Category Archives: Intelligent Warfare

Uncertainty – Fog of War and the Way to Win in Modern Warfare for China’s Military

不確定性-戰爭迷霧與中國軍隊在現代戰爭中的勝利之道

現代英語:

Wars in different eras have different characteristics, and the “fog of war” that accompanies them is constantly changing. Often when people feel that they have basically seen the way to win through multi-faceted exploration, the next war presents new uncertainties. Local wars such as the Syrian War and the India-Azerbaijan conflict have demonstrated the multifaceted and complex nature of modern warfare from different perspectives. It can be seen that although traditional firepower warfare is still on the stage, the characteristics of intelligence have already emerged; although the combat type is still an offensive and defensive struggle, the combat guidance, environmental conditions, and specific methods of play have undergone profound changes. Wars are accelerating their evolution towards intelligence. The battlefield space has expanded from land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet to space, polar regions, deep sea, and cognitive confrontations. The game competition has changed from military confrontation to multi-dimensional competitions such as politics, economy, science and technology, and public opinion. The participating forces have developed from the two warring parties to global attention and multi-dimensional intervention. Information intelligence has moved from auxiliary support to comprehensive dominance, full penetration, and full coverage. The combat unit has evolved from scale optimization to small, micro, and sophisticated, and the form is scattered and capable. Intelligence and hybrid have become basic trends. In the face of evolving wars and new uncertainties, we need to be sensitive to change and respond proactively, accumulate momentum and forge ahead in the midst of change, so as to achieve leadership and surpass others and seize the opportunity to win.

Enhance the hybrid nature of war based on the “pan-variability”. War is the continuation of politics and has never been a simple military confrontation. In the era of intelligence, visible struggles and invisible struggles coexist, battlefields with gunpowder smoke and silent battles coexist, and gray areas, hybrid warfare, and marginal conflicts coexist. In the face of fierce and complex competitive game situations, it is necessary to accelerate the construction of a hybrid warfare system with military as the cornerstone. First, enrich strategic options. Closely follow the characteristics of the times, strengthen the exploration of the characteristics and laws of non-military confrontation and the construction of power means, implement relevant preparations, and form comprehensive advantages. Secondly, enhance invisible strength. Attach importance to geopolitical, cultural, psychological and other aspects of research, and form an effective discourse system through think tank exchanges, academic promotion, cultural integration, legal construction, media propaganda and other means to influence the other party’s cognition in a silent way. Thirdly, unite the forces of peace. Take the construction of a united front in the new era as an important means of hybrid confrontation, unite all forces that can be united, and enhance international influence and appeal.

Enhance the flexibility of tactics based on the “smart change” of the battlefield. Looking at recent local wars and conflicts, due to factors such as the regional dimension and the strength of both sides, the traces of traditional warfare are still relatively obvious, but intelligent and unmanned warfare has irreversibly come to the fore. It can be foreseen that comprehensive intelligent warfare is not far away, the extension range of weapons and equipment will be farther and wider, the combat perspectives of the opposing sides will be larger and wider, and the degree of hinge fusion between the physical domain, network domain, and cognitive domain will be deeper. The battlefield with deep “smart change” calls for concepts and tactics that are adapted to it. We should accelerate the promotion of intelligent thinking, intelligent technology, and intelligent network aggregation and empowerment to form a flexible closed link with fast perception, fast decision-making, fast judgment, fast action, and fast feedback, based on “OODA” and the kill chain to beat the slow with the fast and change with change. Relying on intelligent computing power and intelligent algorithms, we design wars in advance, build various models, and innovate tactics and training methods in peacetime. In wartime, we analyze the battle situation in real time, keenly seize opportunities, and make precise decisions and actions. We use “military + technology”, “theory + experiment”, and “algorithm + tactics” to integrate the art of strategy with intelligent technology to achieve a combination of the strange and the orthodox, take the lead in rapid changes, and win by intelligence.

Enhance the plasticity of forces based on the “micro-change” of units. One of the important characteristics of modern warfare is that large systems support elite combat, and combat units are becoming increasingly miniaturized, integrated, and modular. We must focus on the combat unit, the end of combat effectiveness, and forge a “sharp knife” and “sharp blade” that is small, fine, micro, and strong to adapt to intelligent warfare. On the one hand, strengthen its ability to integrate into the system and connect all parties, rely on ubiquitous access to information networks, and achieve decentralized combat and energy concentration through flexible matching and rapid reorganization; on the other hand, strengthen its independent decision-making and improvisation capabilities, improve robustness and self-recovery, and be able to survive, respond to emergencies, and fight in extreme situations. It is possible to explore the formation of a “micro-unit” concept force, implement a flexible organization, do not fix the number of personnel, and do not restrict the field. Advanced combat theories, new combat formations, and new weapons and equipment can be tested and verified in advance, so as to explore ways to achieve cloud combat, cloud joint, cloud energy gathering, and self-combination at the end of the strike chain.

Enhance strategic bottom line based on deterrence “evolution”. Deterrence has a long history like war. With the in-depth application of intelligent technology and weapons and equipment, the connotation and extension, force means, form and effect of deterrence are changing. Although traditional nuclear deterrence is still the cornerstone of bottom line, new deterrence capabilities have been quietly formed, requiring higher determination, strength, wisdom, and strategy. Focusing on the role of deterrence in blocking the enemy invisibly in peacetime, controlling the situation at the key in times of crisis, and winning the final victory in wartime, we should focus on strengthening the strong and making up for the weak, opening up new areas, and long-term strategy to maximize the strategic value of deterrence. First, we should give equal importance to conventional and unconventional, accelerate the development of new weapons and new forces, and achieve the predetermined deterrence intention through actual combat training and actual combat deployment, supplemented by the expression and transmission of strategic will. Secondly, we should continue to study new combat concepts and new combat theories, and promote the transformation of theories from “soft” to “hard” through academic exchanges, think tank collisions, and multi-track and multi-layer confrontations, and transform them into real deterrence. Thirdly, accelerate the transformation of science and technology into the military field, increase research efforts in cloud computing, blockchain, quantum technology, etc., and strive to form a potential deterrent to opponents.

現代國語:

郭呈淵 趙中其

不同時代的戰爭有不同的特點,而與之相伴的「戰爭迷霧」也在不斷變幻。往往當人們透過多方探索、感覺已經基本看清其中的勝利之道時,下一場戰爭又呈現出新的不確定性。敘利亞戰爭、亞阿衝突等局部戰爭,從不同側面展示了現代戰爭的多面性、複雜性。可以看到,傳統火力戰雖仍在舞台之中,但智慧化特徵已然顯現;作戰類型雖仍為攻防爭奪,但作戰指導、環境條件、具體打法已深刻變化。戰爭正加速向智慧化演進,戰場空間由陸、海、空、天、電、網向太空、極地、深海、認知等全域對抗拓展,博弈比拼由軍事對決向政治、經濟、科技、輿論等多維較量轉變,參與力量由交戰雙向全球關注、多元介入方向發展,資訊智能由輔助支撐向全面主導、全程貫穿、全域覆蓋邁進,作戰單元由規模集優向小微精尖、形散能聚演化,智能、混合成為基本趨勢。面對嬗變中的戰爭和新的不確定性,需要敏銳知變、積極應變,於變中蓄勢、變中進取,實現領先超越、搶得制勝先機。

基於戰爭「泛變」增強超限混合性。戰爭是政治的延續,從來不是單純的軍事對抗。智能化時代,看得見的爭鬥和看不見的鬥爭並存,有硝煙的戰場和無聲息的爭戰同在,灰色地帶、混合戰爭、邊緣衝突相伴而生。面對激烈複雜的競爭賽局態勢,需要加速建構以軍事為基石的混合戰爭體系。首先,豐富戰略選項。緊貼時代特點,加強非軍事抗衡特點規律探究和力量手段建設,實化相關準備,形成綜合優勢。其次,提升隱形實力。重視做好地緣、文化、心理等面向研究,透過智庫交流、學術推廣、文化交融、法律建構、媒介宣傳等方式,形成有效話語體系,在潤物無聲中影響對方認知。再次,團結和平力量。把建構新時代統一戰線作為混合對抗的重要手段,團結一切可以團結的力量,增強國際影響力和感召力。

基於戰場「智變」增強戰法彈性。縱觀近幾場局部戰爭與衝突,囿於地域維度、雙方實力等因素,傳統作戰痕跡仍較為明顯,但智能化、無人化已不可逆轉地走向前台。可以預見,全面智慧化戰爭並不遙遠,武器裝備的延伸範圍將更遠更廣,對抗雙方的交戰視角將更大更寬,物理域、網絡域、認知域鉸鏈融合程度更深。深度「智變」的戰場,呼喚與之相適應的理念、戰法,應加快推進智能化思維、智能化技術、智能化網絡聚合增能,形成快感知、快決策、快判斷、快行動、快反饋的彈性閉合鏈路,基於「OODA」和殺傷鏈以快打慢、以變制變。依托智能算力、智能演算法,平時超前設計戰爭、建構多種模型、創新戰法訓法,戰時即時研判戰情、敏銳捕捉戰機、精準決策行動,運用“軍事+科技”“理論+試驗” “演算法+打法”,融合謀略藝術與智慧技術,實現奇正結合、搶先快變、以智制勝。

基於單元「微變」增強力量可塑性。大體系支撐精兵作戰是現代戰爭的重要特色之一,作戰單元變得日益微型化、整合化、模組化。要扭住作戰單元這一戰鬥力末端,鍛造適應智慧化戰爭、小而精、微而強的「尖刀」「利刃」。一方面,強化其融入體系、連結各方的能力,依托泛在接取的資訊網絡,透過靈活搭配、快速重組,實現分散作戰、集效聚能;另一方面,強化其自主決策、臨機應變能力,提高魯棒性和自恢復性,在極端情況下能生存、能應急、能作戰。可探索組成「微單元」概念部隊,實行彈性編制,不固定員額、不限制領域,超前試驗論證先進作戰理論、新式作戰編組、新型武器裝備,為實現打擊鏈條末端雲作戰、雲聯合、雲聚能、自組合運用摸索路子。

基於威懾「衍變」增強戰略保底性。威懾與戰爭一樣歷史悠久。隨著智慧化技術和武器裝備的深入運用,威懾的內涵外延、力量手段、形式效果等都在改變。雖然傳統的核威懾仍是保底基石,但新的威懾能力已在悄悄形成,對決心、實力、智慧、謀略等要求更高。著眼發揮威懾平時阻敵於無形、危時控勢於關鍵、戰時決勝於最後的作用,應注重固強補弱、開拓新域、長期經略,實現威懾戰略價值最大化。首先,堅持常規與非常規並重,加速發展新型武器、新質力量,透過實戰化演訓、實戰化部署,輔以謀略意志表達傳遞,達成預定威懾企圖。其次,持續研究新作戰概念、新作戰理論,透過學術交流、智庫碰撞和多軌多層對抗,推動理論由“軟”變“硬”,轉化為現實威懾力。再次,加速科技向軍事領域轉化進程,在雲端運算、區塊鏈、量子科技等方面加強研究力度,努力形成對對手的潛在嚇阻。

中国军网 国防部网

2022年9月16日 星期五

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/16/content_324164888.htm

Create a New Situation for China’s National Defense and Chinese Military Modernization

開創中國國防與軍隊現代化建設新局面

現代英語:

National Defense University Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee is a very important meeting held at a critical period of comprehensively promoting the great cause of building a strong country and national rejuvenation with Chinese-style modernization. It focuses on studying and deploying the issues of further comprehensively deepening reform and promoting Chinese-style modernization, and makes strategic deployments for continuously deepening national defense and military reforms, drawing a blueprint for the new journey of relaying reforms to strengthen the military and constantly creating a new situation in national defense and military modernization. All levels of the military should earnestly study and implement the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, unify their thoughts, wills and actions, and thoroughly implement the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military, so as to provide strong guarantees for achieving the goal of building the army for 100 years as scheduled and basically realizing national defense and military modernization.

Reform is a key move in designing and shaping the future of the military

Reform and opening up are the most prominent features and the most magnificent aura of contemporary China. The military field is the field with the most intense competition and confrontation, and it is also the field with the most innovative vitality and the most need for reform and innovation. Whether a military can possess an unremitting spirit of reform and a pioneering and enterprising spirit of innovation is an important indicator of its ability to win. Deepening the reform of national defense and the military is the only way to strengthen the military. The driving force for strengthening the military lies in reform, the way out lies in reform, and the future also lies in reform.

The strength of the People’s Army comes from reform and innovation, and the victory of the People’s Army comes from reform and innovation. The history of the growth and development of the People’s Army is a history of reform and innovation. From the establishment of a complete set of principles and systems for building the army under the absolute leadership of the Party during the Agrarian Revolution, to the implementation of the policy of streamlining the military during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression; from the establishment of five major field armies during the War of Liberation, to the repeated adjustments to the system and organization after the founding of New China, to the massive reduction of millions of troops in the new era of reform and opening up and socialist modernization… The People’s Army has been fighting and reforming, building and reforming, and has become stronger and stronger. From the “Sixteen-Character Formula” of the Red Army period, to the “Protracted War” of the Anti-Japanese War, from the “Ten Military Principles” of the Liberation War, to the “piecemeal” of the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, to the continuous adjustment of military strategic policies after the founding of New China… The People’s Army learned war from war, explored laws from practice, and wrote a vivid chapter of continuous innovation in the art of war leadership in the history of world military. Along the way, reform and innovation have always been an important magic weapon for our army to grow from small to large, from weak to strong, and continuously from victory to victory. Deepening the reform of national defense and the military is the requirement of the times to realize the Chinese Dream and the dream of a strong military, the only way to strengthen the military, and a key move to determine the future of the military. At present, it is a period of hard struggle to achieve the goal of building the army for 100 years. In order to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests with stronger capabilities and more reliable means, and to provide strategic support for comprehensively promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese-style modernization, it is necessary to continue to deepen the reform of national defense and the military.

Only reformers can make progress, and only innovators can become strong. President Xi Jinping stressed that “the new military revolution has provided us with a golden opportunity. We must seize the opportunity and work hard to not only keep up with the trend and the times, but also strive to be at the forefront of the times.” In today’s world, the new military revolution is surging, the intelligent warfare form is gradually showing its true face in the practice of war, and the new military technology and weapons and equipment system are further affecting the rules of war. All these require us to maintain a keen sense of reform and cutting-edge innovative thinking, base ourselves on the actual development of our army, focus on the needs of preparing for war, think deeply about the new force structure and winning logic necessary to win modern wars, rely on reform to continuously optimize the military system, improve the effectiveness of military governance in line with actual combat requirements, and go all out to fight a tough battle to achieve the goal of building the army for the centenary.

Comprehensively deepening reform has achieved great changes in the People’s Army in the new era

Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as its core has, with great political courage and wisdom, pushed forward the theory and practice of reform of socialism with Chinese characteristics to a new breadth and depth. In the new era and new journey, we must insist on deepening reform to gain creativity, cohesion and combat effectiveness, and insist on the unchanged direction, unswerving path and unreduced efforts, and continuously push forward the modernization of national defense and the army with better strategies, higher efficiency and faster speed, and resolutely complete the mission and tasks of the new era entrusted by the Party and the people.

Grasp the overall changes in deepening national defense and military reforms. Since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, the People’s Army has adhered to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, thoroughly implemented Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army, and taken the Party’s goal of strengthening the army in the new era as its guide. It has comprehensively implemented the strategy of reform and strengthening the army, and has thoroughly resolved the institutional obstacles, structural contradictions, and policy issues that have long constrained national defense and army building, promoted the reform of the leadership and command system, the reform of the scale structure and force composition, and the reform of military policies and systems, and achieved historic achievements in deepening the reform of national defense and the army. The People’s Army has achieved an overall revolutionary reshaping; the new system, structure, pattern, and appearance have made our army’s winning advantage more prominent, its innovative vitality continuously released, and its morale more uplifting. Practice has fully proved that as long as we unswervingly continue to deepen the reform of national defense and the military, we will be able to create a new situation in the modernization of national defense and the military.

Adhere to the ideological guidance of deepening the reform of national defense and the military. President Xi’s series of important strategic thoughts on deepening the reform of national defense and the military, which are directional, fundamental, and overall, have profoundly clarified the contemporary significance, essential attributes, fundamental guidance, goals and tasks, core requirements, important directions, strategic measures, and scientific methods of deepening the reform of national defense and the military. To carry out the reform of national defense and the military to the end, we must adhere to Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military as the general guidance and general compliance, and consistently use Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military to arm the minds of officers and soldiers, further unify thoughts, deepen understanding, and use it to guide reform practice, further work on resolving deep-seated contradictions and problems, promote the implementation of reform arrangements, and realize the determination and intentions of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission, and President Xi at a high standard.

Advancing national defense and military modernization requires continued reform

President Xi stressed: “On the road ahead, the People’s Army must be brave in reform and good at innovation, and never become rigid or stagnant at any time or under any circumstances.” The People’s Army is a strong backing for national security. The deeper the reform goes, the more it must take responsibility, move forward steadily and courageously, and there must be no slackness or rest. It is necessary to continue to deepen the reform of national defense and the army to provide security guarantees and strategic support for comprehensively promoting the construction of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation with Chinese-style modernization.

The cause of strengthening the military is inspiring, and the goal of strengthening the military inspires fighting spirit. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee made strategic arrangements for deepening the implementation of the strategy of reform and strengthening the military. This is not only a call to action for continued reform and attack, but also a drumbeat for determination to strengthen the military. We must focus our efforts on implementing the strategy of reform and strengthening the military, and continuously push forward the cause of strengthening the military in the new era. The mission is imminent, and the goal calls. The goal of strengthening the military depicts the goal map, roadmap and development map for strengthening and revitalizing the military. It is the soul and main line that runs through the deepening of national defense and military reform. The promotion of reform must not deviate from the goal of strengthening the military for a moment or a single moment. The goal of strengthening the military must always be used to measure, regulate and correct, providing a strong impetus for advancing the modernization of national defense and the military.

A strong country must have a strong military, and a strong military must reform. National defense and military modernization are important components of China’s modernization. Further deepening reform and promoting China’s modernization will inevitably put forward new and higher requirements for deepening national defense and military reform. On the one hand, with the increase in the breadth and depth of the practice of China’s modernization, the new progress of comprehensively deepening reform requires our military construction to accelerate and build high quality in improving quality and efficiency. We must uphold the core position of innovation in our military construction and promote national defense and military modernization through reform and innovation. On the other hand, with the practice of modern warfare, especially the militarization of artificial intelligence, the profound changes in the internal mechanism of war and the mode of winning, etc., all require national defense and military reform to seize the opportunity and act in response to the times, and make greater efforts to enhance our military’s joint combat capability based on the network information system and the all-domain combat capability. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee made major strategic arrangements around the continued deepening of national defense and military reforms, and proposed a number of important reform measures involving the optimization and adjustment of systems, mechanisms, and institutions, which are highly contemporary, forward-looking, and targeted. All levels of the military must earnestly study and implement the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, focus on improving the leadership and management system and mechanism of the People’s Army, deepen the reform of the joint combat system, deepen cross-military and local reforms, and constantly create a new situation in strengthening and revitalizing the army.

We should follow the general trend of reform and gather strong forces. To thoroughly implement the strategy of reform and strengthening the military, we need unity of purpose and unity of purpose. We should persist in using the Party’s innovative theories to unite our hearts and minds and strengthen our foundations, arm our heads with Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military, unify our thoughts and actions with the decisions of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi, and take on the responsibility of thoroughly implementing the strategy of reform and strengthening the military with a high degree of historical consciousness and a strong sense of mission, further consolidate the consensus on reform, strengthen the will to reform, and enhance the confidence in reform. We should focus on summarizing and applying the successful experience of national defense and military reform, deeply grasp the characteristics and laws of reform and strengthening the military, use reform to solve the problems encountered in development, and continuously promote the modernization of national defense and the military to break through obstacles. Party members and cadres in the military, especially leading cadres, must be good promoters and doers of reform, take the lead in tackling tough problems with practical actions, work hard and fast, and make great strides forward in the journey of building a world-class military in an all-round way.

