中國軍隊以新概念應對智慧化戰爭挑戰

現代英語：

Preface

The breakthrough achievements of artificial intelligence technology marked by deep learning and its application in various fields have pushed intelligence to a new high in the global wave and become the focus of attention from all parties. In the military field, which has never been willing to lag behind in technological innovation and application, a new revolution is also being actively nurtured. We must accurately grasp the evolution of intelligent warfare and analyze the inner essence of intelligent warfare in order to welcome and control intelligent warfare with a brand new look.

How far are we from intelligent warfare?

Intelligent warfare is a war that is mainly supported by artificial intelligence technology. It has been the dream of people for thousands of years to endow weapon platforms with human intelligence and replace humans in the battlefield. With the powerful impact brought to the world by artificial intelligence systems represented by AlphaGo and Atlas, and the emergence of new combat concepts and new platforms such as swarm warfare and flying aircraft carriers, the door to intelligent warfare seems to be quietly opening.

The law of historical development indicates that intelligent warfare will inevitably enter the battlefield. The progress of science and technology promotes the evolution of weapons and equipment, triggers fundamental changes in military organization, combat methods and military theories, and ultimately forcibly promotes historical changes in the form of war. The arrival of intelligent warfare also conforms to this inevitable law of historical development. Looking back at the evolution of human warfare, every major progress in science and technology has promoted major changes in the military. The invention of black powder has made human warfare evolve to the era of hot weapons. Infantry and cavalry formations were completely wiped out under the line-of-gun warfare. The use of steam engines in the military has made human warfare evolve to the mechanized era, and has further given rise to large-scale mechanized warfare led by armored ships, tanks, and airplanes. The emergence and application of intelligent technology will profoundly change human cognition, war thinking, and combat methods, and once again set off major changes in the military. Intelligent warfare will inevitably enter the war stage.

The development of artificial intelligence technology determines the pace of intelligent warfare. The continuous development and widespread application of artificial intelligence technology have pushed intelligent warfare from chaos to reality. It has begun to sprout, grow gradually, and come to us step by step. To truly enter intelligent warfare, artificial intelligence technology needs to reach four levels. The first level is computational intelligence, which means breaking through the limitations of computing power and storage space to achieve near-real-time computing power and storage capacity, which is far beyond the reach of large computers and huge servers. The widespread application of cloud computing has steadily brought humans to the first level. The second level is perceptual intelligence, which means that the machine can understand what it hears, see what it sees, distinguish what is true, and recognize what it knows clearly, and can communicate directly with people. Natural language understanding, image and graphic recognition, and biometric recognition technologies based on big data have allowed humans to reach the second level. The third level is cognitive intelligence, which means that the machine can understand human thinking, think and reason like humans, and make judgments and decisions like humans. Knowledge mining, knowledge graphs, artificial neural networks, and decision tree technologies driven by deep learning algorithms have allowed humans to strive to move towards the third level. The fourth stage is human-machine fusion enhanced intelligence, which is to combine the perception, reasoning, induction, and learning that humans are good at with the search, calculation, storage, and optimization that machines are good at, to complement each other’s advantages and interact in a two-way closed loop. Virtual reality enhancement technology, brain-like cognitive technology, and brain-like neural network technology are exploring how humans can move towards the fourth stage. When humans stepped onto the second stage, intelligent warfare began to approach us; when we step onto the fourth stage, the era of intelligent warfare will be fully opened.

Self-learning growth accelerates the sudden arrival of intelligent warfare changes. The ability to “learn” is the core ability of artificial intelligence. Once a machine can learn by itself, its learning speed is amazing. Once a machine has the ability to self-learn, it will enter a rapid growth track of “improving intelligence and accelerating evolution” repeatedly. All technical difficulties in the direction of intelligent warfare will be solved as “learning” deepens. The era of intelligent warfare is likely to arrive suddenly in a way that people can’t imagine!

What will intelligent warfare change?

