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Chinese Military From “Cyber Wars” to “Mosaic Wars”

05/28/2026 admin Leave a comment

中國軍隊從“網路戰爭”到“馬賽克戰爭”

現代英語：

Theory guides action. Strengthening innovation in operational concepts and promoting innovation in operational guidance have always been important ways for militaries around the world to cultivate military superiority. In recent years, the U.S. military has successively proposed cutting-edge operational theories such as “cyber warfare” and “mosaic warfare” in order to make the “relationship of production” of operational modes more adaptable to the development of “productivity” of operational capabilities. By comparing and analyzing these two operational theories, the world can gain insight into the changes in the U.S. military’s approach to building operational capabilities, especially to understand the winning mechanism of “mosaic warfare,” and thus find effective countermeasures.

● From threat response to war design—

Actively shape and guide the improvement of combat capabilities

“Threat-based” or “capability-based” are two fundamental approaches to building military combat capabilities. “Threat-based” is driven by needs, focusing on resolving near- and medium-term practical problems, and is a fundamental principle that military combat capability development should follow. “Capability-based” is driven by objectives, targeting future strategic missions and supporting strategic concepts with new combat theories, and is the only way for military combat capabilities to innovate and surpass. The development from “cyber warfare” to “mosaic warfare” reflects the differences and evolution of the inherent laws governing these two approaches, and also reflects the changes in the U.S. military’s approach to combat capability development in recent years.

A New Evolution in Concept Origins. Cyberspace, initially created to address humanity’s communication needs, has gradually evolved into a new operational domain independent of land, sea, air, and space, giving rise to “cyber warfare,” centered on the struggle for control of cyberspace. In contrast, “Mosaic Warfare” is a new operational concept proactively developed by the US military to maintain its strategic advantage, directly targeting competitors. Its formation process reflects a fusion of demand-driven and capability-driven approaches, with a greater emphasis on strategy, initiative, and influence.

A New Approach to Technology Application. “Cyber Warfare” emphasizes developing next-generation technologies to support the transformation and implementation of operational concepts. “Mosaic Warfare,” however, departs from this model. It doesn’t overemphasize the development of next-generation equipment technologies, but rather focuses on the rapid transformation of military-civilian compatible technologies and the incremental iteration of mature technologies. Its basic idea is to leverage existing equipment, following the operational concepts of service platforms such as ride-hailing and crowdfunding development. Through modular upgrades and intelligent transformation, various operational system units are “mosaicized” into functionally singular, flexibly assembled, and easily replaceable “building blocks” or “pixels,” constructing a dynamically coordinated, highly autonomous, and seamlessly integrated operational system, embodying a new technology-driven approach.

A new design for path development. “Cyber warfare,” as a concept accompanying cyberspace, follows the development of cyberspace, generally prioritizing “objective” material conditions before “subjective” conceptual design, resulting in a strong dependence on cyberspace in its path development. “Mosaic warfare,” on the other hand, proceeds from “subjective” to “objective,” developing a force design model with dynamically adjustable functional structures to adapt to different operational needs and battlefield environmental changes.

This demonstrates that, compared to previous operational concepts such as “cyber warfare,” “mosaic warfare” has clearer objectives, more mature technology, and more reliable paths, reflecting a shift in the US military’s proactive approach to shaping its operations.

● From Network Center to Decision Center—

Collective intelligence enables optimal energy release in systems.

Artificial intelligence technology is a key variable in the information age and a core incremental factor in the development of the “Mosaic Warfare” system. While “cyber warfare” emphasizes “network-centricity,” “mosaic warfare” focuses on artificial intelligence technology as its core, shifting the key to victory from “network-centricity” to “decision-making-centricity.” It transforms the operational system architecture from system-level and platform-level collaboration to function-level and element-level integration, aiming to achieve optimal system energy release through collective intelligence technology under the premise of fully leveraging network capabilities, thus giving new meaning to the winning mechanism of warfare in the intelligent era.

Using speed to overcome slowness and seize the initiative in cognition. In future wars, the battlefield situation will change rapidly, and the weight of the time element will continue to rise. “Fast” against “slow” can create a near-dimensional reduction effect in combat. “Mosaic Warfare” utilizes data information technology and artificial intelligence technology to improve the decision-making speed of one’s own “OODA” loop, expand the breadth of parallel decision-making, reduce the granularity of group-loop decision-making, and accelerate the progress of system operations. Overall, it aims to create a “first-mover advantage” situation that is always one step ahead, and firmly control the dominance of battlefield cognitive decision-making.

Using “low” to overcome “high,” accumulating cost advantages. Unlike traditional combat concepts that pursue high-end weapon platforms, “Mosaic Warfare” emphasizes leveraging artificial intelligence technology to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of existing weapon platforms and combat resources. By loading and running intelligent algorithms and specific functional modules on numerous low- and mid-range weapon platforms, it achieves combat performance comparable to high-end weapon platforms, thereby improving the overall cost-effectiveness of weapon platform inputs and outputs, and thus accumulating cost advantages.

By employing a strategy of “dispersion” to counter “concentration,” the aim is to ensure sustainable survival. “Mosaic Warfare” emphasizes a decentralized approach that breaks down large forces into smaller units, utilizing an open system architecture to distribute reconnaissance, location, communication, and strike capabilities across various manned and unmanned platforms, achieving a distributed deployment of forces. Simultaneously, intelligent algorithms enhance the self-organization, self-coordination, and autonomous attack capabilities of each platform, achieving a dispersed yet cohesive force with concentrated firepower. Even after some combat platforms are destroyed, disrupted, or isolated, the entire combat system can still function normally, thereby enhancing the battlefield survivability of the force cluster.

Using “movement” to control “staticity” enhances system flexibility. “Mosaic Warfare” emphasizes further breaking down barriers in various operational domains. By transforming fixed “kill chains” in different operational domains into dynamically reconfigurable “kill networks,” the large “OODA” loop is broken down into smaller loops, and single loops are differentiated into multiple loops. Based on changes in the operational process and requirements, intelligent networking enables the dynamic splitting, deployment, and combination of combat forces. This enhances the flexibility and adaptability of the operational system while also counteracting the node aggregation effect of complex networks, making it difficult for the adversary to find key nodes to breach the system.

“Mosaic warfare” provides a reference prototype for intelligent warfare. However, as an idealized framework for force design and application, “Mosaic warfare” still requires close support from related technologies, doctrines, and policies. There is still a long way to go before it is fully realized, and the situation of coexistence with traditional combat systems will exist for a long time.

● From Element Integration to System Restructuring—

Dynamic structure enhances the flexibility of the combat system.

Structure and relationships often determine function and nature. “Cyber warfare” and “mosaic warfare” are built on the common material foundation of the information age and follow the same evolutionary paradigm, but their system construction principles and effects differ. The system structure formed by “cyber warfare” is statically deconstructable, while “mosaic warfare” dynamically combines functional units according to certain construction rules, forming a flexible system structure with self-organizing and adaptive characteristics, similar to a “dynamic black box,” which is difficult to track and predict using conventional methods. This flexible structure often “emerges” new capabilities, empowering and enhancing the combat system.

The convergence of the network and cloud makes the operational space-time more dynamic and malleable. The network and cloud are the fundamental environment for the operation of information-based combat systems, reshaping the process elements of intelligence, command and control, strike, and support in traditional warfare, while also giving rise to new operational spaces-time. “Cyber warfare” mainly focuses on the cyberspace, and its operational space-time is relatively static. “Mosaic warfare,” on the other hand, is not limited to a single operational space. With the development trend of information infrastructure networks moving with the cloud and cloud-network integration, it can further deeply link tangible and intangible spaces, making the boundaries of operational space-time more flexible, the allocation of operational resources more flexible, and the structure of operational systems more dynamic.

Cross-domain data transfer enables more seamless operational control. In the command and control phase, “cyber warfare” focuses on the joint operations command’s control over operational units, with cross-domain data exchange and transfer mainly concentrated in the theater of operations. “Mosaic warfare” further decentralizes the level of joint operations to the tactical end, enabling the autonomous cross-domain exchange and seamless transfer of data at the tactical level. This allows various data silos to be aggregated into data clusters on demand, generating a significant “spillover” effect. This makes the dynamic, decentralized, agile, and parallel characteristics of the operational command and control loop more pronounced, and is more conducive to enabling on-demand agile connection and efficient coordination among operational units.

Algorithms permeate all dimensions, making system operation more autonomous and efficient. Algorithms are a mapping of human consciousness in cyberspace, forming two basic forms: compiled code transformed from intent and neural networks transformed from knowledge. In the “cyberwar,” compiled code was widely used, while neural networks were only used locally. In the “mosaic war,” algorithms have expanded to include two key functions: shaping rules and providing the engine, demonstrating a greater breadth and depth of application. The rules are primarily based on compiled code, supplemented by neural networks, to construct the process framework and operational logic of the “Mosaic Warfare” system, laying the structural foundation for its uncertainty, adaptability, and capability “emergence.” The engine mainly distributes intelligent algorithm models to edge elements for operation, forming a knowledge diffusion effect, thereby comprehensively enhancing the intelligent autonomous combat capability of the “Mosaic Warfare” system.

The autonomous release of power at the edge enables more flexible and diverse combat styles. The edge is an abstract model of various manned/unmanned combat functional units and the direct source of the “emergence” of system capabilities. In the “Cyber Warfare” system, edge elements are tightly coupled with the command and control processes at higher and lower levels, and are in a state of precise control. In the “Mosaic Warfare” system, the perception, interaction, reasoning, and decision-making capabilities of edge elements are greatly enhanced. Their “OODA” loop does not need to link back to the higher command organization, which is conducive to supporting the formation of a decentralized combat cluster with high and low configurations and a combination of manned and unmanned elements. Edge elements can be given more self-organizing authority, which significantly enhances the battlefield confrontation advantage.

It is evident that if “cyber warfare” is a sophisticated war machine, then “mosaic warfare” can be viewed as a complex “ecosystem” capable of stimulating the dynamic growth of combat capabilities. The new changes generated by the cloud, data, algorithms, and edge computing have fostered the formation of a dynamic and complex “system structure.” This structure, in turn, controls elements, platforms, and systems, constantly generating new capabilities and playing a crucial role in enhancing and evolving combat systems.

● From systemic destruction to complex confrontation——

Distinguish between advantages and disadvantages, and seek effective checks and balances.

“Mosaic warfare” to some extent represents a possible direction for the development of future joint operations. We should fully analyze and grasp the winning mechanism of “mosaic warfare,” shaping the information and communication field as a new domain that breaks through the traditional spatial and temporal boundaries of warfare. We should create a new concept of cloud-enabled warfare, strengthen the support and guarantee capabilities of national defense information infrastructure, emphasize the security and defense capabilities of military information networks, enhance the basic support capabilities for the operation of strategic and operational command institutions, and continuously improve the network information system.

On the other hand, the emergence of the “Mosaic Warfare” theory makes it difficult for traditional combat methods that target and control limited nodes to achieve the system-breaking effect of destroying nodes and disrupting chains. However, it should be noted that every system has its inherent contradictions, and the seemingly “flawless” decentralized structure of “Mosaic Warfare” can still be effectively countered. For example, by grasping the complexity of its system and utilizing its interrelationships and dependencies, we can focus on suppressing the functions of communication networks, constructing a combined network and electronic attack path, and achieving the dismantling and isolation of each unit of the combat system; by grasping the dissipative nature of its structure and utilizing its dependence on external information, we can focus on disguising and misleading information data, prompting the combat system to transform into abnormal states such as information closure and information overload; by grasping the collective autonomy of its group and utilizing its dependence on key technologies, we can focus on countering and reducing the effectiveness of intelligent algorithms, suppressing the intelligent internal drive of each combat unit; by grasping the nonlinear nature of its functions and utilizing its unknown vulnerabilities, we can focus on battlefield differentiated strike assessment, probing and discovering the imbalance points of the combat system with higher efficiency and faster speed, and finding the key weaknesses for system destruction.

(Author’s affiliation: Unit 61001)

現代國語：

理論是行動的先導。加強作戰概念創新、推動作戰指導革新，歷來是世界各國軍隊培塑軍事優勢的重要途徑。近年來，美軍先後提出「賽博戰」「馬賽克戰」等前線作戰理論，以期實現作戰模式這一「生產關系」能夠更加適應作戰能力這一「生產力」的發展。透過對比分析這兩種作戰理論，世人可以一窺美軍作戰能力建設思路的變化，特別是認清「馬賽克戰」的製勝機理，從而有的放矢，找到有效制衡之策。

●從威脅應對到戰爭設計——

主動塑造，牽引作戰能力提升

「基於威脅」或「基於能力」是軍隊作戰能力建設的兩條基本途徑。「基於威脅」體現需求牽引，聚焦解決近中期現實問題，是軍隊作戰能力建設應遵循的基本規律；「基於能力」體現目標牽引，瞄準未來戰略使命，以新作戰理論支撐戰略構想，是軍隊作戰能力創新超越的必由之路。從「賽博戰」向「馬賽克戰」的發展，體現了上述兩種途徑內在規律的差異與演進，也反映出美軍近年來推進作戰能力建設思維理念的變化。

概念發端新變化。網絡空間，最初為解決人類的通訊需求而生，後來逐漸演變為一個獨立於陸、海、空、天之外的新作戰域，由此衍生出以爭奪網絡空間制權為核心的「賽博戰」。與之相比，「馬賽克戰」是美軍為繼續保持戰略優勢地位，直接瞄準競爭對手而主動開發設計的新作戰概念，其形成過程體現了需求牽引與能力牽引的融合，戰略性、主動性、牽引性更加突顯。

技術運用新思路。「賽博戰」強調，透過研發新世代技術支撐作戰概念轉化落地。「馬賽克戰」則跳出這個模式，不過分強調研發新一代裝備技術，更加關注對軍民通用技術的快速轉化，對成熟技術的漸進迭代。其基本想法是立足現有裝備，按照類似網約車、眾籌開發等服務類平台的運用理念，通過模塊升級和智能化改造，將各類作戰系統單元“馬賽克化”為功能單一、靈活拼裝、便於替換的“積木”或“像素”，構建形成動態協調、高度自主、無縫融合的作戰體系，體現了新的技術驅動。

路徑發展新設計。「賽博戰」作為網電空間的伴生概念，網電空間發展到哪裡，「賽博戰」就跟進到哪裡，總體上先考慮「客觀」的物質條件，再進行「主觀」的概念設計，在路徑發展上具有較強的依附性。「馬賽克戰」則先由「主觀」再到「客觀」，透過開發可動態調整功能結構的兵力設計模型，使其能夠適應不同作戰需求及戰場環境變化。

由此可見，「馬賽克戰」相比「賽博戰」等過去作戰概念，其目標更加明確、技術更加成熟、路徑更加可靠，體現出美軍主動塑造的思路轉變。

●從網絡中心到決策中心—

群體智能，實現體系最優釋能

人工智慧技術是資訊時代的關鍵變量，也是「馬賽克戰」體系發展的核心增量。《賽博戰》強調“網絡中心”，“馬賽克戰”則緊緊扭住人工智能技術這一核心，將製勝關鍵從“網絡中心”調整為“決策中心”，將作戰體系架構由系統級、平台級聯合轉變為功能級、要素級融合，謀求在網絡充分聚能的前提下，以群體性智能技術實現體系最優釋能，為勝理的戰爭賦予新涵機時代。

以“快”制“慢”，奪取認知先手。未來戰爭，戰場形勢瞬息萬變，時間要素的權重不斷上升，「快」對「慢」可以形成近似降維的作戰打擊效果。「馬賽克戰」透過運用數據資訊技術與人工智慧技術，提升己方「OODA」環的單環決策速度，拓展並行決策廣度，降低組環決策粒度，加快體係作戰進度，在整體上塑造始終快人一步的「先手棋」態勢，旨在牢牢控制戰場認知決策的主導權。

以“低”制“高”，積累成本優勢。與追求高端武器平台的傳統作戰概念不同，「馬賽克戰」著重於利用人工智慧技術對現有武器平台及作戰資源的挖潛增效。透過在眾多中低階武器平台上加載運行智慧演算法和特定功能模塊，使其達到媲美高端武器平台的作戰性能，整體上提高了武器平台投入產出的效費比，進而積累形成成本優勢。

以“散”制“聚”，謀求持續生存。「馬賽克戰」強調採用化整為零的去中心化思路和非對稱制衡理念，使用開放系統架構，在各類有人/無人平台上分散配置偵察、定位、通信、打擊等各類功能，實現力量的分佈式部署。同時，依托智能演算法提升各平台的自組織、自協同、自主攻擊能力，實現形散神聚、火力集中。當部分作戰平台被消滅、幹擾或剝離後，整個作戰體系仍能正常運轉，從而增強兵力集群的戰場持續生存能力。

以“動”制“靜”，提升體系彈性。「馬賽克戰」強調進一步突破各作戰域壁壘。通過把不同作戰域中固定的“殺傷鏈”變成可動態重構的“殺傷網”，將“OODA”大環拆解為小環，單環分化為多環。根據作戰進程和作戰需求的變化，依托智能組網實現作戰力量的動中拆分、動中調用、動中組合。如此，一方面可增強作戰體系的靈活性、適應性；另一方面還可對沖抵消複雜網絡的節點聚集效應，使對手難以找到破擊己方體系的關鍵節點。

「馬賽克戰」為智慧化作戰提供了一種可藉鑑的參考原型。但同時，作為一種理想化的兵力設計和運用框架，「馬賽克戰」還需要與之緊密相關的技術、條令、政策等配套支持，距離完全實現還有很長的路要走，與傳統作戰體系共存的局面將長期存在。

●從要素整合到體系重組—

動態結構，增強作戰體係彈性

結構和關系往往決定功能和性質。「賽博戰」與「馬賽克戰」建構於資訊時代共同的物質基礎，遵循相同的演進範式，但體系建構的原理和效果有所不同。「賽博戰」形成的體系結構靜態可解構，而「馬賽克戰」則按照一定構建規則動態組合功能單元，形成具有自組織、自適應特徵的彈性體系結構，類似一種“動態黑箱”，常規手段難以跟踪預測。而這一彈性結構常會「湧現」出新的能力，為作戰體系賦能增效。

網雲融合發展，使作戰時空更動態可塑。網和雲是資訊化作戰體系運作的基礎環境，重塑了傳統作戰中情報、指控、打擊、保障的流程要素，同時衍生出新的作戰時空。「賽博戰」主要聚焦網電空間，其作戰時空相對靜態。「馬賽克戰」則不限於單一作戰空間，在資訊基礎設施網隨雲動、雲網一體的發展趨勢下，可進一步深度鉸鏈有形無形空間，作戰時空邊界更有彈性，作戰資源配置更加靈活，作戰體系結構更具動態。

數據跨域流轉，使作戰控制更加無縫協同。在指揮控制環節，「賽博戰」關注的重點是聯合作戰指揮機構對作戰單元的指揮控制，數據跨域交換流轉主要集中在戰區戰場。「馬賽克戰」則進一步將聯合作戰的層級下沉至戰術末端，通過數據在戰術層面的自主跨域交換和無縫流轉，實現各類數據孤島按需集聚為數據集群，進而產生顯著的「溢出」效應，讓作戰指揮控制環路動態、離散、敏捷、並行的特徵更為明顯，更加有利於實現各作戰單元按需銜接、高效協同行動。

演算法全維滲透，使體系運作更加自主高效。演算法是人的意識在網絡空間的映射，形成了由意圖轉化的編譯代碼和由知識轉化的神經網絡兩種基本形態。在「賽博戰」中，編譯代碼大量應用，神經網絡只在局部應用。在「馬賽克戰」中，演算法擴展出塑造規則、提供引擎兩項關鍵職能，運用的廣度深度更加突出。塑造規則以編譯代碼為主，輔以神經網絡，構造「馬賽克戰」體系的流程框架和運行邏輯，為其不確定性、適應性和能力「湧現」性奠定結構基礎；提供引擎則主要將智能演算法模型分發至邊端要素運行，形成知識擴散效應，從而全面提升「馬賽克戰」體系的智能自主作戰能力。

邊端自主釋能，使作戰樣式更靈活多態。邊端是各類有人/無人作戰功能單元的抽像模型，也是體系能力「湧現」的直接來源。「賽博戰」體系中，邊端要素與上下級指控流程緊密耦合，處於精確受控狀態。「馬賽克戰」體系中，邊端要素的感知、交互、推理、決策能力大大提升，其「OODA」環不必回鏈至上級指揮機構，有利於支撐形成高低搭配、有人/無人結合的去中心化作戰集群形態，可以賦予邊端要素更多自組織權限，明顯增強了戰場對抗優勢。

可見，如果稱“賽博戰”為精密的戰爭機器，“馬賽克戰”則可以視為一種能夠激發作戰能力動態生長的復雜“生態”，網雲、數據、算法、邊端所產生的新變化，促進形成了動態復雜的“體系結構”。這一結構又反向調控要素、平台和系統，不斷湧現新的能力，為作戰體系增能、演變發揮重要作用。

●從體系破擊到復合對抗——

辨析優劣，尋求有效制衡之策

「馬賽克戰」某種程度上代表著未來聯合作戰形態發展的可能方向。應當充分研析把握「馬賽克戰」的製勝機理，將資訊通信領域作為打破傳統戰爭時空界限的新質新域加以塑造，打造網雲賦能作戰新概念，建強國防資訊基礎設施支撐保障能力，突顯軍事資訊網絡安全防禦能力，增強戰略戰役指揮機構運行的保底支撐能力，不斷完善網絡資訊體系。

另一方面，「馬賽克戰」理論的出現，使得打擊奪控有限目標節點的傳統作戰手段，難以達成毀點斷鏈的體系破擊效果。但應當看到，任何體係都有其固有矛盾，「馬賽克戰」看似「無懈可擊」的去中心化結構，仍可以找到有效破解的方法路徑。例如，掌握其體系複雜性特徵，利用其關聯關係依賴性，突出針對通信網絡的功能抑制，構建網電復合攻擊路徑，實現對作戰體系各單元的拆解孤立；把握其結構耗散性特徵，利用其外部信息依賴性，突出針對信息數據的偽裝誤導，促使作戰體係向信息封閉、信息過載等非正常狀態轉化；掌握其群體自主性特徵，利用其關鍵技術依賴性，突出針對智能算法的對抗降效，抑制各作戰單元的智能內驅力；把握其功能非線性特徵，利用其未知脆弱性，突出戰場差異化打擊評估，以更高的效率和更快的速度失衡、發現作戰體系擊點，尋找體系破擊的關鍵弱點。

（作者單位：61001部隊）

來源：解放軍報作者：楊存銀責任編輯：劉上靖 2021-09-14

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/

#collaborative warfare, #cross-domain collaborative operations, #cyber #warfare, #Information Support Force, #mosaic #warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Information Support Force, Mosaic Warfare

China’s Contemporary Requirements for Accelerating the Development of Advanced Combat Capabilities

05/11/2026 admin Leave a comment

我國加快發展先進作戰能力的當代要求

現代英語：

Combat effectiveness is the ultimate determining factor in the rise and fall of an army. It not only affects the operational methods and actual effectiveness of armed forces, but also safeguards the survival, security, and long-term stability of a nation and its people. Advanced combat effectiveness is the latest viewpoint on combat effectiveness development put forward by our Party after President Xi Jinping’s profound exposition of the original and iconic concept of “new-type combat effectiveness.” In January 2019, President Xi Jinping pointed out at the Central Military Commission’s military work conference: “We must strengthen the construction of new types of combat forces and increase the proportion of new-type combat effectiveness.” Since then, President Xi has repeatedly discussed this important issue, emphasizing “building a powerful strategic deterrent force system and increasing the proportion of new-type combat forces in new domains” and “promoting the accelerated improvement of new-type combat effectiveness.” It is precisely on the basis of the practical experience of the formation and development of new-type combat effectiveness in our army in the new era that the new idea and new conclusion of “advanced combat effectiveness” has emerged. Advanced combat capability is a higher form of combat capability, led and supported by new-type combat capability. It emphasizes the large-scale, practical, and systematic application of new-type combat capability, focuses on theoretical innovation, intelligent enhancement, system upgrade, intelligence enhancement, and weapon and equipment upgrade. It also includes the upgrading and creative application of traditional combat capability. It is the evolution of the form, capacity expansion, and quality upgrade of new-type combat capability.

　　Advanced combat capabilities represent the development trend of military transformation, military intelligence, and military combat methods. They are a new growth point for combat power and a commanding height on the future battlefield. The “Suggestions of the CPC Central Committee on Formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development” (hereinafter referred to as the “Suggestions”), adopted at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, is based on the overall strategic situation of China’s modernization. It makes arrangements for achieving the centenary goal of the People’s Liberation Army on schedule and promoting the modernization of national defense and the armed forces with high quality. It proposes “accelerating the construction of advanced combat capabilities,” pointing out the direction and providing a benchmark for achieving the centenary goal of the People’s Liberation Army on schedule and further improving the quality and efficiency of national defense and military modernization from a new starting point. We must thoroughly study and understand the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, deeply comprehend the firm will and far-sighted planning of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core in building a consolidated national defense and a powerful army, and continuously creating a new situation in the cause of building a strong military in the new era. We must profoundly grasp the requirements of the times for accelerating the construction of advanced combat capabilities, actively seize the commanding heights of military struggle, seek new advantages in military competition, focus on advanced combat capabilities to think about reforms, grasp construction, and make preparations, promote the work of preparing for war in the new era to go deeper and more practical, and continuously improve the strategic capability to safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

　　Advanced combat capabilities are proposed based on a profound understanding of global military development trends, the leapfrog development of new-type productive forces, and the laws governing the modernization of the armed forces.

　　President Xi Jinping pointed out: “For a country and a nation to revitalize, it must advance in the logic of historical progress and develop in the trend of the times.” Advanced combat capability is an original and iconic concept of Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military. It is a scientific deployment made by the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, which has keenly grasped the trends of world military development and the laws governing the evolution of warfare, deeply understood the new situation of efficient integration and two-way driving between new-type productive forces and new-type combat capabilities, and scientifically grasped the achievements, historical position, and mission of national defense and military modernization in the new era.

　　The development of the new military revolution and the evolution of warfare are powerfully driving changes in combat capabilities. In today’s world, a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is accelerating, and the new military revolution is progressing rapidly. Strategic high-tech fields such as artificial intelligence, network information, big data, blockchain, quantum technology, biotechnology, and nanomaterials are emerging in rapid succession. The widespread application of science and technology in the military field has profoundly changed the nature of warfare and combat methods, increasingly becoming a crucial factor in determining victory or defeat. The evolution of warfare is showing many new trends, with increasingly prominent intelligent characteristics. Some new technologies and equipment are creating a disruptive advantage over traditional equipment. New types of combat forces, represented by strategic early warning, information control, algorithmic attack and defense, and unmanned intelligence, are increasingly becoming important forces shaping the modern battlefield. Thanks to the rapid advancements in technologies such as artificial intelligence and military robots, the “autonomous capabilities” of weapons and equipment—including autonomous battlefield perception, autonomous combat decision-making, autonomous planning, and autonomous action—are becoming increasingly stronger, elevating them from “execution tools” to “intelligent nodes.” The deep integration of drones and artificial intelligence recognition technology has resulted in a “long-range pursuit” deterrent effect. The coordinated use of firepower strikes and cyberattacks is creating an integrated hardware and software offensive system with full-domain coverage. Driven by military intelligence, new types of combat capabilities are constantly emerging, with higher efficiency and superior quality. Advanced combat capabilities are increasingly becoming a powerful force driving the new military revolution in the world.

　　The vigorous development of new-type productive forces is driving the upgrading and improvement of combat capabilities. The generation and upgrading of any combat capability is the application and extension of productive forces in the military field under a certain social structure. New-type productive forces are advanced productive forces characterized by high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, with innovation playing a leading role. They represent the most active, technologically advanced, promising, and influential productive force in contemporary society. The rapid development of new-type productive forces provides advanced science and technology and a solid material foundation for the generation of new-type combat capabilities, while also providing the driving force and support for their upgrading and transformation, becoming a key variable in reshaping the form of warfare, reconstructing combat systems, and reorganizing command elements. New-type combat capabilities originate from breakthroughs in key common technologies, cutting-edge leading technologies, and disruptive technologies. They rely on emerging technological means and advanced combat concepts, fully embedding information technology genes and integrating into networked systems. Utilizing new technologies, new equipment, and new tactics, they enable military systems to exhibit new advantages such as strategic guidance, information empowerment, network aggregation, technological strength, and systemic energy release. With the rapid development and widespread application of new-type combat capabilities, the advanced combat capability form they dominate will inevitably emerge, becoming a powerful engine for promoting the transformation and development of modern military systems.

