#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Information Support Force, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese People’s Liberation Army Accelerates into Era of Three-dimensional Warfare – Deploying the Air Assualt Force

02/16/2025 admin Leave a comment

中國人民解放軍加速進入立體戰爭時代－部署空中突擊部隊

現代英語：

Transformation from two-dimensional combat to three-dimensional attack and defense

●From “able to fly” to “good at fighting”

The Army’s air assault force is showing its strength

PLA Daily reporter Kang Zizhan and special correspondent Zhang Shengtao reported: 10 years ago, Liu Zhenhua, as a pilot of the Army Aviation Force, was rated as an excellent pilot mainly for his excellent personal flying skills; now, as a pilot of the Army Air Assault Force, his compulsory training courses have added ground force combat formation, tactics and tactics application, etc. In the past 10 years, the upgrade of the “capability baseline” of Liu Zhenhua, a pilot of an Army Air Assault Brigade, is the result of the Army’s low-altitude combat force’s leap from “able to fly” to “good at fighting”.

On the eve of August 1, 2016, President Xi Jinping emphasized during his inspection of the newly established Army Headquarters that we must accelerate the transformation of the Army from a new starting point in accordance with the strategic requirements of mobile operations and three-dimensional offense and defense, and strive to build a strong, modernized new Army.

A year later, the military parade to celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was held at the Zhurihe Joint Training Base. The Chinese Army Air Assault Brigade made its debut in a new combat formation and was reviewed by President Xi.

Air assault, surging. Since its establishment, the Army Air Assault Force has conducted military exercises in all areas, covering mountains, dense forests, deserts, and grasslands. Iron wings are flying, eagles are lined up, ground forces and air forces are integrated within the organization, and energy is released within the system, giving the military exercise field a new look.

In the heart of the Central Plains, air-ground coordination has given birth to a new landscape. In the staff competition, the pilot won the championship; in the flight planning, the infantry squad leader served as the staff. Snipers “train in the air” and pilots “learn on the ground”. The air and ground subjects are integrated into the training, and the air and ground forces are truly combined and fight together.

When the pilots found the “enemy” target on the prairie, they did not choose to attack it head-on, but used the information system to send coordinates in the air and call for support from the ground advance forces to attack the “enemy” target. From the ground calling for air support to the air calling for ground support, the “call change” witnessed the expansion of the officers and soldiers’ battlefield vision.

In the northwest desert, an air assault brigade of the Army was ordered to carry out cross-domain maneuvers, flying and fighting along the way, and taking turns to use a series of new tactics such as surpassing attack operations, leapfrog assault operations, and key point control operations, showing the sharp edge of the Army’s new air assault combat force…

Following the footsteps of the Army’s airborne assault troops’ military exercises, one new battle scene after another comes into view: “One Tree High” is no longer “riding alone”, but a “synthetic eagle group” composed of multiple aircraft types, with modules organized and each performing its own duties; approaching the front line, firepower strikes are no longer the first choice, and the “electronic iron fist” is the first to be swung; commanders sit in the “air command post” to plan air-ground coordinated operations… The changes in the low-altitude battlefield highlight the strong battlefield adaptability and combat effectiveness of the air assault force.

At the beginning of the new year of 2022, President Xi signed the Central Military Commission’s Order No. 1 of 2022, issuing a mobilization order to the entire army to start training, requiring all levels of the army to vigorously promote system training. As a symbolic force in the army’s transformation from two-dimensional combat to three-dimensional offense and defense, the air assault force has shown many new changes in system training.

An airborne assault brigade of the Army joined hands with an Air Force unit to study the subject of assault infantry guiding Air Force fighters to carry out fire strikes; cooperated with multiple forces of the Joint Logistics Support Force to explore an integrated peacetime and wartime support model; and conducted joint training with a unit of the Strategic Support Force to enhance the unit’s electromagnetic interference and anti-interference capabilities… The airborne assault force system has more and more “close partners” in training, the “circle of friends” of new combat forces is getting bigger and bigger, and the unit’s actual combat capabilities continue to improve.

New forces contain new mechanisms, and new mechanisms give birth to new forces. President Xi stressed the need to strengthen the construction of new combat forces and increase the proportion of new quality combat power. During the adjustment and reform, the Army’s air assault force came into being, eliminating the geographical separation between air and ground, blurring the spatial concepts of frontier and depth, and updating the combat concepts of air and ground arms. The Chinese military’s land warfare pattern is being reshaped.

From looking at the battlefield head-on to looking down on the battlefield, and then to three-dimensionally perceiving the battlefield, the air assault force has demonstrated the huge potential of a new type of combat force, and the Army is accelerating into the era of three-dimensional combat.

“This is an unprecedented opportunity, but also an unprecedented challenge.” Tang Hongyi, the battalion commander of an air assault brigade of the army, led the officers and soldiers to transform from mountain infantry to air assault infantry. On the journey of reforming and strengthening the army, he dared not slack off for a moment, “Each generation has its own mission and responsibility. We must run the ‘first leg’ of air assault force construction and run the ‘our leg’ of the army’s transformation and development well.”

Short review

Accelerate transformation and molting to take off

■Kang Zizhan

Fly far and molt. The new army badge has a pair of “wings of soaring” on both sides, implying that the new army is “flying”. From the Army Aviation Corps to the Air Assault Corps, the transformation and reshaping of the army’s low-altitude forces is the result of the new world military revolution, and ahead is the strategic direction of the Chinese Army’s accelerated transformation.

President Xi has repeatedly stressed the need to strive to build a strong, modern, and new army. In today’s world, military technology is changing with each passing day, and the forms of war and winning mechanisms are constantly changing. The rise of the Army’s air assault force tells us that the system combat effectiveness of a force does not only come from the external system structure, but more depends on whether multiple forces can be effectively integrated; it is not difficult for new equipment to form combat effectiveness, but it is difficult to create a new “sword method” that adapts to the system. The new combat force should have a new charging posture, be brave to take the lead, forge ahead, and accelerate on the road of transformation.

Extraordinary achievements require extraordinary people. President Xi pointed out: “Now, the responsibility of strengthening the military has historically fallen on our shoulders. To shoulder this burden, we must dare to take on the responsibility. This is not only the expectation of the Party and the people, but also the political character that contemporary revolutionary soldiers should have.” In the new era of reforming and strengthening the military, the new army will take off and will surely write new glory on the journey of strengthening the military.

現代國語：

●從平面作戰向立體攻防轉型

●從「能飛」向「善打」跨越

陸軍空中突擊力量嶄露頭芒

陸軍某空中突擊旅組織飛行訓練。李春國攝

解放軍報訊記者康子湛、特約記者張聖濤報道：10年前，劉振華作為陸航部隊飛行員，被評為優秀飛行員的主要標準，是個人飛行技術過硬；如今，他作為陸軍空中突擊部隊飛行員，訓練必修課又增加了地面力量作戰編組、戰術戰法運用等內容。 10年間，陸軍某空中突擊旅飛行員劉振華「能力基準」升級的背後，是陸軍低空作戰力量從「能飛」到「善打」的跨越。

2016年八一前夕，習主席在新組成的陸軍機關視察時強調，要按照機動作戰、立體攻防的戰略要求，在新的起點上加快推進陸軍轉型建設，努力建設一支強大的現代化新型陸軍。

一年後，慶祝中國人民解放軍建軍90週年閱兵在朱日和聯合訓練基地隆重舉行。中國陸軍空中突擊旅以戰鬥隊形全新亮相，接受習主席檢閱。

空中突擊，狂飆突起。組成以來，陸軍空中突擊部隊全域演兵，足跡遍佈高山、密林、大漠、草原。鐵翼飛旋、群鷹列陣，地面兵力和空中力量在建制內融合、體系內釋能，演兵場上面貌一新。

中原腹地，空地協同催生新景觀。參謀比武，飛行員一舉奪冠；飛行籌劃，步兵班長當參謀。狙擊手在“空中練”，飛行員在“地面學”，空中課目和地面課目融合組訓，空地兵力真正合在一起、打到一處。

莽原之上，飛行員發現「敵」目標，並未選擇迎面打擊，而是在空中利用資訊系統發送座標，呼叫地面先遣力量支援攻擊「敵」目標。從地面呼叫空中支援到空中呼叫地面支援，「呼叫變遷」見證官兵戰場視野的拓展。

西北大漠，陸軍某空中突擊旅受命實施跨域機動，飛一路、打一路，超越攻擊作戰、蛙跳突擊作戰、要點奪控作戰等一系列新戰法輪番上陣，顯示陸軍空中突擊新型作戰力量銳利鋒芒…

循著陸軍空中突擊部隊演兵足跡追尋，一幕幕嶄新的戰鬥場景躍入眼簾：“一樹之高”不再“走單騎”，而是多機型組成“合成鷹群”，模組編組、各司其職；抵近前沿，火力打擊不再是首選，率先揮出的是“電子鐵拳”；

2022年新年伊始，習主席簽署中央軍委2022年1號命令，向全軍發布開訓動員令，要求全軍各級大力推進體系練兵。空中突擊部隊作為陸軍由平面作戰向立體攻防轉型的一支標誌性力量，體系練兵呈現許多新變化。

陸軍某空中突擊旅與空軍某部攜手，精研突擊步兵引導空軍戰機實施火力打擊課題；與聯勤保障部隊多支力量配合，探索平戰一體保障模式；與戰略支援部隊某部開展聯訓，提昇部隊電磁幹擾與反幹擾能力…空中突擊部隊體系大練的「典型力量」越來越多，提昇部隊電磁幹擾與反幹擾能力…空中突擊部隊體系大練的「新實戰夥伴」越來越多，作戰部隊中越來越持續作戰能力的「親密力量」大兵作戰。

新力量蘊含新機理，新機理催生新力量。習主席強調，要加強新型作戰力量建設，增加新質戰鬥力比重。在調整改革中，陸軍空中突擊部隊應運而生，消除了空與地的地理隔間、模糊了前沿與縱深的空間概念、更新了空中與地面兵種的作戰理念，中國軍隊陸戰格局正在重塑。

從平視戰場到俯瞰戰場，再到立體感知戰場，空中突擊力量展現出新型作戰力量的巨大潛力，陸軍加速邁進立體作戰時代。

「這是前所未有的機遇，也意味著前所未有的挑戰。」陸軍某空中突擊旅營長唐鴻毅，帶領官兵從山地步兵轉型為空中突擊步兵。行進在改革強軍征程上，他一刻也不敢懈怠，「一代人有一代人的使命擔當，我們要跑好空中突擊力量建設的‘第一棒’，跑好陸軍轉型發展的‘我們這一棒’」。