Intelligent warfare will break through the limits of traditional time and space cognition. In intelligent warfare, artificial intelligence technology can collect, calculate, and push all kinds of action information of all forces in combat in real time and in all domains, enabling humans to break through the logical limits of thinking, the physiological limits of senses, and the physical limits of existence, greatly improving the scope of cognition of time and space, and being able to accurately control all actions of all forces in real time, and to achieve rapid jump, gathering, and attack of superior combat resources in multi-dimensional space and multi-dimensional domains. Any space at any time may become a time and space point for winning the war.

Intelligent warfare will reconstruct the relationship between humans and weapons and equipment. With the rapid advancement of intelligent technology and the continuous improvement of the level of intelligence, weapon platforms and combat systems can not only passively and mechanically execute human instructions, but also can, based on deep understanding and deep prediction, super-amplify through the calculation, storage, and query that machines are good at, so as to autonomously and actively perform specific tasks in a certain sense. It can be said that weapon platforms and combat systems can also actively exert human consciousness to a certain extent, even beyond the scope of human cognition, and complete combat tasks autonomously and even creatively according to specific procedures. The distinction between humans and weapons and equipment in the traditional sense has become blurred, and it is even difficult to distinguish whether it is humans or machines that are playing a role. People exclaimed that “humans and weapons and equipment will become a partnership.” Therefore, in intelligent warfare, although humans are still the most important factor in combat effectiveness, the change in the way humans and weapons and equipment are combined has enriched the connotation of combat effectiveness, and the traditional relationship between humans and weapons and equipment will also be reconstructed on this basis.

Intelligent warfare will give rise to the emergence of new combat methods. The epoch-making progress of science and technology will inevitably bring about revolutionary changes in combat methods; major progress in intelligent technology will inevitably bring about an active period of change in combat methods. On the one hand, the continuous emergence of new technologies in the fields of deep cognition, deep learning, deep neural network, etc. driven by computing, data, algorithms, and biology, as well as the cross-integration of achievements in the fields of information, biology, medicine, engineering, manufacturing, etc., will inevitably promote the emergence of new combat methods. On the other hand, the fierce confrontation between intelligent weapon platforms and combat systems will inevitably become the goal and driving force of innovative combat methods. In war, the more intelligent the parts are, the more they become the focus of confrontation. The differences in advantages in terms of space-time cognitive limits, massive information storage and computing capabilities, and neural network organization generation capabilities will bring about new areas of “blinding”, “deafening”, and “paralyzing” combat methods.

Intelligent warfare will incubate a completely new command and control method. The advantages of command and control are the focus of attention in the field of warfare, and intelligent warfare calls for a completely new command and control method. First, human-machine collaborative decision-making has become the main command and decision-making method in intelligent warfare. In previous wars, command and decision-making were all led by commanders, with technical means as auxiliary decision-making. In intelligent warfare, intelligent auxiliary decision-making systems will actively urge or urge commanders to make decisions based on new battlefield situation changes. This is because in the face of massive and rapidly changing battlefield situation information data, the human brain can no longer quickly accommodate and efficiently process it, and human senses can no longer withstand the extraordinary speed of change. In this case, decisions made solely by commanders are likely to be late and useless. Only human-machine collaborative decision-making driven by intelligent decision-making assistance systems can make up for the time and space differences and the machine-computer differences and ensure the command decision-making advantage. Second, brain neural control has become the main command control method in intelligent warfare. In previous wars, commanders issued commands to command and control troops step by step through documents, radios, and telephones in the form of documents or voice. In intelligent warfare, commanders use intelligent brain-like neurons to issue commands to troops through the neural network combat system platform, which reduces the conversion process of command expression forms, shortens the conversion time of commands across media, and is faster and more efficient. When the combat system platform is partially damaged by an attack, this command and control method can autonomously repair or reconstruct the neural network, quickly restore the main function or even all functions, and have stronger anti-attack capabilities.

How should we prepare for intelligent warfare?

In the research and exploration of intelligent warfare, we must not be content to lag behind, but must aim to win future wars and meet the challenges of intelligent warfare with a more proactive attitude, advanced concepts, and positive actions.