　　The significant achievements in national defense and military modernization in the new era have laid a solid foundation for advanced combat capabilities. Since the beginning of the new era, President Xi Jinping, based on the overall strategic situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the unprecedented changes in the world, has used the goal of building a strong military to examine and guide the construction of combat capabilities, promoting the vigorous development of all elements of combat capabilities. The reform of national defense and the military has been deepened, forming a new pattern of overall command by the Central Military Commission, combat command by the theater commands, and development by the services. New combat force systems, such as the military aerospace force, cyberspace force, and information support force, have been established and adjusted, achieving a holistic and revolutionary reshaping of the organizational structure and force system. The development of strategic emerging industries and new combat forces has been promoted in a coordinated manner, yielding a series of significant results. The modernization of weaponry has been accelerated, with new fourth-generation equipment, represented by new tanks, carrier-based aircraft, and fighter jets, being deployed to the troops. Major national weapons, represented by the “Dongfeng-5C” liquid-fueled intercontinental strategic nuclear missile, have been showcased at military parades. The first electromagnetic catapult-equipped aircraft carrier, the Fujian, has officially entered service. The strategy of strengthening the military through talent has been implemented in depth, and high-quality, professional, and new-type military personnel are rapidly growing. These revolutionary advancements and historic achievements in the new era have enabled new combat capabilities to continuously accumulate momentum and be optimized and upgraded from concept to planning to practice, providing a solid fertile ground for the birth of advanced combat capabilities through military practice.

　　Advanced combat capabilities possess distinct characteristics of the times, innovation, and dialectical nature.

　　President Xi Jinping pointed out: “The military must be prepared to fight, and all work must adhere to the standard of combat effectiveness, focusing on the ability to fight and win wars.” Looking back on history, our military has grown from small to large, from weak to strong, and has continuously moved from victory to victory. A crucial lesson learned is the consistent emphasis on combat effectiveness development, the dynamic upgrading of combat capabilities, and the measurement of development effectiveness using actual combat standards. With technological progress and the development of the times, the form of warfare is rapidly evolving, and the connotation, elements, and characteristics of combat effectiveness are constantly undergoing new changes. Only by actively adapting to the development trend of the military revolution and keenly grasping the pulse of the times and the strong demands of combat effectiveness evolution can we clarify what kind of wars we will fight and how we will fight them, anchor the logical basis of war preparation, and accurately identify the direction of the military’s combat effectiveness development. Advanced combat effectiveness is an important concept proposed by President Xi Jinping in leading the modernization of national defense and the military, based on building a new type of military force system, accelerating the construction of new-quality combat effectiveness, improving the quality and efficiency of winning battles, and fulfilling missions and tasks to a high standard. It possesses distinct characteristics of timeliness, innovation, and dialectical thinking.

　　Advanced combat capabilities embody the development direction of military intelligence. Currently, adhering to the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence, with mechanization as the foundation, informatization as the support, and intelligence as the guide, is an important path for our military to advance modernization. Traditional combat capabilities are based on mechanical and chemical energy, emphasizing the superposition of personnel, weapons, and forces, and focusing on the struggle for physical space such as land, sea, air, and space. New-type combat capabilities, based on traditional combat capabilities, rely more on new energy sources such as data, algorithms, and computing power, emphasizing the implantation of data elements, algorithmic elements, and cross-domain elements, and focusing on defeating the enemy in emerging fields such as the network domain, information domain, and cognitive domain. Advanced combat capabilities adapt to the new trend of future warfare leaping from “energy-dominated” to “information-dominated” and then to “intelligence-dominated.” They not only focus on the “new quality” composition of combat capabilities and emphasize the leading role of new-type combat capabilities, but also focus on the “superiority” of the application effectiveness of new-type combat capabilities, giving full play to their scale, combat realism, and systemic effects, and emphasizing the use of military intelligence to transform the combat capability generation structure and continuously improve the intelligence level of combat capabilities.

　　Advanced combat capability signifies a comprehensive iterative upgrade of all elements of combat capability. Essentially, advanced combat capability is high-quality combat capability, driven by innovation, empowered by technology, and enhanced by intelligence, exhibiting prominent characteristics such as high intelligence, high technology, high quality, and high integration. On the one hand, advanced combat capability requires a comprehensive iterative upgrade of all constituent elements of combat capability, ensuring that the soul of military theory, the structure of organizational form, the core of military personnel, and the support of weaponry fully implement the principles of quality first and efficiency priority, promoting quality transformation, efficiency transformation, and power transformation, and driving the widespread penetration and deep empowerment of intelligent technology into people, weapons, and their integration methods, thereby generating advanced combat capability through comprehensive element optimization. On the other hand, advanced combat capability relies more heavily on the integrated linkage of the entire military system, transforming the way combat capability is released from “points” to “areas,” the presentation of effectiveness from fragmented to aggregated, and the human-machine relationship from “master-slave cooperation” to “intelligent symbiosis,” optimizing the entire military system’s output and release efficiency of combat capability, and using the “superiority” of the system structure to generate “strength” in combat capability.

　　Advanced combat capabilities embody a materialist dialectical approach to military thinking. Advanced combat capabilities are not fixed, static, or passive. They are relative, representing a lead over stronger adversaries, possessing a clear advantage of being one step ahead, one point ahead, and one unit faster than the enemy. Advanced combat capabilities are dynamic; all “advanced” capabilities are evolving, a process of advanced technology leading tradition and new technologies transforming old ones. Today’s advancement does not guarantee tomorrow’s, and temporary advancement does not guarantee permanent advancement. From the perspective of ultimate operational effectiveness, “advanced” capabilities necessarily mean high efficiency defeating low efficiency, high quality crushing low quality, and strong military intelligence surpassing weak military intelligence. Advanced combat capabilities possess agency, exhibiting initiative that is not subject to external control, the ability to leverage strengths and avoid weaknesses, and the flexibility, resilience, and dynamism to adapt to the latest military developments and changes in the war environment. The original and iconic concept of advanced combat capability creatively reveals the dialectical unity of advanced and backward, quality and scale, and initiative and passivity in the generation of military capabilities. It profoundly reveals the general laws of combat capability generation, development and leap, expands the new vision of military theory, deepens the new understanding of military theory, realizes the innovative transformation and systematic reform of the constituent elements of combat capability, and opens up a new path for liberating and developing combat capability.

　　The concept of advanced combat capability represents a breakthrough in multiple aspects of the history of military theory development.

　　Standing at the forefront of the times, President Xi has profoundly grasped the laws governing the military transformation and the evolution of modern warfare in the new era. He has made theoretical innovations in combat capability building, enriched and developed the Marxist theoretical system on combat capability building, promoted the theoretical innovation and transformation of the Party’s combat capability form, transcended the logical limitations of Western theories on combat capability generation, and achieved multiple strategic value breakthroughs in the history of military thought and the history of military theory development.

　　This has enriched and developed the Marxist theoretical system on combat capability building. Marx and Engels profoundly understood the intrinsic connection between military and political, economic, and other social factors, scientifically grasped the essence and laws of military activities, and emphasized that “the nature and type of armed forces, as well as their characteristics, equipment, and tactics, and the organization and training methods of the troops, depend on the level of development of productive forces, on the social system, and on the class structure of society.” They formed a theoretical understanding of the constituent elements of military combat capability and the laws governing their generation and development, providing scientific guidance for the proletarian party to build its own armed forces and improve its combat capability. President Xi Jinping adheres to the Marxist military view and methodology, based on the new characteristics of the times and the new realities of the PLA’s development, and has put forward a series of concepts and propositions such as “science and technology are the core combat capability of modern warfare,” “scientific military theory is combat capability,” and “new-quality combat capability.” He scientifically revealed the generation mode and evolution law of combat capability under the conditions of the information and intelligent era, leading the PLA’s combat capability to achieve a new leap forward and enriching and developing the Marxist military theoretical conceptual system.

　　This has driven the innovation and transformation of the Party’s theory on combat effectiveness. Throughout the history of building and strengthening the People’s Liberation Army, our Party has always attached great importance to improving the army’s combat effectiveness. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, our Party raised the issue of “improving the combat effectiveness of the main force,” and in practice, maintained strong combat effectiveness through extremely insightful strategic guidance, flexible strategies and tactics, rigorous training, and courageous spirit. On the eve of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, Comrade Mao Zedong clearly pointed out: “The People’s Liberation Army will always be a fighting force.” In the new era of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out that “the army must improve its combat effectiveness,” leading our army to continuously develop its combat effectiveness through streamlining, reorganization, reform, and strengthened training. With the continuous liberation and development of productive forces, our Party emphasized “using science and technology to promote training” and “using science and technology to train troops,” promoting new improvements in combat effectiveness. Entering the new era, President Xi Jinping scientifically grasped the trend of implementing the new development philosophy and developing new-quality productive forces, focusing on achieving the Party’s goal of building a strong military in the new era. Based on emphasizing firmly establishing combat effectiveness as the sole fundamental standard, he put forward scientific conclusions such as “strengthening the construction of new types of combat forces” and “fully liberating and developing new-quality combat effectiveness,” providing important guidance for the iterative upgrading of our army’s combat effectiveness. “Advanced combat capability” is a condensation, sublimation, and innovative development of the Party’s historical experience in building combat capability. It enriches the scientific theory of the Party’s military combat capability in the new era and has become a new concept and category with great guiding significance and ideological power in Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military. It lays a solid foundation for the systematization, physics, and chemistry of the Party’s military theory in the new era.

　　This transcends the logical limitations of Western theories of combat power generation. Engels profoundly pointed out that “the entire organization and mode of warfare of an army, and the outcome of battles related to it, depend on material, i.e., economic conditions,” which laid the historical materialist methodological foundation for combat power research. However, for a long time, technology worship and the “weaponry determinism” were prevalent in the issue of combat power construction, leading to the misconception that combat power was only about “things” and not “people.” For example, the US military once used technological superiority to completely defeat many weaker adversaries, but its “military transformation” frequently fell into the logic of “replacing combat platforms” with old weapons. The concept of advanced combat capability, starting from the foundation of new-type combat capability, uses “new” to identify technological breakthroughs, “quality” to characterize qualitative changes in combat capability structure, and “combat effectiveness” to measure the effectiveness of combat capability construction and application. It strengthens the ecosystem of combat capability generation, integrates theory, data, algorithms, talent, and organization into the productivity and combat capability fusion system, shifts the focus of combat capability from weapons competition to system confrontation, reshapes the underlying logic of combat capability generation, and forms a combat capability generation theory with Chinese characteristics. It effectively gets rid of the misconceptions of combat capability generation such as over-reliance on technology and materials, and the separation of political goals from military means, and lays a solid foundation for building China’s independent military knowledge system.

　　Scientifically construct an advanced combat capability generation, development, and maintenance system

　　President Xi Jinping emphasized: “Improving the operational efficiency of the military system and promoting the high-quality development of our armed forces.” The theme of my country’s economic and social development during the 15th Five-Year Plan period is promoting high-quality development. This is not only an inevitable choice for developing new productive forces on the new journey, but also an inevitable principle for strengthening advanced combat capabilities. We must thoroughly implement Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military, deeply understand the deployment requirements of the “Suggestions,” accurately grasp the phased characteristics of the next five years and even longer, highlight the theme of promoting high-quality development, consistently uphold and strengthen the Party’s absolute leadership over the military, advance political building of the military, reform and strengthening of the military, technological strengthening of the military, talent strengthening of the military, and rule of law in the military, uphold principles and innovate in the overall planning of advanced combat capability building, construct a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics, continuously improve combat capabilities, and enhance the strategic capability to safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

　　We must persist in promoting the high-quality development of all elements of combat capability. In future warfare, with the continuous strengthening of new domain and new quality forces and the rapid development of technologies such as unmanned and intelligent systems, combat capability generation will exhibit a trend of comprehensive upgrading, presenting new characteristics such as three-dimensional, mobile, and efficiency-oriented optimization. We must focus on the new trends in the development of warfare, accelerate the modernization of military theory, earnestly implement President Xi Jinping’s important expositions on combat capability building, analyze the winning mechanisms of informationized and intelligent warfare, and promote the flourishing development of core combat capability theories such as military strategy, operational thinking, and military modernization. Adapting to the significantly enhanced overall, coordinated, and complex nature of military system operations, we must ensure the implementation of reform tasks, continuously optimize the military force system, and do a good job in modernizing military governance to improve the efficiency of combat capability extraction and aggregation. We must combine investment in materials with investment in people, adhere to the principle of cultivating, evaluating, and utilizing talent from a political perspective, build a military talent pool adapted to the requirements of intelligent warfare, further accelerate the development of advanced weaponry and equipment, improve the intelligence level of weaponry and equipment, implement major national defense development projects, expedite national defense science and technology innovation and the transformation of advanced technologies, and develop and build more “killer” weapons and equipment capable of defeating the enemy.

　　Make good use of military intelligence as a powerful engine for upgrading combat capabilities. With breakthroughs in artificial intelligence, the trend of human society moving from informatization to intelligence is also reflected in the military field. The “mast” of military intelligence has appeared on the “sea level” of the evolution of warfare, and information warfare with intelligent characteristics is beginning to take shape. It is imperative to accelerate the coordinated construction and application of network information systems. Networks are the carriers and channels of information and intelligence; under modern warfare conditions, network information systems have become a core support. We must coordinate the construction and application of network information systems, strengthen the development and utilization of data resources, achieve interconnection and interoperability between combat units and various weapon systems, build a distributed, reconfigurable, and resilient combat network, and accelerate the improvement of network information system construction and service support capabilities for combat readiness. It is also imperative to build an intelligent military system, accelerate the transformation and application of cutting-edge technologies in the field of artificial intelligence to the military, accelerate the construction of unmanned intelligent combat forces and countermeasure capabilities, and enable military intelligence to better and faster integrate into, drive, and empower the system.

　　Cultivating the integrated development of new-type productive forces is the lifeblood of combat capability building. In today’s world, the technological revolution, industrial transformation, and military revolution are accelerating, and national strategic competitiveness, social productivity, and military combat capability are becoming increasingly interconnected, mutually influential, and mutually supportive. Promoting the efficient integration and two-way synergy between new-type productive forces and new-type combat capabilities is a fundamental requirement for achieving the unity of a prosperous nation and a strong military, and it is the lifeblood of accelerating the development of advanced combat capabilities. We must innovate the models of combat capability building and application, actively guide the direction of new-type productive forces and new-type combat capabilities according to the needs of military struggle, improve and perfect institutional mechanisms for demand alignment, planning coordination, and resource sharing, highlight the top priority of promoting strategic capabilities in emerging fields, vigorously promote the development and integrated application of new types of military talent, new types of combat equipment, new organizational forms, and new tactics, continuously consolidate the material foundation for social production to serve future warfare, accelerate the supply of new-type combat capabilities, and ensure that wartime military combat capabilities and social productivity are effectively focused and precisely released on the battlefield, so as to win future wars with a strong and sustainable overall national strength.

　　Emphasizing realistic combat training as a crucial lever for catalyzing combat effectiveness is essential. Realistic combat training serves as a bridge and means to achieve efficient integration of personnel, weaponry, and organizational systems. It possesses a strong capacity for integrating and transforming various resources and elements involved in combat capability generation, and is a vital pathway for generating, developing, and strengthening advanced combat capabilities. President Xi Jinping, with profound insight into the key to developing advanced combat capabilities, has called for “strengthening the consistency between combat and training, adhering to the principle of training guided by combat and promoting combat through training, ensuring training according to actual combat requirements, and achieving the integration of operations and training,” and “improving the level of full-cycle, refined training management,” thus pointing out the “realistic” path for generating advanced combat capabilities. It is necessary to deepen strategic and operational planning, solidly advance realistic combat military training, strengthen the integration of combat capability systems, innovate combat capability construction and application models, vigorously carry out modern training in conjunction with combat readiness building, joint exercises and training, and the application of diversified military forces, strengthen targeted and confrontational training, and continuously improve the combat capabilities of the troops.

　　(The author is a researcher at the Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era Research Center of the National Defense University.)

　　People’s Daily (November 17, 2025, Page 9)

現代國語：

戰鬥力是一支軍隊興衰成敗的最終決定力量，不僅影響武裝力量的作戰方式和實際效能，更維繫著一個國家和一個民族的生存安全和長治久安。先進戰鬥力，是習主席深刻論述「新質戰鬥力」這個原創性概念標識性概念之後，我們黨提出的關於戰鬥力建設的最新觀點。 2019年1月，習主席在中央軍委會軍事工作會議中指出：「要加強新型作戰力量建設，增加新質戰鬥力比重。」此後，習主席多次論述這一重要問題，強調「打造強大戰略威懾力量體系，增加新域新質作戰力量比重」「推動新質戰鬥力加速提升」等。正是在新時代我軍新質戰鬥力形成發展的實踐基礎上，「先進戰鬥力」這個新思想新論斷應運而生。先進戰鬥力是更高級形態的戰鬥力，以新質戰鬥力為引領和支撐，強調新質戰鬥力的規模化、實戰化、體系化運用，注重理論創新、智能加持、體系升級、才智升維、武器裝備升級，同時還包括對傳統戰鬥力的升級改造和創造性運用，是新質戰鬥力的形態升級和容量、質量升級。

先進戰力代表軍事變革、軍事智慧和軍事作戰方式的發展趨勢，是戰鬥力的新增長點、未來戰場的製高點。黨的二十屆四中全會通過的《中共中央關於製定國民經濟和社會發展第十五個五年規劃的建議》（以下簡稱《建議》），立足中國式現代化戰略全局，對如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標、高質量推進國防和軍隊現代化作出部署，提出“加快建設戰力建設目標”，為在新世界建設方向上提供了現代優勢、標準建設目標、建設發展能力建設目標、建設發展了一百年總發展在新軍隊起點。我們要深入學習領會黨的二十屆四中全會精神，深刻領悟以習近平同志為核心的黨中央建設鞏固國防和強大軍隊、不斷開創新時代強軍事業新局面的堅定意志和深謀遠慮，深刻把握加快先進戰鬥力建設的時代要求，積極搶佔軍事鬥爭制高點、謀取軍事競爭發展新優勢，聚焦先進戰鬥力思變革、抓建設、做準備，推動新時代備戰打仗工作走深走實，不斷提高捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益戰略能力。

先進戰力是深刻洞察世界軍事發展趨勢、新質生產力躍升態勢和軍隊現代化發展規律提出的

習主席指出：「一個國家、一個民族要振興，就必須在歷史前進的邏輯中前進、在時代發展的潮流中發展。」先進戰鬥力，是習近平強軍思想的原創性概念標識性概念，是以習近平同志為核心的黨中央敏銳掌握世界軍事發展趨勢與戰爭形態演變規律，深刻洞察新質生產力與新質戰鬥力高效融合、雙向拉動嶄新態勢，科學掌握新時代國防與軍隊現代化發展成就、歷史方位與使命任務所作的科學部署。

世界新軍事革命發展與戰爭形態演變強勁推動戰鬥力形態變革。當今世界，新一輪科技革命和產業變革加速突破，世界新軍事革命加速推進，人工智慧、網路資訊、大數據、區塊鏈、量子科技、生物交叉、奈米材料等戰略高新技術群體迸發，科學技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用引起了戰爭形態和作戰方式深刻變化，日益成為決定戰爭勝負的重要因素。戰爭形態演變呈現許多新趨勢，智能化特徵更加突出，一些新的技術裝備對傳統裝備形成降維打擊態勢，以戰略預警、資訊控制、演算法攻防、無人智能等為代表的新質作戰力量愈發成為左右現代戰場的重要力量。憑藉著人工智慧和軍用機器人等技術的快速進步，武器裝備的自主戰場感知、自主作戰決策、自主規劃計畫、自主採取行動等「自主能力」越來越強，從「執行工具」升維成「智慧節點」。無人機與人工智慧辨識技術深度融合，出現「千里追殺」震懾效果。火力打擊與網電攻擊有序配合，打造出軟硬一體、全域覆蓋的進攻體系。新質戰鬥力在軍事智慧牽引下，不斷孕育效能更高、質態更優的戰鬥力類型，先進戰鬥力癒益成為驅動世界新軍事革命的強勁力量。

新質生產力的蓬勃發展連動拉升戰鬥力建設提質升級。任何戰鬥力的生成、升級，都是一定社會形態下生產力在軍事領域的運用與延伸。新質生產力是創新起主導作用，具有高科技、高效、高品質特徵的先進生產力質態，是當今社會創新最活躍、技術最前沿、前景最廣闊、影響最廣泛的生產力構成。新質生產力的快速發展，既為新質戰鬥力生成提供了先進科學技術和雄厚物質基礎，也為其提供了升級換代的牽引力、支撐力，成為重塑戰爭形態、重建作戰體系、重組指揮要素的關鍵變數。新質戰鬥力源自關鍵共通技術、前沿引領技術與顛覆性技術創新突破，依托新興科技手段與先進作戰理念，全要素植入資訊化基因、融進網路化體系，運用新科技、新裝備、新戰法，使軍事體系呈現出謀略導能、資訊賦能、網路聚能、科技強能、體系釋能等新優勢。隨著新質戰鬥力的快速發展和廣泛運用，由其主導的先進戰鬥力形態必然顯現出來，成為推動現代軍事體系變革發展的有力引擎。

新時代國防與軍隊現代化重大成就奠定先進戰鬥力厚實基礎。新時代以來，習主席立足中華民族偉大復興戰略全局和世界百年未有之大變局，用強軍目標審視和牽引戰鬥力建設，推動戰力各要素的活力競相迸發。深化國防與軍事改革，形成軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建新格局，先後組成調整軍事太空部隊、網路太空部隊、資訊支援部隊等新型作戰力量體系，實現了組織架構和力量體系整體性、革命性重塑。統籌推動戰略性新興產業和新型作戰力量發展，取得一系列重大成果。加速武器裝備更新換代，以新型戰車、艦載機、殲擊機等為代表的新型四代裝備列裝部隊，以「東風—5C」液體洲際戰略核子飛彈等為代表的大國重器亮相閱兵場，首艘電磁彈射型航母福建艦正式入列。人才強軍戰略深入實施，高素質專業化新型軍事人才加速成長。新時代這些革命性進展和歷史性成就，使新質戰鬥力由概念到規劃、到實踐，不斷累積成勢、優化升級，為先進戰鬥力誕生提供了堅實的軍事實踐沃土。

先進戰鬥力具有鮮明的時代性、創新性、辯證性

習主席指出：「軍隊是要準備打仗的，一切工作都必須堅持戰鬥力標準，向能打仗、打勝仗聚焦。」回顧歷史，我軍從小到大、由弱到強，不斷從勝利走向勝利，一條重要經驗，就是始終注重戰鬥力建設，推進作戰能力動態衡量，用實戰標準建設成效。隨著科技進步和時代發展，戰爭形態加速演變，戰鬥力內涵、要素和特徵不斷發生新的變化。只有積極適應軍事革命發展趨勢，敏銳掌握戰鬥力演變的時代脈動和強勁需求，才能明晰未來打什麼仗、怎麼打仗，錨定戰爭準備的邏輯基點，找準軍隊戰鬥力發展方向。先進戰鬥力，就是習主席在領導國防和軍隊現代化的時代征程中，基於打造新型軍事力量體系、加速新質戰鬥力建設、提高勝戰能力質效、高標準履行使命任務提出的重要概念，具有鮮明的時代性、創新性、辯證性等特徵。

先進戰力體現軍事智慧化的發展方向。目前，堅持機械化資訊化智能化融合發展，以機械化為基礎，以資訊化為支撐，以智能化為引領，是我軍推進現代化的重要路徑。傳統戰鬥力以機械能、化學能為基底，注重人員、武器、力量疊加，聚焦陸海空天等實體空間爭奪。新質戰鬥力在傳統戰力基礎上，更依托數據、演算法、算力等新型能量，注重資料要素、演算法要素、跨域要素植入，聚焦網路域、資訊域、認知域等新興領域制敵謀勝。先進戰鬥力順應未來戰爭將從「能量主導」向「資訊主導」再向「智慧主導」躍遷的新趨勢，不僅關注戰鬥力的「新質」構成，強調新質戰鬥力發揮主導地位，更關注新質戰鬥力的應用效能之“優”，發揮其規模化、實戰化、體系化戰力提升

先進戰鬥力意味著戰鬥力全要素迭代升級。先進戰鬥力本質上是高品質戰鬥力，依靠創新驅動、科技賦能、智能加持，具有高智能、高科技、高品質、高度整合等突出特徵。一方面，先進戰鬥力要求戰鬥力構成諸要素全面迭代升級，使軍事理論這個靈魂、組織形態這個結構、軍事人員這個核心、武器裝備這個支撐全面貫徹質量第一、質效優先導向，推動質量變革、效率變革、動力變革，推動智能技術對人、武器及其結合方式廣泛滲透和深度賦能，以全要素優化生成先進戰鬥力。另一方面，先進戰鬥力更依託於整個軍事體系一體聯動，使戰鬥力釋放方式由「點」向「面」轉變，效能呈現由條塊化向聚合化轉變，人機關係從「主從配合」向「智慧共生」變革，使整個軍事系統對戰鬥力的產出最優、釋放效能最佳，以體系結構之「優異」化。

先進戰鬥力蘊含著唯物辯證的軍事思維方法。先進戰鬥力不是固化的、靜止的、被動的。先進戰鬥力具有相對性，是相對強敵對手的領先性，有著先敵一步、勝敵一籌、快敵一分的明顯優勢。先進戰鬥力具有動態性，所有的「先進」都是發展著的，是先進引領傳統、新質改造舊質的過程，今天的先進不等於明天的先進，一時先進不等於永遠先進；「先進」從作戰的最終能效上講，必然是高效能戰勝低效能，高質量碾壓低質量，強軍事智能化勝過弱軍事智能化。先進戰鬥力具有主體性，既有不受制於人的主動性，又有善於揚長避短、積極進取的主動性，以及適應軍事最新發展、戰爭環境變化的彈性、堅韌、活力等特徵。先進戰鬥力這個原創性概念標識性概念的提出，創造性揭示了軍事能力生成中先進與落後、質量與規模、主動與被動等辯證統一關係，深刻揭示了戰鬥力生成、發展和躍升的一般規律，拓展了軍事理論新視域，深化了對軍事理論的新認識，實現了對戰鬥力構成要素的創新變革和系統發展，新解放和解放路徑。

先進戰力概念在軍事理論發展史上實現多重突破

習主席站在時代前沿，深刻把握新時代軍事變革和現代戰爭形態演變規律，對戰鬥力構建進行理論創新，豐富發展了馬克思主義關於戰鬥力構建理論體系，推動了黨的戰鬥力形態理論創新變革，超越了西方戰鬥力生成理論的邏輯局限，在軍事思想史、軍事理論發展史中實現多重戰略價值突破史中實現多重戰略價值。

豐富發展了馬克思主義關於戰鬥力建構理論體系。馬克思、恩格斯深刻洞察軍事與政治、經濟等社會因素的內在聯繫，科學把握軍事活動的本質和規律，強調“武裝力量的性質和類型以及它們的特點、裝備和戰術，部隊的編制和訓練方法，取決於生產力發展的水平，取決於社會制度和社會的階級結構”，並形成軍隊戰鬥力構成了黨及其生成發展規律的理論。習主席堅持馬克思主義軍事觀和方法論，立足新的時代特徵和我軍發展的新實際，提出「科技是現代戰爭的核心戰鬥力」「科學的軍事理論就是戰鬥力」「新質戰力」等一系列概念和命題，科學揭示了資訊性智能化時代條件下戰力生成模式及新質戰力」等一系列概念和命題，科學揭示了資訊化智能化時代條件下戰力生成模式及新質戰力」等一系列概念和命題，科學揭示了資訊化智能化時代條件下戰力生成模式及新質戰力道變新法力道學概念。