(Written by: Tang Junfeng)

現代國語:

國防大學習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想研究中心

黨的二十屆三中全會是在以中國式現代化全面推進強國建設、民族復興偉業的關鍵時期召開的一次十分重要的會議,重點研究部署進一步全面深化改革、推進中國式現代化問題,對持續深化國防和軍隊改革作出戰略部署,為新征程接力推進改革強軍、不斷開創國防和軍隊現代化新局面繪就了藍圖。全軍各級要認真學習貫徹黨的二十屆三中全會精神,統一思想、統一意志、統一行動,深入實施改革強軍戰略,為如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標、基本實現國防和軍隊現代化提供有力保障。

改革是設計和塑造軍隊未來的關鍵一招

改革開放性是當代中國最顯著的特徵、最壯麗的氣象。軍事領域是競爭和對抗最激烈的領域,也是最具創新活力、最需改革創新的領域。能否具備永不停頓的改革精神和開拓進取的創新精神,是衡量一支軍隊打贏能力的重要標志。深化國防和軍隊改革是強軍興軍必由之路,強軍興軍動力在改革,出路在改革,前途也在改革。

人民軍隊的力量來自改革創新,人民軍隊的勝利來自改革創新。人民軍隊成長發展史,就是一部改革創新史。從土地革命戰爭時期創立黨對軍隊絕對領導一整套建軍原則制度,到抗日戰爭時期實行精兵簡政;從解放戰爭時期組建五大野戰軍,到新中國成立後多次調整體制編制,再到改革開放和社會主義現代化建設新時期百萬大裁軍……人民軍隊邊戰邊改,邊建邊改,愈改愈強。從紅軍時期的“十六字訣”,到抗日戰爭時期的“持久戰”,從解放戰爭時期的“十大軍事原則”,到抗美援朝戰爭時期的“零敲牛皮糖”,再到新中國成立後軍事戰略方針的不斷調整……人民軍隊從戰爭中學習戰爭,從實踐中探索規律,在世界軍事史上書寫了戰爭指導藝術不斷創新的生動篇章。一路走來,改革創新始終是我軍從小到大、由弱到強,不斷從勝利走向勝利的重要法寶。深化國防與軍隊改革,是實現中國夢、強軍夢的時代要求,是強軍興軍的必經之路,也是決定軍隊未來的關鍵一招。當前,實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標到了吃勁奮鬥的攻堅期,以更強大的能力、更可靠的手段捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益,為以中國式現代化全面推進中華民族偉大復興提供戰略支撐,必須持續深化防衛和軍隊改革。

惟改革者進,惟創新者強。習主席強調指出:「新軍事革命為我們提供了千載難逢的機遇,我們要抓住機遇、奮發有為,不僅要趕上潮流、趕上時代,還要力爭走在時代前列。」當今世界,新軍事革命風起雲湧,智慧化戰爭形態在戰爭實踐中漸顯真容,新的軍事技術和武器裝備體系進一步影響戰爭規則,這些都要求我們必須保持敏銳的改革意識、前沿的創新思維,立足我軍發展實際,聚焦備戰打仗需求,深入思考打贏現代戰爭所必需的全新力量結構、制勝邏輯,依靠改革持續優化軍事體系,對標實戰化要求提高軍事治理效能,全力以赴打好實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標攻堅戰。

全面深化改革成就新時代人民軍隊偉大變革

黨的十八大以來,以習近平同志為核心的黨中央以巨大的政治勇氣和智慧,把中國特色社會主義改革理論和改革實踐推進到新的廣度和深度。新時代新征程,必須堅持向深化改革要創造力、凝聚力、戰鬥力,堅持方向不變、道路不偏、力度不減,以更優策略、更高效益、更快速度把國防和軍隊現代化不斷推向前進,堅決完成黨和人民賦予的新時代使命任務。

把握深化國防和軍隊改革的整體性變革。黨的十八屆三中全會以來,人民軍隊堅持以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想為指導,深入貫徹習近平強軍思想,以黨在新時代的強軍目標為引領,全面實施改革強軍戰略,深入破解長期制約國防和軍隊建設的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題,推進領導指揮體制改革、規模結構和力量編成改革、軍事政策制度改革,深化國防和軍隊改革取得歷史性成就,人民軍隊實現整體性革命性重塑;體制一新、結構一新、格局一新、面貌一新,使我軍制勝優勢更加彰顯、創新活力不斷釋放、精神面貌更為昂揚。實踐充分證明,只要堅定不移持續深化國防和軍隊改革,就一定能開創國防和軍隊現代化新局面。

堅持深化國防和軍隊改革的思想引領。習主席關於深化國防和軍隊改革的一系列方向性、根本性、全局性的重要戰略思想,深刻闡明了深化國防和軍隊改革的時代意義、本質屬性、根本引領、目標任務、核心要求、重要指向、戰略舉措和科學方法。把國防和軍隊改革進行到底,必須堅持習近平強軍思想這個總指導總遵循,一以貫之地用習近平強軍思想武裝官兵頭腦,進一步統一思想、深化認識,用以指導改革實踐,進一步向破解深層次矛盾問題發力,推動改革部署落實,高標準實現黨中央、中央軍委會和習主席的決心意圖。

推進國防和軍隊現代化需要持續深化改革

習主席強調:「前進道路上,人民軍隊必須勇於改革、善於創新,任何時候任何情況下都永不僵化、永不停滯。」人民軍隊是國家安全的堅強後盾,改革越到深處,就越要擔當作為、蹄疾步穩、奮勇前進,不能有任何停一停、歇一歇的懈怠。必須持續深化國防和軍隊改革,為以中國式現代化全面推進強國建設、民族復興偉業提供安全保障和戰略支撐。

強軍事業催人奮進,強軍目標激勵鬥志。黨的二十屆三中全會對深入實施改革強軍戰略作出戰略部署,這既是繼續改革攻堅的動員號令,也是矢志強軍的催徵戰鼓。凝心聚力實施改革強軍戰略,把新時代強軍事業不斷推向前進。使命在即,目標召喚。強軍目標描繪了強軍興軍的目標圖、路線圖和展開圖,是貫穿深化國防和軍隊改革的靈魂和主線,推進改革一時一刻、一絲一毫都不能偏離強軍目標,必須始終用強軍目標來衡量、規範和校正,為推進國防和軍隊現代化提供強大動力。

強國必強軍,強軍必改革。國防和軍隊現代化是中國式現代化的重要組成部分。進一步全面深化改革、推進中國式現代化,必然對深化國防和軍隊改革提出新的更高要求。一方面,隨著中國式現代化的實踐廣度和深度的增加,全面深化改革的新進展需要我軍建設在提質增效中跑出加速度、建出高質量。要堅持創新在我軍建設中的核心地位,以改革創新推進國防和軍隊現代化。另一方面,隨著現代戰爭實踐特別是人工智慧的軍事化運用,戰爭內在機理、制勝模式的深刻轉變等,都要求國防和軍隊改革乘勢而為、應時而動,在提升我軍基於網絡資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力等方面下更大功夫。黨的二十屆三中全會圍繞持續深化國防和軍隊改革作出重大戰略部署,提出多項重要改革舉措,涉及體制、機制、制度等方面的優化調整,具有很強的時代性、前瞻性、針對性。全軍各級要認真學習貫徹黨的二十屆三中全會精神,著力完善人民軍隊領導管理體制機制、深化聯合作戰體系改革、深化跨軍地改革,不斷開創強軍興軍新局面。

順應改革大勢,匯聚強大合力。深入實施改革強軍戰略,需要上下齊心、眾志成城。要堅持用黨的創新理論凝心鑄魂、強基固本,用習近平強軍思想武裝頭腦,把思想和行動統一到黨中央、中央軍委和習主席的決策上來,以高度的歷史自覺和強烈的使命擔當深入實施改革強軍戰略,進一步凝聚改革共識、堅定改革意志、增強改革信心。要注重總結運用國防和軍隊改革成功經驗,深入把握改革強軍的特點規律,用改革解決發展中遇到的問題,不斷推動國防和軍隊現代化破障前行。軍隊黨員幹部尤其領導幹部要當好改革的促進派和實干家,以實際行動帶頭攻堅、真抓實幹、緊張快幹,在全面建成世界一流軍隊的征程上闊步前行。

(執筆:湯俊峰)

來源:中國軍網-解放軍報 作者:湯俊峰 責任編輯:張碩 發布:2024-07-29 06:00

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16327611888.html

Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare Research Cannot be separated from Dialectical Thinking

中國軍事智能化戰爭研究離不開辯證思維

現代英語:

●The application of artificial intelligence in the military field is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it greatly improves combat effectiveness, but on the other hand, it also requires great attention to the potential weaknesses and loopholes of artificial intelligence.

●The use of intelligent weapons does not mean that the role of humans has declined, but rather that some of the functions of humans have been transferred and materialized into weapons. Weapons extend the human body and brain, and stimulate human creativity and initiative.

Accelerating the development of military intelligence is a strategic task proposed in the report of the 19th CPC National Congress. It is a powerful tool to promote the modernization of national defense and the army and realize the party’s goal of strengthening the army in the new era. It is also a major measure to aim at the future war situation and seize strategic opportunities. When conducting research on intelligent warfare, we should adhere to dialectical thinking, prevent research from “deviating from reality to virtuality”, “generalizing from a single case”, and “focusing on technology rather than theory”. Only by scientifically analyzing the characteristics and laws of intelligent warfare can we truly promote in-depth and practical research.

To prevent “decoupling from reality and turning to virtuality”, we need to use scientific methodology and epistemology to analyze the problem

Intelligent warfare is a highly informationized war conducted in the physical and cognitive domains through the extensive use of intelligent weapons and equipment and the corresponding combat styles and methods. It is essentially not out of the scope of informationized warfare. The trend of unmanned warfare in recent local wars only has some characteristics of intelligent warfare, and is far from being an intelligent war in the true sense. At present, there is a wave of research on artificial intelligence in all walks of life, but to some extent, there is also a phenomenon of exaggeration and exaggeration. Some people also believe that intelligent warfare will give rise to geopolitical changes, and the traditional physical space control will be replaced by “intelligence control” with artificial intelligence as the core. This view inevitably has a tendency to virtualize cognition. To this end, intelligent warfare should be rationally studied and understood using scientific methodology and epistemology.

System theory perspective. Intelligent warfare is an advanced stage of information warfare, and is essentially still a system confrontation based on information systems. Whether it is human-machine collaborative operations, real-time perception of the entire battlefield, or brain-machine integrated decision-making, the characteristics it exhibits are all conscious behaviors of the various elements of the military system with “winning the war” as the ultimate goal. The understanding of military intelligence cannot stop at “technology-only theory” and “weapon-only theory”, but should focus on the mutual connection and action characteristics between the various elements of the military system, and explore its triggering mechanism, internal laws and implementation path.

Global thinking. Qian Xuesen believes that war is an organic whole composed of many parts and cannot be separated. In all human social practices, there is no activity that emphasizes the global concept and the overall concept more than directing war, and emphasizes starting from the overall situation, using all forces rationally, and ultimately achieving the overall final effect. This is true for directing war and studying war. Intelligent warfare not only refers to the intelligence of weapons and equipment, but also includes a series of intelligence such as intelligence analysis, command and control, military training, and logistics support. Only by conducting all-round research and thinking on the relevant elements can we have a global understanding of intelligent warfare. Global thinking also requires us to consider military intelligence in the context of achieving the Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era and the overall national strategy, and to grasp the dialectical relationship between short-term and long-term, key and urgent needs, and actual military needs and overall military modernization.

Engineering design. To win future wars, we must have the ability to design future wars. We should use engineering thinking to classify and plan the operational concepts, operational styles, and force use of future intelligent warfare, and put forward practical military needs, phased development goals, and methods based on the current development stage of our army and targeting powerful enemies. We can follow the idea of ​​”proposing theories – developing concepts – experimental simulations – actual military exercises” to promote innovative breakthroughs in military theories based on intelligent warfare, incorporate them into operational regulations, and integrate them into actual combat training.

Avoid generalizing from a single example, and grasp the opposites of contradictions with the unity of opposites thinking

The ancients said: “The way to win or lose, to be safe or dangerous, is the way.” The “way” here includes not only the fundamental view of war, but also the speculative understanding of the laws of winning war. Intelligent warfare research should go beyond the limitations of one-sided descriptions such as “algorithmic warfare”, “unmanned warfare” and “self-adaptation”, and use dialectical thinking to fully understand and grasp the relationship between the various elements of future wars.

The relationship between people and weapons. With the widespread use of drones, unmanned combat vehicles, unmanned submarines, etc. in the military, “war between people” will be largely replaced by “war between machines”. The realization of combat means such as autonomous coordination and autonomous decision-making has reshaped the combat process, and the combat style with unmanned operations as a prominent feature has rewritten the rules of the battlefield. Despite this, the decisive role of people in war has not changed, but the way they act is significantly different from before. As Engels said, “It is people, not guns, who win the battle… Guns will not move by themselves, and they need a brave heart and a strong hand to use them.” Intelligent weapons undoubtedly play an important role in war, but the subject of war is still people, and people are always the most active factor in war. The use of intelligent weapons does not mean that the role of humans has declined, but rather that some of the functions of humans have been transferred and materialized into weapons. Weapons extend the human body and brain, and stimulate human creativity and initiative. Intelligent weapons cannot replace the important role of fighting spirit. The superposition of indestructible political beliefs, overwhelming heroism, the bloody spirit of daring to fight and win, as well as superb strategies and flexible strategies and tactics, these dynamic factors make it possible to win when the enemy and our strength are equal, and to have the possibility of defeating the strong with the weak when we are at a disadvantage.

The relationship between offense and defense. The application of artificial intelligence in the military field is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it greatly improves combat effectiveness, but on the other hand, it is also necessary to pay great attention to the potential weaknesses and loopholes of artificial intelligence. Intelligent warfare mainly relies on powerful algorithms and interconnected networks. Once they are attacked, fatal errors occur, or they are reversely controlled, the advantage may turn into a disadvantage. The U.S. Department of Defense has now established a special agency to assess the potential risks of military intelligence and countermeasures. While promoting military intelligence, we should pay special attention to strengthening information protection and risk management, and simultaneously develop “anti-artificial intelligence technology” to establish a two-way advantage of both offense and defense.

The relationship between inheritance and innovation. Artificial intelligence has promoted major changes in the war situation, but it has not changed the general sense of the war guidance rules and war winning mechanism. No matter how the future war is fought, we must not abandon or deviate from the precious war experience and theoretical guidance accumulated by our army in long-term practice. We must still adhere to the principle of “you fight yours, I fight mine”, uphold the principle of asymmetric strategic checks and balances, and attach importance to giving full play to people’s subjective initiative. On the other hand, we must follow the general trend of military reform, keep a close eye on the forefront of war development, promote military innovation with a sense of urgency and accelerate the application and transformation of results.

To prevent “focusing on technology and neglecting science”, it is necessary to promote technological and theoretical innovation by integrating science and technology.

An advanced army needs advanced military theory to guide it. The emergence of intelligent warfare is first of all due to the promotion of the new scientific and technological revolution, but it is inseparable from the scientific guidance of advanced military theory, especially Marxist military theory. The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to comprehensively promote the modernization of military theory, which is an inevitable requirement for realizing the party’s goal of strengthening the army in the new era, and is also the meaning of intelligent warfare research. To this end, we must conscientiously implement the development idea of ​​integrating theory and technology, and promote the simultaneous innovation of technology and theory in deepening problem research.

Conceptual integration. Modern military theories are increasingly characterized by actual combat-driven, interdisciplinary, and systemic support. To promote the integration of science and technology, we must first break through the barriers of concepts and ideas. We should adhere to the complex research approach of overall planning, system design, and system integration, based on the evolution of war forms and the actual national and military conditions and development stages, and coordinate the promotion of technological breakthroughs, concept development, tactics innovation, combat power generation and other theoretical innovations to provide scientific guidance and theoretical support for winning future wars. We should strengthen research on the winning mechanism, combat guidance, and combat style of intelligent warfare, and conduct in-depth research on the military organization form caused by intelligent warfare, especially the series of changes in organizational system, scale structure, combat organization, tactical principles, combat support, and force application, so as to make ideological and theoretical preparations for a new round of military reforms.

Integration of disciplines. Intelligent warfare research not only involves the application of artificial intelligence in the military field, but also involves multiple fields such as algorithms and materials, and multiple disciplines such as physics, chemistry, electronics, and biology, and involves a wide range of fields such as war ethics and international law. In order to achieve the integration of science and technology, technical workers are required to break away from the shackles of pure engineering thinking, establish strategic thinking and global awareness, master scientific methodology and epistemology, and use dialectical thinking to lead technology research and development. Theoretical researchers should break the boundaries of disciplines, step out of the small circle of pure academic research, actively promote the interaction between scientific research institutions and colleges, troops, and technology research and development departments, strive to achieve original results in the basic field of artificial intelligence, and enrich the theory of intelligent warfare. Make good use of data, focus on actual combat, adhere to the “three aspects”, and effectively play the leading and guiding role of theory on technology.

現代國語:

要點提示

●人工智慧運用於軍事領域是柄雙刃劍,一方面極大提高了作戰效能,另一方面也需要高度重視人工智慧潛在的弱點和漏洞。

●智慧武器的運用不表示人的作用下降了,而是人的部分功能被轉移物化在武器之中了。武器延長了人的肢體,也延伸了人的大腦,激發了人的創造性和能動性。

加速軍事智慧化發展是黨的十九大報告提出的戰略任務,是推進國防和軍隊現代化建設、實現黨在新時代的強軍目標的有力抓手,是瞄準未來戰爭形態、搶抓戰略機遇的重大舉措。在進行智慧化戰爭研究時,應堅持辯證思維,防止研究“脫實向虛”“以偏概全”“重技輕理”,科學分析智能化戰爭的特點規律,才能真正推動研究走深走實。

謹防“脫實向虛”,需用科學方法論和認識論分析問題

智慧化戰爭是透過廣泛使用智慧武器裝備及與其相適應的作戰樣式、作戰方法,在物理域和認知域進行的高度資訊化的戰爭,本質上沒有脫離資訊化戰爭範疇。近期局部戰爭中所呈現的無人化作戰趨勢,僅僅是具備了智慧化戰爭的某些特點,還遠遠不是真正意義上的智慧化戰爭。當前各界掀起一股研究人工智慧的熱潮,但某種程度上也存在著拔高和誇大的現象。還有人認為,智慧化戰爭催生地緣政治異變,傳統的實體空間制權將被以人工智慧為核心的「制智權」取代。這種觀點不免帶有認識虛化的傾向。為此,應以科學方法論、認識論來理性研究和認識智能化戰爭。

系統論視角。智能化戰爭是資訊化戰爭的高級階段,本質上仍是基於資訊系統的體系對抗,無論是人機協同作戰、戰場全局實時感知,還是腦機一體決策,其展現出的特點莫不是軍事體系諸要素以「勝戰」為終極牽引而湧現的自覺行為。對軍事智能化的認識不能停留於“唯技術論”“唯武器論”,而應著眼軍事體系諸要素間的相互聯繫和作用特性,探究其觸發機理、內在規律和實現路徑。

全局性思維。錢學森認為,戰爭是由許多部分構成的、不可分離的有機整體。在人類全部的社會實踐活動中,沒有比指導戰爭更強調全局觀念、整體觀念,更強調從全局出發,合理地使用全部力量,最終求得全局最終效果的了。指導戰爭如此,研究戰爭也是如此。智慧化戰爭不僅指武器裝備的智慧化,更包含情報研判、指揮控制、軍事​​訓練、後勤保障等一系列的智慧化,只有對有關諸要素進行全方位研究與思考,方能對智能化戰爭有全局性認識。全局性思維也要求我們將軍事智能化放在實現黨在新時代的強軍目標和國家戰略大局下通盤考量,把握短期與長期、重點與急需、現實軍事需求與整體軍事現代化的辯證關系。

工程化設計。打贏未來戰爭,必須有設計未來戰爭的能力。應運用工程化思維對未來智能化戰爭的作戰概念、作戰樣式、力量運用等進行分類規劃和層次化設計,立足我軍現有發展階段,瞄準強敵,提出切合實際的軍事需求以及階段性發展目標和方法手段。可依照「提出理論—發展概念—實驗模擬—實兵演習」的思路,推動基於智慧化作戰的軍事理論實現創新突破,進入作戰條令,融入實戰化訓練。

力避“以偏概全”,需以對立統一思維把握矛盾對立面

古人雲:“以決勝敗安危者,道也。”這裡的“道”,不僅包含對戰爭的根本看法,也包含對戰爭制勝規律的思辨性認識。智慧化戰爭研究應超越「演算法戰」「無人化」「自適應」等片面所描述的限制,以辯證思維完整理解與掌握未來戰爭各要素間的相互關系。

人與武器的關系。隨著無人飛機、無人戰車、無人潛艇等在軍事上的廣泛運用,「人與人的戰爭」將在很大程度上被「機器與機器的戰爭」所取代,自主協同、自主決策等作戰手段的實現使作戰流程得以重塑,以無人化為突顯標志的作戰樣式使戰場規則重新改寫。盡管如此,人在戰爭中的決定性作用並未改變,只是作用方式與以往相比出現重大不同。正如恩格斯所稱,「贏得戰鬥勝利的是人而不是槍……槍是不會自己動的,需要有勇敢的心和強有力的手來使用它。」智能武器在戰爭中無疑發揮重要作用,但戰爭主體依舊是人,人永遠是戰爭中最活躍的因素。智慧武器的運用不顯示人的作用下降了,而是人的部分功能被轉移物化在武器之中了。武器延長了人的肢體,也延伸了人的大腦,激發了人的創造性和能動性。智慧武器也無法取代戰鬥精神的重要角色。堅不可摧的政治信念、壓倒一切的英雄氣概、敢打必勝的血性精神,以及高超的謀略和靈活的戰略戰術,這些能動性因素的疊加,使在敵我實力相當時有製勝的把握,在居於劣勢時有以弱勝強的可能。

進攻與防禦的關系。人工智慧運用於軍事領域是柄雙刃劍,一方面極大提高了作戰效能,另一方面也需要高度重視人工智慧潛在的弱點和漏洞。智慧化戰爭主要依賴強大的演算法和互聯互通的網絡,一旦受到攻擊、出現致命錯誤或遭反向控制,優勢將可能轉化為劣勢。美國國防部目前已成立專門機構,評估軍事智慧化的潛在風險及應對措施。在推動軍事智慧化的同時,我們應特別注意加強資訊防護和風險管控,同步發展“反人工智慧技術”,以確立攻防兼備的雙向優勢。

傳承與創新的關系。人工智慧推動戰爭形態發生重大變化,但並未改變一般意義上的戰爭指導規律和戰爭制勝機理。不管未來戰爭怎麼打,都不能丟棄或偏離我軍在長期實踐中積累的寶貴戰爭經驗和理論指導,仍要堅持“你打你的,我打我的”,秉持非對稱戰略制衡原則,重視發揮人的主觀能動性。另一方面,要順應軍事變革大勢,緊盯戰爭發展前沿,以時不我待的緊迫感推動軍事創新並加快成果應用轉化。

防止“重技輕理”,需以理技融合推動技術與理論創新

先進的軍隊需要先進的軍事理論作指導。智能化戰爭的出現首先源自於新科技革命的推動,但離不開先進軍事理論尤其是馬克思主義軍事理論的科學指導。黨的十九大報告提出要全面推進軍事理論現代化,這是實現黨在新時代的強軍目標的必然要求,也是智慧化戰爭研究的題中之義。為此,要認真貫徹好理技融合的發展思路,在深化問題研究中推動技術與理論同步創新。

觀念融合。現代軍事理論日益呈現出實戰牽引、學科交叉、體系支撐的特徵,要推動理技融合,首先需要打破觀念和思想藩籬,應秉持整體謀劃、體系設計、系統集成的複合型研究思路,立足戰爭形態演變與國情軍情實際與發展階段,協調推進技術突破、概念研發、戰法革新、戰鬥力生成等多面向理論創新,為打贏未來戰爭提供科學引領與理論支撐。應加強研究智能化戰爭的製勝機理、作戰指導、作戰樣式,深入研究智能化戰爭引發的軍隊組織形態,尤其是組織體制、規模結構、戰鬥編成、戰術原則、作戰保障、力量運用等方面的系列變化,為迎接新一輪軍事變革做好思想與理論準備。

學科融合。智慧化戰爭研究不僅涉及人工智慧在軍事領域的運用,還涉及演算法、材料等多領域和物理、化學、電子、生物等多學科,涉及戰爭倫理、國際法等廣泛領域。為實現理技融合,要求技術工作者要擺脫單純工程思維的羈絆,樹立戰略思維和全局意識,熟練掌握科學方法論和認識論,用辯證思維統領技術研發。理論研究者要打破學科界限,走出純學術研究的小圈子,積極推動科研機構與院校、部隊、技術研發部門的互動,力爭在人工智慧基礎領域取得原創性成果,同時豐富智能化戰爭理論。善用數據說話,向實戰聚焦,堅持“三個面向”,切實發揮理論對技術的引領和指導作用。

來源:解放軍報 作者:馬榮升 責任編輯:楊一楠 2019-07-04 14:xx

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4845177.html

Chinese Military Combat Deception on the Intelligent Battlefield

中國軍隊在智慧戰場上進行作戰欺騙

現代英語:

It is easy to break the “fog” of the battlefield, but it is difficult to break the “obsession” in your heart——

Since ancient times, achieving surprise through combat deception has been an important way to win on the battlefield. Entering the era of intelligence, the in-depth application of artificial intelligence technology has not only clearly dispelled the original war “fog”, but also created a large amount of new war “fog”. If we only rely on improving deception techniques and means, and simply superimposing and strengthening the traditional deception paradigm, it will become increasingly difficult to achieve the deception goal. From “smart deception” to “smart victory”, there is an urgent need for an overall transformation of the objects of deception, means of deception, methods of deception, and focus of deception, so as to form a new deception paradigm that meets the requirements of the intelligent era.

