Category Archives: Dimensionality Reduction Strikes

Chinese People’s Liberation Army Accelerates into Era of Three-dimensional Warfare – Deploying the Air Assualt Force

中國人民解放軍加速進入立體戰爭時代-部署空中突擊部隊 

現代英語:

Transformation from two-dimensional combat to three-dimensional attack and defense

●From “able to fly” to “good at fighting”

The Army’s air assault force is showing its strength

PLA Daily reporter Kang Zizhan and special correspondent Zhang Shengtao reported: 10 years ago, Liu Zhenhua, as a pilot of the Army Aviation Force, was rated as an excellent pilot mainly for his excellent personal flying skills; now, as a pilot of the Army Air Assault Force, his compulsory training courses have added ground force combat formation, tactics and tactics application, etc. In the past 10 years, the upgrade of the “capability baseline” of Liu Zhenhua, a pilot of an Army Air Assault Brigade, is the result of the Army’s low-altitude combat force’s leap from “able to fly” to “good at fighting”.

On the eve of August 1, 2016, President Xi Jinping emphasized during his inspection of the newly established Army Headquarters that we must accelerate the transformation of the Army from a new starting point in accordance with the strategic requirements of mobile operations and three-dimensional offense and defense, and strive to build a strong, modernized new Army.

A year later, the military parade to celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was held at the Zhurihe Joint Training Base. The Chinese Army Air Assault Brigade made its debut in a new combat formation and was reviewed by President Xi.

Air assault, surging. Since its establishment, the Army Air Assault Force has conducted military exercises in all areas, covering mountains, dense forests, deserts, and grasslands. Iron wings are flying, eagles are lined up, ground forces and air forces are integrated within the organization, and energy is released within the system, giving the military exercise field a new look.

In the heart of the Central Plains, air-ground coordination has given birth to a new landscape. In the staff competition, the pilot won the championship; in the flight planning, the infantry squad leader served as the staff. Snipers “train in the air” and pilots “learn on the ground”. The air and ground subjects are integrated into the training, and the air and ground forces are truly combined and fight together.

When the pilots found the “enemy” target on the prairie, they did not choose to attack it head-on, but used the information system to send coordinates in the air and call for support from the ground advance forces to attack the “enemy” target. From the ground calling for air support to the air calling for ground support, the “call change” witnessed the expansion of the officers and soldiers’ battlefield vision.

In the northwest desert, an air assault brigade of the Army was ordered to carry out cross-domain maneuvers, flying and fighting along the way, and taking turns to use a series of new tactics such as surpassing attack operations, leapfrog assault operations, and key point control operations, showing the sharp edge of the Army’s new air assault combat force…

Following the footsteps of the Army’s airborne assault troops’ military exercises, one new battle scene after another comes into view: “One Tree High” is no longer “riding alone”, but a “synthetic eagle group” composed of multiple aircraft types, with modules organized and each performing its own duties; approaching the front line, firepower strikes are no longer the first choice, and the “electronic iron fist” is the first to be swung; commanders sit in the “air command post” to plan air-ground coordinated operations… The changes in the low-altitude battlefield highlight the strong battlefield adaptability and combat effectiveness of the air assault force.

At the beginning of the new year of 2022, President Xi signed the Central Military Commission’s Order No. 1 of 2022, issuing a mobilization order to the entire army to start training, requiring all levels of the army to vigorously promote system training. As a symbolic force in the army’s transformation from two-dimensional combat to three-dimensional offense and defense, the air assault force has shown many new changes in system training.

An airborne assault brigade of the Army joined hands with an Air Force unit to study the subject of assault infantry guiding Air Force fighters to carry out fire strikes; cooperated with multiple forces of the Joint Logistics Support Force to explore an integrated peacetime and wartime support model; and conducted joint training with a unit of the Strategic Support Force to enhance the unit’s electromagnetic interference and anti-interference capabilities… The airborne assault force system has more and more “close partners” in training, the “circle of friends” of new combat forces is getting bigger and bigger, and the unit’s actual combat capabilities continue to improve.

New forces contain new mechanisms, and new mechanisms give birth to new forces. President Xi stressed the need to strengthen the construction of new combat forces and increase the proportion of new quality combat power. During the adjustment and reform, the Army’s air assault force came into being, eliminating the geographical separation between air and ground, blurring the spatial concepts of frontier and depth, and updating the combat concepts of air and ground arms. The Chinese military’s land warfare pattern is being reshaped.

From looking at the battlefield head-on to looking down on the battlefield, and then to three-dimensionally perceiving the battlefield, the air assault force has demonstrated the huge potential of a new type of combat force, and the Army is accelerating into the era of three-dimensional combat.

“This is an unprecedented opportunity, but also an unprecedented challenge.” Tang Hongyi, the battalion commander of an air assault brigade of the army, led the officers and soldiers to transform from mountain infantry to air assault infantry. On the journey of reforming and strengthening the army, he dared not slack off for a moment, “Each generation has its own mission and responsibility. We must run the ‘first leg’ of air assault force construction and run the ‘our leg’ of the army’s transformation and development well.”

Short review

Accelerate transformation and molting to take off

■Kang Zizhan

Fly far and molt. The new army badge has a pair of “wings of soaring” on both sides, implying that the new army is “flying”. From the Army Aviation Corps to the Air Assault Corps, the transformation and reshaping of the army’s low-altitude forces is the result of the new world military revolution, and ahead is the strategic direction of the Chinese Army’s accelerated transformation.

President Xi has repeatedly stressed the need to strive to build a strong, modern, and new army. In today’s world, military technology is changing with each passing day, and the forms of war and winning mechanisms are constantly changing. The rise of the Army’s air assault force tells us that the system combat effectiveness of a force does not only come from the external system structure, but more depends on whether multiple forces can be effectively integrated; it is not difficult for new equipment to form combat effectiveness, but it is difficult to create a new “sword method” that adapts to the system. The new combat force should have a new charging posture, be brave to take the lead, forge ahead, and accelerate on the road of transformation.

Extraordinary achievements require extraordinary people. President Xi pointed out: “Now, the responsibility of strengthening the military has historically fallen on our shoulders. To shoulder this burden, we must dare to take on the responsibility. This is not only the expectation of the Party and the people, but also the political character that contemporary revolutionary soldiers should have.” In the new era of reforming and strengthening the military, the new army will take off and will surely write new glory on the journey of strengthening the military.

現代國語:

●從平面作戰向立體攻防轉型

●從「能飛」向「善打」跨越

陸軍空中突擊力量嶄露頭芒

陸軍某空中突擊旅組織飛行訓練。 李春國 攝

解放軍報訊 記者康子湛、特約記者張聖濤報道:10年前,劉振華作為陸航部隊飛行員,被評為優秀飛行員的主要標準,是個人飛行技術過硬;如今,他作為陸軍空中突擊部隊飛行員,訓練必修課又增加了地面力量作戰編組、戰術戰法運用等內容。 10年間,陸軍某空中突擊旅飛行員劉振華「能力基準」升級的背後,是陸軍低空作戰力量從「能飛」到「善打」的跨越。

2016年八一前夕,習主席在新組成的陸軍機關視察時強調,要按照機動作戰、立體攻防的戰略要求,在新的起點上加快推進陸軍轉型建設,努力建設一支強大的現代化新型陸軍。

一年後,慶祝中國人民解放軍建軍90週年閱兵在朱日和聯合訓練基地隆重舉行。中國陸軍空中突擊旅以戰鬥隊形全新亮相,接受習主席檢閱。

空中突擊,狂飆突起。組成以來,陸軍空中突擊部隊全域演兵,足跡遍佈高山、密林、大漠、草原。鐵翼飛旋、群鷹列陣,地面兵力和空中力量在建制內融合、體系內釋能,演兵場上面貌一新。

中原腹地,空地協同催生新景觀。參謀比武,飛行員一舉奪冠;飛行籌劃,步兵班長當參謀。狙擊手在“空中練”,飛行員在“地面學”,空中課目和地面課目融合組訓,空地兵力真正合在一起、打到一處。

莽原之上,飛行員發現「敵」目標,並未選擇迎面打擊,而是在空中利用資訊系統發送座標,呼叫地面先遣力量支援攻擊「敵」目標。從地面呼叫空中支援到空中呼叫地面支援,「呼叫變遷」見證官兵戰場視野的拓展。

西北大漠,陸軍某空中突擊旅受命實施跨域機動,飛一路、打一路,超越攻擊作戰、蛙跳突擊作戰、要點奪控作戰等一系列新戰法輪番上陣,顯示陸軍空中突擊新型作戰力量銳利鋒芒…

循著陸軍空中突擊部隊演兵足跡追尋,一幕幕嶄新的戰鬥場景躍入眼簾:“一樹之高”不再“走單騎”,而是多機型組成“合成鷹群”,模組編組、各司其職;抵近前沿,火力打擊不再是首選,率先揮出的是“電子鐵拳”;

2022年新年伊始,習主席簽署中央軍委2022年1號命令,向全軍發布開訓動員令,要求全軍各級大力推進體系練兵。空中突擊部隊作為陸軍由平面作戰向立體攻防轉型的一支標誌性力量,體系練兵呈現許多新變化。

陸軍某空中突擊旅與空軍某部攜手,精研突擊步兵引導空軍戰機實施火力打擊課題;與聯勤保障部隊多支力量配合,探索平戰一體保障模式;與戰略支援部隊某部開展聯訓,提昇部隊電磁幹擾與反幹擾能力…空中突擊部隊體系大練的「典型​​力量」越來越多,提昇部隊電磁幹擾與反幹擾能力…空中突擊部隊體系大練的「新實戰夥伴」越來越多,作戰部隊中越來越持續作戰能力的「親密力量」大兵作戰。

新力量蘊含新機理,新機理催生新力量。習主席強調,要加強新型作戰力量建設,增加新質戰鬥力比重。在調整改革中,陸軍空中突擊部隊應運而生,消除了空與地的地理隔間、模糊了前沿與縱深的空間概念、更新了空中與地面兵種的作戰理念,中國軍隊陸戰格局正在重塑。

從平視戰場到俯瞰戰場,再到立體感知戰場,空中突擊力量展現出新型作戰力量的巨大潛力,陸軍加速邁進立體作戰時代。

「這是前所未有的機遇,也意味著前所未有的挑戰。」陸軍某空中突擊旅營長唐鴻毅,帶領官兵從山地步兵轉型為空中突擊步兵。行進在改革強軍征程上,他一刻也不敢懈怠,「一代人有一代人的使命擔當,我們要跑好空中突擊力量建設的‘第一棒’,跑好陸軍轉型發展的‘我們這一棒’」。

短 評

加速轉型 換羽騰飛

■康子湛

遠飛當換羽。新式陸軍胸標兩側插上了一對“起飛之翼”,蘊含著新型陸軍“飛起來”的寓意。從陸航部隊到空中突擊部隊,陸軍低空力量的轉型重塑,背後是世界新軍事變革的風雷激盪,前方是中國陸軍加速轉型的戰略方向。

習主席多次強調,要努力建立強大的現代化新型陸軍。當今世界,軍事科技日新月異,戰爭形態、致勝機制不斷變化。陸軍空中突擊部隊的起飛歷程啟示我們:一支部隊的體係作戰效能,不只來自外在的體系結構,更多取決於多種力量能否有效融合;新裝備形成戰鬥力不難,難的是創出適應體系的新「劍法」。新型作戰力量更應有新的衝鋒姿態,勇為人先、銳意進取,跑出轉型路上的加速度。

蓋有非常之功,必待非常之人。習主席指出:「現在,強軍的責任歷史地落在了我們肩上,要挑起這副擔子,必須敢於擔當,這既是黨和人民的期望,也是當代革命軍人應有的政治品格。」在改革強軍的新時代,新型陸軍換羽騰飛,必將在強軍征程上書寫新的榮光。

資料來源:解放軍報 作者:康子湛 張聖濤 責任編輯:劉上靖 2022-07-19 06:00

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/wzll/lj/4915990888.html

Chinese Weaponization of Digitalization, Networking, Intelligence, Grasping the Focus New Chinese Generation of Information Technology

數位化、網路化、智慧化的中國武器化,抓住中國新一代資訊科技的焦點

現代英語:

Digitalization, networking, and intelligence are the prominent features of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, and are also the core of the new generation of information technology. Digitalization lays the foundation for social informatization, and its development trend is the comprehensive dataization of society. Dataization emphasizes the collection, aggregation, analysis and application of data. Networking provides a physical carrier for information dissemination, and its development trend is the widespread adoption of information-physical systems (CPS). Information-physical systems will not only give birth to new industries, but will even reshape the existing industrial layout. Intelligence reflects the level and level of information application, and its development trend is the new generation of artificial intelligence. At present, the upsurge of the new generation of artificial intelligence has arrived.

  In his important speech at the 2018 General Assembly of Academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out: “The world is entering a period of economic development dominated by the information industry. We must seize the opportunity of the integrated development of digitalization, networking, and intelligence, and use informatization and intelligence as leverage to cultivate new momentum.” This important statement is an accurate grasp of the dominant role and development trend of information technology in today’s world, and an important deployment for using information technology to promote national innovation and development.

  Human society, the physical world, and information space constitute the three elements of today’s world. The connection and interaction between these three worlds determine the characteristics and degree of social informatization. The basic way to perceive human society and the physical world is digitization, the basic way to connect human society and the physical world (through information space) is networking, and the way information space acts on the physical world and human society is intelligence. Digitalization, networking, and intelligence are the prominent features of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, and are also the focus of the new generation of information technology. Digitalization lays the foundation for social informatization, and its development trend is the comprehensive dataization of society; networking provides a physical carrier for information dissemination, and its development trend is the widespread adoption of information-physical systems (CPS); intelligence reflects the level and level of information application, and its development trend is the new generation of artificial intelligence.

  Digitalization: From computerization to dataization

  Digitalization refers to the technical approach of storing, transmitting, processing, handling and applying information carriers (text, pictures, images, signals, etc.) in digital coding form (usually binary). Digitalization itself refers to the way of representing and processing information, but in essence it emphasizes the computerization and automation of information application. In addition to digitalization, dataization (data is an information carrier in coded form, and all data is digital) emphasizes the collection, aggregation, analysis and application of data, and strengthens the production factors and productivity functions of data. Digitalization is developing from computerization to dataization, which is one of the most important trends in the current social informatization.

  The core connotation of dataization is the deep understanding and deep use of big data generated by the integration of information technology revolution and economic and social activities. Big data is a fragmentary record of social economy, real world, management decision-making, etc., containing fragmented information. With the breakthrough of analytical technology and computing technology, it is possible to interpret this fragmented information, which makes big data a new high-tech, a new scientific research paradigm, and a new way of decision-making. Big data has profoundly changed the way people think and live and work, bringing unprecedented opportunities to management innovation, industrial development, scientific discovery and other fields.

  The value generation of big data has its inherent laws (obeying the big data principle). Only by deeply understanding and mastering these laws can we improve the awareness and ability to consciously and scientifically use big data (big data thinking). The value of big data is mainly realized through big data technology. Big data technology is an extension and development of statistical methods, computer technology, and artificial intelligence technology. It is a developing technology. The current hot directions include: blockchain technology, interoperability technology, storage and management technology of integrated storage and computing, big data operating system, big data programming language and execution environment, big data foundation and core algorithm, big data machine learning technology, big data intelligent technology, visualization and human-computer interaction analysis technology, authenticity judgment and security technology, etc. The development of big data technology depends on the solution of some major basic problems, including: the statistical basis and computational theoretical basis of big data, the hardware and software basis and computational methods of big data computing, and the authenticity judgment of big data inference.

  Implementing the national big data strategy is an important way to promote the digital revolution. Since my country proposed the implementation of the national big data strategy in 2015, the pattern of rapid development of big data in my country has been initially formed, but there are also some problems that need to be solved: data openness and sharing are lagging, and the dividends of data resources have not been fully released; the profit model of enterprises is unstable, and the integrity of the industrial chain is insufficient; core technologies have not yet made major breakthroughs, and the technical level of related applications is not high; there are still loopholes in security management and privacy protection, and the construction of relevant systems is still not perfect; etc. At present, effective measures should be taken to solve the bottleneck problems that restrict the development of big data in my country.

  Networking: From the Internet to Cyber-Physical Systems

  As an information-based public infrastructure, the Internet has become the main way for people to obtain, exchange and consume information. However, the Internet only focuses on the interconnection between people and the resulting interconnection between services.

  The Internet of Things is a natural extension and expansion of the Internet. It connects various objects to the Internet through information technology, helping people obtain relevant information about the objects they need. The Internet of Things uses information collection equipment such as radio frequency identification, sensors, infrared sensors, video surveillance, global positioning systems, laser scanners, etc., and connects objects to the Internet through wireless sensor networks and wireless communication networks, so as to achieve real-time information exchange and communication between objects and between people and objects, so as to achieve the purpose of intelligent identification, positioning, tracking, monitoring and management. The Internet realizes the interconnection between people and services, while the Internet of Things realizes the cross-connection between people, objects and services. The core technologies of the Internet of Things include: sensor technology, wireless transmission technology, massive data analysis and processing technology, upper-level business solutions, security technology, etc. The development of the Internet of Things will go through a relatively long period, but it may take the lead in achieving breakthroughs in applications in specific fields. Internet of Vehicles, Industrial Internet, unmanned systems, smart homes, etc. are all areas where the Internet of Things is currently showing its prowess.

  The Internet of Things mainly solves the problem of people’s perception of the physical world, while to solve the problem of manipulating physical objects, it is necessary to further develop the cyber-physical system (CPS). The cyber-physical system is a multi-dimensional complex system that integrates computing, networking and physical environment. It realizes real-time perception, dynamic control and information services of large engineering systems through the organic integration and deep collaboration of 3C (Computer, Communication, Control) technologies. Through the human-computer interaction interface, the cyber-physical system realizes the interaction between the computing process and the physical process, and uses the networked space to control a physical entity in a remote, reliable, real-time, secure and collaborative manner. In essence, the cyber-physical system is a network with control attributes.

  Unlike public infrastructure that provides information interaction and application, the focus of the development of cyber-physical systems is on the research and development of networked physical equipment systems that deeply integrate perception, computing, communication and control capabilities. From an industrial perspective, cyber-physical systems cover a range of applications from smart home networks to industrial control systems and even intelligent transportation systems, which are national and even world-class applications. More importantly, this coverage is not just about simply connecting existing devices together, but will give rise to a large number of devices with computing, communication, control, collaboration and autonomous capabilities. The next generation of industry will be built on cyber-physical systems. With the development and popularization of cyber-physical system technology, physical devices that use computers and networks to achieve functional expansion will be ubiquitous, and will promote the upgrading of industrial products and technologies, greatly improving the competitiveness of major industrial fields such as automobiles, aerospace, national defense, industrial automation, health and medical equipment, and major infrastructure. Cyber-physical systems will not only give birth to new industries, but will even reshape the existing industrial layout.

  Intelligence: From Expert Systems to Meta-Learning

  Intelligence reflects the quality attributes of information products. When we say that an information product is intelligent, we usually mean that the product can accomplish things that only intelligent people can accomplish, or has reached a level that only humans can achieve. Intelligence generally includes perception, memory and thinking, learning and adaptive, behavioral decision-making, etc. Therefore, intelligence can also be generally defined as: enabling an object to have sensitive and accurate perception functions, correct thinking and judgment functions, adaptive learning functions, and effective execution functions.

  Intelligence is the eternal pursuit of the development of information technology, and the main way to achieve this pursuit is to develop artificial intelligence technology. In the more than 60 years since the birth of artificial intelligence technology, although it has experienced three ups and two downs, it has still made great achievements. From 1959 to 1976, it was a stage based on artificial representation of knowledge and symbol processing, which produced expert systems with important application value in some fields; from 1976 to 2007, it was a stage based on statistical learning and knowledge self-representation, which produced various neural network systems; in recent years, research based on environmental adaptation, self-game, self-evolution, and self-learning is forming a new stage of artificial intelligence development – meta-learning or methodological learning stage, which constitutes a new generation of artificial intelligence. The new generation of artificial intelligence mainly includes big data intelligence, group intelligence, cross-media intelligence, human-machine hybrid enhanced intelligence, and brain-like intelligence.

  Deep learning is an outstanding representative of the new generation of artificial intelligence technology. Due to its performance that surpasses that of humans in many fields such as face recognition, machine translation, and chess competitions, deep learning has almost become synonymous with artificial intelligence today. However, deep learning has major challenges in terms of topological design, effect prediction, and mechanism explanation. There is no solid mathematical theory to support the solution of these three major problems. Solving these problems is the main focus of future research on deep learning. In addition, deep learning is a typical big data intelligence, and its applicability is based on the existence of a large number of training samples. Small sample learning will be the development trend of deep learning.

  Meta-learning is expected to become the next breakthrough in the development of artificial intelligence. Recently developed meta-learning methods such as learning to learn, learning to teach, learning to optimize, learning to search, and learning to reason, as well as the outstanding performance of “AlphaGo Zero” in Go, have demonstrated the attractive prospects of such new technologies. However, meta-learning research is only just beginning, and its development still faces a series of challenges.

  The new generation of artificial intelligence is already here, and the foreseeable development trend is based on big data, centered on model and algorithm innovation, and supported by powerful computing power. The breakthrough of the new generation of artificial intelligence technology depends on the comprehensive development of other types of information technology, as well as the substantial progress and development of brain science and cognitive science. (Xu Zongben, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and professor of Xi’an Jiaotong University)

現代國語:

數位化、網路化、智慧化是新一輪科技革命的突出特徵,也是新一代資訊科技的核心。數位化為社會資訊化奠定基礎,其發展趨勢是社會的全面數據化。資料化強調對資料的收集、聚合、分析與應用。網路化為資訊傳播提供實體載體,其發展趨勢是資訊物理系統(CPS)的廣泛採用。資訊物理系統不僅會催生出新的工業,甚至會重塑現有產業佈局。智慧化體現資訊應用的層次與水平,其發展趨勢為新一代人工智慧。目前,新一代人工智慧的熱潮已經來臨。

習近平同志在2018年兩院院士大會上的重要演講指出:「世界正進入以資訊產業為主導的經濟發展時期。我們要把握數位化、網路化、智慧化融合發展的契機,以資訊化、智慧化為槓桿培育新動能。

人類社會、物理世界、資訊空間構成了當今世界的三元。這三元世界之間的關聯與交互,決定了社會資訊化的特徵與程度。感知人類社會和物理世界的基本方式是數位化,連結人類社會與物理世界(透過資訊空間)的基本方式是網路化,資訊空間作用於物理世界與人類社會的方式是智慧化。數位化、網路化、智慧化是新一輪科技革命的突出特徵,也是新一代資訊科技的聚焦點。數位化為社會資訊化奠定基礎,其發展趨勢是社會的全面資料化;網路化為資訊傳播提供物理載體,其發展趨勢是資訊物理系統(CPS)的廣泛採用;智慧化體現資訊應用的層次與水平,其發展趨勢是新一代人工智慧。

數位化:從電腦化到資料化

數位化是指將資訊載體(文字、圖片、影像、訊號等)以數位編碼形式(通常是二進位)進行儲存、傳輸、加工、處理和應用的技術途徑。數位化本身指的是資訊表示方式與處理方式,但本質上強調的是資訊應用的電腦化和自動化。資料化(資料是以編碼形式存在的資訊載體,所有資料都是數位化的)除包括數位化外,更強調對資料的收集、聚合、分析與應用,強化資料的生產要素與生產力功能。數位化正從電腦化朝向資料化發展,這是當前社會資訊化最重要的趨勢之一。

資料化的核心內涵是對資訊科技革命與經濟社會活動交融生成的大數據的深刻認識與深層利用。大數據是社會經濟、現實世界、管理決策等的片段記錄,蘊含著片段化資訊。隨著分析技術與運算技術的突破,解讀這些片段化資訊成為可能,這使得大數據成為一項新的高新技術、一類新的科學研究範式、一種新的決策方式。大數據深刻改變了人類的思考方式和生產生活方式,為管理創新、產業發展、科學發現等多個領域帶來前所未有的機會。

大數據的價值生成有其內在規律(服從大數據原理)。只有深刻認識並掌握這些規律,才能提高自覺運用、科學運用大數據的意識與能力(大數據思維)。大數據的價值主要透過大數據技術來實現。大數據技術是統計學方法、電腦技術、人工智慧技術的延伸與發展,是正在發展中的技術,目前的熱點方向包括:區塊鏈技術、互通技術、存算一體化儲存與管理技術、大數據作業系統、大數據程式語言與執行環境、大數據基礎與核心演算法、大數據機器學習技術、大數據智慧技術、視覺化與人機互動分析技術、真偽判定與安全技術等。大數據技術的發展依賴一些重大基礎問題的解決,這些重大基礎問題包括:大數據的統計基礎與計算理論基礎、大數據計算的軟硬體基礎與計算方法、大數據推斷的真偽性判定等。

