, including the establishment of a unified defense force and a network system.

There is no doubt that the new military revolution has proved that outer space is to promote our army “system integration” an important heights, and cyberspace is the embodiment of “civil-military integration,” a typical example of these two historic space is the Chinese army reform the key areas. China established strategic support units, will likely be the world’s first and do not rely on traditional military services to establish a unified military force in outer space and cyberspace defense system. This initiative is bound to leave an indelible mark in the world’s new military revolution.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

凤凰军事作者:郑文浩

2015年12月31日,中国人民解放军陆军领导机构、中国人民解放军火箭军、中国人民解放军战略支援部队成立大会在八一大楼隆重举行。陆军是我党最早建立的武装力量,这就不用说了,火箭军是二炮的升级版,体现了大国地位的战略支撑,自不需要讳言,那么这支战略支援部队可就太神秘了。

因为在成立大会上,中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席习近平向陆军、火箭军、战略支援部队授予军旗并致训词。这就意味着,战略支援部队,是和解放军陆军、海军、空军、火箭军平级的独立军种部队。而相对于陆军的“正名”和第二炮兵到火箭军的“命名”升级,战略支援部队成为解放军自二炮成立以来,诞生的唯一新军种部队。从现代化高技术局部战争来看,陆海空军以及战略核打击部队基本上囊括了主要的作战方式和战场环境,那么这支战略支援部队,又有哪些能耐,能够脱颖而出横空出世呢?

在战略支援部队成立大会上,习主席对战略支援部队进行了如下的定性:战略支援部队是维护国家安全的新型作战力量,是我军新质作战能力的重要增长点。战略支援部队全体官兵要坚持体系融合、军民融合,努力在关键领域实现跨越发展,高标准高起点推进新型作战力量加速发展、一体发展,努力建设一支强大的现代化战略支援部队。

这里面有几个关键词:新型作战力量、新质作战能力、体系融合、军民融合、关键领域。

新华社新闻显示,战略支援部队的首任司令员是高津。网络资料显示高津是江苏靖江人。1985年高津进入解放军第二炮兵指挥学院。2006年7月,晋升少将军衔,担任解放军第二炮兵第52基地司令员。2011年12月,担任中国人民解放军第二炮兵参谋长。2013年8月,晋升中将军衔。2014年7月,调任总参谋长助理。2014年12月,升任军事科学院院长,并取代比其年长1岁的副总参谋长乙晓光中将,成为最年轻的正大军区级将领,也是军事科学院历史上最年轻的院长。

在2015年11月2日,也就是高津在成为战略支援部队司令员的前60天,在《解放军报》上发表了题为“深化国防和军队改革是强军兴军的必由之路”的署名文章。文章中特别提到:世界新军事革命是当今世界大发展大变革大调整的重要构成和关键变量,其速度之快、范围之广、程度之深、影响之大前所未有。面对这场继冷兵器、热兵器、机械化军事革命之后的又一次划时代军事革命,世界主要国家竞相调整军事战略,加紧推进军事转型,以信息化为核心重塑军队组织形态、重构军事力量体系。战争形态处于由机械化向信息化跃升的质变期,核威慑条件下陆海空天网电一体化联合作战日益成为现实,战场从传统空间向极高、极深、极远物理空间和虚拟空间拓展,非对称、非接触、非线式作战样式更趋成熟,制信息权成为夺取战场综合控制权的核心,战争制胜机理深刻改变。

高津司令员所说的核威慑条件下陆海空天网电一体化联合作战,其中的“天”,就绝不是指的火箭军部队的导弹,而是外层空间,“网”则是网络空间,“电”则是电磁空间。现代化高技术局部战争,陆海空军部队仍然是决胜的关键,而争夺的战场也主要在陆海空空间进行,但信息化战争的一个典型特色,就是非对称、非接触、非线式作战,而实现这一转变的关键环节,就是在外层空间、网络空间和电磁空间的“这三个特殊战场”。电磁空间由于受距离和物理隔绝的影响很大,通常只具有战术意义。而外层空间和网络空间,则是极高、极深、极远物理空间和无处不在的虚拟空间,从而具有战略上意义。在这两个战场上的拼杀,没有血肉横飞,但凶险却比常规战场有过之而无不及,军队能否拥有对应的力量建设和健全的指挥反应机构,其结果将对常规战场的胜负产生重要甚至绝定性影响。

这就是“战略支援”的含义所在。从逻辑上推理,中国战略支援部队,很可能就是针对外层空间和网络空间的“新型作战力量”,赋予我军“新质作战能力”新增长点。

为了获得这种“战略支援”的能力,军事大国都曾争相成立天军(外层空间部队)和网军(网络战部队)。美国的外层空间部队,从“政令”体制上,分属陆海空三军部队,包括陆军的空间和导弹防御部队,海军的舰载反导部队、空军的C4ISR和空间卫星使用部队,而在“军令”系统上,这些部队则统一归美国战略司令部指挥。在2009年,美军又在战略司令部之下成立了一个新的下级司令部,即网络战司令部,统一指挥美军陆海空陆战队的网络战部队。

俄罗斯在2011年12月成立了空天防御兵,但当时这一部队仅具有兵种和战役级地位,只有管辖中央军区空天防御部队的权力,但无法解决俄罗斯空提案防御力量统一指挥的问题。2015年8月1日,俄空天防御部队和空军、防空军合并,组成了空天军。也就是现在俄罗斯已经没有了传统意义上的空军。空天防御部队仍将由俄罗斯总参谋部统一指挥,而直接领导将是空天军总司令部。空天军将负责统一管理执勤的空中、防空和反导力量,以及俄罗斯轨道卫星集群航天器的发射和管理。另外,导弹袭击预警系统和太空监控系统也属于空天军管辖范围。

从公开资料上看,目前为止俄罗斯还没有像美军那样成立专门的网络战部队,更没有设立专门的统一指挥机构。

技术的进步,让人类的得以利用外层空间和网络空间,来实现军事上的目的,但这并不意味着大国有机会、有能力、有胆识打破旧有的军队体制,来适应新形态战争的要求。如何构建并统一指挥全国性的外层空间和网络空间防御体系。美国和俄罗斯给我们提供了很多经验教训。

美国和苏联在冷战争霸过程中,曾经耗费巨资开发了大量空间军事平台和武器系统,但美军的空间系统几乎都掌握在空军手中,而苏联则成立了战略火箭军部队。可见,美军是依托军种构建空间防御体系,而前苏联是成立新的军种。

在冷战结束后,俄罗斯在原有战略火箭军的基础上,划出了一个军事航天部队的独立兵种。2011年3月,俄罗斯又以军事航天部队为基础,组建了空天防御兵。然而在美国核武器、全球快速打击、反导等太空力量的压迫下,俄罗斯空天领域仍然是割裂的,痛感其面临的空天袭击威胁日益严峻,而同时本国又没有统一的空天防御指挥机构。为切实维护俄空天领域安全,为实施未来的空天战略性战役创造更好的组织和技术条件,俄军于2015年8月组建了空天军。然而不得不说的是,所谓的空天军,等于俄罗斯回到了美军的老路上,既依托空军重新构件统一的空间防御体系。这说明,俄罗斯虽然认为自身空天所遭受威胁很大,但其经济和技术实力,已经不足以支撑建立一个有发展、有前途的独立军种,而只能在空军的基础上”苟延残喘“。

相对于俄罗斯的无奈,美国空天力量发展则有些故意玩平衡。美国空天力量的主要部分在空军,然而在“反导”这个美军在21世纪最重要的空天军事动作上,主要的操作者却是美国陆军。除了海军的“宙斯盾”导弹防御系统之外,美军的陆基中段反导、THAAD和爱国者终端反导,都是美国陆军在掌控,而且是一帮陆军军人在美国空军基地中操纵电脑。当然,无论是陆海空军人,他们最终都统一听从美军战略司令部的指挥。但美国依托不同军种构建空间防御体系,仍然体现了固有军种平衡思维的思想。这是因为美国军费体量极为庞大,尤其在冷战期间,这使得美军各军种都有资金研究新技术的挑战。而1986年新国防部改组法通过后,美军的做法就是从联合作战司令部的角度,统一“收缴”指挥各军种新作战力量进行整合。而美国网络战司令部的成立,也同样是这一方法的产物。

美军这种方法的优点在于,各军种八仙过海各显神通,最后可以在竞争中优化选择,但缺点在于存在巨大浪费,且各军种在平时互不统属,很难在战时统一行动。固然美军改革突出了联合作战的思想,但各个军种文化毕竟不相同,而且外层空间和网络空间,所需军事人员都数量少、人员精干,如果再人为形成不同军种背景,就有点“为了联合而联合”刻意之感。

相对于美俄,中国军队的优势,是在军事革命的时间尺度上,技术变革和军队变革几乎同步进行、同步起飞,这使得中国军队有机会从顶层设计的高度,在借鉴外军经验教训的基础上,更合理地规划军种建设。而中国国力和科技水平的快速增长,也让中国新军种的建设不至于陷入“巧妇难为无米之炊”的空想尴尬。

在反导领域,中国国防部已经证实,在2010年1月11日、2012年9月11日、2013年1月27日、2014年7月23日分别进行了四次陆基中段反导拦截技术试验。在反卫星领域,中国外交部在2007年1月承认进行了反卫星导弹试验。而外媒猜测在2010年和2013年中国还进行过两次反卫星武器试验,但未获得中方证实。在太空平台上,中国从2010年开始,进入年均15次以上的密集发射阶段,年均卫星增长数量达到20枚左右,建立了天链、北斗、高分、遥感等一系列卫星家族,目前在轨卫星数量已经超过俄罗斯,仅次于美国。在2014年的MH370失联事件中,中国紧急调动海洋、风云、高分、遥感等4个型号,近10颗卫星为地面搜救行动提供技术支持。

在网络技术上,中国已经成为全球互联网和移动互联网用户最多的国家,不但诞生了一批像阿里巴巴、腾讯的世界级网络企业,也出现了像华为这样的网络技术巨头。中国在新一代互联网技术上,已经成为规则的制定者之一。但同时中国也成为世界上受到网络侵害最严重的国家,这就意味着中国必须从战略高度考虑国家的网络安全,其中也包括建立统一的网络防卫力量和体系。

毫无疑问,新军事革命已经证明,外层空间是推进我军“体系融合”的重要高地,而网络空间则是体现“军民融合”的典型范例,这两个空间则是中国军队历史性改革的关键领域。中国战略支援部队的成立,将可能是世界上首次不依托传统军种而建立统一的外层空间和网络空间防御军事力量体系。这项创举必然会在世界新军事革命中写下浓墨重彩的一笔。

Original Source HERE

China’s PLA core mission is winning local wars in conditions of informationization

打贏信息化條件下局部戰爭是軍隊核心任務

來源:解放軍報

In order to win local wars under conditions of informatization, vigorously strengthen military struggle preparation, is a successful experience and important way to guide army building, our army is a major strategic task. Supremely important strategic task. People’s Army Central Military Commission established in accordance with the decisions and arrangements, preparations for military struggle toward a new journey stride forward.