The target of deception has shifted from humans to human-machine hybrid agents

Clausewitz believed that three-quarters of the factors on which war is based are more or less surrounded by the “fog” of uncertainty. Combat deception is essentially the use of uncertainty in war. The more “fog” there is in war, the more room there is for maneuvering. Traditional combat deception is carried out around the opponent’s decision-making level, and people are the only target of deception. However, with the increasingly prominent role of intelligent intelligence analysis and auxiliary decision-making systems in command activities, the use of deception to achieve strategic, campaign, and tactical surprises faces major challenges. How to deceive human-machine hybrid intelligent entities composed of humans and intelligent systems has become an important factor that needs to be considered when planning and implementing deception in the intelligent era. The competition surrounding intelligent deception and anti-deception is becoming increasingly fierce.

There is a world of difference between deceiving people and deceiving intelligent systems. In the past, the “calculations” that deceived people may be exposed when facing the “calculations” of intelligent systems. Intelligent systems can efficiently integrate and process massive amounts of sensor data and Internet open source information, making a qualitative leap in the speed, depth, breadth and accuracy of battlefield situation perception, realizing a profound transformation from “sensing” to “knowing”, from “state” to “momentum”, and playing an important role in dispelling the “fog” of war. For example, on the battlefield, although both sides try to hide the truth and cover up their intentions in various ways, they still cannot escape the “eyes” of the intelligent system: the tracks left by carefully disguised tanks and armored vehicles, after being detected by the opponent’s satellites, drones, etc., will also reveal their specific locations under the analysis of the intelligent system.

On the contrary, it is very easy to deceive intelligent systems with methods that target them, but it may not be able to deceive people. A foreign research team found that by changing a few key pixels in a picture of a cat, the intelligent system can identify the cat as a dog, while the human eye will not make any recognition errors due to this change. Similar incidents are common. Some studies have pointed out that sticking a piece of paper with a special pattern on a person’s forehead can deceive the strongest facial recognition system, and this method is highly portable and can deceive other facial recognition algorithms with a slight change.

It can be seen that deceiving people and deceiving intelligent systems are two different “deception methods”. After the deep application of artificial intelligence in the field of intelligence analysis and auxiliary decision-making, from the formulation of strategic deception plans to the design of battlefield camouflage patterns, how to deceive both the human brain and the computer and keep the human-machine hybrid intelligent body “in the dark” will be an important issue that needs to be focused on and solved in order to win the initiative in war.

The fraudulent methods have shifted from being mainly human-based to a combination of human and machine.

The organization and implementation of traditional combat deception is mainly manual, especially large-scale strategic deception, which requires a lot of manpower, material and financial resources. For example, in World War II, the Allies formulated a series of deception plans to ensure the success of the Normandy landing: setting up a fake radio network and a simulated landing fleet, and imagining that the US 1st Army Group with 50 divisions and 1 million people was actively preparing to cross the channel and land in the direction of Calais; using the air force to bomb Calais and Normandy, but the former was bombed more than 1 times more than the latter, etc. The application of artificial intelligence in deception can fundamentally change this situation. With humans as the main guide and intelligent means as the auxiliary, it can quickly generate massive amounts of false information, confusing the real with the fake, and create a thicker war “fog” for the opponent.

The use of intelligent means can improve the quality of deception. On the one hand, intelligent decision-making aids can be used to formulate deception plans, optimize the design of deception forces, deception deployment, deception processes, etc., to achieve systematic deception with the best overall effect; on the other hand, intelligent intelligence analysis systems can be used to pre-test the deception effect, “using one’s own spear to attack one’s own shield”, find out the loopholes and contradictions in the plan, and then improve the deception plan to make it logically self-consistent and seamless.

The use of intelligent means can expand the scale of deception. The increasingly mature deep fake technology can synthesize realistic fake pictures, handwriting, audio, video, etc. in large quantities, and has broad application prospects in strategic, campaign, and tactical deception. For example, in strategic campaign deception, corresponding technical means can be used to confuse opponents by forging fake radio stations and fake commanders, and even to fake an active command post in a certain battle direction; in tactical deception, battlefield camouflage can be used to attach special patterns to high-value equipment to make the opponent’s intelligent system recognize it incorrectly.

The use of intelligent means can reduce the cost of deception. With the support of technologies such as virtual reality and deep fakes, unexpected deception effects can often be achieved with the help of synthetic optics, acoustics and other means, and they are low-cost and low-investment, which is more cost-effective than traditional strategic deception methods. For example, setting up false targets such as bait unmanned combat platforms, using electronic feints and electronic camouflage to send false signals can effectively restrain the opponent’s power, produce high returns at low cost, and thus gain the upper hand.

The use of intelligent means can optimize the accuracy of deception. Traditional combat deception is usually stereotyped, with prominent characteristics of broadcast, extensive, and generalized. For this reason, in the era of intelligence, we should focus on collecting data on opponent decision makers in peacetime and use big data for precise analysis to “know the enemy” more deeply and specifically. On this basis, deep fake technology can be used in wartime to customize the content of deception, realizing precise deception from targeting groups to targeting individuals.

The method of deception has shifted from mainly deceiving to mainly confusing and seducing.

“Playing cards” and “playing chess” are two game modes with completely different battlefield transparency. In the “playing cards” mode, both sides only know the cards that the opponent has played, but do not know the cards in the opponent’s hand, let alone what cards the opponent will play next; while in the “playing chess” mode, the deployment of both sides’ forces on the chessboard is completely transparent, but the opponent’s intentions and the next move are unknown. It is not difficult to see that from cold weapon wars, hot weapon wars, mechanized wars, informationized wars, and then to intelligent wars, the form of war confrontation is increasingly changing from the “playing cards” mode to the “playing chess” mode.

In a war of “playing cards”, blind deception is very useful. Through strict disguise and strict confidentiality, the opponent’s channels of information can be blocked as much as possible, making it impossible for the opponent to detect one’s own intentions and actions, thereby achieving surprise. In the past, when the means of obtaining information were limited and information on the battlefield situation was scarce, there were many examples of wars that used “hiding the truth” and “showing falsehood” to achieve surprise. However, at present, with the help of advanced reconnaissance technology, full-dimensional and full-spectrum reconnaissance has been realized, and the battlefield is becoming more and more transparent. Complete concealment without any revealing features is difficult to achieve. Once the concealment state is switched to the action state, the probability of being discovered by the opponent will be greatly increased. Blind deception can only become an auxiliary deception method.

In the war of “chess”, the following two deception methods are usually used: one is confusing deception, that is, using intelligent means to send a large amount of true and false mixed and difficult to identify information, increasing the ambiguity of information and the difficulty of analysis, making it difficult for the opponent to judge or misjudge. The second is inducement deception, that is, by sending high-definition misleading information, the opponent is led into a preset trap. The combination of these two methods and the cooperation of blinding deception together constitute a hybrid deception that is difficult for the opponent to guard against.

The focus of deception shifts from human perception to human cognition

As the main subject of war, people are important variables that influence the war situation, which implies uncertainty and uncontrollability. From the perspective of psychology, cognitive neurology and other aspects, the “black box” of the mind still cannot be revealed. Deception by deception targets people’s eyes and ears, taking advantage of human sensory weaknesses, while deception by deception and temptation directly targets people’s minds, taking advantage of human weaknesses.

From past cases, even with the most advanced intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance technology and the most intelligent analysis methods, it is impossible to make up for and overcome human weaknesses. In many cases, it is not that the intelligence department failed to recognize the opponent’s deception, but that the decision-makers are unwilling to believe the facts. On the eve of the Soviet-German War in World War II, although more and more evidence showed that Germany was planning to invade the Soviet Union, the Soviet decision-makers believed that the war would not come for the time being. Therefore, when the war broke out, the Soviet army was not well prepared for the response, and the initial defensive actions were very passive.

War practice shows that in the era of intelligence, even if the opponent has obvious military technology advantages and can achieve one-way transparency on the battlefield through advanced intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance technology, the enemy can still take advantage of the cognitive weaknesses of the opponent’s decision-making layer to implement counter-intuitive deception and cover up the true intentions and actions. This also shows that the focus and center of deception in the era of intelligence should not be entirely on how to deliberately cover up the traces of military actions, but should focus more on targeting the opponent’s decision-making layer and inducing it to make decisions and actions that the enemy wants to see.

Yuan Yi Zhao Di

(Author’s unit: Institute of War Studies, Academy of Military Science)

現代國語:

破戰場“迷霧”易,破心中“執念”難——

袁 藝 趙 頔

自古以來,透過作戰欺騙達成突然性,是戰場制勝的重要途徑。進入智慧化時代,人工智慧技術的深度應用,在清晰撥開原有戰爭「迷霧」的同時,又製造出大量新的戰爭「迷霧」。如果只依賴改進欺騙技術和手段,在傳統欺騙範式上做簡單的疊加強化,就想達成欺騙目標的難度越來越大。由“智騙”到“智勝”,迫切需要欺騙對象、欺騙手段、欺騙方式、欺騙重心等各個方面的整體轉變,形成適應智能化時代要求的新型欺騙範式。

欺騙對象由人轉向人機混合智能體

克勞塞維茨認為,戰爭所依據的四分之三的因素或多或少被不確定性的「迷霧」包圍著。作戰欺騙本質上就是對戰爭中不確定性的利用,戰爭「迷霧」越多,施計用謀的空間就越大。傳統作戰欺騙都是圍繞著對方決策層而展開的,人是欺騙的唯一對象。但隨著智慧情報分析與輔助決策系統在指揮活動中的地位作用日益凸顯,以欺騙達成戰略、戰役、戰術突然性面臨重大挑戰。如何欺騙人與智慧系統共同組成的人機混合智能體,成為智能化時代籌劃實施欺騙需要考慮的重要因素,圍繞智能欺騙與反欺騙的較量日趨激烈。

欺騙人與欺騙智慧系統有著天壤之別,以往欺騙人的「算計」在面對智慧系統的「計算」時可能會被識破。智慧型系統可高效融合處理海量的傳感器數據和互聯網開源信息,使得戰場態勢感知的速度、深度、廣度和精度產生質的飛躍,實現由“感”到“知”、由“態”到“勢”的深刻轉變,在撥開戰爭「迷霧」方面發揮重要作用。例如,戰場上盡管交戰雙方都試圖用各種方法隱藏真相、掩蓋企圖,但仍逃不出智能係統的「慧眼」:精心偽裝的坦克、裝甲車等留下的車轍痕跡,被對方衛星、無人機等偵照後,在智慧型系統的分析下也會暴露出具體位置。

相反,針對智慧型系統的欺騙方式欺騙智慧系統非常容易,但可能又欺騙不了人。國外研究團隊發現,只要改變一隻貓的圖片中的少數幾個關鍵像素,就可以使智慧系統將貓識別為狗,而人眼則完全不會因這種變化而出現識別錯誤。類似的事件屢見不鮮,有研究指出,在人類前額上貼一張有特殊圖案的紙片,就能夠騙過最強的人臉識別系統,且這一方法具有很強的可移植性,稍加改變就可以欺騙其他的人臉識別演算法。

由此可見,欺騙人與欺騙智慧系統是兩種不同的「騙法」。人工智慧深度應用於情報分析與輔助決策領域後,大到戰略欺騙方案的製定,小到戰場迷彩圖案的設計,如何既騙過人腦又騙過電腦,把人機混合智能體「蒙在鼓裡”,將會是贏得戰爭主動權需要重點關注並加以解決的重要課題。

欺騙手段由人工為主轉向人機結合

傳統作戰欺騙的組織實施以人工為主,尤其是大規模的戰略欺騙,需要投入大量的人力物力財力。例如,二戰時盟軍為確保諾曼底登陸成功,制定了一系列疑兵計畫:建立假的無線電網和模擬登陸艦隊,虛構有50個師100萬人的美第1集團軍群,正在積極準備橫渡海峽向加萊方向登陸;使用空軍對加萊和諾曼底進行轟炸,但前者遭到的轟炸比後者多1倍以上等等。人工智慧運用於欺騙可從根本上改變這一局面,以人為主導輔以智能手段,可快速生成海量虛假信息,以假亂真,給對手製造更加濃厚的戰爭“迷霧”。

運用智慧手段可提升欺騙品質。一方面,可運用智慧輔助決策手段訂定欺騙計畫,優化設計欺騙力量、欺騙部署、欺騙流程等,實現全局效果最佳的體系化欺騙;另一方面,可運用智慧情報分析系統預先檢驗欺騙效果, “以己之矛攻己之盾”,找出計劃中的漏洞和矛盾點,進而完善欺騙計劃,使其邏輯自洽、嚴絲合縫。

運用智慧手段可擴大欺騙規模。日益成熟的深度偽造技術,可大量合成逼真的虛假圖片、筆跡、音頻、視頻等,在戰略、戰役、戰術欺騙中有著廣泛的應用前景。例如,在戰略戰役欺騙方面,可透過相應技術手段,偽造假電台、假指揮員等迷惑對手,甚至能夠在某一戰役方向偽造一個活躍的指揮所;在戰術欺騙方面,可通過戰場偽裝,給高價值裝備貼上特製圖案,使對手的智慧系統識別出錯。

運用智慧手段可降低欺騙成本。在虛擬現實、深度偽造等技術的支持下,借助合成光學、聲學等手段往往也能達到意想不到的欺騙效果,並且兼具低成本、小投入的特點,相比傳統戰略欺騙方式具有高效費比優勢。如設置誘餌無人作戰平台等假目標,運用電子佯動、電子偽裝等施放假信號,都能夠有效牽制對手力量,以低成本產出高回報,從而贏得制勝先機。

運用智慧手段可優化欺騙精度。傳統作戰欺騙通常千篇一律,廣播式、粗放式、概略化特點比較突出。為此,智能化時代,平時就應注重廣泛收集對手決策者數據,並運用大數據進行精確分析,以更加深刻更加具體地「知彼」。在此基礎上,戰時就可運用深度偽造技術個性化客製化欺騙內容,實現由針對群體到瞄準個體的精準欺騙。

欺騙方式由以蒙蔽為主轉向以迷惑、誘導為主

「打牌」和「下棋」是戰場透明度截然不同的兩種賽局模式。 「打牌」模式中,雙方都只知道對手已出的牌,但不知道對手手中的牌,更不知道下一步對手會出什麼牌;而「下棋」模式中,棋盤上雙方兵力部署完全透明,但不知道對手企圖和下一步棋怎麼走。不難看出,從冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭到資訊化戰爭,再到智慧化戰爭,戰爭對抗形式日益由「打牌」模式轉變為「下棋」模式。

在「打牌」模式的戰爭中,蒙蔽式欺騙非常管用,可通過嚴密偽裝和嚴格保密,盡可能地封鎖對手的獲情渠道,使其無法察覺己方企圖和行動,進而達成突然性。在過去資訊獲取手段有限、戰場態勢資訊匱乏的年代,主用「隱真」輔以「示假」達成突然性的戰例很多。但當前,憑借先進偵察技術,已經實現了全維全譜偵察,戰場透明化程度越來越高,無任何暴露特徵的完全隱蔽已難以實現,而一旦由隱蔽狀態轉入行動狀態,更會大大增加被對手發現的機率,蒙蔽式欺騙只能成為輔助欺騙手段。

在「下棋」模式的戰爭中,通常採用以下兩種欺騙方式:一是迷惑式欺騙,即藉助智能手段,發出大量真假混雜、難以辨認的信息,增大信息模糊度和分析難度,使對手難以判斷或判斷失誤。二是誘導式欺騙,即透過發出高清晰誤導訊息,將對手引入預設陷阱。兩種方式結合再加上蒙蔽式欺騙的配合,共同構成了對手難以防範的混合式欺騙。

欺騙重心由人的感知轉向人的認知

作為戰爭的主體,人是左右戰局的重要變量,蘊含著不確定性和不可控性。從心理學、認知神經學等層面來看,心智的「黑箱」仍然無法揭開。蒙蔽式欺騙針對的是人的耳目,利用的是人類感官弱點,而迷惑式和誘導式欺騙直指人的心智,利用的是人性弱點。

從以往案例來看,即使擁有最先進的情報監視偵察技術和最聰明化的分析手段,也無法彌補和克服人性弱點。很多情況下,不是情報部門沒有辨識出對手的欺騙,而是決策層不願意相信事實。在第二次世界大戰蘇德戰爭前夕,盡管當時越來越多的證據表明,德國正計劃入侵蘇聯,但蘇聯決策層認為戰爭暫時不會來臨,所以當戰爭爆發時,沒有做好應對準備的蘇軍,前期的防禦行動非常被動。

戰爭實踐表明,進入智能化時代,即使對手擁有明顯的軍事技術優勢,能夠通過先進的情報監視偵察技術達成戰場單向透明,但己方仍可利用對手決策層的認知弱點,實施反直覺欺騙,掩蓋真實意圖和行動。這也表明,智能化時代欺騙的發力點和重心,不應全部放在如何刻意掩蓋軍事行動痕跡上,而應更加註重針對對手決策層,誘導其作出己方希望看到的決策行動。

(作者單位:軍事科學院戰爭研究院)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2024-08-13&paperNumber=07&articleid=937433

China’s Military Era of Intelligence Calls for Training to Transform into “Smart Warfare”

中國軍事智能化時代呼喚訓練向「智慧戰爭」轉型

現代英語:

Zeng Haiqing

introduction

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution is developing rapidly. Disruptive technologies represented by artificial intelligence are accelerating the evolution of war to intelligent warfare. Winning intelligent warfare has gradually become the focus of military competition among powerful countries. As a pre-practice of war, military training should take a new step towards intelligence in a timely manner, realize the transformation to “intelligence”, train soldiers with “intelligence”, continuously improve the scientific and technological level and “intelligence content” of military training, and help accelerate the generation of intelligent combat capabilities.

Keeping up with the changes in the war situation, upgrading the concept of intelligent training

With the acceleration of the intelligent era, high-tech has been widely used in the military field, which is causing major changes in the concept, elements and methods of winning wars. The size of the army and the number of equipment are no longer the key to winning a war. It is imperative to upgrade the war thinking and training concepts. We should follow the development trend of intelligence with a more proactive attitude and a more open vision, and advocate new thinking in intelligent military training.

Grasp the internal mechanism of intelligent victory. The winning mechanism is the manifestation of the internal laws of war. Driven by the intelligent revolution, driven by strategic competition, and guided by war practice, the advantages of information-generated intelligence and intelligence-enabled capabilities are becoming increasingly apparent, reflected in actuarial science, jointness, systems, and other aspects. To a certain extent, it can be said that the higher the “intelligence”, the higher the quality level of combat and training can be. Therefore, an army whose training thinking remains at the mechanized level will never be able to keep up with the pace of intelligent warfare no matter how it is trained. We should have a “brain storm” with the courage of self-revolution, upgrade the concept of intelligent warfare, strengthen the theoretical research of intelligent training, deal with the problems of mechanized, informationized, and intelligent warfare with the thinking of training troops with “intelligence”, organically connect training and fighting, design wars with advanced technology, and rehearse wars with intelligent means, so as to clear up the fog of intelligent warfare.

Establish the goal of “strengthening the strong”. At present, the military of developed countries is implementing a training transformation with an emphasis on intelligence, trying to further widen the gap in combat power with the military of other countries. Once the military gap is widened, it will be difficult to make up. If you can’t keep up, you may be completely controlled by others. Only by keeping a close eye on the opponent can you surpass the opponent. We must highlight the goal of “strengthening the strong” in military training, and improve the level of military intelligence and asymmetric combat capabilities in training.

Strengthen the goal positioning of science and technology empowerment. Science and technology are the core combat power. Driven by science and technology, the combat power form has leaped from mechanical energy type and information energy type to intelligent type. Traditional siege-style large-scale troop operations are gradually withdrawing from the historical stage, and cutting-edge competition in high-tech and emerging fields is becoming increasingly fierce. If military training does not improve its scientific and technological content, it will only be able to linger at a low level and it will be difficult to open the door to intelligent warfare. To this end, we should firmly establish the concept of winning through science and technology, firmly grasp scientific and technological innovation, the “life gate” and “key point” to winning future wars, greatly improve the scientific and technological content of military training, and increase the practical application of new technologies and new means such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and big data, so as to unveil the mystery of intelligent warfare and control the initiative in future wars.

Keep up with the changes in technological development and strengthen intelligent training conditions

Intelligent training conditions are the basic support for organizing and implementing intelligent military training, and are directly related to the quality and effectiveness of intelligent training. To build an intelligent training environment, we need to keep a close eye on the development of intelligent concepts, intelligent technology, and intelligent warfare, and continue to work hard in building a training environment, innovating training methods, and cultivating new talents.

Construct a realistic battlefield environment. Intelligent warfare has a wider space, a wider range of fields, and more diverse methods. The battlefield environment construction under the conditions of simple mechanization and informatization can no longer support the needs of intelligent training. We should highlight the elite confrontation, rapid confrontation, and joint confrontation under the support of intelligent conditions, fully tap the potential of existing training methods and training venues, strengthen the application of technologies such as big data analysis, smart wearable devices, and machine “deep learning”, and effectively integrate various fields such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. For example, use digital maps, virtual reality and other technologies to simulate and display intuitive three-dimensional terrain, weather and complex combat situations, and construct vivid and realistic intelligent actual combat scenes.

Develop advanced training methods. Advanced training methods are helpful to improve training effectiveness. Intelligent military training should grasp the key factor of intelligent “data-centricity” and transform the latest scientific and technological achievements into training conditions. We should focus on strengthening data linkage and integration, creating a “data pool” covering strategy, campaign, and tactics, and connecting command organizations to end-users; developing data intelligent analysis tools, integrating and mining combat data with the help of advanced technologies such as cloud computing and artificial intelligence; developing intelligent training systems, increasing the construction of simulation training methods such as simulation, war game confrontation, network confrontation, and intelligent decision-making, and overall promoting the transformation and upgrading of military training methods to “technology +” and “intelligence +”.