推動了黨的戰鬥力形態理論創新變革。在人民軍建軍強軍的歷程中，我們黨始終十分注重提升軍隊戰鬥力。在新民主主義革命時期，我們黨提出「提高主力軍的戰鬥力」問題，並在實踐中以極為高明的戰略指導、機動靈活的戰略戰術、刻苦訓練和勇敢精神，保持了強大戰鬥力。毛澤東同志在新中國成立前夕明確指出：“人民解放軍永遠是一個戰鬥隊。”在改革開放和社會主義現代化建設新時期，鄧小平同志指出“軍隊要提高戰鬥力”，領導我軍通過精簡、整頓、改革和強化訓練等不斷發展戰鬥力。隨著不斷解放和發展生產力，我們黨強調“科技興訓”“科技練兵”，推動戰鬥力建設有了新的提高。進入新時代，習主席科學把握貫徹新發展理念、發展新質生產力的時代大勢，著眼實現黨在新時代的強軍目標，在強調牢固樹立戰鬥力這個唯一的根本的標準基礎上，提出“加強新型作戰力量建設”“充分解放和發展新質戰鬥力”等科學論斷，為我軍戰鬥力迭代升級提供重要引領。「先進戰鬥力」是對黨的戰鬥力建設歷史經驗的凝練昇華和創新發展，豐富了新時代黨的軍事戰鬥力形態科學理論，成為習近平強軍思想中極具引領性和思想力的新概念新範疇，為新時代黨的軍事理論的體系化學理化奠定堅實基礎。

超越了西方戰鬥力生成理論的邏輯限制。恩格斯深刻指出“軍隊的全部組織和作戰方式以及與之有關的勝負，取決於物質的即經濟的條件”，這為戰鬥力研究奠定了歷史唯物主義方法論基礎。但在戰鬥力建構問題上，很長一段時間，技術崇拜、「武器裝備決定論」等很有市場，出現了論戰鬥力只見「物」不見「人」的誤解。例如，美軍曾以技術代差，完敗很多弱小對手，其「軍事轉型」卻頻繁陷入從舊武器到新武器的「作戰平台替換」邏輯。先進戰鬥力概念，堅持從新質戰鬥力的基點出發，以「新」標識技術突變，以「質」表徵戰鬥力結構質變，以「作戰質效」衡量戰鬥力建設運用效果，強化戰鬥力生成的生態體系，將理論、數據、演算法、人才、組織納入生產力、戰鬥力融合拉動體系，把戰鬥力重心從武器比拼轉向體系對抗，重塑了戰鬥力生成底層邏輯，形成了具有中國特色的戰鬥力生成理論，有效擺脫那些過度依賴技術與物質、政治目標與軍事手段相脫離等戰鬥力生成的誤區，為構建中國自主的軍事知識體系打下堅實的軍事知識體系。

科學建構先進戰鬥力生成、建構與維護體系

習主席強調：「提升軍事系統運作效能，推動我軍高品質發展。」「十五五」時期我國經濟社會發展的主題是推動高品質發展，這不僅是新旅程發展新質生產力的必然選擇，也是加強先進戰鬥力建設的必然遵循。我們要深入貫徹習近平強軍思想，深刻領會《建議》部署要求，把準未來五年乃至更長時間階段性特徵，突出推動高品質發展這個主題，一以貫之堅持並加強黨對軍隊的絕對領導，推進政治建軍、改革強軍、科技強軍、人才強軍、依法治作戰，守正創新籌資先進戰力強化為強國作戰能力、建構安全性強軍；

堅持推進戰鬥力構成的全要素高品質發展。未來作戰，隨著新域新質力量不斷加強和無人智能等技術快速發展，戰鬥力生成將出現全要素升級的態勢，呈現立體聚優、動中聚優、效能聚優等新特徵。要著眼戰爭形態發展新趨勢，加速軍事理論現代化步伐，認真貫徹實習主席關於戰鬥力建設重要論述，研析資訊化智能化戰爭制勝機理，推動軍事戰略、作戰思想、軍隊現代化建設等戰力主幹理論繁榮發展。適應軍事系統運作整體性、協同性、複雜性顯著提升的實際，抓好改革任務落地，持續優化軍事力量體系，做好軍事治理現代化這篇大文章，提升戰鬥力萃取和聚合效能。把投資於物與投資於人結合起來，堅持從政治上培養、考察、使用人才，打造適應智能化戰爭要求的軍事人才方陣，進一步加快先進武器裝備發展，提升武器裝備智能化程度，實施國防發展重大工程，加緊國防科技創新和先進技術轉化，研發建造更多製強勝強的「殺手鐧」武器裝備。

用好軍事智慧化這個戰鬥力質態升級的強勁引擎。隨著人工智慧領域技術的突破，人類社會由資訊化向智慧化的發展趨勢也反映在軍事領域，軍事智慧化的「桅杆」已經出現在戰爭形態發展演進的「海平面」上，具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭顯露雛形。必須加快統籌網路資訊體系建置運用。網路是資訊和智慧的載體和通道，在現代戰爭條件下，網路資訊體系成為核心支撐。要統籌網路資訊體系建置運用，加強資料資源開發利用，實現作戰單元、各類武器系統之間的互聯互通，建構分散式、可重構、強韌性的作戰網絡，加快把網路資訊體系建構和服務支撐備戰打仗能力搞上去。必須建構智慧化軍事體系，加速人工智慧領域前沿技術成果向軍事領域的轉換應用，加速無人智慧作戰力量及反制能力建設，使軍事智慧更好更快融入體系、驅動體系、賦能體系。

涵養一體融合這個戰鬥力建設的源頭活水。當今世界，科技革命、產業變革、軍事革命加速發展，國家戰略競爭力、社會生產力、軍隊戰鬥力三者相互關聯、相互影響、相互支撐越來越緊密。推動新質生產力同新質戰鬥力高效融合、雙向拉動，是實現富國與強軍相統一的根本要求，是加速先進戰鬥力建設的源頭活水。要創新戰鬥力建設與運用模式，根據軍事鬥爭需要積極牽引新質生產力、新質戰鬥力前進方向，健全完善需求對接、規劃銜接、資源共享等製度機制，突顯推進新興領域戰略能力建設這個重中之重，大力推動新型軍事人才、新型作戰裝備、新型組織形態、新型戰法建設發展和融合運用，持續打牢社會生產服務未來戰爭的物質基礎，加速新質戰鬥力供給，確保戰時軍隊戰鬥力和社會生產力在戰場上有效聚焦、精準釋能，以強大持續的國家整體力量打贏未來戰爭。

突顯實戰化訓練這個戰鬥力催化的重要抓手。實戰化訓練，是實現人與武器裝備、組織體系高效融合的橋樑和手段，對戰鬥力生成的各種資源和要素具有很強的整合轉化功能，是生成、發展和強化先進戰鬥力的重要途徑。習主席深刻洞察發展先進戰鬥力的要害所在，要求“強化戰訓一致，堅持以戰領訓、以訓促戰，做到按實戰要求訓練，實現作戰和訓練一體化”“提高全週期、精細化訓練管理水平”，為先進戰鬥力指明了“實戰化”生成路徑。要深化戰略和作戰籌劃，紮實推進實戰化軍事訓練，加強作戰能力體系集成，創新戰鬥力建設和運用模式，結合鬥爭塑勢、聯演聯訓和多樣化軍事力量運用大力開展現代化練兵，加強針對性對抗性訓練，推動部隊實戰能力不斷提升。

（作者為國防大學習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想研究中心研究員）

《人民日報》（ 2025年11月17日 09 版）

汤俊峰

2025年11月17日08:37 来源：人民网－人民日报

中國原創軍事資源：https://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2025/

#intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #耗散戰爭, Chinese Military Informatization, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 耗散戰爭

Dissipation Conflict: The Typical Methodology of Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare

09/28/2025 admin Leave a comment

耗散衝突：中國軍事智慧化戰爭的典型方法論

現代英語：

Wang Ronghui

Introduction

With the rapid development of intelligent technology and its widespread military application, intelligent warfare is becoming a new form of warfare after information warfare, while dissipative warfare has become a typical way of intelligent warfare. The so-called “dissipative warfare” refers to the combat method in which an intelligent warfare system achieves a comprehensive combat capability that integrates material consumption, energy release and information diffusion by enriching and integrating internally and suddenly emerging externally. Strengthening research on dissipative warfare will help us deeply reveal the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare and win the initiative in future war games.

Dissipation warfare is the inevitable result of the development of the times

Dissipative warfare is manifested in the comprehensive confrontation of physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain in the intelligent era. It is reflected in the high degree of unity in the form of political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances, reflecting the intelligent warfare system. The openness, complexity and emergence of.

Adapting to the requirements of the security situation in the intelligent era. Entering the era of intelligence, technologies such as wide networks, big data, large models, cloud computing, and deep learning are developing rapidly, and the connections between political groups, countries, and ethnic groups are even broader. Under the influence of multiple factors such as political pluralism, economic integration, social openness, and technological revolution, non-traditional security has emerged and become intertwined with traditional threats. Intelligent war subjects and categories have continued to expand, war time and space have continued to extend, and war and peace have followed each other like a shadow. And intertwined, the war system will further transcend local geographical restrictions, move from relatively closed to more open, and form a higher-level and larger-scale confrontation. Dissipative warfare emphasizes the comprehensive efforts of intelligent warfare systems in the physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain, and highly unifies and incorporates political competitions, economic competitions, military offensive and defensive, cultural conflicts and diplomatic checks and balances into the category of confrontation between ourselves and the enemy, adapting to the world. The requirements of the times as the security situation develops.

In line with the objective laws of the evolution of the war forms. The dissipation phenomenon of the war system has always existed since the emergence of war. However, before the emergence of intelligent war forms, due to technological constraints, it was always in a relatively low-level and simple state. War confrontation can only manifest itself in material consumption and energy. A certain form of dispersion and information diffusion. During the agricultural era, the forms of warfare were mainly represented by cold weapon warfare dominated by material elements and centered on the human body. During the industrialization era, the forms of warfare were mainly represented by thermonuclear weapons and mechanized warfare dominated by energy elements and centered on platforms. In the age of informatization, the forms of warfare are mainly characterized by information warfare dominated by information elements and centered on the network information system. Entering the era of intelligence, intelligent technology highly unifies the cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages and action advantages in the confrontation between ourselves and the enemy. In essence, it highly unifies matter, energy and information. Through intelligent empowerment, intelligent energy gathering, and Intelligent energy release has formed an intelligent war form dominated by intelligent elements and centered on intelligent algorithms The main form of expression is dissipative warfare that reflects the confrontation of complex systems of intelligent warfare.

With solid support of philosophical theoretical foundation. Social form is the matrix of war form. To explore and understand intelligent war, we must comprehensively examine the evolution of war form and the social form in which intelligent war is located based on the basic principles of historical materialism and dialectical materialism, and build a new concept of war. and contextual system. From a philosophical point of view, matter, energy and information are the three elements that make up the world. Matter embodies the existence of origin, energy embodies the existence of movement, and information embodies the existence of connection. The progressive alternation of the three dominates the evolution and operation of social forms and war forms. According to the negative principle of the negation of dialectical materialism, in the intelligent era after the information age, the elements that dominate society will take the turn of matter again after matter, energy, and information. However, this matter is formed after a highly informatized spiral. The main feature of new substances is that they have intelligent technical attributes. Thus, in essence, dissipative warfare is the highly unified nature of the intelligent element in terms of the characteristic advantages of matter, energy, and information in previous low-order war forms, and the highly unified nature of forms such as material consumption, energy release, and information diffusion prevalent in warfare, reflecting the typical characteristics of intelligent warfare.

Deeply grasp the inner essence of dissipative warfare

Dissipative warfare is based on the real world and covers the virtual world. It adapts to the rapid development of intelligent technology, the rise of non-traditional security threats, and the continuous expansion of the main body and scope of warfare, and presents many new features.

Antisynthetic game. As the intelligent war form accelerates to a higher depth and breadth, and the political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other fields become more interconnected and influence more widely, the focus of war begins to shift from the military system to the social system, and the war stakeholders Confrontation will be reflected in various forms of comprehensive games such as political competition, economic competition, military offensive and defensive, cultural conflicts, and diplomatic checks and balances The war superiority pursued is no longer limited to the field of military confrontation. The winner of the war must adapt to the requirements of openness, complexity and emergence of the war system, and shift from the extensive consumption and use of a single substance, energy and information to the dissipation of the war system dominated by intelligent advantages, striving to win initiative and advantage in a multi-field comprehensive game.

Subjects cross-domain multivariate. The subjects of intelligent warfare are becoming increasingly general, and the potential forces of war that traditional warfare needs to mobilize will be in a state of normalized confrontation. Political forces, institutions and personnel of all kinds, together with troops and servicemen fighting on the battlefield in the traditional sense, constitute the main body of the war. Diversified war subjects will span the real and virtual domains and appear in multiple spatial domains such as land, sea, air, sky, electricity, and psychology, covering physical domains, information domains, cognitive domains, etc., and covering political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other social domains. For example, “civilians in society can use smartphones to collect information on the military battlefield and transmit it to war stakeholders, causing the proliferation of key information about war, thereby affecting war decisions or the victory or defeat of a battle and battle”.

Enrichment. The virtual and real forces are one. Around the purpose of war, all possible real and virtual forces will be integrated with the support of intelligent technology, performing duties and acting according to regulations on parallel battlefields; with or without force. Unmanned combat forces will achieve a high degree of autonomy after going through the stages of manual operation, manual authorization, and human supervision, and can be deployed and combined with various types of manned forces on demand, effectively synergizing and coexisting in parallel under the constraints of common war rules; multi-party forces are integrated. Based on the broad contacts in various fields and the common purpose of the war system, all parties, including the party, government, military, police and civilians, closely cooperate and act in a unified manner between military operations and political, economic, diplomatic, public opinion and legal struggles to form a comprehensive combat force. In short, under the integrated planning of countries or political groups, the diverse participating forces in intelligent warfare, although physically dispersed, can focus on common war purposes to achieve logical concentration, instant enrichment, complementary advantages, and integration.

Efficacy cumulative emergence. The high-order war forms, while having new qualitative technical characteristics, still include the characteristic advantages of the low-order war forms. Dissipation warfare emphasizes continuous comprehensive confrontation in multiple domains, which includes both the consumption of ammunition, supplies, equipment and even combatants at the material level, as well as the continuous collection and release of energy levels, including through data, knowledge, algorithms at the information level. The diffusion and fusion of etc. have an unlimited impact on people’s thinking and cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotional will, behavior patterns, etc. Under the normal deterrence of nuclear weapons, intelligent warfare has shown a downward trend of bleeding, but political isolation, economic blockade, cultural conflicts, diplomatic strangulation, etc. will become more severe and intense. When the role of various systems such as military, political, economic, cultural, and diplomatic systems continues to play, and the accumulation of effectiveness reaches a certain level, the war system will increase negative entropy, thereby achieving sudden changes in combat power and the emergence of system effectiveness, thereby gaining war advantages.

Fight a good dissipative war in the “select the right combat focus”

By enriching and integrating internally, the intelligent warfare system suddenly emerges externally, increasing efficiency across domains, and dissipating intelligence to maximize the combat effectiveness of the system. This is the winning mechanism contained in dissipative warfare. To win the victory in intelligent warfare, it is necessary to clarify the combat focus of dissipative warfare, identify the focus of war preparations based on the shortcomings and weaknesses of the opponent’s system.

Focusing on the openness of the system, closing off and isolating the opponent’s war system. To cut off the exchange of material, energy and information between the adversary’s war system and the outside battlefield environment, so that it lacks channels for the source of material, energy and information, and gradually moves towards isolation, closure and weakness. For example, “At the strategic level, political isolation is used to isolate the opponent’s war system, causing the system entropy to increase”. At the “campaign level”, methods such as cutting off data sources, destroying data backups, falsifying data, and tampering with information can be used to comprehensively use soft and hard means to force the war system to transform into a closed state, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the opponent’s system.

Focusing on the complexity of the system, it breaks down the adversary’s war system in different domains. The more and more closely connected the elements of an intelligent warfare system are, the less reliable the architecture will be. Using the principle that each layer in a complex system is relatively independent, strategic overall, campaign local and tactical action strategies can be formulated to achieve hierarchical and domain-based attack on the enemy’s war system. For example, “At the strategic level, the use of economic blockade greatly weakens the opponent’s war strength and development potential”. At the “campaign level”, we take advantage of the vulnerability of the combat system communication network, use network-to-electric composite attacks as the basic path and means, and use methods such as “destroying terminals, attacking elements, isolated groups, disconnecting networks, and breaking clouds” to break through the opponent’s combat system structure and promote The opponent’s war system “collapse”.

Focus on “system emergence and dismantle the system of evacuation of opponents”. Only when there are sudden changes and emergent effects in the intelligent warfare system can the system’s effectiveness be quickly formed and exerted, and the advantage of dissipative warfare be gained. It is not possible to form an emergence of advantages if only individual components or elements come into play. It is foreseeable that the current emerging technologies such as ChatGPT and more advanced intelligent technologies in the future will provide new ways of thinking to understand and discover the operating behaviors, states and laws of complex systems of war, as well as new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society, the superior party in war confrontation will reduce the coupling degree of the opponent’s war system through a parallel confrontation method that combines virtuality and reality Achieving the purpose of dismantling the system of evacuation of enemy warfare.

現代國語：

王榮輝

引言

隨著智慧化技術快速發展及在軍事上的廣泛應用，智慧化戰爭正成為資訊化戰爭後的新戰爭形態，而耗散戰則成為智慧化戰爭的典型方式。所謂耗散戰，是指智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合，對外突變湧現，達成集物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散於一體的綜合戰力的作戰方式。加強耗散戰研究，有利於我們深入揭示智慧化戰爭制勝機理，贏得未來戰爭賽局主動權。

耗散戰是時代發展的必然結果

耗散戰表現在智慧化時代中物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合對抗，體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式的高度統一，反映了智能化戰爭體系所具有的開放性、複雜性和湧現性。

適應智慧化時代的安全情勢要求。進入智慧化時代，寬網路、大數據、大模型、雲端運算、深度學習等技術快速發展，各政治集團、國家、民族之間的聯繫更加廣泛。在政治多元、經濟交織、社會開放、技術革命等多重因素作用下，非傳統安全興起並與傳統威脅交織，智能化戰爭主體和範疇不斷拓展，戰爭時間與空間不斷外延，戰爭與和平如影相隨並交織一體，戰爭體系將進一步超越局部地域限制，從相對封閉走向更加開放，形成更高層次和更大範圍的對抗。耗散戰強調智慧化戰爭體系在物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合發力，把政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式高度統一併納入敵我對抗範疇，適應了世界安全形勢發展的時代要求。

符合戰爭形態演變的客觀法則。戰爭體系的耗散現象自戰爭產生以來便始終存在，只不過在智能化戰爭形態出現之前，由於技術的製約，一直處於較為低級的、簡單的狀態，戰爭對抗僅能表現為物質消耗、能量釋散和信息擴散中的某一種形式。農業時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以物質要素為主導的、以人體為中心的冷兵器戰爭。工業化時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以能量要素為主導的、以平台為中心的熱核兵器和機械化戰爭。在資訊化時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以資訊要素為主導的、以網信體系為中心的資訊化戰爭。進入智能化時代，智能化技術將敵我對抗中的認知優勢、決策優勢和行動優勢高度統一起來，實質是將物質、能量和資訊三者高度統一，透過以智賦能、以智聚能、以智釋能，形成了以智能要素為主導的、以智能算法為中心的智能化戰爭形態，主要表現為反映智能化戰爭體系即為反映智能化複雜體系的耗散戰。

具有堅實的哲學理論基礎支撐。社會形態是戰爭形態的母體，探索和認識智能化戰爭，必須基於歷史唯物主義和辯證唯物主義的基本原理，綜合考察戰爭形態的演進和智能化戰爭所處的社會形態，構建新的戰爭概念和語境體系。從哲學角度來看，物質、能量和資訊是構成世界的三大要素，物質體現本源的存在，能量體現運動的存在，訊息則體現連結的存在，三者遞進交替主導著社會形態和戰爭形態的演進和運作。依照辯證唯物論的否定之否定原理，在資訊時代之後的智慧時代，主導社會的要素將繼物質、能量、資訊後再次輪到物質，只不過這個物質是高度資訊化後螺旋式上升後形成的新型物質，其主要特徵就是具有了智慧化技術屬性。因此，從本質上講，耗散戰是智慧要素將以前低階戰爭形態中物質、能量和資訊的特性優勢高度統一起來，將戰爭中普遍存在的物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散等形式高度統一起來，反映了智能化戰爭的典型特徵。

深刻把握耗散戰的內在要義

耗散戰基於現實世界、涵蓋虛擬世界，適應了智慧化技術快速發展、非傳統安全威脅興起、戰爭主體和範疇不斷拓展的趨勢，呈現出許多新特性。

對抗綜合博弈。隨著智慧化戰爭形態加速向更高深度和廣度發展，政治、經濟、文化、外交等領域相互聯繫和影響更具廣泛性，戰爭重心開始從軍事系統向社會系統偏移，戰爭利益攸關方的對抗將體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等多種形式的綜合博弈，追求的軍事優勢不再僅限於戰爭優勢。戰爭制勝方必須適應戰爭體系的開放性、複雜性和湧現性要求，從單一物質、能量和資訊的粗放式消耗和運用轉變到以智能優勢主導戰爭體系的耗散，力爭在多領域的綜合博弈中贏得主動和優勢。

主體跨域多元。智慧化戰爭的主體日益泛化，傳統戰爭需要動員的戰爭潛在力量將處於常態化對抗狀態。政治力量、各類機構和人員與傳統意義上在戰場廝殺的部隊和軍人一起構成戰爭的主體。多元化戰爭主體將跨越現實域和虛擬域，出現在陸、海、空、天、電、心理等多個空間域，涵蓋物理域、資訊域、認知域等，涵蓋政治、經濟、文化、外交等多類社會域。如社會平民可以用智慧型手機收集軍事戰場上的信息並傳遞給戰爭利益攸關方，造成對戰爭關鍵訊息的擴散，進而影響戰爭決策或一場戰役和戰鬥的勝敗。

力量一體富聚。虛實力量一體。圍繞著戰爭目的，一切可能運用的現實力量和虛擬力量將在智能化技術支撐下實現一體化，在平行戰場上按職履責、按規行動；有無力量一體。無人作戰力量將在經歷人工操作、人工授權、人為監督階段後，實現高度的自主性，並可與各類有人力量按需部署、按需組合，在共同的戰爭規則約束下有效協同、並行共生；多方力量一體。基於各領域的廣泛聯繫和戰爭體系的共同目的，黨政軍警民等各方力量將軍事行動與政治、經濟、外交、輿論、法理鬥爭密切配合、統一行動，形成綜合戰力。總之，在國家或政治集團的一體籌劃下，智慧化戰爭的多元參戰力量雖然物理分散，但能夠圍繞共同的戰爭目的，實現邏輯集中、即時富聚，優勢互補、一體聚優。

效能累積湧現。高階戰爭形態在具有新質技術特徵的同時，仍涵括低階戰爭形態的特徵優勢。耗散戰強調在多域持續進行綜合對抗，這既包括物質層面的彈藥、物資、器材甚至作戰人員的消耗，也包括能量層面的不斷匯集和釋放，更包括透過資訊層面的數據、知識、演算法等的擴散與融合，對人的思維認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等產生不可限量的影響。在核武的常態嚇阻下，智慧化戰爭呈現出血腥味下降，但政治孤立、經濟封鎖、文化衝突、外交扼殺等將更加嚴峻激烈的局面。當軍事、政治、經濟、文化、外交等各系統角色持續發揮，效能累積達到某一程度，戰爭體係就會增加負熵，進而實現戰力突變和體系效能湧現，從而獲得戰爭優勢。

在選準作戰重心中打好耗散戰

智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合，對外突變湧現，跨域增效、以智耗散，達成體係作戰效能最大化，這是耗散戰蘊含的製勝機理。要在智慧化戰爭中贏得勝勢，必須明確耗散戰的作戰重心，針對對手體系短板弱點，找準戰爭準備的發力點。

著眼體系開放性，封閉孤立對手戰爭體系。截斷對手戰爭體系與外在戰場環境的物質、能量和資訊交流，使之缺乏物質、能量和資訊來源管道，逐漸走向孤立、封閉和虛弱狀態。如在戰略層面，採取政治孤立的方式，使對手戰爭體系處於孤立狀態，造成體系熵增。在戰役層面，可利用切斷資料來源、毀滅資料備份、資料作假、竄改資訊等方法，綜合採用軟硬手段，迫其戰爭體係向封閉狀態轉化，進而降低對方體系效能。

著眼體系複雜性，分域破擊對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體係要素間連結越多、連結程度越緊密，體系結構可靠性就越低。運用複雜系統中各分層相對獨立的原理，可製訂戰略全局、戰役局部和戰術行動策略，實現對敵戰爭體系的分層分域破擊。如在戰略層面，採用經濟封鎖的方式，大大削弱對手的戰爭實力和發展潛力。在戰役層面，利用作戰系統通訊網路的脆弱性，以網電複合攻擊為基本路徑與手段，採用「毀端、擊元、孤群、斷網、破雲」等方式，破擊對方作戰系統結構，促使對方戰爭體系「坍塌」。

著眼體系湧現性，拆解疏散對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體系只有出現突變和湧現效應，才能快速形成發揮體系效能，獲得耗散戰優勢。如果只是單一組分或要素發揮作用，不可能形成優勢湧現。可以預見，當前興起的ChatGPT等技術以及未來更高級的智能化技術，將提供理解和發現戰爭複雜體系運行行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式，以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段，戰爭對抗優勢方將透過虛實結合、平行一體的對抗方式，降低對手戰爭體系的耦合度，達成拆解敵方戰爭體系的目的。

中國原創軍事資源：

#Artificial #Intelligence, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Dissipative Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國軍事智能化, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

Chinese Military Evaluation of Foreign Armed Forces Perspectives on Multi-domain Operations

06/16/2025 admin Leave a comment

中國軍方對外軍多域作戰觀點的評估

現代英語：

The opening of each combat domain will inevitably lead to a new round of changes in combat methods. Driven by the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution characterized by intelligence, ubiquity and integration, emerging combat domains such as space, cyberspace, electromagnetic spectrum, and cognitive space have an increasing impact on future operations. The concept of “multi-domain combat” has emerged through cross-domain collaboration with traditional land, sea, and air combat domains to achieve complementary advantages and system efficiency, and is becoming a new combat theory that adapts to the evolution of war forms.

The concept of “multi-domain combat” was first proposed by the US military. Subsequently, the United Kingdom, France, and other NATO member states have developed the concept of “multi-domain combat” in different forms. Israel was the first to apply the concept of “multi-domain operations” in actual combat. The Russian army innovatively proposed its own “multi-domain operations” theory from the perspective of its opponents. At present, the concept of “multi-domain operations” has become an important concept that triggers a new round of changes and transformations in foreign military operations.

The concept of “multi-domain operations” is a new operational concept first proposed by the US Army and jointly promoted by other services based on the changes in operational methods in the information age.

The US military believes that the winning mechanism of the concept of “multi-domain operations” is to form multiple advantages in a specific time window through the rapid and continuous integration of all war domains (land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace) and force the enemy into a dilemma. The U.S. Army proposed to be guided by the idea of ”global integrated operations” and the concept of “cross-domain collaboration”, and strive to form an asymmetric advantage in future wars through “multi-domain operations”. The multi-domain task force (brigade level) will be the core combat force of the U.S. Army to implement multi-domain operations, integrating artillery, land-based tactical missiles, land aviation, cyberspace, electromagnetic spectrum, space and air defense forces, and forming multi-domain combat capabilities through cross-domain mixed formations. The U.S. Air Force actively responded to the concept of “multi-domain operations”, focused on building a joint combat command and control system, proposed the concept of multi-domain command and control, and focused on developing advanced combat management systems, sinking multi-domain operations to the tactical level to improve the agility and cross-domain collaboration capabilities of future operations. The U.S. Navy has absorbed the core idea of the “multi-domain combat” concept, proposed to build an “integrated global maritime military force”, focused on developing the “distributed lethality” combat concept, and proposed to strengthen the design and exercise of global combat.