短評

加速轉型換羽騰飛

■康子湛

遠飛當換羽。新式陸軍胸標兩側插上了一對“起飛之翼”，蘊含著新型陸軍“飛起來”的寓意。從陸航部隊到空中突擊部隊，陸軍低空力量的轉型重塑，背後是世界新軍事變革的風雷激盪，前方是中國陸軍加速轉型的戰略方向。

習主席多次強調，要努力建立強大的現代化新型陸軍。當今世界，軍事科技日新月異，戰爭形態、致勝機制不斷變化。陸軍空中突擊部隊的起飛歷程啟示我們：一支部隊的體係作戰效能，不只來自外在的體系結構，更多取決於多種力量能否有效融合；新裝備形成戰鬥力不難，難的是創出適應體系的新「劍法」。新型作戰力量更應有新的衝鋒姿態，勇為人先、銳意進取，跑出轉型路上的加速度。

蓋有非常之功，必待非常之人。習主席指出：「現在，強軍的責任歷史地落在了我們肩上，要挑起這副擔子，必須敢於擔當，這既是黨和人民的期望，也是當代革命軍人應有的政治品格。」在改革強軍的新時代，新型陸軍換羽騰飛，必將在強軍征程上書寫新的榮光。

資料來源：解放軍報作者：康子湛張聖濤責任編輯：劉上靖 2022-07-19 06:00

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/wzll/lj/4915990888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Professor Chen Yingwen China National University of Defense Technology Describes Military Internet of Things: Everything is Connected, Attacking & Winning from Thousands of Miles Away

02/14/2025 admin Leave a comment

國防科技大學陳英文教授闡述軍事物聯網：萬物互聯，千里之外也能攻打

現代英語：

In mid-July 2021 World Internet of Things Expo held a press conference and revealed that the expo is scheduled to be held in Wuxi in early September. At that time, the expo will be themed “Intelligently Connecting Everything and Leading the Future with Digital”, focusing on showcasing the latest achievements in the global Internet of Things field.

The Internet of Things is changing people’s daily lives, quietly changing the form of modern warfare, and promoting the development of intelligent warfare.

Professor Chen Yingwen from the National University of Defense Technology tells you about the military Internet of Things——

Everything is connected, winning thousands of miles away

■Feng Zijian, Qu Shenghui, Qi Xucong

Schematic diagram of military Internet of Things technology simulation.

A “bridge” connecting the virtual world and the real world

The so-called Internet of Things can be simply understood as an Internet that connects everything. If the Internet is a “dialogue” in the virtual world, then the Internet of Things is a “bridge” connecting the virtual world and the real world.

The application of the Internet of Things had already appeared in wars under the name of “sensor networks” more than half a century before it attracted people’s attention.

In the 1960s, the “Ho Chi Minh Trail” on the Vietnam battlefield was covered with tens of thousands of “tropical tree” vibration sensors. These sensors are like a dense “spider web”, waiting for the “prey” to arrive. Whenever a person or vehicle passes by, the sensor detects the vibration generated by the target and records data such as its direction and speed.

At this time, tens of thousands of kilometers away, in an infiltration surveillance center code-named “Task Force Alpha”, US military technicians were receiving and processing relevant information sent back by the “sensor network”. Once a Vietnamese military convoy was discovered passing by, the command center would send instructions to the US troops stationed in Vietnam, instructing fighter planes to fly over the target and carry out bombing.

Due to the limited technology at the time, the sensors could only work for a few weeks. The “spider web” carefully built by the US military ultimately failed to prevent the Vietnamese army from transporting troops and supplies.

Although this “cooperative” combat method between humans and objects did not achieve any good results in history, it has prompted Western countries led by the United States to conduct in-depth research on Internet technology and continuously explore the interconnection between humans and objects, and objects and objects. Its highly informationized advantages are highlighted in many areas of military applications.

After decades of development, some military powers have successively developed a series of military sensor network systems, including the “Smart Dust” system for collecting battlefield information, the “Lumbas” system for remotely monitoring the battlefield environment, the “Sand Straight Line” system for monitoring the movement of weapon platforms, and the “Wolf Pack” system specifically for detecting electromagnetic signals.

Among them, the detection element of the “smart dust” system is only the size of a grain of sand, but it can realize all functions such as information collection, processing and sending, thereby enhancing the ability to control information during combat.

No combat entity will become an “island”

In the world of the Internet of Things, every grain of “sand” will have its network address. For the military Internet of Things, no operational entity will become an “island”.

During the first Gulf War, many weapons and equipment transported by the US military could not be found, resulting in a large waste of war resources. The reason is that the containers transporting weapons and equipment were not clearly marked, and personnel were unable to track the location of the transported weapons and equipment, which led to the loss of a large number of weapons and equipment.

Twelve years later, during the Iraq War, the US military installed radio frequency microchips on every container shipped to the Gulf region, and placed readers and writers according to transportation and storage needs, thereby achieving full tracking of personnel, equipment, and materials, greatly improving the effectiveness of military logistics support.

Foreign research data revealed that compared with the Gulf War, the Iraq War’s sea transport volume decreased by 87%, air transport volume decreased by 88.6%, combat equipment reserves decreased by 75%, and strategic support equipment mobilization decreased by 89%.

In fact, from the moment the electronic tags are attached and the sensing systems are installed, the originally silent equipment becomes like an organic life form that can sense and communicate with each other. Through the transformation of the Internet of Things technology, each combat entity such as combat personnel and combat equipment has become a “network node”. Through perception and communication with each other, the battlefield situation is clearer and combat operations are more efficient.

Take the personnel assessment network established by the Australian Department of Defense as an example: during combat, commanders can assess the physical functions and conditions of soldiers through sensors worn by soldiers, and then combine them with satellite positioning information to obtain the physical function status of all personnel. Commanders can use this as a basis for allocating troops, which can greatly improve the efficiency of battlefield decision-making.

Military IoT technology will play a big role in future battlefields

In today’s world, there are more and more similar military news——

In June 2016, the US military launched an airstrike using drones, killing 16 Taliban members; in September of the same year, Turkish security forces killed 6 terrorists under the guidance of their domestically produced drones.

In the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in the Middle East in 2020, a video released by Azerbaijan made many people feel the power of networked and intelligent weapons: after the drone discovered the enemy tank, it aimed and fired…

From sensing the battlefield situation to locking onto the target and then launching an attack on the target, the reason behind unmanned equipment becoming the main offensive entity is the huge support of military Internet of Things technology. This huge intelligent information network is like the “clairvoyance” and “super hearing” on the battlefield, allowing combat personnel to sit firmly in the “central military camp” and win the battle thousands of miles away.

“Everything is connected, and victory can be won thousands of miles away.” This is the development trend of military Internet of Things technology and an important feature of future intelligent warfare. In the era of the Internet of Everything, the military Internet of Things will connect several individual combat entities into intelligent combat groups and generate a smart combat system. In the future, it will only be necessary to give the smart combat system clear combat objectives, and military combat personnel will not have to participate in its execution process.

At present, the development of military Internet of Things technology still has a long way to go before it can realize the Internet of Everything, but we should be aware that when smart nodes reach a certain scale, the military Internet of Things will achieve a qualitative leap.

In future battlefields, military Internet of Things technology will surely play a big role in achieving victory through “connection”.

現代國語：

今年7月中旬，2021世界物聯網博覽會組委會召開新聞發布會透露，此次博覽會預定9月上旬在無錫舉行。屆時，博覽會將以「智聯萬物數領未來」為主題，集中展現全球物聯網領域的最新成果。

物聯網，改變人們的日常生活，也悄悄改變現代戰爭形式，推動智慧化戰爭發展進程。

國防科技大學教授陳穎文為您講述軍事物聯網—

萬物互聯，決勝千里之外

■馮劍曲晟暉齊旭聰

軍用物聯網技術模擬示意圖。

連接虛擬世界與現實世界的一座“橋樑”

所謂物聯網，我們不妨將其簡單理解為物物相連的互聯網。如果說互聯網是虛擬世界中的一種“對話”，那麼物聯網則是連接虛擬世界與現實世界的一座“橋樑”。

物聯網應用，早在受到人們關注前的半個多世紀，就已在戰爭中以「傳感器網絡」之名現身。

上世紀60年代，越南戰場的「胡志明小徑」上，佈滿了數以萬計的「熱帶樹」振動傳感器。這些傳感器就像密密麻麻的「蛛網」一般，等待著「獵物」到來。每當有人員或車輛經過時，傳感器就會探測到目標產生的震動，並記錄其方向和速度等數據。

此時，數萬公裡之外，一家代號為「阿爾法特混部隊」的滲透監視中心裡，美軍技術人員在接收和處理著「傳感器網絡」回傳的相關資訊。一旦發現越軍車隊經過，指揮中心就會向駐紮在越南的美軍發出指令，讓戰機飛臨目標實施轟炸。

當時技術有限，傳感器實際工作時間只能維持幾週時間。美軍處心積慮搭建的這張“蛛網”，最終未能阻止越南軍隊對兵力和物資的運送。

雖然歷史上這次人與物「協同」的作戰方式並未取得什麼好的效果，卻推動了以美國為首的西方國家深入研究互聯技術，不斷探索人與物、物與物之間的互聯互通。其高度資訊化優勢，在軍事應用的多個領域凸顯出來。

經過幾十年發展，一些軍事強國先後研製出收集戰場資訊的「智慧微塵」系統、遠程監視戰場環境的「倫巴斯」系統、偵聽武器平台運動的「沙地直線」系統、專門偵收電磁信號的「狼群」系統等一系列軍事傳感器網絡系統。

其中，「智慧微塵」系統的探測元件只有沙粒大小，卻能實現資訊收集、處理和發送等全部功能，從而提升了作戰過程中的製資訊權能力。

沒有一個作戰實體會成為“孤島”

在物聯網世界裡，每一粒「沙子」都將擁有它的網路位址。對軍事物聯網來說，沒有一個作戰實體會成為「孤島」。

在第一次海灣戰爭中，美軍運送的許多武器裝備無從查找，造成了大量戰爭資源浪費。究其原因，是由於運送武器裝備的集裝箱標誌不清，人員對於傳送的武器裝備位置無法跟踪，進而導致武器裝備的大量遺失。