Cultivate new military talents. No matter how the war situation evolves, people are always the real controllers and final decision-makers of war. The quality of military personnel’s intelligence level determines the quality and effect of intelligent training to a certain extent. To win the information-based local war with intelligent characteristics, we should accurately match future military needs, strengthen the intelligent training of traditional combat force talents, make good use of “technology +”, “maker +”, “think tank +” power resources, promote the integrated development of “commanders”, “combatants” and “scientists” and “technicians”, and forge a new type of professional and intelligent military talent group to achieve intelligent interaction between people and equipment, deep integration between people and systems, and extensive adaptation between people and the environment.

Strengthen support for intelligent equipment. At present, the world’s major military powers attach great importance to the development of intelligent equipment. New equipment such as unmanned “swarms” and unmanned submarines are emerging in an endless stream, supporting intelligent military training while constantly testing and improving them in training practice. To this end, we should make full use of the overall coordination mechanism of war construction, vigorously promote the “+ intelligence” of existing equipment and the “intelligent +” construction of a new generation of equipment, insist on researching, building, using and improving, and improve the intelligence level of weapons and equipment through breakthroughs in training practice. We should work on both ends to achieve a multiplier effect, shorten the timeline of weapons and equipment from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence”, and better support intelligent military training.

Keeping up with the changes in war practices, innovating intelligent training models

The combat style determines the training mode. After years of development, military intelligence has moved from theoretical exploration to battlefield practice. In recent local wars, intelligent warfare has begun to show its edge and has shown the potential to change the “rules of the game” of war. As the combat style changes, the training mode must also change and change proactively. We must keep a close eye on the characteristics of intelligent warfare, innovate intelligent military training models, and fully rehearse the next war in military training.

Highlight high-end warfare research and training. We should focus on cracking the essence of high-end warfare by strengthening the enemy, continue to deepen research on strengthening the enemy, and use the development of new combat concepts and training theories as a starting point to understand the development laws and winning mechanisms of high-end warfare. We should predict future wars and design combat styles from a high-end perspective, and pool wisdom and innovation to research unique, clever, and high-level strategies to defeat the enemy. We must emphasize key actions such as joint missile defense, target strategic campaign and tactical training to force strong organizations to defeat the strong with the weak, target practical training for asymmetric checks and balances to win decisive battles in high-end organizations, target extended training in new domains such as the far sea and far domain for all-domain confrontation organizations, seize high positions in future wars through innovative training, and develop combat capabilities that are “one step ahead in intelligence” and “one step ahead in skills” against powerful enemies.

Emphasize the training of new-type forces. The transformation of war from winning by force and equipment to winning by wisdom has made new-type combat forces a new growth pole of combat power. According to information, the US military plans to achieve intelligentization of 60% of ground combat platforms by 2030, and the Russian military expects that the proportion of intelligent weapons and equipment will exceed 30% by 2025. As the army has more and more new equipment with intelligent attributes, it should move away from the actual combat training path with new-type combat forces as the dominant element, highlight the formation and combat use of new-type combat forces, carry out training methods and tactics that are compatible with the new domain combat concept and winning mechanism, increase new types of training such as unmanned combat, promote the integration of new-type forces into the combat system, and make new-type combat power resources move and come alive.

Emphasize intelligent command training. No matter how the war situation evolves, command capability is always the key to winning the war. As the intelligence level of war continues to increase, planning and command based solely on experience and personal wisdom can no longer adapt to the ever-changing battlefield situation. Artificial intelligence decision-making training has become an inevitable trend to improve the efficiency of combat mission planning, combat planning, and command and control. We should focus on commanders and command organizations, which are the key to the system’s operations, seek breakthroughs in the scientific nature, accuracy, and timeliness of command planning, and rely on new technologies such as “big data” and “AI algorithms” and new methods such as “engineering” and “one network” to promote the upgrading of command planning from “human intelligence” training to “human intelligence + intelligence” training. We should judge the enemy’s situation, formulate plans, and determine actions through actuarial and detailed calculations, so as to achieve the goal of defeating the slow with the fast and getting the upper hand over the enemy.

(Author’s unit: Central Theater Command)

現代國語:

■曾海清

引言

當前,新一輪科技革命和軍事革命快速發展,以人工智慧為代表的顛覆性技術,正加速推動戰爭形態向智慧化戰爭演變,打贏智能化戰爭逐漸成為強國軍事競爭的焦點。軍訓作為戰爭的預實踐,應該及時邁開智能化新步伐,實現向“智”轉型、以“智”練兵,不斷提高軍事訓練科技度和“含智量”,助力智能化作戰能力加快生成。

緊跟戰爭形態之變,升級智慧化訓練概念

隨著智慧化時代的加速到來,高新技術在軍事領域廣泛應用,正引發戰爭制勝理念、制勝要素、制勝方式發生重大變化。軍隊規模、裝備數量已不再是決定戰爭勝負的關鍵,升級戰爭思想和訓練理念勢在必行。我們當以更主動的姿態、更加開放的視野,緊跟智慧化發展趨勢,倡導智慧化軍事訓練新思維。

把握智能製勝的內在機理。制勝機理是戰爭內在規律的表現。在智慧革命驅動下、戰略競爭推動下、戰爭實踐牽引下,資訊生智、以智賦能的優勢愈發顯現,體現在精算、聯合、體係等各個面向。在某種程度上,可以說「智」有多高,戰與訓的品質水準就能夠達到多高。所以,一支訓練思維停留在機械化層面的軍隊,如何訓練都不可能跟上智慧化戰爭的腳步。應該以自我革命的勇氣來一場“頭腦風暴”,升級智能化作戰理念,加強智能化訓練理論研究,以以“智”練兵思維處理機械化、信息化、智能化作戰問題,把訓練和打仗有機銜接起來,用先進技術設計戰爭,用智慧手段演練戰爭,從而廓清智能化戰爭的迷霧。

立起向強制強的標靶指向。目前,發達國家軍隊正實施以智慧化為重點的訓練轉型,試圖進一步拉大與其他國家軍隊的戰力代差。軍事上的代差一旦拉開將很難追回,一步跟不上就可能徹底受制於人,只有盯緊對手才可能超越對手。要把向強制強在軍訓中突出出來,在練兵中提高軍事智慧化水準和非對稱作戰能力。

強化科技賦能的目標定位。科技是核心戰鬥力。在科技驅動下,戰鬥力形態已經從機械能型、資訊能型向智能型躍升,傳統攻城略地式大兵團作戰正逐步退出歷史舞台,高科技、新興領域的尖端較量日趨激烈。軍事訓練若不提高科技含量,將只能在低層次徘徊,很難叩開智能化戰爭的大門。為此,應該樹牢科技制勝理念,緊緊抓住科技創新這一制勝未來戰爭的“命門”和“要穴”,大幅提高軍事訓練科技含量,加大人工智能、雲計算、大數據等新科技新手段的實踐運用,從而揭開智慧化戰爭的神秘面紗,掌控未來戰爭主動權。

緊跟科技發展之變,建強智能化訓練條件

智慧化訓練條件是組織實施智慧化軍事訓練的基礎支撐,直接關乎智慧化訓練質效。建構智慧化的訓練條件環境,需要我們緊盯智慧理念、智慧科技和智慧化作戰的發展,在構設訓練環境、創新訓練手段、培育新型人才等方面持續用力。

構設逼真戰場環境。智慧化作戰,空間更加廣闊、領域更廣泛、方式更加多元,單純機械化資訊化條件下的戰場環境構設已無法支撐智慧化訓練需求。應突顯智慧化條件支撐下的精兵對抗、快速對抗、聯動對抗,充分挖潛現有訓練手段及訓練場地功能,加強大數據分析、智慧穿戴設備、機器「深度學習」等技術應用,把陸、海、空、天、電、網等各個領域有效融合起來,例如利用數字地圖、虛擬現實等技術模擬顯示形象直觀的三維地貌、天候氣象和復雜交戰態勢,構建生動、逼真的智能化實戰場景。

發展先進訓練手段。先進的訓練手段,有助於提升訓練成效。智慧化軍事訓練應掌握智慧化「以數據為中心」這個關鍵因素,把最新科技成果轉化為訓練條件。應著重加強數據連結融合,打造覆蓋戰略、戰役、戰術,貫通指揮機構到末端單兵的「數據池」;開發數據智慧分析工具,借助雲計算、人工智慧等先進技術,整合挖掘作戰數據;開發智慧演訓系統,加大模擬模擬、兵棋對抗、網絡對抗、智慧裁決等模擬訓練手段建設,整體推動軍事訓練手段向「科技+」「智慧+」轉型升級。

培養新型軍事人才。無論戰爭形態如何演變,人始終是戰爭的真正控制者和最終決策者。軍事人員智能化程度的優劣,某種程度上決定了智慧化訓練的品質效果。要打贏具有智慧化特徵的資訊化局部戰爭,應該精準對接未來軍事需求,加強傳統作戰力量人才智能化培育,用好“科技+”“創客+”“智庫+”力量資源,推動“指揮員」「戰鬥員」與「科學家」「技術家」融合發展,鍛造專業化、智慧化的新型軍事人才群體,實現人與裝備智慧互動、人與體系深度融合、人與環境廣泛適應。

強化智能裝備支撐。目前,世界主要軍事強國都高度重視智慧裝備發展,無人「蜂群」、無人潛航器等新裝備層出不窮,一邊支撐智慧化軍事訓練,一邊又在訓練實踐中不斷檢驗完善。為此,應充分以好戰建備統籌機制,大力推進現有裝備「+智慧」與新一代裝備「智慧+」建設,堅持邊研邊建邊用邊改,以訓練實踐突破提升武器裝備智慧化水平,兩端發力實現倍增效應,縮短武器裝備從“弱智”到“強智”再到“超智”的時間軸,更好地支撐智能化軍事訓練。

緊跟戰爭實踐之變,創新智能化訓練模式

作戰樣式決定訓練模式。軍事智能化經過多年發展,已經從理論探索走向戰場實踐。近年來的局部戰爭中,智慧化作戰已經初露鋒芒,並顯現出改變戰爭「遊戲規則」的潛力。作戰樣式變了,訓練模式也要跟著變、主動變。要緊盯智慧化戰爭特點,創新智慧化軍事訓練模式,在軍事訓練中充分預演下一場戰爭。

突顯高端戰爭研練。要立足強敵打高端戰爭這個基點,突顯破解高端戰爭本質,持續深化強敵研究,以開發新型作戰概念和訓練理論為抓手,搞清高端戰爭發展規律和製勝機理。從高端的視角預判未來戰爭、設計作戰樣式,集智創新研究克敵制勝的奇招、妙招、高招。要突顯聯合反導等關鍵行動,瞄準向強制強組織以劣勝優的戰略戰役戰術訓練,瞄準決勝高端組織非對稱制衡實戰訓練,瞄準全局對抗組織遠海遠域等新域延伸訓練,在創新訓練中搶佔未來戰爭高位,形成對強敵「智高一籌」「技高一籌」的作戰能力。

突顯新質力量研練。戰爭從力勝、器勝到智勝的轉變,使得新型作戰力量成為戰鬥力新的成長極。據資料介紹,美軍計畫在2030年實現60%地面作戰平台智能化,俄軍預計2025年智慧化武器裝備佔比將超過30%。隨著軍隊具有智慧屬性的新裝備越來越多,應走開以新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化練兵路子,突顯新質作戰力量編成、作戰運用,開展與新域作戰概念、制勝機理相適應的訓法戰法,加大無人作戰等新樣式訓練,推動新質力量融入作戰體系,讓新質戰鬥力資源動起來、活起來。

突出智能指揮研練。無論戰爭形態如何演變,指揮能力始終是能打勝仗的關鍵能力。隨著戰爭智能化程度不斷提高,僅憑經驗和個人智慧進行籌劃和指揮已不能適應瞬息萬變的戰場局勢,人工智慧決策訓練已成為提升作戰任務規劃、作戰籌劃、指揮控制效率的必然趨勢。應該扭住指揮員和指揮機構這個體係作戰關鍵,在指揮籌劃科學性、精確性、時效性上求突破,依托「大數據」「AI演算法」新技術和「工程化」「一張網」新手段,推動指揮謀劃由「人智」訓練向「人智+機智」訓練升級,在精算深算細算中判敵情、立方案、定行動,達到以快吃慢、先敵一手。

(作者單位:中部戰區)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4916122888.html

China’s Military Accelerating Integrated Development of Mechanization, Informatization and Intelligentization

我軍加速機械化、資訊化、智慧化融合發展

中国军网 国防部网

2020年11月25日 星期三

現代英語:

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee made new and comprehensive arrangements for national defense and military construction, aimed at achieving the goal of the centenary of the founding of the army, and clearly put forward the contemporary requirements and strategic measures for accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence. Forging ahead on a new journey, focusing on accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, seizing opportunities, responding to challenges, and taking advantage of the situation are of great significance for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the army and comprehensively improving the ability to prepare for war in the new era.

Recognize the necessity of accelerating the integration of mechanization, informatization and intelligence

Those who follow the trend will win, and those who control the trend will prevail. At present, the new round of scientific and technological revolution is showing a strong trend of intelligent technology leading the way, pushing the world’s new military revolution to develop in depth. The trend of intelligent weapons and equipment is obvious, and the superposition and aggregation effect with mechanization and informatization is prominent. The war form is accelerating from mechanization to informatization, entering the stage of giving birth to intelligent warfare. It is the development and change of the times that has made the acceleration of the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence become the general trend and powerful driving force for promoting the in-depth development of military transformation, and the inevitable choice to ensure winning the initiative, winning advantages and winning the future.

Comply with the trend of the world’s military revolution. At present, the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology is increasingly having a subversive impact on the field of war and combat. Seizing the strategic commanding heights of artificial intelligence and accelerating the development of artificial intelligence militarization and practical combat have become the strategic frontiers of military competition among major countries in the world. Increasing the intensity of military application of artificial intelligence technology, realizing the deep transformation and comprehensive upgrading of mechanized and informationized combat equipment, embedding artificial intelligence systems into the informationized combat command chain and action chain, and making the combat force organization more modular and integrated through intelligent transformation are the common practices of the world’s military powers in seeking new military advantages. Whether it is possible to accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, especially to fully release the efficiency expansion of intelligence on mechanization and informatization, so that platform operations, system operations and precision operations can obtain higher quality and efficient intelligent support, is undoubtedly a key to whether the strategic initiative of military competition can be firmly grasped.

The need to comprehensively improve the level of modernization. Modernization has a distinct timeliness, and the requirements of the times are the key measure to measure the degree of modernization of a country and an army. Today, we are entering a stage where intelligence is the core driving force of change. The integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence is not only an important symbol of the level of modernization of the country and the army, but also a fundamental measure to promote the modernization of national defense and the army. To accelerate the modernization of military theory, military organizational form, military personnel and weapons and equipment, we need to obtain a powerful engine and support for reform and innovation, transformation and upgrading, quality improvement and efficiency increase from the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, and in a certain sense, it plays an important role in determining the direction, mode and path of modernization. Only by accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, and making it run through all aspects of the whole process of promoting modernization, and promoting quality change, efficiency change and power change from a high starting point, can we comprehensively improve the level of national defense and military modernization.

The need to accelerate the transformation of combat effectiveness generation mode. The generation of combat effectiveness, from the combination of people and weapons to the element structure and the way of force release, has its mandatory era orientation and positioning. With the advent of the era of intelligent warfare, unmanned intelligent warfare has become a key factor affecting the direction of the war and even the outcome of the war. Intelligent technology and equipment have become a multiplier of mechanized and informationized combat effectiveness. Accelerating the development of military intelligence has become the strategic focus of improving the combat capability of the system and building new domains and new qualities of combat forces, making the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness increasingly dependent on the level of integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence. Only by incorporating the transformation of combat effectiveness generation mode into the track of integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, building an intelligent and networked combat command platform, forming a human-machine efficient collaborative combat force use method, and making “smart victory” the core direction of combat theory innovation and combat method transformation, can combat effectiveness construction achieve substantial breakthroughs and overall leaps.

Grasp the requirements of the times to accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence

Accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence is a new proposition of the times. Grasping its requirements of the times from the perspective of its essential connotation, mode of action and basic laws is an important prerequisite for ensuring that the integrated development has a clear direction, accurate positioning, clear ideas and practical measures.

Grasp the essential connotation of integrated development. Mechanization, informatization and intelligentization are integrated and developed, with mechanization as the foundation, informatization as the leading factor and intelligence as the direction. The so-called integrated development is to form an integrated and unified promotion pattern, build an integrated design, and gather the best and release the energy operation mode, and produce an overall effect of superposition aggregation and quality and efficiency doubling. This deep integrated development is mainly reflected in: taking cognitive integration as the guide, having a scientific understanding of the advantages of firepower, mobility, information power and intellectual value, and establishing the operational concept of comprehensive control, comprehensive integration and comprehensive victory; relying on platform integration, building a combat platform integrating main combat equipment, information network and artificial intelligence, and improving the comprehensive combat capability of full-domain, precise and unmanned; taking system integration as the core, through the embedded transformation of weapon equipment system and information network system by artificial intelligence system, the overall potential of combat force and combat elements is demonstrated with higher quality and level of system integration; with system integration as the support, coordinating the construction of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, coordinating the construction of combat force and support guarantee force, and creating an integrated joint combat system that adapts to the needs of actual combat.

Grasp the role of integrated development. The integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence is a process of showing their strengths, interacting with each other and promoting each other. It is a process of aggregating equipment advantages, information advantages and intelligence advantages. Its role is mainly reflected in: strengthening the leading role of intelligence, focusing on accelerating the development of military intelligence, insisting on using intelligence to drive the leapfrog development of mechanization and informatization, taking intelligence as the core direction of the development of weapons and equipment and information network construction, increasing the research and development of unmanned and autonomous weapons and equipment, and improving the intelligent application, intelligent management and control, and intelligent operation level of information networks, and giving full play to the maximum effect of controlling energy with intelligence, gathering excellence with intelligence, and winning with intelligence; strengthening the leading role of informatization, grasping the information network system as a handle, accelerating the construction of command information systems and information combat systems, using the advantages of information technology to upgrade and transform existing weapons and equipment, and developing precise, intelligent, integrated, and efficient informationized weapons and equipment, and maximizing the adhesion and integration of information networks on combat systems and effectiveness; strengthening the basic role of mechanization, insisting on taking the mechanization of weapons and equipment as the material basis and carrier for the development of intelligence and informatization, strengthening the construction of weapons and equipment systems, and working hard to fill the gaps in the system and make up for the shortcomings and weaknesses, greatly improving the application level of information technology and intelligent technology in weapons and equipment, and enhancing the scientificity, pertinence, and cutting-edge nature of equipment construction and development.

Grasp the basic laws of integrated development. Mechanization, informatization and intelligence are inevitably closely linked, and together they constitute the key support for the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness. The basic laws of integrated development are mainly manifested in: the progressive nature of development and change, which reflects the different historical stages of the evolution of war forms, changes in combat methods, and the development of weapons and equipment in the time sequence; in terms of interaction, the former is the premise and foundation of the latter (for example, mechanization is the foundation and premise of informatization, and informatization is the foundation and premise of intelligence), and the latter is the development trend and higher potential of the former. With the long-term nature of overlapping and coexisting, the former will produce a marginal diminishing effect when it develops to a certain stage, and the latter needs to inject new momentum and vitality into it, but the latter is not a negation or end of the former, but a repositioning and orientation of the former. What needs to be achieved is the “three-in-one” inclusiveness, rather than the “three-choice” mutual exclusion. It has inclusive complementarity. Mechanization focuses on entities, informatization focuses on data, and intelligence focuses on algorithms. The stronger the foundation of the former, the greater the degree of realization of the latter; the stronger the traction of the latter, the faster the upgrading of the former. It has the empowerment of improving quality and efficiency. Weapon platforms need information networks to empower them, and weapon platforms and information networks need artificial intelligence to empower them. This is a process of optimization and upgrading, improving quality and efficiency, and achieving a new leap in combat effectiveness, quality and efficiency.

Tighten the strategic grasp to accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence

To accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, we should plan, act and follow the trend, focus on combat effectiveness as the only fundamental standard, continuously promote the modernization of national defense and the armed forces, and realize the party’s goal of building a strong military in the new era.

We should focus on preparing for war. Wars change with the times, and victory changes with the times. We should take accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence as an important mission topic to comprehensively improve the ability to prepare for war in the new era. Focus on mission tasks, focus on the new requirements for winning modern wars, conduct in-depth research on the winning mechanism and changes in combat methods brought about by the evolution of war forms, grasp the new characteristics of the informationized and intelligent battlefield, actively explore new tactics for using and responding to intelligent weapons, and improve the informationized and intelligent combat capabilities; focus on transformation and construction, accelerate the transformation of combat effectiveness generation to informatization and intelligence, take military intelligent construction and combat as the main line, accelerate the construction of new domains and new types of combat forces, increase the training of informationized and intelligent talents, and strive to achieve the overall reshaping of combat forces and combat systems; focus on training with war, actively explore new ways of informationized and intelligent training, examine future battlefields and combat opponents from the perspective of “smart war” and “smart victory”, enhance the pertinence of mission topics and emergency response training, use intelligent technology to improve the level of science and technology training, and promote practical training to a higher quality level.

We must focus on deepening reform. Reform is a key move to strengthen the army and win the future. We must accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informationization, and intelligence as an important focus of deepening national defense and military reform. We must insist on seeking combat effectiveness from reform, focus on the prominent characteristics of the army’s lean, integrated, miniaturized, modular, and multi-functional nature in the intelligent era, design reforms with a forward-looking, innovative, and open mind, establish a smooth and efficient leadership, command, and support mechanism, further integrate force resources, streamline the construction and management mechanism, and optimize the organizational structure. Adapting to the requirements of being able to fight and win battles, we must build a strategic and campaign command system that is integrated in peacetime and wartime, operates normally, specializes in the main business, is lean and efficient, and build a joint combat force system with elite combat forces as the main body, promote the development of the force organization in the direction of enrichment, synthesis, multi-functionality, and flexibility, implement modular organization, building block combination, and task-based joint, build a force with multiple capabilities and broad adaptability, and promote the overall leap in combat effectiveness through system structure optimization and reconstruction.

We should stick to the support point of innovation-driven development. Innovation is the core support for the development of combat effectiveness. We should accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence as the focus of implementing the innovation-driven development strategy. We should seek breakthroughs in the innovation of combat theory, closely follow the development trend of military revolution and the recent wars in the world, study the development and application of high-tech, especially intelligent technology and its impact on war, study the new characteristics, new styles and new mechanisms of intelligent warfare, study the winning strategies of intelligent warfare and combat, and accelerate the construction of a combat theory system with the characteristics of our army and in line with the laws of modern warfare. We should seek breakthroughs in scientific and technological innovation, focus on independent innovation and original innovation in national defense science and technology, take the military application of high-tech, especially artificial intelligence technology, as the main direction, accelerate the implementation of major strategic projects in national defense science and technology and weapons and equipment, accelerate the development of strategic, cutting-edge and disruptive technologies, accelerate the upgrading and replacement of weapons and equipment and the development of intelligent weapons and equipment, strive to achieve the transformation from following and running side by side to running side by side and leading, and provide stronger scientific and technological support for the transformation and construction of our army’s combat effectiveness.

