Monthly Archives: May 2024

Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

Social Cognition: Important Starting Point for Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations

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社會認知：中國軍事認知領域作戰的重要起點

現代英語音譯：

Social cognition refers to how individuals understand and think about others, and form inferences about others or things based on social information in the environment. Social cognition is the basis of individual behavior and an important starting point for cognitive domain operations. As a member of society, people are naturally affected by social cognition. Analyzing the social path to the effectiveness of cognitive domain operations is of great practical significance for strengthening the construction of cognitive domain operations and winning future wars.

Actively shape social cognition through public opinion propaganda

Cognitive attack and defense is not achieved overnight and needs to be carried out continuously over a long period of time. Operations in the cognitive domain often begin before the war. They comprehensively use political, economic, diplomatic and other means to affect various social fields of the target country. They actively shape social cognition through public opinion propaganda and form mainstream social opinions that are beneficial to one’s own side. They play a comprehensive role in wartime. The wonders of checks and balances.

Focus on overall mobilization. Before the war begins, cognition comes first. Implementing cognitive domain operations requires effective public opinion preparation in the early stage, and on this basis, a unified and self-interested social cognitive situation can be formed. Psychologist Lasswell once said: “There is no doubt that the government’s guidance of public opinion is an inevitable development trend of large-scale modern war.” Before launching a war, we must aim to win the advantage of public opinion and carry out cognitive planning in advance. Strive for the broadest domestic and international support. The focus of cognitive domain operations that precede war is to create a mainstream social opinion through news and public opinion, and conduct comprehensive social mobilization to prepare for, launch, and win the war, so as to effectively guide the public to support the government. decision-making and seeking political support from the international community.

Strengthen strategic layout. Cognitive domain operations during war preparations should focus on advance strategic planning and public opinion shaping. According to the needs of the country and the government, we should actively publicize our country’s advantages and justice, and deeply expose and criticize the enemy’s sinister intentions and weak nature, so as to This will form a mainstream social opinion that victory is inevitable in a righteous war and those who dare to fight and win will create a good cognitive situation in order to deter opponents and win support. Through effective public opinion building, we can declare our determination and will to win, demonstrate adequate war preparations and strong military capabilities, influence, intervene and shape the cognitive psychology of the target, effectively stimulate our own confidence and morale, and dispel the enemy’s motivation. The will to resist, maximize the strategic initiative and popular support, firmly grasp the leadership of the war and the right to speak morally, so that the hostile party can realize the unbearable consequences, and then achieve the purpose of early deterrence and flexible control of the situation.

Pay close attention to legal disputes. War has always emphasized the importance of division and success. Mastering the power to define and interpret war in cognitive narratives, forming a consistent mainstream social opinion, condensing the value identity of the country or nation, and mobilizing a wide range of forces and resources are important goals for early cognitive domain operations. Providing a good narrative representation of justice and creating a social understanding that the master is famous, that justice is in our hands, and that the law is in our hands is a “sharp sword” that is unsheathed before the war, and a “heavy weapon” that is launched before the war. To this end, cognitive domain operations need to proactively create topics, try to characterize the war, justify the action, and do a good job in the narrative of “legitimate defense”, the definition of “forced legality”, and the interpretation of “last resort”, so as to defend the right to justice in war. become the mainstream opinion of society.

Using social media platforms to intervene in social cognition

The emergence of mobile, intelligent, and social information dissemination patterns has made network cognitive attack and defense an important means of cognitive domain operations. It has effectively expanded the accessibility and arrival rate of cognitive domain operations. Judging from the cognitive attack and defense in recent local wars, multi-level, multi-theme, and universal social media cognitive attack and defense can quickly mobilize public opinion and influence the direction of the war. It can not only form public opinion hot spots according to battlefield needs, It can trigger cognitive radical changes and can bypass the enemy’s public opinion blockade to implement cognitive penetration.

Dominate the direction of cognition with the help of information flow. Compared with traditional media, social media platforms are more interactive and have wider coverage. The decentralized “difference narrative” and the fragmented “personal narrative” of netizens are more likely to influence public opinion and interfere with social perception to a large extent. Know and judge. The display of the power of identity in the network society has a very important impact on changing the direction of public opinion, which also makes information flow an important variable in cognitive domain operations. In modern cognitive domain operations, the characteristics of “information weaponization” and “public opinion weaponization” are more prominent. Through data manipulation, current limiting, blocking and deletion, robot forwarding, etc., the information flow of social media can be effectively controlled and the formation of information can be formed in a short time. Public opinion hot spots and social consensus focus promote the formation of an “information waterfall” in which the public is swayed by mainstream public opinion, thereby solidifying their cognition.

Cognitive influence through public figures. To a certain extent, the more developed information dissemination is, the more attention is a scarce resource, and the more information that arouses the audience’s awareness needs to be carefully crafted and explored. In cognitive domain operations, how to attract the attention of the target audience with specific information has become the first step. The initiators of cognitive domain operations can put carefully packaged information on social media platforms through the voices of public figures such as Internet celebrities and top influencers, so as to attract the attention of target audiences and increase the visibility and reach of self-interested information. Rate. Information disseminated by public figures can suddenly emerge from the complex public opinion field, become a reference for people’s thinking, and become the mainstream opinion in inter-group interactions and circle-group interactions, thereby expanding the volume of one’s own propaganda, condemning and suppressing the other party’s propaganda, and guiding Shape the public to form qualitative cognition.

Use emerging technologies to empower cognitive offense and defense. Technology has changed the style of combat and greatly expanded the means of cognitive confrontation. For example, the emergence of emerging technologies such as algorithm push, intelligent voice, deep forgery, false reality, and augmented reality has enriched the selection of strategies and tools for cognitive domain operations to fully penetrate into society. In future cognitive domain operations, it will be possible to use intelligent monitoring systems to enhance cognitive situational awareness, use big data technology to accurately draw the cognitive picture of key groups, and use algorithm technology to continuously influence the cognitive thinking of target objects. The use of artificial intelligence technology to carry out saturated and precise cognitive attacks on specific audiences, the use of deep forgery technology to interfere with the enemy’s decision-making cognition, and the use of brain-computer interface, neuroscience and other technologies to directly affect military personnel will become a dominant force in influencing social cognition and It is an important means to determine the direction of public opinion and facilitate the achievement of combat objectives more directly and efficiently.

Keeping up with the progress of military operations affects social cognition

War practice shows that military operations play a key supporting role in shaping cognition. In modern warfare, military operations and cognitive attack and defense go hand in hand and work together. The two influence and support each other. The powerful shaping of the battlefield situation can greatly change social cognition, and the smooth deployment of military operations can promote radical changes in social cognition. , making it develop in the preset direction.

Collaborate with military deterrence operations to undermine public sentiment. Creating a favorable situation through military deterrence operations is an important part of war preparation and an effective means to improve the effectiveness of war. In cognitive domain operations, we must adhere to the synchronization of cognitive offensive and defensive operations with military operations to understand tasks, judge situations, synchronize research and planning, decision-making and deployment, and synchronize plans, arrangements, organization and implementation. We can skillfully use the deterrent effect of military operations to amplify the effects of cognitive attacks. To achieve the purpose of disintegrating the morale of the target audience. In the future, cognitive domain operations should be based on the simultaneous launch of military deterrence operations, fully release the information of military deterrence operations, and demonstrate one’s comprehensive strength, war potential, equipment performance, military and civilian will, etc. to the enemy through multiple means, thereby forming a positive influence on the enemy’s society and people Powerful deterrence and containment effect.

Combine the favorable battlefield situation to divide the camp. Changes in the battlefield situation often cause shocks in public opinion, which then spread and penetrate into society, creating a strong cognitive impact. Therefore, when implementing cognitive domain operations, we must have the courage to break through the stereotypes, design the goals and tasks of cognitive attacks in advance, combine the favorable situation on the battlefield, and use the powerful deterrent effect of military operations to stimulate cognitive changes in the target audience. If the war situation goes smoothly, we can further publicize and amplify the effectiveness of military operations, use public opinion to build momentum, create an atmosphere of intimidation that threatens to overwhelm the enemy, and force the enemy’s people to shake their confidence and give up their support.