12年後，在伊拉克戰爭中，美軍給運送到海灣地區的每一個集裝箱均加裝了射頻微型晶片，並依據運輸和存儲需要安放了讀寫器，從而實現了對人員、裝備、物資的全程跟踪，使得軍事物流保障的有效性大大提高。

國外研究資料揭露，相較於海灣戰爭，伊拉克戰爭的海運量減少87%，空運量減少88.6%，戰役裝備儲備減少75%，戰略支援裝備動員量減少89%。

實際上，從貼上電子標簽、裝上感知系統的那一刻起，原本靜默的裝備就像一個有機生命體，它們可以相互感知和交流。透過對物聯網技術的改造，作戰人員、作戰裝備等每一個作戰實體都成了一個“網絡節點”，相互間通過感知與交流，讓戰場態勢更加清晰，也使得作戰行動更加高效。

以澳洲國防部所建立的人員評估網為例：作戰期間，指揮人員可通過士兵身上穿戴的傳感器，對士兵身體的機能與狀態進行評估，再結合衛星定位的位置信息，可獲得全體人員身體機能的態勢情況。指揮人員以此為依據進行兵力分配，可大幅提升戰場決策效率。

軍事物聯網技術在未來戰場上大有作為

當今世界，類似軍事新聞越來越多——

2016年6月，美軍利用無人機發動空襲，擊斃16名塔利班成員；同年9月，土耳其安全部隊在其國產無人機的指引下擊斃了6名恐怖分子。

在2020年中東地區的納卡沖突中，阿塞拜疆發布的一段視頻，讓許多人感受到了網絡化、智能化武器的力量：無人機發現敵方坦克後，瞄準、發射…

從感知戰場態勢到鎖定目標、再到對目標展開攻擊，無人裝備成為進攻主體的背後，是軍事物聯網技術的巨大支撐。這個龐大的智慧化資訊網絡，就如同戰場上的“千裡眼”“順風耳”，讓作戰人員穩坐“中軍帳”，就能決勝於千里之外。

「萬物互聯，決勝千里之外。」這是軍事物聯網技術的發展趨勢，也是未來智慧化戰爭的重要特徵。在萬物互聯的時代，軍事物聯網會將若干單一作戰實體連接成為智慧作戰群，生成智慧作戰體系。未來，只需給智慧作戰體係明確作戰目的，軍隊作戰人員不必參與其執行過程。

當前，軍事物聯網技術的發展距離萬物互聯還有很長一段路要走，但應清醒看到，當智慧節點達到一定規模後，軍事物聯網就會形成質的飛躍。

未來戰場，軍事物聯網技術必將大有作為，實現以「聯」制勝。

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報作者：馮子劍曲晟暉齊旭聰責任編輯：楊紅
2021-08-27 06:00

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/10081763888.html?big=fan

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Metaverse-enabled Military Training Accelerating for China’s People’s Liberation Army

02/14/2025 admin Leave a comment

元宇宙協助中國人民解放軍軍事訓練加速發展

現代英語：

Hou Chunmu and Wang Yong

The metaverse is an artificial online virtual world that is born out of, parallel to, and independent of the real world. It is parallel to the real world, reacts to the real world, and integrates a variety of high technologies. These are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse. The operation of the metaverse conforms to the natural laws of human understanding and transformation of the world, and provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state, and laws of complex real systems, as well as a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. Researching the application of the metaverse in the field of foreign military training and analyzing the opportunities and challenges that the metaverse brings to the field of military training have important theoretical and practical value in solving the key problems that need to be solved in military training in the intelligent era, promoting scientific and technological training, and promoting the innovative development of military training models.

Background of Cognitive Metaverse Empowered Military Training

The scientific and technological revolution has given rise to a new ecology of military training. Driven by the new scientific and technological revolution and the industrial revolution, cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things have accelerated their development. Technology giants have laid out the metaverse, and human real life has migrated to the virtual world more rapidly. The metaverse integrates a variety of emerging technologies, thus generating new Internet applications and new social forms that integrate the virtual and the real. Perception technology supports the integration of the virtual and the real in the metaverse, “AI+” technology supports the social nature of the metaverse, data transmission technology supports the real-time nature of the metaverse, electronic game technology supports the diversity of the metaverse, digital twin technology supports the sustainability of the metaverse, and blockchain technology supports the security of the metaverse. The future metaverse, where virtual and real are highly interconnected, is born out of, parallel to, and independent of the real world. It integrates all elements such as the Internet, virtual reality, immersive experience, blockchain, and digital twins to build a new basic ecology for intelligent military training.

The evolution of war has dominated the transformation and upgrading of military training. With the advent of the intelligent era, the war situation has accelerated its evolution towards informationization and intelligence. The informationized warfare system with “information acquisition and utilization as the core” will gradually transition to the intelligent warfare system with “intelligent simulation and expansion as the core”. The trend of long-range precision, intelligence, stealth, and unmanned weapons and equipment has become more obvious, and intelligent warfare has surfaced. At the same time, combat elements represented by artificial intelligence such as “AI, cloud, network, group, and terminal” and their diversified combinations have formed a new battlefield ecology. The metaverse has constructed a new battlefield space where virtual and real are integrated and parallel interactions occur. The traditional war winning mechanism is being profoundly changed. The development and changes in the form of intelligent warfare have compulsorily driven the transformation and reshaping of the military’s thinking and concepts, requiring the accelerated transformation and upgrading of military training, greater attention to the impact of technological development and changes on warfare, and the use of the “new engine” of training and warfare to achieve “accelerated” preparations.

Foreign militaries explore breakthroughs in military training models. In order to seize the strategic commanding heights of military intelligence, the world’s military powers attach great importance to the innovation of military training models. Some countries have begun to try to apply the metaverse and related technologies to military training. For example, the United States has successively released the National Security Strategy, the National Defense Strategy and the Department of Defense Transformation Plan, focusing on building an “all-round army” and forming a “full spectrum advantage”. It has also simultaneously formulated the Training Transformation Strategic Plan and the Training Transformation Implementation Plan, and proposed the concept of a comprehensive training environment (STE), the core of which is immersive and integrated virtual training, which intends to integrate real-time, virtual, constructive and gaming environments into a comprehensive training environment. Russia also attaches great importance to the development of virtual training systems. Almost all of its advanced weapons and equipment are equipped with corresponding virtual training systems, and are moving towards universalization and embedding. The United Kingdom, Germany, South Korea, etc. are also actively developing various professional military training virtual environments. Intelligent training supported by technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality and augmented reality is gradually becoming the mainstream of military training research in powerful countries.

Clarifying the Advantages of Metaverse-Enabled Military Training

The emergence of new concepts in military training. Only by leading the opponent in thought can we gain the upper hand in action. The emergence of disruptive technologies will inevitably rewrite the current military training rules and systems, and will also innovate the existing military training thinking concepts. On the one hand, the metaverse has set off a hurricane-like “brainstorm”, and the training thinking led by “intelligence” has organically connected training with actual combat, and upgraded to intelligent military training thinking. On the other hand, new technologies and new means represented by the metaverse empower military training, strengthen the concept of winning by science and technology and intelligent drive, and greatly improve the scientific and technological content of military training, in order to control the initiative in future wars. In the future, the metaverse will create more impossible possibilities by constructing a virtual battlefield space, designing wars and evolving wars.

Innovate new theories of military training. War is the area that needs innovation the most. Military training must adapt to the development of intelligent warfare, and theoretical innovation and training practice must be driven by both. Training transformation will not happen automatically. It requires not only a sharp and profound foresight to grasp the general trend, but also a scientific, powerful and solid theory to drive forward. On the one hand, by keeping up with the development of the times and starting from new concepts and new cognition, we can build a scientific theoretical system for metaverse-enabled military training. On the other hand, by following the laws of combat-training coupling, we can establish an innovative model of intelligent military training theory with the characteristics of the times, allowing the metaverse to empower and improve the efficiency of promoting the iterative development of military training transformation.

Transform the new military training model. The combat style determines the training mode, and intelligent warfare changes the “rules of the game”. Military training for the next war must adapt to the requirements of future wars by changing the training mode. First, it can build an intelligent blue army with “both form and spirit”. With the help of optimized AI technology, powerful computing power support, and realistic performance simulation, the Metaverse follows the evolutionary process of “knowing the enemy, imitating the enemy, surpassing the enemy, and defeating the enemy” to create an intelligent blue army with platform support and data empowerment, and carry out “real” confrontation training and effect evaluation in the Metaverse space. Second, it can carry out new domain and new quality combat training. The metaverse expands the practical application path with new domains and new types of combat forces as the leading elements, highlights the research and development of training methods and tactics that are compatible with advanced combat concepts and winning mechanisms, and creates new forms of training such as unmanned and seamless human-machine collaboration, becoming a new point of combat power growth. Third, it can cultivate new types of military talents. At present, the educational metaverse has led the intelligent transformation of education. In the future, the military metaverse will accelerate the realization of intelligent interaction between people and equipment, deep integration between people and systems, and adaptive evolution between people and the environment, and promote the integrated development of “commanders” and “fighters” into “scientists” and “technicians.”

Reshape the new ecology of military training. The multi-dimensional perception, virtual-real integration, free creativity, and open development of the metaverse will make the future metaverse a fully immersive, time-transcending, self-creating and developing space. First, create a digital twin “battlefield metaverse”. The “battlefield metaverse” will be a typical manifestation of the metaverse in the military field, with stricter security and confidentiality standards, stronger simulation computing capabilities, and more real-time and detailed interaction requirements. Secondly, create a full-dimensional three-dimensional metaverse training environment. The metaverse uses technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality to create an immersive and complex scene environment; using powerful data and network support, it builds a full-dimensional space such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. Furthermore, a Metaverse verification platform for weapons and equipment will be built. The platform will have functions such as new weapon and equipment design demonstration, weapon and equipment performance test, weapon and equipment compatibility test, and weapon system combat effectiveness test. In the future, the Metaverse will greatly shorten the timeline for weapons and equipment to go from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence”, realizing the intelligence multiplication effect of weapons and equipment.