(Author’s unit: Joint Operations College of National Defense University)

現代國語:

黨的十九屆五中全會對國防和軍隊建設作出新的全面部署,著眼實現建軍百年奮鬥目標,明確提出加快機械化資訊化智能化融合發展的時代要求和戰略舉措。奮進新征程,聚力加快機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,搶抓機遇,應對挑戰,乘勢而上,對於加速國防和軍隊現代化、全面提高新時代備戰打仗能力具有極其重要的意義。

認清加速機械化資訊化智能化融合發展的時代必然性

順勢者贏,駕馭者勝。目前,新一輪科技革命呈現智慧化技術強勁引領的態勢,推動世界新軍事革命向縱深發展,武器裝備智慧化趨勢明顯、與機械化資訊化的疊加聚合效應凸顯,戰爭形態在加速由機械化向訊息化演變中,進入到催生智慧化戰爭階段。正是時代發展與變革,使加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,成為推動軍事變革深入發展的大勢所趨和強大動力,成為確保贏得主動、贏得優勢、贏得未來的必然選擇。

順應世界軍事革命潮流之需。目前,人工智慧技術正在高速發展,正日益對戰爭和作戰領域產生顛覆性影響。搶佔人工智慧戰略制高點,加速人工智慧軍事化實戰化發展,成為世界主要國家軍事競爭的戰略前線。加大人工智慧技術軍事應用的力度,實現對機械化、資訊化作戰裝備的深度改造、全面升級,把人工智慧系統嵌入資訊化作戰指揮鏈、行動鏈,透過智慧化改造使作戰力量編成更加模組化、一體化,是世界軍事大國謀求新的軍事優勢的通行做法。能否加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,特別是充分釋放智慧化對機械化、資訊化的效能拓展,讓平台作戰、體係作戰、精準作戰獲得更高質高效的智慧化支撐,無疑是能否牢牢把握軍事競爭戰略主動權的一個關鍵。

全面提升現代化建設水準之需。現代化有著鮮明的時代性,時代要求是衡量一個國家、一支軍隊現代化程度的關鍵尺度。當今時代,正進入到以智慧化為核心變革動力的階段,機械化資訊化智能化的融合發展,既是國家和軍隊現代化水平的重要標誌,也是推進國防和軍隊現代化的根本性舉措。加速軍事理論、軍隊組織形態、軍事人員和武器裝備現代化,都需從機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展中,獲得變革創新、轉型升級、提質增效的強力引擎和支撐,並在一定意義上起著決定現代化建設發展方向、發展方式、發展路徑的重要角色。只有加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,使之貫穿到推動現代化建設的全過程各環節,在高起點上推動品質變革、效率變革、動力變革,才能全面提升國防與軍事現代化建設水準。

加快轉變戰鬥力生成模式之需。戰鬥力的生成,從人與武器的結合到要素結構、力量釋放方式,都有其強制性的時代定向、定位。智慧化戰爭時代的到來,無人智慧化作戰成為影響戰局走向乃至戰爭勝負的關鍵要素,智慧化技術裝備成為機械化、資訊化作戰效能的倍增器,加速軍事智慧化發展成為提升體係作戰能力、打造新域新質作戰力量的戰略重心,使戰鬥力的生成與提升愈來愈取決於機械化資訊化智慧化的融合發展水準。只有把轉變戰鬥力生成模式納入機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展的軌道,建構智慧化網路化的作戰指揮平台,形成人機高效協同的作戰力量運用方式,讓「智勝」成為作戰理論創新、作戰方式變革的核心指向,才能使戰鬥力建設取得實質突破、實現整體性躍升。

掌握加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展的時代要求

加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展是一個全新的時代命題,從本質內涵、作用方式、基本規律上把握其時代要求,是確保融合發展方向明、定位準、思路清、舉措實的重要前提。

掌握融合發展本質內涵。機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,機械化是基礎,資訊化是主導,智能化是方向。所謂融合發展,就是形成融為一體、合而為一的推進格局,建構一體設計、聚優釋能的運作模式,產生疊加聚合、質效倍增的整體效應。這種深度融合發展主要體現在:以認知融合為先導,具有對火力、機動力、資訊力和智力價值優勢的科學認知,確立綜合製權、綜合整合、綜合製勝的作戰理念;以平台融合為依托,建構主戰裝備、資訊網路、人工智慧融為一體的作戰平台,提升全域化、精確化、無人化的綜合作戰能力;以系統融合為內核,透過人工智慧系統對武器裝備系統、資訊網路系統的嵌入式改造,以更高品質和水平的系統整合展現作戰力量、作戰要素的整體勢能;以體系融合為支撐,統籌機械化資訊化智能化建設,統籌作戰力量、支援保障力量建設,打造適應實戰需求的一體化聯合作戰體系。

把握融合發展作用方式。機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,是各展其長、互為作用、相互促進的過程,是聚合裝備優勢、資訊優勢、智能優勢的過程。其作用方式集中體現在:強化智能化的引領作用,聚焦加速軍事智能化發展,堅持以智能化牽引機械化、信息化跨越式發展,把智能化作為武器裝備和信息網絡建設發展的核心指向,加大研發無人化、自主化武器裝備的力度,提升資訊網路的智慧應用、智慧管控、智慧運作水平,發揮以智駕馭能、以智聚優、以智取勝的最大效應;強化資訊化的主導作用,扭住資訊網路體系這個抓手,加快指揮資訊系統、資訊作戰系統建設,運用資訊科技優勢升級改造現有武器裝備,開發精確、智慧、融通、高效的資訊化武器裝備,最大限度地發揮資訊網路對作戰體系與效能的黏合力、整合力;強化機械化的基礎作用,堅持將武器裝備機械化作為智慧化、資訊化發展的物質基礎與載體,加強武器裝備體系建設,在填補體系空白、補齊短板弱項上下功夫,大幅提升武器裝備的資訊科技、智慧技術應用水平,增強裝備建設發展的科學性、針對性、前沿性。

把握融合發展基本法則。機械化資訊化智能化之間有著必然的內在的緊密聯繫,共同構成戰鬥力生成和提升的關鍵支撐。其融合發展的基本法則主要表現在:具有發展變革的遞進性,在展開時序上,反映了戰爭形態演進、作戰方式變革、武器裝備發展的不同歷史階段;在相互作用上,前者是後者的前提和基礎(例如機械化是資訊化的基礎和前提,資訊化是智慧化的基礎和前提),後者是前者的發展趨向和更高位能。具有交疊並存的長期性,前者發展到某一階段會產生邊際遞減效應,需要後者為其註入新動能、新活力,但後者不是對前者的否定和終結,而是對前者的重新定位和定向,所要達成的是「三合一」式的兼容並蓄,而不是「三選一」式的互斥排他。具有相容且蓄的互補性,機械化以實體為重心,資訊化以數據為重心,智能化以演算法為重心,前者的基礎越牢,後者的實現程度就越大;後者的牽引作用越強,前者的升級換代就越快。具有提質增效的賦能性,武器平台需要資訊網路為其賦能,武器平台、資訊網路需要人工智慧為其賦能,這是優化升級、提質增效的過程,是實現戰鬥力品質效能新躍升的過程。

緊扭加快機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展的策略性抓手

加速機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,應因勢而謀、應勢而動、順勢而為,緊緊圍繞以戰鬥力這個唯一的根本標準,不斷推進國防和軍隊現代化建設,實現黨在新時代的強軍目標。

扭住備戰打仗這個聚焦點。戰爭因時而化,勝戰據時而變。要把加速機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,作為全面提升新時代備戰打仗能力的重要使命課題。聚焦使命任務,著眼打贏現代化戰爭的新要求,深入研究戰爭形態演變帶來的致勝機理、作戰方式之變,掌握資訊化智能化戰場的新特點,積極探索運用與應對智慧武器的新戰法,提升資訊化智慧化作戰能力;聚焦轉型建設,加速推進戰鬥力生成向資訊化、智慧化轉型,以軍事智慧化建設與作戰為主線,加速新域新質作戰力量建設,加大資訊化智慧化人才的培養力度,著力實現作戰力量、作戰體系的整體重塑;聚焦以戰領訓,積極探索資訊化智慧化訓練的新路子,從「智戰」「智勝」視角審視未來戰場、作戰對手,增強使命課題、應急應戰訓練的針對性,運用智能技術提昇科技興訓水平,推動實戰化訓練向更高質量水平發展。

扭住深化改革這個著力點。改革是強軍興軍、制勝未來的關鍵一招。要把加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,作為深化國防和軍事改革的重要著力點。堅持向改革要戰力,著眼智慧時代軍隊精幹化、一體化、小型化、模組化、多能化的突出特徵,以前瞻、創新、開放的思路設計改革,建立順暢高效的領導、指揮、保障機制,進一步整合力量資源、理順建管機制、優化編成結構。適應能打仗、打勝仗的要求,建構平戰一體、常態運作、專司主營、精幹高效的戰略戰役指揮體系,建構以精銳作戰力量為主體的聯合作戰力量體系,推動部隊編成向充實、合成、多能、靈活方向發展,實行模組化編組、積木式組合、任務式聯合,打造具備多種能力和廣泛適應性的部隊,透過體系結構優化再造促進戰鬥力整體躍升。

扭住創新驅動這個支撐點。創新是戰鬥力建設發展的核心支撐力。要把加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,作為實施創新驅動發展策略的重心。在作戰理論創新上求突破,密切追蹤軍事革命發展趨勢和近期世界發生的戰爭,研究高新技術特別是智慧化技術發展運用及對戰爭的影響,研究智能化作戰的新特徵、新樣式、新機理,研究智慧化戰爭與作戰的致勝方略,加速建構具有我軍特色、符合現代戰爭規律的作戰理論體系。在科技創新上求突破,聚力國防科技自主創新、原始創新,把高新技術特別是人工智慧技術的軍事應用作為主攻方向,加速實施國防科技與武器裝備重大戰略工程,加速戰略性前沿性顛覆性技術發展,加速武器裝備升級換代和智慧化武器裝備發展,奮力實現由跟跑並跑向並跑領跑的轉變,為我軍戰鬥力轉型建設提供更強勁的科技支撐。

(作者單位:國防大學聯合作戰學院)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/gfbmap/content/2020-11/25/content_276619888.htm

Comprehensive Review of Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare: Intelligent Combat Command

中國軍事智慧戰爭全面回顧:智慧作戰指揮

現代英語:

Liu Kui, Qin Fangfei

Tips

● Modern artificial intelligence is essentially like a “brain in a vat”. If it is allowed to carry out combat command, it will always face the problem of subjectivity loss, that is, “self” loss. This makes artificial intelligence have natural and fundamental defects. It must be based on human subjectivity and improve the effectiveness and level of combat command through human-machine hybrid.

● In intelligent combat command, the commander is mainly responsible for planning what to do and how to do it, while the intelligent model is responsible for planning how to do it specifically.

“Brain in a vat” is a famous scientific hypothesis. It means that if a person’s brain is taken out and placed in a nutrient solution, the nerve endings are connected to a computer, and the computer simulates various sensory signals. At this time, can the “brain in a vat” realize that “I am a brain in a vat”? The answer is no, because as a closed system, when a person lacks real interactive experience with the outside world, he cannot jump out of himself, observe himself from outside himself, and form self-awareness. Modern artificial intelligence is essentially like a “brain in a vat”. If it is allowed to implement combat command, it will always face the problem of subject loss, that is, “self” loss. This makes artificial intelligence have natural and fundamental defects, and it must be based on human subjectivity and improve the effectiveness and level of combat command through human-machine hybrid.

Based on “free choice”, build a “man-planned” command model

On the battlefield, the commander can choose which target to attack, and can choose to attack from the front, from the flank, from the back, or from the air; he can isolate but not attack, surround but not attack, talk but not attack… This is human autonomy, and he can freely choose what to do and how to do it. But machines can’t do that. The combat plans they give can only be the plans implied in the intelligent model. As far as the specific plan given each time is concerned, it is also the most likely plan in the sense of probability statistics. This makes the plans generated by artificial intelligence tend to be “templated”, which is equivalent to a “replica machine”. It gives similar answers to the same questions and similar combat plans for the same combat scenarios.

Compared with artificial intelligence, different commanders design completely different combat plans for the same combat scenario; the same commander designs different combat plans when facing similar combat scenarios at different times. “Attack when the enemy is unprepared and take them by surprise”, the most effective plan may seem to be the most dangerous and impossible plan. For commanders, facing combat scenarios, there are infinite possibilities in an instant, while for artificial intelligence, there is only the best-looking certainty in an instant, lacking creativity and strategy, and it is easy for the opponent to predict it. Therefore, in intelligent combat command, based on human autonomy, the commander is responsible for planning and calculation, innovating tactics and tactics, and designing basic strategies, and the machine is responsible for converting basic strategies into executable and operational combat plans, forming a “man-planned” command mode. More importantly, autonomy is the unique mark of human existence as human being. This power of free decision-making cannot and is not allowed to be transferred to machines, making people become vassals of machines.

Based on “self-criticism”, build a command model of “people against machine”

Human growth and progress are usually based on the real self, focus on the ideal self, and criticize the historical self in a negation-negation style. Artificial intelligence has no “self” and has lost its self-critical ability. This makes it only able to solve problems within the original cognitive framework. The combat ideas, combat principles, and tactics of the model are given when the training is completed. If you want to update and improve your knowledge and ideas, you must continuously train the model from the outside. Mapped to a specific combat scenario, the intelligent model can only provide the commander with a pre-given problem solution. It is impossible to dynamically adjust and update it continuously during a battle.

People with a self-critical spirit can jump out of the command decision-making thinking process and review, evaluate, and criticize the command decision. In the continuous self-criticism, the combat plan is constantly adjusted, and even the original plan is overturned to form a new plan. In the command organization group, other commanders may also express different opinions on the combat plan. The commander adjusts and improves the original plan on the basis of fully absorbing these opinions, and realizes the dynamic evolution of the combat plan. Therefore, combat command is essentially a dynamic process of continuous forward exploration, not a static process given in advance by the combat plan. When the machine generates a combat plan, the commander cannot accept it blindly without thinking, but should act as an “opponent” or “fault finder”, reflect on and criticize the combat plan, and raise objections. Based on the human’s objections, the machine assists the commander to continuously adjust and optimize the combat plan, forming a command mode of “human opposing and machine correcting”.

Based on “self-awareness and initiative”, we build a command model of “people lead and machines follow”

Comrade Mao Zedong once said that what we call “conscious initiative” is the characteristic that distinguishes humans from objects. Any complex practical activity to transform the world starts with a rough and abstract idea. To transform abstract concepts into concrete actions, it is necessary to overcome various risks and challenges, give full play to conscious initiative, and take the initiative to set goals, make suggestions, and think of ways. Artificial intelligence without conscious initiative, when people ask it questions, it only gives the answers implied in the model, without caring whether the answer can be used, targeted, or practical. In other words, when an abstract and empty question is raised, it gives an abstract and empty answer. This is also why the current popular large model unified operation mode is “people ask questions and machines answer”, rather than “machines ask questions”.

Relying on conscious initiative, even the most abstract and empty problems can be transformed step by step into specific action plans and specific action practices. Therefore, in intelligent combat command, the commander is mainly responsible for planning what to do and what ideas to follow, while the intelligent model is responsible for planning how to do it specifically. If the combat mission is too abstract and general, the commander should first break down the problem into details, and then the intelligent model should solve the detailed problem. Under the guidance of the commander, the problem is gradually solved in stages and fields, and the combat goal is finally achieved, forming a command mode of “people lead and machines follow”. It’s like writing a paper. First you make an outline and then you start writing. People are responsible for making the outline, and the specific writing is done by the machine. If the first-level outline is not specific enough, people can break it down into a second-level or even a third-level outline.

Based on “self-responsibility”, build a command model of “human decision-making and machine calculation”

Modern advanced ship-borne air defense and anti-missile systems usually have four operational modes: manual, semi-automatic, standard automatic, and special automatic. Once the special automatic mode is activated, the system will no longer require human authorization to launch missiles. However, this mode is rarely activated in actual combat or training. The reason is that humans, as the responsible subject, must be responsible for all their actions, while the behavior of machines is the absence of the responsible subject. When it comes to holding people accountable for major mistakes, machines cannot be held accountable. Therefore, life-and-death matters must not be decided by a machine without autonomous responsibility. Moreover, modern artificial intelligence is a “black box”. The intelligent behavior it exhibits is inexplicable, and the reasons for right and wrong are unknown, making it impossible for people to easily hand over important decision-making power to machines.

Because AI lacks “autonomous responsibility”, all problems in its eyes are “domesticated problems”, that is, the consequences of such problems have nothing to do with the respondent, and the success or failure of the problem solving is irrelevant to the respondent. Corresponding to this are “wild problems”, that is, the consequences of such problems are closely related to the respondent, and the respondent must be involved. Therefore, in the eyes of AI without self, there are no “wild problems”, all are “domesticated problems”, and it stays out of any problem. Therefore, in intelligent combat command, machines cannot replace commanders in making judgments and decisions. It can provide commanders with key knowledge, identify battlefield targets, organize battlefield intelligence, analyze battlefield conditions, predict battlefield situations, and even form combat plans, formulate combat plans, and draft combat orders. However, the plans, plans, and orders it gives can only be used as drafts and references. As for whether to adopt them and to what extent, it is up to the commander to decide. In short, both parties make decisions together, with artificial intelligence responsible for prediction and humans responsible for judgment, forming a command mode of “human decision-making and machine calculation”.

現代國語:

從「缸中之腦」看智慧化作戰指揮

■劉 奎 秦芳菲

要點提示

●現代人工智慧,本質上就如同“缸中之腦”,如果讓它實施作戰指揮,始終會面臨主體缺失即“自我”缺失的問題。這使得人工智慧存在天然的、根本的缺陷,必須基於人的主體性,透過人機混合來提升作戰指揮效能和水平

●智能化作戰指揮中,指揮員主要負責規劃做什麼、依什麼思路做,智能模型則負責規劃具體怎麼做

「缸中之腦」是一項著名科學假設。意思是,假如人的大腦被取出放在營養液中,神經末梢接上計算機,由計算機模擬出各種感知信號。這時候,「缸中之腦」能不能意識到「我是缸中之腦」?答案是不能,因為人作為一個封閉的系統,當與外界缺乏真實的互動體驗時,人是無法跳出自身、從自身之外觀察自身並形成自我意識的。而現代人工智慧,本質上就如同“缸中之腦”,如果讓它實施作戰指揮,始終會面臨主體缺失即“自我”缺失的問題。這使得人工智慧存在天然的、根本的缺陷,必須基於人的主體性,透過人機混合來提升作戰指揮效能和水準。

基於“自由選擇”,建構“人謀機劃”的指揮模式

戰場上,指揮員可以選擇打哪一個目標,可以選擇從正面打、從翼側打、從背後打、從空中打;可以隔而不打、圍而不打、談而不打……這就是人的自主性,可以自由選擇做什麼、怎麼做。但機器不行,它給出的作戰方案,只能是智慧模型中蘊含的方案。就每次給出的特定方案而言,也是機率統計意義上可能性最大的方案。這使得人工智慧生成的方案呈現“模板化”傾向,相當於一個“復刻機”,同樣的問題,它給出的是相似的回答,同樣的作戰場景,它給出的就是相似的作戰方案。

與人工智慧相比,同樣的作戰場景,不同的指揮員設計的作戰方案完全不同;同一指揮員在不同的時間面對相似的作戰場景,設計的作戰方案也不相同。 “攻其無備,出其不意”,最有效的方案很可能看上去是最危險、最不可能的方案。對於指揮員,面對作戰場景,一瞬間有無限可能,而對於人工智慧,一瞬間卻只有看上去最好的確定,缺乏創意、缺少謀略,很容易為對方所預料。所以,在智慧化作戰指揮中,要基於人的自主性,由指揮員負責籌謀算計、創新戰法打法、設計基本策略,由機器負責將基本策略轉化為可執行可操作的作戰方案,形成「人謀機劃」的指揮模式。更重要的是,自主性是人作為人而存在的獨特標志,這種自由作決定的權力不可能也不允許讓渡給機器,使人淪為機器的附庸。

基於“自我批判”,建構“人反機正”的指揮模式

人類的成長進步,通常是立足現實自我,著眼理想自我,對歷史自我進行否定之否定式的批判。人工智慧沒有“自我”,同時也喪失了自我批判能力。這使得它只能停留在原有認知框架內解決問題,模型擁有的作戰思想、作戰原則、戰法打法,是在訓練完成時所給予的。如果想獲得知識和想法的更新提升,就必須從外部對模型進行持續訓練。映射到特定作戰場景,智慧模型給指揮員提供的只能是事先給定的問題解決方案,要想在一次作戰中不斷地動態調整更新是做不到的。

具有自我批判精神的人類,可以跳脫指揮決策思考過程,對指揮決策進行審視、評價、批判。在持續地自我批判中不斷對作戰方案進行調整,甚至推翻原有方案,形成新的方案。在指揮機構群體中,其他指揮人員也可能對作戰方案提出不同意見,指揮員在充分吸納這些意見的基礎上,調整改進原有方案,實現作戰方案的動態進化。所以,作戰指揮本質上是一個不斷向前探索的動態過程,不是作戰方案事先給定的靜態過程。當機器生成作戰方案時,指揮員不能不加思考地盲目接受,而應充當“反對者”“找茬人”,對作戰方案展開反思批判,提出反對意見,機器根據人的反對意見,輔助指揮員不斷調整、優化作戰方案,形成「人反機正」的指揮模式。

基於“自覺能動”,建立“人引機隨”的指揮模式

毛澤東同志說過,我們名之曰“自覺的能動性”,是人之所以區別於物的特點。任何一項改造世界的複雜實踐活動,都是從粗糙的、抽象的想法開始的,要將抽象觀念轉化為具體行動,需要克服各種風險和挑戰,充分發揮自覺能動性,主動定目標、出主意、想辦法。沒有自覺能動性的人工智慧,人們向它提出問題,它給出的只是模型中蘊含的答案,而不會管這個答案能不能用、有沒有針對性、可不可以實際操作,即提出抽象、空洞的問題,它給出的就是抽象、空洞的回答。這也是為什麼時下流行的大模型統一的運行模式是“人問機答”,而不是“機器提出問題”。

依賴自覺能動性,再抽象、空洞的問題都能由人一步一步轉化為具體的行動方案、具體的行動實踐。因此,在智慧化作戰指揮中,指揮員主要負責規劃做什麼、依什麼思路做,智慧模型則負責規劃具體怎麼做。若作戰任務太過抽象籠統,應先由指揮員對問題進行分解細化,再由智慧模型對細化後的問題進行解算。在指揮引導下,分階段、分領域逐步解決問題,最終達成作戰目標,形成「人引機隨」的指揮模式。這就像寫一篇論文,先列出提綱,再進行寫作,列提綱由人負責,具體寫作由機器完成,如果感覺一級綱目不夠具體,可由人細化為二級乃至三級綱目。

基於“自主負責”,建立“人斷機算”的指揮模式

現代先進的艦載防空反導系統,通常有手動、半自動、標準自動、特殊自動四種作戰模式,一旦啟用特殊自動模式,系統發射導彈將不再需要人的授權幹預。但該模式無論在實戰還是在訓練中都很少啟用。究其原因,人作為責任主體要對自己的所有行為負責,而機器行為背後卻是責任主體的缺失,當要為重大失誤追責時,機器是無法負責的。所以,生死攸關的大事決不能讓一個沒有自主責任的機器決定。況且,現代人工智慧是一個“黑箱”,它所展現的智能行為具有不可解釋性,對與錯的原因無從知曉,讓人無法輕易將重大決定權完全交給機器。

由於人工智慧缺乏“自主責任”,會使它眼中的問題全是“馴化問題”,也就是該類問題產生的後果與回答者沒有關系,問題解決的成功也罷、失敗也罷,對回答者來說無所謂。與之相應的是“野生問題”,也就是該類問題產生的後果與回答者息息相關,回答者必須置身其中。所以,在缺失自我的人工智慧眼中沒有“野生問題”,都是“馴化問題”,它對任何問題都置身事外。因此,在智慧化作戰指揮中,機器不能取代指揮員做出判斷和決策。它可以為指揮員提供關鍵知識、識別戰場目標、整編戰場情報、分析戰場情況、預測戰場態勢,甚至可以形成作戰方案、制定作戰計劃、擬製作戰命令,但它給出的方案計劃命令,只能作為草稿和參考,至於採不採用、在多大程度上採用,還得指揮員說了算。簡單來說,就是雙方共同做出決策,人工智慧負責預測,人負責判斷,形成「人斷機算」的指揮模式。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16361814.html

Chinese Weaponization of Digitalization, Networking, Intelligence, Grasping the Focus New Chinese Generation of Information Technology

數位化、網路化、智慧化的中國武器化,抓住中國新一代資訊科技的焦點

現代英語:

Digitalization, networking, and intelligence are the prominent features of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, and are also the core of the new generation of information technology. Digitalization lays the foundation for social informatization, and its development trend is the comprehensive dataization of society. Dataization emphasizes the collection, aggregation, analysis and application of data. Networking provides a physical carrier for information dissemination, and its development trend is the widespread adoption of information-physical systems (CPS). Information-physical systems will not only give birth to new industries, but will even reshape the existing industrial layout. Intelligence reflects the level and level of information application, and its development trend is the new generation of artificial intelligence. At present, the upsurge of the new generation of artificial intelligence has arrived.