Walking preparations for military struggle rational development road

New China came nearly 60-year history. For decades, the country was much larger rivals, dangerous, but always to stand up, continue to grow and live. There are a lot of successful experience, a very important one is to rely on comprehensive solid preparations for military struggle. It can be said, precisely because of the people’s army “ready”, was created a homeland security steel wall, the guardian of the people’s happiness and peace, prosperity and security of the economic and social development. Recalling decades stormy journey preparations for military struggle, glory Aureole achievements, we should also clearly see that not enough scientific areas. For example, many units ready for Military Struggle, the guiding ideology too much emphasis on specific threats, over-reliance on “the situation stimulus” caused suddenly strong suddenly weak level of combat readiness and combat effectiveness of the construction fluctuated, military preparations did not struggle to maintain autonomy and healthy sustainable development.

Different things when it moves, it is something different equipment variants. Currently, preparations for military struggle and stands at a new historical starting point. National security situation is undergoing complex and profound changes, on the one hand, traditional security threats and non-traditional security threats we face are increasing, the world’s major powers in my peripheral geostrategic competition intensified, neighboring countries, political turbulence, regional security environment, there are many hidden dangers domestic ethnic separatist forces and their activities is rampant, affecting national security instability, increasing uncertainty, preparations for military struggle facing unprecedented challenges; on the other hand, the international unilateralism setback, the financial crisis delayed the expansion of global hegemony, Taiwan situation has eased, I eased pressure on the main strategic directions, preparations for military struggle facing unprecedented opportunities.This opportunity is not only strategic, but also historic. How to seize the opportunity to make good use of the opportunity and momentum forward, the current preparations for military struggle to answer practical proposition. After 30 years of reform and development, army building a qualitative leap, the synthesis of troops, higher level of information, science and technology-intensive, quality and efficiency features more obvious preparations for military struggle with Keziliyong rich results and advancing the jump basic conditions. Into the new century, Hu focused on the special requirements of the party of national defense and army building, giving the army the “three offers, a play,” the historical mission, stressing that “in order to enhance our military must win local wars under information age conditions core, and constantly improve the ability to respond to multiple security threats and accomplish diverse military tasks. ” This series of major strategic thinking, adjust the point of preparations for military struggle to expand the mandate of the contents of preparations for military struggle.Scientific concept of development of this important guidelines established for military combat preparations put a higher demand good seek fast, according to a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development and people-oriented standards, there are many ideas need liberation, a lot of work need to innovate, many aspects need to be improved.

Advance preparations for military struggle in the new situation, because of the situation must change, because of the situation set policy, based on a new starting point, to seek new development. Should be based on the threat of grasping ready to strengthen all-round “threat awareness” and “enemy concept,” war is not far away and do not fully understand the only one of the grim reality, unswervingly push forward preparations for military struggle. Should be prepared based on the task grasp the fundamental task of the military is to fight and ready to fight, the battle can not fight a hundred years, but not a moment to relax ready, you must follow the standard effective functioning of the mission, to promote a comprehensive and systematic preparations for military struggle. Should be based on the ability to catch ready, out of the enemy carried away by emergency preparedness passive mode, active design of future wars, there are plans to increase planned to respond to multiple security threats and accomplish diverse military tasks ability, steadily push forward the scientific military preparations struggle.

In major breakthroughs improve the quality of preparations for military struggle

Unfocused no strategy, no emphasis on difficult to break. Make full use of important strategic opportunities, to seize the key content to seek a breakthrough, not only to follow the objective requirements of preparations for military struggle inherent laws, it is an urgent need to comprehensively improve the combat capability of the armed forces.

Practice basic military training as a peacetime army, and combat effectiveness is the basic way of development, is the most direct and most effective preparations for military struggle.We must further enhance awareness of the importance of military training, military training to effectively attach strategic position, really big catch in the army military training, training vigorously promote the formation of a new upsurge in transition. Joint training should seize the key to the combat effectiveness, strengthen joint awareness, improve the quality of the joint, improve joint training and regulations, improve the mechanism of joint training, promoting joint military training from form to substance. Should be training in complex electromagnetic environments as an important entry point and the starting point, and actively explore the organization and command training, research and technological measures for an effective way to combat training and weapons training, operational use, accelerating military training under conditions of mechanization to military training in conditions of informationization change. Training mission should be subject to the carrier, active configuration set up similar to actual battlefield environment, explore the combat training, field based training and base training, simulated training and network training as the main way to really, hard, in fact, test standards to test than pulling mechanism for the implementation of the path of combat training, enhance training effectiveness. Should actively carry out non-war military operations training to improve forces to carry out non-war military operations expertise, empowerment troops accomplish diverse military tasks.

People are fighting the various elements of the most active and most active element, talent preparations for military struggle preparation is the most important and the most difficult to prepare. Outcome of a war depends on the battlefield, but the link was to decide the outcome in the usual competition, in which the focus is talent. Currently, the key is to highlight the joint operations command personnel and high-level professional and technical personnel two “strategic starting point”, traction and promote the overall development of qualified personnel capacity building. Protruding joint operations command personnel training, establish and improve strategic and operational focus on training to improve pattern-level commanders around the joint operations to improve personnel training system, the reform of teaching contents and methods of joint operations, commanding officers to increase job rotation and cross-training, step up joint operational command emergency personnel training, strengthen and improve measures. Outstanding high-level professional and technical personnel training. Follow focus, both in general, to seize the lead, lead the overall principle, focus on training across disciplines planning to organize major research projects of leading scientists, to promote discipline capable of directing talents academic technology innovation and development, equipment and technology to solve complex security technical expert personnel problems, and provide a strong intellectual support information technology.

Soldiers rapidly guiding the iron law of war, under conditions of informationization more emphasis on “speed advantage.” Rapid response capacity has become an important indicator to measure the army’s combat readiness and combat capabilities. Should sound an agile and efficient emergency command mechanism. In recent years, the basis of summing up our military to accomplish diverse military tasks practical experience, grasp curing and conversion-related outcomes, the establishment of emergency response mechanisms and improve the regulatory system, improve the mechanism set up to develop response plans, organize relevant study and training, to ensure that if something happens quick response, efficient command, correct action. Should establish advanced and reliable command information system. In accordance with good interoperability, responsive, security and information sharing requirements established in the end longitudinal, transverse to the edge of the information networks and integrated one, simple hierarchy of command system, relying on information technology to improve emergency response command and rapid response capability. Grasp the strategic delivery of capacity-building characteristics and laws, focusing on the development of strategic transport aircraft (ship), military helicopters and new aircraft, and consider traffic battlefield, explore the establishment of smooth and efficient command and management mechanism, the overall advancement of the strategic transportation capacity building.

Security is a combat. Modern warfare combat operations at any one time, against all the system, comprehensive security have become increasingly demanding. Promoting military struggle preparation, must comprehensively improve the combat support, logistics and equipment support and other comprehensive support capabilities. Our military has historically focused on promoting the coordination of combat forces and combat support forces, reconnaissance, early warning, command and communications, mapping navigation, meteorology and hydrology, engineering, chemical defense and other support to improve the ability to achieve overall synchronization. However, with the continuous expansion and development of the situation changes in battlefield space combat support capability system began to appear new “short board” must be filled as soon as possible to form the overall advantages of joint operations full-dimensional battlefield. Logistics focus is to improve the level of modernization. In accordance with the requirements of the development, the steady implementation of the logistics reform, to promote the integration of the security system to protect the way to the community development, support means to move information, logistics management to scientific change, and promote sound and rapid development of the logistics building. Focusing on strengthening security equipment supporting construction. Improve the capability of independent innovation, accelerate the construction and development of new weapons and equipment, and constantly optimize the structure of armament systems.Focusing on supporting systems and equipment, and security systems supporting supporting construction, improve the equipment series, universal, standardized level, and gradually promote the formation of the organized system equipped to combat and support capabilities, accelerate the establishment of military and civilian production, integrating the armed forces weapons and equipment research and production system and maintenance support system, and further improve the integration of military and civilian equipment development path.

Adhere to scientific development and innovation of military struggle preparation path

Advance preparations for military struggle in the new starting point, we must adhere to the scientific concept of development as guidance, the practical application of the requirements of the times thinking, to explore the development path of innovation and preparations for military struggle.

Continue to emancipate the mind, reform of the army in the tide of the overall advancement of military preparations struggle. The more in-depth preparations for military struggle, the more touches concept of development, institutional mechanisms, policies and systems and other aspects of deep-seated contradictions and problems, and promote the greater the difficulty. The fundamental way to solve these problems, is to continue to emancipate the mind, deepen reform of national defense and army building. Strategic objectives of military reform is building computerized armed forces and winning the information war, which point preparations for military struggle is the same. Preparations for military struggle is the leading military reform and traction, military reform is an important part of preparations for military struggle and optimized conditions, both unity of purpose, mutually reinforcing. Thus, under the new situation to promote the preparations for military struggle, must be combined with promoting defense and military reform, to improve the combat effectiveness as a starting point and goal of reform, with the standards and unify thought reform measure reform measures, testing the effectiveness of reform, promote reform in preparations for military struggle.

Strengthen scientific co-ordination, in the process of modernization of the armed forces to coordinate the promotion preparations for military struggle. Military modernization is a big system, military struggle preparation is the key indeed affect the whole body. Well prepared for military struggle, will be able to provide clear and specific requirements for the overall development of our military modernization construction, provide real starting point, forming a huge traction force. Must stand on military modernization development overall perspective, the effective co-ordination with the main good times, far and near, and built with an equal relationship, the process of preparations for military struggle becomes strengthen military modernization process, the process of military modernization into service the process of preparations for military struggle, so that the two complement each other to promote the coordinated development.

Leading Position of Information, in the mode of generating combat transition to push ahead with preparations for military struggle. Currently, information technology is profoundly changing the mode of generating combat, is also changing all aspects of army building. Promoting military struggle preparation, must quickly adapt to this new situation, take the initiative out of the mindset of mechanization to strengthen the concept of information-led, focusing on scientific and technological progress to improve combat effectiveness, explore innovative adaptation of information requirements of the military concept of war, military technology, military organization and military management, focus on improving the training of military personnel, weapons and equipment development, the level of information the best combination of people and weapons, accelerate the transformation of military training, and gradually establish an effective mechanism to combat the new generation and improve and promote preparations for military struggle to achieve a qualitative leap.