實施國家大數據戰略是推動資料化革命的重要途徑。自2015年我國提出實施國家大數據戰略以來,我國大數據快速發展的格局已初步形成,但也存在一些亟待解決的問題:數據開放共享滯後,數據資源紅利仍未得到充分釋放;企業贏利模式不穩定,產業鏈完整性不足;核心技術尚未取得重大突破,相關應用的技術水準不高;安全管理與隱私保護還存在漏洞,相關制度建設仍不夠完善;等等。目前,應採取有效措施解決制約我國大數據發展的瓶頸問題。

網路化:從網際網路到資訊物理系統

作為資訊化的公共基礎設施,網路已成為人們獲取資訊、交換資訊、消費資訊的主要方式。但是,網路關注的只是人與人之間的互聯互通以及由此帶來的服務與服務的互聯。

物聯網是互聯網的自然延伸和拓展,它透過資訊科技將各種物體與網路相連,幫助人們獲取所需物體的相關資訊。物聯網透過使用射頻識別、感測器、紅外線感應器、視訊監控、全球定位系統、雷射掃描器等資訊擷取設備,透過無線感測網路、無線通訊網路把物體與網路連接起來,實現物與物、人與物之間的即時資訊交換和通信,以達到智慧化識別、定位、追蹤、監控和管理的目的。互聯網實現了人與人、服務與服務之間的互聯, 而物聯網實現了人、物、服務之間的交叉互聯。物聯網的核心技術包括:感測器技術、無線傳輸技術、大量資料分析處理技術、上層業務解決方案、安全技術等。物聯網的發展將經歷相對漫長的時期,但可能會在特定領域的應用中率先取得突破,車聯網、工業互聯網、無人系統、智慧家庭等都是當前物聯網大顯身手的領域。

物聯網主要解決人對物理世界的感知問題,而要解決對物理對象的操控問題則必須進一步發展資訊物理系統(CPS)。資訊物理系統是一個綜合運算、網路和物理環境的多維複雜系統,它透過3C(Computer、Communication、Control)技術的有機融合與深度協作,實現對大型工程系統的即時感知、動態控制和資訊服務。透過人機交互接口,資訊物理系統實現計算進程與實體進程的交互,利用網路化空間以遠端、可靠、即時、安全、協作的方式操控一個實體實體。從本質上來說,資訊物理系統是一個具有控制屬性的網路。

不同於提供資訊互動與應用的公用基礎設施,資訊物理系統發展的聚焦點在於研發深度融合感知、運算、通訊與控制能力的網路化實體設備系統。從產業角度來看,資訊物理系統的涵蓋範圍小到智慧家庭網路、大到工業控制系統乃至智慧交通系統等國家級甚至世界級的應用。更重要的是,這種涵蓋並不僅僅是將現有的設備簡單地連在一起,而是會催生出眾多具有計算、通訊、控制、協同和自治性能的設備,下一代工業將建立在在資訊物理系統之上。隨著資訊物理系統技術的發展和普及,使用電腦和網路實現功能擴展的實體設備將無所不在,並推動工業產品和技術的升級換代,大大提高汽車、航空航太、國防、工業自動化、健康醫療設備、重大基礎設施等主要工業領域的競爭力。資訊物理系統不僅會催生出新的工業,甚至會重塑現有產業佈局。

智能化:從專家系統到元學習

智能化反映資訊產品的品質屬性。我們說一個資訊產品是智慧的,通常是指這個產品能完成有智慧的人才能完成的事情,或是已經達到人類才能達到的程度。智能一般包括知覺能力、記憶與思考能力、學習與適應力、行為決策能力等。所以,智能化通常也可定義為:使對象具備靈敏準確的感知功能、正確的思考與判斷功能、自適應的學習功能、行之有效的執行功能等。

智能化是資訊科技發展的永恆追求,實現這項追求的主要途徑是發展人工智慧技術。人工智慧技術誕生60多年來,雖歷經三起兩落,但還是取得了巨大成就。 1959—1976年是基於人工表示知識和符號處理的階段,產生了在一些領域具有重要應用價值的專家系統;1976—2007年是基於統計學習和知識自表示的階段,產生了各種各樣的神經網路系統;近幾年開始的基於環境自適應、自博弈、自進化、自學習的研究,正在形成一個人工智慧發展的新階段——元學習或方法論學習階段,這構成新一代人工智慧。新一代人工智慧主要包括大數據智慧、群體智慧、跨媒體智慧、人機混合增強智慧和類腦智慧等。

深度學習是新一代人工智慧技術的卓越代表。由於在人臉辨識、機器翻譯、棋類競賽等眾多領域超越人類的表現,深度學習在今天幾乎已成為人工智慧的代名詞。然而,深度學習拓樸設計難、效果預期難、機理解釋難是重大挑戰,還沒有一套堅實的數學理論來支持解決這三大難題。解決這些難題是深度學習未來研究的主要關注點。此外,深度學習是典型的大數據智能,它的可應用性是以存在大量訓練樣本為基礎的。小樣本學習將是深度學習的發展趨勢。

元學習有望成為人工智慧發展的下一個突破口。學會學習、學會教學、學會優化、學會搜尋、學會推理等新近發展的元學習方法以及「AlphaGo Zero」在圍棋方面的出色表現,展現了這類新技術的誘人前景。然而,元學習研究僅是開始,其發展還面臨一系列挑戰。

新一代人工智慧的熱潮已經來臨,可以預見的發展趨勢是以大數據為基礎、以模型與演算法創新為核心、以強大的運算能力為支撐。新一代人工智慧技術的突破依賴其他各類資訊技術的綜合發展,也依賴腦科學與認知科學的實質進步與發展。 (中國科學院院士、西安交通大學教授 徐宗本)

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.cac.gov.cn/2019-03/01/c_1124178478.htm

Truly Integrating Chinese Military Combat Preparation into Current Adversarial Defeat Operations

將中國軍事備戰真正融入當前抗擊作戰

現代英語:

Key points

  ● Our military’s preparations for military struggle are being carried out under the special background of dramatic changes in world military affairs. If we lack a strong awareness of keeping pace with the times and theoretical preparations for pioneering and innovation, we will not be able to carry the spirit of the times throughout the entire process of military struggle preparations.

  ● The many stages of military transformation and their possible changes are uncertain, which leads to different value judgments and behavioral norms. The only way to decide on these judgments and norms is to put them into the “general coordinates” of military transformation.

  ● Keeping pace with the times does not mean following the trend or following a routine. Leapfrog development is an inherent requirement of keeping pace with the times. The new historical mission requires us to shorten or even surpass certain development stages and take a road of military struggle preparation with distinctive characteristics.

  The era of rapid change gave birth to great ideas. In his speech on May 31, General Secretary Jiang Zemin pointed out: “To implement the requirements of the ‘Three Represents’, the whole party must always maintain a spirit of keeping pace with the times and constantly open up new horizons for the development of Marxist theory…” The idea of ​​keeping pace with the times proposed by Chairman Jiang is a high-level summary of the spirit of the times and a lasting spiritual driving force for promoting military innovation. It will surely have a profound impact on military struggle preparations. Guided by the important thought of “Three Represents”, we must vigorously promote the spirit of keeping pace with the times, open up the work situation with pioneering and innovation, and enhance combat effectiveness with emancipated minds, so as to put “winning” into practice.

  The most prominent background of military struggle preparation is the new military transformation

  The important thought of “Three Represents” is the result of the Chinese Communists observing and thinking about the changes in the world and China today, and adhering to and developing Marxism in new practices. Keeping pace with the times is a concept that reflects the essential characteristics of the times. To examine military struggle preparations with this concept, we should first look at what kind of changes have taken place in the background of our times.

  There are many factors that affect the preparation for military struggle: the development of the international situation, the evolution of the strategic pattern, the judgment of security threats… However, the most direct, profound and extensive influence is the new round of military revolution that emerged at the end of the last century.

  ———A revolution in combat elements: simultaneous improvement in strike, defense, and mobility. For thousands of years, no military revolution has achieved simultaneous development of strike, defense, and mobility in a short period of time. The military revolution taking place today is turning the ideal model of simultaneous improvement of the three combat capabilities into reality.

  The improvement of strike capability is mainly due to precision-guided weapons. The accuracy of traditional unguided weapons is generally in a stable inverse relationship with the strike distance, but precision-guided weapons are changing the “range-accuracy” law. The accuracy does not decrease with the increase of range. This change has a strong impact on the time, space and effectiveness concepts formed in the previous generation of wars, and new tactics such as “non-contact combat” and “out-of-area strike” have emerged.

  In all previous military reforms, the transformation of defense capabilities has always been “half a beat slower”, and the battlefield strictly follows the iron rule of “saving oneself by destroying the enemy”. Some people even believe that the armor revolution in the 20th century was just an extension of the idea of ​​”blocking and offsetting the opponent’s attack power” in the cold weapon era, and it is not really a defense revolution. Today, a real defense revolution has quietly arrived. The representative technology is stealth technology, known as “low detectability technology”. It breaks through the traditional routine that has been followed for thousands of years, “saves itself” by reducing the probability of the target being discovered, and at the same time creates conditions for achieving the suddenness of the attack. It can be called an offensive defense method of “saving oneself” first and then “destroying the enemy”, and its development prospects are unlimited.

  Mobility is shifting to “air”, and military mobility is showing multi-dimensional and three-dimensional characteristics. With the cross-generational improvement of intelligence support, command and control, and mobility tools, air mobility has leapt from the tactical level to the campaign level. At present, the number of helicopters in the main forces of the military of some developed countries is roughly equal to that of tanks, with an average of one helicopter for every 100 soldiers. Once the ground is no longer an obstacle, what new landscape will appear on the battlefield?

  ———Revolution in the military structure: integration of all services. Integration is a prominent manifestation of the achievements of the new military revolution in the field of command and coordination. Since the establishment of services, the military has believed in the idea of ​​​​integrated operations, but the difficulty of “horizontal flow” of information has restricted the improvement of the overall combat capability of the military. Since the 1980s, digital communication equipment, friend-or-foe identification systems, global positioning systems, and computer networks have successively entered the battlefield. For the first time, troops of different types, levels, and spaces have the ability to “horizontally flow” information, creating conditions for integrated operations. Reflecting this trend is the concept of “action-centered warfare” proposed by the US military in recent years. Based on the development of sensor technology, computer network technology and rapid response capabilities, the US military has transformed “plan-centered warfare” into “action-centered warfare”, which will be a profound change in the field of military command and coordination, and the integrated operations of all services will reach a new level.

  Integration is also reflected in the formation of the army. First, the boundaries between the services are weakened. Since World War II, the power of the services has usually been directly controlled by the strategic command, forming a clear boundary between the services. In future joint operations, the traditional command system can no longer adapt to the special requirements of timeliness. It is necessary to break the original boundaries between the services and form an integrated force. At present, the establishment of a “joint task force” composed of an army brigade task force, an air force fighter squadron, a naval ship unit and a marine expeditionary unit is a new attempt by the military of developed countries to seek integration. Secondly, the boundaries between the services are weakened. The military of developed countries has formed mixed-service synthetic forces. For example, the US Air Force will establish 10 expeditionary aerospace forces by 2003 based on the “mixed wing” experiment in the past few years; the United Kingdom has mixed the Navy’s “Sea Harrier” aircraft with the Air Force’s “Harrier” fighter since 2000. It can be foreseen that in the near future, a new pattern will emerge in the relatively stable military structure formed in the era of mechanized warfare. Some scholars call it a “revolution of relationships” and a “revolution of structure”, which is indeed a vision.

  ———Revolution of combat systems: transformation from mechanized army to informationized army. Human society is facing the third major transformation in history, and the wave of information revolution continues. A few years ago, the concept of informationization as “intelligent” warfare was still beyond people’s vision, but today few people doubt its emergence.

  Since the advent of the industrial age, war has shown an accelerating development trend, especially in the half century after World War II. Mechanization, as the mainstream of war, has reached its peak, but it has also fallen into a dilemma: the physical performance of weapons and equipment has reached its limit, and the return on investment is very small; the catastrophic consequences of nuclear weapons make it increasingly difficult to play a role in war; the harm to innocent people and the pollution to the environment caused by weapons of mass destruction have led to ecological deterioration… There is almost no way to continue to develop within the framework of mechanization. People began to seek new ways, that is, to solve the problems of strike efficiency and combat effectiveness from a deeper level, and strive to achieve precision, controllability and intelligence, and this is informatization. At present, the armies of many countries are working hard to open up a path of change to break out of the dilemma of mechanized warfare. The trend of mechanized warfare giving way to information warfare is irreversible. President Jiang has a keen insight into the major changes in the world’s military field and pointed out that the essence of the new military revolution is the information revolution, which has pointed out the direction for our army to meet the challenges of the new military revolution in the world.

  At present, the armed forces of developed countries are vigorously promoting the informatization of weapons and equipment. While actively developing C4I systems, precision-guided munitions, smart weapons, and digital individual equipment, they also focus on doing a good job in top-level design, integrating target reconnaissance and surveillance, target information processing and transmission, precision strikes, and damage assessment to form a “military system”. In this way, the combat system of the industrial age, which is suitable for exerting the potential of firepower and mobility, has been gradually transformed into a combat system of the information age, which is suitable for the rapid flow and use of information.

  Our military’s preparations for military struggle coincide with the real upheaval in the world’s military field. Having experienced this revolution, we should have a stronger sense of the times and urgency than ever before. When we are preparing for real threats, we must not ignore or forget that we are in a new era, and we must not be busy responding and indifferent to the general trend. Not being attached to things we are already familiar with, keenly absorbing the new things shown to us by the historical trend, taking advantage of the trend, and taking a bigger step, this is the powerful response of the idea of ​​keeping pace with the times to the challenges of the times.

  Designing the “general coordinates” of military struggle preparation in accordance with the general trend of military transformation

  In his “May 31” speech, General Secretary Jiang pointed out: “Adhering to the ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts and promoting the spirit of keeping pace with the times are decisive factors in the Party’s maintaining its advanced nature and creativity under the conditions of long-term governance. Whether our Party can always do this will determine China’s development prospects and destiny.” If we understand keeping pace with the times from the perspective of “determining destiny,” military struggle preparations will be able to find reference in a broader context.

  ———Inspiration from history: Those who follow the trend will prosper, and those who go against the trend will perish. Those who follow the historical trend are destined to be favored by history, and those who seize the initiative are often those armies that are extremely sensitive to the historical trend. In the mid-19th century, Prussia was earlier than other countries to realize the challenges brought by the Industrial Revolution to the military field, and took the lead in realizing the transition of the military system to mechanized warfare, which gave it a decisive advantage over those European armies with more troops and higher technological levels in the following decades.

  On the contrary, there is a clear gap between the huge military investment and the results achieved, and the reason is probably the lack of a keen sense of smell to seize the opportunity. From the mid-17th century to the end of the 18th century, Chinese society developed to the extreme under the original system framework, and the military was also in the heyday of the cold weapon era. Almost at the same time, a series of earth-shaking changes took place in the world: the gunpowder revolution was in full swing, and the mechanization revolution followed. Faced with the impact of military changes, the Qing army clung to the pedantic idea that “riding and shooting are the foundation of Manchuria”, calling inventions and creations “strange skills and tricks” and viewing strong ships and powerful guns as sorcery. The Qing Dynasty was eventually passively beaten and lost its power and humiliated the country.

  History has striking similarities, but the choices of historical paths have their merits and demerits. Today, the world’s military is once again facing major changes, major developments, and major turning points. After the Gulf War, the Central Military Commission was keenly aware that the world’s military field was undergoing extensive and profound changes, and promptly formulated a military strategic policy for the new era, requiring that the basis of military struggle preparation be placed on winning local wars under modern technology, especially high-tech conditions; in 1996, under the guidance of this strategic policy, it was proposed that the guiding ideology of military construction must achieve two fundamental changes from quantity and scale to quality and efficiency, and from manpower-intensive to technology-intensive; in 1997, with great wisdom and extraordinary courage, the “three-step” strategy for the cross-century development of the military was determined… These major measures fully reflect the forward-looking vision of keeping pace with the times. Over the past decade, the reason why our military’s preparation for military struggle in the new era has been able to make continuous progress and breakthroughs is because the spirit of the times that keeps pace with the times has been integrated into it.

  ———Useful experience: Take reform as the focus of military struggle preparation. After the Cold War, the international situation changed, and the armies of various countries began to redesign their development blueprints. The general practice is to attach great importance to the impact of new military changes, emphasize the historical opportunity of war transformation, and promote military reform in accordance with the requirements of the times. Waves of reforms have emerged one after another, and finally formed a reform trend that swept the world.

  According to the “2001-2002 Strategic Assessment Report” recently published by the London International Institute for Strategic Studies, after the “9.11” incident, the US military proposed a new round of military reform plans, which included six important components, the first of which was “concepts on future wars.” With a new view on future wars, the war machine must be remodeled. In fact, the former Soviet army was the first to realize the current military revolution, but the US military came later. When many mechanized armies were still arguing about whether informatization would come, the US military quietly began the informatization reform and established the “Senior Steering Committee for Military Revolution Research” in 1994 as the organizational leadership of military reform. Each branch of the military has also established corresponding institutions, such as the Army Digitalization Office and Ground Information Warfare Center, the Navy New Operational Concept Committee and Fleet Information Warfare Center, and the Air Force Information Warfare Center. After years of accumulation, a large number of beneficial results have been achieved, providing coordinates for the military’s informatization transformation.

  The deeper the reform, the more difficult it is to operate. The armies of many countries have seen that the military system that has been perfected in the mechanized era has little room for transformation, and must vigorously promote the new military revolution. The US Department of Defense has set up five working groups to focus on how to use information technology to completely transform the US military, and has established six combat laboratories dedicated to studying information warfare. The US military believes that it is currently unable to effectively cope with various complex new security challenges, and needs to carry out military reforms with the goal of rapid, flexible, and effective joint operations of all arms, including the establishment of a standing joint task force, the development of required leapfrog technologies, the enhancement of the flexibility of command organizations, the reform of procurement strategies, the abandonment of old military systems to free up funds for new systems, and so on. Although the conditions for promoting the new military revolution in Russia, Britain, France, Japan and other countries are not as complete as those in the United States, they have also formulated long-term national defense development strategies and military construction plans, and accelerated the pace of their own military reforms to meet the challenges of the new military revolution. These reform measures reflect the general direction and are worth learning from for our army.

  ———The call of mission: Unify military struggle preparation and building a first-class army. The tasks of our army’s military struggle preparation are determined, but the reference system of army building is not solidified. The changing international environment, the uncertain strategic pattern and the complex surrounding security situation faced by our country have determined that once a war breaks out, our combat opponents and combat directions may not be single, and the main strategic direction is also relative and variable. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, almost none of the several local wars we have fought were carried out in the strategic direction we have prepared. If we only target one opponent and imagine one situation, it is undoubtedly a strategic shortsightedness.

  In the face of this situation, how can we prepare for military struggle? The answer is: improve the starting point of military struggle preparation and build a first-class army. In a reality full of uncertainty and unpredictability, the most important thing is to have the “ability” to cope with various situations. This is like participating in a large-scale international competition. It is not enough to just defeat one opponent. Only by defeating a series of opponents can you win the championship, which requires comprehensive strength. Therefore, military struggle preparation should be planned for the long term, not overly focusing on recent threats and ignoring long-term construction. While highlighting the key points, we should focus on developing the ability of the entire army to cope with challenges and unexpected events. This ability can only be obtained by strengthening quality construction and catching up with the world’s military powers. Take advantage of our “latecomer advantage”, draw nourishment from the history of military development in developed countries, accelerate the process of catching up with advanced technology, advanced systems, and advanced ideas, avoid the detours they have taken, and finally form our own advantages. In this way, we can prepare for recent threats while also taking care of the future.

  The military revolution is global, but it will not automatically visit every country. Although it has made it possible for the armies of developing countries to catch up, opportunities only come to those who respond correctly. We have unified the two strategic tasks of preparing for real military struggles and strengthening the quality of military construction, preparing while building, using preparation to drive construction and construction to promote preparation. This is undoubtedly the right choice.

  Taking a Distinctive Path of Military Struggle Preparation in the Trend of Change

  Due to different starting points, the military of different countries has shown diversity in the choice of development path. A foreign scholar once asserted: “What aspects of an army lag behind and how much it lags behind completely determines the pattern of historical change.” In the field of economics, this phenomenon is called “path dependence.” If the path of change of the world’s military powers is regarded as the only model and applied to oneself without thinking, then it will inevitably lead to a serious misalignment of the starting point, path and goal.

  ———Establish a brand-new development strategy. In the 21st century, the war will inevitably enter the informationization stage. In this transition, the armies of countries around the world may undergo new differentiation, resulting in major differences and imbalances in combat capabilities. To avoid being left behind in the new competition, conventional strategies will not work. We must find a way to catch up quickly.

  Mechanization is the path to development for Western armies. This is because the historical background at that time provided them with special conditions. It is impossible for our army to have these historical conditions again and to achieve the same level of development in the form of mechanized warfare. Therefore, we should seriously reflect on whether we can really catch up with the armies of developed countries in the framework of mechanization.

  Information warfare is a great leap forward in the form of warfare. In fact, the development from the old form to the new form is achieved through a series of huge changes within the combat system. This transformation is not a linear transition from the old form to the new form, but a “transfer development”. Just as “steamboats are not evolutionary sailboats; cars are not evolutionary improvements on horses and carriages; transistors are not better vacuum tubes”, “transfer development” is a change in the nature and direction of combat means. Its prominent features are its transition, nonlinearity, discontinuity and innovation. Looking forward from the perspective of the old form in a straight line, you cannot see the new form.

  Our army is still in the process of mechanization. The limitations of mechanization are rapidly emerging but have not yet been fully exposed. In some areas of information technology, our army has gradually entered the new military revolution, and even in some parts and to some extent, it is not behind many Western countries’ armies. This shows a fact that mechanization and informatization are not completely connected in a straight line. Under certain conditions, it is possible to achieve leapfrog development. The agricultural civilization of ancient Egypt was not built on the basis of the world’s most developed hunting and gathering civilization, and the British pioneering industrial civilization did not have the world’s most developed agricultural civilization.

  The discontinuity and transition of the new war form often provide a historical opportunity for the army that was not advanced to catch up. The information revolution provides an opportunity for our army to achieve leapfrog development without fully developed mechanization.

  ———Use informatization to drive mechanization. The “generational” development of weapons and equipment is not only an important part of the new military revolution, but also its origin. A fundamental question is: for which generation of war are the weapons systems being developed or introduced preparing? If we use yesterday’s equipment to meet tomorrow’s war, we will inevitably run into a wall. Let’s take an example. The radar system used by the vast majority of early warning aircraft currently in service is an active radiation radar, which will basically have no survivability in the next generation of war. If we blindly introduce such early warning aircraft, is it a strategic miscalculation? Obviously, forward-looking awareness is particularly important for equipment development.

  The so-called advanced consciousness, for our army at this stage, is to establish the development concept of “using informatization to drive mechanization”. The information revolution has provided opportunities for our army to develop by leaps and bounds, but it is impossible to completely leapfrog the mechanization stage. The mechanization level of our army’s weapons and equipment is still not high, and some are even only semi-mechanized. Using informatization to drive mechanization means moderately developing mechanization, but not pursuing the most advanced mechanization, not affecting the capital investment in informatization transformation, not over-performing the mechanized command system and mechanism, and ensuring the smooth progress of informatization transformation while maintaining the mechanized combat mode. Combine moderate development of mechanization with informatization, and while maintaining the former, focus on the latter.

  ———Deepen reform while inheriting. As early as 1996, President Jiang pointed out: “From the current trend of world military development, the problem of unreasonable organizational system of our army is also quite prominent. The adjustment and reform of organizational system should continue to be carried out actively and steadily.” Any army is following the organizational tradition that has been tested by practice and reflects its own characteristics. For example, Sweden has adopted the organizational system of integrating soldiers with civilians for hundreds of years, and the organizational system of the Indian Army still retains the “wing system” tradition of the British Indian period… However, the impact point of military reform is often aimed at the organizational system first. The “hub” position of the organizational system makes it the focus of any army that wants to make a difference.

  As the military revolution develops in depth, a series of innovative achievements in weapons and equipment, personnel quality and combat theory will eventually need to be materialized in a smooth system, and scientific mechanisms will be used to express and reflect them, so that they can release energy most quickly and effectively. The adjustment of the organizational system of our army should break through the accumulated problems, transcend tradition, create enough space to promote institutional reform, and unswervingly work towards the direction of “appropriate scale, reasonable structure, and flexible command” required by Chairman Jiang. The so-called keeping pace with the times means that we should boldly reform the focus and difficulties of these top-level designs, and should not be burdened by the details in front of us.

  ———Using science and technology as the driving force. In the process of new military transformation, our army’s scientific spirit and scientific and technological awareness are keeping pace with the times. The whole army has carried out extensive, in-depth and long-term scientific and technological training activities, and has embarked on a new training development path driven by science and technology.