  In his important speech at the 2018 General Assembly of Academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out: “The world is entering a period of economic development dominated by the information industry. We must seize the opportunity of the integrated development of digitalization, networking, and intelligence, and use informatization and intelligence as leverage to cultivate new momentum.” This important statement is an accurate grasp of the dominant role and development trend of information technology in today’s world, and an important deployment for using information technology to promote national innovation and development.

  Human society, the physical world, and information space constitute the three elements of today’s world. The connection and interaction between these three worlds determine the characteristics and degree of social informatization. The basic way to perceive human society and the physical world is digitization, the basic way to connect human society and the physical world (through information space) is networking, and the way information space acts on the physical world and human society is intelligence. Digitalization, networking, and intelligence are the prominent features of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, and are also the focus of the new generation of information technology. Digitalization lays the foundation for social informatization, and its development trend is the comprehensive dataization of society; networking provides a physical carrier for information dissemination, and its development trend is the widespread adoption of information-physical systems (CPS); intelligence reflects the level and level of information application, and its development trend is the new generation of artificial intelligence.

  Digitalization: From computerization to dataization

  Digitalization refers to the technical approach of storing, transmitting, processing, handling and applying information carriers (text, pictures, images, signals, etc.) in digital coding form (usually binary). Digitalization itself refers to the way of representing and processing information, but in essence it emphasizes the computerization and automation of information application. In addition to digitalization, dataization (data is an information carrier in coded form, and all data is digital) emphasizes the collection, aggregation, analysis and application of data, and strengthens the production factors and productivity functions of data. Digitalization is developing from computerization to dataization, which is one of the most important trends in the current social informatization.

  The core connotation of dataization is the deep understanding and deep use of big data generated by the integration of information technology revolution and economic and social activities. Big data is a fragmentary record of social economy, real world, management decision-making, etc., containing fragmented information. With the breakthrough of analytical technology and computing technology, it is possible to interpret this fragmented information, which makes big data a new high-tech, a new scientific research paradigm, and a new way of decision-making. Big data has profoundly changed the way people think and live and work, bringing unprecedented opportunities to management innovation, industrial development, scientific discovery and other fields.

  The value generation of big data has its inherent laws (obeying the big data principle). Only by deeply understanding and mastering these laws can we improve the awareness and ability to consciously and scientifically use big data (big data thinking). The value of big data is mainly realized through big data technology. Big data technology is an extension and development of statistical methods, computer technology, and artificial intelligence technology. It is a developing technology. The current hot directions include: blockchain technology, interoperability technology, storage and management technology of integrated storage and computing, big data operating system, big data programming language and execution environment, big data foundation and core algorithm, big data machine learning technology, big data intelligent technology, visualization and human-computer interaction analysis technology, authenticity judgment and security technology, etc. The development of big data technology depends on the solution of some major basic problems, including: the statistical basis and computational theoretical basis of big data, the hardware and software basis and computational methods of big data computing, and the authenticity judgment of big data inference.

  Implementing the national big data strategy is an important way to promote the digital revolution. Since my country proposed the implementation of the national big data strategy in 2015, the pattern of rapid development of big data in my country has been initially formed, but there are also some problems that need to be solved: data openness and sharing are lagging, and the dividends of data resources have not been fully released; the profit model of enterprises is unstable, and the integrity of the industrial chain is insufficient; core technologies have not yet made major breakthroughs, and the technical level of related applications is not high; there are still loopholes in security management and privacy protection, and the construction of relevant systems is still not perfect; etc. At present, effective measures should be taken to solve the bottleneck problems that restrict the development of big data in my country.

  Networking: From the Internet to Cyber-Physical Systems

  As an information-based public infrastructure, the Internet has become the main way for people to obtain, exchange and consume information. However, the Internet only focuses on the interconnection between people and the resulting interconnection between services.

  The Internet of Things is a natural extension and expansion of the Internet. It connects various objects to the Internet through information technology, helping people obtain relevant information about the objects they need. The Internet of Things uses information collection equipment such as radio frequency identification, sensors, infrared sensors, video surveillance, global positioning systems, laser scanners, etc., and connects objects to the Internet through wireless sensor networks and wireless communication networks, so as to achieve real-time information exchange and communication between objects and between people and objects, so as to achieve the purpose of intelligent identification, positioning, tracking, monitoring and management. The Internet realizes the interconnection between people and services, while the Internet of Things realizes the cross-connection between people, objects and services. The core technologies of the Internet of Things include: sensor technology, wireless transmission technology, massive data analysis and processing technology, upper-level business solutions, security technology, etc. The development of the Internet of Things will go through a relatively long period, but it may take the lead in achieving breakthroughs in applications in specific fields. Internet of Vehicles, Industrial Internet, unmanned systems, smart homes, etc. are all areas where the Internet of Things is currently showing its prowess.

  The Internet of Things mainly solves the problem of people’s perception of the physical world, while to solve the problem of manipulating physical objects, it is necessary to further develop the cyber-physical system (CPS). The cyber-physical system is a multi-dimensional complex system that integrates computing, networking and physical environment. It realizes real-time perception, dynamic control and information services of large engineering systems through the organic integration and deep collaboration of 3C (Computer, Communication, Control) technologies. Through the human-computer interaction interface, the cyber-physical system realizes the interaction between the computing process and the physical process, and uses the networked space to control a physical entity in a remote, reliable, real-time, secure and collaborative manner. In essence, the cyber-physical system is a network with control attributes.

  Unlike public infrastructure that provides information interaction and application, the focus of the development of cyber-physical systems is on the research and development of networked physical equipment systems that deeply integrate perception, computing, communication and control capabilities. From an industrial perspective, cyber-physical systems cover a range of applications from smart home networks to industrial control systems and even intelligent transportation systems, which are national and even world-class applications. More importantly, this coverage is not just about simply connecting existing devices together, but will give rise to a large number of devices with computing, communication, control, collaboration and autonomous capabilities. The next generation of industry will be built on cyber-physical systems. With the development and popularization of cyber-physical system technology, physical devices that use computers and networks to achieve functional expansion will be ubiquitous, and will promote the upgrading of industrial products and technologies, greatly improving the competitiveness of major industrial fields such as automobiles, aerospace, national defense, industrial automation, health and medical equipment, and major infrastructure. Cyber-physical systems will not only give birth to new industries, but will even reshape the existing industrial layout.

  Intelligence: From Expert Systems to Meta-Learning

  Intelligence reflects the quality attributes of information products. When we say that an information product is intelligent, we usually mean that the product can accomplish things that only intelligent people can accomplish, or has reached a level that only humans can achieve. Intelligence generally includes perception, memory and thinking, learning and adaptive, behavioral decision-making, etc. Therefore, intelligence can also be generally defined as: enabling an object to have sensitive and accurate perception functions, correct thinking and judgment functions, adaptive learning functions, and effective execution functions.

  Intelligence is the eternal pursuit of the development of information technology, and the main way to achieve this pursuit is to develop artificial intelligence technology. In the more than 60 years since the birth of artificial intelligence technology, although it has experienced three ups and two downs, it has still made great achievements. From 1959 to 1976, it was a stage based on artificial representation of knowledge and symbol processing, which produced expert systems with important application value in some fields; from 1976 to 2007, it was a stage based on statistical learning and knowledge self-representation, which produced various neural network systems; in recent years, research based on environmental adaptation, self-game, self-evolution, and self-learning is forming a new stage of artificial intelligence development – meta-learning or methodological learning stage, which constitutes a new generation of artificial intelligence. The new generation of artificial intelligence mainly includes big data intelligence, group intelligence, cross-media intelligence, human-machine hybrid enhanced intelligence, and brain-like intelligence.

  Deep learning is an outstanding representative of the new generation of artificial intelligence technology. Due to its performance that surpasses that of humans in many fields such as face recognition, machine translation, and chess competitions, deep learning has almost become synonymous with artificial intelligence today. However, deep learning has major challenges in terms of topological design, effect prediction, and mechanism explanation. There is no solid mathematical theory to support the solution of these three major problems. Solving these problems is the main focus of future research on deep learning. In addition, deep learning is a typical big data intelligence, and its applicability is based on the existence of a large number of training samples. Small sample learning will be the development trend of deep learning.

  Meta-learning is expected to become the next breakthrough in the development of artificial intelligence. Recently developed meta-learning methods such as learning to learn, learning to teach, learning to optimize, learning to search, and learning to reason, as well as the outstanding performance of “AlphaGo Zero” in Go, have demonstrated the attractive prospects of such new technologies. However, meta-learning research is only just beginning, and its development still faces a series of challenges.

  The new generation of artificial intelligence is already here, and the foreseeable development trend is based on big data, centered on model and algorithm innovation, and supported by powerful computing power. The breakthrough of the new generation of artificial intelligence technology depends on the comprehensive development of other types of information technology, as well as the substantial progress and development of brain science and cognitive science. (Xu Zongben, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and professor of Xi’an Jiaotong University)

現代國語:

數位化、網路化、智慧化是新一輪科技革命的突出特徵,也是新一代資訊科技的核心。數位化為社會資訊化奠定基礎,其發展趨勢是社會的全面數據化。資料化強調對資料的收集、聚合、分析與應用。網路化為資訊傳播提供實體載體,其發展趨勢是資訊物理系統(CPS)的廣泛採用。資訊物理系統不僅會催生出新的工業,甚至會重塑現有產業佈局。智慧化體現資訊應用的層次與水平,其發展趨勢為新一代人工智慧。目前,新一代人工智慧的熱潮已經來臨。

習近平同志在2018年兩院院士大會上的重要演講指出:「世界正進入以資訊產業為主導的經濟發展時期。我們要把握數位化、網路化、智慧化融合發展的契機,以資訊化、智慧化為槓桿培育新動能。

人類社會、物理世界、資訊空間構成了當今世界的三元。這三元世界之間的關聯與交互,決定了社會資訊化的特徵與程度。感知人類社會和物理世界的基本方式是數位化,連結人類社會與物理世界(透過資訊空間)的基本方式是網路化,資訊空間作用於物理世界與人類社會的方式是智慧化。數位化、網路化、智慧化是新一輪科技革命的突出特徵,也是新一代資訊科技的聚焦點。數位化為社會資訊化奠定基礎,其發展趨勢是社會的全面資料化;網路化為資訊傳播提供物理載體,其發展趨勢是資訊物理系統(CPS)的廣泛採用;智慧化體現資訊應用的層次與水平,其發展趨勢是新一代人工智慧。

數位化:從電腦化到資料化

數位化是指將資訊載體(文字、圖片、影像、訊號等)以數位編碼形式(通常是二進位)進行儲存、傳輸、加工、處理和應用的技術途徑。數位化本身指的是資訊表示方式與處理方式,但本質上強調的是資訊應用的電腦化和自動化。資料化(資料是以編碼形式存在的資訊載體,所有資料都是數位化的)除包括數位化外,更強調對資料的收集、聚合、分析與應用,強化資料的生產要素與生產力功能。數位化正從電腦化朝向資料化發展,這是當前社會資訊化最重要的趨勢之一。

資料化的核心內涵是對資訊科技革命與經濟社會活動交融生成的大數據的深刻認識與深層利用。大數據是社會經濟、現實世界、管理決策等的片段記錄,蘊含著片段化資訊。隨著分析技術與運算技術的突破,解讀這些片段化資訊成為可能,這使得大數據成為一項新的高新技術、一類新的科學研究範式、一種新的決策方式。大數據深刻改變了人類的思考方式和生產生活方式,為管理創新、產業發展、科學發現等多個領域帶來前所未有的機會。

大數據的價值生成有其內在規律(服從大數據原理)。只有深刻認識並掌握這些規律,才能提高自覺運用、科學運用大數據的意識與能力(大數據思維)。大數據的價值主要透過大數據技術來實現。大數據技術是統計學方法、電腦技術、人工智慧技術的延伸與發展,是正在發展中的技術,目前的熱點方向包括:區塊鏈技術、互通技術、存算一體化儲存與管理技術、大數據作業系統、大數據程式語言與執行環境、大數據基礎與核心演算法、大數據機器學習技術、大數據智慧技術、視覺化與人機互動分析技術、真偽判定與安全技術等。大數據技術的發展依賴一些重大基礎問題的解決,這些重大基礎問題包括:大數據的統計基礎與計算理論基礎、大數據計算的軟硬體基礎與計算方法、大數據推斷的真偽性判定等。

實施國家大數據戰略是推動資料化革命的重要途徑。自2015年我國提出實施國家大數據戰略以來,我國大數據快速發展的格局已初步形成,但也存在一些亟待解決的問題:數據開放共享滯後,數據資源紅利仍未得到充分釋放;企業贏利模式不穩定,產業鏈完整性不足;核心技術尚未取得重大突破,相關應用的技術水準不高;安全管理與隱私保護還存在漏洞,相關制度建設仍不夠完善;等等。目前,應採取有效措施解決制約我國大數據發展的瓶頸問題。

網路化:從網際網路到資訊物理系統

作為資訊化的公共基礎設施,網路已成為人們獲取資訊、交換資訊、消費資訊的主要方式。但是,網路關注的只是人與人之間的互聯互通以及由此帶來的服務與服務的互聯。

物聯網是互聯網的自然延伸和拓展,它透過資訊科技將各種物體與網路相連,幫助人們獲取所需物體的相關資訊。物聯網透過使用射頻識別、感測器、紅外線感應器、視訊監控、全球定位系統、雷射掃描器等資訊擷取設備,透過無線感測網路、無線通訊網路把物體與網路連接起來,實現物與物、人與物之間的即時資訊交換和通信,以達到智慧化識別、定位、追蹤、監控和管理的目的。互聯網實現了人與人、服務與服務之間的互聯, 而物聯網實現了人、物、服務之間的交叉互聯。物聯網的核心技術包括:感測器技術、無線傳輸技術、大量資料分析處理技術、上層業務解決方案、安全技術等。物聯網的發展將經歷相對漫長的時期,但可能會在特定領域的應用中率先取得突破,車聯網、工業互聯網、無人系統、智慧家庭等都是當前物聯網大顯身手的領域。

物聯網主要解決人對物理世界的感知問題,而要解決對物理對象的操控問題則必須進一步發展資訊物理系統(CPS)。資訊物理系統是一個綜合運算、網路和物理環境的多維複雜系統,它透過3C(Computer、Communication、Control)技術的有機融合與深度協作,實現對大型工程系統的即時感知、動態控制和資訊服務。透過人機交互接口,資訊物理系統實現計算進程與實體進程的交互,利用網路化空間以遠端、可靠、即時、安全、協作的方式操控一個實體實體。從本質上來說,資訊物理系統是一個具有控制屬性的網路。

不同於提供資訊互動與應用的公用基礎設施,資訊物理系統發展的聚焦點在於研發深度融合感知、運算、通訊與控制能力的網路化實體設備系統。從產業角度來看,資訊物理系統的涵蓋範圍小到智慧家庭網路、大到工業控制系統乃至智慧交通系統等國家級甚至世界級的應用。更重要的是,這種涵蓋並不僅僅是將現有的設備簡單地連在一起,而是會催生出眾多具有計算、通訊、控制、協同和自治性能的設備,下一代工業將建立在在資訊物理系統之上。隨著資訊物理系統技術的發展和普及,使用電腦和網路實現功能擴展的實體設備將無所不在,並推動工業產品和技術的升級換代,大大提高汽車、航空航太、國防、工業自動化、健康醫療設備、重大基礎設施等主要工業領域的競爭力。資訊物理系統不僅會催生出新的工業,甚至會重塑現有產業佈局。

智能化:從專家系統到元學習

智能化反映資訊產品的品質屬性。我們說一個資訊產品是智慧的,通常是指這個產品能完成有智慧的人才能完成的事情,或是已經達到人類才能達到的程度。智能一般包括知覺能力、記憶與思考能力、學習與適應力、行為決策能力等。所以,智能化通常也可定義為:使對象具備靈敏準確的感知功能、正確的思考與判斷功能、自適應的學習功能、行之有效的執行功能等。

智能化是資訊科技發展的永恆追求,實現這項追求的主要途徑是發展人工智慧技術。人工智慧技術誕生60多年來,雖歷經三起兩落,但還是取得了巨大成就。 1959—1976年是基於人工表示知識和符號處理的階段,產生了在一些領域具有重要應用價值的專家系統;1976—2007年是基於統計學習和知識自表示的階段,產生了各種各樣的神經網路系統;近幾年開始的基於環境自適應、自博弈、自進化、自學習的研究,正在形成一個人工智慧發展的新階段——元學習或方法論學習階段,這構成新一代人工智慧。新一代人工智慧主要包括大數據智慧、群體智慧、跨媒體智慧、人機混合增強智慧和類腦智慧等。

深度學習是新一代人工智慧技術的卓越代表。由於在人臉辨識、機器翻譯、棋類競賽等眾多領域超越人類的表現,深度學習在今天幾乎已成為人工智慧的代名詞。然而,深度學習拓樸設計難、效果預期難、機理解釋難是重大挑戰,還沒有一套堅實的數學理論來支持解決這三大難題。解決這些難題是深度學習未來研究的主要關注點。此外,深度學習是典型的大數據智能,它的可應用性是以存在大量訓練樣本為基礎的。小樣本學習將是深度學習的發展趨勢。

元學習有望成為人工智慧發展的下一個突破口。學會學習、學會教學、學會優化、學會搜尋、學會推理等新近發展的元學習方法以及「AlphaGo Zero」在圍棋方面的出色表現,展現了這類新技術的誘人前景。然而,元學習研究僅是開始,其發展還面臨一系列挑戰。

新一代人工智慧的熱潮已經來臨,可以預見的發展趨勢是以大數據為基礎、以模型與演算法創新為核心、以強大的運算能力為支撐。新一代人工智慧技術的突破依賴其他各類資訊技術的綜合發展,也依賴腦科學與認知科學的實質進步與發展。 (中國科學院院士、西安交通大學教授 徐宗本)

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.cac.gov.cn/2019-03/01/c_1124178478.htm

Talent Base, Research Content & Innovative Methods Enhanc Modernization of China’s Military Theory Under Empowerment of Science and Technology

人才基礎、研究內容與創新方法提昇科技賦能下的中國軍事理論現代化

現代英語:

Empowering military theory modernization with technology

■Chen Jihao and Liu Yangyue

At present, with the accelerated evolution of a new round of military revolution and the rapid development of disruptive military science and technology, the modernization of military theory has increasingly become a modernization that closely combines military theory with military science and technology and promotes the continuous innovation of military theory with the empowerment of science and technology. To accelerate the modernization of military theory, it is necessary to correctly recognize the development relationship between military science and technology and military theory, and explore the talent base, research content and innovation methods of the modernization of military theory under the empowerment of science and technology.

Cultivating innovative military theoretical talents led by science and technology

Talents are the main body of military theory innovation, and building a high-level, complex team of theoretical innovation talents is the key to realizing the modernization of military theory. Modern military theory research presents a situation of mutual intersection and deep integration of natural sciences and social sciences. It is necessary to cultivate a large number of military innovation talents with integrated science and technology, create a collaborative and open theoretical innovation organization model, and provide intellectual support for promoting the modernization of military theory.