Prominent real traction in accomplishing diversified military tasks to accelerate preparations for military struggle. Practice tells us that no matter how the evolution of the international situation, how to expand the Functions of the Army, how onerous diverse military tasks, containment and win wars, preservation of peace is always the most important functions of the army and winning conditions under local war always is the core mission of our military. Only with the core military capabilities and accomplish diverse military tasks have a solid foundation. We must always take to improve the core military capabilities in the first place, aimed at promoting the fundamental function fully prepared, ready to do more hands without “one-track mind,” not ready to classify “one size fits all”, without further preparation, “superficial”, trying to force the ability to adapt to various conditions, to cope with various situations and accomplish diverse military tasks.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

以打贏信息化條件下局部戰爭為重點,大力加強軍事鬥爭準備,是軍隊建設的一條成功經驗和重要指導方式,是我軍一項重大的戰略任務。戰略任務重千鈞。人民軍隊按照中央軍委既定的決策部署,向著軍事鬥爭準備新徵程闊步邁進。

走軍事鬥爭準備理性化發展之路

新中國走過近60年歷程。幾十年來,國家一度強敵環伺、危機四伏,卻始終屹立不屈,不斷生息壯大。成功的經驗有很多,很重要的一條就是靠全面扎實的軍事鬥爭準備。可以説,正是有了人民軍隊“時刻準備著”,才鑄就了祖國安全的鋼鐵長城,守護了人民群眾的幸福安寧,保障了經濟社會的繁榮發展。回顧幾十年軍事鬥爭準備的風雨徵程,在成績的榮耀光環背後,我們也要清醒看到不夠科學的地方。比如不少單位抓軍事鬥爭準備,在指導思想上過于強調具體威脅,過度依賴“情況刺激”,造成戰備水平忽強忽弱,戰鬥力建設忽高忽低,軍事鬥爭準備沒有保持自主、健康地持續發展。

時異則事移,事異則備變。當前,軍事鬥爭準備又站在了一個嶄新的歷史起點上。國家安全形勢發生復雜深刻變化,一方面,我們面臨的傳統安全威脅和非傳統安全威脅都在增加,世界主要大國在我周邊地緣戰略競爭不斷加劇,周邊國家政局持續動蕩,地區安全環境存在諸多隱患,國內民族分裂勢力及其活動猖獗,影響國家安全的不穩定、不確定因素增多,軍事鬥爭準備面臨前所未有的挑戰;另一方面,國際上單邊主義受挫,金融危機拖延了全球霸權擴張,臺海形勢明顯緩和,我主要戰略方向壓力有所減輕,軍事鬥爭準備面臨前所未有的機遇。這個機遇既是戰略性的,也是歷史性的。怎樣抓住機遇、用好機遇、乘勢推進,是當前軍事鬥爭準備需要回答的現實命題。經過30年改革發展,我軍建設出現質的跨越,部隊合成化、信息化程度更高,科技密集型、質量效能型特徵更加明顯,軍事鬥爭準備有了可資利用的豐富成果和推進躍升的基礎條件。進入新世紀新階段,胡主席著眼黨對國防和軍隊建設的特殊要求,賦予軍隊“三個提供、一個發揮”的歷史使命,強調“我軍必須以增強打贏信息化條件下局部戰爭能力為核心,不斷提高應對多種安全威脅、完成多樣化軍事任務的能力”。這一係列重大戰略思想,調整了軍事鬥爭準備的基點,拓展了軍事鬥爭準備的任務內容。科學發展觀這一重要指導方針的確立,對軍事鬥爭準備提出了好中求快的更高要求,按照全面、協調、可持續發展和以人為本的標準來衡量,還有很多思想需要解放,很多工作需要創新,很多方面需要提高。

新形勢下推進軍事鬥爭準備,必須因勢求變、因情定策,立足新的起點,謀求新的發展。應基于威脅抓準備,強化全方位的“威脅意識”和“敵情觀念”,充分認清戰爭並不遙遠且不只一種的嚴峻現實,堅定不移地推進軍事鬥爭準備。應基于任務抓準備,軍隊的根本任務是打仗和準備打仗,仗可以百年不打,但準備一刻也不能放松,必須按照有效履行職能使命的標準,全面係統地推進軍事鬥爭準備。應基于能力抓準備,跳出被敵情牽著走的被動應急準備模式,主動設計未來戰爭,有規劃有計劃地提高應對多種安全威脅、完成多樣化軍事任務能力,穩步科學地推進軍事鬥爭準備。

以重點突破提高軍事鬥爭準備質量

沒有重點就沒有戰略,沒有重點就難以突破。充分利用重要戰略機遇期,抓住重點內容謀求突破,既是遵循軍事鬥爭準備內在規律的客觀要求,更是全面提高部隊實戰能力的迫切需要。

軍事訓練作為和平時期軍隊最基本的實踐活動,是戰鬥力生成和發展的基本途徑,是最直接、最有效的軍事鬥爭準備。必須進一步提高對軍事訓練重要性的認識,切實把軍事訓練擺到戰略位置,真正在部隊形成大抓軍事訓練、大力推進訓練轉變的新高潮。應抓住聯合訓練這個戰鬥力生成的關鍵環節,強化聯合意識,提高聯合素質,健全聯訓法規,完善聯訓機制,推動軍事訓練從形式到實質的聯合。應以復雜電磁環境下訓練為重要切入點和抓手,積極探索組織指揮訓練、戰技術對策研練和武器裝備操作使用訓練的有效辦法,加速推進機械化條件下軍事訓練向信息化條件下軍事訓練轉變。應以使命課題訓練為載體,積極構設近似實戰的戰場環境,探索以對抗訓練、野戰化訓練和基地化訓練、模擬化訓練、網絡化訓練等為主要方式,以真、難、實為檢驗標準,以考、比、拉為落實機制的實戰化訓練路子,增強訓練實效。應積極開展非戰爭軍事行動訓練,提高部隊遂行非戰爭軍事行動專業技能,增強部隊完成多樣化軍事任務的能力。

人是戰鬥力諸要素中最積極、最活躍的要素,人才準備是軍事鬥爭準備中最重要、最艱巨的準備。戰爭勝負決于戰場,但決定勝負的環節卻在平時的競爭之中,其中的重點就是人才。當前,關鍵是要突出聯合作戰指揮人才和高層次專業技術人才兩個“戰略抓手”,牽引和推動人才隊伍能力建設的整體發展。突出聯合作戰指揮人才培養,重點建立健全戰略戰役層次指揮員培養提高模式,圍繞完善聯合作戰人才培訓體係、改革聯合作戰教學內容和方法、加大指揮軍官崗位輪換和交叉培訓力度、加緊聯合作戰指揮人才應急培訓等,加強和完善有關措施。突出高層次專業技術人才培養。按照突出重點、兼顧一般、抓住龍頭、帶動整體的原則,重點培養能夠跨學科領域謀劃組織重大項目攻關的科技領軍人才、能夠指導推進學術技術創新發展的學科拔尖人才、能夠解決裝備技術保障復雜難題的技術專家人才,為信息化建設提供強有力的智力支撐。

兵貴神速是戰爭指導的鐵律,信息化條件下更強調“速度優勢”。快速反應能力已成為衡量一支軍隊戰備水平和實戰能力的重要標志。應健全靈敏高效的應急指揮機制。在總結梳理近年我軍完成多樣化軍事任務實踐經驗的基礎上,抓好相關成果的固化和轉化,建立應急機制,健全法規制度,完善機構設置,制定應對預案,組織相關研練,確保一旦有事能快速反應、高效指揮、正確行動。應建立先進可靠的指揮信息係統。按照互操作性好、反應靈敏、安全保密和信息共享的要求,建立縱向到底、橫向到邊的信息網絡和綜合一體、層級簡捷的指揮係統,依靠信息技術提高應急指揮與快速反應能力。把握戰略投送能力建設的特點規律,重點發展戰略運輸機(艦)、軍用直升機和新型航行器,統籌考慮交通戰場建設,探索建立順暢高效的指揮管理機制,整體推進戰略輸送能力建設。

保障也是戰鬥力。現代戰爭中的任何一次作戰行動,都是體係的對抗,對綜合保障的要求越來越高。推進軍事鬥爭準備,必須全面提高作戰保障、後勤保障和裝備保障等綜合保障能力。我軍歷來注重協調推進作戰力量與作戰保障力量建設,偵察預警、指揮通信、測繪導航、氣象水文、工程防化等保障能力總體實現了同步提高。但隨著形勢的發展變化和戰場空間的不斷拓展,作戰保障能力體係開始出現新的“短板”,必須盡快補齊,以形成全維戰場的聯合作戰整體優勢。後勤保障重點是提高現代化水平。按照時代發展要求,穩步實施後勤改革,將保障體制向一體化推進、保障方式向社會化拓展、保障手段向信息化邁進、後勤管理向科學化轉變,推動後勤建設又好又快發展。裝備保障重點是加強配套建設。提高自主創新能力,加快新型武器裝備建設發展,不斷優化我軍武器裝備結構體係。注重裝備的體係配套、係統配套和保障配套建設,提高裝備係列化、通用化、標準化水平,逐步推進裝備成係統成建制形成作戰能力和保障能力,加快建立軍民結合、寓軍于民的武器裝備科研生産體係和維修保障體係,進一步完善軍民融合發展裝備的路子。

堅持科學發展創新軍事鬥爭準備路徑

在新的起點上推進軍事鬥爭準備,必須堅持以科學發展觀為指導,切實運用符合時代要求的思維方式,探索創新軍事鬥爭準備的發展路徑。

繼續解放思想,在軍隊改革大潮中整體推進軍事鬥爭準備。軍事鬥爭準備越深入,觸及發展理念、體制機制、政策制度等方面的深層次矛盾和問題就越多,推進的難度也越大。解決這些問題的根本出路,在于繼續解放思想、深化國防和軍隊建設改革。軍隊改革的戰略目標是建設信息化軍隊、打贏信息化戰爭,這與軍事鬥爭準備的基點是一致的。軍事鬥爭準備是軍隊改革的龍頭和牽引,軍隊改革則是軍事鬥爭準備的重要內容和優化條件,二者目標一致、互為促進。因此,新形勢下推進軍事鬥爭準備,必須與推進國防和軍隊改革結合起來,把提高戰鬥力作為改革的出發點和落腳點,用戰鬥力標準統一改革思想,衡量改革措施,檢驗改革成效,在改革中推進軍事鬥爭準備。

加強科學統籌,在軍隊現代化建設進程中協調推進軍事鬥爭準備。軍隊現代化建設是個大係統,軍事鬥爭準備則是牽一發而動全身的關鍵。軍事鬥爭準備做好了,就能為我軍現代化建設整體發展提供明確具體的需求,提供實實在在的抓手,形成巨大的牽引力量。必須站在軍隊現代化建設發展全局的高度,切實統籌好主與次、遠與近、建與用等關係,把軍事鬥爭準備的過程變成加強軍隊現代化建設的過程,把軍隊現代化建設的過程變成服務軍事鬥爭準備的過程,使二者互為促進,協調發展。