  Historically, armies that reject science and technology have always been doomed. During World War II, the Japanese Kwantung Army believed that “belief rather than knowledge is the factor in completing the mission”, and its combat regulations insisted on “hand-to-hand combat”. In the “Zhanggufeng Incident” in 1938, although the casualties in hand-to-hand combat only accounted for 2.8% of the total casualties, the Kwantung Army’s combat regulations in 1941 still emphasized “hand-to-hand combat” and lacked training to deal with tanks and aircraft. After the war, the Japanese army admitted that the Kwantung Army “had almost zero modern combat training”. Western armies have a tradition of advocating science, and they attach great importance to timely revising training regulations and adjusting training content according to the development of military technology. It is reported that the US Air Force no longer conducts training in close-range air combat projects, but focuses on controlling missile flight.

  In recent years, the whole army has carried out a comprehensive reform of the content of education and training in accordance with the requirements of the military strategic policy of the new era, and has achieved phased results. However, the reform that has been carried out is preliminary, and there is still a long way to go. The innovation of education and training content should focus on the requirements of the next generation of war on personnel quality and combat capability, and make a good overall design from top to bottom. In recent years, our army has built a military training information network for the whole army and campus networks of various colleges and universities, established a large number of modern teaching venues and training grounds, developed and distributed a large number of training simulation equipment that matches new equipment, and realized the interconnection and interoperability of campaign and tactical training simulation systems… We will hold high the torch of the spirit of the times, keep pace with the times, and rely closely on scientific and technological progress to continuously push education and training to a new level.

現代國語:

柴宇球、曾蘇南、本報記者張國育

內容提要

●我軍軍事鬥爭準備是在世界軍事真正發生劇變的特殊背景下進行的。如果缺乏與時俱進的強烈意識和開拓創新的理論準備,就無法把時代精神貫穿軍事鬥爭準備的整個過程

●軍事變革的許多階段及其可能變化具有不確定性,因此產生了不同的價值判斷和行為準則。決定這些判斷和準則的取捨,只能把它們放到軍事變革的「總座標」中去考慮

●與時俱進不是隨波逐流,不是按部就班,跨越式發展是與時俱進的題中應有之義。新的歷史使命要求我們縮短甚至超越某些發展階段,走具有鮮明特色的軍事鬥爭準備之路

激變時代催生偉大思想。江澤民總書記在「5·31」演講中指出:「貫徹好『三個代表』要求,必須使全黨始終保持與時俱進的精神狀態,不斷開拓馬克思主義理論發展的新境界…」。江主席提出的與時俱進思想,是時代精神的高度概括,也是推動軍事創新的持久的精神動力,它必將對軍事鬥爭準備產生深遠影響。以「三個代表」重要想法為指導,大力弘揚與時俱進的精神,用開拓創新打開工作局面,用解放思想提升戰鬥力,才能把「打得贏」落實。

軍事鬥爭準備最突出的時代背景是新軍事變革

「三個代表」重要思想是中國共產黨人觀察、思考當今世界和中國的變化,在新的實踐中堅持與發展馬克思主義的結果。與時俱進,則是反映了時代本質特徵的觀念。用這個觀念來檢視軍事鬥爭準備,首先應當看我們所處的時代背景究竟發生了什麼樣的改變。

影響軍事鬥爭準備的因素很多:國際情勢的發展,戰略格局的演變,對安全威脅的判斷……但是,影響最直接、最深刻、最廣泛的,當首推上世紀末期興起的新一輪軍事革命。

———戰鬥要素的革命:打擊力、防護力、機動力同步提升。千百年來,還沒有哪一次軍事變革在短時間內使打擊、防護、機動能力獲得同步發展。而當今發生的這場軍事變革,正把三種作戰能力同時提升的理想模式變成現實。

打擊能力的提升主要得益於精確導引武器。傳統非導引武器的命中精準度一般與打擊距離構成穩定的反比關係,而精確導引武器卻在改變「射程-精準度」規律,它不因射程的增大而降低精準度。這項變革猛烈衝擊著上一代戰爭中形成的時間觀、空間觀和效能觀,「非接觸作戰」、「防區外打擊」等新戰法應運而生。

在歷次軍事變革中,防護能力的變革總是“慢半拍”,戰場嚴格遵循“靠消滅敵人來保存自己”的鐵律。甚至有人認為,20世紀的裝甲革命只是冷兵器時代「阻隔與抵消對方打擊威力」的思路的延伸,實在算不上是一次防護革命。今天,一場真正意義上的防護革命悄然而至,代表性的技術是被稱為「低可探測性技術」的隱身技術,它突破了沿襲數千年的傳統套路,透過降低目標被發現的機率來“保存自己”,同時又為達成攻擊的突然性創造了條件,堪稱先“保存自己”再“消滅敵人”的進攻性防護手段,其發展前景不可限量。

機動力正向「空中化」轉移,軍隊機動呈現多維立體的特徵。隨著情報保障、指揮控制、機動工具的跨代式改善,空中機動能力從戰術級躍升到了戰役級。目前,有些已開發國家軍隊主力部隊的直升機數量與坦克大致相等,平均每100名士兵就有一架直升機。一旦地面不再成為障礙物時,戰場將出現什麼新景觀?

———軍隊結構的革命:諸軍兵種一體化。一體化是新軍事變革的成果在指揮協同領域的突出體現。自從有了軍兵種,軍隊就信奉整體作戰思想,但由於資訊的「橫向流動」比較困難,制約了軍隊整體作戰能力的提升。自1980年代以來,數位化通訊設備、敵我識別系統、全球定位系統、電腦網路相繼躋身戰場,不同類型、不同層級、不同空間的部隊第一次具備了資訊「橫向流動」的能力,為一體化作戰創造了條件。反映這一趨勢的是近年來美軍提出的「行動中心戰」概念。基於感測器技術、電腦網路技術及快速反應能力的發展,美軍把“計劃中心戰”轉變為“行動中心戰”,這將是軍隊指揮協同領域的一次深刻變革,諸軍兵種一體化作戰將由此達到一個新水平。

一體化也體現在軍隊編成上。首先是軍種界限的弱化。二次大戰以來,軍種力量通常由戰略統帥部直接掌握,形成了涇渭分明的軍種界限。未來聯合作戰,傳統的指揮體制已無法適應對時效性的特殊要求,必須打破原有的軍種界限,組成一體化部隊。目前,建立由陸軍旅特遣隊、空軍戰鬥機中隊、海軍艦艇部隊和陸戰隊遠徵分隊組成的“聯合特遣部隊”,就是發達國家軍隊謀求一體化的新嘗試。其次是兵種界線的弱化。已開發國家軍隊紛紛組成兵種混編合成部隊,如美國空軍在前幾年「混編聯隊」試驗的基礎之上,將在2003年前建立10​​支遠徵型航空航天部隊;英國從2000年開始將海軍的「海鷂」飛機與空軍的「鷂」式戰鬥機混合編組。可以預見,在不遠的將來,機械化戰爭時代所形成的相對穩定的軍隊結構將出現新格局。有些學者稱之為“關係的革命”、“結構的革命”,不失為一種遠見。

———作戰體系的革命:機械化軍隊轉變為資訊化軍隊。人類社會正面臨歷史上第三次大轉型,資訊革命的浪潮持續不斷。幾年前,作為「智慧化」戰爭的資訊化概念尚在人們的視野之外,而今天沒有多少人再懷疑它的出現。

戰爭自進入工業時代以來,呈現出加速度發展趨勢,尤其是第二次世界大戰後的半個世紀,機械化作為戰爭形態的主流已經達到它的巔峰,但同時也陷入了困境:武器裝備的物理性能達到極限,大量的投入回報甚微;核武的災難性後果,使其越來越難以在戰爭中發揮作用;大規模殺傷性武器造成的對無辜人民的傷害和對環境造成的污染,導致生態惡化……在機械化的框架中繼續發展幾乎沒有出路,人們開始尋求新的方式,即從更深層面上解決打擊效率和作戰效果問題,努力實現精確化、可控化和智能化,而這就是信息化。目前,許多國家軍隊都在努力開拓跳出機械化戰爭困境的變革之路,機械化戰爭讓位給資訊化戰爭的趨勢不可逆轉。江主席敏銳洞察世界軍事領域發生的重大變化,精闢指出了新軍事變革的本質是資訊化革命,為我軍迎接世界新軍事變革的挑戰指明了方向。

目前,已開發國家軍隊都在大力推進武器裝備的資訊化建設,在積極發展C4 I系統、精確制導彈藥、靈巧武器、數位化單兵裝備的同時,注重搞好頂層設計,使目標偵察與監視、目標資訊處理與傳輸、精確打擊與毀傷評估實現一體化,形成「軍事大系統」。這樣,就把工業時代的適於發揮火力和機動力潛能的作戰體系,逐步改造成了資訊時代的適於資訊快速流動和使用的作戰體系。

我軍軍事鬥爭準備恰逢世界軍事領域正發生著真正的劇變,親歷了這場革命,我們應有比以往更強烈的時代感和緊迫感。當我們針對現實威脅認真準備的時候,我們一定不可以忽略或忘記我們正置身一個新的時代,一定不可以忙於應對而淡漠大勢。不眷戀我們已經熟悉了的東西,敏銳吸納歷史潮流為我們展示的新鮮事物,乘勢而上,把步子邁得更大一點,這就是與時俱進思想對時代挑戰的有力回應。

按照軍事變革大趨勢設計軍事鬥爭準備“總坐標”

江總書記在「5·31」演講中指出:「堅持解放思想、實事求是的思想路線,弘揚與時俱進的精神,是黨在長期執政條件下保持先進性和創造力的決定性因素。我們黨能否始終做到這一點,決定著中國的發展前途和命運。

———歷史的啟蒙:順應趨勢者昌,逆趨勢而動者亡。順應歷史潮流注定得到歷史的青睞,搶先者往往是那些對歷史潮流異常敏感的軍隊。 19世紀中葉,普魯士比其他國家更早察覺到工業革命對軍事領域帶來的挑戰,率先實現了軍事體係向機械化戰爭的過渡,從而使它在後來數十年間比那些兵力更多、科技水平更高的歐洲軍隊都佔有決定性優勢。

相反的情形是,軍事上的巨額投入與所取得的成果之間存在明顯落差,其原因恐怕也是缺乏乘勢而動的靈敏嗅覺。 17世紀中葉至18世紀末,中國社會在原有的體系框架下發展到了極致,軍事上也處於冷兵器時代的鼎盛期。幾乎在同一時間,世界發生了一系列改天換地的變革:火藥革命方興未艾,機械化革命接踵而至。面對軍事變革的衝擊,滿清軍隊卻死抱著“騎射乃滿洲根本”的迂腐觀念,把發明創造稱為“奇技淫巧”,把堅船利炮看成妖術。大清王朝最終被動挨打,喪權辱國。

歷史有著驚人的相似之處,歷史道路的選擇卻有高下優劣之分。當今,世界軍事又面臨大變動、大發展、大轉折。海灣戰爭以後,中央軍委敏銳察覺到世界軍事領域正在發生廣泛而深刻的變革,及時制定了新時期軍事戰略方針,要求把軍事鬥爭準備的基點放在打贏現代技術特別是高技術條件下的局部戰爭上;19 96年,在這一戰略方針的指導下,提出軍隊建設的指導思想必須實現由數量規模型向質量效能型、由人力密集型向科技密集型的兩個根本性轉變;1997年,又以高度的智慧和過人的膽魄,確定了軍隊跨世紀發展“三步走”戰略……這些重大舉措,充分體現了與時俱進的前瞻性視野。十多年來,我軍新時期軍事鬥爭準備之所以能夠不斷取得進展與突破,就是因為把與時俱進的時代精神融入其中。

———有益的經驗:把改革當作軍事鬥爭準備的著力點。冷戰後,國際局勢起了變化,各國軍隊開始重新設計發展藍圖。普遍的做法是,高度重視新軍事變革的影響,強調掌握戰爭形態轉型的歷史機遇,並依照時代要求推動軍事改革。一個波次接一個波次的改革浪潮此起彼伏,最終形成了席捲全球的改革之勢。

根據倫敦國際戰略研究所最近發表的《2001-2002年度戰略評估報告》稱,「9·11」事件以後,美軍提出了新一輪的軍事改革計劃,其中包括六個重要組成部分,首要部分是「關於未來戰爭的設想」。對未來戰爭有了新看法,必然對戰爭機器進行新的改造。其實,最早意識到當今這場軍事變革的是前蘇軍,但美軍後來居上,當許多機械化為主的軍隊還在爭論資訊化是否會到來時,美軍不動聲色地開始了資訊化改革,於1994年成立了“軍事革命研究高級指導委員會”,作為軍事改革的組織領導機構。各軍種也成立了相應的機構,如陸軍數位化辦公室和地面資訊戰中心、海軍新作戰概念委員會和艦隊資訊戰中心、空軍資訊戰中心等。經過多年積累,取得了大量有益成果,為軍隊資訊化改造提供了座標。

改革越深入,操作的難度就越高。許多國家的軍隊已經看到,在機械化時代日臻完善的軍事體系已經沒有太大的改造空間,必須大刀闊斧地推進新軍事革命。美國國防部專門成立了5個工作小組,集中探討如何使用資訊科技徹底改造美軍,並且建立了6個專門研究資訊戰的戰鬥實驗室。美軍認為,目前還不能有效地應付各種複雜的新安全挑戰,需要以迅速、靈活、各兵種有效聯合行動為目標進行軍事改革,包括設立一支常備聯合特遣部隊,開發需要的躍進技術,增強指揮機構的彈性,改革採購策略,放棄舊的軍事系統以便為新系統騰出經費,等等。俄、英、法、日等國推行新軍事革命的條件雖然不如美國完備,但它們也紛紛制定面向長遠的國防發展戰略與軍隊建設規劃,加快本國軍事改革的步伐,以迎接新軍事革命的挑戰。這些反映了大方向的改革舉措,值得我軍借鏡。

———使命的呼喚:把軍事鬥爭準備和建設一流軍隊統一起來。我軍軍事鬥爭準備的任務是確定的,而軍隊建設的參考係卻不是凝固的。多變的國際環境、未定的戰略格局以及我國所面臨的複雜的周邊安全形勢,這些都決定了一旦發生戰事,我們的作戰對手和作戰方向可能都不是單一的,主要戰略方向也具有相對性和可變性。建國後,我們所進行的幾場局部戰爭,幾乎沒有一場是在我們準備好了的戰略方向進行的。如果僅僅瞄準一個對手,設想一種情況,無疑是一種戰略短視。

面對這種局面,如何做好軍事鬥爭準備?答案是:提高軍事鬥爭準備的起點,建立一支一流軍隊。在充滿不確定性和不可測性的現實中,具備應付各種情況的「能力」才是最重要的。這如同參加大型國際賽,光是戰勝一個對手不行,只有戰勝一系列對手才能奪冠,這就需要綜合實力。所以,軍事鬥爭準備要從長計議,不過度專注近期威脅而忽略長遠建設,在突出重點的同時,著力去開發整個軍隊應付挑戰和不測事件的能力。這種能力只有透過加強品質建設,在追趕世界軍事強國的過程中獲得。利用我們的“後發優勢”,從發達國家軍隊發展的歷史中汲取營養,加速對先進技術、先進體制、先進思想的追趕過程,避免他們走過的彎路,最終形成自己的優勢。這樣,我們才能在為近期威脅作好準備的同時,也關照好未來。

軍事革命是全球性的,但它不會自動光顧每一個國家,它雖然使後發國家軍隊有了奮起追趕的可能性,但機運只為那些正確應對者而來。我們把現實軍事鬥爭準備和加強軍隊質量建設兩大戰略任務統一起來,邊準備,邊建設,以準備牽引建設,以建設促進準備,這無疑是正確的抉擇。

在變革潮流中走具有特色的軍事鬥爭準備之路

不同國家軍隊由於起點不同,對發展道路的選擇呈現出多樣性。國外某學者曾斷言:「一支軍隊什麼方面落後、落後多少完全規定了歷史的變化模式。」經濟學領域稱這種現象為「路徑依賴」。如果把世界軍事強國的變革之路視為唯一模式,不假思索地套於自身,那麼,必然導致起點、途徑與目標的嚴重錯置。

———確立嶄新的發展思路。戰爭形態在21世紀必定跨入資訊化階段,世界各國軍隊有可能在這場過渡中發生新的分化,形成作戰水準的重大差異與不平衡。要避免在新的角逐中落伍,常規的思路肯定不行,必須找到一條快速追趕的路徑。

機械化是西方軍隊的發達之路,這是由於當時的歷史背景給西方軍隊提供了特殊條件,而我軍不可能重新具備這些歷史條件,不可能在機械化戰爭形態中獲得同等發達水平。因此,我們應該認真反思在機械化框架中能否真正趕上已開發國家軍隊的問題。

資訊化戰爭是戰爭形態的大飛躍。其實,從舊形態轉向新形態的發展是透過作戰系統內部一系列巨大轉變來實現的,這種轉變不是舊形態向新形態的直線推移,而是一種「轉移式發展」。正如「蒸氣船不是進化發展的帆船;汽車不是馬和馬車的進化型改進;晶體管不是一種較好的真空管」一樣,「轉移式發展」是作戰手段的本質、方向的改變,其突出特徵是它的轉折性、非線性、間斷性和創新性,從舊型態的視角向前直線展望是看不到新型態的。

我軍目前尚處在機械化進程中,機械化的局限性正在快速顯現但尚未完全暴露,而我軍在資訊科技某些領域已逐漸涉足新軍事革命,甚至在某些局部某種程度上並不比許多西方國家軍隊落後。這顯示了一個事實,機械化與資訊化並不完全是直線相接的,在具備一定的條件下,有可能實現跨越式發展。古埃及的農業文明並不是建立在世界最發達的採獵文明基礎上,英國開拓工業文明也不是擁有世界最發達的農業文明。

新戰爭形態的間斷性、轉折性往往會給原本並不先進的軍隊提供一個後來居上的歷史機會。資訊革命為我軍在不擁有充分發展的機械化的基礎上實現跨越式發展提供了機會。

———用資訊化牽引機械化。武器裝備的「斷代性」發展,既是新軍事變革的重要內容,也是它的始因。一個帶根本性的問題是:正在研發或引進的武器系統是為哪一代戰爭做準備?如果用昨天的裝備迎接明天的戰爭,難免會碰壁。試舉一例。現在正在服役的絕大多數預警機,採用的雷達系統是主動式輻射雷達,這在下一代戰爭中將基本沒有生存能力,如果盲目引進此類預警機,是不是一種戰略失算?顯然,超前意識對裝備發展來說尤其重要。

所謂超前意識,對現階段的我軍來說,就是確立「用資訊化牽引機械化」的發展觀。資訊革命為我軍跨越式發展提供了機遇,但機械化階段不可能完全跨越,我軍武器裝備的機械化水準還不高,有些甚至只是半機械化。用資訊化牽引機械化,就是適度發展機械化,但不追求最發達的機械化,不影響資訊化改造的資金投入,不過度完善機械化指揮體系和機制,在維持機械化作戰方式的同時,保證資訊化改造順利進行。把適度發展機械化與資訊化結合起來,在維持前者的同時,重心向後者傾斜。

———在繼承中深化改革。江主席早在1996年就指出:「從當前世界軍事發展的動向看,我軍的編制體制不合理的問題也比較突出,編制體制的調整改革要繼續積極穩妥地進行。」任何軍隊都在沿襲著經過實踐檢驗、體現自身特色的編制傳統,如瑞典幾百年來一直採取了寓兵於民的組織體制,印度陸軍的編制體制仍然保留著英印時期的「聯隊制」傳統……但是,軍事變革的衝擊點往往先瞄準編制體制。編制體制所處的「樞紐」地位,使它成為任何一支有所作為的軍隊所關注的焦點。

隨著軍事革命向縱深發展,武器裝備、人員素質和作戰理論的一系列革新成果,最終都需要物化於一種順暢的體制內,用科學的機制去表現它、反映它,使其最迅速、最有效地釋放能量。我軍的編制體制調整應當衝破積弊,超越傳統,創造足夠的空間促進機構改革,堅定不移地朝著江主席所要求的「規模適度、結構合理、指揮靈便」的方向努力。所謂與時俱進,就應當在這些頂層設計的焦點、難點上大膽改革,而不應為眼前的細節所累。

———以科學技術為推動力。在新軍事變革的過程中,我軍的科學精神、科技意識都在與時俱進,全軍廣泛、深入、持久地開展科技練兵活動,走出了一條以科學技術為推動力的新的訓練發展道路。

歷史上,拒絕科學技術的軍隊均難逃厄運。在二次大戰中,日本關東軍信奉“完成任務的因素,是信念而不是知識”,戰鬥條令一味主張“白刃主義”。到了1938年“張鼓鋒事件”,儘管白刃戰傷亡僅佔總傷亡的千分之二點八,但關東軍1941年的戰鬥條令仍然強調“白刃主義”,缺少對付坦克和飛機的訓練。日軍戰後承認,關東軍「在近代作戰訓練方面幾乎等於零」。而西方軍隊則具有崇尚科學的傳統,他們十分重視根據軍事科技的發展及時修改訓練條例,調整訓練內容。據報道,美空軍已不再進行空中近距格鬥項目的訓練,而把訓練重點放在控制飛彈飛行上。

近年來,全軍按照新時期軍事戰略方針的要求,對教育訓練內容進行了全面改革,取得了階段性成果。但已經進行的改革是初步的,今後的路還很長。教育訓練內容創新,應緊緊圍繞下一代戰爭對人員素質和作戰能力提出的要求,由上至下搞好整體設計。近年來,我軍建成了全軍軍事訓練資訊網和各院校校園網,建立了一大批現代化教學場館和訓練場地,研製配發了一大批與新裝備配套的訓練模擬器材,實現了戰役戰術訓練模擬系統的互連互通……我們將高擎與時俱進這把時代精神的火炬,緊緊依靠科技進步,把教育訓練不斷推向新境界。

http://jczs.sina.com.cn 2002年7月16日 07:51 解放军报

中國原創軍事資源:https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2002-07-16/7489888.html?from=wap

Chinese Military Strategy Unleash Cognitive Power to Gain Victory

中國軍事戰略釋放認知力贏得勝利

現代英語:

In intelligent warfare, cognitive space is the key combat space, cognitive advantage is an important strategic advantage, and cognitive confrontation is the main form of confrontation. It can be said that “there is no war without cognition”. Cognition contains huge combat effectiveness, among which the perception system is the portal, the thinking mode is the core, and the psychological factor is the cornerstone. Improving perception efficiency, building intelligent thinking, stimulating psychological advantages, and maximizing the cognitive combat effectiveness of officers and soldiers will greatly help win intelligent warfare.

Perception effectiveness is linked to combat effectiveness

Information processing theory holds that cognition is not spontaneously generated by the brain, but requires external information input. The complex battlefield information is screened by the perception system and then processed by the brain to generate intelligence for recognizing the opponent and judging the situation. In this process, perception effectiveness is the key, which directly affects the battlefield survival rate and combat effectiveness. Samsonov, an expert on the history of World War II, said: “When the battle of Stalingrad was the most intense, a soldier could not survive on the battlefield for more than 9 minutes, and an officer could survive for 3 days.” Even though they are both soldiers, there is a big gap between the battlefield survival time of recruits and veterans. The difference in battlefield survival rate reflects the gap in perception effectiveness.

The battlefield situation is a ruthless examiner, the deadly artillery fire is a life-and-death test, and the perception efficiency is a sharp weapon for taking the test. The same test question is input into the sensory system of new recruits and veterans, and the output responses are very different: new recruits hear rumbling noises and panic, and self-rescue is still a problem, not to mention the ability to fight; veterans can hear the distance of the shells from the sound of the artillery, and can quickly hide and act decisively in the time difference between the sound of the artillery and the falling of the shells. On the battlefield where life and death are at the forefront, the perception system of combatants can only maximize their combat effectiveness if it responds “well” on the basis of “fast” and “accurate”. When war moves from the mechanization of “truth is only within the range of artillery” to the informatization and intelligence of “discovery is destruction”, facing the massive, multi-source, complex, heterogeneous and rapidly growing battlefield situation data, human perception speed and processing ability appear “dull and slow”. Intelligent “sensing nodes”, “perception systems” and “perception nerves” with sensors as the core have begun to appear, which will help combatants get out of the perception dilemma and achieve fast and effective perception and decision-making.

Intelligent perception of human-machine fusion provides powerful assistance to combat personnel, but also puts forward higher requirements. It is necessary to open up the “Ren Du Meridians” of empowerment and empowerment to improve the quality and efficiency of perception. Empowerment means to train officers and soldiers’ perception systems in all aspects, reduce the “unfamiliarity coefficient” of complex battlefield information, improve the “adaptability base”, and effectively promote the transformation of perception resources into perception capabilities in the game between perception stock and battlefield variables. Empowerment means to extend, expand and make up for human perception efficiency with the help of artificial intelligence technology. People are responsible for non-logical, fuzzy and irregular perception parts, such as prediction of unknown trends, feeling of incomplete information, and messy and irrelevant perception, so as to obtain “data beyond data, information behind information”; machines process logical, clear and regular perception parts, and use expert systems, knowledge graphs, brain-like computing and other intelligent perceptions to quickly extract high-value information from massive data, reduce the cognitive load of combat personnel, and achieve deep perception of battlefield situation.