Integrating military combat effectiveness softens the will. Use military operations to exert pressure and promote radical changes in social cognition. We must be good at seizing the effects of military operations to make a fuss about it, skillfully transform military victory into cognitive strength, and continuously strengthen the deterrent effect on cognitive attacks on target objects. . In the process of implementing cognitive domain operations, it is necessary to seamlessly embed cognitive domain operations into “hard destruction” and fully integrate military combat effectiveness to strengthen “soft kill” effects such as cognitive deterrence, cognitive interference, and cognitive destruction, and promote The psychological cognition of the people in the enemy’s society undergoes radical changes, which strengthens their fear of war and anti-war sentiments. They are then induced by the extended effect of combat effectiveness in a timely manner, prompting a series of adverse chain reactions within their society to soften their will to resist and their confidence in combat.

繁體中文：

社會認知，是指個體如何理解與思考他人，並根據環境中的社會訊息形成對他人或事物的推論。 社會認知是個體行為的基礎，也是認知域作戰的重要抓手。 人作為社會中的一員，天然受到社會認知的影響。 分析認知域作戰致效的社會路徑，對於強化認知域作戰建設、打贏未來戰爭具有重要的現實意義。

透過輿論宣傳主動塑造社會認知

認知攻防並非一蹴而就，需要長期不間斷地進行。 認知域作戰，往往先於戰爭開始，綜合運用政治、經濟、外交等手段作用於對象國各個社會領域，透過輿論宣傳主動塑造社會認知，形成利於己方的社會主流意見，在戰時發揮綜合 制衡之奇效。

聚焦總體動員。 戰爭未啟，認知先行。 實施認知域作戰，需要前期進行有效的輿論鋪墊，並在此基礎上形成統一的、利己的社會認知態勢。 心理學家拉斯韋爾曾說：「毫無疑問，政府對輿論的引導是大規模現代戰爭不可避免的發展趨勢。」在戰爭發起前，要瞄準贏得輿論優勢，提前開展認知佈設， 爭取最廣泛的國內國際支持。 先於戰爭發起的認知域作戰，其重心很大程度上是透過新聞輿論來營造一種社會主流意見，為準備戰爭、發動戰爭、贏得戰爭進行全面的社會動員，以有效引導公眾支持政府的 決策、爭取國際社會的政治支持。

強化戰略布勢。 戰爭準備期間的認知域作戰，要以先期戰略布勢、輿論塑勢為重點，根據國家和政府需要，積極宣傳本國的優勢所在、正義所在，深入揭批敵人的險惡用心、虛弱本質，以 此來形成義戰必勝、敢戰敢勝的社會主流意見，為震懾對手、爭取支持塑造良好的認知態勢。 透過有效的輿論造勢，宣示己方贏得勝利的決心和意志，展現充分的戰爭準備和強大的軍事能力，對目標對象的認知心理進行影響、幹預和塑造，有效激發己方信心和士氣，消解敵人的 抵抗意志，最大限度地爭取戰略主動和民心支持，牢牢掌握戰爭主導權、道義話語權，使敵對方認識預感到難以承受的後果，進而達成先期懾止、靈活控局的目的。

緊盯法理爭奪。 戰爭歷來強調師出有名。 在認知敘事中掌握戰爭的定義權、解釋權，形成一致的社會主流意見，凝聚起國家或民族的價值認同，調動廣泛的力量和資源，是先期認知域作戰的一個重要目標。 搞好正義敘事表述，營造師出有名、正義在我、法理在手的社會認知，是先於戰爭出鞘的“利劍”，早於戰爭發起的“重器”。 為此，認知域作戰需要主動創設議題，設法為戰爭定性、為行動正名，做好「正當防衛」的敘事、「被迫合法」的界定、「最後手段」的闡釋，使捍衛戰爭正義權 成為社會主流意見。

借助社群媒體平台介入社會認知

行動化、智慧化、社會化資訊傳播模式的出現，使得網路認知攻防成為認知域作戰的重要手段，它有力地拓展了認知域作戰的可及性與到達率。 從近幾場局部戰爭中的認知攻防來看，多層次、多主題、全民化的社群媒體認知攻防，能夠快速撬動社會輿論、影響戰局走向，既可根據戰場需要形成輿論爆點促 動認知激變，又可繞過敵方輿論封鎖實施認知滲透。

借助資訊流量主導認知走向。 相較於傳統媒體，社群媒體平台的互動性更強、覆蓋範圍更廣，去中心化的「差異敘事」、網民碎片化的「個人敘事」更容易影響輿論，在很大程度上乾擾著社會認 知判斷。 網路社會中認同力量的展現，對於改變輿論走向有十分重要的影響，這也使得資訊流量成為認知域作戰中的重要變數。 現代認知域作戰，「資訊武器化」「輿論武器化」的特徵更突顯，透過資料操縱、限流封刪、機器人轉發等方式，可以有效控制社群媒體的資訊流量，能夠在短時間內形成 輿論熱點、聚焦社會共識，推動形成“資訊瀑布”，使社會民眾在其中被主流社會輿論所左右，進而使其認知形成固化。

透過公眾人物施加認知影響。 從某種程度上來說，訊息傳播越發達，注意力就越是一種稀缺資源，喚起受眾認知的訊息就越需要精心製作和發掘。 在認知域作戰中，如何使特定資訊能吸引目標受眾注意，成為首要步驟。 認知域作戰的發起方可透過網路大V、頭部網紅等公眾人物發聲的辦法，將精心包裝的訊息投放到社群媒體平台，以吸引目標受眾注意，提升利己訊息的能見度與到達 率。 經公眾人物傳播的訊息可以從紛雜的輿論場中驟然顯現出來，成為人們思考的參照物，並在群際互動、圈群互動中成為主流意見，進而擴大己方宣傳聲量、聲討壓制對方宣傳，引導 塑造民眾形成定性認知。

運用新興技術賦能認知攻防。 科技改變作戰樣式，也大大拓展了認知對抗的手段。 例如，演算法推送、智慧語音、深度偽造、虛假現實、擴增實境等新興技術的出現，就豐富了認知域作戰向社會層面全面滲透的策略手段和工具選擇。 在未來認知域作戰中，利用智慧監測系統增強認知態勢感知能力、利用大數據技術精準繪製關鍵人群認知圖景、利用演算法技術持續影響目標對象認知思維將成為可能。 利用人工智慧技術對特定受眾進行飽和式精準認知攻擊，利用深度偽造技術幹擾敵方決策認知，利用腦機介面、神經科學等技術直接作用於軍事人員等，將成為影響社會認知、主導 輿論走向的重要手段，便於更直接有效率地達成作戰目的。

跟上軍事行動進程影響社會認知

戰爭實踐表明，軍事行動對認知塑造有關鍵支撐作用。 現代戰爭中，軍事行動與認知攻防如影隨形、協同發力，兩者相互影響、互為支撐，戰場態勢的有力塑造能夠大大改變社會認知，軍事行動的順利展開能夠促進社會認知激變 ，使之朝著預設方向發展。

配合軍事威懾行動瓦解民心。 透過軍事威懾行動營造有利態勢是戰爭準備的重要內容，也是提高戰爭效益的有效手段。 認知域作戰中，堅持認知攻防行動與軍事行動同步理解任務、判斷情況，同步研究規劃、決策部署，同步計畫安排、組織實施，可以巧妙地運用軍事行動的威懾效應放大認知攻擊效果， 達到瓦解目標對象民心士氣的目的。 未來認知域作戰，應基於軍事威懾行動同步展開，充分釋放軍事威懾行動的訊息，多手段向敵方展示己方的綜合實力、戰爭潛力、裝備性能及軍民意誌等，從而對敵對方社會民眾形成 強力震懾和牽制效應。

結合有利戰場態勢分化陣營。 戰場態勢變化往往會使輿論產生震盪，進而向社會面擴散滲透，產生強大的認知衝擊力。 因而，在實施認知域作戰時，要勇於突破思維定式，超前設計認知攻擊的目標和任務，結合戰場有利態勢，借助軍事行動的強力震懾作用，促動目標受眾產生認知激變。 如戰局進展順利，則可進一步宣傳放大軍事作戰效能，利用輿論示形造勢，營造山雨欲來、泰山壓頂的威迫氣氛，迫使敵對方民眾動搖信心、放棄支持。

融合軍作戰效能軟化意志。 利用軍事行動施壓，促進社會認知激變，要善於抓住軍事作戰效果做文章，巧妙地將軍事上的勝勢轉化為認知上的強勢，不斷強化對目標對象認知攻擊的震懾力 。 在實施認知域作戰過程中，要將認知域作戰無縫嵌入「硬摧毀」中，全面融合軍事作戰效能強化認知震懾、認知幹擾、認知破擊等「軟殺傷」效果， 促使 敵對方社會民眾心理認知產生激變，強化其畏戰怯戰反戰情緒，再適時利用作戰效能的延伸效應加以誘導，促使其社會內部產生系列不良連鎖反應，以軟化其抵抗意志和作戰信心。

中國軍事原文來源： http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/22/content_324888.htm

China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國支持認知對抗的軍事決策與觀點, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢

Developing People’s War Strategies and Tactics in the Chinese Military

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發展中國軍隊的人民戰爭戰略戰術

現代英語音譯：

Introduction

In his report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi clearly pointed out the need to develop strategies and tactics of people’s war. Looking back at the glorious journey of the people’s army to strengthen the army and win, one red line running through it is to always insist on proposing and implementing a complete set of people’s war strategies and tactics under the leadership of the party. To win future wars, we must pay close attention to changes in technology, warfare, and opponents, continue to inherit the fine traditions of our army, develop people’s war strategies and tactics, and let the magic weapon for defeating the enemy show its power on the modern battlefield.