Grasping the Key Points of Metaverse-Enabled Military Training

Focus on top-level design. From the perspective of the development of things, the metaverse is a new thing, and its maturity has yet to be verified. Intelligent military training is also a complex, arduous and long-term system engineering, which requires strengthening strategic planning and top-level layout. We should pay close attention to the development trends and technological trends of the metaverse, and scientifically formulate the development plan of the “training metaverse”. In the context of the integration of intelligence, informatization and mechanization, we should give full play to the outstanding advantages of the metaverse, such as enabling trainees to undergo immersive experiential training, so that the metaverse can not only be a display platform for virtual technology, but also a practical platform for improving the effectiveness of military training.

Strengthen technology research and development. From a technical perspective, the Metaverse has reintegrated existing technologies in the information and intelligent technology group, proposed an overall innovative concept, and provided comprehensive application scenarios, thereby giving birth to new vitality. To accelerate the development of the “training Metaverse”, we must speed up the research on basic software and hardware technologies such as algorithm engines and network communications, strengthen the research and development capabilities of core technologies such as artificial intelligence, digital twins, blockchain, and the Internet of Things, and at the same time strengthen the overall technical design and research and development of the Metaverse, such as immersion, sociality, openness, collaboration, and decentralization.

Create training types. From the perspective of time and space, the metaverse may create a vast virtual war space, recreate the war environment, present the war process, and virtualize the future of war. An intelligent military training operation system based on the metaverse should be built, military training concepts should be updated in a timely manner, and innovations in military training models, management support, and legal mechanisms should be deepened. A dynamic and high-level combat-oriented military training environment based on the metaverse should be built to fully support strategic, campaign, and tactical training as well as war simulations. At the same time, in the process of “intelligent adaptation” of military training, we will achieve the expansion of wisdom and intelligent evolution towards the unknown space of military training with “innovation, openness, diversified iteration, and new intelligent ecology”.

Attach importance to risk prevention and control. From the perspective of safety and controllability, the concept and technology of the Metaverse brings innovative opportunities to intelligent military training, but the potential risks associated with the technology itself cannot be ignored. The Metaverse is a huge technology group, and its system architecture, key technologies, and application environment are still in the development and implementation stage. The supporting protection system, safety technology, and management standards will bring security risks. In addition, the integrated application of various emerging technologies in the construction process, the complexity and confidentiality in the application process will be the unknown factors for the key prevention and risk challenges of the Metaverse in military training.

現代國語：

侯春牧　王　勇

閱讀提示

元宇宙是脫胎於、平行、獨立於現實世界的人造線上虛擬世界，與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合，是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。元宇宙運行符合人類認識世界、改造世界的自然規律，提供了理解和發現現實復雜系統運行行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式和探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段。研究元宇宙在外軍軍事訓練領域的運用，剖析元宇宙為軍事訓練領域帶來的機遇與挑戰，對破解智能化時代軍事訓練亟待解決的關鍵問題，推動科技強訓，促進軍事訓練模式創新發展，具有重要理論與實踐價值。

認知元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的背景

科技革命催生軍事訓練嶄新生態。在新科技革命和產業革命推動下，人工智慧、大數據、雲端計算、物聯網等前沿科技加速發展，科技巨頭紛紛佈局元宇宙，人類現實生活更快速向虛擬世界遷移。元宇宙整合多種新興技術，從而產生出虛實相融的互聯網新應用與社會新形態。感知技術支撐元宇宙的虛實相融性，「AI+」技術支撐元宇宙的社會性，數據傳輸技術支撐元宇宙的實時性，電子遊戲技術支撐元宇宙的多樣性，數字孿生技術支撐元宇宙的可持續性，區塊鏈技術支撐元宇宙的安全性。虛擬與現實高度互通的未來元宇宙，脫胎於、平行於、獨立於現實世界，將互聯網、虛擬現實、沉浸式體驗、區塊鍊及數字孿生等全要素融合，為智能化軍事訓練構建起全新基礎生態。

戰爭演進主導軍事訓練轉型升級。智能化時代到來，戰爭形態加速向資訊化智能化演變，以「資訊獲取利用為內核」的資訊化戰爭體系，將逐漸過渡至以「智慧模擬與拓展為內核」的智能化戰爭體系，武器裝備遠程精確化、智能化、隱身化、無人化趨勢更加明顯，智能化作戰浮出水面。同時，以「AI、雲、網、群、端」等人工智慧為代表的作戰要素及其多樣化組合，構成了新的戰場生態，元宇宙構建出虛實融生、平行互動的戰場新空間，傳統的戰爭制勝機理正在被深刻改變。智慧化戰爭形態發展變化，強制性驅動軍隊思維理念的變革重塑，要求加快實現軍事訓練轉型升級，更加重視科技發展變化對戰爭的影響，以練戰「新引擎」跑出備戰「加速」。

外軍探索開啟軍事訓練模式突破。為搶佔軍事智慧化戰略制高點，世界軍事強國高度重視軍事訓練模式創新，有的國家開始嘗試應用元宇宙及相關技術運用在軍事訓練方面。如美國先後發布《國家安全戰略》《國家防務戰略》和《國防部轉型計劃》，圍繞打造“全能型軍隊”、形成“全頻譜優勢”，同步製定了《訓練轉型戰略計劃》和《訓練轉型實施計劃》，並提出了綜合訓練環境（STE）理念，其內核是沉浸式、集成虛擬訓練，擬將實時、虛擬、建設性和環境到綜合培訓環境到綜合培訓中。俄羅斯也高度重視虛擬訓練系統開發，其先進武器裝備幾乎都配有相應虛擬訓練系統，並且正朝著通用化和嵌入化方向發展。英國、德國、韓國等也都積極發展各種專業軍事訓練虛擬環境。以人工智慧、虛擬現實與增強現實等技術為支撐的智慧化訓練，正逐漸成為強國軍隊訓練研究的主流。

明晰元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的優勢

萌發軍事訓練新理念。在思想上領先對手，才能在行動上贏得先機。顛覆性技術的出現必將改寫現行的軍事訓練規則制度，也必將革新現有的軍事訓練思維理念。一方面，元宇宙掀動颶風式的“頭腦風暴”，以“智”引領的練兵思維將訓練與實戰有機銜接起來，升級成智能化軍事訓練思維。另一方面，以元宇宙為代表的新技術新手段賦能軍事訓練，強化科技制勝、智慧驅動理念，大幅提升軍事訓練科技含量，以期掌控未來戰爭主動權。未來元宇宙透過構設虛擬戰場空間，設計戰爭並演化戰爭，將創造出更多不可能的可能性。

創新軍事訓練新論。戰爭是最需要創新的領域。軍事訓練要順應智慧化戰爭發展，理論創新與訓練實踐必須雙輪驅動。訓練轉型不會自動發生，既需要敏銳而深邃的前瞻性眼光把握大勢，更需要科學而強大的堅實理論驅動前行。一方面，緊跟時代發展，從新觀念新認知出發，可以建構元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的科學理論體系。另一方面，遵循戰訓耦合規律，可以建立具有時代特色的智慧化軍事訓練理論創新模式，讓元宇宙為推進軍事訓練轉型迭代發展賦能提效。

變革軍事訓練新模式。作戰樣式決定著訓練模式，智慧化戰爭改變著“遊戲規則”，預演下一場戰爭的軍事訓練必須通過變革訓練模式，來適應未來戰爭要求。一是能夠建造「形神兼備」的智慧藍軍。元宇宙藉由優化的AI技術、強大的算力支撐、逼真的效能仿真，依照「知敵、像敵、超敵、勝敵」的演化進程，打造以平台支撐、數據賦能等綜合集成的智能藍軍，並在元宇宙空間開展「真實」的對抗訓練和效果評估。二是能夠開展新域新質作戰研練。元宇宙拓展新域新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化運用路徑，突顯與先進作戰概念、制勝機理相適應的訓法戰法的研練，開創無人化、人機無縫協同等新樣式訓練，成為新的戰鬥力增長點。第三是能夠培養新型軍事人才。當前，教育元宇宙已經引領了教育智慧化變革。未來軍事元宇宙將加速實現人與裝備智慧互動、人與體系深度融合、人與環境適應進化，推動「指揮者」「戰鬥員」向「科學家」與「技術家」融合發展。

重塑軍事訓練新生態。元宇宙的多維感知性、虛實融合性、自由創造性、開放發展性等特點，使未來元宇宙將成為完全沉浸式的、超越時空的、自我創造發展的空間。首先，打造數字孿生的「戰場元宇宙」。「戰場元宇宙」將是元宇宙在軍事領域的典型表現形態，具有更嚴格的安全保密標準、更強大的仿真計算能力、更實時的精細交互要求。其次，創造全維立體的元宇宙訓練環境。元宇宙運用虛擬現實、增強現實以及混合現實等技術，創造沉浸複雜的場景環境；利用強大的數據、網絡支撐，搭建起陸、海、空、天、電、網等全維空間。再者，建造武器裝備的元宇宙驗證平台。該平台將具備新型武器裝備設計論證、武器裝備性能試驗、武器裝備相容性試驗、武器系統體係作戰效能檢驗等功能。未來元宇宙將大幅縮短武器裝備從「弱智」到「強智」再到「超智」的時間軸，以實現武器裝備的智慧倍增效應。

掌握元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的重點

著重頂層設計。從事物發展上看，元宇宙作為新生事物，發展成熟尚待驗證。智慧化軍事訓練又是一項複雜、艱巨且長期的系統工程，需要加強戰略籌劃與頂層佈局。應密切關注元宇宙發展動向與技術趨勢，科學制定「訓練元宇宙」的發展規劃，在智慧化、資訊化、機械化「三化」融合的現實背景下，充分發揮元宇宙能讓受訓者沉浸式體驗式訓練等突出優勢，讓元宇宙不能只是虛擬技術的展示平台，而應成為提高軍事訓練效益的實踐平台。

加強技術研發。從技術意義上看，元宇宙把資訊化智能化技術群中已有的技術重新整合到了一起，提出了整體性創新性概念，給出了綜合性的應用場景，從而煥發出了新的生命力。加速「訓練元宇宙」的發展，要加速演算法引擎、網路通訊等基礎軟硬體技術研究，強化人工智慧、數字孿生、區塊鏈、物聯網等核心技術的研發能力，同時也要加強沉浸性、社交性、開放性、協作性、去中心化等元宇宙整體性技術設計與研發。

創設訓練種類。從時空視角來看，元宇宙可能構造出龐大無比的虛擬戰爭空間，重現戰爭環境，呈現戰爭進程，虛擬戰爭未來。應建構基於元宇宙的智慧化軍訓運行體系，及時更新軍事訓練思維理念，深化軍事訓練模式、管理保障、法規機制等創新。建構基於元宇宙的動態高階的實戰化軍事訓練環境，全面支持戰略、戰役和戰術訓練以及戰爭推演。同時，在軍事訓練「智適應」運作過程中，實現拓展生慧，向「創新開放、多元迭代、新智生態」的軍事訓練未知空間智能演進。

重視風險防控。從安全可控上看，元宇宙概念與技術為智慧化軍事訓練帶來創新機遇，但不容忽視的是技術本身伴生的潛在風險。元宇宙龐大的技術群，其體系架構、關鍵技術和應用環境等尚處於開發落地階段，配套防護體系、安全技術、管理標準等都會帶來安全風險，加上建設過程中多種新興技術的集成運用，運用過程中的復雜性與保密性，都將是軍事訓練元宇宙重點防範和風險挑戰的未知數。

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報作者：侯春牧　王勇責任編輯：於雅倩出版：2024-01-16 06:50

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16280522.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, 認知域戰

Comparison and Contrast of Traditional Military Thought and Culture between China and the West

02/14/2025 admin Leave a comment

中西傳統軍事思想與文化對比

現代英語：

Xu Sanfei

War and civilization always go hand in hand, and military traditions and cultural traditions always complement each other.