The U.S. Department of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff have gathered the ideas and mechanisms of the new combat concept of “multi-domain combat” of the military services, and proposed the top-level concept of “global combat”, aiming to form a new round of asymmetric advantages, lead the transformation of combat methods and military transformation. The global combat concept is centered on joint global command and control, aiming to integrate traditional combat domains with space, cyberspace, electromagnetic spectrum, air defense and anti-missile and cognitive domain capabilities, and compete with global competitors in a full-spectrum environment. It is reported that the concept is still in its infancy and is undergoing theoretical deepening, experimental verification, exercise evaluation and doctrine transformation, and is constantly enriching its conceptual core through multiple work lines. Among them, the US Joint Chiefs of Staff leads the transformation of concepts into policies, doctrines and requirements; the Air Force promotes the concept to maturity by developing advanced combat management systems, the Army by implementing the “Convergence Project”, and the Navy by launching the “Transcendence Project”. The US theater supports the development of multi-domain combat concepts and multi-domain combat modes through war games, project demonstrations and joint exercises.

Based on the perspective of reference and integration, NATO countries such as the United Kingdom actively participated in the development and testing of the US military’s “multi-domain operations” concept, and revised the operational concept in combination with actual conditions.

The British Ministry of Defense proposed the concept of “multi-domain integration”, which is consistent with the concept mechanism of the US military’s “multi-domain operations”, focusing on integrating operations in different domains and at different levels, preparing for the development of a joint force and maintaining competitive advantages in 2030 and beyond. The British Ministry of Defense pointed out that “integrating capabilities in different domains and at different levels through information systems, creating and utilizing synergies to gain relative advantages is the winning mechanism of the multi-domain integration concept.” The concept emphasizes gaining information advantages, shaping strategic postures, building a multi-domain combat environment, and creating and utilizing synergies. The concept raises four specific issues: how to provide an advantage over rivals by 2030 and beyond through “multi-domain integration”; how to achieve cross-domain integration of the Ministry of Defense in cooperation with allies, governments and civilian departments; how to solve the policy issues involved in the concept of “multi-domain integration”; how to promote research on defense concepts, capabilities and war development. With this as a starting point, the British Army has launched a multi-faceted, step-by-step, and systematic military transformation.

Other NATO countries are also jointly developing and innovatively applying the concept of “multi-domain operations” to varying degrees, and promoting the transformation and implementation of the concept of “multi-domain operations” in the form of joint exercises and allied cooperation. In 2019, the US Army led the “Joint Operational Assessment (2019)” exercise, which aimed to assess the combat capabilities of the Indo-Pacific Command’s multi-domain task force. Forces from France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and other countries formed a multinational task force to participate in the exercise, which assessed the multi-domain combat concepts, formations and capabilities in the combat environment from 2025 to 2028. In October 2019, the NATO Joint Air Power Competition Center held a meeting on “Shaping NATO’s Future Multi-Domain Combat Posture”. In order to shape NATO’s future multi-domain combat posture, it explored and studied military thinking, multi-domain combat forces, multi-domain combat operations and training joint forces. In June 2020, the NATO Command and Control Center of Excellence released a white paper on the Multi-Domain Operations Command and Control Demonstration Platform, which aims to respond to threats and challenges in multiple operational domains with a decentralized, data-driven integrated environment by bridging the command and control gap between technology and operators, tactics and campaign levels, and academia and the military.

Based on the perspective of its opponents, the Russian army seeks a way to crack it on the one hand, and on the other hand, based on the winning mechanism of “cross-domain operations”, it combines its own characteristics to innovate combat theories

After the US military proposed the concept of “multi-domain operations”, the Russian army actively sought a way to crack it based on its own security interests. In December 2020, the Russian magazine “Air and Space Power Theory and Practice” published an article titled “Argument for the Use of Aviation Power to Break the Enemy’s Large-Scale Joint Air Strikes in Multi-Domain Operations”, which stated that large-scale joint air strikes are the initial stage for NATO countries to implement multi-domain operations. Large-scale coordinated operations will be carried out against Russia’s most important key facilities, creating conditions for subsequent decisive actions by NATO joint armed forces. The Russian army must comprehensively use the reconnaissance and strike system composed of the aviation forces of the theater forces to cause unbearable losses to the enemy, break its large-scale joint air strikes, and force NATO’s initial stage goals of multi-domain operations to fail to be achieved, causing NATO’s political and military leadership to abandon the attempt to continue to implement multi-domain operations.

On the other hand, the Russian army proposed the “military unified information space” theory for the new combat method of “cross-domain combat”. Its core idea is: to use modern information technology to establish a networked command and control system to achieve the deep integration of the army’s command, communication, reconnaissance, firepower, support and other elements, thereby improving the battlefield situation perception capability and combat command efficiency. The Russian military continues to promote theoretical development around the realization of cross-domain combat capabilities: first, relying on the unified information space of the army to establish a network-centric command model; second, introducing artificial intelligence into the command and control system to achieve the unification of the physical domain and the cognitive domain; third, developing network, space and underwater combat forces to gain advantages in emerging combat fields; fourth, establishing a unified military standard system to enhance the interoperability of forces and weapons. The Russian military has not completely absorbed the Western concept of “multi-domain combat”, nor has it completely denied the beneficial elements of the Western “multi-domain combat”, but has combined its own absorption of some advanced combat ideas of “multi-domain combat” to enrich its own unique combat theory.

Based on the perspective of combat needs, Israel took the lead in applying the concept of “multi-domain combat” on the Gaza battlefield, and used the multi-domain combat force “Ghost” as the main combat force.

The Israeli army believes that multi-domain joint combat is an inevitable trend in the development of future wars. For Israel, which mainly relies on ground combat, by integrating land, air, cyberspace, electromagnetic spectrum and sea elite forces, it can quickly identify, track and destroy enemy targets, and further improve the lethality of the Israeli army. This concept is in line with the concept of “multi-domain combat” proposed by the US Army. Under the guidance of this concept, the Israeli army formed the “Ghost” force and took the lead in actual combat testing on the Gaza battlefield. In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in May 2021, Israel used the “Ghost” combat battalion for the first time to implement multi-domain operations in the code-named “Wall Guardian” operation against Hamas, which was called the world’s first “artificial intelligence war”. The Israeli army mainly relied on machine learning and data collection in this war, and artificial intelligence became a key component of combat and a force multiplier for the first time. In the operation to clear the Hamas tunnel network, the Israeli army used big data fusion technology to pre-identify and target, and then dispatched 160 fighter jets to carry out precise strikes, which greatly destroyed the Hamas tunnel network and achieved air control over the ground; in the attack on Hamas rocket launchers, the Israeli fighter pilots, ground intelligence forces and naval forces used command and control systems to quickly find targets and carry out real-time precise strikes, quickly shaping a favorable battle situation.

According to the Israeli army, the “Ghost” force is very different from traditional forces in terms of combat organization, weapon configuration and combat methods. The unit is temporarily organized under the 98th Paratrooper Division of Israel, including the brigade reconnaissance battalion, the ground forces of the Paratrooper Brigade, the armored brigade, the engineering corps, the special forces, the F-16 squadron and the Apache helicopter, as well as the “Heron” drone and other multi-domain combat forces. Through the use of multi-domain sensors and precision strike weapons, cross-domain maneuvers and strikes are achieved, “changing the battlefield situation in a very short time”. The battalion was established in July 2019. Although it is a ground force, it integrates multi-domain combat forces such as air strikes, network reconnaissance, precision firepower, electronic confrontation, intelligence interconnection and maritime assault. It is a battalion-level combat unit with division-level combat capabilities. After its establishment, the unit has continuously improved its multi-domain integration and cross-domain strike capabilities through exercises, and has quickly exerted two major functions with the support of the newly developed artificial intelligence technology platform: one is to serve as an elite weapon on the battlefield and fight in an asymmetric manner; the other is to serve as a test unit to continuously innovate and develop new combat concepts, combat theories and technical equipment, and to promote successful experiences to other units at any time.

現代國語：

褚睿劉瑤琦

每一個作戰域的開闢，必將引發新一輪作戰方式的變革。在以智慧、泛在、融合為特點的新一輪科技革命和產業革命的加速推動下，太空、網絡空間、電磁頻譜、認知空間等新興作戰域對未來作戰影響日益增大，透過與傳統陸、海、空作戰域跨域協同實現優勢互補、體系增效的「多域作戰理論」概念應而生，正成為適應戰爭形態演進的新型作戰理論。

「多域作戰」概念最早由美軍提出。隨後，英國、法國以及其他北約成員國均以不同形式發展「多域作戰」概念。以色列率先將「多域作戰」概念運用於實戰。俄軍從對手視角創新提出了自己的「多域作戰」理論。當前，「多域作戰」概念已成為引發外軍新一輪作戰方式變革轉型的重要概念。

「多域作戰」概念是基於資訊時代作戰方式變革，由美陸軍率先提出、其他軍種協力推進的新型作戰概念

美軍認為，透過所有戰爭領域（陸、海、空、太空、網路空間）快速且持續的整合，在特定時間窗口形成多重優勢，迫使敵人陷入困境是「多域作戰」概念的製勝機理。美陸軍提出以「全球一體化作戰」思想和「跨域協同」理念為指導，力求透過「多域作戰」方式形成未來戰爭非對稱優勢。多域特遣部隊（旅級）將是美陸軍實施多域作戰的核心作戰力量，集砲兵、陸基戰術導彈、陸航、網絡空間、電磁頻譜、太空以及防空力量於一身，通過跨域混合編組形成多域作戰能力。美空軍積極響應「多域作戰」概念，著眼於建構聯合作戰指揮與控制體系，提出多域指揮與控制概念，聚力開發先進作戰管理系統，將多域作戰向戰術級下沉，以提高未來作戰的敏捷性和跨域協同能力。美國海軍吸納“多域作戰”概念的核心思想，提出打造“一體化全局海上軍事力量”，重點開發“分佈式殺傷”作戰概念，提出加強全局作戰設計和演習。

美國國防部和參聯會匯集軍種「多域作戰」新型作戰概念的思想與機理，提出了「全局作戰」頂層概念，旨在瞄準形成新一輪非對稱優勢，牽引作戰方式變革與軍事轉型。全局作戰概念以聯合全局指揮與控制為核心，旨在將傳統作戰域與太空、網絡空間、電磁頻譜、防空反導和認知領域等能力整合在一起，與全球性競爭對手在全頻譜的環境中競爭。據悉，該概念目前尚處於萌芽期，正在進行理論深化、試驗驗證、演習評估和條令轉化，並通過多條工作線，不斷豐富其概念內核。其中美軍參聯會領導概念向政策、條令和需求轉化；空軍通過開發先進作戰管理系統、陸軍通過實施“融合項目”、海軍通過啟動“超越項目”共同推動該概念走向成熟。美戰區透過兵棋推演、項目展示和聯合演習等形式支援多域作戰概念和多域作戰模式開發。

英國等北約國家基於借鑑與融入視角，積極參與美軍「多域作戰」概念的發展與試驗，並結合實際修訂作戰概念

英國國防部提出了「多域融合」概念，與美軍「多域作戰」概念機理相一致，著重於整合不同領域和不同層次的作戰，為2030年及以後發展一支聯合部隊、保持競爭優勢做準備。英國國防部指出，「透過資訊系統整合不同領域和不同層級的能力，創造和利用協同效應，以獲得相對優勢，是多域融合概念的製勝機理。」該概念強調奪取資訊優勢、塑造戰略態勢、構設多域作戰環境、創造和利用協同效應。該概念提出4個具體問題：如何透過「多域融合」為2030年及以後提供超越對手的優勢；如何實現國防部與盟友、政府和民事部門合作的跨域融合；如何解決「多域融合」概念涉及的政策問題；如何促進國防概念、能力和戰爭發展方面的研究。以此為抓手，英軍開啟了多面向、分步驟、體系化的軍事轉型。

其他北約國家也正在不同程度地聯合開發和創新運用「多域作戰」概念，並以聯合演習、盟國協作等形式推動「多域作戰」概念轉化落地。 2019年美陸軍領導開展的、旨在評估印太司令部多域特遣部隊作戰能力的「聯合作戰評估（2019）」演習中，法國、加拿大、澳大利亞、新西蘭等國部隊組成多國任務組織參與其中，評估了2025-2028年作戰環境下的多域作戰概念、編組、能力。 2019年10月，北約聯合空中力量競爭中心召開了「塑造北約未來的多域作戰態勢」會議，為塑造北約未來多域作戰態勢，從軍事思想、多域作戰力量、多域作戰行動和訓練聯合部隊等方面進行了探索和研究。 2020年6月，北約指揮控制卓越中心發布了多域作戰指揮控制演示平台白皮書，旨在通過彌合技術和作戰人員、戰術和戰役層面、學術界和軍方之間的指揮控制鴻溝，以分散、數據驅動的綜合環境來應對多個作戰域的威脅與挑戰。

俄軍基於對手視角，一方面尋求破解之道，另一方面基於「跨域作戰」制勝機理，結合自身特點創新作戰理論

美軍提出「多域作戰」概念後，俄軍基於自身安全利益考量，積極尋求破解之道。 2020年12月，俄羅斯《空天力量理論與實踐》雜志刊發《論證運用航空力量打破敵方多域作戰中大規模聯合空襲》的文章，認為大規模聯合空襲是北約國家實施多域作戰的初始階段，將對俄羅斯最為重要的關鍵設施實施大規模協同作戰，為北約聯合武裝力量後續決定性行動創造條件。俄軍必須綜合運用戰區部隊的航空力量組成的偵察打擊系統，給敵造成無法承受的損失，打破其大規模聯合空襲，迫使北約多域作戰初始階段目標無法實現，致使北約政治軍事領導層放棄繼續實施多域作戰的企圖。

另一方面，俄軍針對「跨域作戰」這種新型作戰方式，提出了「軍隊統一資訊空間」理論，其核心思想是：利用現代資訊技術建立網絡化的指揮控制系統，以實現全軍指揮、通信、偵察、火力、保障等要素的深度融合，進而提升戰場態勢感知能力與作戰指揮效率。圍繞實現跨域作戰能力，俄軍持續推進理論開發：一是依托軍隊統一資訊空間，建立網絡中心指揮模式；二是將人工智慧引入指揮控制系統，實現物理域與認知域的統一；三是發展網絡、太空和水下作戰力量，爭取新興作戰領域優勢；四是建立統一的軍事標準體系，提升兵力兵器互操作能力。俄軍沒有全盤吸收西方「多域作戰」概念，也沒有全盤否定西方「多域作戰」有益成分，而是結合自身將「多域作戰」的一些先進作戰思想吸收，充實自身特色的作戰理論。

以色列基於作戰需求視角，率先運用「多域作戰」概念於加薩戰場，將多域作戰力量「幽靈」部隊作為主要作戰力量

以軍認為，多域聯合作戰是未來戰爭發展的必然趨勢，對於以地面作戰為主的以色列而言，透過整合陸上、空中、網絡空間、電磁頻譜和海上精銳力量，迅速識別、追踪和摧毀敵方目標，能夠進一步提高以軍的殺傷力。這一理念與美陸軍提出的「多域作戰」概念一脈相承。在這一理念的指導下，以軍組建了「幽靈」部隊，並率先在加薩戰場上進行了實戰檢驗。在2021年5月的巴以沖突中，以色列在對哈馬斯的代號為「城牆衛士」行動中首次運用「幽靈」戰鬥營實施了多域作戰，被稱為世界上第一場「人工智慧戰爭」。以軍在這場戰爭中主要依靠機器學習和數據收集，人工智慧首次成為作戰的關鍵組成部分和力量倍增器。在對哈馬斯地道網的清除行動中，以軍通過大數據融合技術進行預先識別和瞄準，而後出動戰機160架次進行精確打擊，極大破壞了哈馬斯的地道網，實現以空制地；在對哈馬斯火箭發射裝置的打擊中，以軍戰鬥機飛行員、地面情報部隊和海軍部隊之間使用和控制系統，快速指揮目標

根據以軍的說法，「幽靈」部隊在作戰編成、武器配置和作戰方式等方面與傳統部隊迥然不同。該部隊編制暫屬以色列第98傘兵師，包括旅偵察營、傘兵旅的地面部隊，裝甲旅、工程兵、特種部隊，F-16中隊和阿帕奇直升機，以及“蒼鷺”無人機等多域作戰力量，通過使用多域傳感器和精確打擊武器，實現跨域機動與打擊，“在極短時間內改變戰場局勢”。該營成立於2019年7月，雖然是一支地面部隊，但它整合了空中打擊、網絡偵防、精確火力、電子對抗、情報互聯以及海上突擊等多域作戰力量，是具備師旅級作戰能力的營級作戰單元。該部隊組建以後，不斷通過演習提升多域融合和跨域打擊能力，並在新開發的人工智能技術平台的支撐下迅速發揮兩大功能：一是在戰場上作為精兵利器，以非對稱方式作戰；二是作為試驗部隊，不斷創新和發展新型作戰概念、作戰理論和技術裝備，隨時將成功經驗推廣到其他部隊。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/xxqj_207719/xxjt/ll/10068139888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Information Support Force, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese People’s Liberation Army Accelerates into Era of Three-dimensional Warfare – Deploying the Air Assualt Force

02/16/2025 admin Leave a comment

中國人民解放軍加速進入立體戰爭時代－部署空中突擊部隊

現代英語：

Transformation from two-dimensional combat to three-dimensional attack and defense

●From “able to fly” to “good at fighting”

The Army’s air assault force is showing its strength

PLA Daily reporter Kang Zizhan and special correspondent Zhang Shengtao reported: 10 years ago, Liu Zhenhua, as a pilot of the Army Aviation Force, was rated as an excellent pilot mainly for his excellent personal flying skills; now, as a pilot of the Army Air Assault Force, his compulsory training courses have added ground force combat formation, tactics and tactics application, etc. In the past 10 years, the upgrade of the “capability baseline” of Liu Zhenhua, a pilot of an Army Air Assault Brigade, is the result of the Army’s low-altitude combat force’s leap from “able to fly” to “good at fighting”.

On the eve of August 1, 2016, President Xi Jinping emphasized during his inspection of the newly established Army Headquarters that we must accelerate the transformation of the Army from a new starting point in accordance with the strategic requirements of mobile operations and three-dimensional offense and defense, and strive to build a strong, modernized new Army.

A year later, the military parade to celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was held at the Zhurihe Joint Training Base. The Chinese Army Air Assault Brigade made its debut in a new combat formation and was reviewed by President Xi.

Air assault, surging. Since its establishment, the Army Air Assault Force has conducted military exercises in all areas, covering mountains, dense forests, deserts, and grasslands. Iron wings are flying, eagles are lined up, ground forces and air forces are integrated within the organization, and energy is released within the system, giving the military exercise field a new look.

In the heart of the Central Plains, air-ground coordination has given birth to a new landscape. In the staff competition, the pilot won the championship; in the flight planning, the infantry squad leader served as the staff. Snipers “train in the air” and pilots “learn on the ground”. The air and ground subjects are integrated into the training, and the air and ground forces are truly combined and fight together.

When the pilots found the “enemy” target on the prairie, they did not choose to attack it head-on, but used the information system to send coordinates in the air and call for support from the ground advance forces to attack the “enemy” target. From the ground calling for air support to the air calling for ground support, the “call change” witnessed the expansion of the officers and soldiers’ battlefield vision.

In the northwest desert, an air assault brigade of the Army was ordered to carry out cross-domain maneuvers, flying and fighting along the way, and taking turns to use a series of new tactics such as surpassing attack operations, leapfrog assault operations, and key point control operations, showing the sharp edge of the Army’s new air assault combat force…

Following the footsteps of the Army’s airborne assault troops’ military exercises, one new battle scene after another comes into view: “One Tree High” is no longer “riding alone”, but a “synthetic eagle group” composed of multiple aircraft types, with modules organized and each performing its own duties; approaching the front line, firepower strikes are no longer the first choice, and the “electronic iron fist” is the first to be swung; commanders sit in the “air command post” to plan air-ground coordinated operations… The changes in the low-altitude battlefield highlight the strong battlefield adaptability and combat effectiveness of the air assault force.

At the beginning of the new year of 2022, President Xi signed the Central Military Commission’s Order No. 1 of 2022, issuing a mobilization order to the entire army to start training, requiring all levels of the army to vigorously promote system training. As a symbolic force in the army’s transformation from two-dimensional combat to three-dimensional offense and defense, the air assault force has shown many new changes in system training.

An airborne assault brigade of the Army joined hands with an Air Force unit to study the subject of assault infantry guiding Air Force fighters to carry out fire strikes; cooperated with multiple forces of the Joint Logistics Support Force to explore an integrated peacetime and wartime support model; and conducted joint training with a unit of the Strategic Support Force to enhance the unit’s electromagnetic interference and anti-interference capabilities… The airborne assault force system has more and more “close partners” in training, the “circle of friends” of new combat forces is getting bigger and bigger, and the unit’s actual combat capabilities continue to improve.

New forces contain new mechanisms, and new mechanisms give birth to new forces. President Xi stressed the need to strengthen the construction of new combat forces and increase the proportion of new quality combat power. During the adjustment and reform, the Army’s air assault force came into being, eliminating the geographical separation between air and ground, blurring the spatial concepts of frontier and depth, and updating the combat concepts of air and ground arms. The Chinese military’s land warfare pattern is being reshaped.

From looking at the battlefield head-on to looking down on the battlefield, and then to three-dimensionally perceiving the battlefield, the air assault force has demonstrated the huge potential of a new type of combat force, and the Army is accelerating into the era of three-dimensional combat.

“This is an unprecedented opportunity, but also an unprecedented challenge.” Tang Hongyi, the battalion commander of an air assault brigade of the army, led the officers and soldiers to transform from mountain infantry to air assault infantry. On the journey of reforming and strengthening the army, he dared not slack off for a moment, “Each generation has its own mission and responsibility. We must run the ‘first leg’ of air assault force construction and run the ‘our leg’ of the army’s transformation and development well.”

Short review

Accelerate transformation and molting to take off

■Kang Zizhan

Fly far and molt. The new army badge has a pair of “wings of soaring” on both sides, implying that the new army is “flying”. From the Army Aviation Corps to the Air Assault Corps, the transformation and reshaping of the army’s low-altitude forces is the result of the new world military revolution, and ahead is the strategic direction of the Chinese Army’s accelerated transformation.

President Xi has repeatedly stressed the need to strive to build a strong, modern, and new army. In today’s world, military technology is changing with each passing day, and the forms of war and winning mechanisms are constantly changing. The rise of the Army’s air assault force tells us that the system combat effectiveness of a force does not only come from the external system structure, but more depends on whether multiple forces can be effectively integrated; it is not difficult for new equipment to form combat effectiveness, but it is difficult to create a new “sword method” that adapts to the system. The new combat force should have a new charging posture, be brave to take the lead, forge ahead, and accelerate on the road of transformation.

Extraordinary achievements require extraordinary people. President Xi pointed out: “Now, the responsibility of strengthening the military has historically fallen on our shoulders. To shoulder this burden, we must dare to take on the responsibility. This is not only the expectation of the Party and the people, but also the political character that contemporary revolutionary soldiers should have.” In the new era of reforming and strengthening the military, the new army will take off and will surely write new glory on the journey of strengthening the military.

現代國語：

●從平面作戰向立體攻防轉型

●從「能飛」向「善打」跨越

陸軍空中突擊力量嶄露頭芒

陸軍某空中突擊旅組織飛行訓練。李春國攝

解放軍報訊記者康子湛、特約記者張聖濤報道：10年前，劉振華作為陸航部隊飛行員，被評為優秀飛行員的主要標準，是個人飛行技術過硬；如今，他作為陸軍空中突擊部隊飛行員，訓練必修課又增加了地面力量作戰編組、戰術戰法運用等內容。 10年間，陸軍某空中突擊旅飛行員劉振華「能力基準」升級的背後，是陸軍低空作戰力量從「能飛」到「善打」的跨越。

2016年八一前夕，習主席在新組成的陸軍機關視察時強調，要按照機動作戰、立體攻防的戰略要求，在新的起點上加快推進陸軍轉型建設，努力建設一支強大的現代化新型陸軍。

一年後，慶祝中國人民解放軍建軍90週年閱兵在朱日和聯合訓練基地隆重舉行。中國陸軍空中突擊旅以戰鬥隊形全新亮相，接受習主席檢閱。

空中突擊，狂飆突起。組成以來，陸軍空中突擊部隊全域演兵，足跡遍佈高山、密林、大漠、草原。鐵翼飛旋、群鷹列陣，地面兵力和空中力量在建制內融合、體系內釋能，演兵場上面貌一新。

中原腹地，空地協同催生新景觀。參謀比武，飛行員一舉奪冠；飛行籌劃，步兵班長當參謀。狙擊手在“空中練”，飛行員在“地面學”，空中課目和地面課目融合組訓，空地兵力真正合在一起、打到一處。

莽原之上，飛行員發現「敵」目標，並未選擇迎面打擊，而是在空中利用資訊系統發送座標，呼叫地面先遣力量支援攻擊「敵」目標。從地面呼叫空中支援到空中呼叫地面支援，「呼叫變遷」見證官兵戰場視野的拓展。

西北大漠，陸軍某空中突擊旅受命實施跨域機動，飛一路、打一路，超越攻擊作戰、蛙跳突擊作戰、要點奪控作戰等一系列新戰法輪番上陣，顯示陸軍空中突擊新型作戰力量銳利鋒芒…

循著陸軍空中突擊部隊演兵足跡追尋，一幕幕嶄新的戰鬥場景躍入眼簾：“一樹之高”不再“走單騎”，而是多機型組成“合成鷹群”，模組編組、各司其職；抵近前沿，火力打擊不再是首選，率先揮出的是“電子鐵拳”；

2022年新年伊始，習主席簽署中央軍委2022年1號命令，向全軍發布開訓動員令，要求全軍各級大力推進體系練兵。空中突擊部隊作為陸軍由平面作戰向立體攻防轉型的一支標誌性力量，體系練兵呈現許多新變化。

陸軍某空中突擊旅與空軍某部攜手，精研突擊步兵引導空軍戰機實施火力打擊課題；與聯勤保障部隊多支力量配合，探索平戰一體保障模式；與戰略支援部隊某部開展聯訓，提昇部隊電磁幹擾與反幹擾能力…空中突擊部隊體系大練的「典型力量」越來越多，提昇部隊電磁幹擾與反幹擾能力…空中突擊部隊體系大練的「新實戰夥伴」越來越多，作戰部隊中越來越持續作戰能力的「親密力量」大兵作戰。

新力量蘊含新機理，新機理催生新力量。習主席強調，要加強新型作戰力量建設，增加新質戰鬥力比重。在調整改革中，陸軍空中突擊部隊應運而生，消除了空與地的地理隔間、模糊了前沿與縱深的空間概念、更新了空中與地面兵種的作戰理念，中國軍隊陸戰格局正在重塑。

從平視戰場到俯瞰戰場，再到立體感知戰場，空中突擊力量展現出新型作戰力量的巨大潛力，陸軍加速邁進立體作戰時代。

「這是前所未有的機遇，也意味著前所未有的挑戰。」陸軍某空中突擊旅營長唐鴻毅，帶領官兵從山地步兵轉型為空中突擊步兵。行進在改革強軍征程上，他一刻也不敢懈怠，「一代人有一代人的使命擔當，我們要跑好空中突擊力量建設的‘第一棒’，跑好陸軍轉型發展的‘我們這一棒’」。

短評

加速轉型換羽騰飛

■康子湛

遠飛當換羽。新式陸軍胸標兩側插上了一對“起飛之翼”，蘊含著新型陸軍“飛起來”的寓意。從陸航部隊到空中突擊部隊，陸軍低空力量的轉型重塑，背後是世界新軍事變革的風雷激盪，前方是中國陸軍加速轉型的戰略方向。

習主席多次強調，要努力建立強大的現代化新型陸軍。當今世界，軍事科技日新月異，戰爭形態、致勝機制不斷變化。陸軍空中突擊部隊的起飛歷程啟示我們：一支部隊的體係作戰效能，不只來自外在的體系結構，更多取決於多種力量能否有效融合；新裝備形成戰鬥力不難，難的是創出適應體系的新「劍法」。新型作戰力量更應有新的衝鋒姿態，勇為人先、銳意進取，跑出轉型路上的加速度。

蓋有非常之功，必待非常之人。習主席指出：「現在，強軍的責任歷史地落在了我們肩上，要挑起這副擔子，必須敢於擔當，這既是黨和人民的期望，也是當代革命軍人應有的政治品格。」在改革強軍的新時代，新型陸軍換羽騰飛，必將在強軍征程上書寫新的榮光。

資料來源：解放軍報作者：康子湛張聖濤責任編輯：劉上靖 2022-07-19 06:00

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/wzll/lj/4915990888.html

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Chinese Weaponization of Digitalization, Networking, Intelligence, Grasping the Focus New Chinese Generation of Information Technology

01/05/2025 admin Leave a comment

數位化、網路化、智慧化的中國武器化，抓住中國新一代資訊科技的焦點

現代英語：

Digitalization, networking, and intelligence are the prominent features of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, and are also the core of the new generation of information technology. Digitalization lays the foundation for social informatization, and its development trend is the comprehensive dataization of society. Dataization emphasizes the collection, aggregation, analysis and application of data. Networking provides a physical carrier for information dissemination, and its development trend is the widespread adoption of information-physical systems (CPS). Information-physical systems will not only give birth to new industries, but will even reshape the existing industrial layout. Intelligence reflects the level and level of information application, and its development trend is the new generation of artificial intelligence. At present, the upsurge of the new generation of artificial intelligence has arrived.