堅持信息主導,在戰鬥力生成模式轉變中創新推進軍事鬥爭準備。當前,信息技術正在深刻改變著戰鬥力生成模式,也在改變著軍隊建設的方方面面。推進軍事鬥爭準備,必須敏銳地適應這個新形勢,主動跳出機械化思維定勢,強化信息主導觀念,注重依靠科技進步提高戰鬥力,探索創新適應信息化戰爭要求的軍事理念、軍事技術、軍事組織和軍事管理,著力提高軍事人才培養、武器裝備發展、人與武器最佳結合的信息化水平,加快推進軍事訓練轉變,逐步確立新型戰鬥力生成與提高的有效機制,推動軍事鬥爭準備實現質的躍升。

突出實戰牽引,在完成多樣化軍事任務中加速推進軍事鬥爭準備。實踐告訴我們,無論國際局勢如何演變、軍隊的職能使命如何拓展、多樣化軍事任務多麼繁重,遏制戰爭、打贏戰爭、維護和平始終是我軍職能的重中之重,打贏信息化條件下局部戰爭永遠是我軍的核心任務。只有具備了核心軍事能力,完成多樣化軍事任務才有堅實基礎。必須始終把提高核心軍事能力放在首要位置,瞄準根本職能推進全面準備,做到多手準備而不“單打一”,分類準備而不“一刀切”,深入準備而不“表面化”,努力使部隊具備適應各種條件、應對各種情況、完成多樣化軍事任務的能力。

Source: PLA Daily

Originally Published 2009年01月08日

China’s PLA & Toward Winning ‘informationized local wars’

對獲獎“信息化條件下的局部戰爭”

At the beginning of the 2016, President Xi Jinping gave his commander’s intent for reorganizing China’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA) at this beginning of the week, China announced a series of major comprehensive reforms for the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) that will defiinitely forge China’s military modernization emphasis for the immediate and long term.

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The Chinese leadership intent for the overhaul is to redefine roles, missions and authorities of the PLA military services, consolidates Communist Party of China (CPC) control over the nearly autonomous military branches, and ultimately attain new levels of combat effectiveness drsigned under a new set of military guidelines of fighting and winning ‘local wars under informationized conditions.’

The first wave of official announcements included changes in the organisational force structure, starting at the highest echelons of command. Specifically, the creation of a new command structure; a joint staff under the Central Military Commission (CMC) that integrated the previous four general departments. The CMC will now manage the PLA through the Joint Staff Department comprised of 15 departments, commissions and offices.

The second significant measure is the inauguration of three new PLA services: PLA Ground Forces, PLA Rocket Forces and PLA Strategic Support Forces. The previous Second Artillery Corps, in charge of China’s nuclear and conventional ballistic missiles, has been upgraded to the PLA Rocket Force, a full service branch on par with the navy, air force, and, for the first time, the army.

The third major military reform measure, announced on 1 February 2016 @ 21:15 Local, is the restructuring of previous seven ‘military regions’ to five ‘major war zones’ or theater operations. While very similar to the US Military component commands the PLA re-oragnization reflects a move toward truly joint operations . The new major Chinese military commands now represent the Northern, Eastern, Southern, Western, and Middle or Central theaters, which are now mimicking the US Department of Defense (DoD) concept of Combatant Commands.

Changes in the PLA’s organization force structure complement its gradual technological advances. While since Novemeber 8th, 2012, the PLA under President Xi Jinping has seen many accomplishments: from the introduction of next generation of supercomputers such as the TianHe – 2,  aviation prototypes such as the J-16, J-20, J-31, new helicopters and UAVs, to the ongoing construction of a second aircraft carrier, as well as record number of commissioned People’s Liberarion Army Navy (PLAN) ships such as Type 054A, 056 frigates and 052C destroyers.

In the next five to ten years, China is expected to transfer many experimental models from R&D to the production stage (Plan 863), including a number of systems in what the PLA calls ‘domains of emerging military rivalry’: outer space, near space, cyber space, and under water.

These include next generation ballistic missiles, nuclear and conventional, long-range precision-strike assets such as hypersonic vehicles, offensive and defensive cyber capabilities and new classes of submarines, supported by a variety of high-tech directional rocket rising sea mines with accurate control and guidance capacity.

PLA Strategic Support Forces (SSF)

Of all the newly established units, the PLA Strategic Support Forces (SSF), 戰略支援部隊. represents perhaps the most significant development. While details remain hidden under a veil of secrecy, unofficial Chinese PLA sources and Chinese language press reports indicate that the SSF will consist of three independent branches: ‘cyber force’ with ‘hacker troops’ responsible for cyber offense and defense; ‘space force’ tasked with surveillance and satellites; and ‘electronic force’ responsible for denial, deception, disruption of enemy radars and communications systems. The overaarching focus of this reorganizartion is to create an effective and strategic support force” to strengthen the network and space attack.

The SSF integrates the previous PLA General Staff Headquarters Third and Fourth Departments, responsible for technical reconnaissance, electronic warfare, cyber intelligence and cyber warfare, as well as absorbing the Foreign Affairs Bureau of the former PLA General Political Department, tasked with information operations, propaganda and psychological warfare.

This corresponds to PLA writings on future conflicts such as Science of Military Strategy that emphasise a holistic perspective toward space, cyberspace and the electromagnetic spectrum that must be defended to achieve information dominance. This is the ability to gather, transmit, manage, analyse and exploit information, and prevent an opponent from doing the same as a key prerequisite for allowing the PLA to seize air and naval superiority.

To this end, the PLA recognises the importance of controlling space-based information assets as a means of achieving true information dominance, calling it the ‘new strategic high ground.’ Consequently, establishing space dominance is an essential component of achieving military ‘information dominance.’

Strategic Chinese Military Implications

Ultimately, the key question is this: will the reforms in the PLA’s organisational force structure will be reflected in its operational conduct, particularly in the PLA’s capabilities to exploit cyber-kinetic strategic interactions in its regional power projection, as well as responses in potential crises and security flashpoints in East Asia?

On one hand, China’s political and military elites believe that a new wave of the global Revolution in Military Affairsis gathering pace, led principally by the US, and China must therefore accelerate the pace of its military development. Internally, however, the reforms are designed primarily to close the PLA’s inter-service rivalries, interoperability gaps and the dominance of the ground forces.

In other words, significant capability gaps will continue to exist.

In the long-term the coordinated exploitation of space, cyber-space, electromagnetic spectrum and strategic information operations will likely enable four critical missions for the PLA:

  1. Force enhancement to support combat operations and improve the effectiveness of military forces such as ISR, integrated tactical warning and attack assessment, command, control and communications, navigation and positioning and environmental monitoring;
  2. Counter-space missions to protect PLA forces while denying space capabilities to the adversary;
  3. Information operations to direct influence on the process and outcome in areas of strategic competition, and;
  4. Computer network operations targeting adversaries data and networks.

Consequently, the PLA’s growing military-technological developments may significantly alter both the strategic thought and operational conduct of major powers in East Asia, including the US and its Five Eyes allies including the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada, and Australia.

Original content published at this Australian Source

Can the People’s Republic of China be Deterred in Cyber Space?

02FEB1200Z2016

Originally posted on EastWest.NGO HERE

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This article on the concept of deterring China in the binary battlefield was written by Mr. Joseph Nye – a gentleman I wholly respect. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. is University Distinguished Service Professor and former Dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government.

By Joseph Nye

If we look at the cyber realm, the effectiveness of deterrence depends on who (state or non-state) one tries to deter and which of their behaviors.  Ironically, deterring major states like China from acts of force may be easier than deterring non-state actors from actions that do not rise to the level of force. The threat of a bolt from the blue attack by a major state may have been exaggerated. Major state actors are more likely to be entangled in interdependence than are many non-state actors, and American declaratory policy has made clear that deterrence is not limited to cyber against cyber but can be cross domain with any weapons of our choice.

Along with punishment and denial, entanglement is an important means of making an actor perceive that the costs of an action will exceed the benefits.  Entanglement refers to the existence of  interdependences which makes a successful attack simultaneously impose serious costs on the attacker as well as the victim. This is not unique to cyber. For example, in 2009, when the People’s Liberation Army urged the Chinese government to dump some of China’s massive holdings of dollar reserves to punish the United States for selling arms to Taiwan, the Central Bank pointed out that this would impose large costs on China as well and the government decided against it. Similarly, in scenarios which envisage a Chinese cyber attack on the American electric grid imposing great costs on the American economy, the economic interdependence would mean costly damage to China as well. Precision targeting of less sweeping targets might not produce much blowback, but the increasing importance of the Internet to economic growth may increase general incentives for self restraint. At the same time,  entanglement might not create significant costs for a state like North Korea which has a low degree of interdependence with the international economic system.

Even among major powers, there may be situations, such as August 1914 where various actors believe that the benefits of attack exceed the costs to entanglement. European states were heavily entangled in trade and finance, but still chose to go to war. Most incorrectly envisaged a short war with limited costs, and it is doubtful that the Kaiser, the Czar and the Austro-Hungarian emperor would have made the same decision if they had foreseen the loss of their thrones and dismemberment of their empires.  Norman Angell who wrote that war had become too costly because of entanglement was correct in that sense, but miscalculation can affect any type of deterrence. Trade between the U.S. and Japan did not prevent the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, but in part that was caused by the American embargo that manipulated the interdependence in a way that led the Japanese to fear that failure to take a risky action would lead to their strangulation.

Deterring state actors from attacks that do not reach the level of force is more difficult. For example, deterring China from cyber theft of intellectual property for competitive commercial advantage has proven more difficult than deterring an attack on the electric grid. Yet even here, the American threat of economic sanctions seems to have changed the declaratory policy of Chinese leaders at the time of the September 2015 summit between presidents Xi and Obama. The American indictment of five PLA officers for cyber theft of intellectual property in 2014 initially seemed counter-productive when China used it as a pretext to boycott a previously agreed bilateral cyber committee. But the costs of naming and shaming plus the threat of further economic sanctions seems to have changed Chinese declaratory behavior. Previously, China had not recognized the American distinction of espionage for competitive commercial purposes as a distinct category, but they accepted it in 2015.

Whether the threat of sanctions and loss of face will deter actual behavior of the complex organization we summarize as “China” remains to be seen. Skeptics argue that the declaratory policy change did not alter behavior of cyber theft originating from some actors in China. Optimists point out that deterrence requires clarity about what one is trying to deter, and the Chinese president’s declaration at last provides a clear baseline for behavior that China can be held to.