People’s war strategies and tactics have always been an important magic weapon for our army to defeat the enemy.

Developing people’s war strategies and tactics is not only a profound insight into the inherent laws of our army’s victory over the enemy, but also a lofty plan for a strong country and army. It has important strategic value for achieving the 100-year goal of the founding of the army as scheduled and accelerating the building of the people’s army into a world-class army. .

People’s war strategies and tactics are a concentrated expression of the Marxist art of war guidance. Marxism believes that the people are the creators of history and the decisive force in promoting historical progress. The strategies and tactics of people’s war start from this basic viewpoint and fundamental position, and profoundly explain the basic principles of people’s war such as soldiers and the people being the foundation of victory, the decisive factor of victory or defeat in war is that people are not things, and that the broad masses of the people must be organized, mobilized and armed. principle. Our army was born in the flames of war. Facing extremely cruel objective conditions, the Chinese Communists, represented by Comrade Mao Zedong, insisted on combining the basic principles of Marxist people’s war with the reality of China’s revolutionary war, and created an army characterized by flexibility and maneuverability. The essence of the strategy and tactics of people’s war is “you fight yours and I fight mine”, which aims to use strengths to attack weaknesses and seize and master the initiative in war. This embodies the Marxist art of war guidance and shines with the light of truth that is scientific, people-oriented, practical and open to development.

People’s war strategies and tactics are the winning code for the Party’s leadership in all military struggle practices. Since the founding of the People’s Army, our Party has created a complete set of strategies and tactics for people’s war based on the cruel reality that the enemy is strong and we are weak, and the enemy is large and we are small. From the “Sixteen-Character Formula” during the Red Army period, to the “Protracted War” during the Anti-Japanese War, from the “Ten Military Principles” during the Liberation War, to the “piecemeal candy” during the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, to the founding of New China Continuous adjustments to post-military strategic guidelines. The people’s army learns war from war, explores laws from practice, and adheres to and develops this winning code with the times. In the war years, it has created war miracles one after another in which the minority defeated the large and the weak defeated the strong. In peacetime, it resolutely defends National sovereignty, security and territorial integrity have written a glorious chapter in the world’s military history of continuous innovation in the art of war guidance.

Actively developing people’s war strategies and tactics is an intrinsic requirement for building a world-class army in an all-round way. “Every important country must wait for victory.” To measure whether an army is a world-class army, it ultimately depends on its military strength. The strategies and tactics of people’s war are not only the way for our army to win, but also the way to develop and grow. To accelerate the building of a world-class military and build a strong strategic deterrence system, we must adhere to and develop this unique advantage, strengthen research on opponents and enemy situations, proactively understand the characteristics and laws of modern warfare and the winning mechanism, advance with the times and innovate people’s war strategies and tactics, and firmly Flexibly carry out military struggles, give full play to the strategic function of military power in shaping security situations, containing crises and conflicts, and winning local wars, and effectively complete the missions and tasks assigned by the party and the people in the new era.

Developing people’s war strategies and tactics is an inevitable choice for our army to win future wars. The form of war is evolving at an accelerated pace, but the essence of war has not changed, and the fundamental law that the deepest source of the power of war lies among the people has not changed. The wars we face in the future are mainly wars to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests. They are in line with the fundamental interests of all the Chinese people. They are just actions that conform to the trend of the times. They will continue to receive the support of the overwhelming majority of the people and the people of the world. . Adhering to and developing people’s war strategies and tactics will surely become an important way and inevitable choice for our army to win future wars and check and balance powerful enemies.

Scientifically grasp the connotation of the times in the development of people’s war strategies and tactics

The strategies and tactics of people’s war are living theories and practices, not rigid dogma. They must actively adapt to the development requirements of the times and inject new connotations of the times in order to maintain strong vitality.

We must persist in just war, establish the broadest united front, and fight political and military wars well. Paying attention to guiding the war from a political perspective and consolidating the political foundation for victory are the basic experience of the party in winning the war and the core essence of the people’s war strategy and tactics. In today’s era, the relationship between military and politics is closer, the relevance and integrity at the strategic level are increasing day by day, and the influence and constraints of political factors on war are becoming increasingly prominent. To develop the strategies and tactics of people’s war, we must always adhere to the role of the Party Central Committee in overseeing the overall situation and coordinating all parties, mobilizing, uniting, and organizing the broadest number of people to participate in and support the war; strengthen political and organizational functions, and strengthen the entire party, entire army, and people in the country to respond to the war , ideological preparation, organizational preparation, and will preparation to win the war; strengthen political diplomacy and international public opinion and legal struggle, form the broadest united front to support a just war, firmly occupy the moral commanding heights, give full play to the comprehensive effectiveness of political offensives and armed strikes, and coordinate Fight political and military battles well.

Adhere to active defense, highlight enthusiasm, and pay attention to offensive operations. Active defense is a product of people’s war, and its implementation is a fundamental requirement for the strategies and tactics of people’s war. In the future, as the war process accelerates, the strategic goal may be achieved in one battle or battle, which is often the first and decisive battle. To develop people’s war strategies and tactics, we must adhere to the organic integration of defense, counterattack and offense, put more emphasis on internal and external counterattacks at the strategic level, comprehensively use elite combat forces at the beginning of the war, implement a combination of internal and external lines, resolute and fierce strategic counterattacks, and form a high-pressure counterattack situation and pressure, to defeat the feared enemy to the maximum extent, and achieve the strategic goal of using offense to assist defense, attacking later, arriving first, defeating the enemy quickly, containing it as soon as possible, and winning the war.

Adhere to asymmetrical checks and balances, you fight yours, I fight mine, use what you can to fight what you can’t. This is the soul and essence of the people’s war strategy and tactics. It is a high-level summary and vivid description of the laws of war and the laws of war guidance. It reveals the laws and methods of war guidance that use inferior equipment to defeat the enemy with superior equipment. It combines flexible and maneuverable strategies with Tactics have been taken to a whole new level. Compared with the past, the modern warfare combat system is huge, with many nodes, and there are many “vital gates” that are vulnerable to attack, which provides an opportunity to implement “attacking what cannot be done with what is possible”. To develop people’s war strategies and tactics, we must follow the winning mechanisms of modern wars, fully understand the inherent weaknesses of informatized and intelligent warfare, conduct in-depth research on the opponents’ weaknesses and Achilles’ heel, innovate core operational concepts, and step up efforts to forge new domains and new combat capabilities and means. We should practice tactics such as dimensionality reduction strikes and asymmetric strikes. We should not follow the enemy’s routines but focus on the enemy’s weaknesses. We should give full play to our military’s advantages and long-range attacks and create new winning advantages in “hitting with what we can but not with power”.

Persist in accumulating small victories into big victories, and be good at concentrating strength to fight annihilation wars. Our army has been at an overall disadvantage for a long time in the revolutionary war. Locally, using the strong against the weak and accumulating small victories into big victories is the key to defeating powerful enemies. Compared with the past, modern war operations are often carried out in multi-dimensional and multi-domain environments, providing a broader space for the implementation of “accumulating small victories into big victories”. To develop people’s war strategies and tactics, we must strengthen the concept of “dispersed appearance but concentrated spirit, scattered form but unified force”, dynamically integrate many combat forces distributed on multi-dimensional battlefields, and implement local rapid concentration through efficiency integration and real-time optimization. It can carry out attacks, wide-area guerrilla raids, and carry out annihilating strikes and destructive attacks on the enemy’s key points. This not only has a hammer effect, but also can continuously consume the enemy, causing the opponent to gradually lose the initiative on the battlefield.