Once the ideological and cultural tradition, especially the military ideological and cultural tradition, is formed, it will produce an inertial force that cannot be underestimated. “In the source of Alexander’s victory, we can often find Aristotle.” The outstanding politicians, theorists and military strategists in history have all been influenced by the national ideological and cultural tradition, and their brilliant achievements have all shone with the glory of ideological and cultural tradition.

For thousands of years, the differences between Chinese and Western thought and culture have led to different emphases in the respective societies’ thinking about military activities and different characteristics in war practice, which directly affected the content and characteristics of Chinese and Western military thought and culture.

Guihe and Chongzheng

Human beings have created various civilizations in the long course of history. How different civilizations interact is an issue that no civilization can avoid. Chinese traditional thought and culture emphasize harmony, valuing harmony and pursuing harmony in diversity; while Western traditional thought and culture emphasize struggle, emphasizing control over everything and being the master of the world.

The culture of “harmony” is in the blood of the Chinese people, and “harmony” is the primary feature of traditional Chinese military thought and culture. When our ancestors created characters, they regarded “stopping war” as “martial arts”. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Shi Bo proposed that “harmony creates life, while sameness does not continue”, forming the idea of ”harmony but difference” in Chinese culture. The Book of History, Yao Canon, proposed that “the people are bright and the nations are in harmony.” After that, “harmony among nations” became a model of the Chinese worldview. In the early 15th century, Zheng He led the world’s largest fleet at the time and made seven overseas missions without causing any harm. Such a peaceful journey is unique in the world.

In contrast, traditional Western realism, as an important part of Western traditional thought and culture, believes that the world is essentially full of conflicts and confrontations of interests. The ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus believed that struggle is justice, and everything is created and destroyed through struggle. The famous ancient Greek reformer and military strategist Solon also believed that: “The reason why a civilization can grow and develop is because it has strong imperial ideals and desires for conquest; once these ideals and desires disappear, the entire civilization will dry up and die. Either conquer or be conquered, this is the law of survival of all civilizations.”

Now, some Western countries are trying to “format”, “standardize” and “unify” world civilization under the guise of “universal civilization”. However, one note cannot express a beautiful melody, and one color cannot depict a colorful picture. The unification of civilization will exhaust human creativity and lead to the rigidification and decline of human civilization. In this regard, historian Toynbee once said, “Humanity has mastered the means of highly technological civilization that can destroy itself, and at the same time is in the camp of extremely opposing political ideologies. The spirit it needs most is the essence of Chinese civilization – harmony”. “Harmony in diversity” can promote dialogue and integration of different civilizations and work together to build a community with a shared future for mankind that is inclusive of all civilizations.

Caution and militarism

War and peace are two major themes of human society. In terms of the basic attitude towards war, Chinese traditional thought and culture generally hold the concept of being cautious about war, while Western traditional realism is more inclined to praise and commend war.

In ancient China, wars were frequent. Many thinkers and military strategists closely linked wars with the lives of the people and the survival of the country. They put forward the idea of cautious warfare and pursued the “total victory” of “subduing the enemy without fighting”. Taoists believe that war is a major disaster. Laozi said: “War is an ominous tool.” The “Art of War” points out at the outset: “War is a major event of the state, a place of life and death, and a way of survival and destruction. It must be carefully considered.” Although Sun Tzu attached great importance to war, he also opposed war. In Sun Tzu’s view, “a destroyed country cannot be restored, and the dead cannot be resurrected. Therefore, wise rulers are cautious and good generals are vigilant. This is the way to ensure the safety of the country and the army.” He also clearly put forward three basic principles for limiting war: “Don’t move unless it is beneficial, don’t use unless it is necessary, and don’t fight unless it is dangerous.” Shang Yang also proposed that war is “fighting to end war”, and “the great law of war is to be cautious.” It can be said that the cautious warfare ideas of the pre-Qin scholars have continuously influenced later generations and gradually became the mainstream thought of China’s military tradition.

Western traditional realism holds a more positive view on war, believing that there is natural competition between people and that war itself is in line with human nature. Heraclitus said: “War is the father of all things and the king of all things.” In the eyes of the ancient Greeks, war is the main way to seek honor and become a hero. In Sparta, as long as “the monarchs give a little signal to fight, they will find many people who are willing to take up arms, and their only wish is to gain honor.” Since then, in the long history of development, traditional realism has always influenced the development of Western political philosophy and military philosophy. In modern times, the Western concept of advocating war and force has not been eliminated, and the two world wars have brought great disasters to mankind.

Today, after countless wars, more and more countries have realized that the law of the jungle is not the way for human coexistence, and militarism is not the way for human peace. Humanity is more capable than ever to move towards the goal of peace and development. However, we must also see that the world is not peaceful, and turning swords into plowshares is still a good wish of people. In order to win peace, we must make comprehensive preparations, which also includes research and preparation for war, in order to contain and prevent war. Therefore, being cautious in war should not only retain the traditional meaning of “winning without fighting”, but also add the meaning of “making peace without fighting” and build a mechanism to restrain war.

Kingly Way and Hegemony

In international exchanges, there has always been a debate between “kingly way” and “hegemonic way”. The core of kingly way is benevolence, while the core of hegemonic way is power. Mr. Sun Yat-sen once said that Eastern culture is kingly way, advocating benevolence, righteousness and morality; Western culture is hegemonic way, advocating utilitarianism and power.

It is a tradition of Chinese culture to first make a moral evaluation of war. Since the Han Dynasty, Confucianism has begun to dominate, and Confucian culture has occupied the dominant position in society. It has gradually formed a Confucian ethical order of “benevolence” inside and “ritual” outside, which is the cultural basis for the formation of China’s military tradition. Confucius once said: “Therefore, if people from afar are not convinced, cultivate culture and virtue to win them over.” Mencius also said: “Those who conquer people by force are not convinced by their hearts, because their strength is not enough. Those who conquer people by virtue are satisfied with their hearts and sincerely convinced.” Confucius and Sun Tzu also proposed that “those who have civil affairs must also have military preparations” and “command them with culture and unify them with military force.” In their minds, the benevolent are invincible in the world, and the virtuous are invincible. The way to win the world is the kingly way of practicing virtue and benevolence, not the hegemonic way of conquering by force. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Five Hegemons who rose in the chaos of war used cultivating virtue and strengthening the army as an inseparable double-edged sword to establish their hegemony. To practice the kingly way, one must win people over with virtue, rely on virtue, use peaceful means, value justice and reason, win over distant countries with virtue, and adapt to foreign countries. Winning with virtue can make people sincerely convinced, which is the highest realm of winning.

Western traditional realism believes that power is the main content of politics, and regards war as a means to win by violence. Force is the main way to deal with relations between countries. Take ancient Greece and ancient Rome as examples. From the founding of the country to the establishment of the country, from the acquisition of rule to the consolidation and maintenance of rule, they always put the pursuit of power first, and regarded the expansion of force and iron-blooded rule as the foundation of the country. In military policy and even national policy, the will of the ruling class is implemented in society more by the iron-blooded spirit. Sparta even stipulated in law that the responsibility and obligation of citizens is to fight and die in battle. However, history and practice have shown that absolute hegemony pursued by force will also put oneself in trouble and will inevitably be defeated or buried by force in the end.

At present, global governance has entered a critical stage, and mankind is facing a historical choice of where to go. Those countries that still cling to the Cold War mentality, hegemonism and power politics are the root cause of world conflicts and turmoil. The concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind proposed by President Xi is a logical extension of China’s “internal harmony leads to external harmony, and internal harmony will inevitably lead to external harmony”, and is China’s value pursuit as a responsible world power. It brings to mankind not greed and demand, but the benevolence of “loving all people and all things”; it presents to the world not conquest, but the tolerance of “harmony among all nations”; it brings to mankind not war, but peaceful coexistence and common prosperity. This is precisely the wisdom contribution of the Chinese nation as an ancient nation with profound cultural heritage to the long-term development of all mankind.

Morality and interests

Human beings’ understanding and thinking about the origin of war has experienced a process of gradually rising from an intuitive and perceptual state to a logical and rational state. “Even war has rules.” On the ideological balance of balancing righteousness and interests, the Chinese and Western military traditions each have their own emphasis on the “moral” principle and the “interest” principle.

The view of righteousness and profit, “righteousness is in profit, and profit is in righteousness”, is an important essence of Chinese traditional culture, emphasizing that righteousness is more important than profit, giving up profit for righteousness, taking profit with righteousness, and thinking of righteousness when seeing profit. “A gentleman is concerned with righteousness, while a villain is concerned with profit” and “A gentleman loves money and gets it in a proper way”, these moral principles that every Chinese is familiar with have become an important cultural gene of our nation. In the ancient Chinese classics, history, and collections, there is almost no content that directly advocates that the purpose of war is to plunder profits, but more of it is accusations against such wars. The Mohists believed that wars were waged for the sake of moral punishment and to punish the unrighteous; Mencius pointed out that wars were waged to punish tyrants, such as the revolution of Tang and Wu; “Xunzi” emphasized that “war is used to suppress violence and eliminate harm”. Military strategists, who were in the main position of ancient military theory, usually used morality as the criterion for evaluating wars, and emphasized whether the use of troops should be considered in accordance with morality, and emphasized that “there is a legitimate reason for the war”, emphasizing that the purpose of war is to maintain morality.