Use breakthroughs in intelligent technology to promote the leap in the effectiveness of intelligent combat systems. Although the development of intelligent technology has made great progress in neural network algorithms, intelligent sensing and networking technology, data mining technology, knowledge graph technology, etc., it is still in the weak intelligence stage overall and is far from reaching the advanced stage of strong intelligence. There is still broad room for development in the future. We must strengthen basic research on artificial intelligence, follow the laws of scientific and technological development, scientifically plan the direction of intelligent technology development, select technical breakthroughs, and strengthen key core technologies of artificial intelligence, especially basic research that plays a supporting role. Highlight research on key military technologies. Guided by military needs, we will develop intelligent reconnaissance and perception systems, command and control systems, weapon equipment systems, combat support systems and other weapons and equipment around key military technologies such as intelligent perception, intelligent decision-making, intelligent control, intelligent strike, and intelligent support. We will focus on military-civilian scientific and technological collaborative innovation, give full play to the advantages of civilian intelligent technology development, rely on the superior resources of the military and the local area, strengthen military-civilian strategic cooperation, build a service platform for the joint research and sharing of artificial intelligence scientific and technological achievements, the joint construction and sharing of conditions and facilities, and the joint connection of general standards between the military and the local area, and form a new situation of open, integrated, innovative and development of intelligent combat technology.

Leading innovation in combat methods with the concept of intelligent warfare. To meet the arrival of intelligent warfare, changing concepts is a prerequisite. Concepts are the forerunner of action. If our concepts remain at the traditional level, it will be difficult to adapt to the needs of intelligent warfare. Intelligent warfare has undergone profound changes in technical support, combat power, and winning mechanisms. We must first establish the concept of intelligent warfare and use it to lead the innovation of our army’s future combat methods. First, we must strengthen the competition for “intellectual property rights.” Artificial intelligence is the foundation of intelligent warfare. Depriving and weakening the opponent’s ability to use intelligence in combat and maintaining the freedom of one’s own intelligence use are the basis for ensuring the smooth implementation of intelligent warfare. The armies of developed Western countries are exploring various means such as electromagnetic interference, electronic suppression, high-power microwave penetration and takeover control to block the opponent’s intelligent application capabilities, seize “intelligence control”, and thus seize battlefield advantages. Second, innovate intelligent combat methods. We must focus on giving full play to the overall effectiveness of the intelligent combat system, strengthen the research on new intelligent combat methods such as human-machine collaborative intelligent combat, intelligent robot combat, and intelligent unmanned swarm combat, as well as the processes and methods of intelligent combat command and intelligent combat support. Focus on effectively responding to the enemy’s intelligent combat threats and study strategies to defeat the enemy, such as intelligent blocking warfare and intelligent disruption warfare.

Use intelligent training innovation to promote the transformation of combat power generation mode. Intelligent warfare will be a war jointly implemented by humans and machines, and combat forces with intelligent unmanned combat systems as the main body will play an increasingly important role. It is necessary to adapt to the new characteristics of the intelligent warfare force system, innovate and develop intelligent training concepts, and explore new models for the generation of intelligent warfare combat power. On the one hand, it is necessary to strengthen the training of “people” driving intelligent systems. Relying on big data, cloud computing, VR technology, etc., create a new training environment, continuously improve people’s intelligent literacy, improve the quality of human-machine cognition, understanding, and interaction, and enhance the ability of people to drive intelligent combat systems. On the other hand, it is necessary to explore a new training model with “machines” as the main object. In the past, training was basically human-centered, focusing on people’s proficiency in mastering and using weapons and equipment in a specific environment to improve combat effectiveness. In order to adapt to the new characteristics of the intelligent warfare force system, the training object should change the traditional human-centered training organization concept and model, focus on improving the self-command, self-control, and self-combat capabilities of the intelligent combat system, make full use of the characteristics of the intelligent system’s ability to self-game and self-grow, and form a training system, training environment, and training mechanism specifically for the intelligent combat system, so that the intelligent combat system can obtain a geometric leap in combat capability after a short period of autonomous reinforcement training.