We must insist that soldiers and civilians are the foundation of victory, and consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities. When the army wins battles, the people are its backer. At the beginning of the founding of the army, our party regarded the revolutionary war as a struggle of the masses, emphasized that only by mobilizing and relying on the masses can we carry out war, and created a complete set of people’s war strategies and tactics, which is the winning code for the people’s army to remain invincible. Confrontation under conditions of informationization and intelligence is more clearly manifested as a systemic confrontation based on the overall strength of the country. To develop people’s war strategies and tactics, we must continuously consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities, make full efforts in multiple dimensions such as politics, military, economy, culture, and diplomacy, and build powerful war capabilities that can achieve both quick and lasting strategic victory. and war potential, trapping the enemy in the vast sea of ​​people’s war.

Vigorously promote the development and innovation of people’s war strategies and tactics in the new era

In the new era, the connotation of the people’s war strategy and tactics has undergone great changes. It is necessary to strengthen the party’s centralized and unified leadership, strengthen the implementation of the fundamental purpose, strengthen the drive for scientific and technological innovation, and strengthen simulation training and testing, so as to gather the forward force of innovation and development.

Strengthen the Party’s centralized and unified leadership and gather the majestic strategic and tactical power of the People’s War. The party’s leadership is the greatest advantage of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and an important guarantee for the implementation and implementation of the people’s war strategies and tactics. We must uphold the leadership of the party and mobilize and organize the people as a whole. Actively explore people’s war strategies and tactics in financial warfare, cyber warfare, cognitive domain warfare and other fields. Timely organize the masses to carry out intelligence warfare, harassment warfare, ambush warfare, etc. to flexibly contain and consume the enemy.

Strengthen the implementation of the fundamental purpose and consolidate the foundation for the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics. The secret of victory in People’s War is that it sincerely seeks the interests of the masses and wins the trust and support of the broad masses of the people. Serving the people wholeheartedly is the fundamental purpose of our army and is also the strategic foundation for the development of people’s war strategies and tactics in the new era. The People’s Army must stand firmly on the people’s side, always adhere to the supremacy of the people, rely closely on the people, continue to benefit the people, be firmly rooted in the people, and always maintain the nature, purpose, and true qualities of the People’s Army.

Strengthen the drive for scientific and technological innovation and enhance the momentum for the development of people’s war strategies and tactics. As high technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, and quantum technology enter the military field, the scientific and technological content of war has undergone a qualitative leap. People’s war strategies and tactics supported by information-based intelligent technology must be innovatively developed and continuously promoted. The integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence will innovate and create the “key” of “hitting the incompetent with what can be used”, making “wisdom and victory” the main feature of the people’s war strategy and tactics in the new era, forming a new era of people’s war that is leading and unique in the era. War strategy and tactics.

Strengthen simulation training and testing to improve the quality and effectiveness of the development of people’s war strategies and tactics. In the information age, virtual reality technology can be used to create virtual scenes with a strong sense of three-dimensionality and realism based on the actual battlefield environment and mission background. Officers and soldiers can “experience” the war in virtual reality several times before the war begins, strengthening their understanding of the war. The understanding of real battlefields such as equipment performance, enemy and friend situations, and war rhythm provides a platform for testing whether strategies and tactics are correct. In developing people’s war strategies and tactics, special attention should be paid to the use of simulations, exercises and other war pre-practice methods, qualitative and quantitative analysis should be conducted, and further improvements should be made in practice.

繁體中文：

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術

■李銀祥 宋文超

引言

習主席在黨的二十大報告中明確指出，發展人民戰爭戰略戰術。回望人民軍隊強軍制勝的光輝歷程，貫穿其中的一條紅線，就是始終堅持在黨的領導下，提出和實施一整套人民戰爭戰略戰術。打贏未來戰爭，必須緊盯科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變，趙續傳承好我軍優良傳統，發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，讓克敵制勝的法寶顯威現代戰場。

人民戰爭戰略戰術始終是我軍克敵制勝的重要法寶

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，既是對我軍克敵制勝內在規律的深刻洞察，也是對強國強軍的高遠謀劃，對於如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標，加快把人民軍隊建成世界一流軍隊具有重要的戰略價值。

人民戰爭戰略戰術是馬克思主義戰爭指導藝術的集中體現。馬克思主義認為，人民是歷史的創造者，是推動歷史進步的決定性力量。人民戰爭戰略戰術從這個基本觀點和根本立場出發，深刻闡釋了兵民是勝利之本，戰爭勝負的決定因素是人不是物，以及必須組織、動員和武裝廣大人民群眾等人民戰爭的基本原理。我軍在戰火中誕生，面對異常殘酷的客觀條件，以毛澤東同志為代表的中國共產黨人，堅持把馬克思主義人民戰爭基本原理與中國革命戰爭實際相結合，創造了以靈活機動為顯著特點的人民戰爭的戰略戰術，其精髓是“你打你的、我打我的”，旨在力求揚長擊短，奪取和掌握戰爭主動權。這集中體現了馬克思主義戰爭指導藝術，閃爍著科學性、人民性、實踐性和發展開放性的真理光芒。

人民戰爭戰略戰術是黨領導全部軍事鬥爭實踐的勝利密碼。我們黨締造人民軍隊以來，立基於敵強我弱，敵大我小的殘酷現實，創立了一整套人民戰爭的戰略戰術。從紅軍時期的“十六字訣”，到抗日戰爭時期的“持久戰”，從解放戰爭時期的“十大軍事原則”，到抗美援朝戰爭時期的“零敲牛皮糖”，再到新中國成立後軍事戰略方針的不斷調整。人民軍隊從戰爭中學習戰爭，從實踐中探索規律，與時俱進地堅持和發展這個制勝密碼，戰爭年代創造了一個又一個以少勝多、以弱勝強的戰爭奇蹟，和平時期堅決捍衛國家主權、安全和領土完整，在世界軍事史上書寫了戰爭指導藝術不斷創新的光輝篇章。

積極發展人民戰爭戰略戰術是全面建成世界一流軍隊的內在要求。 「凡國之重也，必待兵之勝也。」衡量一支軍隊是不是世界一流軍隊，最終要看其軍事實力。人民戰爭戰略戰術既是我軍的致勝之道，也是發展壯大之道。加速建成世界一流軍隊、建構強大的戰略威懾體系，必須堅持發展這一特有優勢，加強對手研究、敵情研究，前瞻認識現代戰爭特徵規律與致勝機理，與時俱進創新人民戰爭戰略戰術，堅定靈活進行軍事鬥爭，充分發揮軍事力量塑造安全態勢，遏止危機衝突，贏得局部戰爭的戰略功能，實際完成好黨和人民賦予的新時代使命任務。

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術是我軍打贏未來戰爭的必然選擇。戰爭形態加速演變，但戰爭的本質沒有變，戰爭偉力之最深厚根源存在於民眾之中這一根本規律沒有改變。我們未來面對的戰爭，主要是捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益的戰爭，符合全體中國人民的根本利益，是順應時代潮流的正義之舉，必將繼續得到最廣大人民群眾和世界人民的支持。堅持並發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，必將成為我軍打贏未來戰爭、制衡強敵的重要途徑和必然選擇。

科學掌握人民戰爭戰略戰術發展的時代內涵

人民戰爭戰略戰術，是活的理論和實踐，不是死板的教條，必須主動順應時代發展要求，注入新的時代內涵，才能保持強大旺盛的生命力。

堅持正義戰爭，建立最廣泛的統一戰線，打好政治軍事仗。注重從政治高度指導戰爭，夯實制勝的政治基礎，是黨奪取戰爭勝利的基本經驗，也是人民戰爭戰略戰術的核心要義。在當今時代，軍事和政治的聯繫更加緊密，在戰略層面的相關性和整體性日益增強，政治因素對戰爭的影響和限制日益突出。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，必須始終堅持黨中央統攬全局、協調各方的作用，動員、團結、組織最廣大人民參與、支持戰爭；增強政治功能和組織功能，強化全黨全軍全國人民應對戰爭、打贏戰爭的思想準備、組織準備、意志準備；加強政治外交和國際輿論法理鬥爭，形成支持正義戰爭的最廣泛統一戰線，牢牢佔領道義制高點，發揮政治攻勢和武裝打擊的綜合效能，統籌打好政治軍事仗。

堅持積極防禦，突顯積極性，重視攻勢作戰。積極防禦是人民戰爭的產物，實行積極防禦是人民戰爭戰略戰術的根本要求。未來戰爭進程加快，可能一場戰役或戰鬥就能達成戰略目的，往往是首戰即決戰。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要堅持將防禦、反攻和進攻有機結合，更加強調戰略層次的內外線反擊，在戰爭伊始就綜合運用精銳作戰力量，實施內外線結合、堅決凌厲的戰略反擊，形成高壓反擊態勢與壓力，盡量打痛打怕敵人，達到以攻助防、後發先至，速戰制敵、盡快遏制、打贏戰爭的戰略目的。