First, military theory researchers must have a “scientific and technological mind” to enhance their understanding, application and discernment of science and technology. Military theory researchers must keep abreast of the latest developments in science and technology, use multidisciplinary cross-border thinking to understand the full meaning of science and technology, and tap the huge military potential of cutting-edge science and technology; they must focus on introducing scientific research methods into military theory research, borrow methods such as big data analysis to study military theory, combine qualitative research with quantitative research, and overcome the limitations of the original military theory research that is experience-oriented and lacks precision; at the same time, they must be good at identifying those “pseudo-sciences” that claim to be at the forefront of science and technology, and see through the technological “fog” released by competitors. Second, military science and technology researchers must have theoretical thinking. Military science and technology researchers should overcome the narrow-minded thinking of “technological determinism”, realize that natural sciences and social sciences are intertwined rather than diametrically opposed, and actively use scientific theories to guide military research. At the same time, they should focus on learning and studying advanced military theories, strengthen their understanding of the war situation and winning mechanism, and deepen their understanding of the application value and development trend of military technology. Thirdly, establish and improve the exchange and cooperation mechanism between theoretical talents and scientific and technological talents. Based on comprehensive research topics, experts from various fields can be widely drawn to form interdisciplinary joint research groups, give full play to their respective strengths, and ignite theoretical innovation sparks in constant cross-collisions. Different types of research units can also select personnel for cross-appointments, so as to encourage theoretical and scientific talents to learn from each other and grow together, open up disciplinary and innovation chains, and enhance the overall effectiveness of theoretical innovation.

Focus on science and technology-led military theory research content

Although there are some universal principles in military theory, the specific content will continue to change with the evolution of the times and practice. In today’s world, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution is advancing by leaps and bounds. The emergence of a series of high-tech technologies and their extensive application in the military field have triggered profound changes in the mechanisms, elements and methods of winning wars, providing new research objects for military theory research.

First, we need to study powerful enemies. The confrontational nature of war determines that military theory research must keep a close eye on the changes of powerful enemies and compete for the commanding heights of military theory. At present, the world’s major powers are stepping up the development of new operational concepts and tactics in response to cutting-edge technologies. Military theory research must adhere to the principle of “you fight yours, I fight mine”, and use the method of “dissecting sparrows” to clarify the opponent’s operational concepts, methods and capabilities. At the same time, we must keep a close eye on changes in science and technology, strengthen the development of new operational concepts, and achieve a transition from follow-up research to synchronization and then to catching up, so as to form an asymmetric balance of power in military theory. Secondly, we must study intelligent warfare. In today’s world, the development of disruptive cutting-edge technologies has promoted the evolution of war forms towards intelligence, and the temporal and spatial characteristics and offensive and defensive modes of war have undergone profound changes. Military theory research should focus on intelligent warfare, accurately grasp the laws and characteristics of intelligent warfare, actively predict the impact of science and technology on future wars, and realize the transformation from passive adaptation to active design of war. Thirdly, we should study new quality combat power. The development of science and technology has given rise to new quality combat power, changed the combination of people and weapons, and directly contributed to the birth of new quality combat power. For example, in the future battlefield, human-machine integrated joint combat actions will become an important combat mode, and it will be possible for a small number of soldiers to lead a large number of “bee swarms”, “fish swarms” and ” ant swarms” to conduct intelligent cluster combat. Military theory research should focus on new types of combat capabilities, seize opportunities in emerging fields, take the initiative, and proactively explore the generation paths and release patterns of new types of combat capabilities. Advanced theories should be used to guide and drive the construction of new types of combat forces in new domains, providing theoretical support for accelerating the incubation and generation of new types of combat capabilities.

Create a military theory research paradigm supported by science and technology

The intelligent science paradigm is called the “fifth paradigm” of scientific research. It is a cross-domain scientific research paradigm supported by artificial intelligence technology, integrating human values ​​​​and knowledge, and characterized by human-machine integration. Entering the era of intelligence, big data and artificial intelligence are developing rapidly, requiring the “intelligent factor” to be organically integrated into the practice of military theoretical research in an all-round way, opening up the “fifth paradigm” of military theoretical research.

First, explore data-centric research methods. Artificial intelligence technology can comprehensively collect battlefield intelligence data on a large scale, efficiently screen and integrate multi-source data, and realize nonlinear coupling and complex correlation of cross-domain and cross-scenario data. We must give full play to the powerful functions of artificial intelligence technology in multi-dimensional data collection and multi-dimensional data processing, open up the data links between military theories, technologies, equipment and other elements, and realize data-centric cross-domain synergy and efficiency among various research elements, and connect the “underlying channel” of the integration of theory and technology. Secondly, innovate the research model of human-machine collaboration. With the continuous improvement of the intelligence level of machines, the research model of ” human-host-machine-slave” has gradually changed to “human-machine integration.” The global knowledge and associative prediction capabilities of artificial intelligence are helping researchers break through the limitations of traditional thinking, eliminate traditional field divisions, and open up a ” brainstorm” in military theory research. We need to explore innovative models for deep integration of humans and machines, establish a dynamic feedback mechanism for positive-sum games, combine researchers’ nonlinear abstract thinking with the powerful computing power of machines, and achieve knowledge integration and communication, dynamic simulation and deduction, forward-looking analysis and decision-making, providing the greatest wisdom increment for military theory research. Secondly, create a “pre-practice” platform for military theory. Practice is the “touchstone” for testing the results of military theory. Only by constantly moving from practice to theory and then to practice can we achieve a spiral rise in military theory. On the one hand, we can use advanced scientific and technological means such as virtual reality technology and artificial intelligence technology to build a virtual experimental platform, simulate and simulate combat scenarios and combat power generation processes through deduction, analysis, evaluation and other means, and test the practicality and operability of conceptual design in a realistic experimental environment, so as to continuously improve and develop military theory; we can also use generative artificial intelligence to generate “semi-factual” combat scenarios, directly display the combat process and results in a visual way, inspire the thinking of military theorists, and shorten the new theory generation cycle. On the other hand, comprehensive live-fire training activities are used to conduct comprehensive combat experiments under the preset future battlefield environment and combat conditions, which complement virtual experiments and provide more reliable pre-practice quantitative data to verify and develop military theories in an environment closer to actual combat.

現代國語:

以科技賦能軍事理論現代化

■陳紀豪 劉楊鉞

當前,隨著新一輪軍事革命的加速演進和顛覆性軍事科技的高速發展,軍事理論現代化日益成為軍事理論與軍事科技緊密結合、以科技賦能推動軍事理論不斷創新的現代化。加速軍事理論現代化,需要正確認識軍事科技與軍事理論的發展關系,探索科技賦能下軍事理論現代化的人才基礎、研究內容與創新方法。

培養科技引領的軍事理論創新人才

人才是軍事理論創新的主體,建立一支高層次複合型的理論創新人才隊伍是實現軍事理論現代化的關鍵。現代軍事理論研究呈現自然科學與社會科學相互交叉、深度融合的局面,需要培養大量理技融合型軍事創新人才,打造協同開放的理論創新組織模式,為推動軍事理論現代化提供智力支持。

首先,軍事理論研究人員要有“科技頭腦”,增強對科技的理解力、運用力和鑑別力。軍事理論研究人員要及時掌握最新的科技發展動態,利用多學科交叉的跨界思維理解科技中蘊含的全部意義,發掘前沿科技的巨大軍事潛力;要注重將科學研究的方法引入軍事理論研究,借鑑大數據分析等方法來研究軍事理論,將定性研究和定量研究結合起來,克服原有軍事理論研究經驗主導和精確性不足的局限;與此同時,還要善於識破那些打著科技前沿名號的“偽科學”,看清競爭對手釋放的科技“迷霧”。其次,軍事科技研究人員要有理論思維。軍事科技研究人員要克服「技術決定論」的狹隘思維,認識到自然科學和社會科學是相互交織而非截然對立的,主動用科學的理論去指導軍事科研,同時注重對先進軍事理論的學習和研究,加強對戰爭形態和製勝機理的認識,深化對軍事技術應用價值和發展趨勢的理解。再次,建立健全理論人才與科技人才的交流合作機制。可綜合性研究課題為牽引,廣泛抽調各領域專家組成跨學科聯合課題研究組,發揮各自特長,在不斷地交叉碰撞之中點燃理論創新火花。不同類型的研究單位還可以互相選派人員進行交叉任職,促使理論人才和科技人才相互借鑑、共同成長,打通學科鏈、創新鏈,提升理論創新整體效能。

聚焦科技主導的軍事理論研究內容

軍事理論中雖然有著一些古今通用的原理,但具體內容會隨著時代和實踐的演進而不斷變化。當今世界,新一輪科技革命和產業革命突飛猛進,一系列高新技術的出現和在軍事領域的廣泛運用,引發戰爭制勝機理、制勝要素和製勝方式的深刻變化,為軍事理論研究提供了新的研究對象。

首先,要研究強敵對手。戰爭的對抗性決定了軍事理論研究必須緊盯強敵之變,爭奪軍事理論制高點。當前,世界主要大國正在針對前沿科技加緊開發新的作戰概念與戰術戰法,軍事理論研究要堅持“你打你的,我打我的”,以“解剖麻雀”的方式把對手的作戰概念、作戰方式和作戰能力搞清楚。同時要緊盯科技之變,加強開發新的作戰概念,實現從跟進研究到同步再到趕超,在軍事理論上形成非對稱制衡優勢。其次,要研究智能化戰爭。當今世界,顛覆性前沿科技的發展助推戰爭形態朝向智慧化演進,戰爭的時空特性和攻防模式已經發生深刻改變。軍事理論研究要聚焦智慧化戰爭,精確掌握智慧化戰爭規律與特點,積極預測科技對未來戰爭的影響,實現從被動適應戰爭轉變為主動設計戰爭。再次,要研究新質戰鬥力。科技的發展催生了新質作戰力量,改變了人和武器的結合方式,直接促成了新質戰鬥力的誕生。例如,未來戰場人機一體的聯合作戰行動將成為重要作戰樣態,極少數士兵帶領數量龐大的「蜂群」「魚群」「蟻群」進行智慧集群作戰成為可能。軍事理論研究要聚焦新質戰鬥力,在新興領域中抓住機遇,下好先手棋、打好主動仗,前瞻探索新質戰鬥力的生成路徑和釋放規律,以先進理論牽引拉動新域新質作戰力量建設,為加速新質戰鬥力的孵化與生成提供理論支撐。

打造科技支撐的軍事理論研究範式

智慧科學範式被稱為科學研究的“第五範式”,是一種以人工智慧技術為支撐,以融入人的價值和知識為手段,以人機共融為特徵的跨領域科學研究規範。進入智能化時代,大數據和人工智慧發展迅速,要求把「智能因子」全方位有機融入軍事理論研究實踐之中,開啟軍事理論研究的「第五範式」。

首先,探索以數據為中心的研究方法。人工智慧技術能夠大幅蒐集戰場情報數據,高效篩选和整合多源數據,實現跨域和跨場景數據非線性耦合和復雜關聯。要充分發揮人工智慧技術多元資料蒐集與多維資料處理的強大功能,打通軍事理論、技術、裝備等各要素之間的資料鏈路,實現各研究要素間以資料為中心的跨域協同增效,貫通理技融合的「底層通道」。其次,創新人機協同的研究模式。隨著機器智慧化程度的不斷提高,「人體主機從」的研究模式逐漸轉變為「人機融合」。人工智慧的全局知識和關聯預測能力正在幫助研究者突破傳統思維局限,消弭傳統領域分割,開啟軍事理論研究的「頭腦風暴」。要探索人機深度融合的創新模式,建立正和博弈的動態回饋機制,將研究者的非線性抽象思維與機器的強大算力優勢結合起來,實現知識整合與貫通、動態模擬與推演、前瞻分析及決策,為軍事理論研究提供最大智慧增量。再次,打造軍事理論「預實踐」平台。實踐是檢驗軍事理論成果的“試金石”,只有不斷地從實踐到理論再到實踐,才能實現軍事理論螺旋式上升。一方面,利用虛擬現實技術、人工智慧技術等先進科技手段建立虛擬實驗平台,透過推演、分析、評估等手段對作戰場景和戰鬥力生成過程進行模擬和模擬,在逼真的實驗環境中檢驗概念設計的實用性和可操作性,從而不斷完善和發展軍事理論;還可以利用生成式人工智慧生成「半事實」的作戰場景,以可視化的方式來直接展現戰鬥過程和結果,啟發軍事理論人員思維,縮短新理論生成週期。另一方面,綜合運用實兵演訓活動,在預設的未來戰場環境和作戰條件之下,進行綜合性作戰實驗,與虛擬實驗相互補充,提供更為可靠的預實踐量化數據,在更為接近實戰化的環境之中驗證與發展軍事理論。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16361834.html

Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Chinese Army丨On Building an Innovative People’s Army: Only Innovators Win

習近平強軍思想丨論建立創新人民軍隊:創新者勝

現代英語:

Only innovators win – on building an innovative people’s army

  1. Why is innovation the core competitiveness of an army?

The 19th CPC National Congress clearly proposed the epoch-making proposition of “building an innovative people’s army”, which is the first time in the history of the Party. From proposing to accelerate the construction of an innovative country to proposing to build an innovative people’s army, our Party has emphasized that innovation should be placed at the core of the overall national development and the overall military construction and development, highlighting the extreme importance and practical urgency of innovation for a strong country and a strong army. Innovation is the soul of a country’s development and progress, and it is also the soul of an army’s development and progress. To grasp innovation is to grasp development, and to plan for innovation is to plan for the future. President Xi Jinping stressed that innovation capability is the core competitiveness of an army, and that we must thoroughly implement the innovation-driven development strategy and increase the contribution of innovation to the growth of combat effectiveness.

The military field is the field with the most innovative vitality and the most need for innovative spirit. Marxism believes that war develops earlier than peace, and the military is in a leading position in many aspects of human activities. Advanced technologies are often first applied to the military field. At the same time, the military field is the field with the most intense competition and confrontation. There is always a life-and-death contest between the enemy and us, between attack and defense, spear and shield, and a war drama of wits and courage. If you are one step ahead of others in innovation, you can control others instead of being controlled by them. As Engels said, “Every great commander in the history of war who has created a new era by adopting new methods of warfare has either invented new material means himself, or has been the first to discover the correct method of applying new material means invented before him.” At the end of the 16th century, the British Navy applied new battleships and innovative naval tactics to defeat the Spanish “Invincible Fleet” in one fell swoop, ushering in an era of maritime hegemony; in the late 19th century and early 20th century, Germany applied the latest achievements of the Second Industrial Revolution to military construction and built the most densely populated railway network in Europe, greatly improving the military’s combat readiness and mobility. History has shown that only innovators can advance, become strong and win. Those who are conservative and complacent will miss precious opportunities and fall into strategic passivity.

Innovation capability is an accelerator for generating and improving combat effectiveness. The core of combat effectiveness is people. If people have strong innovation capability, they can “empower” various elements of combat effectiveness, thereby achieving the upgrade of combat effectiveness and forming the “optimal solution” to defeat the enemy. In the final analysis, the competition in war is the competition of innovation capability of both combatants, and the gap in combat capability is essentially the gap in innovation capability. In 1806, the Prussian army was defeated by the French army led by Napoleon in the Battle of Jena. Clausewitz, who participated in the battle, pointed out in summarizing the reasons for the Prussian army’s defeat that middle and senior officers rarely realized that the characteristics of war had undergone fundamental changes. “The Battle of Jena is not only an example of outdated style, but also an example of extreme lack of imagination caused by sticking to the old ways.” The lack of imagination reflects the shortcomings of innovation. If the innovation ability is improved, it will accelerate the formation of new driving forces for the development of combat effectiveness, maximize the vitality of various elements of combat effectiveness, and promote the geometric growth of combat effectiveness.

Our army has come to where it is today through innovation, and we will also rely on innovation to win the future. In the process of combining Marxist military theory, the practice of China’s revolutionary war and the construction of the people’s army, and the traditional Chinese military tactics, our party has relied on continuous innovation to gradually form a complete set of principles and systems for building and governing the army, created the strategy and tactics of the people’s war, and formed the unique advantages of our army. It can be said that innovation has been deeply integrated into the red blood of the people’s army and has become the most distinctive spiritual endowment of our army. In today’s era, a new round of scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution, and military revolution are accelerating, providing us with a rare opportunity to catch up with the latecomers, and also putting forward higher requirements for our comprehensive implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy. In the past, the development of our military construction was mainly driven by investment factors, which was necessary under certain historical conditions. However, today, it is difficult to continue to rely on large-scale investment increases, which has limited effects and diminishing marginal utility. To keep up with the pace of world military development, break through the bottleneck constraints of military construction, and comprehensively create new development advantages, what is most needed is innovation, and the fundamental way out lies in innovation. We must start the new engine of innovation-driven development at full speed, make great efforts to grasp theoretical innovation, scientific and technological innovation, scientific management, talent gathering, and practical innovation, and establish a set of new military theories, organizational structures, equipment systems, strategies and tactics, and management models that are adapted to the requirements of informationized warfare and mission fulfillment, promote changes in the quality, efficiency, and driving force of our military construction and develop, truly accelerate, build high quality, and speed up the effective supply of advanced combat capabilities.

  1. Why should we vigorously promote the innovation of Marxist military theory?

In May 1938, the nationwide war of resistance had been going on for 10 months. Facing the massive attack of the Japanese army, the “national destruction theory” and “quick victory theory” were once very popular. Can China achieve the final victory? How can it achieve victory? How will the course of the war develop? These questions troubled people’s minds. At the critical juncture of the survival of the Chinese nation, Comrade Mao Zedong published the famous “On Protracted War”, which was like a ray of light, giving great encouragement and confidence to the anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians who were fighting hard. All problems of the hostility between the two armies depend on war to be solved. A strong army must be guided by scientific theory. President Xi pointed out that we should vigorously promote the innovation of Marxist military theory, accelerate the formation of a military theory system that is contemporary, leading and unique, and provide scientific theoretical support for the practice of strengthening the military.

Scientific military theory is combat effectiveness. Military theory is a rational understanding and knowledge system about war, the army and national defense. Scientific military theory reveals the laws of war, the laws of war guidance and the laws of army building, guides the construction and use of military forces, has a profound impact on the elements of combat effectiveness, and leads the development of military practice. After the end of World War I, British military theorist Fuller proposed the theory of mechanized warfare, but it was not taken seriously. In the early days of World War II, the German army swept across Europe because of the tank cluster and the “blitzkrieg” theory. Although the weapons and equipment of the British and French armies at that time were almost the same as those of the German army, due to the obsolete and rigid combat theories, the British and French coalition forces soon fell into passivity and could only retreat from Dunkirk, and France quickly fell. Looking back at the history of military development, theoretical innovation has played a significant leading role in practical innovation. Mahan’s “sea power” theory, Douhet’s “air supremacy” theory, Tukhachevsky’s “deep and deep operations” theory, Graham’s “high frontier” theory, etc., have all led the military trend, promoted military reforms, and changed the face of war. “Thoughts precede actions, just as lightning precedes thunder.” Advanced military theory is an ideological weapon that correctly guides war. Whoever is one step ahead in military theory innovation is more likely to seize the initiative to win.

The key to the continuous growth and development of the People’s Army is that it always adheres to the guidance of advanced military theory. One of the important reasons why our army can fight and win battles is that it wins in theory and strategy, learns war from war, and explores laws from practice. During the Jinggangshan struggle period, our party developed the strategy and tactics of guerrilla warfare based on the characteristics of the enemy’s strength and our weakness, and preserved and developed itself. During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression , our party implemented the strategic policy of “basically guerrilla warfare, but not relaxing mobile warfare under favorable conditions”, dealt a heavy blow to the Japanese invaders, and strengthened and developed itself. During the Liberation War, our party did not care about the gains and losses of a city or a place, and exchanged space for time, and concentrated superior forces to fight a war of destruction, defeated the Kuomintang army, and ushered in the birth of New China. After Chiang Kai-shek retreated to Taiwan, he reflected on the military competition between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party for decades, saying that the reason why the Communist army was able to win the war was because it emphasized the distinction between the extraordinary and the orthodox, the virtual and the real, and the application of changes, and constantly promoted innovation. In long-term practice, our party has combined the basic principles of Marxism with the practice of China’s revolutionary war and the construction of the people’s army, created Marxist military theoretical achievements with Chinese characteristics, and formed Mao Zedong’s Military Thought , Deng Xiaoping’s Thought on Military Construction in the New Era, Jiang Zemin’s Thought on National Defense and Army Construction, Hu Jintao’s Thought on National Defense and Army Construction, and Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army, providing a scientific guide for winning the victory of China’s revolutionary war and promoting the modernization of national defense and the army.

Knowledge Links

Ten Military Principles

In December 1947, Comrade Mao Zedong put forward ten major military principles in his report “The Current Situation and Our Tasks”, the main contents of which are summarized as follows: (1) First attack the dispersed and isolated enemy, then attack the concentrated and powerful enemy. (2) First capture small cities, medium-sized cities and vast rural areas, then capture large cities. (3) The main goal is to destroy the enemy’s living forces, not to preserve or seize cities and places. ( 4) In every battle, concentrate an absolutely superior force to encircle the enemy on all sides, strive to completely destroy it and not let any escape. (5) Do not fight a battle without preparation or without confidence every battle, we should strive to be prepared and strive to be sure of victory based on the comparison of the enemy’s conditions and ours. (6) Carry forward the style of fighting bravely, fearing no sacrifice, fearing no fatigue, and engaging in continuous fighting. (7) Strive to destroy the enemy in the process of movement. At the same time, focus on positional attack tactics and seize the enemy’s strongholds and cities. (8) In the matter of siege, all enemy strongholds and cities with weak defenses must be seized resolutely. enemy strongholds and cities with moderate defenses and conditions that allow them to be seized must be seized immediately. All enemy strongholds and cities with strong defenses must be seized only when conditions are ripe. (9) Capture all the enemy’s weapons and most of the enemy’s personnel to replenish our own forces. (10) Make good use of the interval between two campaigns to rest and retrain the troops.

New military practice calls for new military theory. Theory comes from practice, and practice is the driving force for the development of theory. Military theory can only maintain strong vitality if it keeps up with the times and responds to practice. In recent years, emerging fields and battlefield space have been continuously expanded, high-tech has penetrated into the military field in many ways, the war form and combat methods have accelerated evolution, and new war and combat theories have emerged in an endless stream. The US military has proposed “network-centric warfare”, “global rapid strike”, and “all-domain warfare”, the Russian military has proposed “non-nuclear containment strategy” and “strategic air and space campaign”, and the Japanese Self-Defense Forces have proposed the “cross-domain defense” theory, etc., all of which are aimed at winning new military advantages through theoretical innovation. The rapid development of the new military revolution in the world and the in-depth advancement of our military strengthening and military rejuvenation practices have put forward urgent requirements for innovation in military theory and provided broad space. Our military construction and development are facing a large number of new situations and new problems, which urgently need to be answered theoretically. Whether it is innovation in military strategy, innovation in military science and technology, or innovation in other aspects of military, they are inseparable from theoretical guidance. It is imperative and urgent to accelerate the modernization of military theory. We must have a broader vision and a longer-term perspective, firmly grasp the issues of war and combat, promote innovation in military theory, and constantly open up new horizons for the development of contemporary Chinese Marxist military theory.