Thinking is the underlying code for success

On the surface, military confrontation is a confrontation of hard power between the two sides, but at a deeper level, it is a contest of thinking power. In war, even the most advanced equipment is subject to a strong mind. Thinking, as the rational stage of the cognitive process, is the underlying code that determines victory in war.

The thinking of an army is the fuse that ignites its combat capability. Closed and backward thinking is like a fuse that gets damp and moldy. Even if there is a strong foundation of strength, it may not be able to fully burst out and release on the battlefield. In the late Qing Dynasty, China had the largest number of soldiers in the world and the strongest Beiyang Navy in Asia. The material strength to resist invasion was still vulnerable. “Backward thinking” led to the painful lesson of “backwardness will be beaten”. After World War I, Britain, France and Germany developed mechanized weapons and equipment almost simultaneously. When the German army was determined to use the “blitzkrieg” theory to guide mechanized warfare, the British and French armies adhered to the concept of positional warfare, so there was the tragedy of the German army sweeping across the battlefields of Western Europe in the early days of World War II. One in China and one outside, one far and one near, all reveal a truth: every era has its own war form and a matching thinking mode. Whoever occupies the commanding heights of thinking can seize the opportunity to win. In order to take the initiative in future intelligent warfare, we must boldly change our thinking and always focus on the horizon where the mast has just emerged.

Good thinking: Look up at the stars and build a military technology thinking system. Engels said that when the wave of technological revolution is surging around, we need to update and braver minds. In the face of the increasingly approaching intelligent war, if we cannot get rid of the path dependence and cognitive inertia of mechanized thinking in time, we will be like Poland during World War II. Facing the “armored torrent” of the German army, we were reluctant to give up the “world’s largest” cavalry. Not only were we defeated on the battlefield, but we will also be eliminated by the times. To adapt to intelligent warfare, we should keep a close eye on the leading and cutting-edge directions of military science and technology development, break the barriers of thinking, step out of the cognitive “comfort zone”, focus on building a military technology thinking system, and enhance the sensitivity, cognition, and understanding of forward-looking, strategic, and disruptive technologies and new tactics that may be hatched from them.

Good use: Be down-to-earth and promote the implementation of military technology thinking. Advanced technology should be in the hands of good users. On the basis of renewing the old and embracing the new in thinking mode, we should accelerate the innovation of scientific and technological knowledge and the improvement of scientific and technological literacy, continue to promote the application of main combat equipment technology, improve the coupling and control degree between people and intelligent weapons, explore the potential of equipment and the “optimal solution” of technology, and “secondary empowerment” for the release of weapon technology value.

Changeability: Seek change and innovation, and foresee the future in the activation of thinking. Douhet, the father of “air supremacy”, said that victory only smiles on those who can foresee the changes in the characteristics of war, not on those who wait for changes to happen before adapting. Military revolution is like a 100-meter hurdle race. When the starting gun sounds, whoever stops before the solidified thinking will lose the race. War will not remain unchanged, and thinking cannot be done once and for all. Only by taking the future as the orientation, accelerating the activation of thinking with a spirit of daily innovation and a diligent attitude, can the road to future victory be illuminated by the light of foresight.

The focus of the competition is psychological balance

Intelligent warfare is not only a “core war” but also a “psychological war”. During the Iraq War, the US military deployed more than 200 psychologists, psychologists and psychiatrists to participate in psychological warfare. They targeted the psychological weaknesses, blind spots and sensitive points of the Iraqi army, and used the pervasive information “ammunition” and ubiquitous network “transmitters” to complete the “bloodless” psychological manipulation in silence. To adapt to the “heart” characteristics of intelligent warfare, there must be an overall design of “strong equipment” and “strong heart” to build together, and the construction of steel platforms and psychological platforms to support each other, as well as local efforts to break through single points, increase the use of “smart +” technology in the cultivation of fighting spirit, psychological assessment, and psychological training, improve the contribution rate of information and intelligent technology, and constantly sharpen the psychological advantages of participants.

“Use soft to overcome hard” and strengthen the cultivation of fighting spirit. Engels said that guns will not move by themselves, and they need brave hearts and strong hands to use them. Psychological checks and balances are wars without gunpowder smoke, and the essence is still the contest of material forces supported by spiritual power. To win this war, more steel and more spirit are needed. We should actively try to use intelligent technology to strengthen psychological advantages, use technology to boost morale, and use morale to multiply capabilities. Improve cognitive emotions, enhance will quality, and comprehensively improve soft killing capabilities.

“Test people” and strengthen psychological assessment. The practice of assessing and selecting soldiers has existed since ancient times. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the athletic ability of young recruits was tested to see whether they could wear armor and carry out military activities. Those who could were called “victorious clothes” and those who could not were called “unvictorious clothes”. In modern wars, psychological confrontation is surging. We should actively play the role of psychological assessment, scientifically carry out stress psychological adjustment, and reduce the occurrence of combat stress reactions. With the help of artificial intelligence technology, such as face recognition and emotional analysis big data, facial expressions, sight directions, and eye contact times are captured and recorded to identify the internal psychological state and behavioral characteristics of officers and soldiers. Based on the assessment results, psychological adjustment should be made throughout the whole process, at all times, and in all dimensions. Psychological prevention should be done before the war, and officers and soldiers with substandard mental health should be found early, and “emotional impurities” and “psychological blockages” should be eliminated in time; psychological regulation should be done well during the war to ensure that the psychological state of the participants is maintained at the best level of combat, reduce wartime stress reactions, and improve battlefield survival rate and combat effectiveness; psychological recovery should be done well after the war to assist officers and soldiers in achieving a smooth transition between wartime and peacetime psychological states.

“Training to strengthen the heart” means strengthening psychological training. Clausewitz pointed out that the bravery of soldiers is different from the bravery of ordinary people. The bravery of ordinary people is a natural quality, while the bravery of soldiers can be cultivated through exercise and training. Winning intelligent wars urgently requires the empowerment of psychological training. We should establish the concept of psychological training to produce combat effectiveness, make full use of artificial intelligence means such as computer vision, human-computer interaction, and virtual reality technology to build a high-stress environment for the virtual battlefield, carry out immersive relaxation training, battlefield psychological adaptability, psychological endurance, and psychological stability training. Through these trainings, we help the combatants to effectively enhance their psychological resilience and stimulate their psychological potential by experiencing the battlefield environment in advance again and again, and prevent the occurrence of psychological damage in war.

(Author’s unit: Air Force Engineering University)

國語中文:

在智慧化戰爭中,認知空間是重點作戰空間,認知優勢是重要戰略優勢,認知對抗是主要對抗形式,可謂「無認知不戰爭」。認知中蘊含著巨大戰鬥力,其中感知系統是門戶,思考模式是核心,心理因素是基石。提升感知效能、建構智慧思維、激發心理優勢,最大限度釋放官兵認知戰力,對打贏智能化戰爭大有裨益。

感知效能連著作戰效能

資訊加工理論認為,認知不是大腦自發性產生的,需要外在資訊輸入。紛雜的戰場資訊經感知系統篩選,再由大腦加工產生用於認知對手、判斷情勢的情報。在這個過程中,感知效能是關鍵,它直接影響戰場存活率和作戰效能的發揮。二戰史專家薩姆索諾夫說:「史達林格勒戰役戰鬥最激烈的時候,一名士兵在戰場上存活時間不超過9分鐘,軍官是3天。」同樣是士兵,新兵與老兵的戰場存活時間也有較大距離。戰場存活率的差異,折射出感知效能的差距。

戰場態勢是無情考官,致命砲火是生死考題,感知效能是應考利器。同一道測驗輸入新兵和老兵的感覺系統,輸出的反應雲泥之別:新兵聽到的是隆隆巨響和驚慌恐懼,自救尚成問題,更別提作戰之力;老兵則能從砲聲中聽出砲彈落點的遠近,能在砲聲和砲彈落下的時間差裡迅速隱蔽,果斷行動。生死一線的戰場,作戰人員的感知系統只有在「快」「準」的基礎上做出「好」的反應,才能最大限度地發揮作戰效能。當戰爭從「真理只在大砲射程之內」的機械化步入「發現即摧毀」的資訊化智能化,面對海量、多源、複雜、異構且快速增長的戰場態勢數據,人類的感知速度和處理能力顯得「愚鈍遲緩」。以感測器為核心的智慧「感觸節點」「感知系統」「感知神經」開始出現,有助於作戰人員走出感知困境,實現快速有效地感知、決策。

人機融合智能感知為作戰人員提供了強大輔助,同時也提出了更高要求,需要打通增能與賦能的“任督二脈”,為感知效能增質提效。增能,就是要全方位訓練官兵的感知系統,降低對戰場複雜信息的“陌生係數”,提升“適應底數”,在感知存量與戰場變量博弈中,有效促進感知資源向感知能力轉化。賦能,就是藉力人工智慧技術延伸、拓展、彌補人的感知效能。人負責非邏輯、模糊、無規可循的感知部分,例如不明趨勢的預測、殘缺訊息的感覺、雜亂無關的知覺,以便獲得「數據之外的數據,訊息背後的訊息」;機器處理有邏輯、清晰、有規可循的感知部分,利用專家系統、知識圖譜、類腦運算等智慧感知,從大量資料中快速擷取高價值訊息,減輕作戰人員認知負荷,實現戰場態勢深度感知。

思考是製勝底層密碼

軍事對抗表面上看來是雙方硬實力的對抗,深層看則是思維力的較量。戰爭中,再先進的裝備也要受制於強大的頭腦,思維作為認識過程的理性階段,是決定戰爭制勝的底層密碼。

一支軍隊的思維是點燃作戰能力的引線。思維封閉落後,如同引線受潮發黴,就算有強大的實力基礎,也未必能在戰場上充分迸發釋放。晚清中國,兵員數量世界之最,北洋水師亞洲最強,空有抵禦入侵的物質力量仍不堪一擊,「思維落後」引發「落後就要挨打」的慘痛教訓。一戰後,英、法、德三國幾乎同步發展機械化武器裝備。當德軍決心以「閃電戰」理論指導機械化戰爭時,英法兩軍卻固守陣地戰理念,於是就有了二戰初期德軍橫掃西歐戰場的悲劇。一中一外,一遠一近,無不揭示一個道理:每個時代都有自己的戰爭形態和與之相匹配的思維模式,誰佔據思維制高點,誰就能搶佔制勝先機。要想在未來智慧化戰爭中佔據主動,必須大膽變革思維,始終把目光聚焦在桅杆剛冒出的地平線。

善思:仰望星空,建構軍事技術思維體系。恩格斯說,當科技革命的浪潮正在四周洶湧澎湃的時候,我們需要更新更勇敢的頭腦。面對日益走近的智能化戰爭,如果不能及時擺脫機械化思維的路徑依賴和認知慣性,就會像二戰時期的波蘭一樣,面對德軍的「裝甲洪流」捨不得放棄「世界上規模最大」的騎兵,不僅敗在戰場,也終將被時代淘汰。適應智慧化戰爭,就應緊盯軍事科技發展的主導和前沿方向,打破思維藩籬,走出認知“舒適區”,聚向發力構建軍事技術思維體系,增強對前瞻性、戰略性、顛覆性技術以及由此可能孵化出的新戰法的敏銳度、認知力、理解力。

善用:腳踏實地,推動軍事技術思維落地。要讓先進技術掌握在善用者手上,在思維模式吐故納新的基礎上,加快科技知識推陳出新和科技素養破舊立新,持續推進主戰裝備技術應用,提高人與智能化武器的耦合度、駕馭度,探索裝備潛能和技術“最優解”,為武器技術價值的釋放“二次賦能”。

善變:求變求新,在思考活化中預見未來。 「制空權」之父杜黑說,勝利只向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑,而不是向那些等待變化發生才去適應的人微笑。軍事革命就像百公尺跨欄,發令槍一響,誰在固化的思維前停留,誰就會輸掉比賽。戰爭不會一成不變,思維不能一勞永逸,只有以未來為導向,以日新精神、精進態度加速思維活化,未來制勝之路才能被前瞻之光照亮。

較量重點在於心理制衡

智能化戰爭是「芯戰」更是「心戰」。伊拉克戰爭中,美軍抽調200多位心理學家、心理醫師和精神科專家參加心理戰。他們錨定伊軍心理弱點、心理盲點、心理敏感點,利用無孔不入的信息“彈藥”以及無處不在的網絡“發射器”,在無聲無息中完成“兵不血刃”的心理操控。適應智慧化戰爭「心」特點,既要有「強力」和「強心」齊抓共建、鋼鐵平台和心理平台建設互為支撐的全局設計,也要有單點突破的局部發力,加大「智慧+」技術在戰鬥精神培養、心理評測、心理訓練中的運用,提升資訊、智慧科技的貢獻率,不斷砥礪參戰人員的心理優勢。

“以軟硬”,加強戰鬥精神培育。恩格斯說,槍自己是不會動的,需要有勇敢的心和強而有力的手來使用它們。心理制衡是沒有硝煙的戰爭,本質仍是精神力量支撐下的物質力量的較量。打贏這場戰爭,鋼多氣更要多。應積極嘗試借助智慧化技術強化心理優勢,用技術提振士氣,用士氣倍增能力。改善認知情緒、增強意志特質,全面提升軟殺傷能力。

“以測識人”,加強心理測評。測評選拔士兵的做法古已有之。春秋時期測查前來徵兵青年的運動能力,就是看能否穿著甲胄進行軍事活動,能者稱“勝衣”,不能者稱“不勝衣”。現代戰爭心理對抗闇潮湧動,應積極發揮心理測評作用,科學進行壓力心理調適,減少戰鬥壓力反應的發生。借助人工智慧技術,諸如人臉辨識、情緒分析大數據等,捕捉記錄臉部表情、視線方向、眼神對視訊次,鑑別官兵內在心理狀態和行為特徵。依據評估結果,做好全程全時全維度的心理調適。戰前做好心理預防,早發現心理健康不達標的官兵,及時排除「情緒雜質」和「心理淤堵」;戰中做好心理調控,確保參戰人員的心理狀態維持在最佳應戰水平,降低戰時壓力反應,提高戰場生存率與戰鬥力的發揮;戰後做好心理恢復,協助官兵實現戰時與平時心理狀態的平穩轉換。

“以訓強心”,加強心理訓練。克勞塞維茨指出,軍人的勇敢不同於一般人的勇敢,一般人的勇敢是一種天賦的特質,而軍人的勇敢可以透過運動和訓練培養出來。打贏智能化戰爭迫切需要心理訓練的賦能,應建立心理訓練出戰鬥力的理念,充分運用電腦視覺、人機互動、虛擬實境技術等人工智慧手段建構虛擬戰場高壓力環境,開展沉浸式放鬆訓練,戰場心理適應性、心理承受力、心理穩定訓練等。透過這些訓練,幫助參戰人員在一次次提前感受戰場環境中有效增強心理彈性、激發心理潛能,並預防戰爭心理損傷的發生。

(作者單位:空軍工程大學)

中國軍事資源:https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-08/31/content_297988.htm

Chinese Military’s Dissipative warfare: a Typical Form of Intelligent Warfare

中國軍隊的耗散戰:智慧戰爭的典型形式

英文翻譯:

With the rapid development of intelligent technology and its widespread application in the military, intelligent warfare is becoming a new form of warfare after information warfare, and dissipative warfare has become a typical form of intelligent warfare. The so-called dissipative warfare refers to the combat method in which the intelligent warfare system achieves comprehensive combat power by integrating material consumption, energy release and information diffusion through internal enrichment and integration and external mutation emergence. Strengthening the research on dissipative warfare will help us to deeply reveal the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare and win the initiative in future war games.

Dissipative warfare is the inevitable result of the development of the times

Dissipative warfare is manifested in the comprehensive confrontation of the physical, information and cognitive domains in the intelligent era. It is embodied in the highly unified forms of political contest, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances, reflecting the openness, complexity and emergence of the intelligent warfare system.

Adapt to the security situation requirements of the intelligent era. Entering the intelligent era, technologies such as broadband networks, big data, big models, cloud computing, and deep learning are developing rapidly, and the connections between political groups, countries, and nations are becoming more extensive. Under the influence of multiple factors such as political pluralism, economic integration, social openness, and technological revolution, non-traditional security has emerged and intertwined with traditional threats. The subjects and scope of intelligent warfare are constantly expanding, the time and space of war are constantly extending, and war and peace are inseparable and intertwined. The war system will further transcend local regional restrictions, from relative closure to greater openness, forming a higher level and larger range of confrontation. Dissipative warfare emphasizes the comprehensive efforts of the intelligent warfare system in the physical domain, information domain, and cognitive domain, and highly unifies the forms of political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict, and diplomatic checks and balances and incorporates them into the category of enemy-us confrontation, adapting to the requirements of the times for the development of the world security situation.

This is in line with the objective law of the evolution of war forms. The dissipation phenomenon of the war system has always existed since the emergence of war. However, before the emergence of intelligent war forms, due to technological constraints, it has always been in a relatively low-level and simple state. War confrontation can only be manifested in one of the forms of material consumption, energy dissipation and information diffusion. In the agricultural era, the form of war was mainly manifested as a cold weapon war dominated by material elements and centered on the human body. In the industrial era, the form of war was mainly manifested as thermonuclear weapons and mechanized war dominated by energy elements and centered on platforms. In the information age, the form of war is mainly manifested as an information war dominated by information elements and centered on the network security system. Entering the intelligent era, intelligent technology highly unifies the cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages and action advantages in the confrontation between the enemy and us. In essence, it highly unifies the three elements of matter, energy and information. Through empowering, gathering and releasing energy with intelligence, an intelligent war form dominated by intelligent elements and centered on intelligent algorithms has been formed. The main form of expression is the dissipative war that reflects the confrontation of the complex system of intelligent warfare.

It has a solid philosophical theoretical foundation. The social form is the mother of the war form. To explore and understand intelligent warfare, we must base ourselves on the basic principles of historical materialism and dialectical materialism, comprehensively examine the evolution of the war form and the social form in which intelligent warfare is located, and construct a new war concept and context system. From a philosophical perspective, matter, energy and information are the three major elements that constitute the world. Matter embodies the existence of the origin, energy embodies the existence of movement, and information embodies the existence of connection. The three progressively and alternately dominate the evolution and operation of social and war forms. According to the principle of negation of negation of dialectical materialism, in the intelligent age after the information age, the dominant element of society will be matter again after matter, energy and information. However, this material is a new type of material formed after a spiral rise after high informatization, and its main feature is that it has intelligent technology attributes. Therefore, in essence, dissipative warfare is the intelligent element that highly unifies the characteristics and advantages of matter, energy and information in the previous low-level war form, and highly unifies the forms of material consumption, energy release and information diffusion that are prevalent in war, reflecting the typical characteristics of intelligent warfare.

Deeply grasp the inherent meaning of dissipative warfare

Dissipative warfare is based on the real world and covers the virtual world. It adapts to the rapid development of intelligent technology, the rise of non-traditional security threats, and the continuous expansion of the subjects and scope of war, and presents many new characteristics.

Comprehensive game of confrontation. As the intelligent war form accelerates to a higher depth and breadth, the interconnection and influence of political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other fields are more extensive, and the focus of war begins to shift from the military system to the social system. The confrontation of war stakeholders will be reflected in various forms of comprehensive games such as political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances. The war advantage pursued is no longer limited to the field of military confrontation. The winner of the war must adapt to the openness, complexity and emergence requirements of the war system, and transform from the extensive consumption and use of single materials, energy and information to the dissipation of the war system dominated by intelligent advantages, and strive to gain initiative and advantage in the comprehensive game in multiple fields.

The subjects are cross-domain and diversified. The subjects of intelligent warfare are becoming more and more generalized, and the potential forces of war that need to be mobilized in traditional warfare will be in a state of normalized confrontation. Political forces, various institutions and personnel, together with the troops and soldiers fighting on the battlefield in the traditional sense, constitute the subjects of war. Diversified war subjects will cross the real domain and the virtual domain, appear in multiple spatial domains such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and psychology, covering the physical domain, information domain, cognitive domain, etc., covering multiple social domains such as politics, economy, culture, and diplomacy. For example, civilians can use smartphones to collect information on the military battlefield and pass it on to war stakeholders, resulting in the spread of key information about the war, which in turn affects war decisions or the victory or defeat of a campaign or battle.

Forces are integrated and enriched. Virtual forces are integrated. Focusing on the purpose of war, all possible real forces and virtual forces will be integrated with the support of intelligent technology, and perform their duties and act according to regulations on parallel battlefields; unmanned forces are integrated. After going through the stages of manual operation, manual authorization, and manual supervision, unmanned combat forces will achieve a high degree of autonomy, and can be deployed and combined with various manned forces on demand, and effectively coordinate and coexist in parallel under the constraints of common war rules; multiple forces are integrated. Based on the extensive connections in various fields and the common purpose of the war system, the forces of the party, government, military, police, and civilians will closely coordinate military operations with political, economic, diplomatic, public opinion, and legal struggles, and unify their actions to form comprehensive combat power. In short, under the integrated planning of the country or political group, although the multiple participating forces of intelligent warfare are physically dispersed, they can achieve logical concentration, immediate enrichment, complementary advantages, and integrated excellence around the common purpose of war.

Effectiveness accumulates and emerges. While the high-level war form has new technical characteristics, it still includes the characteristic advantages of the low-level war form. Dissipative warfare emphasizes continuous comprehensive confrontation in multiple domains, which includes the consumption of ammunition, supplies, equipment and even combatants at the material level, as well as the continuous collection and release of energy, and the diffusion and integration of data, knowledge, algorithms, etc. at the information level, which has an unlimited impact on people’s thinking cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotional will, and behavior patterns. Under the normal deterrence of nuclear weapons, intelligent warfare shows a decrease in bloodiness, but political isolation, economic blockade, cultural conflict, diplomatic strangulation, etc. will become more severe and intense. When the military, political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other systems continue to play their roles and the effectiveness accumulation reaches a certain level, the war system will increase negative entropy, thereby achieving a sudden change in combat power and the emergence of system effectiveness, thereby gaining a war advantage.

Fighting a Dissipative War by Choosing the Right Combat Focus

The intelligent warfare system achieves maximum system combat effectiveness through internal enrichment and integration, external mutation, cross-domain efficiency enhancement, and intelligent dissipation, which is the winning mechanism contained in dissipative warfare. To win in intelligent warfare, it is necessary to clarify the operational focus of dissipative warfare, target the shortcomings and weaknesses of the opponent’s system, and find the focus of war preparation.

Focus on the openness of the system and isolate the opponent’s war system. Cut off the material, energy and information exchange between the opponent’s war system and the external battlefield environment, so that it lacks material, energy and information sources, and gradually moves towards an isolated, closed and weak state. For example, at the strategic level, political isolation is used to isolate the opponent’s war system, causing the system’s entropy to increase. At the campaign level, methods such as cutting off data sources, destroying data backups, falsifying data, and tampering with information can be used to force its war system to transform into a closed state, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the opponent’s system.

Focusing on the complexity of the system, the opponent’s war system is destroyed in different domains. The more connections and the closer the degree of connection between the elements of the intelligent war system, the lower the reliability of the system structure. By using the principle of relative independence of each layer in a complex system, we can formulate strategic overall, local and tactical action strategies to achieve layered and domain-based destruction of the enemy’s war system. For example, at the strategic level, the economic blockade is adopted to greatly weaken the opponent’s war strength and development potential. At the campaign level, the vulnerability of the combat system communication network is utilized, and the network-electric composite attack is used as the basic path and means. The methods of “destroying the end, attacking the element, isolating the group, disconnecting the network, and breaking the cloud” are adopted to destroy the opponent’s combat system structure and cause the opponent’s war system to “collapse”.

Focus on system emergence and dismantle and disperse the opponent’s war system. Only when the intelligent war system has mutation and emergence effects can it quickly form and exert system effectiveness and gain dissipative warfare advantages. If only a single component or element plays a role, it is impossible to form an advantage. It can be foreseen that the currently emerging technologies such as ChatGPT and more advanced intelligent technologies in the future will provide a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state and laws of complex war systems, as well as new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. The party with the advantage in war confrontation will reduce the coupling degree of the opponent’s war system through a combination of virtual and real, parallel and integrated confrontation methods, and achieve the purpose of dismantling and dismantling the enemy’s war system.