堅持非對稱制衡，你打你的，我打我的，以能擊不能。這是人民戰爭戰略戰術的靈魂和精髓，是對戰爭規律和戰爭指導規律的高度概括和生動描述，揭示了以劣勢裝備戰勝優勢裝備之敵的戰爭指導規律、作戰指導方法，把靈活機動的戰略戰術提高到嶄新境界。相較於以往，現代戰爭作戰體系龐大、節點眾多，存在許多易受攻擊的“命門”，為實施“以能擊不能”提供了契機。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要遵循現代戰爭制勝機理，充分認清資訊化智能化戰爭本身的固有弱點，深入研究對手的軟肋和死穴，創新核心作戰概念，加緊鍛造新域新質作戰能力手段，錘鍊降維打擊、非對稱打擊等戰法，不按敵人套路打、盯著敵人軟肋打、發揮我軍優長打，在「以能擊不能」中創造新的致勝優勢。

堅持積小勝為大勝，善於集中力量打殲滅戰。我軍在革命戰爭中長期處於全局的劣勢地位，局部上以強對弱、積小勝為大勝，是戰勝強敵的關鍵一招。相較於以往，現代戰爭作戰往往在多維多域中展開，為實施「積小勝為大勝」提供了更加廣闊空間。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要強化「貌散而神聚，形散而力合」的概念，將分佈在多維戰場的諸多作戰力量動態集中聯合起來，透過效能融合、即時聚優，實施局部快速聚能攻擊、廣域遊擊襲擾，對敵分佈的要點實施殲滅性打擊、破壞性襲擊，這既有重錘效應，又能不斷消耗敵人，使對手逐步喪失戰場主動權。

堅持兵民是勝利之本，鞏固提高一體化國家戰略體系和能力。軍隊打勝仗，人民是靠山。建軍開始，我們黨就把革命戰爭視為群眾的鬥爭，強調只有動員和依靠群眾才能進行戰爭，並創造了一整套人民戰爭戰略戰術，這是人民軍隊立於不敗之地的製勝密碼。在資訊化智能化條件下的對抗，更鮮明地表現為以國家整體實力為基礎的體系對抗。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要不斷鞏固提升一體化國家戰略體系與能力，在政治、軍事、經濟、文化、外交等多維度全面發力，建構起既能戰略速勝又能戰略持久的強大戰爭能力和戰爭潛力，陷敵於人民戰爭的汪洋大海。

大力推動新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術的發展創新

新時代，人民戰爭戰略戰術的內涵發生了很大變化，必須加強黨的集中統一領導，加強實踐根本宗旨，加強科技創新驅動，加強模擬演訓檢驗，才能匯聚起創新發展的前行力量。

加強黨的集中統一領導，匯聚人民戰爭戰略戰術磅礴偉力。黨的領導是中國特色社會主義制度的最大優勢，也是人民戰爭戰略戰術得以體現和實施的重要保證。必須堅持黨的領導，把人民整體動員起來、組織起來。積極探索金融戰、網路戰、認知域作戰等領域的人民戰爭戰略戰術。適時組織人民群眾進行情報戰、襲擾戰、伏擊戰等，靈活牽制、消耗敵人。

加強實踐根本宗旨，夯實人民戰爭戰略戰術發展根基。人民戰爭的致勝奧秘，就在於它真心實意地為群眾謀利益，贏得了廣大人民群眾的信賴和支持。全心全意為人民服務是我軍的根本宗旨，也是新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術發展的戰略根基。人民軍隊必須站穩人民立場，始終堅持人民至上，緊緊依靠人民，不斷造福人民，牢牢植根人民，永葆人民軍隊性質、宗旨、本色。

加強科技創新驅動，增強人民戰爭戰略戰術發展動力。隨著人工智慧、大數據、區塊鏈、量子科技等高新技術進入軍事領域，戰爭的科技含量已發生質的飛躍，必須創新發展以資訊化智慧化技術為支撐的人民戰爭戰略戰術，持續推進機械化資訊化智慧融合發展，創新創造“以能擊不能”的“密鑰”，讓“智勝”成為新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術的主要特徵，形成具有時代性引領性獨特性的新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術。

加強模擬演訓檢驗，提升人民戰爭戰略戰術發展質效。資訊時代，利用虛擬實境技術可基於實際的戰場環境，以及任務背景創造具有較強立體感和真實感的虛擬場景，官兵在戰爭開始前就可以在虛擬實境中數次「親歷」戰爭，加強對裝備性能、敵我情況、戰爭節奏等真實戰場的了解，這就給戰略戰術正確與否提供了檢驗平台。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，應特別重視運用模擬、演習等戰爭預實踐手段，對其進行定性與定量分析，並在實踐中進一步加以完善。

解放軍原文參考：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4926056.html

Asymmetric Warfare, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知戰

Chinese Military Winning Weapon of Cognitive Operations is Intelligent Algorithms

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中國軍隊認知作戰制勝武器是智慧演算法

現代英文音譯：

In the era of intelligence, intelligent algorithms, as the underlying logic and implementation means for information generation, distribution, dissemination, and reception, determine the form and presentation of information. In future wars, the expansion of the application boundaries of intelligent algorithms and the development of application scenarios will promote the update and iteration of cognitive domain combat tactics. Clarifying the mechanism and implementation path of intelligent algorithms and cognitive confrontation is of great significance for innovating cognitive domain combat tactics with the help of intelligent algorithms. .

The mechanism of how intelligent algorithms influence cognitive confrontation

Intelligent algorithms can formulate optimal information recommendation strategies through comprehensive analysis and calculation of users’ personal identity, psychological characteristics, behavioral habits, interests and preferences, etc., and then use specific information to affect target cognition, and ultimately affect their real-life behavior.

Draw a portrait of your target users. The essence of user portraits is to label users to form a specific identity. Tags are similar to “pixels” in digital portraits. The more comprehensive the data is obtained, the more precise the tag description will be, and the more realistic the reflection of user behavior characteristics will be. Foreign militaries believe that in cognitive domain operations, technical means such as web crawlers and log mining are widely used to obtain basic information data, financial data, communication data, etc. of target objects. On this basis, using intelligent algorithms to deeply mine these data can systematically analyze the interests, hobbies, behavioral habits, and interpersonal relationships of the target object, and then determine its value orientation. Afterwards, by constructing multi-dimensional label vectors, clustering similar individuals, and analyzing group characteristics with similar characteristics, a group target portrait can be formed, which can be used as the basis and starting point for cognitive shaping.

Achieve personalized information customization. Adopting “divide and conquer” for different individuals and groups is the advantage of intelligent algorithms, and it is also the proper meaning of cognitive shaping. Relying on social media platforms and search engines to carry out personalized push for specific objects can greatly improve the acceptance of the target objects and avoid idling and internal consumption of information during the dissemination process. In this process, the “information cocoon” effect will further narrow the target object’s perception range, leaving it in a relatively closed information environment for a long time, thus actively accepting one-sided information. At the same time, homogeneous information will further strengthen the shaping effect. Under the combined effect of convergence psychology and group pressure, the target object may gradually lose basic logic and value judgment capabilities, thus subtly forming the cognition carefully set by the initiator. .

Demonstrate specific real-life behaviors. Cognition is the premise of behavior, and behavior reacts on cognition. Intelligent algorithms can constrain and induce real-life behavior by directional shaping of the stance and value tendencies of specific objects on political, military operations, social and other issues. The foreign military believes that by disseminating special ideas to the public, it can lead to social disorder and loss of control. For key individuals, through strategies such as controlling the brain, attacking the heart, and seizing the will, they will make mistakes in their judgment of the country’s strategic direction, doubt the war decision-making, and be negative and pessimistic about the direction of the war, thus producing the effect of “conquering the enemy without fighting.” Practice has proven that target cognitive orientation reshaping highlights specific real-life behaviors, and dynamic changes in real-life behaviors trigger real-time adjustments to user portraits, which in turn drives the adjustment and update of recommendation strategies, forming a complete closed feedback loop.

Intelligent algorithms influence the implementation path of cognitive confrontation

Intelligent algorithms have the characteristics of encapsulation and transplantation, data sharing, fast calculation, autonomous learning, etc., and there is a natural fit between them and cognitive confrontation.