現代國語：

來源：解放軍報 作者：李始江 楊子明 陳分友 責任編輯：喬楠楠 2018-07-26 08:23:16
前言

以深度學習為標志的人工智慧技術突破性成果及其在各領域的應用，將智慧化推上了全球浪潮的新高，也成為各方關注的焦點。在科技創新與應用從未甘落後的軍事領域，也正在積極孕育一場新的變革。我們必須準確把握智能化戰爭的演進脈搏，透析智能化戰爭的內在本質，才能以嶄新的面貌迎接和駕馭智能化戰爭。

智慧化戰爭究竟離我們有多遠？

智能化戰爭，是以人工智慧技術為主要支撐的戰爭。賦予武器平台以人的智慧並取代人在戰場上廝殺，是千百年來人們夢寐以求的願望。隨著AlphaGo和Atlas為代表的人工智慧系統帶給世人的強大沖擊，蜂群作戰、飛行航空母艦等作戰新概念、新平台的初露端倪，智慧化戰爭大門彷彿正在悄然打開。

歷史發展規律預示著智慧化戰爭必將走上戰爭舞台。科學技術的進步推動武器裝備的演進，引發軍隊編成、作戰方式和軍事理論的根本性變化，並最終強制推動戰爭形態的歷史性變革。智能化戰爭的到來也符合這個歷史發展的必然規律。回顧人類戰爭的演變歷程，每一次科學技術的重大進步，都推動著軍事上的重大變革。黑火藥的發明使人類戰爭進化到熱兵器時代，步兵方陣、騎兵方陣在火槍線式作戰方式下被消滅的蕩然無存；蒸汽機在軍事上的運用使人類戰爭進化到機械化時代，並進而催生了以裝甲艦、坦克、飛機引領的大規模機械化戰爭。智慧化技術的出現與應用，必將深刻改變人類認知、戰爭思維與作戰方式，再一次掀起軍事上的重大變革，智慧化戰爭必將走上戰爭舞台。

人工智慧技術的發展進程決定著智慧化戰爭邁進的腳步。人工智慧技術的不斷發展與廣泛應用，推動智慧化戰爭從混沌走向現實，開始萌芽、逐漸成長，一步一步向我們走來。真正進入到智慧化戰爭，人工智慧技術需要邁上四階。第一級台階是計算智能，即突破計算能力的限制、突破存儲空間的限制，實現近乎實時的計算能力和存儲能力，這種能力是大型計算機和龐大服務器遠遠不可比擬的。雲計算的廣泛應用已經將人類穩穩地送上了第一級台階。第二級台階是感知智能，即機器能夠聽得懂、看得懂、辨得真、識得清，能夠與人進行直接交流對話。以大數據為基礎的自然語言理解、圖像圖形認知、生物特徵識別技術，讓人類走上了第二級台階。第三級台階是認知智能，即機器能夠理解人類的思維，能夠像人類一樣進行思考與推理，像人類一樣進行判斷和決策。以深度學習演算法為驅動的知識挖掘、知識圖譜、人工神經網絡、決策樹技術，讓人類努力邁向第三級台階。第四級台階是人機融合式增強型智能，即將人類擅長的感知、推理、歸納、學習，與機器擅長的搜尋、計算、儲存、優化，進行優勢互補、雙向閉環互動。虛擬現實增強技術、類腦認知技術、類腦神經網絡技術，正在探索人類如何邁向第四級。當人類走上第二級台階，智慧化戰爭開始向我們走來；當我們踏上第四級台階時，智慧化戰爭的時代就將全面開啟。

自我學習成長加速著智慧化戰爭變革的突然降臨。 「學習」能力是人工智慧最核心的能力，一旦機器能夠自我學習，其學習速度是驚人的。機器一旦具備自我學習的能力，就會進入一個不斷反復的「提升智慧、加快進化」的快速成長軌道，邁向智慧化戰爭的所有技術困難將隨著「學習」的深入迎刃而解，智能化戰爭時代很可能會以人們意想不到的方式突然降臨！