41. Why is science and technology the core combat capability?

In February 2018, a brand-new organization in the Chinese military, the Military Scientific Research Steering Committee of the Central Military Commission, was formally established. Together with the previously established Science and Technology Committee of the Central Military Commission, a new top-level structure for military scientific research work was established. The Academy of Military Sciences has been reorganized and reorganized. With the Academy of Military Sciences as the leader, the military and military scientific research institutions as the backbone, and the scientific research forces of colleges and troops as the auxiliary, our military’s new scientific research system is accelerating to take shape. This series of major measures marks a new step taken by our army on the road to strengthening the military through science and technology, and shows that our party’s understanding of the strategic position of science and technology in national defense and military construction has risen to a new height. President Xi profoundly pointed out that science and technology are the core combat effectiveness, and to promote the modernization of national defense and the military, we must activate the powerful engine of scientific and technological innovation.

Science and technology are the most active and revolutionary factors in military development. Marxism believes that science is a “powerful lever of history” and a “revolutionary force in the highest sense.” Scientific and technological progress not only profoundly changes human production and lifestyle, but also profoundly affects the direction of world military development, and fundamentally promotes the military development process in all aspects. Engels pointed out: “As soon as technological advances can be used for military purposes and have been used for military purposes, they immediately, almost forcibly, and often against the will of the commander, cause changes or even revolutions in the way of combat.” Looking at the world In the history of military development, the main technologies supporting military struggles include bronze smelting and iron casting in the cold weapon age, gunpowder and firearm manufacturing in the hot weapon age, internal combustion engines and electricity in the mechanization age, and computers and communications in the information age. The widespread application of science and technology in the military field will inevitably lead to profound changes in the shape of war and methods of combat. Every major scientific and technological innovation in history has initiated a new military revolution, and every military revolution has pushed military development into a new era.

Science and technology are an important basis for generating and improving combat effectiveness. The basic components of combat effectiveness are people, weapons and equipment, and the combination of people and weapons and equipment. Science and technology are not independent elements of combat effectiveness, but they are always integrated into and condensed into various elements of combat effectiveness in various ways and forms, greatly promoting the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness. From a human perspective, in the development chain of “physical fitness-skill-intelligence” of military personnel, scientific and technological quality increasingly constitutes the most important factor in their overall quality. Without high scientific and technological literacy and military skills, even weapons and equipment cannot be operated. No, let alone being able to fight and win wars. From the perspective of weapons and equipment, it is the physical manifestation of science and technology in the military field. Science and technology have become a “multiplier” for the combat effectiveness of weapons and equipment. From the perspective of the integration of people and weapons and equipment, science and technology have spawned new military theories and prompted the continuous adjustment and reform of the military system. They are the “catalyst” to achieve the optimal combination of people and weapons and equipment. Generally speaking, the development and progress of science and technology is the main force that promotes the demise of the elements of the old combat effectiveness system and the construction of new combat effectiveness system elements, greatly shortening the cycle of generating and improving combat effectiveness, and promoting the leap of new quality combat effectiveness.

Science and technology have an increasing impact on the outcome of modern wars. At present, science and technology are developing faster and faster, and global scientific and technological innovation is unprecedentedly active. Major powers regard seizing scientific and technological advantages as a strategic measure to seek military advantage. The military game between great powers is largely reflected in technological subversion and counter-subversion, raids and counter-raids, offsets and counter-offsets. Once some technologies achieve breakthroughs, their impact will be disruptive, and may even fundamentally change the shape and methods of warfare, and fundamentally change the traditional offensive and defensive pattern of war. We are in a period of historical convergence where the world’s scientific and technological revolution and military revolution are developing rapidly, and the cause of strengthening and rejuvenating the military is in-depth advancement. Technology has never had such a profound impact on the overall national security and military strategy as it does today, and has never had such a profound impact on the construction and development of our military as it does today. We must promote high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-reliance, give full play to the strategic supporting role of science and technology in our military construction, put national defense scientific and technological innovation in a more prominent position, adhere to the strategic basis of independent innovation, enhance scientific and technological awareness, innovation, and application capabilities, and strive to Seize the initiative in military development and the right to win future wars.

▶A big country like ours and an army like ours must take the initiative through independent innovation.

▶Real core and key technologies cannot be bought with money. Importing weapons and equipment is unreliable, and importing imitations will not go far.

▶Independent innovation must be fought for, and this battle must be won.

42. How to understand the promotion of a military management revolution centered on effectiveness?

In June 2020, with the approval of the Central Military Commission, the entire military held a strategic management training. This was the first high-level, large-scale training event organized by our military with strategic management as the theme. More than a month later, during the 22nd collective study session of the Political Bureau of the 19th CPC Central Committee, President Xi clearly pointed out that it is necessary to update management concepts, improve strategic literacy, improve systems and mechanisms, smooth strategic management links, and substantively advance military management revolution. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission have placed the strengthening of military management in a strategic position, actively built a new military management system, and started a new process of revolution in our military management in the new era.

Whether the army can fight and win wars, management often plays a key role. No matter how good the theoretical guidance of an army is, no matter how good the weapons and equipment are, and no matter how many combatants there are, if the management is in a mess and all the elements cannot integrate and play a role, it will not be able to win the war, and it may even be impossible to win the war. Scientific and efficient management is of great significance for reducing military construction costs, improving military system operation efficiency, and enhancing combat effectiveness. During the Gulf War, the U.S. Department of Defense shipped about 40,000 containers to the frontline armies. Due to imprecise management and inaccurate support, many material categories and recipient information were unknown. More than 20,000 of them had to be reopened and counted until the end of the war. There are still more than 8,000 containers that have not been opened. Modern war practice has fully proved that as the military organizational structure becomes increasingly complex, professional division of labor becomes more refined, and military operations become more systematic, this requires us to pay more attention to the role of management in military operations and construction and improve the professionalization of military management. , refined and scientific level.

The purpose of the military management revolution is to improve the operational efficiency of military systems and the efficiency of the use of national defense resources. Military management is the overall and basic work of national defense and military construction. Its essence is to organically integrate all military units and elements to fundamentally improve the effectiveness of combat effectiveness. Extensive management is a prominent problem that has long restricted the development of our military’s construction. In particular, our military’s construction is at a critical stage of accelerating shifting gears and improving quality and efficiency. In addition, the construction management model has undergone great changes after the reform, and the promotion of efficiency-oriented The core military management revolution and improving the precision-oriented management system are the inevitable choices for strengthening the scientific management of the military. With efficiency as the core, all management practices are inherently required to adhere to quality first, efficiency first, and strive to increase the effective supply of combat effectiveness. To be precision-oriented means to achieve precise planning, precise planning, precise deployment, precise implementation, and precise inspection, and to apply the principle of precision throughout the entire process of all aspects of management. In advancing the reform of military policies and systems, our army has implemented fundamental changes in traditional management methods and proposed reform measures in strategic management, military expenditure management, organizational management, equipment management, material management, and troop education management. The purpose is to form a precise An efficient, comprehensively standardized, and rigidly constrained military management policy system will improve the operational efficiency of the military system, the effectiveness of the use of national defense resources, and the effectiveness of the construction and application of military forces.

Military management must tightly grasp the pivot of strategic management. As the highest-level management of national defense and military construction, strategic management is a macro-management activity that manages the overall situation, long-term management, and major events. It plans and designs the investment of military resources from the top level. Whether strategic management is scientific or not directly affects the quality and efficiency of national defense and military construction. Back then, we achieved “two bombs and one satellite” under very difficult circumstances. We spent much less money than foreign countries, but the efficiency was very high. The important reason was that we gave full play to our country’s institutional advantages and used systems engineering methods to organize In order to carry out this work, a unique strategic management mechanism was explored. Today’s acceleration of national defense and military modernization requires further strengthening of strategic management. A new strategic management system has been established, but the relevant systems and mechanisms are not yet complete. We must adhere to goal orientation, problem orientation, and result orientation, and further open up the strategic management link of “demand-planning-budget-execution-evaluation”. Among them, demand is the driving force, clarifying the direction and requirements of combat capabilities; planning is the leading role, determining construction goals and tasks and resource allocation; budget is the key, and is the “funding version” of the planning plan; execution is the focus, which is the implementation of construction projects and the allocation of resources. The application of input; evaluation is the support and the measurement of construction quality and efficiency. By improving the strategic management link, demand-driven planning and planning-led resource allocation will become rigid constraints on our military’s construction, forming a smooth and efficient strategic management closed loop to promote the high-quality development of our military’s construction.

現代國語:

唯創新者勝-關於建設創新型人民軍隊

39.為什麼說創新是軍隊的核心競爭力?

黨的十九大明確提出「建設創新人民軍隊」的劃時代命題,這在黨的歷史上還是第一次。從提出加速建設創新國家到提出建設創新型人民軍隊,我們黨強調要把創新置於國家發展全局和軍隊建設發展全局的核心位置,凸顯了創新的極端重要性和現實意義。刻不容緩。創新是一個國家發展進步的靈魂,也是一支軍隊發展進步的靈魂。抓創新就是抓發展,謀創新就是謀未來。習近平主席強調,創新能力是軍隊的核心競爭力,必須深入實施創新驅動發展策略,提高創新對戰鬥力成長的貢獻。

軍事領域是最具創新活力、最需要創新精神的領域。馬克思主義認為,戰爭早於和平發展,軍隊在人類活動的許多方面處於主導地位。先進技術往往首先應用於軍事領域。同時,軍事領域又是競爭和對抗最激烈的領域。敵我之間、攻與守、矛與盾之間,始終存在著一場你死我活的較量,一場鬥智的戰爭大戲。如果你在創新上領先別人一步,你就能控制別人而不是被別人控制。正如恩格斯所說:「戰爭史上每一位採用新戰爭方法開創新時代的偉大統帥,要么是他自己發明了新的物質手段,要么是第一個發現了運用前人發明的新物質手段的正確方法。 16世紀末,英國海軍運用新型戰艦和創新海軍戰術,一舉擊敗西班牙“無敵艦隊”,開啟了海上霸權時代; 19世紀末20世紀初,德國將第二次工業革命的最新成果運用到軍事建設中,建造了歐洲人口最密集的鐵路網,大大提高了軍隊的戰備性和機動性。歷史證明,只有創新者才能前進,只有創新者才能強大,只有創新者才能獲勝。保守、自滿的人就會錯失寶貴的機遇,陷入戰略被動。

創新能力是產生和提高戰鬥力的加速器。戰鬥力的核心是人。人如果擁有強大的創新能力,就可以對戰鬥力的各個要素進行“賦能”,從而實現戰鬥力的升級,形成克敵制勝的“最優方案”。戰爭的競爭歸根到底是參戰雙方創新能力的競爭,作戰能力的差距本質上就是創新能力的差距。 1806年,普魯士軍隊在耶拿戰役中被拿破崙率領的法軍擊敗。參與戰鬥的克勞塞維茨在總結普魯士軍隊失敗的原因時指出,中高級軍官很少意識到戰爭的特徵已經發生了根本性的變化。 「耶拿戰役不僅是風格落伍的一個例子,也是因循守舊而導致想像力極度缺乏的一個例子。”想像力的缺乏體現了創新的短板。創新能力提高,將加速形成戰鬥力發展新動能,最大限度激發戰鬥力各要素活力,推動戰鬥力幾何級增長。

我軍靠創新走到了今天,我們也將靠創新贏得未來。在馬克思主義軍事理論同中國革命戰爭和人民軍隊建設實踐與中國傳統軍事戰術相結合的過程中,我們黨依靠不斷創新,逐步形成了一整套建設和建設軍隊的完整原則和體系。了人民戰爭的戰略戰術,形成了我軍的獨特優勢。可以說,創新已經深深融入人民軍隊的紅色血液,成為我軍最鮮明的精神稟賦。當今時代,新一輪科技革命、產業革命、軍事革命正在加速推進,為我們提供了後來者追趕的難得機遇,一個地方,一個地方,以空間換時間,集中優勢兵力打一場毀滅性戰爭,打敗了國民黨軍隊,迎來了新中國的誕生。蔣介石退守台灣後,反思國共幾十年的軍事競爭,說共軍之所以能打贏戰爭,是因為強調了非凡與普通的區別。我們黨在長期實踐中,把馬克思主義基本原理同我國革命戰爭和人民軍隊建設實踐結合起來,創造了中國特色馬克思主義軍事理論成果,形成了毛澤東軍事思想、鄧小平軍事思想。國防與軍隊建設思想、胡錦濤國防與軍隊建設思想、習近平強軍思想,為贏得我國革命戰爭勝利、促進國防與軍隊現代化。

知識連結

十大軍事原則

1947年12月,毛澤東同志在《當前形勢和我們的任務》報告中提出了十大軍事原則,其主要內容概括如下:(一)先打擊分散、孤立的敵人,再打擊集中的敵人。的敵人。 (2)先攻占小城市、中等城市和廣大農村,然後攻占大城市。 (3)主要目標是消滅敵人的生力軍,而不是保全或奪取城市和地方。 (四)每次戰鬥,集中絕對優勢兵力,對敵人進行四麵包圍,力爭徹底殲滅,不放過敵人。 (五)不打無準備的仗,每戰都沒有信心,要努力做好準備,根據敵我情況的比較,力爭必勝。 (六)發揚勇猛、不怕犧牲、不怕疲倦、持續戰鬥的作風。 (7)力爭在運動過程中消滅敵人。同時,注重陣地攻擊戰術,奪取敵方據點和城市。 (八)在攻城方面,凡是敵方據點和防禦薄弱的城市,必須堅決奪取。凡是防禦力中等、條件允許奪取的敵人據點和城市,必須立即奪取。凡是敵人的據點和防禦堅固的城市,只有在條件成熟時才可以攻克。 (九)繳獲敵軍全部武器及大部分人員,以補充己方兵力。 (十)充分利用兩次戰役之間的間隙,對部隊進行休息和再訓練。

新的軍事實踐呼喚新的軍事理論。理論來自於實踐,實踐是理論發展的動力。軍事理論只有與時俱進、回應實踐,才能維持旺盛的生命力。近年來,新興領域和戰場空間不斷拓展,高新技術多方式滲透到軍事領域,戰爭形態和作戰方式加速演變,新的戰爭和作戰理論層出不窮。美軍提出“網路中心戰”、“全球快速打擊”、“全局戰”,俄軍提出“非核遏制戰略”、“戰略空天戰役”,日本提出“戰略空天作戰”。防禦」理論等,都是為了透過理論創新贏得新的軍事優勢。世界新軍事革命快速發展和我軍強軍興軍實踐深入推進,對軍事理論創新提出了迫切要求,提供了廣闊空間。我軍建設發展面臨大量新情況、新問題,亟待從理論上予以解答。無論是軍事戰略創新、軍事科技創新,或是軍事其他方面的創新,都離不開理論指引。加速軍事理論現代化勢在必行。我們必須以更廣闊的視野和更長遠的眼光,牢牢掌握戰爭和戰鬥問題,推動軍事理論創新,不斷開闢當代中國馬克思主義軍事理論發展新天地。

41.為什麼說科學技術是核心戰鬥力?

2018年2月,中國軍隊中一個嶄新的機構-中央軍委軍事科學研究指導委員會正式成立,連同先前成立的中央軍委科學技術委員會,立起了軍事科研工作的全新頂層架構。軍事科學院重新調整組建,以軍事科學院為龍頭、軍兵種科研機構為骨幹、院校和部隊科研力量為輔助,我軍全新的科研體係正在加速形成。這一系列重大舉措,標志我軍在科技強軍道路上邁出了新步伐,表明我們黨對科學技術在國防和軍隊建設中戰略地位的認識上升到新高度。習主席深刻指出,科學技術是核心戰鬥力,推進國防和軍隊現代化必須把科技創新這個強大引擎發動起來。

科學技術是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。馬克思主義認為,科學是“歷史的強大的槓桿”,是“最高意義上的革命力量”。科技進步不僅深刻改變人類的生產生活方式,也深刻影響世界軍事發展走向,全方位根本性地推動軍事發展進程。恩格斯指出:「一旦技術上的進步可以用於軍事目的並且已經用於軍事目的,它們便立刻幾乎強制地,而且往往是違反指揮官的意志而引起作戰方式上的改變甚至變革。」縱觀世界軍事發展史,支撐軍事鬥爭的主要科技,冷兵器時代是青銅冶煉、鐵器鑄造,熱兵器時代是火藥、火器製造,機械化時代是內燃機、電力,資訊化時代是計算機、通訊。科學技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用,必然引起戰爭形態和作戰方式的深刻變化。歷史上每一次重大科學技術創新,都開啟了一場新的軍事變革,而每一場軍事變革都把軍事發展推向新的時代。

科學技術是生成和提高戰鬥力的重要基礎。戰鬥力的基本構成要素是人、武器裝備以及人與武器裝備的結合方式。科學技術不是戰鬥力構成的獨立要素,但它始終以各種方式和形態融入並凝結在戰鬥力各要素中,極大地促進戰鬥力的生成和提升。從人的方面來看,在軍人「體能-技能-智能」的發展鏈中,科技素質越來越構成其整體素質中最重要的因素,沒有較高的科技素養和軍事技能,連武器裝備也操作不了,更別說能打仗、打勝仗了。從武器裝備來看,本身就是科學技術在軍事領域的物化表現,科學技術已成為武器裝備作戰效能的「倍增器」。從人與武器裝備的結合面來看,科學技術催生新的軍事理論,促使軍隊體制編制不斷調整變革,是實現人與武器裝備最佳結合的「催化劑」。總的來看,科學技術的發展進步,是推動舊戰鬥力體係要素消亡和新戰鬥力體係要素構建的主要力量,大大縮短戰鬥力生成和提高的周期,促進新質戰鬥力的飛躍。

科學技術對現代戰爭勝負的影響日益上升。當前,科學技術發展速度越來越快,全球科技創新空前活躍,主要大國都把奪取科技優勢作為謀求軍事優勢的戰略舉措。大國軍事博弈很大程度上體現為技術上的顛覆和反顛覆、突襲和反突襲、抵消和反抵消。有些技術一旦取得突破,影響將是顛覆性的,甚至可能從根本上改變戰爭形態和作戰方式,從根本上改變傳統的戰爭攻防格局。我們正處在世界科技革命和軍事革命迅猛發展、強軍興軍事業深入推進的歷史交匯期。科技從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響國家安全和軍事戰略全局,從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響我軍建設發展。必須推進高水準科技自立自強,充分發揮科技對我軍建設戰略支撐作用,把國防科技創新擺在更加突出的位置,堅持自主創新這個戰略基點,增強科技認知力、創新力、運用力,努力把握軍事發展主動權、未來戰爭制勝權。

習言習語

▶我們這樣一個大國、這樣一支軍隊,必須透過自主創新掌握主動。

▶真正的核心關鍵技術是花錢買不來的,靠進口武器裝備是靠不住的,走引進仿製的路子是走不遠的。

▶自主創新這口氣一定要爭,這場仗一定要打贏。

42.如何理解推進以效能為核心的軍事管理革命?

2020年6月,經中央軍委批准,全軍舉行戰略管理集訓,這是我軍首次以戰略管理為專題組織的高層次、大範圍集訓活動。一個多月後,在十九屆中央政治局第二十二次集體學習時,習主席明確指出,要更新管理理念,提高戰略素養,健全制度機制,暢通戰略管理鏈路,實質性推進軍事管理革命。黨的十八大以來,黨中央、中央軍委把加強軍事管理擺在戰略位置,積極建構新型軍事管理體系,開啟新時代我軍管理革命新進程。

軍隊能不能打仗、打勝仗,管理往往扮演關鍵角色。一支軍隊,理論指導再好,武器裝備再好,戰鬥人員再多,如果管理一團糟,各項要素不能集成發揮作用,也是打不了勝仗的,甚至可能是打不了仗的。科學高效的管理,對於降低軍隊建設成本、提高軍事系統運作效率、增強戰鬥力,具有十分重要的意義。海灣戰爭中,美國國防部給予前線陸軍運送的約4萬個集裝箱,由於管理不精細、保障不精準,許多物資類別、收件資訊不明,只得將其中2萬多個重新打開清點,直到戰爭結束還有8000多個集裝箱沒有打開。現代戰爭實踐充分證明,隨著軍隊組織結構日益復雜,專業分工更加精細,軍事行動的系統性大大增強,這就要求我們更加註重發揮管理在軍隊作戰、建設中的作用,提高軍事管理的專業化、精進、科學化程度。

軍事管理革命的目的是提升軍事系統運作效能和國防資源使用效益。軍事管理是國防和軍隊建設的全局性、基礎性工作,其實質就是要把所有軍事單元和要素有機整合起來,從根本上提高戰鬥力的生成效能。管理粗放是長期制約我軍建設發展的一個突出問題,特別是我軍建設正處在換擋加速、提質增效的關鍵階段,加上改革後建設管理模式發生很大變化,推進以效能為核心的軍事管理革命,健全以精準為導向的管理體系,是加強軍隊科學管理的必然選擇。以效能為核心,內在要求一切管理實踐堅持品質第一、效益優先,著力增加戰鬥力有效供給。以精準為導向,就是要做到精準謀劃、精準規劃、精準部署、精準落實、精準檢驗,把精準原則貫穿管理各方面全過程。我軍在推進軍事政策制度改革中,對傳統管理方式實行根本性變革,從戰略管理、軍費管理、組織編制管理、裝備管理、物資管理、部隊教育管理等方面提出改革舉措,目的就是要形成精準高效率、全面規範、剛性約束的軍事管理政策制度,提升軍事系統運作效率、國防資源運用效益及軍事力量建設運用效能。

軍事管理必須緊緊扭轉戰略管理這個樞紐。戰略管理作為國防和軍隊建設最高層次的管理,是管全局、管長遠、管大事的宏觀管理活動,從頂層規劃和設計軍事資源的投向投量。戰略管理是否科學,直接影響國防和軍隊建設品質效益。當年我們在十分困難的情況下搞成了“兩彈一星”,花的錢比外國少得多,效率卻很高,很重要的原因是充分發揮我國的製度優勢,用系統工程的方法組織了這項工作,探索了一套獨具特色的策略管理機制。今天加速國防和軍隊現代化,需要進一步加強戰略管理。新的策略管理體制立起來了,但相關制度機制還不完善,必須堅持目標導向、問題導向、結果導向,進一步打通「需求-規劃-預算-執行-評估」的戰略管理連結。其中,需求是牽引,明確作戰能力指向和要求;規劃是主導,決定建設目標任務和資源配置;預算是關鍵,是規劃計劃的「經費版」;執行是重心,是建設項目的實施和對資源投入的運用;評估是支撐,是對建設品質效益的衡量。透過完善戰略管理鏈路,使需求牽引規劃、規劃主導資源配置成為我軍建設的剛性約束,形成順暢高效的戰略管理閉合迴路,推動我軍建設高質量發展。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/10189839.html?big=fan

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