If there is no progress, further sanctions with credible consequences could include using the dispute settlement mechanism of the World Trade Organization, but such cross domain deterrence can be problematic if it involves issue-linkage which is resisted by trade bureaucracies and corporate groups that do not wish to see their interests damaged by reprisals.  Options such as naming and shaming corrupt officials by disclosing hacked information about their behavior can attack a country’s soft power but it sometimes resisted as over escalatory. The jury is still out on the extent to which China can be deterred in cyber space, but the evidence suggests it would be mistaken to totally discount the possibilities.

Original Source on EastWest.NGO

Chinese Military Reshuffle Carries Deep Significance

02FEB2016 Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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China on Monday inaugurated the People’s Liberation Army’s (PLA) five new theater commands. The northern, southern, eastern, western and central theater commands replace the seven previous military area commands. The change from “military area command” to “theater command” carries more weight than the change from “seven” to “five.”

The essence of the theater commands is clear. The commands are prepared for combat and winning wars, about which the military and the public share a deep understanding. With such a military system, China’s peaceful development will be more serious and gain more respect from the outside.

It has been decades since the PLA was involved in a war. The outside world focuses more on the Dongfeng ballistic missile and the construction of aircraft carriers than about the military itself. The Chinese army has not made much impression on the world.

Perhaps some would prefer the Chinese military to keep a low profile, and it is even better that they advocate peace. The establishment of the five theater commands heralds a revolutionary change, highlighting the fundamentals of the military and the troops.

From now on, the strength of the Chinese military not only exists in historical documents or rests upon newly developed weapons, but also in its determination for victory and in its preparations.

The more powerful the PLA grows and the more capable it is of engaging in a war, the country will embrace a peaceful rise all the more. This will contribute to the nation’s peaceful rise, otherwise the outside world will only consider that peace is only our compulsory choice. If this happens, the peace of China and the world will face a dangerous future.

A major power will attract all kinds of opportunities for the world’s development and can share in global wealth distribution. But without corresponding military might, instability may brew. The security of a big power relates to the security of the whole world. That a big power is capable of fighting in a war but not obsessed in launching wars fits the common interests of all mankind.

Frankly speaking, the strength of the Chinese military can ensure the country is not intruded on by foreign troops, but it is not enough to promote fair competition and the evolution of order in a globalized era. Some external forces do not accept China’s rise. If such sentiments spread with military aid without restraint, it will hurt China’s security and world peace. There needs to be a tipping point where China is more secure, but how to find the tipping point is a subtle issue.

The Chinese military will shoulder heavier responsibilities in the future. China is close to the historical mission of a national rejuvenation. We are facing an unprecedented landscape, hopes and risks. The PLA will play a key role in helping the Chinese people pass the transition period smoothly and helping the world release some external grievances due to the power shifts of major countries.

Original Source: HERE

China Military Focus of Main Effort in Information Warfare: Electromagnetic Spectrum

来源:解放军报作者:郝嘉 周宁 周任飞责任编辑:张硕

● electromagnetic spectrum owned by the state, is the core of strategic resources for national development, promote social progress

● direct support operations of the electromagnetic spectrum, is building computerized armed forces and winning the information war of the central nervous system

Soul of the information war: the electromagnetic spectrum

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Electromagnetic spectrum resources for humanity, as indispensable as water and sun. Information age, the electromagnetic spectrum is changing the world, changing the way people live

Core Tip

Electromagnetic spectrum exists in war by land, sea, air, space the whole time and space, is the only ideal medium capable of supporting mobile operations, decentralized operations and high intensity warfare. Important support elements of the electromagnetic spectrum management as joint operations, throughout the operational readiness, operational planning, operational implementation of the entire process, the role of command and control, intelligence and reconnaissance, weapons guidance, early warning and detection, navigation and other operational elements of the whole, is to improve the combat Important basic capabilities directly related weapons and equipment play information Operational Effectiveness.

Electromagnetic spectrum Past and Present

The physical world there is such a strange phenomenon, alternating current generated in the surrounding space alternating magnetic field, electric field and magnetic field variations mutual contacts to form an alternating electromagnetic field, and can spread from the wave source which produces the distance, this planted in the space at a constant speed of alternating electromagnetic field propagation is electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic spectrum, it is by electromagnetic waves lined up according to wavelength or frequency, a formed structure from zero to infinity pedigree, which 0-3000 gigahertz frequency range of radio waves.

Back in October 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent. However, the future Queen of Spain, six months before he heard the news, unfortunately sudden and devastating. April 14, 1865, US President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated 13 days after the news spread was known industry’s most advanced British government, coping strategies are overtaken by events. Electromagnetic time unknown, human nature can not enjoy its magic.

In 1888, German physicist Hertz experiment is successful, humans finally touch the existence of electromagnetic waves. In 1901, as the “father of radio” Marconi trans-Atlantic radio communication test is successful, humanity has entered the era of electromagnetic radio communications sweeping the globe. In 1912, after the Titanic wreck, the United Kingdom, the United States and other maritime powers mandatory over a certain tonnage of the vessel must be installed radio stations, in order to protect the safety of life at sea. During World War I, the war all the major powers use radio communication to pass information and commands.

Since then, radio broadcasting, navigation, remote after another, to the development and progress of human society has brought great changes. Electromagnetic wave as an important carrier of information transmission, dash in land, sea, air, space four-dimensional space, accelerate the coming of the information age.

●电磁频谱属于国家所有,是促进国家发展、推动社会进步的核心战略资源

●电磁频谱直接支撑作战,是建设信息化军队、打赢信息化战争的中枢神经

电磁频谱:信息化战争之魂

电磁频谱资源对人类的影响,就像水和太阳一样不可或缺。信息时代,电磁频谱正在改变世界,改变人们的生活方式。(图片合成:胡亚军

核心提示

电磁频谱存在于陆、海、空、天的作战全时空,是唯一能够支持机动作战、分散作战和高强度作战的理想媒介。电磁频谱管理作为联合作战的重要保障要素,贯穿于作战准备、作战筹划、作战实施的全过程,作用于指挥控制、情报侦察、武器制导、预警探测、导航定位等作战全要素,是提高体系作战能力的重要基础,直接关系信息化武器装备作战效能的发挥。

电磁频谱的前世今生

物理世界有这样一种奇特的现象,交变电流在周围空间会产生交变磁场,变化的电场和磁场相互联系,形成了交变的电磁场,并能脱离其产生的波源向远处传播,这种在空间以一定速度传播的交变电磁场就是电磁波。

电磁频谱,则是由电磁波按波长或频率排列起来,所形成的一个从零至无穷的结构谱系,其中0-3000吉赫兹频率范围为无线电波。

时间回到1492年10月,哥伦布发现了美洲大陆。然而,西班牙王后半年以后才得知这一消息,遗憾顿生。1865年4月14日,美国总统林肯惨遭暗杀,消息13天后才传到当时号称工业最为先进的英国政府,应对策略也时过境迁。电磁波那时不为人知,人类自然无法享受到它的神奇力量。

1888年,德国物理学家赫兹实验成功,人类终于触摸到电磁波的存在。1901年,随着“无线电之父”马可尼跨越大西洋的无线电通信试验成功,人类进入了电磁时代,无线电通讯席卷全球。1912年,泰坦尼克号失事后,英国、美国等航海大国强制规定,超过一定吨位的船只必须加装无线电台,以保障海上航行生命安全。在第一次世界大战期间,所有参战的大国都使用无线电通信传递情报和命令。

此后,无线电的广播、导航、遥控相继出现,给人类社会的发展进步带来了巨大变化。电磁波作为信息传递的重要载体,纵横驰骋在陆、海、空、天四维空间,加速了信息时代的到来。

Electromagnetic spectrum is a national resource strategy

Electromagnetic spectrum is the only human transmission of information over wireless media, owned by the state, land, forest, mineral and other resources, as it is both a scarce natural resource in the areas of economic development, national defense and social life indispensable , irreplaceable core strategic resources.

At present, humans can use the radio spectrum in the 275 gigahertz or less, mainly concentrated in the range of 30 Hz to 40 gigahertz, but most are in the 3 gigahertz or less, high-quality resources is extremely limited.Therefore, the world has become intense competition for them.

Frequency satellite orbit resources, for example, known as the 80% share of the “golden navigation frequency”, the US GPS and Russian GLONASS navigation system first to seize the countries in the world have to compete for the remaining resources.

Electromagnetic spectrum is widely used in the economic, military and other fields, combined with the scarcity of resources prominent contradictions, it gradually from the back to the front, electromagnetic space and the game become the world compete for important battlefield.

Each year, the US President issued specifically concerning electromagnetic spectrum “presidential memorandum”, leading the electromagnetic spectrum policy and national army. The British government published its “21st Century Spectrum Management” white paper, clearly the introduction of spectrum pricing, spectrum auction, spectrum trading and other means to encourage the efficient use of spectrum resources development and new technologies.

The study reports that the electromagnetic spectrum can contribute each year to 3-5 percent of the total national economy. From 1995 to 2011, the United States, Britain, France, Germany and other countries for the development of the third and fourth generation mobile communication network, spectrum auction value of $ 130 billion. Russia, France, Germany, Japan, Australia and other countries competing to improve the relevant laws and regulations, maintain the electromagnetic spectrum space to maximize their national interests, strongly promote the electromagnetic spectrum resources market and internationalization.

Manage electromagnetic space “traffic light”

Although the electromagnetic spectrum is present in the natural space, invisible, but it does not mean that the State, organizations and individuals are free to use occupied.

With modern urban traffic management have great similarities, at the technical level, the electromagnetic frequency spectrum management major from, space, time three-dimensional expansion, which is vividly called electromagnetic space “traffic lights.”

Currently, the international scope of the electromagnetic spectrum management mainly through the establishment of an international organization, signed an international agreement to allocate spectrum to resolve unified. States also set up frequency spectrum management and monitoring of the site, and to divide the spectrum resource use.

According to statistics, a US infantry division of about 70 radar, radio station 2800, a Russian motorized infantry division of about 60 radar, radio station 2040 to ensure so much electronic equipment to work smoothly, you need a strong power and spectrum management mechanism. After the baptism of several local wars, the US military high command from the field to have a specialized division of spectrum management agencies from the Department of Defense, the Joint Staff to the armed services, has established a complete set of joint campaign spectrum management system, formed a mature management mechanism.

According to the US Army website reported, the United States developed a new Joint Tactical Radio System, which contains the spectrum defragmentation technology, is not a continuous spectrum of debris re-polymerization, to achieve the integration of resources to meet the needs of purpose. European development of the “Spectrum pool” technology, but also the integration of free spectrum resource collection, and dynamically allocated based on customer needs, improve efficiency in the use of the spectrum.