智能化戰爭究竟會改變什麼？

智能化戰爭將突破傳統時空認知的極限。在智慧化戰爭中，人工智慧技術能夠全時、全局對作戰中全部力量的各種行動信息，進行實時收集、實時計算、實時推送，使人類能夠突破思維的邏輯極限、感官的生理極限和存在的物理極限，大大提高對時間空間的認知範疇，能夠實時精準地掌控所有力量的所有行動，能夠在多維空間、多維空間、多維領域的優勢

智慧化戰爭將重構人與武器裝備的關系。隨著智慧化技術的快速進步，智慧化程度的不斷提升，武器平台和作戰體係不僅能夠被動、機械地執行人的指令，而且能夠在深度理解和深度預測的基礎上，通過機器擅長的算、存、查進行超級放大，從而在一定意義上自主、能動地執行特定任務。可以說，武器平台和作戰體係也可以在某種程度上主動地發揮出人的意識，甚至是超出人類的認識範疇，根據特定程序自主地、甚至是創造性地完成作戰任務，傳統意義上人與武器裝備的區別變得模糊，甚至難以區分是人在發揮作用還是機器在發揮作用，人們驚呼“人與武器裝備將成為夥伴關系”。因此，在智慧化戰爭中，人雖然仍是戰鬥力中最主要的因素，但人與武器裝備結合方式的改變豐富了戰鬥力的內涵，人與武器裝備的傳統關係也將在此基礎上進行重構。

智慧化戰爭將催生新型作戰方式的湧現。科學技術劃時代的進步，必然使作戰方式發生革命性的變化；智慧化技術的重大進步，必然帶來作戰方式變革的活躍期。一方面，以計算、數據、演算法、生物為驅動力的深度認知、深度學習、深度神經等領域不斷湧現的新技術，以及與資訊、生物、醫學、工程、製造等領域成果的交叉融合，必然推動新型作戰方式井噴式的湧現。另一方面，智慧化武器平台與作戰體系的激烈對抗，必然成為創新作戰方式的目標與動力。戰爭中智慧化技術程度越高的部位，越成為對抗中的焦點，時空認知極限、海量資訊存儲計算能力、神經網絡組織生成能力等方面的優勢差，將會帶來新領域的「致盲」「致聾」「致癱」作戰方式。

智慧化戰爭將孵化全新的指揮控制方式。指揮控制的優勢是戰爭領域的關注焦點，智慧化戰爭呼喚全新的指揮控制方式。一是人機協同決策成為智慧化戰爭中主要的指揮決策方式。以往戰爭中的指揮決策，都是以指揮為主導，牽引技術手段的輔助決策。在智慧化戰爭中，智慧輔助決策系統將根據新的戰場態勢變化，主動督促或催促指揮員做出決策。這是因為面對海量的、瞬息萬變的戰場態勢資訊數據，人的大腦已經無法快速容納和高效處理、人的感官已經無法承受超常規的變化速度。在這種情況下，單純依靠指揮員形成的決策很可能是遲到的、無用的決策。只有在智慧化輔助決策系統推動下的人機協同決策，才能夠彌補時空差和機腦差，確保指揮決策優勢。二是腦神經控製成為智慧化戰爭中主要的指令控制方式。以往戰爭中，指揮員透過文件、電台、電話，以文書或語音的形式，逐級下達指令指揮控制部隊。在智慧化戰爭中，指揮員用智慧化類腦神經元，透過神經網絡作戰體系平台向部隊下達指令，減少了指令表現形式的轉換過程，縮短了指令跨媒體的轉換時間，節奏更快、效率更高。當作戰體系平台遭到攻擊部分破壞時，這種指揮控制方式能夠自主修復或自主重構神經網絡，迅速恢復主體功能甚至全部功能，抗打擊能力更強。