The ancient Western thinking on the issue of war has always been based on the principle of interest struggle. Machiavelli, a famous scholar in the Renaissance, said bluntly: “In order to achieve national interests, no moral principles can be mentioned; as long as the goal is achieved, any means can be used.” Since the principle of interest was clearly running through early practice and cognition, wars in medieval Europe for the purpose of plunder were often naked. All the wars in the West have also confirmed this conclusion. No matter what the cause of the war is, there is a strong interest drive behind it.

Nowadays, some countries use their military superiority to interfere everywhere, and do things to grab interests under the guise of morality, which has torn the originally peaceful and tranquil countries into pieces and made the originally clear and peaceful world into a mess. War is the continuation of politics, and politics is not only the concentrated expression of morality, but also the economy. In the final analysis, war must reflect both the principle of interests and the principle of morality. Therefore, adhering to the correct view of justice and interests and insisting on the dialectical unity of interests and morality is the fundamental requirement of military activities. Only in this way can we avoid the strange phenomenon of winning tactically but losing strategically.

Spiritual and material

As the basic components of war power, people and things cannot be neglected. In this regard, Napoleon said that there are only two kinds of power in the world – sword and spirit. In general, Chinese traditional military thought and culture emphasizes strategy to defeat the enemy, adheres to the logic of wisdom plus strength, and pays more attention to the cultivation of military spirit, while Western traditional military thought and culture emphasizes strong soldiers to win, adheres to the logic of strength plus technology, and even develops into technological determinism.

Chinese traditional philosophy can be called wisdom philosophy, and Chinese traditional culture can be called integrity culture. The ancient sages often regarded reputation as more important than life, and attached more importance to the social significance and moral value of life. Ancient military strategists recognized the importance of morale very early, and often had classic discussions on this when discussing the view of war, strategic thinking and military management concepts, such as “to unite the army and gather the people, it is necessary to stimulate morale”, “if the morale is strong, they will fight, if the morale is lost, they will flee”, “victory is gained by prestige, defeat is lost by losing morale”, etc., and later in military books, there were special discussions on “inspiring soldiers”, “extending morale” and “moral warfare”. This reflects that the ancients attached great importance to the spiritual factors in combat. Han Xin’s battle with his back to the river and Xiang Yu’s burning of his cauldrons and sinking of his boats have become military practice models. Comrade Mao Zedong made a vivid interpretation when evaluating the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea – the enemy had “more steel and less morale”, while we had “less steel and more morale”. The strategic wisdom of maneuvering and calculating and the fighting spirit of facing death with indifference and marching forward courageously have always been our important magic weapon for creating miracles in war.

Western civilization’s thinking is often centered on nature, and focuses on applying the results of natural science. As early as the Peloponnesian War, the Athenian navy carefully designed and equipped warships, relying on the high speed, maneuverability and impact of warships to win. In the Middle Ages, the advancement of firearms technology finally broke through the shackles of feudal knight heroism. Since then, the West has placed more emphasis on keeping one eye on war practice and one eye on new technology. Since Copernicus published On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres in 1543, science and technology in the Western world have entered a period of rapid development. It was against this background that Western military technology emerged as a powerful tool for colonists to plunder and conquer the world. The West has always been extremely sensitive to accepting new technologies. Technological innovation and the equally important ability to respond quickly to such innovations soon became the characteristics of Western military culture.

At present, with the rapid development of science and technology and its continuous application in the military field, the great role of things in war is increasingly shown. In particular, the impact of advanced science and technology on the military field is unparalleled in any period in history. It is certainly one-sided to emphasize weapons and neglect spirit, but if it is overcorrected, it is also one-sided to emphasize spirit and neglect weapons. War practice tells us that although the spiritual power in war can make up for the disadvantages of weapons and equipment to a certain extent, it is not infinite. If we do not attach importance to weapons and equipment, the role of spirit in war cannot be maximized, and it will cost more to win in war. On the basis of adhering to the materialist view of history that “it is people rather than things that determine the outcome of war”, we must adhere to the dialectical unity of human factors and material factors, add scientific and technological wings to strategic wisdom and fighting spirit, continuously improve the proportion of scientific and technological composition of combat effectiveness, integrate human initiative with the basic role of things at a higher level, and comprehensively improve the combat effectiveness of the army.

Defense and Offense

Offense and defense are the most basic modes of warfare. Ancient China attached great importance to national integration and national unity, and emphasized the status of defense. It was necessary to maintain its national independence while not expanding outward. It adopted the strategic principle of active defense against foreign invasions. In ancient times, expansionism prevailed in the West, which mainly focused on dealing with foreign nations and paid more attention to offense.

Chinese civilization was born in the heartland of the Central Plains in the Yellow River Basin. It is an agricultural society and has been a multi-ethnic community since ancient times. Chinese traditional culture emphasizes stability, preservation, and restraint. Ancient China has always considered itself the center of the world. These are reflected in military thought, which is to cherish unity, focus on defense, regard internal peace as the top priority of military strategy, and place defense in an important position. There are many discussions about defense in ancient Chinese classics. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period, when military strategists were most prosperous, military strategists such as Sun Wu, Wu Qi, and Sun Bin emphasized defense in general when discussing military affairs, and when discussing offense, they mostly discussed it from the perspective of combat and tactics. Mozi proposed the political and military concept of “non-aggression”. The book “Mozi” handed down from generation to generation describes Mozi and his school’s profound insights on military defense. The Great Wall of ancient China is a materialized symbol of defense thought, reflecting the guiding ideology followed by rulers of different periods in military strategy: advocating both maintaining the independence of their own nation and not expanding outward. The famous scholar John King Fairbank once said that China has always emphasized defensive warfare, which is completely different from the offensive theory of European imperialism.

The ancient West had a tradition of expansion to dominate. Western civilization originated from the Greek peninsula. The characteristic of maritime civilization that “the world is home” makes it mobile and aggressive. At that time, the national defense targets and war edges of those countries were mostly directed at foreign countries. In addition to fighting each other, the nations of Western Europe often united or independently used foreign forces. The places they went to were as close as the Mediterranean coast and as far as Asia, Africa and Latin America. They reflected the cultural characteristics of Westerners who admired force, liked expansion and adventure. For example, the Assyrian wars that broke out many times in history swept across West Asia and North Africa. With the Assyrian Kingdom as the center, various countries launched a melee. All countries that have been glorious and leading in the history of ancient Western countries have a strong desire for conquest. The rise of great powers is accompanied by expansion, hegemony and war. This is the theory in Western culture that a strong country must dominate.

The world is undergoing major changes unseen in a century, and in the face of an international situation characterized by chaos and changes, and to adapt to the new requirements for the development of national strategic interests, we must unswervingly adhere to the strategic thinking of active defense, strive to build a military force that is commensurate with my country’s status and consistent with my country’s development interests, enhance the aggressiveness and initiative of military strategic guidance, carry out diversified military tasks in a broader space, firmly safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests, faithfully practice the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind, actively fulfill the international responsibilities of a major power’s military, comprehensively promote international military cooperation in the new era, and strive to contribute to building a beautiful world of lasting peace and universal security.

現代國語：

■許三飛

閱讀提示

戰爭與文明總是相伴而生，軍事傳統與文化傳統總是相生相成。

思想文化傳統特別是軍事思想文化傳統一經形成，便會產生不可低估的慣性力量。「在亞歷山大的勝利根源裡，我們可以經常發現亞里斯多德」。歷史上傑出的政治家、理論家和軍事家，無不被民族思想文化傳統所薰陶，他們的輝煌業績也無不閃爍著思想文化傳統的光輝。

千百年來，中西思想文化的分野導致了各自社會對軍事活動思考的不同側重，以及在戰爭實踐中的不同特色，直接影響著中西軍事思想文化的內容和特色。

貴和與重爭

人類在漫長的歷史長河中創造了多樣文明，不同文明如何交往，是任何文明都迴避不了的問題。中國傳統思想文化講求和諧，強調以和為貴，追求和而不同；而西方傳統思想文化講求鬥爭，強調控制萬物，充當世界的主宰。

「和」文化是中國人的血脈，「尚和」是中國傳統軍事思想文化的首要特徵。我們的祖先在創造文字時，就以「止戈」為「武」。西周末期，史伯提出“和實生物，同則不繼”，形成了中華文化“和而不同”的思想。《尚書·堯典》提出：「百姓昭明，協和萬邦。」之後，「協和萬邦」成為中華世界觀的典範。 15世紀初葉，鄭和率領當時世界上最大的艦隊，先後七次出使海外卻秋毫無犯，這樣的和平之旅在世界上是絕無僅有的。

相較之下，西方傳統現實主義，作為西方傳統思想文化的一個重要組成，則認為世界本質上就是充滿利益的沖突與對抗。古希臘哲學家赫拉克利特認為，鬥爭就是正義，一切都是透過鬥爭而產生和消滅的。古希臘著名改革家、軍事家梭倫也認為：「一個文明之所以能夠成長壯大，是因為在這個文明內部孕育著強烈的帝國理想和征服慾望；而這些理想和慾望一旦消失，則整個文明必將乾枯、死亡。要么征服，要么被征服，這是所有文明的生存法則。”

現在，有的西方國家打著「普世文明」的幌子，企圖對世界文明進行「格式化」「標準化」「單一化」。然而，一個音符無法表達出優美的旋律，一種顏色難以描繪出多彩的畫卷。文明單一化將使人類的創造力衰竭，導致人類文明僵化衰微。對此，歷史學家湯因比曾說，「人類已經掌握了可以毀滅自己的高度技術文明手段，同時又處於極端對立的政治意識形態的營壘，最需要的精神就是中國文明的精髓——和諧」。「和而不同」才能推動不同文明的對話與交融，攜手建構各種文明相容並蓄的人類命運共同體。