Now, the world’s major countries are seeking to develop spectrum sharing technology, without changing the existing spectrum allocation rules, through technical analysis tools simulate actual combination, so that different systems can share the same frequency band compatible. In addition, many countries and organizations through the use of advanced signal transmission technology, using a frequency equipment to improve the level of technology, and other means to control the transmission frequency, both to avoid the deterioration of the electromagnetic environment, but also to achieve efficient use of spectrum.

“The 21st century will be the era of the spectrum war”

Traditional air and sea superiority play, must be based on the electromagnetic advantage, losing electromagnetic power, will lose control of the air, sea control, electromagnetic space and space has become, ground and ocean coexistence fourth dimension battlefield. It can be said that the future of information warfare, who won the electromagnetic power, grasps the initiative on the battlefield. Former Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff Thomas Muller said: “If a third world war, the winner will be the most adept at controlling the use of the electromagnetic spectrum and the party.”

Faced with escalating competition in the world of the electromagnetic spectrum, the US military has issued a joint spectrum vision, strategic planning and the Department of Defense Spectrum “Spectrum war” and other top-level strategic guidance documents, and to take away from the crowded band, the development of high-end spectrum, etc., developed microwave , laser, electromagnetic pulse weapons, etc., to actively seize the spectrum.British forces widely promote the use of intelligent and efficient radio modulation techniques to improve spectrum utilization efficiency of a wireless communication system.

In order to obtain the advantages of the spectrum in the future information warfare, Europe and the United States armed forces through the establishment of specialized agencies electromagnetic compatibility, the use of advanced simulation techniques to develop quality indicators management system, develop joint spectrum management system, etc., to improve battlefield electromagnetic spectrum management capabilities.

In recent years, cognitive radio, dynamic spectrum sensing, frequency control simulation deduction, emerging electromagnetic environmental adaptability analysis of new technologies, to the military electromagnetic spectrum management development has brought great opportunities and challenges. Experts predict that the future will share a common electromagnetic spectrum management towards spectrum resources, spectrum efficiency analysis and refinement of embedded dynamic spectrum management, direction and progress.

电磁频谱是一个国家的战略资源

电磁频谱是目前人类唯一理想的无线信息传输媒介,属于国家所有,与土地、森林、矿藏等资源一样,它既是一种稀缺的自然资源,也是经济发展、国防建设和社会生活各领域不可或缺、无法替代的核心战略资源。

目前,人类能够利用的无线电频谱在275吉赫兹以下,主要集中在30赫兹至40吉赫兹范围内,而且绝大部分是在3吉赫兹以下,优质资源极其有限。因此,世界各国对其争夺已经趋于白热化。

以卫星频率轨道资源为例,被誉为“黄金导航频率”80%的份额,被美国GPS和俄罗斯格洛纳斯导航系统率先抢占,世界各国不得不争夺剩余资源。

电磁频谱在经济、军事等领域的广泛应用,加之资源紧缺的突出矛盾,使其逐渐从后台走向前台,电磁空间成为世界各国争夺和博弈的重要战场。

每年,美国总统专门发表事关电磁频谱的《总统备忘录》,主导国家和军队的电磁频谱政策。英国政府在其发布的《21世纪的频谱管理》白皮书中,明确提出引入频谱定价、频谱拍卖、频谱贸易等手段,激励频谱资源的高效利用和新技术的研发。

有关研究报告表明,电磁频谱每年可为国家经济总量贡献3至5个百分点。1995年至2011年,美、英、法、德等国家,为发展第三、第四代移动通信网,所拍卖的频谱价值高达1300多亿美元。俄、法、德、日、澳等国家竞相完善相关法规,最大限度地维护本国的电磁频谱空间利益,极力推进电磁频谱资源市场化和国际化。

管好电磁空间的“红绿灯”

电磁频谱虽然是存在于自然空间,看不见摸不着,但并不意味着国家、组织和个人可以随意使用侵占。

同现代城市交通管理有很大的相似之处,在技术层面上,电磁频谱管理主要从频率、空间、时间三维展开,这也被形象地称为电磁空间的“红绿灯”。

目前,国际范围的电磁频谱管理主要是通过建立国际组织、签订国际协议、统一划分频谱来解决。各国也设立了频谱管理部门和监测站点,对频谱资源进行划分和使用。

据统计,美军一个步兵师约有70部雷达、2800部电台,俄罗斯一个摩托化步兵师约有60部雷达、2040部电台,保证如此多的电子装备有条不紊地工作,需要强大的频谱管理力量和机制。经过几次局部战争的洗礼后,美军从统帅部到野战师都设有专门的频谱管理机构,从国防部、联合参谋部到各军兵种,都建立了一整套完整的联合战役频谱管理体系,形成了成熟的管理机制。

根据美国陆军网站报道,美国研发的新型联合战术无线电系统,其中包含了频谱碎片整理技术,就是将不连续的频谱碎片重新聚合,实现整合资源、满足需求的目的。欧洲开发的“频谱池”技术,也是将空闲频谱资源收集整合,并根据用户需求进行动态分配,提高频谱的使用效益。

现在,世界主要国家都在大力发展频谱共享技术,在不改变现有的频谱分配规则下,通过仿真实测相结合的技术分析手段,使不同系统能够在同一频段兼容共用。此外,很多国家和组织通过采用先进信号传输技术、提高用频设备工艺水平、控制发射频率等手段,既避免了电磁环境的恶化,也实现频谱的高效利用。

“21世纪将是频谱战的时代”

传统海空优势的发挥,必须建立在电磁优势的基础上,失去制电磁权,必将失去制空权、制海权,电磁空间已成为与空间、地面和海洋并存的第四维战场。可以说,未来信息化作战,谁赢得了制电磁权,谁就掌握了战场主动权。美国前参谋长联席会议主席托马斯·穆勒曾说:“如果发生第三次世界大战,获胜者必将是最善于控制和运用电磁频谱的一方。”

面对世界范围内电磁频谱竞争的不断升级,美军先后出台联合频谱构想、国防部频谱战略规划以及“频谱战”战略等顶层指导文件,并采取避开拥挤频段、开发高端频谱等方式,研发微波、激光、电磁脉冲等武器装备,积极抢占频谱资源。英国在部队中广泛推广使用智能无线电和高效调制技术,提升无线通信系统的频谱使用效率。

为在未来信息作战中获得频谱优势,欧美等国军队还通过成立专门电磁兼容机构、采用先进仿真技术手段、制定质量指标管理体系、开发联合频谱管理系统等方式,提高战场电磁频谱管理能力。

近年来,随着认知无线电、动态频谱感知、频管仿真推演、电磁环境适应性分析等新技术的不断涌现,给军队电磁频谱管理发展带来了巨大机遇和挑战。专家预计,未来电磁频谱管理将朝着频谱资源共享共用、精细化频谱效能分析和频谱动态嵌入式管理等方向不断进步。

Classic examples of the electromagnetic spectrum

In 1914, the US Navy Atlantic Fleet in the first trial under the state of war radio communication equipment, results strongly spark near neighbor ship transmitters interference interrupt all radio communication, the participants had to make time allocation plan, assigned to the United States for two hours domestic radio transmitter, the other four countries 1 hour each. Thus, the Washington-based headquarters to an interval of 4 hours to its armed forces on the battlefield contact again.

In 1967, the US “Forrestal” aircraft carrier in the implementation of a particular military mission, carrier F-4 “Phantom” fighter ship radar beam is irradiated by the interference, the aircraft hanging space rocket was accidentally fired ignition, hit ship an a-4 “Skyhawk” attack aircraft fuel tank, causing a chain explosion, causing heavy casualties.

April 1980, the US Joint Task Force and local school Rangers joint implementation embassy hostage rescue mission in Iraq. In its way to evacuate due to a communication device and the Rangers are not compatible with the frequent collaboration errors, resulting in a helicopter and transport aircraft collided, eight commandos were burned to death and four serious burns.

May 4, 1982, the Falklands War, the British naval weapon known as a symbol and pride of the fleet, “Sheffield” cruiser by satellite communication and radar systems are not compatible, can only start work in turn, the result was Argentina “Super flag “aircraft launched the” flying fish “missile sunk.

June 9, 1982, the fifth Middle East war, Israel intercepted prior use of the Syrian army radar and “Sam” spectral parameters of the missile launch, just 6 minutes will be stationed in the Bekaa Valley which cost $ 2 billion in 19 “Sam” air defense missile sites completely destroyed. In the next two days of combat, Israeli fighter planes and electronic jamming aircraft with combat, created a miracle in the history of air combat.

After April 21, 1996, the Russian war in Chechnya, the hunting group through special electronic warfare, electronic signal war zone to collect, monitor, cell phone signal reconnaissance to Dudayev, was analyzed to confirm, and lock the phone signal coordinate system, cruise warplanes fired missiles on Dudayev was “targeted killings.”

May 2011, the US Navy Seals and Special Air Service regiment battle the implementation of “Neptune Spear” initiative. SEALs use of “Land Warrior” soldier system, and joint operations center for situation analysis and sharing of intelligence, special operations group UAV crew via satellite communication system commando operations return the White House and the Pentagon. Throughout its action, the US military weapons systems use spectrum resources covering all channels, in just 40 minutes, successfully kill Osama bin Laden.

1914年,美国海军大西洋舰队首次在战争状态下试验无线电通信设备,结果附近友邻舰艇发射机产生的强烈火花干扰中断了所有无线电通信,参加者不得不作出时间分配计划,分配2小时给美国对国内进行无线电发射,其他4个国家各1小时。这样,设在华盛顿的总部要间隔4小时才能与它在战场上的武装力量联络一次。

1967年,美军“福莱斯特”航母在执行某次军事任务时,舰载F-4“鬼怪”式战机受该舰雷达波束照射干扰,飞机悬挂的空地火箭弹被意外点火发射,击中舰上1架A-4“天鹰”式攻击机的副油箱,导致一系列连锁爆炸,造成重大伤亡。

1980年4月,美派联合特遣部队和当地别动队共同执行营救驻伊大使馆人质任务。在其撤离途中,由于和别动队的通信设备互不兼容,用频协同失误,造成1架直升机与运输机相撞,8名突击队员被烧死,4人严重烧伤。

1982年5月4日,英阿马岛之战,号称英海战利器和舰队骄傲象征的“谢菲尔德”号巡洋舰因卫星通信和雷达系统互不兼容,只能轮流开机工作,结果被阿根廷“超级军旗”飞机发射的“飞鱼”式导弹击沉。

1982年6月9日,第五次中东战争,以色列利用事先截获的叙利亚军队雷达和“萨姆”导弹发射的频谱参数,仅用6分钟就将其驻守在贝卡谷地的耗资20亿美元的19个“萨姆”防空导弹阵地彻底摧毁。在其后两天的空战中,以色列战斗机配合预警机和电子干扰机作战,创造了空战史上的奇迹。

1996年4月21日,俄罗斯在车臣战争中,通过特种电子战猎杀小组,对战区内的电子信号进行收集、监听,侦察到杜达耶夫的手机信号,进行分析确认后,锁定手机信号坐标,利用巡航战机发射导弹,对杜达耶夫进行了“定点清除”。

2011年5月,美军海豹突击队和特战空勤团实施“海王星之矛”行动。海豹突击队采用“陆地勇士”单兵系统,与联合行动中心进行态势分析和情报共享,特战空勤团无人机通过卫星通信系统将突击队行动回传白宫和五角大楼。整个行动过程,美军使用的武器系统频谱资源涵盖全频道,仅用时40分钟,便成功击杀本·拉登。

http://www.81.cn/rd/2015-06/18/

China’s Strategic Support Forces – Mission and Combat Power Intent

[责任编辑:冯玲玲]

来源:人民网  作者:邱越  时间:2016-01-06

20160104131249755

    December 31, 2015, People’s Liberation Army’s governing bodies, the PLA rocket forces, the PLA strategic support troops inaugural meeting was held in Beijing Bayi Building.The newly established strategic support units is quite mysterious, whether it is a kind of military do? Military expert Yin Zhuo interview, said in an interview with People’s Daily, the main mission of strategic support task force is to support the battlefield, so that our army in the aerospace, space, network, and electromagnetic space battle can get local advantage, to ensure smooth operations. It is an important force in joint operations, and action will be the Army, Navy, Air Force and Army rocket integration, throughout the war always, is the key to winning the war power.