現代國語:

隨著智慧化技術快速發展及在軍事上的廣泛應用,智慧化戰爭正成為資訊化戰爭後的新戰爭形態,而耗散戰則成為智慧化戰爭的典型方式。所謂耗散戰,是指智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合,對外突變湧現,達成集物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散於一體的綜合戰力的作戰方式。加強耗散戰研究,有利於我們深入揭示智慧化戰爭制勝機理,贏得未來戰爭賽局主動權。


耗散戰是時代發展的必然結果


耗散戰表現在智慧化時代中物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合對抗,體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式的高度統一,反映了智慧化戰爭體系所具有的開放性、複雜性和湧現性。
適應智慧化時代的安全情勢要求。進入智慧化時代,寬網路、大數據、大模型、雲端運算、深度學習等技術快速發展,各政治集團、國家、民族之間的聯繫更加廣泛。在政治多元、經濟交融、社會開放、科技革命等多重因素作用下,非傳統安全興起並與傳統威脅交織,智慧化戰爭主體與範疇不斷拓展,戰爭時間與空間不斷外延,戰爭與和平如影相隨並交織一體,戰爭體系將進一步超越局部地域限制,從相對封閉走向更開放,形成更高層次和更大範圍的對抗。耗散戰強調智慧化戰爭體系在物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合發力,把政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式高度統一併納入敵我對抗範疇,適應了世界安全情勢發展的時代要求。
符合戰爭形態演變的客觀法則。戰爭體系的耗散現象自戰爭產生以來便始終存在,只不過在智能化戰爭形態出現之前,由於技術的製約,一直處於較為低級的、簡單的狀態,戰爭對抗僅能表現為物質消耗、能量釋散和訊息擴散中的某一種形式。農業時代,戰爭形態主要表現為以物質要素為主導的、以人體為中心的冷兵器戰爭。工業化時代,戰爭形態主要表現為以能量要素為主導的、以平台為中心的熱核兵器和機械化戰爭。在資訊化時代,戰爭形態主要表現為以資訊要素為主導的、以網信體系為中心的資訊化戰爭。進入智慧化時代,智慧化科技將敵我對抗中的認知優勢、決策優勢和行動優勢高度統一起來,實質是將物質、能量和資訊三者高度統一,透過以智賦能、以智聚能、以智釋能,形成了以智慧要素為主導的、以智慧演算法為中心的智慧化戰爭形態,主要表現形式即為反映智慧化戰爭複雜體系對抗的耗散戰。
具有堅實的哲學理論基礎支撐。社會形態是戰爭形態的母體,探索和認識智能化戰爭,必須基於歷史唯物主義和辯證唯物主義的基本原理,綜合考察戰爭形態的演進和智能化戰爭所處的社會形態,構建新的戰爭概念和語境體系。從哲學角度看,物質、能量和資訊是構成世界的三大要素,物質體現本源的存在,能量體現運動的存在,訊息則體現聯繫的存在,三者遞進交替主導著社會形態和戰爭形態的演進和運行。依照辯證唯物論的否定之否定原理,在資訊時代之後的智慧時代,主導社會的要素將繼物質、能量、資訊後再次輪到物質,只不過這個物質是高度資訊化後螺旋式上升後形成的新型物質,其主要特徵就是具有了智慧化技術屬性。因此,從本質上講,耗散戰是智慧要素將以前低階戰爭形態中物質、能量和資訊的特性優勢高度統一起來,將戰爭中普遍存在的物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散等形式高度統一起來,反映了智慧化戰爭的典型特徵。
深刻把握耗散戰的內在要義
耗散戰基於現實世界、涵蓋虛擬世界,適應了智慧化技術快速發展、非傳統安全威脅興起、戰爭主體和範疇不斷拓展的趨勢,呈現出許多新特性。
對抗綜合博弈。隨著智慧化戰爭形態加速向更高深度和廣度發展,政治、經濟、文化、外交等領域相互聯繫和影響更具廣泛性,戰爭重心開始從軍事系統向社會系統偏移,戰爭利益攸關方的對抗將體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等多種形式的綜合博弈,追求的戰爭優勢不再只限於軍事對抗領域。戰爭制勝方必須適應戰爭體系的開放性、複雜性和湧現性要求,從單一物質、能量和資訊的粗放式消耗和運用轉變到以智慧優勢主導戰爭體系的耗散,力爭在多領域的綜合博弈中贏得主動和優勢。
主體跨域多元。智慧化戰爭的主體日益泛化,傳統戰爭需要動員的戰爭潛在力量將處於常態化對抗狀態。政治力量、各類機構和人員與傳統意義上在戰場廝殺的部隊和軍人一起構成戰爭的主體。多元化戰爭主體將跨越現實域和虛擬域,出現在陸、海、空、天、電、心理等多個空間域,涵蓋物理域、資訊域、認知域等,涵蓋政治、經濟、文化、外交等多類社會域。如社會平民可以用智慧型手機收集軍事戰場上的信息並傳遞給戰爭利益攸關方,造成對戰爭關鍵訊息的擴散,進而影響戰爭決策或一場戰役和戰鬥的勝敗。
力量一體富聚。虛實力量一體。圍繞著戰爭目的,一切可能運用的現實力量和虛擬力量將在智能化技術支撐下實現一體化,在平行戰場上按職履責、按規行動;有無力量一體。無人作戰力量將在經歷人工操作、人工授權、人為監督階段後,實現高度的自主性,並可與各類有人力量按需部署、按需組合,在共同的戰爭規則約束下有效協同、並行共生;多方力量一體。基於各領域的廣泛聯繫和戰爭體系的共同目的,黨政軍警民等各方力量將軍事行動與政治、經濟、外交、輿論、法理鬥爭密切配合、統一行動,形成綜合戰力。總之,在國家或政治集團的一體籌劃下,智慧化戰爭的多元參戰力量雖然物理分散,但能夠圍繞共同的戰爭目的,實現邏輯集中、即時富聚,優勢互補、一體聚優。
效能累積湧現。高階戰爭形態在具有新質技術特徵的同時,仍涵括低階戰爭形態的特徵優勢。耗散戰強調在多域持續進行綜合對抗,這既包括物質層面的彈藥、物資、器材甚至作戰人員的消耗,也包括能量層面的不斷匯集和釋放,更包括透過資訊層面的數據、知識、演算法等的擴散與融合,對人的思考認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等產生不可限制的影響。在核武的常態嚇阻下,智慧化戰爭呈現出血腥味下降,但政治孤立、經濟封鎖、文化衝突、外交扼殺等將更加嚴峻激烈的局面。當軍事、政治、經濟、文化、外交等各系統角色持續發揮,效能累積達到某一程度,戰爭體係就會增加負熵,進而實現戰力突變和體系效能湧現,從而獲得戰爭優勢。
在選準作戰重心中打好耗散戰
智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合,對外突變湧現,跨域增效、以智耗散,達成體係作戰效能最大化,這是耗散戰蘊含的製勝機理。要在智慧化戰爭中贏得勝勢,必須明確耗散戰的作戰重心,針對對手體系短板弱點,找準戰爭準備的發力點。
著眼體系開放性,封閉孤立對手戰爭體系。截斷對手戰爭體系與外在戰場環境的物質、能量和資訊交流,使之缺乏物質、能量和資訊來源管道,逐漸走向孤立、封閉和虛弱狀態。如在戰略層面,採取政治孤立的方式,使對手戰爭體系處於孤立狀態,造成體系熵增。在戰役層面,可利用切斷資料來源、毀滅資料備份、資料作假、竄改資訊等方法,綜合採用軟硬手段,迫其戰爭體係向封閉狀態轉化,進而降低對方體系效能。
著眼體系複雜性,分域破擊對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體係要素間連結越多、連結程度越緊密,體系結構可靠性就越低。運用複雜系統中各分層相對獨立的原理,可製訂戰略全局、戰役局部和戰術行動策略,實現對敵戰爭體系的分層分域破擊。如在戰略層面,採用經濟封鎖的方式,大大削弱對手的戰爭實力和發展潛力。在戰役層面,利用作戰系統通訊網路的脆弱性,以網電複合攻擊為基本路徑與手段,採用「毀端、擊元、孤群、斷網、破雲」等方式,破擊對方作戰系統結構,促使對方戰爭體系「坍塌」。
著眼體系湧現性,拆解疏散對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體系只有出現突變和湧現效應,才能快速形成發揮體系效能,獲得耗散戰優勢。如果只是單一組分或要素發揮作用,不可能形成優勢湧現。可以預見,當前興起的ChatGPT等技術以及未來更高級的智慧化技術,將提供理解和發現戰爭複雜體系運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式,以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段,戰爭對抗優勢方將透過虛實結合、平行一體的對抗方式,降低對手戰爭體系的耦合度,達成拆解疏散敵戰爭體系的目的。

中文原創資訊科技來源:https//www.81it.com/2023/0509/14288.html

Chinese Intelligent Warfare is Accelerating and Advancing

中國智能化戰爭正在加速推進

中國軍網 國防部網. 2022年3月17日 星期四

現代英語:

With the widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field, intelligent warfare has gradually become a hot topic. History has repeatedly proved that the evolution of war forms will lead to profound changes in the winning mechanism. In today’s era when information warfare is developing in depth and intelligent warfare is beginning to emerge, the armies of major countries in the world have made great efforts to promote military intelligence, and many of these trends are worthy of attention.

Strengthen top-level design

Outlining a “roadmap” for intelligent warfare

Driven by a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, intelligent military transformation is developing in depth. The United States, Russia, Japan and other countries have regarded artificial intelligence as a disruptive technology that “changes the rules of the war game” and have made early arrangements, strengthened top-level design and planning guidance, and explored the direction of military application of artificial intelligence.

The U.S. military has detailed the current status and development plan of artificial intelligence in documents such as “Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence”, “National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan”, “Artificial Intelligence and National Security”, “Integrated Roadmap for Unmanned Systems, Fiscal Year 2017-2042”, and “American Artificial Intelligence Initiative: First Annual Report”, and has elevated the development of artificial intelligence to the national strategic level. In 2021, the U.S. military pointed out in its “U.S. Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Posture: Assessment and Improvement Recommendations” that the U.S. military should consider three guiding questions in developing artificial intelligence: what is the current state of artificial intelligence related to the U.S. military; what is the current situation of the U.S. military in artificial intelligence; and what internal actions and potential legislative or regulatory actions may enhance the U.S. military’s artificial intelligence advantage.

Russia has invested a lot of resources to maintain a balance with the United States in the competition for the application of artificial intelligence in the military field. In 2021, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated at the first Defense Ministry meeting of the year that artificial intelligence will greatly promote changes in the military field, and the Russian Federation Armed Forces must accelerate the research and development of artificial intelligence application technologies such as robots, intelligent individual systems, and intelligent weapon modules, so as to form core technical capabilities and battlefield competitive advantages as soon as possible. Documents such as “Special Outline for the Research and Development of Future Military Robot Technology and Equipment before 2025”, “Future Russian Military Robot Application Concept”, and “The Development Status and Application Prospects of Artificial Intelligence in the Military Field” have established a series of mechanisms at the national level for the Russian military to promote the military application of artificial intelligence.

The Japanese government has also issued an “Artificial Intelligence Strategy” to lead the research and development of artificial intelligence technology and industrial development. In the “Robotics and Artificial Intelligence” strategic plan formulated by the United Kingdom, the application of artificial intelligence in battlefield construction is emphasized. In January 2021, the Australian Department of Defense released “Fighting the Artificial Intelligence War: Operational Concepts for Future Intelligent Warfare”, which explores how to apply artificial intelligence to land, sea and air combat.

Innovative combat concepts

Promoting the “Thinking First” Approach to Intelligent Warfare

The innovation of operational concepts has an ideological driving effect on the development of military science and technology and the evolution of war forms. In the past, people’s understanding and grasp of war mainly came from the summary of practical experience, and operational concepts were empirical concepts. In the future era of intelligent warfare, operational concepts are not only empirical concepts, but also the conception, design and foresight of operations.

The U.S. Army has proposed the concept of “multi-domain warfare”, which requires deep integration and close coordination of combat capabilities in various domains such as land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, and network. To this end, the U.S. Army has successively issued white papers such as “Multi-Domain Warfare: The Development of Synthetic Arms in the 21st Century (2025-2040)”, “U.S. Army Multi-Domain Warfare (2028)”, and “Using Robotics and Autonomous Technologies to Support Multi-Domain Warfare”. In March 2021, the U.S. Department of the Army issued the document “Army Multi-Domain Transformation: Preparing to Win in Competition and Conflict”, indicating that “multi-domain warfare” has become a “flag” leading the transformation and development of the U.S. Army. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency proposed the concept of “mosaic warfare”, which aims to create a highly decentralized and highly adaptable “kill net” composed of different combat functional units, based on advanced computer technology and network technology. The U.S. Department of Defense strongly supports the concept of “joint all-domain operations”. In March 2020, the U.S. Air Force took the lead in writing “joint all-domain operations” into the doctrine to explore how the Air Force can play a role in “joint all-domain operations”.

The Russian military proposed the concept of “charge disintegration”. “Disintegration” is one of the most important operational concepts in Russia at present. The Russian electronic warfare forces set the goal of making the enemy’s information, charge, electronic warfare and robot systems ineffective, and believe that this goal will “determine the fate of all military operations”. Disrupting the command and control of enemy forces and weapon systems and reducing the efficiency of enemy reconnaissance and use of weapons are the primary tasks of electronic warfare. At present, the Russian military is considering forming 12 types of electronic warfare forces. The Russian military also proposed the concept of “non-nuclear containment system”, the core of which is to use non-nuclear offensive strategic weapons to contain opponents. The non-nuclear offensive strategic weapons it defines include all ballistic missiles equipped with non-nuclear warheads, as well as strategic bombers and long-range air-based and sea-based cruise missiles. In addition, the Russian military also proposed the concept of “hybrid warfare”, hoping to use artificial intelligence systems to seek battlefield information advantages.

The British Ministry of Defense has proposed the concept of “multi-domain integration” and will develop a new command and control system with intelligent capabilities to achieve comprehensive, persistent, accurate and rapid battlefield perception and force coordination.

Focus on technology research and development

Shaping the Intelligent Warfare Operational Model

The key to the effectiveness of artificial intelligence is the combination with other technologies, which is also described as the “AI stack”. Various technologies interact to produce a combined effect, thereby enhancing the capabilities and effects of each technology. In the intelligent warfare supported by artificial intelligence technology, the collaborative combat mode of “man-machine integration, cloud brain control”, the cluster combat mode of “mixed formation, group intelligence”, and the cognitive combat mode of “intelligence-led, attacking with intelligence first” will constantly update people’s understanding of war.

Focus on the research and development of innovative projects. The US military is vigorously promoting the application of artificial intelligence chips in existing weapons and equipment systems, adding “intelligent brains” to weapons to enable them to have human-like thinking and autonomous interaction capabilities. In October 2021, the US Navy launched the “Beyond Plan”, which is regarded as the “current highest priority”. It aims to accelerate the delivery of artificial intelligence and machine learning tools by building a military Internet of Things for maritime operations, integrating manned and unmanned joint formations, supporting a new intelligent naval architecture, enhancing large-scale firepower killing, and realizing intelligent distributed operations of the navy. In addition, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has also carried out cognitive electronic warfare projects such as “Adaptive Electronic Warfare Behavior Learning”, “Adaptive Radar Countermeasures”, and “Communications under Extreme Radio Frequency Spectrum Conditions”, and developed a prototype of a cognitive radar electronic warfare system. The Russian Ministry of Defense’s Intelligent Technology and Equipment Research and Experimental Center cooperated with the Institute of Control Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences to develop and test autonomous intelligent algorithms including drone swarm command and control, and also jointly developed an object automatic recognition software system based on neural network principles with the National Aviation System Research Institute.

Establish innovative R&D institutions. The continuous emergence of new technologies is an inexhaustible driving force for the vigorous development of military intelligence. High-level military intelligence construction cannot be separated from the technical research and development of professional institutions. Some countries and militaries have established R&D centers, focusing on innovative development from a technical level. The U.S. Department of Defense has established a joint artificial intelligence center, which is planned to be built into a national key laboratory to lead the promotion of hundreds of artificial intelligence-related projects and ensure the efficient use of artificial intelligence-related data and information to maintain the United States’ technological advantage in this field. Russia has established an artificial intelligence and big data alliance, a national artificial intelligence center, and a robotics technology research and experimental center under the Ministry of Defense, mainly conducting theoretical and applied research in the fields of artificial intelligence and information technology. France has established an innovative defense laboratory, the United Kingdom has set up an artificial intelligence laboratory, and India has established an artificial intelligence task force to explore related technologies.

Strengthen equipment research and development and deployment. In recent years, many countries have attached great importance to the research and development of intelligent weapons and equipment, and unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned combat vehicles, unmanned ships, unmanned submarines, etc. have continued to emerge. At present, the US Air Force has begun to practice the combat concept of “man-machine collaboration, man in the loop” on the F-35 fighter. The US XQ-58A “Valkyrie” stealth drone previously mainly carried out man-machine collaborative operations with F-35 and F-22 fighters. In April 2021, the stealth drone successfully launched the ALTIUS-600 small drone system, further enhancing its manned and unmanned collaborative combat capabilities. Russia is focusing on reconnaissance and surveillance, command and decision-making, firepower strikes, combat support and other fields, and is developing and deploying intelligent equipment. It plans to increase the proportion of unmanned combat systems in weapons and equipment to more than 30% by 2025. Russia’s ground unmanned combat weapons, represented by the “Uranus” series and “Platform-M” and “Argo” models, are developing rapidly. Among them, the Nerekhta unmanned combat vehicle can be equipped with remote-controlled machine guns and rocket launchers. In addition to the combat capabilities of ordinary armored vehicles, it also has transportation and reconnaissance functions. In addition, the Japanese Self-Defense Forces plan to officially deploy an unmanned aerial formation with strong combat capabilities in 2035.

(Author’s unit: National University of Defense Technology)

國語中文:

■賈珍珍 丁 寧 陳方舟

隨著人工智慧在軍事領域的廣泛應用,智慧化戰爭逐漸成為備受矚目的焦點話題。歷史多次證明,戰爭形態的演進將引發致勝機理的深刻改變。在資訊化戰爭向縱深發展、智慧化戰爭初露端倪的當今時代,世界主要國家軍隊紛紛下大力推動軍事智慧化,其中的諸多動向值得關注。

加強頂層設計

勾勒智能化戰爭“路線圖”

在新一輪科技革命與產業革命推動下,智慧化軍事變革正向縱深發展。美國、俄羅斯、日本等國紛紛把人工智慧視為「改變戰爭遊戲規則」的顛覆性技術,並事先佈局,加強頂層設計和規劃引領,探索人工智慧的軍事應用方向。

美軍在《為人工智慧的未來做好準備》《國家人工智慧研究與發展戰略計畫》《人工智慧與國家安全》《2017至2042財年無人係統綜合路線圖》《美國人工智慧計畫》:在首個年度報告》等文件中,詳述了人工智慧的發展現狀和發展規劃,並將人工智慧發展提升至國家戰略層面。 2021年,美軍在發布的《美國防部人工智慧態勢:評估與改進建議》中指出,美軍發展人工智慧應考慮三個指導性問題:與美軍相關的人工智慧現處於何種狀態;美軍目前在人工智慧方面的態勢如何;哪些內部行動以及潛在的立法或監管行動可能會增強美軍的人工智慧優勢。

俄羅斯投入大量資源,以維持與美國在人工智慧軍事領域應用競爭的平衡。 2021年,俄總統普丁在年度首場國防部會議上表示,人工智慧將大幅推動軍事領域變革,俄國聯邦武裝力量要加速機器人、智慧單兵系統和武器智慧化模組等人工智慧應用技術的研發工作,早日形成核心技術能力和戰場競爭優勢。 《2025年前未來軍用機器人技術裝備研發專題綱要》《未來俄軍用機器人應用構想》《人工智慧在軍事領域的發展現狀以及應用前景》等文件,從國家層面為俄軍推動人工智慧軍事應用確立了一系列機制。

日本政府也推出了《人工智慧戰略》,旨在引領人工智慧技術研發和產業發展。在英國制定的《機器人與人工智慧》戰略規劃中,強調了人工智慧在戰場建設中的應用。 2021年1月,澳洲國防部發布《打好人工智慧戰爭:未來智慧化戰爭之作戰構想》,這份文件探討如何將人工智慧應用到陸、海、空作戰領域。

創新作戰概念

推動智慧化戰爭“思想先行”

作戰概念創新對軍事科技發展、戰爭形態演變具有思想牽引作用。過去人們對戰爭的認識與掌握,主要源自於對實踐經驗的歸納總結,作戰概念即經驗概念。未來智慧化戰爭時代,作戰概念不僅是經驗概念,更是對作戰的構想、設計與前瞻。

美陸軍提出「多域戰」概念,要求陸、海、空、天、電磁、網路等各域作戰能力深度整合與密切協同。為此,美陸軍先後發布《多域戰:21世紀合成兵種的發展(2025至2040)》《美國陸軍多域戰(2028)》《運用機器人與自主技術支援多域戰》等白皮書。 2021年3月,美陸軍部發布文件《陸軍多域轉型:準備在競爭和衝突中取勝》,顯示「多域戰」已成為引領美陸軍轉型發展的一面「旗幟」。美國防高級研究計畫局提出「馬賽克戰」概念,旨在打造一種由不同作戰功能單元構成的、以先進電腦技術與網路技術為基礎的、高度分散、具有高度適應性的「殺傷網」。美國防部大力支持「聯合全域作戰」概念。 2020年3月,美空軍率先將「聯合全域作戰」寫入條令,探討空軍如何在「聯合全域作戰」中發揮作用。

俄軍提出「指控瓦解」概念。 「瓦解」是當前俄羅斯最重要的作戰概念之一,俄軍電子戰部隊把使敵人的訊息、指控、電子戰和機器人系統失效作為目標,認為這一目標將「決定所有軍事行動的命運」。擾亂敵方部隊和武器系統的指揮和控制,降低敵方偵察和使用武器的效率,是進行電子戰的首要任務。目前,俄軍正在考慮組建12種類型的電子戰部隊。俄軍也提出「非核武遏制體系」概念,核心是使用非核武進攻性戰略武器來遏制對手。其所定義的非核武攻擊性戰略武器既包括所有裝備非核彈頭的彈道飛彈,也包括戰略轟炸機和遠程空基、海基巡航飛彈。此外,俄軍也提出「混合戰爭」概念,希望利用人工智慧系統謀求戰場資訊優勢。

英國防部提出「多域融合」概念,將發展具備智慧化能力的新型指控系統,以實現全面、持久、準確、快速的戰場感知與力量協同。

注重技術研發

塑造智慧化戰爭作戰模式

人工智慧發揮效用的關鍵是與其他多種技術的組合,這種組合也被描述為「人工智慧堆疊」。各種技術透過互動的方式產生組合效應,進而提升每項技術所產生的能力與效果。在人工智慧技術支援的智慧化戰爭中,「人機一體、雲腦控制」的協同作戰模式,「混搭編組、群體智慧」的集群作戰模式,「智慧主導、攻智為上」的認知作戰模式等,將不斷更新人們對戰爭的認知。

聚焦創新專案研發。美軍正在大力推廣人工智慧晶片在現有武器裝備系統中的應用,為武器加上“智慧大腦”,使之具備類人思考和自主互動能力。 2021年10月,美海軍推出被視為“當前最高優先事項”的“超越計劃”,旨在通過構建海上作戰軍事物聯網,整合有人無人聯合編隊,加速交付人工智能和機器學習工具,支撐全新的智慧化海軍架構,提升大規模火力殺傷、實現海軍智慧化分散式作戰。此外,美國防高級研究計畫局也進行了「自適應電子戰行為學習」「自適應雷達對抗」「極端射頻頻譜條件下的通訊」等認知電子戰項目,研發出認知雷達電子戰系統原型機。俄國防部智慧技術裝備科研試驗中心與俄聯邦科學院控制問題研究所合作,開發測試了包括無人機群指揮控制在內的自主智慧演算法,也與國家航空系統科研所共同開發基於神經網路原理的物體自動辨識軟體系統。

組成創新研發機構。新技術的不斷湧現是軍事智慧化蓬勃發展的不竭動力,高水準的軍事智慧化建設離不開專職機構的技術研發。一些國家和軍隊組成研發中心,注重從技術層面創新發展。美國國防部建立了聯合人工智慧中心,計劃將該中心打造成國家級重點實驗室,用於領導數百個與人工智慧相關的項目,確保對人工智慧相關數據資訊的高效利用,以保持美國在該領域的技術優勢。俄羅斯組成了人工智慧和大數據聯盟、國家人工智慧中心和隸屬國防部的機器人技術科研試驗中心,主要進行人工智慧和資訊科技領域的理論和應用研究。法國成立了創新國防實驗室,英國設立了人工智慧實驗室,印度組成了人工智慧特別工作小組,進行相關技術探索。

加強裝備研發列裝。近年來,多國重視研發智慧武器裝備,無人飛行器、無人戰車、無人艦艇、無人潛航器等不斷湧現。目前,美空軍已開始在F-35戰機上實踐「人機協同,人在迴路」的作戰理念。美XQ-58A「女武神」隱身無人機先前主要與F-35和F-22戰機進行人機協同作戰,2021年4月該隱身無人機成功投放ALTIUS-600小型無人機系統,進一步提升了其有人無人協同作戰能力。俄羅斯正聚焦偵察監視、指揮決策、火力打擊、作戰支援等多個領域,展開智慧裝備研發和列裝工作,計畫到2025年將無人作戰系統在武器裝備中的比例提高到30%以上。以“天王星”系列和“平台-M”“阿爾戈”等型號為代表的俄地面無人作戰武器發展迅速。其中,Nerekhta無人戰車可搭載遙控機槍和火箭發射器,除擁有一般裝甲車的戰鬥力外,還兼具運輸和偵察功能。此外,日本自衛隊計劃在2035年正式部署具有較強作戰能力的無人空中編隊。

(作者單位:國防科技大學)

中國軍事資料來源:https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-03/17/content_311555.htm

Chinese Military Dissipative Warfare: a Typical Form of Intelligent Warfare

中國軍事耗散戰:智慧戰爭的典型形式

現代英語:

With the rapid development of intelligent technology and its widespread application in the military, intelligent warfare is becoming a new form of warfare after information warfare, and dissipative warfare has become a typical form of intelligent warfare. The so-called dissipative warfare refers to the combat method in which the intelligent warfare system achieves comprehensive combat power by integrating material consumption, energy release and information diffusion through internal enrichment and integration and external mutation emergence. Strengthening the research on dissipative warfare will help us to deeply reveal the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare and win the initiative in future war games.