　　In his important speech at the 2018 General Assembly of Academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out: “The world is entering a period of economic development dominated by the information industry. We must seize the opportunity of the integrated development of digitalization, networking, and intelligence, and use informatization and intelligence as leverage to cultivate new momentum.” This important statement is an accurate grasp of the dominant role and development trend of information technology in today’s world, and an important deployment for using information technology to promote national innovation and development.

　　Human society, the physical world, and information space constitute the three elements of today’s world. The connection and interaction between these three worlds determine the characteristics and degree of social informatization. The basic way to perceive human society and the physical world is digitization, the basic way to connect human society and the physical world (through information space) is networking, and the way information space acts on the physical world and human society is intelligence. Digitalization, networking, and intelligence are the prominent features of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, and are also the focus of the new generation of information technology. Digitalization lays the foundation for social informatization, and its development trend is the comprehensive dataization of society; networking provides a physical carrier for information dissemination, and its development trend is the widespread adoption of information-physical systems (CPS); intelligence reflects the level and level of information application, and its development trend is the new generation of artificial intelligence.

　　Digitalization: From computerization to dataization

　　Digitalization refers to the technical approach of storing, transmitting, processing, handling and applying information carriers (text, pictures, images, signals, etc.) in digital coding form (usually binary). Digitalization itself refers to the way of representing and processing information, but in essence it emphasizes the computerization and automation of information application. In addition to digitalization, dataization (data is an information carrier in coded form, and all data is digital) emphasizes the collection, aggregation, analysis and application of data, and strengthens the production factors and productivity functions of data. Digitalization is developing from computerization to dataization, which is one of the most important trends in the current social informatization.

　　The core connotation of dataization is the deep understanding and deep use of big data generated by the integration of information technology revolution and economic and social activities. Big data is a fragmentary record of social economy, real world, management decision-making, etc., containing fragmented information. With the breakthrough of analytical technology and computing technology, it is possible to interpret this fragmented information, which makes big data a new high-tech, a new scientific research paradigm, and a new way of decision-making. Big data has profoundly changed the way people think and live and work, bringing unprecedented opportunities to management innovation, industrial development, scientific discovery and other fields.

　　The value generation of big data has its inherent laws (obeying the big data principle). Only by deeply understanding and mastering these laws can we improve the awareness and ability to consciously and scientifically use big data (big data thinking). The value of big data is mainly realized through big data technology. Big data technology is an extension and development of statistical methods, computer technology, and artificial intelligence technology. It is a developing technology. The current hot directions include: blockchain technology, interoperability technology, storage and management technology of integrated storage and computing, big data operating system, big data programming language and execution environment, big data foundation and core algorithm, big data machine learning technology, big data intelligent technology, visualization and human-computer interaction analysis technology, authenticity judgment and security technology, etc. The development of big data technology depends on the solution of some major basic problems, including: the statistical basis and computational theoretical basis of big data, the hardware and software basis and computational methods of big data computing, and the authenticity judgment of big data inference.

　　Implementing the national big data strategy is an important way to promote the digital revolution. Since my country proposed the implementation of the national big data strategy in 2015, the pattern of rapid development of big data in my country has been initially formed, but there are also some problems that need to be solved: data openness and sharing are lagging, and the dividends of data resources have not been fully released; the profit model of enterprises is unstable, and the integrity of the industrial chain is insufficient; core technologies have not yet made major breakthroughs, and the technical level of related applications is not high; there are still loopholes in security management and privacy protection, and the construction of relevant systems is still not perfect; etc. At present, effective measures should be taken to solve the bottleneck problems that restrict the development of big data in my country.

　　Networking: From the Internet to Cyber-Physical Systems

　　As an information-based public infrastructure, the Internet has become the main way for people to obtain, exchange and consume information. However, the Internet only focuses on the interconnection between people and the resulting interconnection between services.

　　The Internet of Things is a natural extension and expansion of the Internet. It connects various objects to the Internet through information technology, helping people obtain relevant information about the objects they need. The Internet of Things uses information collection equipment such as radio frequency identification, sensors, infrared sensors, video surveillance, global positioning systems, laser scanners, etc., and connects objects to the Internet through wireless sensor networks and wireless communication networks, so as to achieve real-time information exchange and communication between objects and between people and objects, so as to achieve the purpose of intelligent identification, positioning, tracking, monitoring and management. The Internet realizes the interconnection between people and services, while the Internet of Things realizes the cross-connection between people, objects and services. The core technologies of the Internet of Things include: sensor technology, wireless transmission technology, massive data analysis and processing technology, upper-level business solutions, security technology, etc. The development of the Internet of Things will go through a relatively long period, but it may take the lead in achieving breakthroughs in applications in specific fields. Internet of Vehicles, Industrial Internet, unmanned systems, smart homes, etc. are all areas where the Internet of Things is currently showing its prowess.

　　The Internet of Things mainly solves the problem of people’s perception of the physical world, while to solve the problem of manipulating physical objects, it is necessary to further develop the cyber-physical system (CPS). The cyber-physical system is a multi-dimensional complex system that integrates computing, networking and physical environment. It realizes real-time perception, dynamic control and information services of large engineering systems through the organic integration and deep collaboration of 3C (Computer, Communication, Control) technologies. Through the human-computer interaction interface, the cyber-physical system realizes the interaction between the computing process and the physical process, and uses the networked space to control a physical entity in a remote, reliable, real-time, secure and collaborative manner. In essence, the cyber-physical system is a network with control attributes.

　　Unlike public infrastructure that provides information interaction and application, the focus of the development of cyber-physical systems is on the research and development of networked physical equipment systems that deeply integrate perception, computing, communication and control capabilities. From an industrial perspective, cyber-physical systems cover a range of applications from smart home networks to industrial control systems and even intelligent transportation systems, which are national and even world-class applications. More importantly, this coverage is not just about simply connecting existing devices together, but will give rise to a large number of devices with computing, communication, control, collaboration and autonomous capabilities. The next generation of industry will be built on cyber-physical systems. With the development and popularization of cyber-physical system technology, physical devices that use computers and networks to achieve functional expansion will be ubiquitous, and will promote the upgrading of industrial products and technologies, greatly improving the competitiveness of major industrial fields such as automobiles, aerospace, national defense, industrial automation, health and medical equipment, and major infrastructure. Cyber-physical systems will not only give birth to new industries, but will even reshape the existing industrial layout.

　　Intelligence: From Expert Systems to Meta-Learning

　　Intelligence reflects the quality attributes of information products. When we say that an information product is intelligent, we usually mean that the product can accomplish things that only intelligent people can accomplish, or has reached a level that only humans can achieve. Intelligence generally includes perception, memory and thinking, learning and adaptive, behavioral decision-making, etc. Therefore, intelligence can also be generally defined as: enabling an object to have sensitive and accurate perception functions, correct thinking and judgment functions, adaptive learning functions, and effective execution functions.

　　Intelligence is the eternal pursuit of the development of information technology, and the main way to achieve this pursuit is to develop artificial intelligence technology. In the more than 60 years since the birth of artificial intelligence technology, although it has experienced three ups and two downs, it has still made great achievements. From 1959 to 1976, it was a stage based on artificial representation of knowledge and symbol processing, which produced expert systems with important application value in some fields; from 1976 to 2007, it was a stage based on statistical learning and knowledge self-representation, which produced various neural network systems; in recent years, research based on environmental adaptation, self-game, self-evolution, and self-learning is forming a new stage of artificial intelligence development – meta-learning or methodological learning stage, which constitutes a new generation of artificial intelligence. The new generation of artificial intelligence mainly includes big data intelligence, group intelligence, cross-media intelligence, human-machine hybrid enhanced intelligence, and brain-like intelligence.

　　Deep learning is an outstanding representative of the new generation of artificial intelligence technology. Due to its performance that surpasses that of humans in many fields such as face recognition, machine translation, and chess competitions, deep learning has almost become synonymous with artificial intelligence today. However, deep learning has major challenges in terms of topological design, effect prediction, and mechanism explanation. There is no solid mathematical theory to support the solution of these three major problems. Solving these problems is the main focus of future research on deep learning. In addition, deep learning is a typical big data intelligence, and its applicability is based on the existence of a large number of training samples. Small sample learning will be the development trend of deep learning.

　　Meta-learning is expected to become the next breakthrough in the development of artificial intelligence. Recently developed meta-learning methods such as learning to learn, learning to teach, learning to optimize, learning to search, and learning to reason, as well as the outstanding performance of “AlphaGo Zero” in Go, have demonstrated the attractive prospects of such new technologies. However, meta-learning research is only just beginning, and its development still faces a series of challenges.

　　The new generation of artificial intelligence is already here, and the foreseeable development trend is based on big data, centered on model and algorithm innovation, and supported by powerful computing power. The breakthrough of the new generation of artificial intelligence technology depends on the comprehensive development of other types of information technology, as well as the substantial progress and development of brain science and cognitive science. (Xu Zongben, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and professor of Xi’an Jiaotong University)

現代國語：

數位化、網路化、智慧化是新一輪科技革命的突出特徵，也是新一代資訊科技的核心。數位化為社會資訊化奠定基礎，其發展趨勢是社會的全面數據化。資料化強調對資料的收集、聚合、分析與應用。網路化為資訊傳播提供實體載體，其發展趨勢是資訊物理系統（CPS）的廣泛採用。資訊物理系統不僅會催生出新的工業，甚至會重塑現有產業佈局。智慧化體現資訊應用的層次與水平，其發展趨勢為新一代人工智慧。目前，新一代人工智慧的熱潮已經來臨。

習近平同志在2018年兩院院士大會上的重要演講指出：「世界正進入以資訊產業為主導的經濟發展時期。我們要把握數位化、網路化、智慧化融合發展的契機，以資訊化、智慧化為槓桿培育新動能。

人類社會、物理世界、資訊空間構成了當今世界的三元。這三元世界之間的關聯與交互，決定了社會資訊化的特徵與程度。感知人類社會和物理世界的基本方式是數位化，連結人類社會與物理世界（透過資訊空間）的基本方式是網路化，資訊空間作用於物理世界與人類社會的方式是智慧化。數位化、網路化、智慧化是新一輪科技革命的突出特徵，也是新一代資訊科技的聚焦點。數位化為社會資訊化奠定基礎，其發展趨勢是社會的全面資料化；網路化為資訊傳播提供物理載體，其發展趨勢是資訊物理系統（CPS）的廣泛採用；智慧化體現資訊應用的層次與水平，其發展趨勢是新一代人工智慧。

數位化：從電腦化到資料化

數位化是指將資訊載體（文字、圖片、影像、訊號等）以數位編碼形式（通常是二進位）進行儲存、傳輸、加工、處理和應用的技術途徑。數位化本身指的是資訊表示方式與處理方式，但本質上強調的是資訊應用的電腦化和自動化。資料化（資料是以編碼形式存在的資訊載體，所有資料都是數位化的）除包括數位化外，更強調對資料的收集、聚合、分析與應用，強化資料的生產要素與生產力功能。數位化正從電腦化朝向資料化發展，這是當前社會資訊化最重要的趨勢之一。

資料化的核心內涵是對資訊科技革命與經濟社會活動交融生成的大數據的深刻認識與深層利用。大數據是社會經濟、現實世界、管理決策等的片段記錄，蘊含著片段化資訊。隨著分析技術與運算技術的突破，解讀這些片段化資訊成為可能，這使得大數據成為一項新的高新技術、一類新的科學研究範式、一種新的決策方式。大數據深刻改變了人類的思考方式和生產生活方式，為管理創新、產業發展、科學發現等多個領域帶來前所未有的機會。

大數據的價值生成有其內在規律（服從大數據原理）。只有深刻認識並掌握這些規律，才能提高自覺運用、科學運用大數據的意識與能力（大數據思維）。大數據的價值主要透過大數據技術來實現。大數據技術是統計學方法、電腦技術、人工智慧技術的延伸與發展，是正在發展中的技術，目前的熱點方向包括：區塊鏈技術、互通技術、存算一體化儲存與管理技術、大數據作業系統、大數據程式語言與執行環境、大數據基礎與核心演算法、大數據機器學習技術、大數據智慧技術、視覺化與人機互動分析技術、真偽判定與安全技術等。大數據技術的發展依賴一些重大基礎問題的解決，這些重大基礎問題包括：大數據的統計基礎與計算理論基礎、大數據計算的軟硬體基礎與計算方法、大數據推斷的真偽性判定等。

實施國家大數據戰略是推動資料化革命的重要途徑。自2015年我國提出實施國家大數據戰略以來，我國大數據快速發展的格局已初步形成，但也存在一些亟待解決的問題：數據開放共享滯後，數據資源紅利仍未得到充分釋放；企業贏利模式不穩定，產業鏈完整性不足；核心技術尚未取得重大突破，相關應用的技術水準不高；安全管理與隱私保護還存在漏洞，相關制度建設仍不夠完善；等等。目前，應採取有效措施解決制約我國大數據發展的瓶頸問題。

網路化：從網際網路到資訊物理系統

作為資訊化的公共基礎設施，網路已成為人們獲取資訊、交換資訊、消費資訊的主要方式。但是，網路關注的只是人與人之間的互聯互通以及由此帶來的服務與服務的互聯。

物聯網是互聯網的自然延伸和拓展，它透過資訊科技將各種物體與網路相連，幫助人們獲取所需物體的相關資訊。物聯網透過使用射頻識別、感測器、紅外線感應器、視訊監控、全球定位系統、雷射掃描器等資訊擷取設備，透過無線感測網路、無線通訊網路把物體與網路連接起來，實現物與物、人與物之間的即時資訊交換和通信，以達到智慧化識別、定位、追蹤、監控和管理的目的。互聯網實現了人與人、服務與服務之間的互聯，而物聯網實現了人、物、服務之間的交叉互聯。物聯網的核心技術包括：感測器技術、無線傳輸技術、大量資料分析處理技術、上層業務解決方案、安全技術等。物聯網的發展將經歷相對漫長的時期，但可能會在特定領域的應用中率先取得突破，車聯網、工業互聯網、無人系統、智慧家庭等都是當前物聯網大顯身手的領域。

物聯網主要解決人對物理世界的感知問題，而要解決對物理對象的操控問題則必須進一步發展資訊物理系統（CPS）。資訊物理系統是一個綜合運算、網路和物理環境的多維複雜系統，它透過3C（Computer、Communication、Control）技術的有機融合與深度協作，實現對大型工程系統的即時感知、動態控制和資訊服務。透過人機交互接口，資訊物理系統實現計算進程與實體進程的交互，利用網路化空間以遠端、可靠、即時、安全、協作的方式操控一個實體實體。從本質上來說，資訊物理系統是一個具有控制屬性的網路。

不同於提供資訊互動與應用的公用基礎設施，資訊物理系統發展的聚焦點在於研發深度融合感知、運算、通訊與控制能力的網路化實體設備系統。從產業角度來看，資訊物理系統的涵蓋範圍小到智慧家庭網路、大到工業控制系統乃至智慧交通系統等國家級甚至世界級的應用。更重要的是，這種涵蓋並不僅僅是將現有的設備簡單地連在一起，而是會催生出眾多具有計算、通訊、控制、協同和自治性能的設備，下一代工業將建立在在資訊物理系統之上。隨著資訊物理系統技術的發展和普及，使用電腦和網路實現功能擴展的實體設備將無所不在，並推動工業產品和技術的升級換代，大大提高汽車、航空航太、國防、工業自動化、健康醫療設備、重大基礎設施等主要工業領域的競爭力。資訊物理系統不僅會催生出新的工業，甚至會重塑現有產業佈局。

智能化：從專家系統到元學習

智能化反映資訊產品的品質屬性。我們說一個資訊產品是智慧的，通常是指這個產品能完成有智慧的人才能完成的事情，或是已經達到人類才能達到的程度。智能一般包括知覺能力、記憶與思考能力、學習與適應力、行為決策能力等。所以，智能化通常也可定義為：使對象具備靈敏準確的感知功能、正確的思考與判斷功能、自適應的學習功能、行之有效的執行功能等。

智能化是資訊科技發展的永恆追求，實現這項追求的主要途徑是發展人工智慧技術。人工智慧技術誕生60多年來，雖歷經三起兩落，但還是取得了巨大成就。 1959—1976年是基於人工表示知識和符號處理的階段，產生了在一些領域具有重要應用價值的專家系統；1976—2007年是基於統計學習和知識自表示的階段，產生了各種各樣的神經網路系統；近幾年開始的基於環境自適應、自博弈、自進化、自學習的研究，正在形成一個人工智慧發展的新階段——元學習或方法論學習階段，這構成新一代人工智慧。新一代人工智慧主要包括大數據智慧、群體智慧、跨媒體智慧、人機混合增強智慧和類腦智慧等。

深度學習是新一代人工智慧技術的卓越代表。由於在人臉辨識、機器翻譯、棋類競賽等眾多領域超越人類的表現，深度學習在今天幾乎已成為人工智慧的代名詞。然而，深度學習拓樸設計難、效果預期難、機理解釋難是重大挑戰，還沒有一套堅實的數學理論來支持解決這三大難題。解決這些難題是深度學習未來研究的主要關注點。此外，深度學習是典型的大數據智能，它的可應用性是以存在大量訓練樣本為基礎的。小樣本學習將是深度學習的發展趨勢。

元學習有望成為人工智慧發展的下一個突破口。學會學習、學會教學、學會優化、學會搜尋、學會推理等新近發展的元學習方法以及「AlphaGo Zero」在圍棋方面的出色表現，展現了這類新技術的誘人前景。然而，元學習研究僅是開始，其發展還面臨一系列挑戰。

新一代人工智慧的熱潮已經來臨，可以預見的發展趨勢是以大數據為基礎、以模型與演算法創新為核心、以強大的運算能力為支撐。新一代人工智慧技術的突破依賴其他各類資訊技術的綜合發展，也依賴腦科學與認知科學的實質進步與發展。（中國科學院院士、西安交通大學教授徐宗本）

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.cac.gov.cn/2019-03/01/c_1124178478.htm

#Information Support Force, #新興戰爭技術, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國的情報戰, 中國的耗散戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍事認知域作戰的重點是什麼、重點在哪裡？, 認知戰

Truly Integrating Chinese Military Combat Preparation into Current Adversarial Defeat Operations

10/18/2024 admin Leave a comment

將中國軍事備戰真正融入當前抗擊作戰

現代英語：

Key points

　　● Our military’s preparations for military struggle are being carried out under the special background of dramatic changes in world military affairs. If we lack a strong awareness of keeping pace with the times and theoretical preparations for pioneering and innovation, we will not be able to carry the spirit of the times throughout the entire process of military struggle preparations.

　　● The many stages of military transformation and their possible changes are uncertain, which leads to different value judgments and behavioral norms. The only way to decide on these judgments and norms is to put them into the “general coordinates” of military transformation.

　　● Keeping pace with the times does not mean following the trend or following a routine. Leapfrog development is an inherent requirement of keeping pace with the times. The new historical mission requires us to shorten or even surpass certain development stages and take a road of military struggle preparation with distinctive characteristics.

　　The era of rapid change gave birth to great ideas. In his speech on May 31, General Secretary Jiang Zemin pointed out: “To implement the requirements of the ‘Three Represents’, the whole party must always maintain a spirit of keeping pace with the times and constantly open up new horizons for the development of Marxist theory…” The idea of keeping pace with the times proposed by Chairman Jiang is a high-level summary of the spirit of the times and a lasting spiritual driving force for promoting military innovation. It will surely have a profound impact on military struggle preparations. Guided by the important thought of “Three Represents”, we must vigorously promote the spirit of keeping pace with the times, open up the work situation with pioneering and innovation, and enhance combat effectiveness with emancipated minds, so as to put “winning” into practice.

　　The most prominent background of military struggle preparation is the new military transformation

　　The important thought of “Three Represents” is the result of the Chinese Communists observing and thinking about the changes in the world and China today, and adhering to and developing Marxism in new practices. Keeping pace with the times is a concept that reflects the essential characteristics of the times. To examine military struggle preparations with this concept, we should first look at what kind of changes have taken place in the background of our times.

　　There are many factors that affect the preparation for military struggle: the development of the international situation, the evolution of the strategic pattern, the judgment of security threats… However, the most direct, profound and extensive influence is the new round of military revolution that emerged at the end of the last century.

　　———A revolution in combat elements: simultaneous improvement in strike, defense, and mobility. For thousands of years, no military revolution has achieved simultaneous development of strike, defense, and mobility in a short period of time. The military revolution taking place today is turning the ideal model of simultaneous improvement of the three combat capabilities into reality.

　　The improvement of strike capability is mainly due to precision-guided weapons. The accuracy of traditional unguided weapons is generally in a stable inverse relationship with the strike distance, but precision-guided weapons are changing the “range-accuracy” law. The accuracy does not decrease with the increase of range. This change has a strong impact on the time, space and effectiveness concepts formed in the previous generation of wars, and new tactics such as “non-contact combat” and “out-of-area strike” have emerged.

　　In all previous military reforms, the transformation of defense capabilities has always been “half a beat slower”, and the battlefield strictly follows the iron rule of “saving oneself by destroying the enemy”. Some people even believe that the armor revolution in the 20th century was just an extension of the idea of ”blocking and offsetting the opponent’s attack power” in the cold weapon era, and it is not really a defense revolution. Today, a real defense revolution has quietly arrived. The representative technology is stealth technology, known as “low detectability technology”. It breaks through the traditional routine that has been followed for thousands of years, “saves itself” by reducing the probability of the target being discovered, and at the same time creates conditions for achieving the suddenness of the attack. It can be called an offensive defense method of “saving oneself” first and then “destroying the enemy”, and its development prospects are unlimited.

　　Mobility is shifting to “air”, and military mobility is showing multi-dimensional and three-dimensional characteristics. With the cross-generational improvement of intelligence support, command and control, and mobility tools, air mobility has leapt from the tactical level to the campaign level. At present, the number of helicopters in the main forces of the military of some developed countries is roughly equal to that of tanks, with an average of one helicopter for every 100 soldiers. Once the ground is no longer an obstacle, what new landscape will appear on the battlefield?

　　———Revolution in the military structure: integration of all services. Integration is a prominent manifestation of the achievements of the new military revolution in the field of command and coordination. Since the establishment of services, the military has believed in the idea of integrated operations, but the difficulty of “horizontal flow” of information has restricted the improvement of the overall combat capability of the military. Since the 1980s, digital communication equipment, friend-or-foe identification systems, global positioning systems, and computer networks have successively entered the battlefield. For the first time, troops of different types, levels, and spaces have the ability to “horizontally flow” information, creating conditions for integrated operations. Reflecting this trend is the concept of “action-centered warfare” proposed by the US military in recent years. Based on the development of sensor technology, computer network technology and rapid response capabilities, the US military has transformed “plan-centered warfare” into “action-centered warfare”, which will be a profound change in the field of military command and coordination, and the integrated operations of all services will reach a new level.

　　Integration is also reflected in the formation of the army. First, the boundaries between the services are weakened. Since World War II, the power of the services has usually been directly controlled by the strategic command, forming a clear boundary between the services. In future joint operations, the traditional command system can no longer adapt to the special requirements of timeliness. It is necessary to break the original boundaries between the services and form an integrated force. At present, the establishment of a “joint task force” composed of an army brigade task force, an air force fighter squadron, a naval ship unit and a marine expeditionary unit is a new attempt by the military of developed countries to seek integration. Secondly, the boundaries between the services are weakened. The military of developed countries has formed mixed-service synthetic forces. For example, the US Air Force will establish 10 expeditionary aerospace forces by 2003 based on the “mixed wing” experiment in the past few years; the United Kingdom has mixed the Navy’s “Sea Harrier” aircraft with the Air Force’s “Harrier” fighter since 2000. It can be foreseen that in the near future, a new pattern will emerge in the relatively stable military structure formed in the era of mechanized warfare. Some scholars call it a “revolution of relationships” and a “revolution of structure”, which is indeed a vision.

　　———Revolution of combat systems: transformation from mechanized army to informationized army. Human society is facing the third major transformation in history, and the wave of information revolution continues. A few years ago, the concept of informationization as “intelligent” warfare was still beyond people’s vision, but today few people doubt its emergence.

　　Since the advent of the industrial age, war has shown an accelerating development trend, especially in the half century after World War II. Mechanization, as the mainstream of war, has reached its peak, but it has also fallen into a dilemma: the physical performance of weapons and equipment has reached its limit, and the return on investment is very small; the catastrophic consequences of nuclear weapons make it increasingly difficult to play a role in war; the harm to innocent people and the pollution to the environment caused by weapons of mass destruction have led to ecological deterioration… There is almost no way to continue to develop within the framework of mechanization. People began to seek new ways, that is, to solve the problems of strike efficiency and combat effectiveness from a deeper level, and strive to achieve precision, controllability and intelligence, and this is informatization. At present, the armies of many countries are working hard to open up a path of change to break out of the dilemma of mechanized warfare. The trend of mechanized warfare giving way to information warfare is irreversible. President Jiang has a keen insight into the major changes in the world’s military field and pointed out that the essence of the new military revolution is the information revolution, which has pointed out the direction for our army to meet the challenges of the new military revolution in the world.

　　At present, the armed forces of developed countries are vigorously promoting the informatization of weapons and equipment. While actively developing C4I systems, precision-guided munitions, smart weapons, and digital individual equipment, they also focus on doing a good job in top-level design, integrating target reconnaissance and surveillance, target information processing and transmission, precision strikes, and damage assessment to form a “military system”. In this way, the combat system of the industrial age, which is suitable for exerting the potential of firepower and mobility, has been gradually transformed into a combat system of the information age, which is suitable for the rapid flow and use of information.

　　Our military’s preparations for military struggle coincide with the real upheaval in the world’s military field. Having experienced this revolution, we should have a stronger sense of the times and urgency than ever before. When we are preparing for real threats, we must not ignore or forget that we are in a new era, and we must not be busy responding and indifferent to the general trend. Not being attached to things we are already familiar with, keenly absorbing the new things shown to us by the historical trend, taking advantage of the trend, and taking a bigger step, this is the powerful response of the idea of keeping pace with the times to the challenges of the times.

　　Designing the “general coordinates” of military struggle preparation in accordance with the general trend of military transformation

　　In his “May 31” speech, General Secretary Jiang pointed out: “Adhering to the ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts and promoting the spirit of keeping pace with the times are decisive factors in the Party’s maintaining its advanced nature and creativity under the conditions of long-term governance. Whether our Party can always do this will determine China’s development prospects and destiny.” If we understand keeping pace with the times from the perspective of “determining destiny,” military struggle preparations will be able to find reference in a broader context.

　　———Inspiration from history: Those who follow the trend will prosper, and those who go against the trend will perish. Those who follow the historical trend are destined to be favored by history, and those who seize the initiative are often those armies that are extremely sensitive to the historical trend. In the mid-19th century, Prussia was earlier than other countries to realize the challenges brought by the Industrial Revolution to the military field, and took the lead in realizing the transition of the military system to mechanized warfare, which gave it a decisive advantage over those European armies with more troops and higher technological levels in the following decades.

　　On the contrary, there is a clear gap between the huge military investment and the results achieved, and the reason is probably the lack of a keen sense of smell to seize the opportunity. From the mid-17th century to the end of the 18th century, Chinese society developed to the extreme under the original system framework, and the military was also in the heyday of the cold weapon era. Almost at the same time, a series of earth-shaking changes took place in the world: the gunpowder revolution was in full swing, and the mechanization revolution followed. Faced with the impact of military changes, the Qing army clung to the pedantic idea that “riding and shooting are the foundation of Manchuria”, calling inventions and creations “strange skills and tricks” and viewing strong ships and powerful guns as sorcery. The Qing Dynasty was eventually passively beaten and lost its power and humiliated the country.