Defense Ministry spokesman Yang Yujun noted that the strategic support units is to safeguard the national security of the new combat forces is an important growth point of our military combat capability of quality, mainly the strategic, fundamental, all kinds of support are strong safeguards after forces from the formation of functional integration. The establishment of strategic support units, help to optimize the structure of military forces, thus improving the overall capacity. We will adhere to system integration, civil-military integration, strengthening the new combat forces, and strive to build a strong modernization strategy support units.

Yin 卓介绍 said strategic support units main task of the mission is to support the battlefield, so that our army in the aerospace, space, network, and electromagnetic space battle can get local advantage, to ensure smooth operations. Specifically, the strategic support unit tasks include: return of target detection, reconnaissance and target information; undertake everyday navigation operations, and Beidou satellite and space reconnaissance means management; undertake electromagnetic space and cyber space defense mission .

During the war, Reconnaissance Force cyberspace can help master the movements of the enemy army to help troops develop operations to ensure the achievement battlefield victory.In peacetime, with the increasing degree of national information technology, security, electromagnetic space and cyberspace are increasingly important. Yin Zhuo pointed out that with the satellite navigation facilities in civil applications in the future high-speed rail, ship, aircraft, vehicle or car will be equipped with on-board positioning facilities that our country’s socialist construction will play an important role. In addition, the face of many hackers on the Internet for the illegal actions of the implementation of such important government facilities, military facilities, civilian facilities important to the implementation of network attacks, which requires that we must be equipped with appropriate defenses. Strategic support forces in protecting the country’s financial security and people’s daily lives and safety will play an important role.

“Strategic support units is an important force in joint operations.” Yin Zhuo said, now can not do without any combat operations in cyberspace offensive and defensive strategic support troops in reconnaissance, early warning, communications, command, control, navigation, ocean digital, digital construction and other aspects of the Earth play an important role, and provide strong support for the joint battlefield operations, in order to achieve the goal of winning local wars under conditions of informatization.

Yin Zhuo noted that the strategic support units are not a separate fighting force, it will blend in with the Army, Navy, Air Force, Army and other branches of the military rocket actions form an integrated joint operations, strategic combat support units throughout the whole process, penetrated into every combat operations, will be the key to winning the war power.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

2015年12月31日,中国人民解放军陆军领导机构、中国人民解放军火箭军、中国人民解放军战略支援部队成立大会在北京八一大楼隆重举行。新成立的战略支援部队颇为神秘,这究竟是一支什么样的军事力量呢?军事专家尹卓在接受人民网采访时表示,战略支援部队主要的使命任务是支援战场作战,使我军在航天、太空、网络和电磁空间战场能取得局部优势,保证作战的顺利进行。它是联合作战的重要力量,将与陆军、海军、空军和火箭军的行动融为一体,贯穿整个作战始终,是战争制胜的关键力量。

国防部新闻发言人杨宇军指出,战略支援部队是维护国家安全的新型作战力量,是我军新质作战能力的重要增长点,主要是将战略性、基础性、支撑性都很强的各类保障力量进行功能整合后组建而成的。成立战略支援部队,有利于优化军事力量结构、提高综合保障能力。我们将坚持体系融合、军民融合,加强新型作战力量建设,努力建设一支强大的现代化战略支援部队。

尹卓介绍称,战略支援部队主要的使命任务是支援战场作战,使我军在航天、太空、网络和电磁空间战场能取得局部优势,保证作战的顺利进行。具体地说,战略支援部队的任务包括:对目标的探测、侦察和目标信息的回传;承担日常的导航行动,以及北斗卫星和太空侦察手段的管理工作;承担电磁空间和网络空间的防御任务。

在战争时期,电子空间的侦察力量可以帮助我军掌握敌人的动向,协助部队制定作战行动,确保取得战场胜利。在和平时期,随着国家信息化程度日益提高,电磁空间和网络空间的安全也日益重要。尹卓指出,随着卫星导航设施在民间的应用,今后高铁、轮船、飞机、汽车都会配备车载或机载的定位设施,这些设施对我国的社会主义建设将起到重要的作用。此外,面对诸多黑客在互联网上针对我国实施的非法行动,比如对重要政府设施、军队设施、重要民用设施实施的网络攻击,这要求我们必须配备相应的防御力量。战略支援部队在保障国家金融安全和人民日常生活安全等方面将起到重要作用。

“战略支援部队是联合作战行动的重要力量。”尹卓说,如今任何作战行动都离不开电子空间攻防,战略支援部队将在侦察、预警、通信、指挥、控制、导航、数字化海洋、数字化地球建设等方面发挥重要作用,并将为联合作战行动提供有力的战场支持,以实现打赢信息化条件下局部战争的目标。

尹卓指出,战略支援部队不是一支单独的作战力量,它将与陆军、海军、空军、火箭军等军兵种的行动融为一体,形成一体化的联合作战行动,战略支援部队贯穿于作战的全过程,渗透到每一个作战行动中,将成为战争制胜的关键力量。

http://news.mod.gov.cn/pla/2016-01/06/

 

Chinese Military Focus on Future Innovation-driven Development & Competition Seize Strategic High Ground

By An Weiping

Source: 2015年12月29   来源:解放军报

104109724

The use of “Internet +” to create a new quality of thinking and fighting

Chairman of the Central Military Commission Xi Reform Work Conference, to focus on the future military competition to seize the strategic high ground, give full play to the role of innovation-driven development, cultivate new growth point of fighting. At present, China is the depth of promoting the “Internet +” action plan, which is the development trend of the Internet era of profound insight and wisdom to cope. Its essence is to promote the Internet, cloud computing, big data, networking integration and innovation as the representative of information technology and traditional industries, create new productivity. And viewed from the military point of view, the “Internet +” concept of thinking is also important for military innovation, foster new growth point fighting. But the military use of “Internet +”, not simply on the Internet “+” on, but in the military field dedicated “cyberspace” a “+”, and the use of “Internet +” thinking and a new generation of information technology, the establishment of improve the database, by fast and efficient flow of accurate data to improve reconnaissance, command and control, battlefield mobility, firepower, integrated security and information protection, and combat capability, to achieve accurate and timely release of aggregation and the overall combat effectiveness, thus creating adaptation of information technology The new mass combat operations.

“Internet” + target characteristic data, real-time sensing reconnaissance intelligence. Real-time reconnaissance capability is perceived to reach the battlefield transparent, seize the basis and key information superiority.Internet biggest feature is the remote control into the remote “touch” to achieve a seamless link between the sensor and processor, unimpeded access to battlefield information, real-time sensing reconnaissance intelligence. But the actual combat operations, the target is characterized by continuous change, if the lack of accurate target feature “full-dimensional” data, it is difficult to analyze, contrast, identify mass, low-density value of battlefield data, dig out the real and effective information, to achieve timely and accurate perception reconnaissance intelligence. Therefore, we should fully learn the “Internet +” big data analysis model, relying on accurate battlefield information and intelligence center to build, multi-dimensional and dynamic characteristics of the target database to database for support, fast and accurate analysis judged the enemy goal. “Accurate”, refers to a database of all the characteristics of the target data must be true, valuable information and data, can accurately reflect the different characteristics of the target property. “Multi-dimensional” refers to the use of land, sea, air, space, power and other means to obtain the same objective, the different nature of intelligence data and get the target from different angles appearance characteristics, as well as electromagnetic, infrared, and other information; “Dynamic “it refers to adapt to changes in weaponry and other targets, timely reconnaissance target feature information, the first perfect time to update the database, ensure that you always maintain a high accuracy of the data. Relying on the target database should also be characterized by the establishment of operational data analysis model, through the “cloud” on the large amount of data collection operations analysis of intelligence information to accurately determine and predict the enhanced situational awareness and decision support capabilities.

“Internet” + information system integration, to achieve accurate and efficient command and control. Accurate and efficient command and control capability is based on the core information system operational capability.Cyberspace so that all branches of the military combat information systems to achieve remote, synchronous, interactive connection, the commander combat global real-time grasp and mastery of the battlefield situation, belongs to all levels of command elements, each combat unit dynamic and effective action to implement the regulation. Integration must take an integrated approach, different branches of the military, information from different professions, different levels of system integration and other construction. First, functional integration, an integrated command platform, based on the relevant member information systems transformation, embedded sharing member, according to a unified configuration and management strategies, ensemble having interoperability integrated command and control system to ensure that all military branches, interrelated levels of command, synchronous interaction, information exchange command job sharing. Second, the system hinges primarily by branches of engineering and technical specifications according to a unified organization and implementation, through changing, modified (making) the existing command and control system, improve the various branches of the military command and control systems, enhancements and weapons platforms “hinge” capability . Third, data fusion, through a unified data format or data format conversion, data integration between branches Information System.

“Internet” + geographical information, fast place battlefield maneuvers.The essence of battlefield mobility, capacity utilization is decisive and overwhelming operational tempo seize the target location advantage. This requires full-dimensional perception by battlefield battlefield information system geographical information such day or night, we are well aware of how to maneuver the entire road, what factors affect mobility, in order to select the best motor route, timing and fast way to place . The rapid development of Internet intelligent navigation system, real-time provides a convenient quick and precise maneuvering. Therefore, to refer to the “Internet +” geographic information system, the establishment of geographic information as soon as military combat support systems, building geographic information database, and continuously enrich and perfect meteorological, hydrological and other data and road information and data information via satellite data links, etc. Real-time application queries and automatically senses the change, so that regional operational commanders real-time control, the rapid set-motorized determination, commanding troops quickly arrived combat area, to seize the fleeting fighters fighting to win the initiative.