Dissipative warfare is the inevitable result of the development of the times

Dissipative warfare is manifested in the comprehensive confrontation of the physical, information and cognitive domains in the intelligent era. It is embodied in the highly unified forms of political contest, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances, reflecting the openness, complexity and emergence of the intelligent warfare system.

Adapt to the security situation requirements of the intelligent era. Entering the intelligent era, technologies such as broadband networks, big data, big models, cloud computing, and deep learning are developing rapidly, and the connections between political groups, countries, and nations are becoming more extensive. Under the influence of multiple factors such as political pluralism, economic integration, social openness, and technological revolution, non-traditional security has emerged and intertwined with traditional threats. The subjects and scope of intelligent warfare are constantly expanding, the time and space of war are constantly extending, and war and peace are inseparable and intertwined. The war system will further transcend local regional restrictions, from relative closure to greater openness, forming a higher level and larger range of confrontation. Dissipative warfare emphasizes the comprehensive efforts of the intelligent warfare system in the physical domain, information domain, and cognitive domain, and highly unifies the forms of political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict, and diplomatic checks and balances and incorporates them into the category of enemy-us confrontation, adapting to the requirements of the times for the development of the world security situation.

This is in line with the objective law of the evolution of war forms. The dissipation phenomenon of the war system has always existed since the emergence of war. However, before the emergence of intelligent war forms, due to technological constraints, it has always been in a relatively low-level and simple state. War confrontation can only be manifested in one of the forms of material consumption, energy dissipation and information diffusion. In the agricultural era, the form of war was mainly manifested as a cold weapon war dominated by material elements and centered on the human body. In the industrial era, the form of war was mainly manifested as thermonuclear weapons and mechanized war dominated by energy elements and centered on platforms. In the information age, the form of war is mainly manifested as an information war dominated by information elements and centered on the network security system. Entering the intelligent era, intelligent technology highly unifies the cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages and action advantages in the confrontation between the enemy and us. In essence, it highly unifies the three elements of matter, energy and information. Through empowering, gathering and releasing energy with intelligence, an intelligent war form dominated by intelligent elements and centered on intelligent algorithms has been formed. The main form of expression is the dissipative war that reflects the confrontation of the complex system of intelligent warfare.

It has a solid philosophical theoretical foundation. The social form is the mother of the war form. To explore and understand intelligent warfare, we must base ourselves on the basic principles of historical materialism and dialectical materialism, comprehensively examine the evolution of the war form and the social form in which intelligent warfare is located, and construct a new war concept and context system. From a philosophical perspective, matter, energy and information are the three major elements that constitute the world. Matter embodies the existence of the origin, energy embodies the existence of movement, and information embodies the existence of connection. The three progressively and alternately dominate the evolution and operation of social and war forms. According to the principle of negation of negation of dialectical materialism, in the intelligent age after the information age, the dominant element of society will be matter again after matter, energy and information. However, this material is a new type of material formed after a spiral rise after high informatization, and its main feature is that it has intelligent technology attributes. Therefore, in essence, dissipative warfare is the intelligent element that highly unifies the characteristics and advantages of matter, energy and information in the previous low-level war form, and highly unifies the forms of material consumption, energy release and information diffusion that are prevalent in war, reflecting the typical characteristics of intelligent warfare.

Deeply grasp the inherent meaning of dissipative warfare

Dissipative warfare is based on the real world and covers the virtual world. It adapts to the rapid development of intelligent technology, the rise of non-traditional security threats, and the continuous expansion of the subjects and scope of war, and presents many new characteristics.

Comprehensive game of confrontation. As the intelligent war form accelerates to a higher depth and breadth, the interconnection and influence of political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other fields are more extensive, and the focus of war begins to shift from the military system to the social system. The confrontation of war stakeholders will be reflected in various forms of comprehensive games such as political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances. The war advantage pursued is no longer limited to the field of military confrontation. The winner of the war must adapt to the openness, complexity and emergence requirements of the war system, and transform from the extensive consumption and use of single materials, energy and information to the dissipation of the war system dominated by intelligent advantages, and strive to gain initiative and advantage in the comprehensive game in multiple fields.

The subjects are cross-domain and diversified. The subjects of intelligent warfare are becoming more and more generalized, and the potential forces of war that need to be mobilized in traditional warfare will be in a state of normalized confrontation. Political forces, various institutions and personnel, together with the troops and soldiers fighting on the battlefield in the traditional sense, constitute the subjects of war. Diversified war subjects will cross the real domain and the virtual domain, appear in multiple spatial domains such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and psychology, covering the physical domain, information domain, cognitive domain, etc., covering multiple social domains such as politics, economy, culture, and diplomacy. For example, civilians can use smartphones to collect information on the military battlefield and pass it on to war stakeholders, resulting in the spread of key information about the war, which in turn affects war decisions or the victory or defeat of a campaign or battle.

Forces are integrated and enriched. Virtual forces are integrated. Focusing on the purpose of war, all possible real forces and virtual forces will be integrated with the support of intelligent technology, and perform their duties and act according to regulations on parallel battlefields; unmanned forces are integrated. After going through the stages of manual operation, manual authorization, and manual supervision, unmanned combat forces will achieve a high degree of autonomy, and can be deployed and combined with various manned forces on demand, and effectively coordinate and coexist in parallel under the constraints of common war rules; multiple forces are integrated. Based on the extensive connections in various fields and the common purpose of the war system, the forces of the party, government, military, police, and civilians will closely coordinate military operations with political, economic, diplomatic, public opinion, and legal struggles, and unify their actions to form comprehensive combat power. In short, under the integrated planning of the country or political group, although the multiple participating forces of intelligent warfare are physically dispersed, they can achieve logical concentration, immediate enrichment, complementary advantages, and integrated excellence around the common purpose of war.

Effectiveness accumulates and emerges. While the high-level war form has new technical characteristics, it still includes the characteristic advantages of the low-level war form. Dissipative warfare emphasizes continuous comprehensive confrontation in multiple domains, which includes the consumption of ammunition, supplies, equipment and even combatants at the material level, as well as the continuous collection and release of energy, and the diffusion and integration of data, knowledge, algorithms, etc. at the information level, which has an unlimited impact on people’s thinking cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotional will, and behavior patterns. Under the normal deterrence of nuclear weapons, intelligent warfare shows a decrease in bloodiness, but political isolation, economic blockade, cultural conflict, diplomatic strangulation, etc. will become more severe and intense. When the military, political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other systems continue to play their roles and the effectiveness accumulation reaches a certain level, the war system will increase negative entropy, thereby achieving a sudden change in combat power and the emergence of system effectiveness, thereby gaining a war advantage.

Fighting a Dissipative War by Choosing the Right Combat Focus

The intelligent warfare system achieves maximum system combat effectiveness through internal enrichment and integration, external mutation, cross-domain efficiency enhancement, and intelligent dissipation, which is the winning mechanism contained in dissipative warfare. To win in intelligent warfare, it is necessary to clarify the operational focus of dissipative warfare, target the shortcomings and weaknesses of the opponent’s system, and find the focus of war preparation.

Focus on the openness of the system and isolate the opponent’s war system. Cut off the material, energy and information exchange between the opponent’s war system and the external battlefield environment, so that it lacks material, energy and information sources, and gradually moves towards an isolated, closed and weak state. For example, at the strategic level, political isolation is used to isolate the opponent’s war system, causing the system’s entropy to increase. At the campaign level, methods such as cutting off data sources, destroying data backups, falsifying data, and tampering with information can be used to force its war system to transform into a closed state, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the opponent’s system.

Focusing on the complexity of the system, the opponent’s war system is destroyed in different domains. The more connections and the closer the degree of connection between the elements of the intelligent war system, the lower the reliability of the system structure. By using the principle of relative independence of each layer in a complex system, we can formulate strategic overall, local and tactical action strategies to achieve layered and domain-based destruction of the enemy’s war system. For example, at the strategic level, the economic blockade is adopted to greatly weaken the opponent’s war strength and development potential. At the campaign level, the vulnerability of the combat system communication network is utilized, and the network-electric composite attack is used as the basic path and means. The methods of “destroying the end, attacking the element, isolating the group, disconnecting the network, and breaking the cloud” are adopted to destroy the opponent’s combat system structure and cause the opponent’s war system to “collapse”.

Focus on system emergence and dismantle and disperse the opponent’s war system. Only when the intelligent war system has mutation and emergence effects can it quickly form and exert system effectiveness and gain dissipative warfare advantages. If only a single component or element plays a role, it is impossible to form an advantage. It can be foreseen that the currently emerging technologies such as ChatGPT and more advanced intelligent technologies in the future will provide a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state and laws of complex war systems, as well as new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. The party with the advantage in war confrontation will reduce the coupling degree of the opponent’s war system through a combination of virtual and real, parallel and integrated confrontation methods, and achieve the purpose of dismantling and dismantling the enemy’s war system.

國語中文:

耗散戰:智慧化戰爭典型方式
王榮輝
引 言
隨著智慧化技術快速發展及在軍事上的廣泛應用,智慧化戰爭正成為資訊化戰爭後的新戰爭形態,而耗散戰則成為智慧化戰爭的典型方式。所謂耗散戰,是指智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合,對外突變湧現,達成集物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散於一體的綜合戰力的作戰方式。加強耗散戰研究,有利於我們深入揭示智慧化戰爭制勝機理,贏得未來戰爭賽局主動權。
耗散戰是時代發展的必然結果
耗散戰表現在智慧化時代中物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合對抗,體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式的高度統一,反映了智慧化戰爭體系所具有的開放性、複雜性和湧現性。
適應智慧化時代的安全情勢要求。進入智慧化時代,寬網路、大數據、大模型、雲端運算、深度學習等技術快速發展,各政治集團、國家、民族之間的聯繫更加廣泛。在政治多元、經濟交融、社會開放、科技革命等多重因素作用下,非傳統安全興起並與傳統威脅交織,智慧化戰爭主體與範疇不斷拓展,戰爭時間與空間不斷外延,戰爭與和平如影相隨並交織一體,戰爭體系將進一步超越局部地域限制,從相對封閉走向更開放,形成更高層次和更大範圍的對抗。耗散戰強調智慧化戰爭體系在物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合發力,把政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式高度統一併納入敵我對抗範疇,適應了世界安全情勢發展的時代要求。
符合戰爭形態演變的客觀法則。戰爭體系的耗散現象自戰爭產生以來便始終存在,只不過在智能化戰爭形態出現之前,由於技術的製約,一直處於較為低級的、簡單的狀態,戰爭對抗僅能表現為物質消耗、能量釋散和訊息擴散中的某一種形式。農業時代,戰爭形態主要表現為以物質要素為主導的、以人體為中心的冷兵器戰爭。工業化時代,戰爭形態主要表現為以能量要素為主導的、以平台為中心的熱核兵器和機械化戰爭。在資訊化時代,戰爭形態主要表現為以資訊要素為主導的、以網信體系為中心的資訊化戰爭。進入智慧化時代,智慧化科技將敵我對抗中的認知優勢、決策優勢和行動優勢高度統一起來,實質是將物質、能量和資訊三者高度統一,透過以智賦能、以智聚能、以智釋能,形成了以智慧要素為主導的、以智慧演算法為中心的智慧化戰爭形態,主要表現形式即為反映智慧化戰爭複雜體系對抗的耗散戰。
具有堅實的哲學理論基礎支撐。社會形態是戰爭形態的母體,探索和認識智能化戰爭,必須基於歷史唯物主義和辯證唯物主義的基本原理,綜合考察戰爭形態的演進和智能化戰爭所處的社會形態,構建新的戰爭概念和語境體系。從哲學角度看,物質、能量和資訊是構成世界的三大要素,物質體現本源的存在,能量體現運動的存在,訊息則體現聯繫的存在,三者遞進交替主導著社會形態和戰爭形態的演進和運行。依照辯證唯物論的否定之否定原理,在資訊時代之後的智慧時代,主導社會的要素將繼物質、能量、資訊後再次輪到物質,只不過這個物質是高度資訊化後螺旋式上升後形成的新型物質,其主要特徵就是具有了智慧化技術屬性。因此,從本質上講,耗散戰是智慧要素將以前低階戰爭形態中物質、能量和資訊的特性優勢高度統一起來,將戰爭中普遍存在的物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散等形式高度統一起來,反映了智慧化戰爭的典型特徵。
深刻把握耗散戰的內在要義
耗散戰基於現實世界、涵蓋虛擬世界,適應了智慧化技術快速發展、非傳統安全威脅興起、戰爭主體和範疇不斷拓展的趨勢,呈現出許多新特性。
對抗綜合博弈。隨著智慧化戰爭形態加速向更高深度和廣度發展,政治、經濟、文化、外交等領域相互聯繫和影響更具廣泛性,戰爭重心開始從軍事系統向社會系統偏移,戰爭利益攸關方的對抗將體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等多種形式的綜合博弈,追求的戰爭優勢不再只限於軍事對抗領域。戰爭制勝方必須適應戰爭體系的開放性、複雜性和湧現性要求,從單一物質、能量和資訊的粗放式消耗和運用轉變到以智慧優勢主導戰爭體系的耗散,力爭在多領域的綜合博弈中贏得主動和優勢。
主體跨域多元。智慧化戰爭的主體日益泛化,傳統戰爭需要動員的戰爭潛在力量將處於常態化對抗狀態。政治力量、各類機構和人員與傳統意義上在戰場廝殺的部隊和軍人一起構成戰爭的主體。多元化戰爭主體將跨越現實域和虛擬域,出現在陸、海、空、天、電、心理等多個空間域,涵蓋物理域、資訊域、認知域等,涵蓋政治、經濟、文化、外交等多類社會域。如社會平民可以用智慧型手機收集軍事戰場上的信息並傳遞給戰爭利益攸關方,造成對戰爭關鍵訊息的擴散,進而影響戰爭決策或一場戰役和戰鬥的勝敗。
力量一體富聚。虛實力量一體。圍繞著戰爭目的,一切可能運用的現實力量和虛擬力量將在智能化技術支撐下實現一體化,在平行戰場上按職履責、按規行動;有無力量一體。無人作戰力量將在經歷人工操作、人工授權、人為監督階段後,實現高度的自主性,並可與各類有人力量按需部署、按需組合,在共同的戰爭規則約束下有效協同、並行共生;多方力量一體。基於各領域的廣泛聯繫和戰爭體系的共同目的,黨政軍警民等各方力量將軍事行動與政治、經濟、外交、輿論、法理鬥爭密切配合、統一行動,形成綜合戰力。總之,在國家或政治集團的一體籌劃下,智慧化戰爭的多元參戰力量雖然物理分散,但能夠圍繞共同的戰爭目的,實現邏輯集中、即時富聚,優勢互補、一體聚優。
效能累積湧現。高階戰爭形態在具有新質技術特徵的同時,仍涵括低階戰爭形態的特徵優勢。耗散戰強調在多域持續進行綜合對抗,這既包括物質層面的彈藥、物資、器材甚至作戰人員的消耗,也包括能量層面的不斷匯集和釋放,更包括透過資訊層面的數據、知識、演算法等的擴散與融合,對人的思考認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等產生不可限制的影響。在核武的常態嚇阻下,智慧化戰爭呈現出血腥味下降,但政治孤立、經濟封鎖、文化衝突、外交扼殺等將更加嚴峻激烈的局面。當軍事、政治、經濟、文化、外交等各系統角色持續發揮,效能累積達到某一程度,戰爭體係就會增加負熵,進而實現戰力突變和體系效能湧現,從而獲得戰爭優勢。
在選準作戰重心中打好耗散戰
智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合,對外突變湧現,跨域增效、以智耗散,達成體係作戰效能最大化,這是耗散戰蘊含的製勝機理。要在智慧化戰爭中贏得勝勢,必須明確耗散戰的作戰重心,針對對手體系短板弱點,找準戰爭準備的發力點。
著眼體系開放性,封閉孤立對手戰爭體系。截斷對手戰爭體系與外在戰場環境的物質、能量和資訊交流,使之缺乏物質、能量和資訊來源管道,逐漸走向孤立、封閉和虛弱狀態。如在戰略層面,採取政治孤立的方式,使對手戰爭體系處於孤立狀態,造成體系熵增。在戰役層面,可利用切斷資料來源、毀滅資料備份、資料作假、竄改資訊等方法,綜合採用軟硬手段,迫其戰爭體係向封閉狀態轉化,進而降低對方體系效能。
著眼體系複雜性,分域破擊對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體係要素間連結越多、連結程度越緊密,體系結構可靠性就越低。運用複雜系統中各分層相對獨立的原理,可製訂戰略全局、戰役局部和戰術行動策略,實現對敵戰爭體系的分層分域破擊。如在戰略層面,採用經濟封鎖的方式,大大削弱對手的戰爭實力和發展潛力。在戰役層面,利用作戰系統通訊網路的脆弱性,以網電複合攻擊為基本路徑與手段,採用「毀端、擊元、孤群、斷網、破雲」等方式,破擊對方作戰系統結構,促使對方戰爭體系「坍塌」。
著眼體系湧現性,拆解疏散對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體系只有出現突變和湧現效應,才能快速形成發揮體系效能,獲得耗散戰優勢。如果只是單一組分或要素發揮作用,不可能形成優勢湧現。可以預見,當前興起的ChatGPT等技術以及未來更高級的智慧化技術,將提供理解和發現戰爭複雜體系運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式,以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段,戰爭對抗優勢方將透過虛實結合、平行一體的對抗方式,降低對手戰爭體系的耦合度,達成拆解疏散敵戰爭體系的目的。

中國軍事資源:https//www.81it.com/2023/0509/14288.html

2023-05-09 11:48:56來源:中國軍網-解放軍報

Chinese Military Analysis of New Features and Trends of US Information Warfare

中國軍事分析美國資訊戰新特色新趨勢

由國語音譯為現代英語

Information warfare has become an important topic in today’s international politics and security. As the world’s largest military and intelligence agency, the United States has very strong strength and resources in information warfare. It is an important initiator and participant in information warfare, and its information warfare capabilities have attracted much attention. In addition to adjusting the goals of information warfare, comprehensively advancing in various ways, and integrating domestic departments to unify actions, the US government is also actively expanding its information warfare alliances, by absorbing more countries to form a broad information warfare alliance, enhancing the effectiveness of information warfare, and further restricting the activity environment of rival countries.

    【Key words】Information warfare, U.S. national strategy 【Chinese Library Classification Number】D815 【Document Identification Code】A

    After the Biden administration came to power, the US national strategy has been further strengthened in terms of offensiveness and targeting, which has also brought about many new changes in the US information warfare. On the one hand, the Biden administration proposed the “integrated containment” strategy in the national security strategy, and information warfare has become an important tool to contain opponents in diplomacy, intelligence, economy and trade. On the other hand, the United States uses the Internet as the main field and widely uses modern information technology to comprehensively promote information warfare in various ways, trying to influence and change the public opinion and cognition of the target country. In addition, the United States has also vigorously expanded its information warfare alliances and included more countries in its alliance system to further restrict the activity environment of its competitors. Domestic academic circles have also conducted some research on US information warfare, such as: discussing the development of US information warfare from the aspects of origin, method, technical support and equipment, analyzing the implementation basis of information warfare from the perspective of US information security strategy, or exploring the training of US military information warfare talents. However, there is still a lack of relevant discussions in the academic community on the new changes and trends of US information warfare in recent years, especially under the Biden administration. This article focuses on analyzing the new characteristics and new trends of US information warfare.

    The historical origins of the United States launching information warfare around the world

    On May 4, 2023, the latest report released by the National Virus Emergency Response Center and 360 Company disclosed the main technical means by which the CIA planned, organized and implemented “color revolution” events around the world, including a non-traditional regime change technology called “swarming”, which was used to encourage young people connected by the Internet to join the “shoot and change places” mobile protests. For a long time, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of the United States has secretly implemented “peaceful evolution” and “color revolutions” around the world and continued to carry out espionage activities. Information communication and on-site command are the decisive factors affecting the success or failure of “peaceful evolution” and “color revolutions”. The United States’ communication technology and its media applications are in a leading position internationally, which provides unprecedented technical support for the US intelligence agencies to launch “peaceful evolution” and “color revolutions” abroad.

    Entering the 21st century, with the further development of the Internet, driven by social media, the speed, diversity and breadth of information dissemination have been unprecedentedly improved. All over the world, information can be shared and transmitted in real time. Due to the development of information technology, many countries have begun to realize the importance of information warfare: on the one hand, countries can contain opponents and create an information environment that is beneficial to their own country through information transmission and control. On the other hand, the mobility and uncontrollability of information will pose a threat to national security. Therefore, information warfare has become an important issue in today’s international politics and security. The United States has the world’s largest military and intelligence agencies, has very strong strength and resources in information warfare, is an important participant and initiator of information warfare, and its information warfare capabilities have attracted much attention.

    After the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the United States mainly adopted a defensive posture in information warfare, strengthening the construction and security monitoring of network facilities to prevent attacks from terrorism and opponents. Although during the Obama and Trump administrations, the United States gradually moved from defense to active offense, proposing “preemptive” cyber sanctions against countries suspected of cyber attacks. However, judging from the National Cybersecurity Strategy released in March 2023, the United States focuses mainly on cyber deterrence, using “forward defense” to prevent attacks and infringements on key national facilities. According to media reports, when Musk announced the “amnesty” of Twitter, Meta, the parent company of another American social platform Facebook, announced a list of banned accounts, among which a group of accounts were related to the US military. This shows that the purpose, method and characteristics of the United States in information warfare are undergoing major changes, from cyber defense and deterrence to the field of influencing and shaping cognition.

    In 1995, Colonel Szafranski of the US Army defined information warfare as a conflict that directly attacks information systems to attack the knowledge or concept fields of the opponent. Information warfare can be conducted as part of a larger, more comprehensive hostile activity (such as cyber warfare), or as the only form of hostility. In 2021, Field, an expert at the Hoover Institution in the United States, also made a similar definition: information warfare aims to convey information to the target audience, which is selected to influence emotions, motivations, reasoning, attitudes, understandings, beliefs or behaviors, thereby promoting the interests of the actors. This shows that there is a general consensus among American elites on the form and purpose of information warfare, that is, to influence the cognitive system of the target object in a variety of ways. Previously, although the United States mainly adopted network defense and attack to target the opponent’s network facilities, with the changes in the international environment and the comprehensive strength of the United States, the United States gradually shifted the operational field and goals of information warfare to the cognitive system of the target country to create an international environment more favorable to the United States.

    Information warfare is an important part of the U.S. national strategy and changes with strategic adjustments.

    Information warfare is an important part of the US national strategy and an important means to achieve its national strategic goals. Today is an information age. Information and information technology not only determine the direction of social change, but are also key factors affecting competition between countries. Countries adjust their national strategies based on changes in the external environment and their own strength, and the content, characteristics, methods and fields of information warfare will also change accordingly.

    In 2016, the Obama administration issued a cybersecurity strategy called the National Cybersecurity Action Plan, which mainly includes: innovation and protection of networks, prevention of cybercrime, strengthening cybersecurity education, enhancing international cooperation and strengthening government cybersecurity management. During this period, the US government’s information warfare mainly focused on preventing cyber attacks from opponents and protecting its own network facilities and security. In September 2018, the Trump administration also issued the National Cybersecurity Strategy, which also emphasized the protection of network facilities and ensuring network security. However, in this strategy, Trump proposed the concept of “forward defense”. When it is believed that there is a possibility of an attack, the United States will take the lead in attacking the opponent, which means that the US information warfare has shifted from defense to active offense. In March 2023, the Biden administration released the latest National Cybersecurity Strategy, which further emphasized the offensive posture and greatly expanded the scope of information warfare. In this strategy, five pillars are proposed. In addition to protecting critical infrastructure and establishing international partnerships, it also emphasizes the need to combat and destroy threat actors, expand the scope of information warfare, expand public-private cooperation, combat adversaries through cooperation between public and private sectors, and shape market forces to promote security and resilience. This shows that in information warfare, the United States will further infiltrate the private sector through various means, promote American ideology and rules through the market and investment, and restrict the development environment of its competitors.

    After the Biden administration came to power, the US national strategy has also added more targeted and offensive elements. In the 2021 National Security Strategic Guidance, it is proposed to build a global strategy around the long-term competition with China and Russia; strengthen the US presence and cooperation in the Pacific region, while strengthening cooperation with Asian allies and partners to deal with the so-called “China threat”. The 2022 National Security Strategy clearly proposes the implementation of an “integrated containment strategy”, requiring the comprehensive use of comprehensive national security tools, including military, diplomatic, intelligence, economic, trade and financial means, to prevent any potential challenges to the United States and its allies. According to this strategy, information warfare is no longer just a function of defending against adversary cyber attacks and protecting domestic infrastructure. Information warfare occupies an important position in the “integrated containment strategy”. It not only undertakes the function of military strikes, but will also become an important tool for containing opponents in diplomacy, intelligence, economy and trade.