　　History has striking similarities, but the choices of historical paths have their merits and demerits. Today, the world’s military is once again facing major changes, major developments, and major turning points. After the Gulf War, the Central Military Commission was keenly aware that the world’s military field was undergoing extensive and profound changes, and promptly formulated a military strategic policy for the new era, requiring that the basis of military struggle preparation be placed on winning local wars under modern technology, especially high-tech conditions; in 1996, under the guidance of this strategic policy, it was proposed that the guiding ideology of military construction must achieve two fundamental changes from quantity and scale to quality and efficiency, and from manpower-intensive to technology-intensive; in 1997, with great wisdom and extraordinary courage, the “three-step” strategy for the cross-century development of the military was determined… These major measures fully reflect the forward-looking vision of keeping pace with the times. Over the past decade, the reason why our military’s preparation for military struggle in the new era has been able to make continuous progress and breakthroughs is because the spirit of the times that keeps pace with the times has been integrated into it.

　　———Useful experience: Take reform as the focus of military struggle preparation. After the Cold War, the international situation changed, and the armies of various countries began to redesign their development blueprints. The general practice is to attach great importance to the impact of new military changes, emphasize the historical opportunity of war transformation, and promote military reform in accordance with the requirements of the times. Waves of reforms have emerged one after another, and finally formed a reform trend that swept the world.

　　According to the “2001-2002 Strategic Assessment Report” recently published by the London International Institute for Strategic Studies, after the “9.11” incident, the US military proposed a new round of military reform plans, which included six important components, the first of which was “concepts on future wars.” With a new view on future wars, the war machine must be remodeled. In fact, the former Soviet army was the first to realize the current military revolution, but the US military came later. When many mechanized armies were still arguing about whether informatization would come, the US military quietly began the informatization reform and established the “Senior Steering Committee for Military Revolution Research” in 1994 as the organizational leadership of military reform. Each branch of the military has also established corresponding institutions, such as the Army Digitalization Office and Ground Information Warfare Center, the Navy New Operational Concept Committee and Fleet Information Warfare Center, and the Air Force Information Warfare Center. After years of accumulation, a large number of beneficial results have been achieved, providing coordinates for the military’s informatization transformation.

　　The deeper the reform, the more difficult it is to operate. The armies of many countries have seen that the military system that has been perfected in the mechanized era has little room for transformation, and must vigorously promote the new military revolution. The US Department of Defense has set up five working groups to focus on how to use information technology to completely transform the US military, and has established six combat laboratories dedicated to studying information warfare. The US military believes that it is currently unable to effectively cope with various complex new security challenges, and needs to carry out military reforms with the goal of rapid, flexible, and effective joint operations of all arms, including the establishment of a standing joint task force, the development of required leapfrog technologies, the enhancement of the flexibility of command organizations, the reform of procurement strategies, the abandonment of old military systems to free up funds for new systems, and so on. Although the conditions for promoting the new military revolution in Russia, Britain, France, Japan and other countries are not as complete as those in the United States, they have also formulated long-term national defense development strategies and military construction plans, and accelerated the pace of their own military reforms to meet the challenges of the new military revolution. These reform measures reflect the general direction and are worth learning from for our army.

　　———The call of mission: Unify military struggle preparation and building a first-class army. The tasks of our army’s military struggle preparation are determined, but the reference system of army building is not solidified. The changing international environment, the uncertain strategic pattern and the complex surrounding security situation faced by our country have determined that once a war breaks out, our combat opponents and combat directions may not be single, and the main strategic direction is also relative and variable. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, almost none of the several local wars we have fought were carried out in the strategic direction we have prepared. If we only target one opponent and imagine one situation, it is undoubtedly a strategic shortsightedness.

　　In the face of this situation, how can we prepare for military struggle? The answer is: improve the starting point of military struggle preparation and build a first-class army. In a reality full of uncertainty and unpredictability, the most important thing is to have the “ability” to cope with various situations. This is like participating in a large-scale international competition. It is not enough to just defeat one opponent. Only by defeating a series of opponents can you win the championship, which requires comprehensive strength. Therefore, military struggle preparation should be planned for the long term, not overly focusing on recent threats and ignoring long-term construction. While highlighting the key points, we should focus on developing the ability of the entire army to cope with challenges and unexpected events. This ability can only be obtained by strengthening quality construction and catching up with the world’s military powers. Take advantage of our “latecomer advantage”, draw nourishment from the history of military development in developed countries, accelerate the process of catching up with advanced technology, advanced systems, and advanced ideas, avoid the detours they have taken, and finally form our own advantages. In this way, we can prepare for recent threats while also taking care of the future.

　　The military revolution is global, but it will not automatically visit every country. Although it has made it possible for the armies of developing countries to catch up, opportunities only come to those who respond correctly. We have unified the two strategic tasks of preparing for real military struggles and strengthening the quality of military construction, preparing while building, using preparation to drive construction and construction to promote preparation. This is undoubtedly the right choice.

　　Taking a Distinctive Path of Military Struggle Preparation in the Trend of Change

　　Due to different starting points, the military of different countries has shown diversity in the choice of development path. A foreign scholar once asserted: “What aspects of an army lag behind and how much it lags behind completely determines the pattern of historical change.” In the field of economics, this phenomenon is called “path dependence.” If the path of change of the world’s military powers is regarded as the only model and applied to oneself without thinking, then it will inevitably lead to a serious misalignment of the starting point, path and goal.

　　———Establish a brand-new development strategy. In the 21st century, the war will inevitably enter the informationization stage. In this transition, the armies of countries around the world may undergo new differentiation, resulting in major differences and imbalances in combat capabilities. To avoid being left behind in the new competition, conventional strategies will not work. We must find a way to catch up quickly.

　　Mechanization is the path to development for Western armies. This is because the historical background at that time provided them with special conditions. It is impossible for our army to have these historical conditions again and to achieve the same level of development in the form of mechanized warfare. Therefore, we should seriously reflect on whether we can really catch up with the armies of developed countries in the framework of mechanization.

　　Information warfare is a great leap forward in the form of warfare. In fact, the development from the old form to the new form is achieved through a series of huge changes within the combat system. This transformation is not a linear transition from the old form to the new form, but a “transfer development”. Just as “steamboats are not evolutionary sailboats; cars are not evolutionary improvements on horses and carriages; transistors are not better vacuum tubes”, “transfer development” is a change in the nature and direction of combat means. Its prominent features are its transition, nonlinearity, discontinuity and innovation. Looking forward from the perspective of the old form in a straight line, you cannot see the new form.

　　Our army is still in the process of mechanization. The limitations of mechanization are rapidly emerging but have not yet been fully exposed. In some areas of information technology, our army has gradually entered the new military revolution, and even in some parts and to some extent, it is not behind many Western countries’ armies. This shows a fact that mechanization and informatization are not completely connected in a straight line. Under certain conditions, it is possible to achieve leapfrog development. The agricultural civilization of ancient Egypt was not built on the basis of the world’s most developed hunting and gathering civilization, and the British pioneering industrial civilization did not have the world’s most developed agricultural civilization.

　　The discontinuity and transition of the new war form often provide a historical opportunity for the army that was not advanced to catch up. The information revolution provides an opportunity for our army to achieve leapfrog development without fully developed mechanization.

　　———Use informatization to drive mechanization. The “generational” development of weapons and equipment is not only an important part of the new military revolution, but also its origin. A fundamental question is: for which generation of war are the weapons systems being developed or introduced preparing? If we use yesterday’s equipment to meet tomorrow’s war, we will inevitably run into a wall. Let’s take an example. The radar system used by the vast majority of early warning aircraft currently in service is an active radiation radar, which will basically have no survivability in the next generation of war. If we blindly introduce such early warning aircraft, is it a strategic miscalculation? Obviously, forward-looking awareness is particularly important for equipment development.

　　The so-called advanced consciousness, for our army at this stage, is to establish the development concept of “using informatization to drive mechanization”. The information revolution has provided opportunities for our army to develop by leaps and bounds, but it is impossible to completely leapfrog the mechanization stage. The mechanization level of our army’s weapons and equipment is still not high, and some are even only semi-mechanized. Using informatization to drive mechanization means moderately developing mechanization, but not pursuing the most advanced mechanization, not affecting the capital investment in informatization transformation, not over-performing the mechanized command system and mechanism, and ensuring the smooth progress of informatization transformation while maintaining the mechanized combat mode. Combine moderate development of mechanization with informatization, and while maintaining the former, focus on the latter.

　　———Deepen reform while inheriting. As early as 1996, President Jiang pointed out: “From the current trend of world military development, the problem of unreasonable organizational system of our army is also quite prominent. The adjustment and reform of organizational system should continue to be carried out actively and steadily.” Any army is following the organizational tradition that has been tested by practice and reflects its own characteristics. For example, Sweden has adopted the organizational system of integrating soldiers with civilians for hundreds of years, and the organizational system of the Indian Army still retains the “wing system” tradition of the British Indian period… However, the impact point of military reform is often aimed at the organizational system first. The “hub” position of the organizational system makes it the focus of any army that wants to make a difference.

　　As the military revolution develops in depth, a series of innovative achievements in weapons and equipment, personnel quality and combat theory will eventually need to be materialized in a smooth system, and scientific mechanisms will be used to express and reflect them, so that they can release energy most quickly and effectively. The adjustment of the organizational system of our army should break through the accumulated problems, transcend tradition, create enough space to promote institutional reform, and unswervingly work towards the direction of “appropriate scale, reasonable structure, and flexible command” required by Chairman Jiang. The so-called keeping pace with the times means that we should boldly reform the focus and difficulties of these top-level designs, and should not be burdened by the details in front of us.

　　———Using science and technology as the driving force. In the process of new military transformation, our army’s scientific spirit and scientific and technological awareness are keeping pace with the times. The whole army has carried out extensive, in-depth and long-term scientific and technological training activities, and has embarked on a new training development path driven by science and technology.

　　Historically, armies that reject science and technology have always been doomed. During World War II, the Japanese Kwantung Army believed that “belief rather than knowledge is the factor in completing the mission”, and its combat regulations insisted on “hand-to-hand combat”. In the “Zhanggufeng Incident” in 1938, although the casualties in hand-to-hand combat only accounted for 2.8% of the total casualties, the Kwantung Army’s combat regulations in 1941 still emphasized “hand-to-hand combat” and lacked training to deal with tanks and aircraft. After the war, the Japanese army admitted that the Kwantung Army “had almost zero modern combat training”. Western armies have a tradition of advocating science, and they attach great importance to timely revising training regulations and adjusting training content according to the development of military technology. It is reported that the US Air Force no longer conducts training in close-range air combat projects, but focuses on controlling missile flight.

　　In recent years, the whole army has carried out a comprehensive reform of the content of education and training in accordance with the requirements of the military strategic policy of the new era, and has achieved phased results. However, the reform that has been carried out is preliminary, and there is still a long way to go. The innovation of education and training content should focus on the requirements of the next generation of war on personnel quality and combat capability, and make a good overall design from top to bottom. In recent years, our army has built a military training information network for the whole army and campus networks of various colleges and universities, established a large number of modern teaching venues and training grounds, developed and distributed a large number of training simulation equipment that matches new equipment, and realized the interconnection and interoperability of campaign and tactical training simulation systems… We will hold high the torch of the spirit of the times, keep pace with the times, and rely closely on scientific and technological progress to continuously push education and training to a new level.

現代國語：

柴宇球、曾蘇南、本報記者張國育

內容提要

●我軍軍事鬥爭準備是在世界軍事真正發生劇變的特殊背景下進行的。如果缺乏與時俱進的強烈意識和開拓創新的理論準備，就無法把時代精神貫穿軍事鬥爭準備的整個過程

●軍事變革的許多階段及其可能變化具有不確定性，因此產生了不同的價值判斷和行為準則。決定這些判斷和準則的取捨，只能把它們放到軍事變革的「總座標」中去考慮

●與時俱進不是隨波逐流，不是按部就班，跨越式發展是與時俱進的題中應有之義。新的歷史使命要求我們縮短甚至超越某些發展階段，走具有鮮明特色的軍事鬥爭準備之路

激變時代催生偉大思想。江澤民總書記在「5·31」演講中指出：「貫徹好『三個代表』要求，必須使全黨始終保持與時俱進的精神狀態，不斷開拓馬克思主義理論發展的新境界…」。江主席提出的與時俱進思想，是時代精神的高度概括，也是推動軍事創新的持久的精神動力，它必將對軍事鬥爭準備產生深遠影響。以「三個代表」重要想法為指導，大力弘揚與時俱進的精神，用開拓創新打開工作局面，用解放思想提升戰鬥力，才能把「打得贏」落實。

軍事鬥爭準備最突出的時代背景是新軍事變革

「三個代表」重要思想是中國共產黨人觀察、思考當今世界和中國的變化，在新的實踐中堅持與發展馬克思主義的結果。與時俱進，則是反映了時代本質特徵的觀念。用這個觀念來檢視軍事鬥爭準備，首先應當看我們所處的時代背景究竟發生了什麼樣的改變。

影響軍事鬥爭準備的因素很多：國際情勢的發展，戰略格局的演變，對安全威脅的判斷……但是，影響最直接、最深刻、最廣泛的，當首推上世紀末期興起的新一輪軍事革命。

———戰鬥要素的革命：打擊力、防護力、機動力同步提升。千百年來，還沒有哪一次軍事變革在短時間內使打擊、防護、機動能力獲得同步發展。而當今發生的這場軍事變革，正把三種作戰能力同時提升的理想模式變成現實。

打擊能力的提升主要得益於精確導引武器。傳統非導引武器的命中精準度一般與打擊距離構成穩定的反比關係，而精確導引武器卻在改變「射程-精準度」規律，它不因射程的增大而降低精準度。這項變革猛烈衝擊著上一代戰爭中形成的時間觀、空間觀和效能觀，「非接觸作戰」、「防區外打擊」等新戰法應運而生。

在歷次軍事變革中，防護能力的變革總是“慢半拍”，戰場嚴格遵循“靠消滅敵人來保存自己”的鐵律。甚至有人認為，20世紀的裝甲革命只是冷兵器時代「阻隔與抵消對方打擊威力」的思路的延伸，實在算不上是一次防護革命。今天，一場真正意義上的防護革命悄然而至，代表性的技術是被稱為「低可探測性技術」的隱身技術，它突破了沿襲數千年的傳統套路，透過降低目標被發現的機率來“保存自己”，同時又為達成攻擊的突然性創造了條件，堪稱先“保存自己”再“消滅敵人”的進攻性防護手段，其發展前景不可限量。

機動力正向「空中化」轉移，軍隊機動呈現多維立體的特徵。隨著情報保障、指揮控制、機動工具的跨代式改善，空中機動能力從戰術級躍升到了戰役級。目前，有些已開發國家軍隊主力部隊的直升機數量與坦克大致相等，平均每100名士兵就有一架直升機。一旦地面不再成為障礙物時，戰場將出現什麼新景觀？

———軍隊結構的革命：諸軍兵種一體化。一體化是新軍事變革的成果在指揮協同領域的突出體現。自從有了軍兵種，軍隊就信奉整體作戰思想，但由於資訊的「橫向流動」比較困難，制約了軍隊整體作戰能力的提升。自1980年代以來，數位化通訊設備、敵我識別系統、全球定位系統、電腦網路相繼躋身戰場，不同類型、不同層級、不同空間的部隊第一次具備了資訊「橫向流動」的能力，為一體化作戰創造了條件。反映這一趨勢的是近年來美軍提出的「行動中心戰」概念。基於感測器技術、電腦網路技術及快速反應能力的發展，美軍把“計劃中心戰”轉變為“行動中心戰”，這將是軍隊指揮協同領域的一次深刻變革，諸軍兵種一體化作戰將由此達到一個新水平。

一體化也體現在軍隊編成上。首先是軍種界限的弱化。二次大戰以來，軍種力量通常由戰略統帥部直接掌握，形成了涇渭分明的軍種界限。未來聯合作戰，傳統的指揮體制已無法適應對時效性的特殊要求，必須打破原有的軍種界限，組成一體化部隊。目前，建立由陸軍旅特遣隊、空軍戰鬥機中隊、海軍艦艇部隊和陸戰隊遠徵分隊組成的“聯合特遣部隊”，就是發達國家軍隊謀求一體化的新嘗試。其次是兵種界線的弱化。已開發國家軍隊紛紛組成兵種混編合成部隊，如美國空軍在前幾年「混編聯隊」試驗的基礎之上，將在2003年前建立10支遠徵型航空航天部隊；英國從2000年開始將海軍的「海鷂」飛機與空軍的「鷂」式戰鬥機混合編組。可以預見，在不遠的將來，機械化戰爭時代所形成的相對穩定的軍隊結構將出現新格局。有些學者稱之為“關係的革命”、“結構的革命”，不失為一種遠見。

———作戰體系的革命：機械化軍隊轉變為資訊化軍隊。人類社會正面臨歷史上第三次大轉型，資訊革命的浪潮持續不斷。幾年前，作為「智慧化」戰爭的資訊化概念尚在人們的視野之外，而今天沒有多少人再懷疑它的出現。

戰爭自進入工業時代以來，呈現出加速度發展趨勢，尤其是第二次世界大戰後的半個世紀，機械化作為戰爭形態的主流已經達到它的巔峰，但同時也陷入了困境：武器裝備的物理性能達到極限，大量的投入回報甚微；核武的災難性後果，使其越來越難以在戰爭中發揮作用；大規模殺傷性武器造成的對無辜人民的傷害和對環境造成的污染，導致生態惡化……在機械化的框架中繼續發展幾乎沒有出路，人們開始尋求新的方式，即從更深層面上解決打擊效率和作戰效果問題，努力實現精確化、可控化和智能化，而這就是信息化。目前，許多國家軍隊都在努力開拓跳出機械化戰爭困境的變革之路，機械化戰爭讓位給資訊化戰爭的趨勢不可逆轉。江主席敏銳洞察世界軍事領域發生的重大變化，精闢指出了新軍事變革的本質是資訊化革命，為我軍迎接世界新軍事變革的挑戰指明了方向。

目前，已開發國家軍隊都在大力推進武器裝備的資訊化建設，在積極發展C4 I系統、精確制導彈藥、靈巧武器、數位化單兵裝備的同時，注重搞好頂層設計，使目標偵察與監視、目標資訊處理與傳輸、精確打擊與毀傷評估實現一體化，形成「軍事大系統」。這樣，就把工業時代的適於發揮火力和機動力潛能的作戰體系，逐步改造成了資訊時代的適於資訊快速流動和使用的作戰體系。

我軍軍事鬥爭準備恰逢世界軍事領域正發生著真正的劇變，親歷了這場革命，我們應有比以往更強烈的時代感和緊迫感。當我們針對現實威脅認真準備的時候，我們一定不可以忽略或忘記我們正置身一個新的時代，一定不可以忙於應對而淡漠大勢。不眷戀我們已經熟悉了的東西，敏銳吸納歷史潮流為我們展示的新鮮事物，乘勢而上，把步子邁得更大一點，這就是與時俱進思想對時代挑戰的有力回應。

按照軍事變革大趨勢設計軍事鬥爭準備“總坐標”

江總書記在「5·31」演講中指出：「堅持解放思想、實事求是的思想路線，弘揚與時俱進的精神，是黨在長期執政條件下保持先進性和創造力的決定性因素。我們黨能否始終做到這一點，決定著中國的發展前途和命運。

———歷史的啟蒙：順應趨勢者昌，逆趨勢而動者亡。順應歷史潮流注定得到歷史的青睞，搶先者往往是那些對歷史潮流異常敏感的軍隊。 19世紀中葉，普魯士比其他國家更早察覺到工業革命對軍事領域帶來的挑戰，率先實現了軍事體係向機械化戰爭的過渡，從而使它在後來數十年間比那些兵力更多、科技水平更高的歐洲軍隊都佔有決定性優勢。

相反的情形是，軍事上的巨額投入與所取得的成果之間存在明顯落差，其原因恐怕也是缺乏乘勢而動的靈敏嗅覺。 17世紀中葉至18世紀末，中國社會在原有的體系框架下發展到了極致，軍事上也處於冷兵器時代的鼎盛期。幾乎在同一時間，世界發生了一系列改天換地的變革：火藥革命方興未艾，機械化革命接踵而至。面對軍事變革的衝擊，滿清軍隊卻死抱著“騎射乃滿洲根本”的迂腐觀念，把發明創造稱為“奇技淫巧”，把堅船利炮看成妖術。大清王朝最終被動挨打，喪權辱國。

歷史有著驚人的相似之處，歷史道路的選擇卻有高下優劣之分。當今，世界軍事又面臨大變動、大發展、大轉折。海灣戰爭以後，中央軍委敏銳察覺到世界軍事領域正在發生廣泛而深刻的變革，及時制定了新時期軍事戰略方針，要求把軍事鬥爭準備的基點放在打贏現代技術特別是高技術條件下的局部戰爭上；19 96年，在這一戰略方針的指導下，提出軍隊建設的指導思想必須實現由數量規模型向質量效能型、由人力密集型向科技密集型的兩個根本性轉變；1997年，又以高度的智慧和過人的膽魄，確定了軍隊跨世紀發展“三步走”戰略……這些重大舉措，充分體現了與時俱進的前瞻性視野。十多年來，我軍新時期軍事鬥爭準備之所以能夠不斷取得進展與突破，就是因為把與時俱進的時代精神融入其中。

———有益的經驗：把改革當作軍事鬥爭準備的著力點。冷戰後，國際局勢起了變化，各國軍隊開始重新設計發展藍圖。普遍的做法是，高度重視新軍事變革的影響，強調掌握戰爭形態轉型的歷史機遇，並依照時代要求推動軍事改革。一個波次接一個波次的改革浪潮此起彼伏，最終形成了席捲全球的改革之勢。

根據倫敦國際戰略研究所最近發表的《2001-2002年度戰略評估報告》稱，「9·11」事件以後，美軍提出了新一輪的軍事改革計劃，其中包括六個重要組成部分，首要部分是「關於未來戰爭的設想」。對未來戰爭有了新看法，必然對戰爭機器進行新的改造。其實，最早意識到當今這場軍事變革的是前蘇軍，但美軍後來居上，當許多機械化為主的軍隊還在爭論資訊化是否會到來時，美軍不動聲色地開始了資訊化改革，於1994年成立了“軍事革命研究高級指導委員會”，作為軍事改革的組織領導機構。各軍種也成立了相應的機構，如陸軍數位化辦公室和地面資訊戰中心、海軍新作戰概念委員會和艦隊資訊戰中心、空軍資訊戰中心等。經過多年積累，取得了大量有益成果，為軍隊資訊化改造提供了座標。

改革越深入，操作的難度就越高。許多國家的軍隊已經看到，在機械化時代日臻完善的軍事體系已經沒有太大的改造空間，必須大刀闊斧地推進新軍事革命。美國國防部專門成立了5個工作小組，集中探討如何使用資訊科技徹底改造美軍，並且建立了6個專門研究資訊戰的戰鬥實驗室。美軍認為，目前還不能有效地應付各種複雜的新安全挑戰，需要以迅速、靈活、各兵種有效聯合行動為目標進行軍事改革，包括設立一支常備聯合特遣部隊，開發需要的躍進技術，增強指揮機構的彈性，改革採購策略，放棄舊的軍事系統以便為新系統騰出經費，等等。俄、英、法、日等國推行新軍事革命的條件雖然不如美國完備，但它們也紛紛制定面向長遠的國防發展戰略與軍隊建設規劃，加快本國軍事改革的步伐，以迎接新軍事革命的挑戰。這些反映了大方向的改革舉措，值得我軍借鏡。

———使命的呼喚：把軍事鬥爭準備和建設一流軍隊統一起來。我軍軍事鬥爭準備的任務是確定的，而軍隊建設的參考係卻不是凝固的。多變的國際環境、未定的戰略格局以及我國所面臨的複雜的周邊安全形勢，這些都決定了一旦發生戰事，我們的作戰對手和作戰方向可能都不是單一的，主要戰略方向也具有相對性和可變性。建國後，我們所進行的幾場局部戰爭，幾乎沒有一場是在我們準備好了的戰略方向進行的。如果僅僅瞄準一個對手，設想一種情況，無疑是一種戰略短視。

面對這種局面，如何做好軍事鬥爭準備？答案是：提高軍事鬥爭準備的起點，建立一支一流軍隊。在充滿不確定性和不可測性的現實中，具備應付各種情況的「能力」才是最重要的。這如同參加大型國際賽，光是戰勝一個對手不行，只有戰勝一系列對手才能奪冠，這就需要綜合實力。所以，軍事鬥爭準備要從長計議，不過度專注近期威脅而忽略長遠建設，在突出重點的同時，著力去開發整個軍隊應付挑戰和不測事件的能力。這種能力只有透過加強品質建設，在追趕世界軍事強國的過程中獲得。利用我們的“後發優勢”，從發達國家軍隊發展的歷史中汲取營養，加速對先進技術、先進體制、先進思想的追趕過程，避免他們走過的彎路，最終形成自己的優勢。這樣，我們才能在為近期威脅作好準備的同時，也關照好未來。

軍事革命是全球性的，但它不會自動光顧每一個國家，它雖然使後發國家軍隊有了奮起追趕的可能性，但機運只為那些正確應對者而來。我們把現實軍事鬥爭準備和加強軍隊質量建設兩大戰略任務統一起來，邊準備，邊建設，以準備牽引建設，以建設促進準備，這無疑是正確的抉擇。

在變革潮流中走具有特色的軍事鬥爭準備之路

不同國家軍隊由於起點不同，對發展道路的選擇呈現出多樣性。國外某學者曾斷言：「一支軍隊什麼方面落後、落後多少完全規定了歷史的變化模式。」經濟學領域稱這種現象為「路徑依賴」。如果把世界軍事強國的變革之路視為唯一模式，不假思索地套於自身，那麼，必然導致起點、途徑與目標的嚴重錯置。

———確立嶄新的發展思路。戰爭形態在21世紀必定跨入資訊化階段，世界各國軍隊有可能在這場過渡中發生新的分化，形成作戰水準的重大差異與不平衡。要避免在新的角逐中落伍，常規的思路肯定不行，必須找到一條快速追趕的路徑。

機械化是西方軍隊的發達之路，這是由於當時的歷史背景給西方軍隊提供了特殊條件，而我軍不可能重新具備這些歷史條件，不可能在機械化戰爭形態中獲得同等發達水平。因此，我們應該認真反思在機械化框架中能否真正趕上已開發國家軍隊的問題。

資訊化戰爭是戰爭形態的大飛躍。其實，從舊形態轉向新形態的發展是透過作戰系統內部一系列巨大轉變來實現的，這種轉變不是舊形態向新形態的直線推移，而是一種「轉移式發展」。正如「蒸氣船不是進化發展的帆船；汽車不是馬和馬車的進化型改進；晶體管不是一種較好的真空管」一樣，「轉移式發展」是作戰手段的本質、方向的改變，其突出特徵是它的轉折性、非線性、間斷性和創新性，從舊型態的視角向前直線展望是看不到新型態的。

我軍目前尚處在機械化進程中，機械化的局限性正在快速顯現但尚未完全暴露，而我軍在資訊科技某些領域已逐漸涉足新軍事革命，甚至在某些局部某種程度上並不比許多西方國家軍隊落後。這顯示了一個事實，機械化與資訊化並不完全是直線相接的，在具備一定的條件下，有可能實現跨越式發展。古埃及的農業文明並不是建立在世界最發達的採獵文明基礎上，英國開拓工業文明也不是擁有世界最發達的農業文明。

新戰爭形態的間斷性、轉折性往往會給原本並不先進的軍隊提供一個後來居上的歷史機會。資訊革命為我軍在不擁有充分發展的機械化的基礎上實現跨越式發展提供了機會。

———用資訊化牽引機械化。武器裝備的「斷代性」發展，既是新軍事變革的重要內容，也是它的始因。一個帶根本性的問題是：正在研發或引進的武器系統是為哪一代戰爭做準備？如果用昨天的裝備迎接明天的戰爭，難免會碰壁。試舉一例。現在正在服役的絕大多數預警機，採用的雷達系統是主動式輻射雷達，這在下一代戰爭中將基本沒有生存能力，如果盲目引進此類預警機，是不是一種戰略失算？顯然，超前意識對裝備發展來說尤其重要。

所謂超前意識，對現階段的我軍來說，就是確立「用資訊化牽引機械化」的發展觀。資訊革命為我軍跨越式發展提供了機遇，但機械化階段不可能完全跨越，我軍武器裝備的機械化水準還不高，有些甚至只是半機械化。用資訊化牽引機械化，就是適度發展機械化，但不追求最發達的機械化，不影響資訊化改造的資金投入，不過度完善機械化指揮體系和機制，在維持機械化作戰方式的同時，保證資訊化改造順利進行。把適度發展機械化與資訊化結合起來，在維持前者的同時，重心向後者傾斜。

———在繼承中深化改革。江主席早在1996年就指出：「從當前世界軍事發展的動向看，我軍的編制體制不合理的問題也比較突出，編制體制的調整改革要繼續積極穩妥地進行。」任何軍隊都在沿襲著經過實踐檢驗、體現自身特色的編制傳統，如瑞典幾百年來一直採取了寓兵於民的組織體制，印度陸軍的編制體制仍然保留著英印時期的「聯隊制」傳統……但是，軍事變革的衝擊點往往先瞄準編制體制。編制體制所處的「樞紐」地位，使它成為任何一支有所作為的軍隊所關注的焦點。

隨著軍事革命向縱深發展，武器裝備、人員素質和作戰理論的一系列革新成果，最終都需要物化於一種順暢的體制內，用科學的機制去表現它、反映它，使其最迅速、最有效地釋放能量。我軍的編制體制調整應當衝破積弊，超越傳統，創造足夠的空間促進機構改革，堅定不移地朝著江主席所要求的「規模適度、結構合理、指揮靈便」的方向努力。所謂與時俱進，就應當在這些頂層設計的焦點、難點上大膽改革，而不應為眼前的細節所累。

———以科學技術為推動力。在新軍事變革的過程中，我軍的科學精神、科技意識都在與時俱進，全軍廣泛、深入、持久地開展科技練兵活動，走出了一條以科學技術為推動力的新的訓練發展道路。

歷史上，拒絕科學技術的軍隊均難逃厄運。在二次大戰中，日本關東軍信奉“完成任務的因素，是信念而不是知識”，戰鬥條令一味主張“白刃主義”。到了1938年“張鼓鋒事件”，儘管白刃戰傷亡僅佔總傷亡的千分之二點八，但關東軍1941年的戰鬥條令仍然強調“白刃主義”，缺少對付坦克和飛機的訓練。日軍戰後承認，關東軍「在近代作戰訓練方面幾乎等於零」。而西方軍隊則具有崇尚科學的傳統，他們十分重視根據軍事科技的發展及時修改訓練條例，調整訓練內容。據報道，美空軍已不再進行空中近距格鬥項目的訓練，而把訓練重點放在控制飛彈飛行上。

近年來，全軍按照新時期軍事戰略方針的要求，對教育訓練內容進行了全面改革，取得了階段性成果。但已經進行的改革是初步的，今後的路還很長。教育訓練內容創新，應緊緊圍繞下一代戰爭對人員素質和作戰能力提出的要求，由上至下搞好整體設計。近年來，我軍建成了全軍軍事訓練資訊網和各院校校園網，建立了一大批現代化教學場館和訓練場地，研製配發了一大批與新裝備配套的訓練模擬器材，實現了戰役戰術訓練模擬系統的互連互通……我們將高擎與時俱進這把時代精神的火炬，緊緊依靠科技進步，把教育訓練不斷推向新境界。

http://jczs.sina.com.cn 2002年7月16日 07:51 解放军报

中國原創軍事資源：https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2002-07-16/7489888.html?from=wap

#Information Support Force, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Strategy Unleash Cognitive Power to Gain Victory

09/05/2024 admin Leave a comment

中國軍事戰略釋放認知力贏得勝利

現代英語：

In intelligent warfare, cognitive space is the key combat space, cognitive advantage is an important strategic advantage, and cognitive confrontation is the main form of confrontation. It can be said that “there is no war without cognition”. Cognition contains huge combat effectiveness, among which the perception system is the portal, the thinking mode is the core, and the psychological factor is the cornerstone. Improving perception efficiency, building intelligent thinking, stimulating psychological advantages, and maximizing the cognitive combat effectiveness of officers and soldiers will greatly help win intelligent warfare.