“Internet” + Detective play commentary system, the rapid reaction accurate firepower. The condition of information warfare biggest feature is the “information-led firepower battle,” Internet interconnection links are distributed to the effective integration of various weapons platforms, network-based firepower systems possible. But rapid reaction precision firepower and damage the effectiveness of the play, is an investigation, control, play, commentary closed circuit, the need to establish a body blow interconnected system, like “Internet” + taxi, a “Didi taxi” system software, can be the first to discover and pinpoint the user application, and then through the analysis of user needs, while according to the position information of the vehicle to determine who carried out the service, and the fastest way to push information to the user service vehicles, service vehicles last feedback, to complete the service process. Similarly, the rapid response fire precision strike, the urgent need to establish a “play Detective Comment on” one of the firepower system, surveillance systems, decision systems, control systems, sensor fusion interconnected, so that the data flow and operational processes and seamlessly links mutual drive, always monitor the target information and firepower cell information, a substantial increase in the ability to extract data from the mass targeted; the same time through real-time information exchange, sensor control, task allocation plan and fire damage assessment, greatly reducing identify the target, targeted, target and damage assessment time, effectively improve the dynamic ability to strike targets, found that the anti-forming ability of the best mode.

“Internet” + Things security system, to achieve timely and accurate comprehensive security. Accurate and timely comprehensive support, is adaptive, intelligent means to reach at the desired time and place to provide timely and accurate combat all kinds of resources needed. The adaptive, intelligent, must establish an integrated management and control, integrated transportation security system of things together, things like relying on the development of Internet technology, the Internet and radio frequency identification, infrared sensors, global positioning systems, laser scanning technology, achieve mutual connection between anything, and through the exchange of information and communication, positioning, tracking, monitoring and precise management. Therefore, we should actively learn things the idea, and establishing information under combat conditions was associated support systems, integrated use of two-dimensional bar code, electronic tags, automatic identification technology, real-time monitoring and access to supply battle group team strength, guarantee supplies storage and consumption of dynamic information, accurately grasp logistical needs and resources, timely and accurate to the command structure at all levels, to provide comprehensive support group team information security needs. By precise control of the security resources to achieve transparent visualization controllable security process and improve efficiency battlefield support, logistical support adaptive capacity.

“Internet” + preset encrypted information, information protection security control. Effective delivery system based on the combat capability of information systems, data security depends combat controllable. As a result of the “Internet +” and bring the system vulnerability and threats and attacks from internal, external, so that security issues in information systems is very prominent. Therefore for the ever-changing battlefield, the effective implementation of dynamic data encryption. For example, by installing a micro-channel information encryption software that can encrypt messages on demand, voice, video and other information; another example, the terminal end smartphone encryption, anti-eavesdropping technology and SMS encryption and other network information security technology has gradually applied.Therefore, we should make full use of information technology, Internet security, cyberspace whole process of the implementation of dynamic encryption to ensure the confidentiality of information transmission, to ensure the integrity and non-repudiation of the information, communication channel resistance may be active or passive attacks. On the one hand “hard encryption”, and vigorously develop the user terminal installation of secrecy or confidentiality card machine; on the other hand is “soft encryption”, the development of intelligent terminal encryption software, use dynamic encryption algorithm, encrypted instant messages.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

习主席在中央军委改革工作会议上提出,要着眼于抢占未来军事竞争战略制高点,充分发挥创新驱动发展作用,培育战斗力新的增长点。当前,我国正在深度推进“互联网+”行动计划,这是对互联网时代发展潮流的深刻洞察和智慧因应。其实质就是促进以互联网、云计算、大数据、物联网为代表的信息技术与传统产业的融合创新,打造新的生产力。而从军事角度观察,“互联网+”思维理念对于军事创新,培育新的战斗力增长点同样重要。但军事领域运用“互联网+”,不是简单地在互联网上“+”,而是在军事领域专用的“网络空间”上进行“+”,并运用“互联网+”思维和新一代信息技术,建立完善的数据库,通过精准数据的快速高效流动,提高侦察情报、指挥控制、战场机动、火力打击、综合保障和信息防护等作战能力,达成整体作战效能的聚集和准确及时释放,进而打造适应信息化作战的新质战斗力。

“互联网”+目标特征数据,实现侦察情报的实时感知。实时感知的侦察能力是达成战场透明,夺取信息优势的基础和关键。互联网最大的特点就是将远程控制变为远程“触觉”,实现传感器与处理器间无缝链接,畅通战场信息获取渠道,实现侦察情报的实时感知。但实际作战行动中,目标特征是连续不断变化的,如果缺少目标特征准确的“全维”数据,就难以在海量的、价值密度低的战场数据中进行分析、对比、识别,挖掘出真实有效的信息,实现侦察情报的及时准确感知。为此,应充分借鉴“互联网+”大数据分析模式,依托战场信息情报中心构建准确、多维、动态的目标特征数据库,以数据库作支撑,快速准确分析研判敌情目标。“准确”,是指数据库中的所有目标特征数据必须是真实、有价值的信息数据,能够准确反映目标的不同属性特征。“多维”,是指运用陆、海、空、天、电等多种手段获取同类目标、不同性质的情报数据信息,并从不同角度获得目标的外观特征,以及电磁、红外等信息;“动态”,是指适应武器装备等目标的发展变化,及时侦搜目标特征信息,第一时间更新完善数据库,确保始终保持较高的数据精确度。同时应依托目标特征数据库建立作战数据分析模型,通过“云技术”对大量数据集合进行作战分析,对情报信息进行准确判断和预测,增强战场感知和辅助决策能力。

“互联网”+信息系统融合,实现指挥控制的精准高效。精准高效的指挥控制能力是基于信息系统作战能力的核心。网络空间使各个军兵种作战信息系统实现异地、同步、交互连接,指挥员可实时把握作战全局和掌握战场情况,对所属各级指挥要素、各个作战单元行动实施动态有效调控。必须采取综合集成的方式,进行不同军兵种、不同专业、不同层次等系统的信息融合建设。一是功能整合,以一体化指挥平台为基础,对相关信息系统进行构件化改造,嵌入共用功能构件,按照统一的配置和管理策略,组合集成为具有互操作能力的一体化指控系统,确保各军兵种、各级指挥相互衔接、同步互动,指挥作业信息互通共享。二是系统铰链,主要由各军兵种按照统一的工程技术规范组织实施,通过换装、改装(造)现有指挥控制系统,完善各军兵种指挥控制系统,增强与武器平台的“铰链”能力。三是数据融合,通过统一的数据格式或数据格式转换,实现军兵种间信息系统的数据融合。

“互联网”+地理环境信息,实现战场机动的快速到位。战场机动的实质,是利用决定性和压倒性作战节奏夺占目标位置优势的能力。这就需要通过全维战场信息系统感知战场地理环境信息,使得无论白天还是黑夜,都清楚知道机动全程路况怎么样、影响机动的因素有哪些,从而选择最佳的机动路线、时机、方式快速到位。互联网智能导航系统的迅速发展,为实时快速精确机动提供了便利。因此,要借鉴“互联网+”地理信息系统方式,尽快建立军事地理信息作战保障系统,构建地理信息基础数据库,不断充实完善气象、水文以及道路等数据信息,并通过卫星、数据链等实现数据信息的实时申请查询和变化自动感知,使指挥员实时掌握作战地域情况、快速定下机动决心,指挥部队快速抵达作战地域,抓住稍纵即逝的战机,赢得作战主动权。

“互联网”+侦控打评系统,实现火力打击的快反精确。信息化条件作战最大的特征就是“信息主导、火力主战”,互联网的互联互通为有效融合链接分散配置的各个武器平台,实现火力打击系统的网络化提供了可能。但火力打击的快反精确以及毁伤效能的发挥,是一个侦、控、打、评的闭合回路,需要建立互联一体的打击系统,就像“互联网”+出租车,出现“滴滴打车”系统软件一样,能够第一时间发现和准确锁定用户申请,然后通过分析用户需求,同时根据车辆的位置信息,确定由谁进行服务,并以最快的方式将用户信息推送至服务车辆,最后服务车辆进行反馈,完成整个服务过程。同样,实现火力精确打击的快速反应,亟须建立“侦控打评”一体的火力打击系统,将侦察系统、决策系统、控制系统、传感器进行互联融合,使数据流程与作战流程无缝链接并相互驱动,随时监控目标信息和火力单元信息,大幅提高从海量数据中提取锁定目标的能力;同时通过实时的信息交互、传感器控制、任务计划分配以及火力毁伤评估,大大缩短识别目标、锁定目标、攻击目标和毁伤评估时间,有效提高对动态目标的打击能力,形成发现即打击的最佳能力模式。

“互联网”+物联保障系统,实现综合保障的及时准确。准确及时的综合保障,就是以自适应、智能化的手段,达成在需要的时间、地点及时准确提供作战所需的各类资源。而实现自适应、智能化,必须建立综合管控、综合调运的物联保障系统,就像依托互联网技术发展的物联网,通过互联网以及射频识别、红外感应器、全球定位系统、激光扫描等技术,实现了任何物品间的相互连接,并通过信息交换和通信、定位、跟踪,实现精确的监控和管理。为此,应积极借鉴物联网的理念,建立适应信息化条件下作战的物联保障系统,综合运用二维条码、电子标签、自动识别等技术,实时监测和获取作战群队供应实力、保障物资的存储量及消耗等动态信息,准确掌握后勤保障需求和资源,及时准确向各级指挥机构、综合保障群队提供保障需求信息。通过对保障资源的精确控制,实现保障过程的透明可视可控,提高战场保障效益,实现自适应的后勤保障能力。

“互联网”+信息预置加密,实现信息防护的安全可控。基于信息系统的体系作战能力的有效释放,有赖于作战数据信息的安全可控。由于采用“互联网+”而带来的系统脆弱性和来自内、外部的各种威胁和攻击,使得安全问题在信息系统中十分突出。因此要针对瞬息万变的战场,对数据实施动态有效的信息加密。比如,微信通过安装一种信息加密软件,可以实现对短信、语音、视频等信息的按需加密;再比如,智能手机终端的端到端加密、防窃听技术和短信加密等网络信息安全技术已逐渐得到应用。为此,应充分借助互联网安全信息技术,对网络空间实施全过程的动态加密,保证信息传输的保密性,确保信息的完整性和不可抵赖性,抵抗对通信通道可能的主动或被动攻击。一方面要“硬加密”,大力开发用户终端加装保密卡或保密机;另一方面是“软加密”,开发智能终端加密软件,使用动态加密算法,实现信息的即时加密。

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