    The United States is comprehensively advancing information warfare with cognitive systems as its target

    Some scholars believe that the Gulf War was the beginning of information warfare, but as early as during the Cold War, the United States had conducted large-scale information warfare against the Soviet Union. The United States used the media it controlled to carry out extensive and in-depth false news propaganda on the Soviet people, instilling American ideology, and to a certain extent affecting the cognition of the Soviet people. After the end of the Cold War, American decision-makers are believed to have gradually reduced their emphasis on the non-material elements of war because they have defeated their ideological opponents. In the following decades, regarding information warfare, the United States is more inclined to frame these activities in a narrower military context. The “integrated containment strategy” proposed by the Biden administration shows that relying solely on a defense-oriented strategy may no longer be enough to limit competitors. The United States intends to contain its opponents in all areas of national strength, including diplomacy, economy, and information. This comprehensive containment approach focuses on mobilizing all elements of national power in competition other than military means. It requires not only the coordination of various important U.S. agencies, including the Department of Defense, the State Department, the CIA, the FBI, and the U.S. Agency for International Development, but also conventional military capabilities – focusing on destroying the target country and occupying its territory. It also requires the development of unconventional military capabilities – competing for influence and legitimacy among the people of various countries, enhancing the influence of the United States by influencing and changing the cognitive system of the people of the target country, and thereby undermining the opponent’s information environment and decision-making ability.

    The information market assumes that people will process information rationally, but psychological research shows that people often do not do so. Instead, the information environment in which people live affects their cognition, decision-making, and behavior, and the information environment is the operational environment of information warfare. In recent years, the U.S. Department of Defense has adopted an increasingly comprehensive understanding of the information environment. In the updated definition of the information environment, it points out that it “contains and aggregates many social, cultural, cognitive, technological, and physical attributes that affect the knowledge, understanding, beliefs, worldview, and ultimate actions of individuals, groups, systems, communities, or organizations.” Information warfare acts on the opponent’s information environment, by analyzing the opponent’s decision-making methods, psychological advantages and weaknesses, changing the information environment, and then affecting the “key factor” of the cognitive system, changing its national behavior to achieve the goal of winning.

    In the networked era, the transmission, aggregation and processing of information are mostly carried out through the network. The network constitutes the most important information environment, and the combat field of information warfare is also concentrated on the network. The United States not only uses its global media and cultural communication power to spread American culture and values ​​to the world through television, movies, music, games, etc., to strengthen its international influence and soft power. In addition, the US government and military also make extensive use of social media, search engines, artificial intelligence, the Internet and other information means, and through professional and systematic information operation agencies and cross-border cooperation between different agencies and departments, they carry out various forms of information warfare, such as posting political propaganda on social media, launching cyber attacks, conducting network monitoring and surveillance, and organizing network sabotage activities. It should be noted that social media is increasingly becoming an important medium for the United States to launch information warfare. This is because social media platforms can have a huge impact on a large number of people with their speed and breadth of information dissemination. At the same time, because people are irrational in cognition, large-scale simple repetition on social media has become a reliable way for people to believe in fallacies. The United States is deploying a large number of fake accounts on social media platforms to widely spread false information, manipulate information, incite emotions, create public opinion, mislead opponents’ decision-making behavior, and formulate and disseminate strategic narratives to prompt national behavior to change in a direction that is beneficial to the United States.

    Expanding the information warfare alliance and further constraining the environment for competitors

    In addition to adjusting the goals of information warfare, advancing it comprehensively in a variety of ways, and integrating domestic departments into unified actions, the U.S. government is also actively expanding its information warfare alliances by absorbing more countries to form a broad information warfare alliance, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of information warfare and further restricting the environment in which rival countries can operate.

    In Europe, the United States has been strengthening its cooperation with its NATO allies on information warfare. In November 2010, NATO updated the “Lisbon Strategic Concept”, emphasizing the need to more thoroughly respond to the rapidly evolving security challenges of the 21st century, including cyber attacks. The policy focuses not only on protecting NATO’s own networks, but also on establishing agreed benchmarks to protect the national networks of allies. The 2014 Wales Summit proposed a policy to strengthen cyber defense, making the cyber field one of its key political and strategic priorities, emphasizing the cooperation and unified action of member states, and linking the cyberspace with the collective defense of the alliance. At the 2016 Warsaw Summit, NATO recognized cyberspace as a new field of military operations. In February 2018, NATO member states established a cyber operations center within the NATO military command structure, which aims to strengthen the defense and response capabilities of NATO member states in cyberspace and improve the overall level of cyber security. These measures show that under the leadership of the United States, NATO has gradually established a strong cyber cooperation platform for information warfare. On the basis of this platform, the United States will implement information warfare more comprehensively and across fields. During the Ukrainian crisis, the United States and its allies used this platform to provide cyber defense for Ukraine and launch a large number of cyber attacks. They also used the Internet to spread various false information, distorting and shaping the country’s image that was unfavorable to Russia.

    In Asia, based on the existing military alliance, the United States has been deepening its security alliances to maintain its interests in the Indo-Pacific region, vigorously promoting the “four-country mechanism” consisting of the United States, Japan, India and Australia, deepening its relations with India, and striving to promote trilateral cooperation between the United States, Japan and South Korea, further promoting network rules that are beneficial to the United States and expanding the alliances led by the United States. This makes it easier for the United States to insert information operators in the networks of allied countries, spread information that is beneficial to the United States in multiple networks, and shape the information environment dominated by the United States to exclude and restrict competing countries in the information environment. At the same time, this transnational network is still expanding, and the United States’ network standards and norms are constantly being implemented in other countries, which has greatly helped the US government and military to infiltrate these networks and conduct information warfare. The United States has also actively engaged with ASEAN countries and their individual member states, including Indonesia, Singapore and Vietnam, and has achieved certain results in network expansion. Despite the differences in governance systems and technical capabilities among these countries, as well as competing domestic priorities, ASEAN has become the first region among developing countries to adopt a consistent e-commerce legal framework. They have adopted the cybersecurity framework of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) of the United States as a global common language to communicate with different industry sectors and other countries.

    In February 2022, the Biden administration issued a new Indo-Pacific Strategy, which is the first Indo-Pacific Strategy issued by the Biden administration and the second Indo-Pacific Strategy issued by the US government. The strategy proposes five major policy goals, including promoting freedom and openness, regional security and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region, and also proposes an “integrated containment” strategy. For China, the Indo-Pacific Strategy points out that “our goal is not to change China, but to shape the strategic environment in which it operates.” Especially in such a media age, the transmission and release of information are more convenient, and we need to pay more attention to the importance of information warfare. In this regard, we may also need to grasp the psychological demands and emotional needs of the masses more accurately. Taking the latest report released by the National Virus Emergency Response Center and 360 Company as an example, it is particularly important for domestic government agencies, scientific research institutions, industrial enterprises and commercial institutions to quickly “see” and deal with the highly systematic, intelligent and concealed cyber attacks launched by the CIA against my country in the first place. The report recommends that in order to effectively respond to imminent network and real threats, while adopting independent and controllable domestic equipment, we should organize self-inspection and self-examination of APT attacks as soon as possible, and gradually establish a long-term defense system to achieve comprehensive and systematic prevention and control to resist advanced threat attacks.

    As the US information warfare continues to advance, the meaning of shaping the environment has become more prominent, that is, not only to contain China politically, economically and militarily, but also to “shape” China’s activity environment in terms of network and information. For China, facing the more complex and severe international situation under the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukrainian crisis and the US’s continuously advancing information warfare strategy, it should make the following responses: First, strengthen network and information security construction to improve its own information security level and guard against attacks on network facilities and key infrastructure. Be vigilant against the spread of false information on the Internet and in the media, trace the source of the spread, and prevent the spread of information by large-scale false accounts and the conscious guidance of the public’s cognitive system. Secondly, continue to promote high-level reform and opening up, actively develop foreign trade, and further strengthen economic ties with countries around the world. This is the most effective strategy to prevent the US “integrated containment” and information warfare. Tell the Chinese story well in foreign exchanges, let the world know more about China, and promote mutual trust and cooperation with other countries through extensive exchanges and strengthening economic interdependence. Thirdly, adhere to economic development. Developing the economy is a necessary condition for the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and is also a core task of the country. Through economic development, the world can also understand the Chinese plan and the Chinese road more clearly and vividly, and thus more effectively defend against false information and information distortion in information warfare. Finally, in terms of Sino-US relations, while maintaining the bottom line and preventing conflicts, China can also establish and restore exchanges and cooperation in certain important areas or important groups, increase and accumulate trust, and further expand cooperation to divide and ease the US integrated containment strategy.

    (The author is a professor at the Institute of Contemporary Socialism of Shandong University, a researcher at the Institute of National Governance of Shandong University, and a researcher at the Institute of South Asian Studies of Shandong University)

    【references】

    ① Liu Boran and Wei Xiuming: “U.S. Cyber ​​Security Strategy: Development Process, Evolutionary Characteristics and Essence”, Journal of Liaoning University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), Issue 3, 2019.

    ②Huang Yingxin: “Information Warfare and Its Development”, “Intelligence Command Control System and Simulation Technology”, Issue 6, 2000.

    ③Lu Xinde: “On the Expansiveness of the US Information Security Strategy”, Contemporary Asia-Pacific, Issue 7, 2005.

    ④Liu Xiaoyuan and Pang Bo, “A Perspective on the Training of Information Warfare Talents in the US Military and Its Implications”, Journal of Higher Education Research, No. 3, 2005.

    ⑤[Japan] Kosawa Kunio and Jiang Xinfeng, translators: “IT Revolution and the Development of the U.S. and Japanese Navies”, International Outlook, No. 15, 2001.

    ⑥Wu Fei and Li Xuan: “The Role of the Media in the Information War between Russia and the United States under Geopolitical Game”, “External Communication”, Issue 6, 2022.

    ⑦Yang Guangbin et al.: “Characteristics of the Era of Turbulent Change”, “World Economy and Politics”, Issue 2, 2023.

繁體中文

《 人民論壇 》( 2023年10月09日 第 04 版)
【摘要】資訊戰已成為當今國際政治和安全領域的重要議題。因其全球最大的軍事和情報機構,在資訊戰方面有著非常強的實力和資源,是資訊戰的重要發起者和參與者,其資訊戰的能力備受關注。除了調整資訊戰的目標,以多種方式全面推進,整合國內各部門而統一行動外,美國政府還積極擴展資訊戰的同盟,透過吸收更多國家以形成廣泛的資訊戰聯盟,增強資訊戰的效果,並進一步限制對手國家的活動環境。

【關鍵字】資訊戰 美國國家戰略 【中圖分類號】D815 【文獻標識碼】A

拜登政府上台後,在美國國家戰略上進一步加強了攻擊性和針對性,這也使美國的資訊戰發生了許多新的變化。一方面,拜登政府在國家安全戰略中提出了「一體化遏制」策略,資訊戰在外交、情報、經濟和貿易等方面成為遏制對手的重要工具;另一方面,美國以網路為主要場域,廣泛運用現代資訊科技以多種方式全面推進資訊戰,試圖影響和改變目標國家的輿論風向和認知;此外,美國還大力擴展資訊戰同盟,將更多國家納入其同盟體係以進一步限制競爭對手的活動環境。國內學界對美國資訊戰也進行了一定的研究,例如:從起源、方式、技術支援和裝備等方面討論美國資訊戰的發展,從美國資訊安全戰略角度分析資訊戰的實施基礎,抑或探析美軍信息戰人才的培養。但對於近年來,特別是拜登政府治下美國資訊戰的新變化及其趨勢,學界仍缺乏相關討論,本文則聚焦於剖析美國資訊戰的新特徵與新動向。

美國在世界各地發動資訊戰的歷史溯源

2023年5月4日,國家病毒緊急處理中心和360公司發布的最新報告披露了CIA在全球各地策劃組織實施「顏色革命」事件的主要技術手段,其中包括一款被稱為「蜂擁」的非傳統政權更迭技術,用於推動透過網路連線的年輕人加入「打一槍換一個地方」的流動性抗議活動。長期以來,美國中央情報局(CIA)在世界各地秘密實施“和平演變”和“顏色革命”,並持續進行間諜竊密活動。資訊通信和現場指揮是影響「和平演變」和「顏色革命」成敗的決定性因素。美國的通訊技術及其媒體應用在國際上處於領先地位,這給美國情報部門對外發動「和平演變」和「顏色革命」提供了前所未有的技術支援。

進入21世紀,隨著網路的進一步發展,在社群媒體的推動下,資訊傳播的高速性、多樣性和廣泛性得到了空前的提升。在世界範圍內,各地資訊都能夠即時共享和飛速傳遞。因資訊科技的發展,許多國家開始意識到資訊戰的重要性:一方面,國家可以透過資訊傳遞和控制來遏制對手並創造有利於本國的資訊環境。另一方面,資訊的流動性和不可控性會對國家安全造成威脅。因此,資訊戰已成為當今國際政治和安全領域的重要議題。美國擁有全球最大的軍事和情報機構,在資訊戰方面有著非常強的實力和資源,是資訊戰的重要參與者和發起者,其資訊戰的能力備受關注。

在「911」恐怖事件後,美國在資訊戰方面主要是採用防禦為主的態勢,加強網路設施的建設和安全監控,以防止恐怖主義和對手的攻擊。雖然在歐巴馬和川普政府時期,美國由防禦逐漸走向主動進攻,提出對疑似網路攻擊國進行「先發制人」的網路制裁。但從2023年3月發布的《國家網路安全戰略》來看,美國的重點主要放在網路威懾上,透過「向前防禦」來防備對國家關鍵設施的攻擊和侵害。根據媒體報道,馬斯克宣布「大赦」推特之際,美國另一家社群平台臉書(Facebook)的母公司Meta公佈了一份封禁帳號名單,在名單中,有一批帳號與美國軍方有關。這顯示美國在資訊戰上的目的、方式和特徵正在發生重大變化,由網路防禦和威懾進入到影響和塑造認知領域。

美軍上校沙弗蘭斯基(Szafranski)在1995年對資訊戰進行過界定,資訊戰是一種直接攻擊資訊系統以攻擊對手知識或觀念領域的衝突。資訊戰可以作為更大規模、更全面的敵對活動的組成部分(如網路戰),或作為唯一的敵對形式進行。 2021年,美國胡佛研究所專家菲爾德(Field)也做出了類似的定義:資訊戰旨在向目標受眾傳達訊息,這些訊息被挑選出來,以影響情感、動機、推理、態度、理解、信仰或行為,從而促進行動者的利益。這說明在美國菁英中對於資訊戰的形式和目的有大致一致的認識,即透過多種方式影響目標對象的認知系統。此前,美國雖然主要採用網路防禦和攻擊,有針對性地打擊對手的網路設施,但隨著國際環境和美國綜合實力的變化,美國逐步將資訊戰的作戰領域和目標轉移到對象國的認知系統,以營造更有利於美國的國際環境。

資訊戰是美國國家戰略的重要組成部分,隨戰略調整而變化

資訊戰是美國國家戰略的重要組成部分,也是實現其國家戰略目標的重要手段。當今時代是資訊化時代,資訊與資訊科技不僅決定社會變革的方向,同時也是影響國家間競爭的關鍵因素。國家依據外部環境和自身實力的變化調整國家戰略,而資訊戰的內容、特徵、方式和領域也會隨之改變。

歐巴馬政府在2016年推出了名為《網路安全國家行動計畫》的網路安全策略,其主要內容包括:創新和保護網絡,預防網路犯罪,加強網路安全教育,增強國際合作與加強政府網路安全管理。在這段時期,美國政府在資訊戰上主要是防範對手的網路攻擊,保護自身的網路設施和安全。在2018年9月,川普政府也頒布了《國家網路安全戰略》,同樣強調對網路設施的防護,並確保網路安全。但在這份戰略中,川普提出了「向前防禦」的概念,當認為有可能遭遇到襲擊時,美國將率先攻擊對方,這意味著美國資訊戰由防禦轉向了主動進攻。 2023年3月,拜登政府公佈了最新的《國家網路安全戰略》,進一步強調了進攻的態勢,並大大擴展了資訊戰的範圍。在該戰略中,提出了5項支柱,除了保護關鍵基礎設施和建立國際夥伴關係外,還強調要打擊和摧毀威脅行為體,並且擴展資訊戰的範圍,擴大公私合作,透過公私部門間的合作來打擊敵手,並塑造市場力量以推動安全和彈性。這說明在資訊戰上美國將進一步透過各種方式滲透入私人領域,透過市場和投資宣揚美國的意識形態和規則,以限制競爭對手的發展環境。

拜登政府上台後,美國國家戰略中也加入了更多的針對性和攻擊性。在2021年的《國家安全戰略指導》中提出:圍繞與中國和俄羅斯的長期競爭,建構全球性戰略;強化美國在太平洋地區的存在和合作,同時加強與亞洲盟友和夥伴的合作,以應對所謂「中國的威脅」。 2022年的《國家安全戰略》更是明確提出實施“一體化遏制戰略”,要求綜合運用全面的國家安全工具,包括軍事、外交、情報、經濟、貿易和金融等手段,以防止對美國和其盟友的任何潛在挑戰。依照這個策略,資訊戰就不再只是發揮防禦對手網路攻擊和保護國內基礎設施的功能,資訊戰在「一體化遏制戰略」中佔據著重要的地位,不僅承擔著軍事打擊的功能,在外交、情報、經濟和貿易等方面也將成為遏制對手的重要工具。

美國以認知系統為目標全面廣泛推進資訊戰

有些學者認為海灣戰爭是資訊戰的開端,但早在冷戰期間,美國就對蘇聯進行大規模的資訊戰。美國利用掌控的媒體對蘇聯民眾進行了廣泛深入的假新聞宣傳,灌輸美國的意識形態,在一定程度上影響了蘇聯民眾的認知。冷戰結束後,美國的決策者被認為對於戰爭的非物質元素的強調逐漸減少,因為已經戰勝了其意識形態對手,在其後幾十年中,關於信息作戰,美國更傾向於在更狹窄的軍事背景下框定這些活動。而拜登政府所提出的「一體化遏制戰略」則表明僅依賴一種以防禦為主的策略,可能已不足以限制競爭對手,美國意圖在包括外交、經濟和資訊在內的所有國家實力領域去遏制對手。這種全面遏制方式著重於在軍事手段之外的競爭中調動國家力量的所有要素,不僅要求能夠協調美國各個重要機構,包括國防部、國務院、中情局、聯邦調查局和美國國際開發署等,並且除了常規軍事能力——專注於摧毀目標國並佔領其領土,還要發展非常規軍事能力——在各國民眾中爭奪影響力和合法性,透過影響和改變目標國家民眾的認知系統,增強美國的影響力,進而破壞對手的資訊環境與決策能力。

資訊市場假定人們會理性處理訊息,但心理學研究表明,人們往往不會這樣做。相反,人們所處的資訊環境會影響其認知、決策和行為,而資訊環境就是資訊戰的作戰環境。近年來,美國國防部對資訊環境採取了越來越全面的理解,在關於資訊環境的定義更新中指出,它「包含和聚合了許多社會、文化、認知、技術和物理屬性,這些屬性對個人、群體、系統、社區或組織的知識、理解、信仰、世界觀和最終行動產生影響」。資訊戰則是作用於對手的資訊環境,透過分析對手的決策方法、心理優勢和弱點,改變資訊環境,進而影響認知系統這一“關鍵因素”,改變其國家行為以實現制勝目的。

在網路化時代,資訊的傳遞、聚合與處理絕大部分經由網絡,網絡構成了最主要的資訊環境,資訊戰的作戰場域也集中在網絡。美國不僅運用其全球性的媒體和文化傳播力量,透過電視、電影、音樂、遊戲等方式向全球傳播美國文化和價值觀,加強其國際影響力和軟實力。並且,美國政府和軍方也大量使用如社群媒體、搜尋引擎、人工智慧和網路以及其他資訊手段,並透過專業化和系統化的資訊操作機構以及不同機構和部門的跨界合作,進行各種形式的資訊戰,例如在社群媒體上發布政治宣傳、發動網路攻擊、進行網路監聽和監控、組織網路破壞活動等。需要注意的是,社群媒體越來越成為美國發起資訊戰的重要媒介。這是由於社群媒體平台以其訊息傳播的速度和廣度,能夠對龐大人群產生巨大影響,同時又因為人們在認知上的非理性,使得社群媒體的大規模簡單重複成為人們相信謬誤的可靠方法。美國正大量地在社群媒體平台中投放虛假帳號,廣泛傳播假訊息、操縱訊息、煽動情緒、製造輿論導向,誤導對手的決策行為,並制定和傳播戰略大敘事,促使國家行為朝著有利於美國的方向轉變。

擴大資訊戰同盟並進一步限制競爭對手的環境

除了調整資訊戰的目標,以多種方式全面推進,整合國內各部門而統一行動外,美國政府還積極擴展資訊戰的同盟,透過吸收更多國家以形成廣泛的資訊戰聯盟,增強資訊戰的效果,並進一步限制對手國家的活動環境。

在歐洲,美國不斷強化與其北約盟友在資訊戰上的合作。 2010年11月,北約更新了“里斯本戰略概念”,強調需要更徹底地應對快速發展的21世紀的安全挑戰,包括網路攻擊。該政策的重點不僅是保護北約自身的網絡,還包括建立商定的基準來保護盟國的國家網絡。 2014年的威爾斯高峰會提出了加強網路防禦的政策,將網路領域作為其關鍵的政治和戰略重點之一,強調成員國的合作與統一行動,把網路與聯盟的集體防禦聯繫起來。 2016年華沙峰會上,北約承認網路空間是軍事行動的新領域。 2018年2月,北約成員國在北約軍事指揮機構內設立了一個網路行動中心,該中心旨在加強北約成員國在網路空間的防禦和應變能力,並提升網路安全的整體水準。這些舉措顯示在美國主導下,北約在資訊戰上逐步建立起一個強大的網路合作平台。在這一平台的基礎上,美國將更為全面且跨領域地實施資訊戰。在烏克蘭危機中,美國及其盟友就利用這個平台,為烏克蘭提供網路防禦,並實施大量的網路攻擊,也利用網路散播各種虛假訊息,歪曲和塑造對俄羅斯不利的國家形象。

在亞洲,在原有的軍事同盟基礎上,美國為維持其在印度—太平洋地區的利益,不斷深化其安全聯盟,大力推動「美、日、印、澳」組成的四國機制,深化與印度的​​關係,努力促進美、日、韓三邊合作,進一步推廣有利於美國的網路規則和擴展美國主導的同盟。這使得美國可以更為便利地在同盟國家的網絡中安插信息操作人員,在多個網絡中散佈有利於美國的信息,塑造美國主導的信息環境,以形成在信息環境上對競爭國家的排斥和限制。同時,這個跨國網絡仍在不斷擴展,美國的網路標準和規範不斷在其他國家得以實施,這為美國政府和軍方滲入這些網路並實施資訊戰提供了極大助益。美國也積極與東協國家及其個別成員國,包括印尼、新加坡和越南等國接觸,在網路擴展上取得了一定的成效。儘管這些國家在治理體系和技術能力上存在差異,並且存在競爭性國內優先事項,但東協成為發展中國家中第一個採用一致的電子商務法律框架的地區,他們採用了美國國家標準技術研究所

(NIST)的網路安全框架作為全球通用語言,以與不同產業部門和其他國家溝通。

2022年2月,拜登政府推出了新的《印太戰略》,這是拜登政府發布的首份,也是美國政府發布的第二份印太戰略。該戰略提出了促進印太地區的自由開放、區域安全和繁榮等五大政策目標,也提出了「一體化遏制」策略。對於中國,《印太戰略》指出「我們的目標不是改變中國,而是塑造其運作的戰略環境」。尤其是在這樣一個媒體時代,訊息的傳遞和發布更加方便,我們更需要重視資訊戰的重要性。在這方面,我們也可能需要更精確地抓住群眾的心理訴求和情感需求。以國家病毒緊急處理中心和360公司發布的最新報告為例,針對CIA對我國發起的高度體系化、智慧化、隱蔽化的網路攻擊,境內政府機構、科研院校、工業企業和商業機構如何快速「看見」並第一時間進行處置尤為重要。報告建議,為有效應對迫在眉睫的網路和現實威脅,我們在採用自主可控國產化設備的同時,應盡快組織開展APT攻擊的自檢自查工作,並逐步建立起長效的防禦體系,實現全面系統化防治,抵禦高階威脅攻擊。

隨著美國資訊戰的不斷推進,塑造環境的意義得以彰顯,即不僅是在政治、經濟和軍事上對中國進行遏制,同時在網路和資訊上也要「塑造」中國的活動環境。對中國而言,面對在新冠疫情和烏克蘭危機衝擊下更為複雜嚴峻的國際局勢以及美國不斷推進的信息戰策略,應該做好以下應對:首先,加強網絡和信息安全建設提高自身信息安全水平,防備對網路設施和關鍵基礎設施的攻擊。警惕網路和媒體中的假訊息傳播,追溯傳播源頭,防範大規模假帳號所進行的資訊散播和有意識地對民眾認知系統的引導。其次,持續推動高水準的改革開放,積極發展對外貿易,進一步加強與世界各國的經濟聯繫。這是防範美國「一體化遏制」和資訊戰最有效的策略。在對外交往中講好中國故事,讓世界更了解中國,透過廣泛交流和加強經濟互賴,促進和其他國家的互信與合作。再次,堅持經濟發展。發展經濟是中華民族復興的必要條件,同時也是國家的核心任務。透過經濟發展也可以讓世界更清楚、形象化地理解中國方案和中國道路,進而更有效地防禦資訊戰中的假訊息和訊息扭曲。最後,在中美關係上,中國在守住底線、防止衝突的同時,也可以建立和恢復某些重要領域或重要團體的交往與合作,增加和積累信任,並進​​一步擴展合作,分化和緩解美國的一體化遏制戰略。

(作者為山東大學當代社會主義研究所教授、山東大學國家治理研究院研究員、山東大學南亞研究所研究員)

【參考文獻】

①劉勃然、魏秀明:《美國網路資訊安全戰略:發展歷程、演進特徵與實質》,《遼寧大學學報(哲學社會會科學版)》,2019年第3期。

②黃迎馨:《資訊戰及其發展》,《情報指揮控制系統與模擬技術》,2000年第6期。

③盧新德:《論美國資訊安全戰略的擴張性》,《當代亞太》,2005年第7期。

④劉曉元、龐波:《美軍資訊戰人才培養透視及其啟示》,《高等教育研究期刊》,2005年第3期。

⑤[日]小繩國雄,江新鳳編譯:《IT革命與美日海軍發展》,《國際展望》,2001年第15期。

⑥吳非、李旋:《地緣政治博弈下俄美訊息戰中的媒體角色》,《對外傳播》,2022年第6期。

⑦楊光斌等:《動盪變革期的時代特徵》,《世界經濟與政治》,2023年第2期。

原始中國政府資源:http://paper.people.com.cn/rmlt/html/2023-10/09/content_26023698.htm

Chinese Military and Using the Ability to Attack the Impossible With Dimensionality Reduction Strikes – Asymmetric Warfare

中國軍隊利用降維攻擊不可能的能力進行打擊——非對稱戰爭

外文音譯:

There are many different explanations for dimensionality reduction attacks, such as the crushing of lower civilizations by higher civilizations, the killing of cross-generation equipment, the control of high dimensions against low dimensions, asymmetric strikes that deprive the opponent of its strong points, etc. But in essence, it is “to attack the impossible with the able”. If viewed from this perspective, dimensionality reduction strikes have long existed in the history of human warfare and have manifested themselves in various forms. In the future, the characteristics of dimensionality reduction strikes will be more obvious and more decisive.