Perception effectiveness is linked to combat effectiveness

Information processing theory holds that cognition is not spontaneously generated by the brain, but requires external information input. The complex battlefield information is screened by the perception system and then processed by the brain to generate intelligence for recognizing the opponent and judging the situation. In this process, perception effectiveness is the key, which directly affects the battlefield survival rate and combat effectiveness. Samsonov, an expert on the history of World War II, said: “When the battle of Stalingrad was the most intense, a soldier could not survive on the battlefield for more than 9 minutes, and an officer could survive for 3 days.” Even though they are both soldiers, there is a big gap between the battlefield survival time of recruits and veterans. The difference in battlefield survival rate reflects the gap in perception effectiveness.

The battlefield situation is a ruthless examiner, the deadly artillery fire is a life-and-death test, and the perception efficiency is a sharp weapon for taking the test. The same test question is input into the sensory system of new recruits and veterans, and the output responses are very different: new recruits hear rumbling noises and panic, and self-rescue is still a problem, not to mention the ability to fight; veterans can hear the distance of the shells from the sound of the artillery, and can quickly hide and act decisively in the time difference between the sound of the artillery and the falling of the shells. On the battlefield where life and death are at the forefront, the perception system of combatants can only maximize their combat effectiveness if it responds “well” on the basis of “fast” and “accurate”. When war moves from the mechanization of “truth is only within the range of artillery” to the informatization and intelligence of “discovery is destruction”, facing the massive, multi-source, complex, heterogeneous and rapidly growing battlefield situation data, human perception speed and processing ability appear “dull and slow”. Intelligent “sensing nodes”, “perception systems” and “perception nerves” with sensors as the core have begun to appear, which will help combatants get out of the perception dilemma and achieve fast and effective perception and decision-making.

Intelligent perception of human-machine fusion provides powerful assistance to combat personnel, but also puts forward higher requirements. It is necessary to open up the “Ren Du Meridians” of empowerment and empowerment to improve the quality and efficiency of perception. Empowerment means to train officers and soldiers’ perception systems in all aspects, reduce the “unfamiliarity coefficient” of complex battlefield information, improve the “adaptability base”, and effectively promote the transformation of perception resources into perception capabilities in the game between perception stock and battlefield variables. Empowerment means to extend, expand and make up for human perception efficiency with the help of artificial intelligence technology. People are responsible for non-logical, fuzzy and irregular perception parts, such as prediction of unknown trends, feeling of incomplete information, and messy and irrelevant perception, so as to obtain “data beyond data, information behind information”; machines process logical, clear and regular perception parts, and use expert systems, knowledge graphs, brain-like computing and other intelligent perceptions to quickly extract high-value information from massive data, reduce the cognitive load of combat personnel, and achieve deep perception of battlefield situation.

Thinking is the underlying code for success

On the surface, military confrontation is a confrontation of hard power between the two sides, but at a deeper level, it is a contest of thinking power. In war, even the most advanced equipment is subject to a strong mind. Thinking, as the rational stage of the cognitive process, is the underlying code that determines victory in war.

The thinking of an army is the fuse that ignites its combat capability. Closed and backward thinking is like a fuse that gets damp and moldy. Even if there is a strong foundation of strength, it may not be able to fully burst out and release on the battlefield. In the late Qing Dynasty, China had the largest number of soldiers in the world and the strongest Beiyang Navy in Asia. The material strength to resist invasion was still vulnerable. “Backward thinking” led to the painful lesson of “backwardness will be beaten”. After World War I, Britain, France and Germany developed mechanized weapons and equipment almost simultaneously. When the German army was determined to use the “blitzkrieg” theory to guide mechanized warfare, the British and French armies adhered to the concept of positional warfare, so there was the tragedy of the German army sweeping across the battlefields of Western Europe in the early days of World War II. One in China and one outside, one far and one near, all reveal a truth: every era has its own war form and a matching thinking mode. Whoever occupies the commanding heights of thinking can seize the opportunity to win. In order to take the initiative in future intelligent warfare, we must boldly change our thinking and always focus on the horizon where the mast has just emerged.

Good thinking: Look up at the stars and build a military technology thinking system. Engels said that when the wave of technological revolution is surging around, we need to update and braver minds. In the face of the increasingly approaching intelligent war, if we cannot get rid of the path dependence and cognitive inertia of mechanized thinking in time, we will be like Poland during World War II. Facing the “armored torrent” of the German army, we were reluctant to give up the “world’s largest” cavalry. Not only were we defeated on the battlefield, but we will also be eliminated by the times. To adapt to intelligent warfare, we should keep a close eye on the leading and cutting-edge directions of military science and technology development, break the barriers of thinking, step out of the cognitive “comfort zone”, focus on building a military technology thinking system, and enhance the sensitivity, cognition, and understanding of forward-looking, strategic, and disruptive technologies and new tactics that may be hatched from them.

Good use: Be down-to-earth and promote the implementation of military technology thinking. Advanced technology should be in the hands of good users. On the basis of renewing the old and embracing the new in thinking mode, we should accelerate the innovation of scientific and technological knowledge and the improvement of scientific and technological literacy, continue to promote the application of main combat equipment technology, improve the coupling and control degree between people and intelligent weapons, explore the potential of equipment and the “optimal solution” of technology, and “secondary empowerment” for the release of weapon technology value.

Changeability: Seek change and innovation, and foresee the future in the activation of thinking. Douhet, the father of “air supremacy”, said that victory only smiles on those who can foresee the changes in the characteristics of war, not on those who wait for changes to happen before adapting. Military revolution is like a 100-meter hurdle race. When the starting gun sounds, whoever stops before the solidified thinking will lose the race. War will not remain unchanged, and thinking cannot be done once and for all. Only by taking the future as the orientation, accelerating the activation of thinking with a spirit of daily innovation and a diligent attitude, can the road to future victory be illuminated by the light of foresight.

The focus of the competition is psychological balance

Intelligent warfare is not only a “core war” but also a “psychological war”. During the Iraq War, the US military deployed more than 200 psychologists, psychologists and psychiatrists to participate in psychological warfare. They targeted the psychological weaknesses, blind spots and sensitive points of the Iraqi army, and used the pervasive information “ammunition” and ubiquitous network “transmitters” to complete the “bloodless” psychological manipulation in silence. To adapt to the “heart” characteristics of intelligent warfare, there must be an overall design of “strong equipment” and “strong heart” to build together, and the construction of steel platforms and psychological platforms to support each other, as well as local efforts to break through single points, increase the use of “smart +” technology in the cultivation of fighting spirit, psychological assessment, and psychological training, improve the contribution rate of information and intelligent technology, and constantly sharpen the psychological advantages of participants.

“Use soft to overcome hard” and strengthen the cultivation of fighting spirit. Engels said that guns will not move by themselves, and they need brave hearts and strong hands to use them. Psychological checks and balances are wars without gunpowder smoke, and the essence is still the contest of material forces supported by spiritual power. To win this war, more steel and more spirit are needed. We should actively try to use intelligent technology to strengthen psychological advantages, use technology to boost morale, and use morale to multiply capabilities. Improve cognitive emotions, enhance will quality, and comprehensively improve soft killing capabilities.

“Test people” and strengthen psychological assessment. The practice of assessing and selecting soldiers has existed since ancient times. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the athletic ability of young recruits was tested to see whether they could wear armor and carry out military activities. Those who could were called “victorious clothes” and those who could not were called “unvictorious clothes”. In modern wars, psychological confrontation is surging. We should actively play the role of psychological assessment, scientifically carry out stress psychological adjustment, and reduce the occurrence of combat stress reactions. With the help of artificial intelligence technology, such as face recognition and emotional analysis big data, facial expressions, sight directions, and eye contact times are captured and recorded to identify the internal psychological state and behavioral characteristics of officers and soldiers. Based on the assessment results, psychological adjustment should be made throughout the whole process, at all times, and in all dimensions. Psychological prevention should be done before the war, and officers and soldiers with substandard mental health should be found early, and “emotional impurities” and “psychological blockages” should be eliminated in time; psychological regulation should be done well during the war to ensure that the psychological state of the participants is maintained at the best level of combat, reduce wartime stress reactions, and improve battlefield survival rate and combat effectiveness; psychological recovery should be done well after the war to assist officers and soldiers in achieving a smooth transition between wartime and peacetime psychological states.

“Training to strengthen the heart” means strengthening psychological training. Clausewitz pointed out that the bravery of soldiers is different from the bravery of ordinary people. The bravery of ordinary people is a natural quality, while the bravery of soldiers can be cultivated through exercise and training. Winning intelligent wars urgently requires the empowerment of psychological training. We should establish the concept of psychological training to produce combat effectiveness, make full use of artificial intelligence means such as computer vision, human-computer interaction, and virtual reality technology to build a high-stress environment for the virtual battlefield, carry out immersive relaxation training, battlefield psychological adaptability, psychological endurance, and psychological stability training. Through these trainings, we help the combatants to effectively enhance their psychological resilience and stimulate their psychological potential by experiencing the battlefield environment in advance again and again, and prevent the occurrence of psychological damage in war.

(Author’s unit: Air Force Engineering University)

國語中文：

在智慧化戰爭中，認知空間是重點作戰空間，認知優勢是重要戰略優勢，認知對抗是主要對抗形式，可謂「無認知不戰爭」。認知中蘊含著巨大戰鬥力，其中感知系統是門戶，思考模式是核心，心理因素是基石。提升感知效能、建構智慧思維、激發心理優勢，最大限度釋放官兵認知戰力，對打贏智能化戰爭大有裨益。

感知效能連著作戰效能

資訊加工理論認為，認知不是大腦自發性產生的，需要外在資訊輸入。紛雜的戰場資訊經感知系統篩選，再由大腦加工產生用於認知對手、判斷情勢的情報。在這個過程中，感知效能是關鍵，它直接影響戰場存活率和作戰效能的發揮。二戰史專家薩姆索諾夫說：「史達林格勒戰役戰鬥最激烈的時候，一名士兵在戰場上存活時間不超過9分鐘，軍官是3天。」同樣是士兵，新兵與老兵的戰場存活時間也有較大距離。戰場存活率的差異，折射出感知效能的差距。

戰場態勢是無情考官，致命砲火是生死考題，感知效能是應考利器。同一道測驗輸入新兵和老兵的感覺系統，輸出的反應雲泥之別：新兵聽到的是隆隆巨響和驚慌恐懼，自救尚成問題，更別提作戰之力；老兵則能從砲聲中聽出砲彈落點的遠近，能在砲聲和砲彈落下的時間差裡迅速隱蔽，果斷行動。生死一線的戰場，作戰人員的感知系統只有在「快」「準」的基礎上做出「好」的反應，才能最大限度地發揮作戰效能。當戰爭從「真理只在大砲射程之內」的機械化步入「發現即摧毀」的資訊化智能化，面對海量、多源、複雜、異構且快速增長的戰場態勢數據，人類的感知速度和處理能力顯得「愚鈍遲緩」。以感測器為核心的智慧「感觸節點」「感知系統」「感知神經」開始出現，有助於作戰人員走出感知困境，實現快速有效地感知、決策。

人機融合智能感知為作戰人員提供了強大輔助，同時也提出了更高要求，需要打通增能與賦能的“任督二脈”，為感知效能增質提效。增能，就是要全方位訓練官兵的感知系統，降低對戰場複雜信息的“陌生係數”，提升“適應底數”，在感知存量與戰場變量博弈中，有效促進感知資源向感知能力轉化。賦能，就是藉力人工智慧技術延伸、拓展、彌補人的感知效能。人負責非邏輯、模糊、無規可循的感知部分，例如不明趨勢的預測、殘缺訊息的感覺、雜亂無關的知覺，以便獲得「數據之外的數據，訊息背後的訊息」；機器處理有邏輯、清晰、有規可循的感知部分，利用專家系統、知識圖譜、類腦運算等智慧感知，從大量資料中快速擷取高價值訊息，減輕作戰人員認知負荷，實現戰場態勢深度感知。

思考是製勝底層密碼

軍事對抗表面上看來是雙方硬實力的對抗，深層看則是思維力的較量。戰爭中，再先進的裝備也要受制於強大的頭腦，思維作為認識過程的理性階段，是決定戰爭制勝的底層密碼。

一支軍隊的思維是點燃作戰能力的引線。思維封閉落後，如同引線受潮發黴，就算有強大的實力基礎，也未必能在戰場上充分迸發釋放。晚清中國，兵員數量世界之最，北洋水師亞洲最強，空有抵禦入侵的物質力量仍不堪一擊，「思維落後」引發「落後就要挨打」的慘痛教訓。一戰後，英、法、德三國幾乎同步發展機械化武器裝備。當德軍決心以「閃電戰」理論指導機械化戰爭時，英法兩軍卻固守陣地戰理念，於是就有了二戰初期德軍橫掃西歐戰場的悲劇。一中一外，一遠一近，無不揭示一個道理：每個時代都有自己的戰爭形態和與之相匹配的思維模式，誰佔據思維制高點，誰就能搶佔制勝先機。要想在未來智慧化戰爭中佔據主動，必須大膽變革思維，始終把目光聚焦在桅杆剛冒出的地平線。

善思：仰望星空，建構軍事技術思維體系。恩格斯說，當科技革命的浪潮正在四周洶湧澎湃的時候，我們需要更新更勇敢的頭腦。面對日益走近的智能化戰爭，如果不能及時擺脫機械化思維的路徑依賴和認知慣性，就會像二戰時期的波蘭一樣，面對德軍的「裝甲洪流」捨不得放棄「世界上規模最大」的騎兵，不僅敗在戰場，也終將被時代淘汰。適應智慧化戰爭，就應緊盯軍事科技發展的主導和前沿方向，打破思維藩籬，走出認知“舒適區”，聚向發力構建軍事技術思維體系，增強對前瞻性、戰略性、顛覆性技術以及由此可能孵化出的新戰法的敏銳度、認知力、理解力。

善用：腳踏實地，推動軍事技術思維落地。要讓先進技術掌握在善用者手上，在思維模式吐故納新的基礎上，加快科技知識推陳出新和科技素養破舊立新，持續推進主戰裝備技術應用，提高人與智能化武器的耦合度、駕馭度，探索裝備潛能和技術“最優解”，為武器技術價值的釋放“二次賦能”。

善變：求變求新，在思考活化中預見未來。「制空權」之父杜黑說，勝利只向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑，而不是向那些等待變化發生才去適應的人微笑。軍事革命就像百公尺跨欄，發令槍一響，誰在固化的思維前停留，誰就會輸掉比賽。戰爭不會一成不變，思維不能一勞永逸，只有以未來為導向，以日新精神、精進態度加速思維活化，未來制勝之路才能被前瞻之光照亮。

較量重點在於心理制衡

智能化戰爭是「芯戰」更是「心戰」。伊拉克戰爭中，美軍抽調200多位心理學家、心理醫師和精神科專家參加心理戰。他們錨定伊軍心理弱點、心理盲點、心理敏感點，利用無孔不入的信息“彈藥”以及無處不在的網絡“發射器”，在無聲無息中完成“兵不血刃”的心理操控。適應智慧化戰爭「心」特點，既要有「強力」和「強心」齊抓共建、鋼鐵平台和心理平台建設互為支撐的全局設計，也要有單點突破的局部發力，加大「智慧+」技術在戰鬥精神培養、心理評測、心理訓練中的運用，提升資訊、智慧科技的貢獻率，不斷砥礪參戰人員的心理優勢。

“以軟硬”，加強戰鬥精神培育。恩格斯說，槍自己是不會動的，需要有勇敢的心和強而有力的手來使用它們。心理制衡是沒有硝煙的戰爭，本質仍是精神力量支撐下的物質力量的較量。打贏這場戰爭，鋼多氣更要多。應積極嘗試借助智慧化技術強化心理優勢，用技術提振士氣，用士氣倍增能力。改善認知情緒、增強意志特質，全面提升軟殺傷能力。

“以測識人”，加強心理測評。測評選拔士兵的做法古已有之。春秋時期測查前來徵兵青年的運動能力，就是看能否穿著甲胄進行軍事活動，能者稱“勝衣”，不能者稱“不勝衣”。現代戰爭心理對抗闇潮湧動，應積極發揮心理測評作用，科學進行壓力心理調適，減少戰鬥壓力反應的發生。借助人工智慧技術，諸如人臉辨識、情緒分析大數據等，捕捉記錄臉部表情、視線方向、眼神對視訊次，鑑別官兵內在心理狀態和行為特徵。依據評估結果，做好全程全時全維度的心理調適。戰前做好心理預防，早發現心理健康不達標的官兵，及時排除「情緒雜質」和「心理淤堵」；戰中做好心理調控，確保參戰人員的心理狀態維持在最佳應戰水平，降低戰時壓力反應，提高戰場生存率與戰鬥力的發揮；戰後做好心理恢復，協助官兵實現戰時與平時心理狀態的平穩轉換。

“以訓強心”，加強心理訓練。克勞塞維茨指出，軍人的勇敢不同於一般人的勇敢，一般人的勇敢是一種天賦的特質，而軍人的勇敢可以透過運動和訓練培養出來。打贏智能化戰爭迫切需要心理訓練的賦能，應建立心理訓練出戰鬥力的理念，充分運用電腦視覺、人機互動、虛擬實境技術等人工智慧手段建構虛擬戰場高壓力環境，開展沉浸式放鬆訓練，戰場心理適應性、心理承受力、心理穩定訓練等。透過這些訓練，幫助參戰人員在一次次提前感受戰場環境中有效增強心理彈性、激發心理潛能，並預防戰爭心理損傷的發生。

（作者單位：空軍工程大學）

中國軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-08/31/content_297988.htm

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Chinese Military’s Dissipative warfare: a Typical Form of Intelligent Warfare

09/03/2024 admin Leave a comment

中國軍隊的耗散戰：智慧戰爭的典型形式

英文翻譯：

With the rapid development of intelligent technology and its widespread application in the military, intelligent warfare is becoming a new form of warfare after information warfare, and dissipative warfare has become a typical form of intelligent warfare. The so-called dissipative warfare refers to the combat method in which the intelligent warfare system achieves comprehensive combat power by integrating material consumption, energy release and information diffusion through internal enrichment and integration and external mutation emergence. Strengthening the research on dissipative warfare will help us to deeply reveal the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare and win the initiative in future war games.

Dissipative warfare is the inevitable result of the development of the times

Dissipative warfare is manifested in the comprehensive confrontation of the physical, information and cognitive domains in the intelligent era. It is embodied in the highly unified forms of political contest, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances, reflecting the openness, complexity and emergence of the intelligent warfare system.

Adapt to the security situation requirements of the intelligent era. Entering the intelligent era, technologies such as broadband networks, big data, big models, cloud computing, and deep learning are developing rapidly, and the connections between political groups, countries, and nations are becoming more extensive. Under the influence of multiple factors such as political pluralism, economic integration, social openness, and technological revolution, non-traditional security has emerged and intertwined with traditional threats. The subjects and scope of intelligent warfare are constantly expanding, the time and space of war are constantly extending, and war and peace are inseparable and intertwined. The war system will further transcend local regional restrictions, from relative closure to greater openness, forming a higher level and larger range of confrontation. Dissipative warfare emphasizes the comprehensive efforts of the intelligent warfare system in the physical domain, information domain, and cognitive domain, and highly unifies the forms of political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict, and diplomatic checks and balances and incorporates them into the category of enemy-us confrontation, adapting to the requirements of the times for the development of the world security situation.

This is in line with the objective law of the evolution of war forms. The dissipation phenomenon of the war system has always existed since the emergence of war. However, before the emergence of intelligent war forms, due to technological constraints, it has always been in a relatively low-level and simple state. War confrontation can only be manifested in one of the forms of material consumption, energy dissipation and information diffusion. In the agricultural era, the form of war was mainly manifested as a cold weapon war dominated by material elements and centered on the human body. In the industrial era, the form of war was mainly manifested as thermonuclear weapons and mechanized war dominated by energy elements and centered on platforms. In the information age, the form of war is mainly manifested as an information war dominated by information elements and centered on the network security system. Entering the intelligent era, intelligent technology highly unifies the cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages and action advantages in the confrontation between the enemy and us. In essence, it highly unifies the three elements of matter, energy and information. Through empowering, gathering and releasing energy with intelligence, an intelligent war form dominated by intelligent elements and centered on intelligent algorithms has been formed. The main form of expression is the dissipative war that reflects the confrontation of the complex system of intelligent warfare.

It has a solid philosophical theoretical foundation. The social form is the mother of the war form. To explore and understand intelligent warfare, we must base ourselves on the basic principles of historical materialism and dialectical materialism, comprehensively examine the evolution of the war form and the social form in which intelligent warfare is located, and construct a new war concept and context system. From a philosophical perspective, matter, energy and information are the three major elements that constitute the world. Matter embodies the existence of the origin, energy embodies the existence of movement, and information embodies the existence of connection. The three progressively and alternately dominate the evolution and operation of social and war forms. According to the principle of negation of negation of dialectical materialism, in the intelligent age after the information age, the dominant element of society will be matter again after matter, energy and information. However, this material is a new type of material formed after a spiral rise after high informatization, and its main feature is that it has intelligent technology attributes. Therefore, in essence, dissipative warfare is the intelligent element that highly unifies the characteristics and advantages of matter, energy and information in the previous low-level war form, and highly unifies the forms of material consumption, energy release and information diffusion that are prevalent in war, reflecting the typical characteristics of intelligent warfare.

Deeply grasp the inherent meaning of dissipative warfare

Dissipative warfare is based on the real world and covers the virtual world. It adapts to the rapid development of intelligent technology, the rise of non-traditional security threats, and the continuous expansion of the subjects and scope of war, and presents many new characteristics.

Comprehensive game of confrontation. As the intelligent war form accelerates to a higher depth and breadth, the interconnection and influence of political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other fields are more extensive, and the focus of war begins to shift from the military system to the social system. The confrontation of war stakeholders will be reflected in various forms of comprehensive games such as political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances. The war advantage pursued is no longer limited to the field of military confrontation. The winner of the war must adapt to the openness, complexity and emergence requirements of the war system, and transform from the extensive consumption and use of single materials, energy and information to the dissipation of the war system dominated by intelligent advantages, and strive to gain initiative and advantage in the comprehensive game in multiple fields.

The subjects are cross-domain and diversified. The subjects of intelligent warfare are becoming more and more generalized, and the potential forces of war that need to be mobilized in traditional warfare will be in a state of normalized confrontation. Political forces, various institutions and personnel, together with the troops and soldiers fighting on the battlefield in the traditional sense, constitute the subjects of war. Diversified war subjects will cross the real domain and the virtual domain, appear in multiple spatial domains such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and psychology, covering the physical domain, information domain, cognitive domain, etc., covering multiple social domains such as politics, economy, culture, and diplomacy. For example, civilians can use smartphones to collect information on the military battlefield and pass it on to war stakeholders, resulting in the spread of key information about the war, which in turn affects war decisions or the victory or defeat of a campaign or battle.

Forces are integrated and enriched. Virtual forces are integrated. Focusing on the purpose of war, all possible real forces and virtual forces will be integrated with the support of intelligent technology, and perform their duties and act according to regulations on parallel battlefields; unmanned forces are integrated. After going through the stages of manual operation, manual authorization, and manual supervision, unmanned combat forces will achieve a high degree of autonomy, and can be deployed and combined with various manned forces on demand, and effectively coordinate and coexist in parallel under the constraints of common war rules; multiple forces are integrated. Based on the extensive connections in various fields and the common purpose of the war system, the forces of the party, government, military, police, and civilians will closely coordinate military operations with political, economic, diplomatic, public opinion, and legal struggles, and unify their actions to form comprehensive combat power. In short, under the integrated planning of the country or political group, although the multiple participating forces of intelligent warfare are physically dispersed, they can achieve logical concentration, immediate enrichment, complementary advantages, and integrated excellence around the common purpose of war.