Promote the coupling of confrontational forms of peace and war. The dissemination of information across time boundaries leads to conflicts in cognitive space at all times, and the time scale may vary from seconds to decades. In peacetime, the most important characteristics of cognitive confrontation tactics are concealment and long-term nature, while in wartime they are suppressive and urgent. Intelligent algorithms can further promote the coupling of peace and war in the form of cognitive confrontation through information sharing, situation updating and strategy inheritance. Based on peacetime information and wartime intelligence, comprehensive analysis and judgment of the enemy’s situation, our situation, and the battlefield environment can be automatically calculated to draw conclusions on the strengths, weaknesses, key points, and difficulties of the confrontation; based on mathematical modeling and machine learning, combined with Cognitive confrontation results and real-time battlefield situation in peacetime, and after comprehensive evaluation, optimal tactics and plans can be proposed.

Promote the combination of explicit and implicit means of confrontation. Cognitive domain operations are filled with massive and complex information in various formats and with varying strengths and weaknesses, which not only brings challenges to one’s own identification and processing, but also provides convenient conditions for confusing the opponent. Only through cognitive fusion can a comprehensive, timely and accurate judgment of the situation be formed, and then the advantages of global perception be transformed into decision-making and action advantages. Comprehensive multi-channel information for intelligent analysis and comparison, comprehensive research and judgment, can identify erroneous information, filter useless information, screen false information, and provide information support for commanders’ decision-making. For example, explicit means can be used for cognitive deterrence and will disintegration, implicit means can be used for cognitive deception and cognitive induction, and explicit and implicit means can be used for cognitive confusion.

Promote global integration of confrontation space. The cognitive confrontation space not only covers the physical domain space including land, sea, air, space, etc., but also covers the information domain space and cognitive domain space such as electromagnetic and network. Cognitive confrontation is a global fusion confrontation. Battlefield data is generated extremely quickly and in huge volumes, which places extremely high requirements on computing speed and capabilities. Relying on traditional manual calculations and computer-aided calculations can no longer meet the needs of battlefield space fusion. Semi-automatic or even automated fusion calculations must be achieved with the help of the high efficiency, strong computing power and high accuracy of intelligent algorithms. Relying on intelligent algorithms, vertical integration from cognitive perception to cognitive analysis to cognitive decision-making can be achieved; horizontally, multi-dimensional situation, power, decision-making, and scheduling across the physical domain, information domain, and cognitive domain can be achieved. Domain fusion.

(Author’s unit: National University of Defense Technology)

原始國語（繁體）：

在智慧化時代，智慧演算法作為資訊生成、分發、傳播、接收的底層邏輯和實現手段，決定了資訊的產生形式和呈現方式。未來戰爭，智慧演算法應用邊界拓展與應用場景開發推動認知域作戰戰法更新迭代，釐清智慧演算法與認知對抗的作用機制與實現路徑，對於藉助智慧演算法創新認知域作戰戰法具有重要意義。

智慧演算法影響認知對抗的作用機制

智慧演算法透過對使用者個人身分、心理特徵、行為習慣、興趣偏好等進行綜合分析計算，能夠制定出最優資訊推薦策略，進而以特定資訊作用於目標認知，最終影響其現實行為。

繪就目標使用者畫像。使用者畫像的本質是將使用者進行標籤化處理，以此形成特定身分。標籤類似數位畫像中的“像素”，資料獲取越全面，標籤刻畫越精細，對使用者行為特徵的反映就越真實。外軍認為，認知域作戰中，廣泛借助網路爬蟲、日誌挖掘等技術手段，可以取得目標對象的基本資訊資料、金融資料、通訊資料等。在此基礎上，利用智慧演算法對這些資料進行深度挖掘，可以系統分析出目標物的興趣與愛好、行為習慣、人際關係，進而確定其價值取向。之後，透過建構多維度標籤向量，再對相似個體進行聚類處理，分析具有相似特徵的群體特徵，可形成群體目標畫像，並以此作為認知塑造的基礎與起點。

實現資訊個性客製。針對不同個體、不同群體採取「分而治之」是智慧演算法的優長所在，也是認知塑造的應有之義。依托社群媒體平台和搜尋引擎，針對特定物件進行個人化推送，可以大幅提高目標物件的接受程度，避免訊息在傳播過程中的空轉和內耗。在此過程中，「資訊繭房」效應將會進一步狹窄目標物件的感知範圍，使其長期處於相對封閉的資訊環境中，從而主動接受片面資訊。同時，同質化的訊息會進一步強化塑造效果，目標對像在趨同心理和群體壓力的共同作用下，可逐步喪失基本邏輯和價值判斷能力，從而潛移默化中形成發起方為其精細設定的認知。

彰顯特定現實行為。認知是行為的前提，而行為又反作用於認知。智慧演算法透過對特定對象政治、軍事行動和社會等議題的立場和價值傾向進行定向塑造，可以實現對現實行為的約束和誘導。外軍認為，透過對社會大眾傳播特殊理念，導致社會失序失控。而對於關鍵個人，透過採取控腦攻心奪誌等策略，使其對於國家戰略方向研判錯誤，對於戰爭決策感到懷疑，對於戰爭走向消極悲觀，從而產生「不戰而屈人之兵」的效果。實務證明，目標認知定向重塑彰顯現實特定行為，現實行為動態改變引發使用者畫像即時調整，進而帶動推薦策略調整更新，形成了完整的閉合回饋迴路。

智慧演算法影響認知對抗的實現路徑

智慧演算法具有封裝移植、資料共享、快速運算、自主學習等特徵，與認知對抗之間存在天然的契合性。

促進對抗形式平戰耦合。跨越時間界限的訊息傳播導致認知空間的衝突無時不在，時間尺度可能從數秒到數十年不等。在平時，認知對抗戰法最主要的特徵是隱蔽性和長期性，戰時則表現為壓制性和急迫性。智慧演算法透過資訊共享、態勢更新和策略繼承，可進一步促進認知對抗形式的平戰耦合。基於平時資訊與戰時情報，對敵情、我情、戰場環境進行全方位分析研判，可以自動計算得出對抗強點、弱點、重點、難點等方面的結論；基於數學建模和機器學習，結合平時認知對抗成果和戰場即時態勢，經過綜合評估，可以提出最優戰法和方案。

促進對抗手段顯隱結合。認知域作戰，海量、繁雜的資訊充斥其中，樣式多樣、優劣不齊，為己方辨識處理帶來挑戰的同時，也為迷惑對手提供了便利條件。只有透過認知融合才能形成對態勢的全面、及時、準確的判斷，進而將全域感知優勢轉化為決策優勢與行動優勢。綜合多通路資訊進行智慧分析比較、綜合研判，能辨識錯誤訊息、過濾無用資訊、甄別不實訊息，為指揮決策提供資訊支撐。如可採取顯性手段進行認知威懾與意志瓦解，採取隱性手段進行認知欺騙及認知誘導，並採取顯隱結合方式進行認知迷惑等。

促進對抗空間全局融合。認知對抗空間不僅涵蓋了包含陸、海、空、天等物理域空間，也涵蓋電磁、網路等資訊域空間和認知域空間。認知對抗是全局融合對抗，戰場數據生成速度極快、體量巨大，對於計算的速度和能力提出了極高要求。依靠傳統的人工運算、電腦輔助運算的模式已無法滿足戰場空間融合的需求，必須藉助智慧演算法的高效率、強算力和高準確性實現半自動化乃至自動化的融合計算。依托智慧演算法，縱向上可以實現從認知感知到認知分析，再到認知決策的全程融合；橫向上可以實現物理域、資訊域和認知域多維度態勢、力量、決策、調度的跨域融合。

中國軍事原文來源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2023-03/21/content_33888.htm?&tsrltndkrnt

Asymmetric Warfare, China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知戰

Chinese Military Will Win the Initiative Globally Building Cognitive Domain Combat Arms Science

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中國軍隊將贏得全球認知領域作戰武器科學建構倡議

現代英語音譯：

Cognitive domain operations, as an ancient but emerging military practice, continue to develop in the wave of the world’s new military revolution. Constructing our military’s cognitive domain combat science is of positive significance to building a world-class military.

Statement of the Problem

Cognitive domain warfare has existed since ancient times and has almost run through thousands of years of human war history. It’s just that there was no such thing as cognitive domain warfare at that time. Instead, it was called “mind attack” and “mental warfare” by military strategists. In the 20th century, with the development of science and technology, cognitive domain operations have unique advantages, showing the characteristics of “fighting at all times and without declaring war”. Cognitive domain operations have become the ultimate domain of great power games and military confrontations, and are the highest level of modern war control.