我們應該如何迎接智能化戰爭？

在智慧化作戰的研究與探索中，絕不能甘於落後追隨，必須瞄準打贏未來戰爭，要以更主動的姿態、先進的理念、積極的行動，迎接智慧化戰爭的挑戰。

以智慧化技術突破推動智慧化作戰體系效能躍升。智慧化技術的發展目前雖然在神經網絡演算法、智慧傳感與組網技術、數據挖掘技術、知識圖譜技術等方面有了較大進展，但總體而言仍處於弱智能階段，遠未達到強智能高級階段，未來仍有廣闊的發展空間。要強化人工智慧基礎研究，遵循科學技術發展的規律，科學規劃智慧化技術發展方向，選好技術突破口，加強人工智慧關鍵核心技術，特別是起支撐作用的基礎性研究。突出軍用關鍵技術研究。以軍事需求為牽引，圍繞智慧感知、智慧決策、智慧控制、智慧打擊、智慧保障等軍用關鍵技術，發展智慧化偵察感知系統、指揮控制系統、武器裝備系統、作戰保障系統等武器裝備。抓好軍民科技協同創新，充分發揮民用智慧技術發展優勢，依托軍地優勢資源，強化軍地戰略協作，搭建人工智慧科技成果共研共享、條件設施共建共用、通用標準軍地銜接的服務平台，形成智慧化作戰科技開放融合創新發展新局面。

以智能化作戰理念引領作戰方式創新。迎接智能化戰爭的到來，轉變觀念才是前提。觀念是行動的先導，如果我們的觀念還停留在傳統層面，就難以適應智慧化戰爭的需要。智慧化戰爭在技術支撐、作戰力量、制勝機理等方面都發生了深刻變化，要求我們必須先確立智慧化戰爭理念，並以此引領我軍未來作戰方式創新。一是要強化「制智權」爭奪。人工智慧是智慧化戰爭的基礎，作戰中剝奪和削弱對手智慧運用能力，保持己方智慧運用的自由，是確保智慧化作戰順利實施的基礎。西方發達國家軍隊正探索通過電磁幹擾、電子壓制、高功率微波穿透和接管控制等多種手段，阻斷對手的智能運用能力，奪取“制智權”，從而奪取戰場優勢。二是創新智能化作戰方式方法。要著眼於充分發揮智慧化作戰體系整體效能，加強人機協同智慧作戰、智慧化機器人作戰、智慧無人群聚作戰等的新的智慧化作戰方式方法研究，以及智慧化作戰指揮、智慧化作戰保障的流程與方式方法等。著眼有效應對敵智能化作戰威脅，研究克敵制勝之策，如智慧阻斷戰、智慧擾亂戰等。

以智慧化訓練創新催生戰鬥力生成模式轉變。智慧化戰爭將是人機結合共同實施的戰爭，以智慧化無人作戰系統為主體的作戰力量將發揮越來越重要的作用。必須適應智慧化戰爭力量體系新特點，創新發展智慧化訓練概念，探索智慧化戰爭戰鬥力生成新模式。一方面，要強化「人」駕馭智慧系統訓練。依託大數據、雲計算、VR技術等創設新型訓練環境，不斷提升人的智慧化素養，改善人機認知、理解、互動品質，提升人駕馭智慧化作戰系統的能力。另一方面，要探索以「機」為主體對象的新型訓練模式。過去的訓練基本是以人為主體對象的訓練，聚焦於人在特定環境下熟練掌握和使用武器裝備提高作戰效能。適應智慧化戰爭力量體系構成新特點，在訓練的對像上改變傳統訓練中以人為中心的訓練組織理念和模式，聚焦於智能化作戰系統自我指揮、自我控制、自我作戰能力的提升，充分利用智能化系統能夠自我博弈、自我成長的特點，形成專門針對智能化作戰系統訓練體系、訓練環境和訓練機制，從而使智能化作戰系統獲得短期的自主訓練即可升躍獲得短期能力強化的倍數。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/482056188.html?