慎戰與黷武

戰爭與和平是人類社會的兩大主題。在對待戰爭的基本態度上，中國傳統思想文化普遍持有慎戰的觀念，而西方傳統現實主義思想則對戰爭更傾注了歌頌與讚揚之辭。

中國古代戰事頻繁，眾多思想家和軍事家更多地把戰爭和人民的生死、國家的存亡緊緊聯繫起來，提出了慎戰的思想，追求「不戰而屈人之兵」的「全勝」。道家認為戰爭是重大禍患，老子說：「兵者，不祥之器。」《孫子兵法》開宗明義指出：「兵者，國之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也」。孫子雖然重戰，但同時也反對好戰。在孫子看來，「亡國不可以復存，死者不可以復生。故明君慎之，良將警之，此安國全軍之道也」。他還對限制戰爭明確提出了三個基本原則：“非利不動，非得不用，非危不戰。”商鞅也提出戰爭是“以戰去戰”，而且“兵大律在謹”。可以說，先秦諸家慎戰思想不斷影響後世，逐漸成為中國軍事傳統的主流思想。

西方傳統現實主義對戰爭較持有肯定的觀點，認為人之間天然地存在競爭，戰爭本身是符合人性的。赫拉克利特說：「戰爭是萬物之父，也是萬物之王」。在古希臘人眼中，戰爭是求得榮譽、成為英雄的主要途徑。在斯巴達，只要「君主們稍稍做出一點打架的信號，他們就會找到很多自願拿起武器的人，他們唯一的願望是取得榮譽」。此後，在漫長的歷史發展中，傳統現實主義思想一直影響著西方政治哲學、軍事哲學的發展。及至近代，西方這種推崇戰爭和武力的觀念並未消弭，兩次世界大戰給人類帶來了巨大災難。

今天，歷經無數次戰爭，越來越多的國家認識到，弱肉強食不是人類共存之道，窮兵黷武不是人類和平之計。人類比以往任何時候都更有條件朝著和平與發展的目標邁進。但也要看到，世界並不太平，鑄劍為犁仍然是人們的美好願望。我們為了贏得和平，就要做好全面準備，這其中也包括戰爭的研究和準備工作，以期遏制、防止戰爭。因此，慎戰不僅要保留傳統的「不戰而勝」的蘊意，還要增加「不戰而和」的蘊意，建構制約戰爭的機制。

王道與霸權

在國際交往中一直存在著「王道」與「霸道」之辯。王道的內核是仁德，霸道的內核是強權。孫中山先生曾說，東方的文化是王道，主張仁義道德；西方的文化是霸道，主張功利強權。

對戰爭首先進行道德評價是中華文化的傳統。自漢代以來儒家思想開始佔統治地位，儒家文化佔據社會的主體地位，並逐步形成了內“仁”外“禮”的儒家倫理秩序，這是形成中國軍事傳統的文化基礎。孔子曾說：「故遠人不服，則修文德以來之。」孟子也說：「以力服人者，非心服也，力不贍也。以德服人者，中心悅而誠服也。」孔子和孫子也提出「有文事者必有武備」「令之以文，齊之以武」。在他們心目中，仁者無敵於天下，有德者無往而不勝，能得天下的是以德行仁的王道，而不是以力徵伐的霸道。春秋時期，在戰亂中崛起的五霸，把修德和振兵當作不可分割的雙刃劍，來確立自己的霸主地位。行王道，就要以德勝人，以德作依托，用和平的手段，通過尚義重理、以德懷遠、順化外邦。德勝，可以使人心悅誠服，才是製勝之道的最高境界。

西方傳統現實主義則認為，權力是政治的主要內容，將戰爭作為手段，強調以暴力取勝，武力是處理國與國關系的主要途徑。以古希臘和古羅馬為例，從開國到立國，從取得統治到鞏固和維護統治，他們都始終把追求權力擺在首位，把武力擴張和鐵血統治作為立國根基。在軍事政策乃至國家政策上，更靠鐵血精神在社會上貫徹統治階級的意志。斯巴達甚至在法律上規定，公民的責任和義務就是徵戰和戰死。然而，歷史和實踐表明，靠武力追求的絕對霸權，也會將自己陷入困境，必然最終被武力戰勝或葬送。

當下，全球治理進入了一個關鍵階段，人類正面臨著往何處去的歷史選擇。那些仍牢牢抓住冷戰思維、霸權主義和強權政治不放的國家才是製造世界沖突和動蕩的根源。習主席提出的建構人類命運共同體理念，是中國「內和乃求外順，內和必致外和」的邏輯延伸，是中國作為一個負責任世界大國的價值追求。其帶給人類的不是貪婪索取，而是「民胞物與」的仁愛；呈現給世界的不是征服，而是「協和萬邦」的包容；帶給人類的不是戰爭，而是和平共處、共同繁榮。這正是中華民族作為一個底蘊深厚的古老民族對全人類長遠發展的智慧貢獻。

道義與利益

人類對戰爭起源的認識與思考，經歷了從直覺感性狀態，逐步上升到邏輯理性狀態的過程。「即使是戰爭，也有規則。」在義利兼顧的思想天平上，中西軍事傳統各有側重地貫穿著「道義」原則和「利益」原則。

「義在利中，義中有利」的義利觀，是中國傳統文化的重要精髓，強調重義輕利、舍利取義、以義取利、見利思義。 “君子喻於義，小人喻於利”“君子愛財取之有道”，這些每個中國人都耳熟能詳的道德準則，已經成為我們民族的重要文化基因。在中國古代的經史子集中，幾乎沒有內容直白地宣揚戰爭的目的是為了掠奪利益，更多的是對此類戰爭的指責。墨家認為，進行戰爭是為了道義之誅，是為了誅無道；孟子指出，進行戰爭是為了誅獨夫，即如湯武革命；《荀子》強調，「兵者，所以禁暴除害也」。處於古代軍事理論主體地位的兵家，評價戰爭通常也以道德為準繩，講究用兵要考慮是否符合道德，講究“師出有名”，強調進行戰爭的目的是為了維護道義。

古代西方對戰爭問題的思考，始終貫穿利益之爭的原則。文藝復興時期著名的學者馬基雅維利直言：「為了實現國家利益，可以不講任何道德原則；只要達到目的，完全可以不擇手段」。由於在早期實踐和認識中都明顯地貫穿利益原則，歐洲中世紀以掠奪為目的的戰爭往往是赤裸裸的。西方歷次戰爭也在印證著這個結論，無論戰爭的起因是什麼，背後都有強勁的利益驅動。

如今，有些國家利用軍事優勢到處干涉，打著道義的幌子乾著攫取利益之事，把原本和平安寧的國家搞得支離破碎，原本清明祥和的世界搞得烏煙瘴氣。戰爭是政治的延續，而政治既是道義、更是經濟的集中表現，說到底，戰爭既要體現利益原則，也要體現道義原則。因此，秉持正確義利觀，堅持利益與道義的辯證統一，是軍事活動的根本要求，也只有這樣才能避免戰術上贏了、戰略上卻輸了的怪像出現。

精神與物質

人與物，作為戰爭力量的基本構成，不可偏廢。對此，拿破侖說，世界上只有兩種力量──利劍和精神。整體來看，中國傳統軍事思想文化強調謀略制敵，奉行智慧加力量的邏輯，更加重視軍人精神的培養，而西方傳統軍事思想文化重視強兵制勝，奉行力量加技術的邏輯，直至發展為技術決定論。

中國傳統哲學可稱為智慧哲學，中國傳統文化可稱為氣節文化，先賢們很多時候把名聲看得比生命還重要，更重視生命的社會意義及道德價值。古代兵家很早就認識到士氣的重要性，在論及戰爭觀、戰略思想以及治軍理念時對此常有經典論述，如「合軍聚眾，務在激氣」「氣實則鬥，氣奪則走」「勝在得威，敗在失氣」等，後來兵書中出現的「勵誌」「延氣」「氣戰」等專論。這反映出古人對作戰中精神因素的高度重視。韓信背水一戰、項羽破釜沉舟等成為軍事實踐典範。毛澤東同志在評價抗美援朝戰爭時做過形象的闡釋——敵人是“鋼多氣少”，而我們“鋼少氣多”。縱橫捭閔、神機妙算的謀略智慧和視死如歸、勇往直前的戰鬥精神，一直是我們創造戰爭奇蹟的重要法寶。

西方文明的思維常以自然為中心，並著重運用自然科學的成果。早在伯羅奔尼撒戰爭中，雅典海軍對戰船進行了精心的設計與裝備，是靠著戰船的高速度、機動性和沖撞力取勝的。中世紀，火器技術上的進步最終突破了封建騎士英雄主義的觀念桎梏。自此後，西方更加強調一隻眼盯著戰爭實踐，一隻眼盯著新技術。西方世界從1543年哥白尼出版《天體運行論》以來，科學技術便進入了狂飆突進的時期。正是在此背景下，西方的軍事技術異軍突起，成為殖民者掠奪和征服世界的有力工具。西方一直對接受新技術異常敏感。技術革新以及同等重要的對這種革新的迅速反應能力很快便成了西方軍事文化的特性。

目前，隨著科學技術飛速發展及其在軍事領域中的不斷應用，越來越顯示出物在戰爭中的巨大作用。特別是當下先進科技對軍事領域的影響是歷史上任何時期都無法比擬的。重器輕氣固然是片面的，但若矯枉過正，重氣輕器同樣也是片面的。戰爭實踐告訴我們：戰爭中的精神力量雖然在某種程度上可以彌補武器裝備的劣勢，但卻不是無限的。不重視武器裝備，精神在戰爭中的作用就無法最大限度地發揮出來，在戰爭中要取勝就會付出更大的代價。我們在堅持「決定戰爭勝負的是人而不是物」的唯物史觀的基礎之上，必須堅持人的因素與物的因素辯證統一，把謀略智慧和戰鬥精神插上科技翅膀，不斷提升戰鬥力的科技構成比例，把人的能動性與物的基礎性作用在更高水平上融合，全面提高軍隊戰鬥力。

防禦與進攻

進攻和防禦是作戰最基本的模式。古代中國非常重視民族融合與國家統一，十分強調防禦的地位，既要維護自己的民族獨立，又不向外擴張，而對於外來侵犯則採取積極防禦的戰略原則。古代西方則擴張主義盛行，主要著重對付外邦，更重視進攻。

中華文明誕生於黃河流域的中原腹地，是農耕社會，自古以來就是一個多民族的生存共同體。中國傳統文化強調穩定、守成、內斂，古代中國也一向認為自己是世界的中心。這些反映在軍事思想上，就是珍視統一、注重防禦，把安內作為軍事戰略之首務，把防禦擺在重要地位。中國古代典籍中，多見有關防禦的論述。在兵家最為繁盛的春秋戰國時期，孫武、吳起、孫臏等兵學大家在論兵時從總體上多強調防禦，而在論述進攻時，多從戰鬥和戰術的角度展開。墨子提出「非攻」的政治軍事觀念，傳世的《墨子》一書記述了墨子及其學派關於軍事防禦的深刻見解。中國古代的長城是防禦思想的物化標志，反映了不同時期統治者在軍事戰略上所共同遵循的指導思想：既主張維護自己民族的獨立又不向外擴張。著名學者費正清曾說，中國歷來強調防禦性戰爭，與歐洲帝國主義進攻理論截然不同。