The development of military science has its own inherent laws. The construction of our military’s cognitive domain combat science is a process that follows the development laws of military science. First of all, cognitive domain operations have strong characteristics of the times. With the development of science and technology, especially the application of science and technology such as biology, medicine, artificial intelligence, and information communication in the field of warfare, the ways to control people’s will, thinking, psychology, emotions and other cognitive systems have become more diverse and flexible. Secondly, cognitive domain operations have become the main battlefield of modern warfare. Recent local wars, especially the Russia-Ukraine conflict, have shown a new style of cognitive domain operations – cognitive domain operations have entered the war stage as an independent domain and have Established a certain theoretical and material basis.

The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to build the People’s Army into a world-class army by the middle of this century. To build a world-class military, it is necessary to enrich the basic connotation of “first-class” and enhance the value standard of “first-class”, and cognitive factors are indispensable elements. By constructing cognitive domain operations science, it is conducive to accelerating the overall reshaping of the military organizational form under the guidance of cognitive domain operations theory; it is conducive to correctly understanding the characteristics and laws of cognitive domain operations, and accelerating the development, utilization and implementation of cognitive domain operations means. The pace of improvement is conducive to actively taking effective measures and innovating techniques, tactics and styles of cognitive domain operations.

connotation and denotation

The advanced combat theory is an important indicator of the strength of an army’s combat effectiveness. To build our military’s cognitive domain combat science, we insist on putting ourselves first and innovating independently. On the one hand, we are based on our country’s reality, inherit and carry forward the profound wisdom of Chinese military science and our military’s unique political advantages, and at the same time, actively absorb the essence of foreign military culture.

Conceptual definition of cognitive domain warfare research. The fresh content and new characteristics of cognitive domain operations determine the new nature of cognitive domain operations science. As the core support of cognitive domain warfare, it is first necessary to clarify some key concepts of cognitive domain warfare research. One is about “cognition”. Cognition refers to the process by which the human brain or people use cognitive tools to receive, encode, store, exchange, retrieve, extract and use information. It is the subjective construction of information by cognitive subjects. This process can be broken down into four parts: perception, memory, control and reaction. The corresponding cognitive system can also be divided into four systems: perception, memory, control and reaction. The second is about the “cognitive domain”. With the introduction of the concept of “cognition” into the military field, modern warfare has formed three major combat dimensions: the physical domain, the information domain, and the cognitive domain. The cognitive domain has become the next two warring parties after land, sea, air, space, electricity, and network. Another space for competition. Usually manifested in the quality and ability of combat personnel, the cohesion of the troops, combat experience and training level, battlefield situation awareness, and social public opinion. The third is about “cognitive domain operations.” Compared with operations in the physical domain and information domain, the space involved in cognitive domain operations is wider. Its essence is to capture people’s will, belief, and psychology through actions in the physical domain, use of the information domain, and offense and defense in the cognitive domain. , thinking and other dominance, it is a complex collection of traditional public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, legal warfare, political warfare, economic warfare, cultural warfare and other means, in order to achieve the strategic goal of “complete victory” of defeating the enemy without fighting. .

The main content of cognitive domain combat science research. Cognitive domain warfare is a theory that studies the development laws of war spirit. It is an applied science that uses the results of cognitive science to study cognitive offensive and defensive operations in war. It takes all cognitive domain combat phenomena at all times and at home and abroad as the research object, and mainly studies the following contents: First, the historical theory of cognitive domain combat. In wars in history, the glorious idea and rich practice of “attacking the heart first, attacking the city first” has long been established. Disrupting enemy forces is included in the three major principles of our military’s political work. Capturing generals and transforming prisoners has become a unique front in the armed struggle led by the party, writing a glorious chapter in the history of the people’s army. This precious historical heritage should be further explored and passed on from today’s height. The second is the basic theory of cognitive domain operations. It is the cornerstone for the establishment, survival and development of a discipline, and plays a leading and foundational role in the research of this discipline. Only by pursuing in-depth and thorough research, clarifying basic issues, and smoothing out various relationships can we establish a systematic, solid, and effective basic theoretical system, and then provide strong guidance for the practice of cognitive domain operations. The third is the cognitive domain combat application theory. This is the core of cognitive domain operations research and an important theoretical basis for guiding the military’s cognitive domain operations practice. Its research must be practical, innovative, and lively. Only by closely integrating theoretical research with the combat education and training practice in the cognitive domain of the troops and the actual future combat can we form a scientific, forward-looking, operational and practical system. The cognitive domain combat application theoretical system can better serve the practice of military struggle.

The disciplinary basis of cognitive domain warfare research. To build a discipline system for cognitive domain warfare, it is not enough to merely establish its status as an independent discipline and find its position in the discipline of military science. In order to have a complete and in-depth understanding of cognitive domain warfare and to better carry out theoretical research, it is necessary to clarify the relationship between cognitive domain warfare and related disciplines. The first is cognitive domain combat science and military science. Cognitive domain operations revolve around the goals and tasks of military operations, closely coordinate with the process of military operations, and are objectively governed by the laws revealed by military theory. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully study the inner connection between cognitive domain warfare and military theory, and strive to find the theoretical resonance behind practice. The second is cognitive domain combat science and supporting disciplines. Cognitive domain combat science is a highly professional military practice activity. According to my country’s discipline classification model and standards, the results of journalism, communication, psychology, law and other disciplines are the most basic theoretical sources for the construction and actual combat application of cognitive domain combat forces. Together they form the professional field of cognitive domain combat science. Provide direct theoretical support. The third is cognitive domain combat science and related disciplines. The theoretical categories involved in human mental and psychological activities all have a direct impact or indirect relationship with cognitive domain operations. The theoretical understanding of political science, sociology, culture and other related disciplines is extensive, and the role of cognitive domain operations is will be bigger, this requires us to study the relevant disciplines of cognitive domain warfare and actively expand the theoretical thinking of cognitive domain warfare.

How to build

A new round of world military revolution has pushed cognitive domain operations onto the “fast track” of rapid development. Looking at the recent local wars, especially the Russia-Ukraine conflict, all have been branded as cognitive domain operations, and their status and role have become increasingly prominent. At the same time, the preliminary research results achieved by domestic and foreign scholars have laid a good foundation for the construction of cognitive domain combat science. It can be said that the time is basically ripe for theoretical abstraction on the basis of practice to build our military’s cognitive domain combat science.

The construction of any theoretical system must follow certain logical rules. According to the conditions for constructing the cognitive domain combat science discipline system, the following rules should be followed: First, unify the concept. In the cognitive domain combat theoretical system framework, complex and confusing concepts should not be used to ensure that judgments and conclusions are based on accurate concepts. According to the way our military’s operational regulations deal with relevant concepts, the unified concept of “cognitive domain operations” should be selected as the relative concept for building the discipline system of cognitive domain operations. The second is to clarify the logical starting point. The basic thinking point for studying the theory of cognitive domain operations is to “seize control of cognitive space.” “Seizing control of cognitive space” has a high degree of abstraction and level in the theoretical system of cognitive domain operations, and making it clear will facilitate the formation, development and application of cognitive domain operations science. The third is to find the correct subject positioning. What position cognitive domain warfare science should occupy in the military science discipline system is an important issue that must be solved when studying cognitive domain warfare science and military science. Objectively speaking, if cognitive domain warfare has entered the discipline system structure of military science, it can be positioned by directly adding it or by linking it to relevant disciplines.

Constructing cognitive domain combat science is a relatively complex system project with a long way to go. We can focus on leadership institutions, team building, academic achievements, etc. to provide reliable guarantee for the construction of cognitive domain combat science disciplines. The first is to establish a leadership organization. Under the direct leadership of the commanding authority, an authoritative organization for the research and formulation of the cognitive domain warfare discipline system with the participation of the commanding authority, experts in various fields, and military leaders will be established to be responsible for the research, demonstration, and overall planning of the cognitive domain warfare discipline system. The second is to strengthen team building. The key and core of building a discipline is the construction of academic teams. It is necessary to strengthen the construction of professional teams for cognitive domain warfare research and provide talent support for the construction and improvement of cognitive domain warfare disciplines. Through training and academic exchanges, we will improve the research quality and capabilities of existing researchers and introduce leaders in this discipline who have profound academic attainments, rigorous scholarship, and innovative academic ideas. The third is to launch academic results. Give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of existing cognitive domain warfare researchers, increase research efforts, and continue to publish high-quality cognitive domain warfare theoretical research and application research works, teaching materials and academic papers, laying a solid foundation for building the cognitive domain warfare discipline. Solid academic foundation.