Mixed to make pure

“Those who understand change according to the times, and those who know know how to adapt to the circumstances.” As the field of war confrontation continues to expand into more “grey areas,” hybrid warfare is simultaneously unfolding in the physical, information, cognitive, and social domains, and is not limited to a single field or form. Hybrid warfare is purely about integration, that is, the comprehensive use of political, economic, diplomatic, military, public opinion and other fields of power, focusing on the comprehensive use of military and non-military means, conventional and unconventional tactics, showing the integration and development of traditional warfare and non-traditional warfare. Distinctive properties of force. Combat effectiveness pays attention to the realization of superposition and integration, so as to achieve quick results with less investment, and achieve political intentions and military objectives with the minimum strike. The pure nature of hybridization is chaos, that is, the boundaries between war and peace will become more blurred, the forms of expression will become more diverse, and combat styles will become more integrated. It is often difficult to judge the specific launch time of war. War and peace will be superimposed in the same time period, and war and peace will be superimposed. Non-combat status is even more difficult to confirm. The chaotic nature of hybrid warfare makes it difficult to warn of wars, prepare for wars, and respond to wars in a timely manner. The use of hybrid warfare is purely confusing. That is, compared with traditional warfare, the methods of hybrid warfare are more concealed. More struggles in non-military fields and the use of more non-military means allow war goals to be broken down into all aspects of daily communication and interaction, which reduces the risk of war. The sensitivity of war implementation is highly confusing and controllable.

Use wisdom to control one’s weakness

“Soldiers who, deception also”. War is not only a competition of strength but also a competition of intelligence. Among the “Five Virtues of Generals” in “The Art of War”, wisdom is listed as the first virtue, which fully shows that the ancients have long been aware of the role of wisdom in war. There are thousands of books on war tactics written all over the world, both at home and abroad, all with the purpose of enlightening wisdom. The victory of wisdom over clumsiness lies in knowing things beforehand and seizing the opportunity. Taking the initiative in combat can take the initiative, make time and space choices, mobilize various resources, and create advantageous conditions for victory. The victory of wisdom lies in understanding the overall situation and creating one-way transparency. He is good at uncovering the fog of war, has a clear understanding of the development and changes of the war situation, and can choose reasonable tactics for victory. The victory of wisdom over clumsiness lies in accurately grasping the center of gravity and grasping the key. Scientifically coordinate resources, focus on the focus of operations, and optimize key nodes to lay a foundation of strength for victory. The key to victory over clumsiness with intelligence lies in keenly seizing opportunities and winning by surprise. Seize the favorable conditions, avoid defeating the enemy, implement unexpected asymmetric operations, and obtain the maximum value at the lowest cost to defeat the enemy. The victory of wisdom over clumsiness lies in the correct use of human subjective initiative. People are still the decisive factor in winning the war. No matter how the times develop and the shape of war evolves, this will never change. In future intelligent warfare, the contribution rate of intelligence superiority to combat effectiveness is much higher than other factors. Human intelligence has widely penetrated into combat fields and been transformed into weapon systems. All-domain, multi-dimensional, and various types of intelligent combat platforms can quickly couple combat forces. According to Mission requirements build a combat system and independently implement coordinated operations, and the “smart victory” mechanism will become more prominent.

Use high to control low

“Technology is the core combat capability.” Technology changes the face of war, and technology also affects the outcome of war. The history of the development of human warfare shows that the military has always been a collection of technologies of the times. Whoever seizes the technological advantage and is the first to use a new type of weapons and equipment or a new combat force by surprise will easily gain a significant advantage in combat and will occupy Winning the battle. It has the advantages of cross-generation equipment and is the combat condition that countless generals dream of. It can achieve suppressive operations with high control of low. High energy defeats low power, which lies in the cross-generational crushing of equipment performance. New weapons and equipment are more advanced than old equipment in terms of information acquisition, maneuverability, strike distance, firepower yield and protection capabilities, and have combat performance that old equipment does not have. In the confrontation between old and new equipment, new equipment can give full play to its high technical performance advantages and achieve all-round crushing of the performance of old equipment. High energy suppresses low power because emerging technologies often trigger radical changes on the battlefield, causing combat methods to spiral upward and combat effectiveness to increase by leaps and bounds. The combat effect is like the crushing of hot weapons against cold weapons, informationization against mechanization, thus achieving The new way of fighting crushes the old way. Once emerging technologies mature and are introduced into warfare, they can often lead to changes in the shape of warfare. High energy controls low power, which lies in the unpredictability of disruptive technologies, which in turn leads to technological sneak attacks. Disruptive technologies can stand at a high technological level and target the weak links of the opponent’s equipment to implement contradictory special attacks. Due to the high probability of disruptive technology itself, it is very easy to produce a technological sneak attack, achieving a fatal blow without the other party being aware of it and unable to defend itself. Making good use of new quality and new domain combat forces in future intelligent warfare will become an important part of the outcome of the war.

Use fast to control slowness

“UI”. The history of war shows that speed is a key indicator to measure the military’s combat capabilities and the performance of weapons and equipment, and it is also an important fulcrum for leveraging the door to victory. Using speed to control slowness is considered to be the general principle of victory. War exists in time and space and must be affected by time and space. Therefore, time will also become a weapon. “Time is the army.” From ancient times to the present, time has often been an important object of combat operations. With the advent of the information age, the value of time has increased, and the special effect of using fast to slow down has become more obvious. The ability to control slowness by being fast lies in “being first”. You can discover and attack before the enemy. “Strike first to gain strength, strike later to suffer disaster”, by mastering the first move and playing the first move, we can suppress and disrupt the opponent’s actions, so that he can only be tired of dealing with it and be passively beaten. The speed that can control the slowness lies in the “surprise”, which can have the effect of catching the enemy by surprise and attacking them unprepared. Through quick judgment, quick decision-making, and quick maneuvers, the opponent’s reaction time is greatly reduced, making the opponent unable to keep up, make inaccurate judgments, and fight, making it impossible to defend and passive. The ability to control slowness lies in “agility”, which allows you to act quickly and gather excellence in real time. Through agile response, agile deployment, agile maneuver, and agile aggregation, real-time optimization is achieved, making the enemy invincible and defenseless. In the information age, some people have pointed out that “the past philosophy of war was to eat the big and the small, and the current philosophy of war is to eat the fast and the slow.” The phenomenon of time outliers in intelligent warfare is even more significant. Hypersonic weapons, laser weapons, microwave weapons, New rapid-kill weapons such as electromagnetic pulse weapons further push the pace of war to “instant kill”, making it possible to “destroy upon discovery”. Therefore, competing for time advantage and improving response speed are the keys to winning intelligent warfare.

Use groups to control isolation

“Two fists are hard to beat with four hands, and a vicious tiger is afraid of a pack of wolves.” Therefore, the use of large numbers to attack the small number, and the use of groups to control the isolated ones, have been regarded as the norm by military strategists throughout the history. The ability of the group to control the isolation lies in the “superposition effect”. By using large-scale forces to surround and divide the space, using more to defeat the smaller in number, using the numerical advantage to form a strength advantage, and using the implementation of super saturation strikes to continuously output the strongest strike force , to achieve cumulative combat effectiveness. The ability of groups to control isolation lies in the “aggregation effect”. By organizing a cluster combat system integrating inspection and attack, through multi-domain linkage, strengthening information empowerment, network energy gathering, system energy enhancement and other methods to enhance combat effectiveness and achieve 1+1> 2’s combat effectiveness aggregation. The ability of a group to prevent isolation lies in the “anti-damage effect”. There are many similar individuals in the cluster, and it is a decentralized group configuration. The overall combat group will not affect the overall function due to damage to a single individual or a few individuals, and can maintain long-term Time-continuous combat capability. The ability of groups to control isolation lies in the “intelligent change effect”. In future intelligent warfare, swarm weapons will be cluster combat weapons supported by intelligent unmanned control technology and network information systems. They will be networked, intelligent and distributed. Combat capabilities, capable of autonomously coordinating actions and completing corresponding combat tasks, represent the development trend of unmanned combat and intelligent combat in future wars. In future intelligent warfare, each combat group will be driven by “intelligence + data” to independently conduct online mission planning around combat objectives, and flexibly mobilize “material + energy” for combat operations to freely gather and disperse.

Make something out of nothing

“Unmanned operation is the trend and the future.” Unmanned combat systems are the basic force of unmanned combat. Compared with manned combat systems, they have “asymmetric” innate advantages in terms of combat capabilities and combat methods. Using nothing to own something means that the unmanned combat equipment system is becoming more and more complete, its capabilities are becoming more powerful, it can support diversified combat operations, and it has the development trend of being highly autonomous, intelligent, unmanned, and networked. Compared with manned combat platforms, unmanned combat platforms have many advantages such as ease of use, good adaptability, low requirements for combat environments, good concealment, and strong battlefield survivability. With their endurance, Characteristics such as high efficiency, operational flexibility, and unique combat application modes occupy a prominent position in modern warfare and have become an important means to seize information advantages, carry out precision strikes, and complete special combat missions. Intelligent unmanned combat systems overcome the inherent physiological and psychological limitations of humans. The physical space that humans themselves cannot enter will not be an obstacle to intelligent unmanned combat systems. It is foreseeable that future military operations without intelligent unmanned combat systems will become increasingly difficult to imagine. The extension of the boundaries of intelligent unmanned combat will induce new combat methods, from physical destruction in the physical domain to invisible destruction in the information domain, and then to cognitive domain intelligence battles, from cluster-type saturation coverage to extremely micro-type ant nest penetration, and so on. This not only requires the participation of intelligent unmanned combat systems, but also requires intelligent unmanned combat systems to be widely distributed in various spatial dimensions of the battlefield and gradually play a leading role. When an intelligent unmanned combat system carries out a sneak attack, the opponent will inevitably fall into a situation where it is impossible to prevent and passively deal with it.

Conquer cowardice with courage

“Husband fights with courage.” War is a contest between brave men. The brave ones win when they meet on a narrow road. From Achilles, who bravely championed the three armies in the Greco-Persian War, to Huo Qubing, who was granted the title of a wolf in the Han Dynasty of China, to those armies with strong combat effectiveness in modern times, most of them run their armies with courage and win with courage. Courage not only embodies the fighting style of disregarding death, but also reflects the fearless and high morale. It can overwhelm the opponent mentally and defeat the strong enemy willfully. It is said that “victory comes from gaining power, defeat comes from losing spirit.” Courage can control. Cowardice lies in a strong fighting style and the courage to risk one’s life to frighten the opponent. If a person is not afraid of death, his will will be strong, with an overwhelming momentum that can shock people, frighten people’s courage, destroy people’s will, and force opponents to give up in fear. Courage can control timidity, which lies in having a firm goal and daring to be the first. In order to achieve the goal, you can overcome all difficulties and obstacles, move forward courageously, do things that your opponents dare not do or think of, and achieve the effect of surprising the enemy. Courage to overcome cowardice lies in going all out, leaving no room for oneself or retreat, fully stimulating super combat potential, exerting extraordinary combat effectiveness, and greatly improving combat effectiveness. Different from the main purpose of traditional war, which is to eliminate the enemy’s physical strength, intelligent warfare will pay more attention to weakening the enemy’s morale, disintegrating the enemy’s will, and destroying the enemy’s cognition. In intelligent warfare, the struggle for the heart and mind will become more intense, and the party with the cognitive advantage will win over the other party and be more likely to take the initiative. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the offensive and defensive confrontation in the cognitive field, strengthen cognitive protection through the comprehensive use of multiple means, and at the same time interfere with, influence and control the thinking and cognition of enemy personnel, making their thinking confused, decision-making chaotic, and their will collapsed.

原始繁體中文:

以混製純

「明者因時而變,知者隨事而製」。 隨著戰爭對抗領域不斷拓展到更多“灰色地帶”,混合戰爭在物理域、資訊域、認知域、社會域中同時展開,不囿於單純某一領域和形式。 以混製純在於融合性,即綜合使用政治、經濟、外交、軍事、輿論等多領域力量,注重綜合運用軍事和非軍事手段、常規和非常規戰術,呈現出傳統戰與非傳統戰聚合發 力的顯著特性。 作戰效能講究實現疊加融合,以實現投入少見效快,用最低限度打擊就能實現政治意圖和軍事目的。 以混合純在於混沌性,即戰與和的界限將更加模糊,表現形式更加多樣,作戰樣式更加融合,往往難以判斷戰爭的具體發起時間,戰爭與和平在相同時間段內疊加呈現,戰與 非戰的狀態更加難以確認。 混合戰爭形態的混沌性,讓人難以及時預警戰爭、準備戰爭、應對戰爭。 以混制純在於迷惑性,即與傳統戰爭相比,混合戰爭的手法更加隱蔽,更多非軍事領域鬥爭、更多非軍事手段運用讓戰爭目標被分解到日常交流交往過程的方方面面,降低了 戰爭實施的敏感度,具有很強的迷惑性和可控制性。

以智制拙

「兵者,詭道也」。 戰爭是力量的比拼更是智力的競賽,《孫子兵法》「為將五德」中將智列為首德,充分說明古人早就意識到智在戰爭中的作用。 古今中外煌煌萬冊戰法,無不以啟智為目的。 智能勝拙,在於料事在先,掌握先機。 先機在作戰中可以掌握作戰主動,進行時空選擇,調動各種資源,為制勝創造優勢條件。 智能勝拙,在於洞悉全局,製造單向透明。 善於揭開戰爭迷霧,對戰局發展變化洞若觀火,為製勝選擇合理戰法。 智能勝拙,在於準確掌握重心,把握關鍵。 科學統籌資源,聚焦作戰重心,聚優關鍵節點,為致勝奠定實力基礎。 智能勝拙,在於敏銳捕捉戰機,出奇制勝。 抓住有利條件,不失敵之敗,實施出其不意的非對稱作戰,用最低成本獲取最大價值實現克敵制勝。 智能勝拙,在於正確發揮人的主觀能動性。 在戰爭制勝問題上人仍然是決定性因素。 無論時代如何發展,戰爭形態如何演變,這一條永遠不會變。 未來智慧化戰爭中智力優勢對戰鬥力的貢獻率遠高於其他要素,人的智慧廣泛滲透到作戰領域、轉化到武器系統,全局多維、各種類型的智慧化作戰平台能夠快速耦合作戰力量,根據任務 需求建立作戰體系,自主實施協同作戰,「智勝」機理將會更加凸顯。

以高制低

「科技是核心戰鬥力」。 科技改變戰爭面貌,同樣科技也影響戰爭勝負。 人類戰爭發展史表明,軍隊始終是時代科技的集合體,誰奪取了科技優勢,出其不意地首先使用某一新型武器裝備或某一新型作戰力量,誰就易獲得作戰上的顯著優勢,也就佔據 了作戰勝勢。 具有跨代裝備優勢,是無數將帥夢寐以求的作戰條件,能夠實現以高制低的壓製作戰。 高能製低,在於裝備性能的跨代碾壓。 新型武器裝備在資訊取得、機動性能、打擊距離、火力當量和防護能力上都比老舊裝備先進,具備老舊裝備不具有的作戰性能。 在新舊裝備對抗中新型裝備就能發揮高技術性能優勢,實現對舊裝備性能的全方位碾壓。 高能製低,在於新興技術往往引發戰場激變,使作戰方式呈現出螺旋式上升,戰鬥力呈躍遷式增長,其作戰效果就如熱兵器對冷兵器、信息化對機械化的形態式碾壓,從而實現 新作戰方式對舊方式的碾壓。 新興技術一旦成熟並被引入戰爭,往往能引發戰爭形態的改變。 高能製低,在於顛覆性技術的不可預期,進而導致的技術偷襲。 顛覆性技術能站在技術高位,針對對手裝備的薄弱環節,實施矛盾相剋的專項碾壓。 由於顛覆性技術本身存在的高度蓋然性,極易產生技術偷襲效果,在對方毫無察覺和無法防備的情況下,實現一擊致命。 未來智慧化戰爭中善用新質新域作戰力量將成為影響戰爭勝負的重要一環。

以快製慢

「天下武功,唯快不破」。 戰爭史表明,速度是衡量軍隊作戰能力和武器裝備表現的關鍵指標,也是撬動勝利之門的重要支點,以快製慢被認為是製勝通則。 戰爭存在於時空,必受時空影響,因此,時間也會成為武器,「時間就是軍隊」。 從古至今,時間往往是重要的作戰運籌對象。 隨著資訊化時代的到來,時間升值,以快製慢的特效更加明顯。 快能製慢,在於“先”,可以先敵發現,先敵攻擊。 “先下手為強,後下手遭殃”,通過掌握先手,下先手棋,來壓制和擾亂對方行動,使其只能疲於應對,被動挨打。 快能製慢,在於“奇”,可達出其不意攻其不備的效果。 透過快速判斷、快速決策、快速機動,極大壓縮對手反應時間,使對手跟不上、判不準、打不了,防不勝防、處處被動。 快能製慢,在於“敏”,可敏捷行動,即時聚優。 透過敏捷響應、敏捷部署、敏捷機動、敏捷聚合實現即時聚優,使敵打無可打、防無可防。 在資訊時代就有人提出“過去的戰爭哲學是大吃小,現在的戰爭哲學是快吃慢”,而智能化戰爭中的時間異值現象更加顯著,高超聲速武器、激光武器、微波武器、 電磁脈沖武器等新型快速殺傷武器進一步將戰爭節奏推向“秒殺”,使“發現即摧毀”成為可能。 所以,爭奪時間優勢,提高反應速度是智慧化戰爭制勝的關鍵。

以群制孤

「雙拳難敵四手,惡虎還怕群狼」。 故而以多打少,以群制孤,被歷來兵家奉為圭臬。 群能製孤,在於“疊加效應”,通過利用大規模力量在空間包圍、分割,在數量上以多打少,以數量優勢形成力量優勢,借助實施超飽和打擊,持續不斷輸出最強打擊力, 以實現作戰效能累積。 群能製孤,在於“聚合效應”,通過籌組察打一體的集群作戰體系,通過多域聯動,強化信息賦能、網絡聚能、體系增能等方式來提升戰鬥力,實現1+1> 2的作戰效能聚合。 群能製孤,在於“抗損效應”,集群內部同類個體數量眾多,又是去中心化編組配置,整體作戰群不會因單個個體或少數幾個個體出現損傷而影響全局功能,能夠保持長 時間持續作戰能力。 群能製孤,在於“智變效應”,未來智能化戰爭中群化武器將是以智能化無人控制技術和網絡信息系統為支撐的集群式作戰武器,具備網絡化、智能化和分佈式作戰 能力,可自主協調行動並完成相應作戰任務,代表未來戰爭無人作戰和智能化作戰的發展趨勢。 未來智慧化戰爭中各作戰群隊基於「智慧+數據」的驅動作用,圍繞作戰目標自主進行線上任務規劃,靈活調動作戰的「物質+能量」自由聚散。

以無制有

「無人化是趨勢,也是未來」。 無人化作戰系統是無人化作戰的基本力量,與有人作戰系統相比,在作戰能力、作戰方式等方面擁有「非對稱」的先天優勢。 以無制有,在於無人化作戰裝備體係日趨完備,能力越發強大,能夠支持展開多樣化作戰行動,具備高度自主化、智能化、無人化、網絡化的發展趨勢。 以無制有,在於與載人作戰平台相比,無人作戰平台具有使用簡便、適應性好、對作戰環境要求低、隱蔽性好、戰場生存能力較強等諸多優點,以其持久力、高效 性、作戰靈活等特點以及獨特的作戰應用模式佔據了現代戰爭的突出地位,成為奪取資訊優勢、實施精確打擊、完成特殊作戰任務的重要手段。 智慧無人化作戰系統克服了人類固有的生理、心理限制,人類本身無法涉足的物理空間,對於智慧無人化作戰系統來說將不存在障礙。 可以預見,未來離開智慧無人化作戰系統的軍事行動將越來越難以想像,智慧無人化作戰的邊界延展,將誘發新的作戰方式,從物理域實體摧毀,到資訊域無形破壞,再到認知 域智力搏殺,從集群式飽和覆蓋到極微式蟻穴滲透等等。 這不僅需要智慧無人化作戰系統的參與,也需要智慧無人化作戰系統廣泛分佈於戰場各個空間維度,逐步發揮主導作用。 當智慧無人化作戰系統實施偷襲時,對方必然陷入防不勝防、被動應付的局面。

以勇制怯

「夫戰,勇氣也」。 戰爭是勇者的較量,狹路相逢勇者勝。 從希波戰爭中勇冠三軍的阿基里斯、中國漢代封狼居胥的霍去病,到近現代那些擁有強大戰鬥力的軍隊,大多以勇治軍、以勇制勝。 勇,既體現出視死如歸的戰鬥作風,又體現出無所畏懼的高昂士氣,能在精神上壓倒對手,意誌上打垮強敵,即謂「勝在得威,敗在失氣。」勇能製怯 ,在於強悍的戰鬥作風,敢以命相搏震撼對手。 人不畏死,其勢必盛,具有能壓倒一切的氣勢,震人心魄、懾人膽氣、毀人意志,迫使對手驚恐放棄。 勇能製怯,在於目標堅定,敢為人先。 為達成目標,能克服一切艱難險阻,勇往直前,做對手不敢做不敢想之事,達成出敵不意之功效。 勇能製怯,在於全力以赴,不給自己留餘量、留退路,充分激發出超強作戰潛能,發揮出超常作戰效能,極大提升戰鬥力。 與傳統戰爭中以消滅敵人有生力量為主要目的不同,智慧化戰爭將更著重於削弱敵方的士氣,瓦解敵方的意志,摧毀敵方的認知。 在智慧化戰爭中,圍繞著攻心奪誌所展開的鬥爭博弈將更加激烈,而佔據認知優勢的一方將比對方先勝一籌,更加容易掌握主動。 因此,必須強化認知領域攻防對抗,透過綜合運用多種手段,強化認知防護,同時對敵方人員的思維認知等進行幹擾、影響與控制,使其思維迷惘、決策混亂、意志崩壞。

來源:中國軍網-解放軍報 作者:柴山 許炎 責任編輯:郭妍菲
2022-09-08 07:02

中國軍事原文來源: https://www.81.cn/yw_208727/10183888.html