Effectiveness accumulates and emerges. While the high-level war form has new technical characteristics, it still includes the characteristic advantages of the low-level war form. Dissipative warfare emphasizes continuous comprehensive confrontation in multiple domains, which includes the consumption of ammunition, supplies, equipment and even combatants at the material level, as well as the continuous collection and release of energy, and the diffusion and integration of data, knowledge, algorithms, etc. at the information level, which has an unlimited impact on people’s thinking cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotional will, and behavior patterns. Under the normal deterrence of nuclear weapons, intelligent warfare shows a decrease in bloodiness, but political isolation, economic blockade, cultural conflict, diplomatic strangulation, etc. will become more severe and intense. When the military, political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other systems continue to play their roles and the effectiveness accumulation reaches a certain level, the war system will increase negative entropy, thereby achieving a sudden change in combat power and the emergence of system effectiveness, thereby gaining a war advantage.

Fighting a Dissipative War by Choosing the Right Combat Focus

The intelligent warfare system achieves maximum system combat effectiveness through internal enrichment and integration, external mutation, cross-domain efficiency enhancement, and intelligent dissipation, which is the winning mechanism contained in dissipative warfare. To win in intelligent warfare, it is necessary to clarify the operational focus of dissipative warfare, target the shortcomings and weaknesses of the opponent’s system, and find the focus of war preparation.

Focus on the openness of the system and isolate the opponent’s war system. Cut off the material, energy and information exchange between the opponent’s war system and the external battlefield environment, so that it lacks material, energy and information sources, and gradually moves towards an isolated, closed and weak state. For example, at the strategic level, political isolation is used to isolate the opponent’s war system, causing the system’s entropy to increase. At the campaign level, methods such as cutting off data sources, destroying data backups, falsifying data, and tampering with information can be used to force its war system to transform into a closed state, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the opponent’s system.

Focusing on the complexity of the system, the opponent’s war system is destroyed in different domains. The more connections and the closer the degree of connection between the elements of the intelligent war system, the lower the reliability of the system structure. By using the principle of relative independence of each layer in a complex system, we can formulate strategic overall, local and tactical action strategies to achieve layered and domain-based destruction of the enemy’s war system. For example, at the strategic level, the economic blockade is adopted to greatly weaken the opponent’s war strength and development potential. At the campaign level, the vulnerability of the combat system communication network is utilized, and the network-electric composite attack is used as the basic path and means. The methods of “destroying the end, attacking the element, isolating the group, disconnecting the network, and breaking the cloud” are adopted to destroy the opponent’s combat system structure and cause the opponent’s war system to “collapse”.

Focus on system emergence and dismantle and disperse the opponent’s war system. Only when the intelligent war system has mutation and emergence effects can it quickly form and exert system effectiveness and gain dissipative warfare advantages. If only a single component or element plays a role, it is impossible to form an advantage. It can be foreseen that the currently emerging technologies such as ChatGPT and more advanced intelligent technologies in the future will provide a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state and laws of complex war systems, as well as new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. The party with the advantage in war confrontation will reduce the coupling degree of the opponent’s war system through a combination of virtual and real, parallel and integrated confrontation methods, and achieve the purpose of dismantling and dismantling the enemy’s war system.

現代國語：

耗散戰是時代發展的必然結果

耗散戰表現在智慧化時代中物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合對抗，體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式的高度統一，反映了智慧化戰爭體系所具有的開放性、複雜性和湧現性。
適應智慧化時代的安全情勢要求。進入智慧化時代，寬網路、大數據、大模型、雲端運算、深度學習等技術快速發展，各政治集團、國家、民族之間的聯繫更加廣泛。在政治多元、經濟交融、社會開放、科技革命等多重因素作用下，非傳統安全興起並與傳統威脅交織，智慧化戰爭主體與範疇不斷拓展，戰爭時間與空間不斷外延，戰爭與和平如影相隨並交織一體，戰爭體系將進一步超越局部地域限制，從相對封閉走向更開放，形成更高層次和更大範圍的對抗。耗散戰強調智慧化戰爭體系在物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合發力，把政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式高度統一併納入敵我對抗範疇，適應了世界安全情勢發展的時代要求。
符合戰爭形態演變的客觀法則。戰爭體系的耗散現象自戰爭產生以來便始終存在，只不過在智能化戰爭形態出現之前，由於技術的製約，一直處於較為低級的、簡單的狀態，戰爭對抗僅能表現為物質消耗、能量釋散和訊息擴散中的某一種形式。農業時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以物質要素為主導的、以人體為中心的冷兵器戰爭。工業化時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以能量要素為主導的、以平台為中心的熱核兵器和機械化戰爭。在資訊化時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以資訊要素為主導的、以網信體系為中心的資訊化戰爭。進入智慧化時代，智慧化科技將敵我對抗中的認知優勢、決策優勢和行動優勢高度統一起來，實質是將物質、能量和資訊三者高度統一，透過以智賦能、以智聚能、以智釋能，形成了以智慧要素為主導的、以智慧演算法為中心的智慧化戰爭形態，主要表現形式即為反映智慧化戰爭複雜體系對抗的耗散戰。
具有堅實的哲學理論基礎支撐。社會形態是戰爭形態的母體，探索和認識智能化戰爭，必須基於歷史唯物主義和辯證唯物主義的基本原理，綜合考察戰爭形態的演進和智能化戰爭所處的社會形態，構建新的戰爭概念和語境體系。從哲學角度看，物質、能量和資訊是構成世界的三大要素，物質體現本源的存在，能量體現運動的存在，訊息則體現聯繫的存在，三者遞進交替主導著社會形態和戰爭形態的演進和運行。依照辯證唯物論的否定之否定原理，在資訊時代之後的智慧時代，主導社會的要素將繼物質、能量、資訊後再次輪到物質，只不過這個物質是高度資訊化後螺旋式上升後形成的新型物質，其主要特徵就是具有了智慧化技術屬性。因此，從本質上講，耗散戰是智慧要素將以前低階戰爭形態中物質、能量和資訊的特性優勢高度統一起來，將戰爭中普遍存在的物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散等形式高度統一起來，反映了智慧化戰爭的典型特徵。
深刻把握耗散戰的內在要義
耗散戰基於現實世界、涵蓋虛擬世界，適應了智慧化技術快速發展、非傳統安全威脅興起、戰爭主體和範疇不斷拓展的趨勢，呈現出許多新特性。
對抗綜合博弈。隨著智慧化戰爭形態加速向更高深度和廣度發展，政治、經濟、文化、外交等領域相互聯繫和影響更具廣泛性，戰爭重心開始從軍事系統向社會系統偏移，戰爭利益攸關方的對抗將體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等多種形式的綜合博弈，追求的戰爭優勢不再只限於軍事對抗領域。戰爭制勝方必須適應戰爭體系的開放性、複雜性和湧現性要求，從單一物質、能量和資訊的粗放式消耗和運用轉變到以智慧優勢主導戰爭體系的耗散，力爭在多領域的綜合博弈中贏得主動和優勢。
主體跨域多元。智慧化戰爭的主體日益泛化，傳統戰爭需要動員的戰爭潛在力量將處於常態化對抗狀態。政治力量、各類機構和人員與傳統意義上在戰場廝殺的部隊和軍人一起構成戰爭的主體。多元化戰爭主體將跨越現實域和虛擬域，出現在陸、海、空、天、電、心理等多個空間域，涵蓋物理域、資訊域、認知域等，涵蓋政治、經濟、文化、外交等多類社會域。如社會平民可以用智慧型手機收集軍事戰場上的信息並傳遞給戰爭利益攸關方，造成對戰爭關鍵訊息的擴散，進而影響戰爭決策或一場戰役和戰鬥的勝敗。
力量一體富聚。虛實力量一體。圍繞著戰爭目的，一切可能運用的現實力量和虛擬力量將在智能化技術支撐下實現一體化，在平行戰場上按職履責、按規行動；有無力量一體。無人作戰力量將在經歷人工操作、人工授權、人為監督階段後，實現高度的自主性，並可與各類有人力量按需部署、按需組合，在共同的戰爭規則約束下有效協同、並行共生；多方力量一體。基於各領域的廣泛聯繫和戰爭體系的共同目的，黨政軍警民等各方力量將軍事行動與政治、經濟、外交、輿論、法理鬥爭密切配合、統一行動，形成綜合戰力。總之，在國家或政治集團的一體籌劃下，智慧化戰爭的多元參戰力量雖然物理分散，但能夠圍繞共同的戰爭目的，實現邏輯集中、即時富聚，優勢互補、一體聚優。
效能累積湧現。高階戰爭形態在具有新質技術特徵的同時，仍涵括低階戰爭形態的特徵優勢。耗散戰強調在多域持續進行綜合對抗，這既包括物質層面的彈藥、物資、器材甚至作戰人員的消耗，也包括能量層面的不斷匯集和釋放，更包括透過資訊層面的數據、知識、演算法等的擴散與融合，對人的思考認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等產生不可限制的影響。在核武的常態嚇阻下，智慧化戰爭呈現出血腥味下降，但政治孤立、經濟封鎖、文化衝突、外交扼殺等將更加嚴峻激烈的局面。當軍事、政治、經濟、文化、外交等各系統角色持續發揮，效能累積達到某一程度，戰爭體係就會增加負熵，進而實現戰力突變和體系效能湧現，從而獲得戰爭優勢。
在選準作戰重心中打好耗散戰
智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合，對外突變湧現，跨域增效、以智耗散，達成體係作戰效能最大化，這是耗散戰蘊含的製勝機理。要在智慧化戰爭中贏得勝勢，必須明確耗散戰的作戰重心，針對對手體系短板弱點，找準戰爭準備的發力點。
著眼體系開放性，封閉孤立對手戰爭體系。截斷對手戰爭體系與外在戰場環境的物質、能量和資訊交流，使之缺乏物質、能量和資訊來源管道，逐漸走向孤立、封閉和虛弱狀態。如在戰略層面，採取政治孤立的方式，使對手戰爭體系處於孤立狀態，造成體系熵增。在戰役層面，可利用切斷資料來源、毀滅資料備份、資料作假、竄改資訊等方法，綜合採用軟硬手段，迫其戰爭體係向封閉狀態轉化，進而降低對方體系效能。
著眼體系複雜性，分域破擊對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體係要素間連結越多、連結程度越緊密，體系結構可靠性就越低。運用複雜系統中各分層相對獨立的原理，可製訂戰略全局、戰役局部和戰術行動策略，實現對敵戰爭體系的分層分域破擊。如在戰略層面，採用經濟封鎖的方式，大大削弱對手的戰爭實力和發展潛力。在戰役層面，利用作戰系統通訊網路的脆弱性，以網電複合攻擊為基本路徑與手段，採用「毀端、擊元、孤群、斷網、破雲」等方式，破擊對方作戰系統結構，促使對方戰爭體系「坍塌」。
著眼體系湧現性，拆解疏散對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體系只有出現突變和湧現效應，才能快速形成發揮體系效能，獲得耗散戰優勢。如果只是單一組分或要素發揮作用，不可能形成優勢湧現。可以預見，當前興起的ChatGPT等技術以及未來更高級的智慧化技術，將提供理解和發現戰爭複雜體系運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式，以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段，戰爭對抗優勢方將透過虛實結合、平行一體的對抗方式，降低對手戰爭體系的耦合度，達成拆解疏散敵戰爭體系的目的。

中文原創資訊科技來源：https//www.81it.com/2023/0509/14288.html

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Chinese Intelligent Warfare is Accelerating and Advancing

08/12/2024 admin Leave a comment

中國智能化戰爭正在加速推進

中國軍網國防部網. 2022年3月17日星期四

現代英語：

With the widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field, intelligent warfare has gradually become a hot topic. History has repeatedly proved that the evolution of war forms will lead to profound changes in the winning mechanism. In today’s era when information warfare is developing in depth and intelligent warfare is beginning to emerge, the armies of major countries in the world have made great efforts to promote military intelligence, and many of these trends are worthy of attention.

Strengthen top-level design

Outlining a “roadmap” for intelligent warfare

Driven by a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, intelligent military transformation is developing in depth. The United States, Russia, Japan and other countries have regarded artificial intelligence as a disruptive technology that “changes the rules of the war game” and have made early arrangements, strengthened top-level design and planning guidance, and explored the direction of military application of artificial intelligence.

The U.S. military has detailed the current status and development plan of artificial intelligence in documents such as “Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence”, “National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan”, “Artificial Intelligence and National Security”, “Integrated Roadmap for Unmanned Systems, Fiscal Year 2017-2042”, and “American Artificial Intelligence Initiative: First Annual Report”, and has elevated the development of artificial intelligence to the national strategic level. In 2021, the U.S. military pointed out in its “U.S. Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Posture: Assessment and Improvement Recommendations” that the U.S. military should consider three guiding questions in developing artificial intelligence: what is the current state of artificial intelligence related to the U.S. military; what is the current situation of the U.S. military in artificial intelligence; and what internal actions and potential legislative or regulatory actions may enhance the U.S. military’s artificial intelligence advantage.

Russia has invested a lot of resources to maintain a balance with the United States in the competition for the application of artificial intelligence in the military field. In 2021, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated at the first Defense Ministry meeting of the year that artificial intelligence will greatly promote changes in the military field, and the Russian Federation Armed Forces must accelerate the research and development of artificial intelligence application technologies such as robots, intelligent individual systems, and intelligent weapon modules, so as to form core technical capabilities and battlefield competitive advantages as soon as possible. Documents such as “Special Outline for the Research and Development of Future Military Robot Technology and Equipment before 2025”, “Future Russian Military Robot Application Concept”, and “The Development Status and Application Prospects of Artificial Intelligence in the Military Field” have established a series of mechanisms at the national level for the Russian military to promote the military application of artificial intelligence.

The Japanese government has also issued an “Artificial Intelligence Strategy” to lead the research and development of artificial intelligence technology and industrial development. In the “Robotics and Artificial Intelligence” strategic plan formulated by the United Kingdom, the application of artificial intelligence in battlefield construction is emphasized. In January 2021, the Australian Department of Defense released “Fighting the Artificial Intelligence War: Operational Concepts for Future Intelligent Warfare”, which explores how to apply artificial intelligence to land, sea and air combat.

Innovative combat concepts

Promoting the “Thinking First” Approach to Intelligent Warfare

The innovation of operational concepts has an ideological driving effect on the development of military science and technology and the evolution of war forms. In the past, people’s understanding and grasp of war mainly came from the summary of practical experience, and operational concepts were empirical concepts. In the future era of intelligent warfare, operational concepts are not only empirical concepts, but also the conception, design and foresight of operations.

The U.S. Army has proposed the concept of “multi-domain warfare”, which requires deep integration and close coordination of combat capabilities in various domains such as land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, and network. To this end, the U.S. Army has successively issued white papers such as “Multi-Domain Warfare: The Development of Synthetic Arms in the 21st Century (2025-2040)”, “U.S. Army Multi-Domain Warfare (2028)”, and “Using Robotics and Autonomous Technologies to Support Multi-Domain Warfare”. In March 2021, the U.S. Department of the Army issued the document “Army Multi-Domain Transformation: Preparing to Win in Competition and Conflict”, indicating that “multi-domain warfare” has become a “flag” leading the transformation and development of the U.S. Army. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency proposed the concept of “mosaic warfare”, which aims to create a highly decentralized and highly adaptable “kill net” composed of different combat functional units, based on advanced computer technology and network technology. The U.S. Department of Defense strongly supports the concept of “joint all-domain operations”. In March 2020, the U.S. Air Force took the lead in writing “joint all-domain operations” into the doctrine to explore how the Air Force can play a role in “joint all-domain operations”.

The Russian military proposed the concept of “charge disintegration”. “Disintegration” is one of the most important operational concepts in Russia at present. The Russian electronic warfare forces set the goal of making the enemy’s information, charge, electronic warfare and robot systems ineffective, and believe that this goal will “determine the fate of all military operations”. Disrupting the command and control of enemy forces and weapon systems and reducing the efficiency of enemy reconnaissance and use of weapons are the primary tasks of electronic warfare. At present, the Russian military is considering forming 12 types of electronic warfare forces. The Russian military also proposed the concept of “non-nuclear containment system”, the core of which is to use non-nuclear offensive strategic weapons to contain opponents. The non-nuclear offensive strategic weapons it defines include all ballistic missiles equipped with non-nuclear warheads, as well as strategic bombers and long-range air-based and sea-based cruise missiles. In addition, the Russian military also proposed the concept of “hybrid warfare”, hoping to use artificial intelligence systems to seek battlefield information advantages.

The British Ministry of Defense has proposed the concept of “multi-domain integration” and will develop a new command and control system with intelligent capabilities to achieve comprehensive, persistent, accurate and rapid battlefield perception and force coordination.

Focus on technology research and development

Shaping the Intelligent Warfare Operational Model

The key to the effectiveness of artificial intelligence is the combination with other technologies, which is also described as the “AI stack”. Various technologies interact to produce a combined effect, thereby enhancing the capabilities and effects of each technology. In the intelligent warfare supported by artificial intelligence technology, the collaborative combat mode of “man-machine integration, cloud brain control”, the cluster combat mode of “mixed formation, group intelligence”, and the cognitive combat mode of “intelligence-led, attacking with intelligence first” will constantly update people’s understanding of war.

Focus on the research and development of innovative projects. The US military is vigorously promoting the application of artificial intelligence chips in existing weapons and equipment systems, adding “intelligent brains” to weapons to enable them to have human-like thinking and autonomous interaction capabilities. In October 2021, the US Navy launched the “Beyond Plan”, which is regarded as the “current highest priority”. It aims to accelerate the delivery of artificial intelligence and machine learning tools by building a military Internet of Things for maritime operations, integrating manned and unmanned joint formations, supporting a new intelligent naval architecture, enhancing large-scale firepower killing, and realizing intelligent distributed operations of the navy. In addition, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has also carried out cognitive electronic warfare projects such as “Adaptive Electronic Warfare Behavior Learning”, “Adaptive Radar Countermeasures”, and “Communications under Extreme Radio Frequency Spectrum Conditions”, and developed a prototype of a cognitive radar electronic warfare system. The Russian Ministry of Defense’s Intelligent Technology and Equipment Research and Experimental Center cooperated with the Institute of Control Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences to develop and test autonomous intelligent algorithms including drone swarm command and control, and also jointly developed an object automatic recognition software system based on neural network principles with the National Aviation System Research Institute.

Establish innovative R&D institutions. The continuous emergence of new technologies is an inexhaustible driving force for the vigorous development of military intelligence. High-level military intelligence construction cannot be separated from the technical research and development of professional institutions. Some countries and militaries have established R&D centers, focusing on innovative development from a technical level. The U.S. Department of Defense has established a joint artificial intelligence center, which is planned to be built into a national key laboratory to lead the promotion of hundreds of artificial intelligence-related projects and ensure the efficient use of artificial intelligence-related data and information to maintain the United States’ technological advantage in this field. Russia has established an artificial intelligence and big data alliance, a national artificial intelligence center, and a robotics technology research and experimental center under the Ministry of Defense, mainly conducting theoretical and applied research in the fields of artificial intelligence and information technology. France has established an innovative defense laboratory, the United Kingdom has set up an artificial intelligence laboratory, and India has established an artificial intelligence task force to explore related technologies.

Strengthen equipment research and development and deployment. In recent years, many countries have attached great importance to the research and development of intelligent weapons and equipment, and unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned combat vehicles, unmanned ships, unmanned submarines, etc. have continued to emerge. At present, the US Air Force has begun to practice the combat concept of “man-machine collaboration, man in the loop” on the F-35 fighter. The US XQ-58A “Valkyrie” stealth drone previously mainly carried out man-machine collaborative operations with F-35 and F-22 fighters. In April 2021, the stealth drone successfully launched the ALTIUS-600 small drone system, further enhancing its manned and unmanned collaborative combat capabilities. Russia is focusing on reconnaissance and surveillance, command and decision-making, firepower strikes, combat support and other fields, and is developing and deploying intelligent equipment. It plans to increase the proportion of unmanned combat systems in weapons and equipment to more than 30% by 2025. Russia’s ground unmanned combat weapons, represented by the “Uranus” series and “Platform-M” and “Argo” models, are developing rapidly. Among them, the Nerekhta unmanned combat vehicle can be equipped with remote-controlled machine guns and rocket launchers. In addition to the combat capabilities of ordinary armored vehicles, it also has transportation and reconnaissance functions. In addition, the Japanese Self-Defense Forces plan to officially deploy an unmanned aerial formation with strong combat capabilities in 2035.

(Author’s unit: National University of Defense Technology)

國語中文：

■賈珍珍丁寧陳方舟

隨著人工智慧在軍事領域的廣泛應用，智慧化戰爭逐漸成為備受矚目的焦點話題。歷史多次證明，戰爭形態的演進將引發致勝機理的深刻改變。在資訊化戰爭向縱深發展、智慧化戰爭初露端倪的當今時代，世界主要國家軍隊紛紛下大力推動軍事智慧化，其中的諸多動向值得關注。

加強頂層設計

勾勒智能化戰爭“路線圖”

在新一輪科技革命與產業革命推動下，智慧化軍事變革正向縱深發展。美國、俄羅斯、日本等國紛紛把人工智慧視為「改變戰爭遊戲規則」的顛覆性技術，並事先佈局，加強頂層設計和規劃引領，探索人工智慧的軍事應用方向。

美軍在《為人工智慧的未來做好準備》《國家人工智慧研究與發展戰略計畫》《人工智慧與國家安全》《2017至2042財年無人係統綜合路線圖》《美國人工智慧計畫》：在首個年度報告》等文件中，詳述了人工智慧的發展現狀和發展規劃，並將人工智慧發展提升至國家戰略層面。 2021年，美軍在發布的《美國防部人工智慧態勢：評估與改進建議》中指出，美軍發展人工智慧應考慮三個指導性問題：與美軍相關的人工智慧現處於何種狀態；美軍目前在人工智慧方面的態勢如何；哪些內部行動以及潛在的立法或監管行動可能會增強美軍的人工智慧優勢。

俄羅斯投入大量資源，以維持與美國在人工智慧軍事領域應用競爭的平衡。 2021年，俄總統普丁在年度首場國防部會議上表示，人工智慧將大幅推動軍事領域變革，俄國聯邦武裝力量要加速機器人、智慧單兵系統和武器智慧化模組等人工智慧應用技術的研發工作，早日形成核心技術能力和戰場競爭優勢。《2025年前未來軍用機器人技術裝備研發專題綱要》《未來俄軍用機器人應用構想》《人工智慧在軍事領域的發展現狀以及應用前景》等文件，從國家層面為俄軍推動人工智慧軍事應用確立了一系列機制。

日本政府也推出了《人工智慧戰略》，旨在引領人工智慧技術研發和產業發展。在英國制定的《機器人與人工智慧》戰略規劃中，強調了人工智慧在戰場建設中的應用。 2021年1月，澳洲國防部發布《打好人工智慧戰爭：未來智慧化戰爭之作戰構想》，這份文件探討如何將人工智慧應用到陸、海、空作戰領域。

創新作戰概念

推動智慧化戰爭“思想先行”

作戰概念創新對軍事科技發展、戰爭形態演變具有思想牽引作用。過去人們對戰爭的認識與掌握，主要源自於對實踐經驗的歸納總結，作戰概念即經驗概念。未來智慧化戰爭時代，作戰概念不僅是經驗概念，更是對作戰的構想、設計與前瞻。

美陸軍提出「多域戰」概念，要求陸、海、空、天、電磁、網路等各域作戰能力深度整合與密切協同。為此，美陸軍先後發布《多域戰：21世紀合成兵種的發展（2025至2040）》《美國陸軍多域戰（2028）》《運用機器人與自主技術支援多域戰》等白皮書。 2021年3月，美陸軍部發布文件《陸軍多域轉型：準備在競爭和衝突中取勝》，顯示「多域戰」已成為引領美陸軍轉型發展的一面「旗幟」。美國防高級研究計畫局提出「馬賽克戰」概念，旨在打造一種由不同作戰功能單元構成的、以先進電腦技術與網路技術為基礎的、高度分散、具有高度適應性的「殺傷網」。美國防部大力支持「聯合全域作戰」概念。 2020年3月，美空軍率先將「聯合全域作戰」寫入條令，探討空軍如何在「聯合全域作戰」中發揮作用。

俄軍提出「指控瓦解」概念。「瓦解」是當前俄羅斯最重要的作戰概念之一，俄軍電子戰部隊把使敵人的訊息、指控、電子戰和機器人系統失效作為目標，認為這一目標將「決定所有軍事行動的命運」。擾亂敵方部隊和武器系統的指揮和控制，降低敵方偵察和使用武器的效率，是進行電子戰的首要任務。目前，俄軍正在考慮組建12種類型的電子戰部隊。俄軍也提出「非核武遏制體系」概念，核心是使用非核武進攻性戰略武器來遏制對手。其所定義的非核武攻擊性戰略武器既包括所有裝備非核彈頭的彈道飛彈，也包括戰略轟炸機和遠程空基、海基巡航飛彈。此外，俄軍也提出「混合戰爭」概念，希望利用人工智慧系統謀求戰場資訊優勢。

英國防部提出「多域融合」概念，將發展具備智慧化能力的新型指控系統，以實現全面、持久、準確、快速的戰場感知與力量協同。

注重技術研發

塑造智慧化戰爭作戰模式

人工智慧發揮效用的關鍵是與其他多種技術的組合，這種組合也被描述為「人工智慧堆疊」。各種技術透過互動的方式產生組合效應，進而提升每項技術所產生的能力與效果。在人工智慧技術支援的智慧化戰爭中，「人機一體、雲腦控制」的協同作戰模式，「混搭編組、群體智慧」的集群作戰模式，「智慧主導、攻智為上」的認知作戰模式等，將不斷更新人們對戰爭的認知。

聚焦創新專案研發。美軍正在大力推廣人工智慧晶片在現有武器裝備系統中的應用，為武器加上“智慧大腦”，使之具備類人思考和自主互動能力。 2021年10月，美海軍推出被視為“當前最高優先事項”的“超越計劃”，旨在通過構建海上作戰軍事物聯網，整合有人無人聯合編隊，加速交付人工智能和機器學習工具，支撐全新的智慧化海軍架構，提升大規模火力殺傷、實現海軍智慧化分散式作戰。此外，美國防高級研究計畫局也進行了「自適應電子戰行為學習」「自適應雷達對抗」「極端射頻頻譜條件下的通訊」等認知電子戰項目，研發出認知雷達電子戰系統原型機。俄國防部智慧技術裝備科研試驗中心與俄聯邦科學院控制問題研究所合作，開發測試了包括無人機群指揮控制在內的自主智慧演算法，也與國家航空系統科研所共同開發基於神經網路原理的物體自動辨識軟體系統。

組成創新研發機構。新技術的不斷湧現是軍事智慧化蓬勃發展的不竭動力，高水準的軍事智慧化建設離不開專職機構的技術研發。一些國家和軍隊組成研發中心，注重從技術層面創新發展。美國國防部建立了聯合人工智慧中心，計劃將該中心打造成國家級重點實驗室，用於領導數百個與人工智慧相關的項目，確保對人工智慧相關數據資訊的高效利用，以保持美國在該領域的技術優勢。俄羅斯組成了人工智慧和大數據聯盟、國家人工智慧中心和隸屬國防部的機器人技術科研試驗中心，主要進行人工智慧和資訊科技領域的理論和應用研究。法國成立了創新國防實驗室，英國設立了人工智慧實驗室，印度組成了人工智慧特別工作小組，進行相關技術探索。

加強裝備研發列裝。近年來，多國重視研發智慧武器裝備，無人飛行器、無人戰車、無人艦艇、無人潛航器等不斷湧現。目前，美空軍已開始在F-35戰機上實踐「人機協同，人在迴路」的作戰理念。美XQ-58A「女武神」隱身無人機先前主要與F-35和F-22戰機進行人機協同作戰，2021年4月該隱身無人機成功投放ALTIUS-600小型無人機系統，進一步提升了其有人無人協同作戰能力。俄羅斯正聚焦偵察監視、指揮決策、火力打擊、作戰支援等多個領域，展開智慧裝備研發和列裝工作，計畫到2025年將無人作戰系統在武器裝備中的比例提高到30%以上。以“天王星”系列和“平台-M”“阿爾戈”等型號為代表的俄地面無人作戰武器發展迅速。其中，Nerekhta無人戰車可搭載遙控機槍和火箭發射器，除擁有一般裝甲車的戰鬥力外，還兼具運輸和偵察功能。此外，日本自衛隊計劃在2035年正式部署具有較強作戰能力的無人空中編隊。

（作者單位：國防科技大學）

中國軍事資料來源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-03/17/content_311555.htm

Red Dragon 1949 / 紅龍1949

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