現代繁體中文：

問題的提出

認知域作戰古已有之，幾乎貫穿人類數千年戰爭史。只不過那時沒有認知域作戰的說法，而是被兵家稱之為「攻心術」「心戰」。到了20世紀，隨著科學技術發展，認知域作戰具備獨特優勢，呈現出「無時不戰、不宣而戰」的特質。認知域作戰已成為大國博弈、軍事對抗的終極之域，是現代戰爭制權的最高層次。

軍事科學發展有其內在的規律，建構我軍認知域作戰學是遵循軍事科學發展法則的過程。首先，認知域作戰具有強烈的時代特徵。隨著科學技術發展特別是生物、醫學、人工智慧以及資訊傳播等科學技術在戰爭領域的應用，控制人類的意志、思考、心理、情緒等認知系統的方式更為多元且靈活。其次，認知域作戰已成為現代戰爭主戰場，近幾場局部戰爭特別是俄烏衝突，展現認知域作戰的新樣式──認知域作戰作為獨立一域登上戰爭舞台，已經具備了一定的理論和物質基礎。

黨的十九大報告提出，到本世紀中葉將人民軍隊全面建成世界一流軍隊。要建成世界一流軍隊，就需要豐富「一流」的基本內涵，提升「一流」的價值標準，而認知要素則是不可或缺的要件。透過建構認知域作戰學，有利於在認知域作戰理論指導下，加速軍隊組織形態整體重塑；有利於正確理解認知域作戰特徵和規律，加速認知域作戰手段的開發、利用和完善的步伐；有利於積極採取行之有效的措施，創新認知域作戰的技法、戰法和樣式。

內涵與外延

作戰理論先進是否，是一支軍隊戰鬥力強弱的重要標誌。建構我軍認知域作戰學，堅持以我為主、自主創新，一方面立足我國實際，繼承和弘揚中國兵學的深邃智慧和我軍特有的政治優勢，同時，積極吸收外國軍事文化的精髓。

認知域作戰學研究的概念界定。認知域作戰的新鮮內容與新質特色，決定了認知域作戰學的新學性質。作為認知域作戰學的核心支撐，首先需要釐清認知域作戰研究的一些關鍵概念。一是關於「認知」。認知是指人腦或人利用認知工具對資訊的接收、編碼、儲存、交換、檢索、提取和使用的過程，是認知主體對資訊的主觀建構。這個過程可分解為四個部分：知覺、記憶、控制和反應，對應的認知系統也可分為知覺、記憶、控制和反應四個系統。二是關於「認知域」。隨著「認知」概念被引入軍事領域，現代戰爭已經形成了物理域、資訊域、認知域三大作戰維度，認知域成為交戰雙方繼陸、海、空、天、電、網之後的又一較量空間。通常表現為作戰人員的素質和能力，部隊的凝聚力、作戰經驗和訓練水平、戰場態勢感知程度以及社會輿論等。三是關於「認知域作戰」。與物理域、資訊域作戰相比，認知域作戰所涉及的空間更為廣闊，其實質是透過物理域的行動、資訊域的運用、認知域的攻防，奪取人的意志、信念、心理、思維等主導權，是傳統輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰及政治戰、經濟戰、文化戰等多種手段的複合集合體，欲達到不戰而屈人之兵的「全勝」戰略目標。

認知域作戰學研究的主要內容。認知域作戰學是研究戰爭精神發展規律的學說，是運用認知科學成果，研究戰爭進行認知攻防行動的應用性科學。它以古今中外一切認知域作戰現象為研究對象，主要研究以下內容：一是認知域作戰歷史理論。歷史上的戰爭，很早就有了「攻心為上，攻城為下」的光輝思想及豐富實踐。瓦解敵軍列入我軍政治工作三大原則，攻心奪將、改造俘虜成為黨領導武裝鬥爭的一條獨特戰線，書寫了人民軍隊輝煌戰史篇章。對於這份寶貴的歷史遺產，應站在今天的高度，進一步加以發掘和傳承。二是認知域作戰基礎理論。它是一門學科得以確立、生存和發展的基石，在本學科研究中起著先導和奠基作用。其研究只有求深、求透，把基本問題搞清楚，把各種關係理順暢，才能建立起系統、紮實、有效的基礎理論體系，進而為認知域作戰實踐提供有力指導。第三是認知域作戰應用理論。這是認知域作戰研究的核心，也是指導部隊認知域作戰實踐的重要理論基礎。其研究必須要求實、求新、求活，只有把理論研究與部隊認知域作戰教育訓練實踐和未來作戰實際緊密結合起來，才能形成集科學性、前瞻性、操作性和實用性為一體的認知域作戰應用理論體系，從而更好地為軍事鬥爭實踐服務。

認知域作戰學研究的學科基礎。建構認知域作戰學的學科體系，僅僅確立其獨立學科地位，找到其在軍事學科中的定位，還遠遠不夠。要完整、深入地認識認知域作戰學，同時也是為了更好地進行理論研究，必須弄清楚認知域作戰學與相關學科的關係。一是認知域作戰學與軍事學。認知域作戰圍繞著軍事行動的目標任務展開，緊密配合軍事行動過程進行，客觀地受軍事學理論所揭示的規律支配。因此，這需要認真研究認知域作戰學與軍事學理論的內在聯繫，並努力尋找實踐背後的理論共鳴點。二是認知域作戰學與支撐學科。認知域作戰學是專業性很強的軍事實踐活動。依照我國學科門類劃分模式與標準，新聞學、傳播、心理學、法學等多個學科成果是認知域作戰力量建設與實戰運用最基礎的理論來源，共同為認知域作戰學學科專業領域提供直接理論支撐。三是認知域作戰學與相關學科。人的精神心理活動所涉及的理論範疇都與認知域作戰有直接影響或間接的關係，對政治學、社會學、文化學等相關學科理論了解涉獵廣泛，認知域作戰行動發揮的作用就會越大，這需要我們對認知域作戰學相關學科加以研究，主動擴展認知域作戰的理論思維。

如何建構

新一輪世界軍事革命，將認知域作戰推向了迅速發展的「快車道」。綜觀近幾場局部戰爭特別是俄烏衝突，無不打上認知域作戰的烙印，其地位作用愈發凸顯。同時，國內外學者已取得的初步研究成果為建構認知域作戰學奠定了良好基礎。可以說，在實務的基礎上進行理論抽象，進而建構我軍認知域作戰學的時機基本上成熟。

任何一個理論體系的構建，都要遵循一定的邏輯法則。根據建構認知域作戰學學科體系的條件，主要應遵循以下法則：一是統一概念。在認知域作戰理論體系架構結構中，不應使用龐雜的、容易造成混亂的概念，以確保判斷和結論建立在準確的概念上。根據我軍作戰法規對相關概念的處理方法，應選定統一的「認知域作戰」概念作為建構認知域作戰學學科體系的相對概念。二是明確邏輯起點。研究認知域作戰理論的思考基點，就是「奪取認知空間制權」。 「奪取認知空間制權」在認知域作戰理論體系中具有較高的抽象性與層次性，予以明確便於認知域作戰學的形成、發展與應用。三是找準學科定位。認知域作戰學在軍事學科體系中應處在什麼位置，是研究認知域作戰學和軍事學必須解決的重要議題。客觀地看，認知域作戰學進入軍事學科體系結構，可以採取直接增列辦法或掛靠相關學科辦法來定位。

建構認知域作戰學是一個較為複雜的系統工程，任重道遠。可以從領導機構、團隊建立、學術成果等方面著力，為建構認知域作戰學學科提供可靠保障。一是成立領導機構。在統率機關的直接領導下，成立由統率機關、各方面專家和部隊領導參與的認知域作戰學科體系研究和製定的權威機構，負責對認知域作戰學科體系的研究論證和統籌。二是加強隊伍建設。建構學科的關鍵和核心是學術團隊的建構。要加強認知域作戰研究專業隊伍建設，為建構和完善認知域作戰學學科提供人才支援。透過訓練和學術交流，提升現有研究人員的研究素質和能力，推出學術造詣深、治學嚴謹、具有創新學術思想的本學科領導者。三是推出學術成果。充分發揮現有認知域作戰研究人員的積極性和創造性，加強研究力度，持續推出高品質的認知域作戰理論研究和應用研究著作、教材及學術論文，為建構認知域作戰學學科打下堅實的學術基礎。

中文原文科學參考：https://www.1921.org.cn/fxzl/2022/12/17/detailed_2022121733402.html