古代西方具有爭雄稱霸的擴張傳統。西方文明發源於希臘半島，海洋文明「四海為家」的特性使其具有流動性和侵略性。當時那些國家的國防對象和戰爭鋒芒，多是指向異域外邦。西歐各民族除自己相互徵戰外，還經常聯合或獨立對外用兵，所到之處近至地中海沿岸，遠至亞非拉，處處體現了西方人崇尚武力、喜歡擴張與冒險的文化特徵。例如，歷史上多次爆發的亞述戰爭，其戰火席捲了西亞和北非，以亞述王國為中心，各國展開了混戰。凡是在西方古代史上擁有過輝煌，獨領過風騷的國家，無不具有強烈的征服欲。伴隨大國崛起的是擴張、霸權和戰爭，這就是西方文化中的國強必霸的理論。

當今世界百年未有之大變局加速演進，面對變亂交織的國際形勢，適應國家戰略利益發展的新要求，我們必須堅定不移堅持積極防禦戰略思想，努力建設一支與我國地位相稱、與我國發展利益相適應的軍事力量，增強軍事戰略指導的進取性和主動性，在更加廣闊的空間遂激進行、普遍安全的美好世界作貢獻。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16269993888.html

Chinese Military Era of Intelligence Calls for Training to Transform into “Smart Warfare”

02/14/2025 admin Leave a comment

中國軍事智能化時代要求訓練向「智慧戰爭」轉變

現代英語：

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution is developing rapidly. Disruptive technologies represented by artificial intelligence are accelerating the evolution of war to intelligent warfare. Winning intelligent warfare has gradually become the focus of military competition among powerful countries. As a pre-practice of war, military training should take a new step towards intelligence in a timely manner, realize the transformation to “intelligence”, train soldiers with “intelligence”, continuously improve the scientific and technological level and “intelligence content” of military training, and help accelerate the generation of intelligent combat capabilities.

Keeping up with the changes in the war situation, upgrading the concept of intelligent training

With the acceleration of the intelligent era, high-tech has been widely used in the military field, which is causing major changes in the concept, elements and methods of winning wars. The size of the army and the number of equipment are no longer the key to winning a war. It is imperative to upgrade the war thinking and training concepts. We should follow the development trend of intelligence with a more proactive attitude and a more open vision, and advocate new thinking in intelligent military training.

Grasp the internal mechanism of intelligent victory. The winning mechanism is the manifestation of the internal laws of war. Driven by the intelligent revolution, driven by strategic competition, and guided by war practice, the advantages of information-generated intelligence and intelligence-enabled capabilities are becoming increasingly apparent, reflected in actuarial science, jointness, systems, and other aspects. To a certain extent, it can be said that the higher the “intelligence”, the higher the quality level of combat and training can be. Therefore, an army whose training thinking remains at the mechanized level will never be able to keep up with the pace of intelligent warfare no matter how it is trained. We should have a “brain storm” with the courage of self-revolution, upgrade the concept of intelligent warfare, strengthen the theoretical research of intelligent training, deal with the problems of mechanized, informationized, and intelligent warfare with the thinking of training troops with “intelligence”, organically connect training and fighting, design wars with advanced technology, and rehearse wars with intelligent means, so as to clear up the fog of intelligent warfare.

Establish the goal of “strengthening the strong”. At present, the military of developed countries is implementing a training transformation with an emphasis on intelligence, trying to further widen the gap in combat power with the military of other countries. Once the military gap is widened, it will be difficult to make up. If you can’t keep up, you may be completely controlled by others. Only by keeping a close eye on the opponent can you surpass the opponent. We must highlight the goal of “strengthening the strong” in military training, and improve the level of military intelligence and asymmetric combat capabilities in training.

Strengthen the goal positioning of science and technology empowerment. Science and technology are the core combat power. Driven by science and technology, the combat power form has leaped from mechanical energy type and information energy type to intelligent type. Traditional siege-style large-scale troop operations are gradually withdrawing from the historical stage, and cutting-edge competition in high-tech and emerging fields is becoming increasingly fierce. If military training does not improve its scientific and technological content, it will only be able to linger at a low level and it will be difficult to open the door to intelligent warfare. To this end, we should firmly establish the concept of winning through science and technology, firmly grasp scientific and technological innovation, the “life gate” and “key point” to winning future wars, greatly improve the scientific and technological content of military training, and increase the practical application of new technologies and new means such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and big data, so as to unveil the mystery of intelligent warfare and control the initiative in future wars.

Keep up with the changes in technological development and strengthen intelligent training conditions

Intelligent training conditions are the basic support for organizing and implementing intelligent military training, and are directly related to the quality and effectiveness of intelligent training. To build an intelligent training environment, we need to keep a close eye on the development of intelligent concepts, intelligent technology, and intelligent warfare, and continue to work hard in building a training environment, innovating training methods, and cultivating new talents.

Construct a realistic battlefield environment. Intelligent warfare has a wider space, a wider range of fields, and more diverse methods. The battlefield environment construction under the conditions of simple mechanization and informatization can no longer support the needs of intelligent training. We should highlight the elite confrontation, rapid confrontation, and joint confrontation under the support of intelligent conditions, fully tap the potential of existing training methods and training venues, strengthen the application of technologies such as big data analysis, smart wearable devices, and machine “deep learning”, and effectively integrate various fields such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. For example, use digital maps, virtual reality and other technologies to simulate and display intuitive three-dimensional terrain, weather and complex combat situations, and construct vivid and realistic intelligent actual combat scenes.

Develop advanced training methods. Advanced training methods are helpful to improve training effectiveness. Intelligent military training should grasp the key factor of intelligent “data-centricity” and transform the latest scientific and technological achievements into training conditions. We should focus on strengthening data linkage and integration, creating a “data pool” covering strategy, campaign, and tactics, and connecting command organizations to end-users; developing data intelligent analysis tools, integrating and mining combat data with the help of advanced technologies such as cloud computing and artificial intelligence; developing intelligent training systems, increasing the construction of simulation training methods such as simulation, war game confrontation, network confrontation, and intelligent decision-making, and overall promoting the transformation and upgrading of military training methods to “technology +” and “intelligence +”.

Cultivate new military talents. No matter how the war situation evolves, people are always the real controllers and final decision-makers of war. The quality of military personnel’s intelligence level determines the quality and effect of intelligent training to a certain extent. To win the information-based local war with intelligent characteristics, we should accurately match future military needs, strengthen the intelligent training of traditional combat force talents, make good use of “technology +”, “maker +”, “think tank +” power resources, promote the integrated development of “commanders”, “combatants” and “scientists” and “technicians”, and forge a new type of professional and intelligent military talent group to achieve intelligent interaction between people and equipment, deep integration between people and systems, and extensive adaptation between people and the environment.

Strengthen support for intelligent equipment. At present, the world’s major military powers attach great importance to the development of intelligent equipment. New equipment such as unmanned “swarms” and unmanned submarines are emerging in an endless stream, supporting intelligent military training while constantly testing and improving them in training practice. To this end, we should make full use of the overall coordination mechanism of war construction, vigorously promote the “+ intelligence” of existing equipment and the “intelligent +” construction of a new generation of equipment, insist on researching, building, using and improving, and improve the intelligence level of weapons and equipment through breakthroughs in training practice. We should work on both ends to achieve a multiplier effect, shorten the timeline of weapons and equipment from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence”, and better support intelligent military training.

Keeping up with the changes in war practices, innovating intelligent training models

The combat style determines the training mode. After years of development, military intelligence has moved from theoretical exploration to battlefield practice. In recent local wars, intelligent warfare has begun to show its edge and has shown the potential to change the “rules of the game” of war. As the combat style changes, the training mode must also change and change proactively. We must keep a close eye on the characteristics of intelligent warfare, innovate intelligent military training models, and fully rehearse the next war in military training.

Highlight high-end warfare research and training. We should focus on cracking the essence of high-end warfare by strengthening the enemy, continue to deepen research on strengthening the enemy, and use the development of new combat concepts and training theories as a starting point to understand the development laws and winning mechanisms of high-end warfare. We should predict future wars and design combat styles from a high-end perspective, and pool wisdom and innovation to research unique, clever, and high-level strategies to defeat the enemy. We must emphasize key actions such as joint missile defense, target strategic campaign and tactical training to force strong organizations to defeat the strong with the weak, target practical training for asymmetric checks and balances to win decisive battles in high-end organizations, target extended training in new domains such as the far sea and far domain for all-domain confrontation organizations, seize high positions in future wars through innovative training, and develop combat capabilities that are “one step ahead in intelligence” and “one step ahead in skills” against powerful enemies.

Emphasize the training of new forces. The transformation of war from winning by force and equipment to winning by wisdom has made new combat forces a new growth pole of combat power. According to information, the US military plans to achieve intelligentization of 60% of ground combat platforms by 2030, and the Russian military expects that the proportion of intelligent weapons and equipment will exceed 30% in 2025. As the army has more and more new equipment with intelligent attributes, it should move away from the actual combat training path with new combat forces as the leading element, highlight the formation and combat use of new combat forces, carry out training methods and tactics that are compatible with the new domain combat concept and winning mechanism, increase new types of training such as unmanned combat, promote the integration of new forces into the combat system, and make new combat force resources move and come alive.

Emphasize intelligent command training. No matter how the war situation evolves, command capability is always the key to winning the war. As the intelligence level of war continues to increase, planning and command based solely on experience and personal wisdom can no longer adapt to the ever-changing battlefield situation. Artificial intelligence decision-making training has become an inevitable trend to improve the efficiency of combat mission planning, combat planning, and command and control. We should focus on commanders and command organizations, which are the key to the system’s operations, seek breakthroughs in the scientific nature, accuracy, and timeliness of command planning, and rely on new technologies such as “big data” and “AI algorithms” and new methods such as “engineering” and “one network” to promote the upgrading of command planning from “human intelligence” training to “human intelligence + intelligence” training. We should judge the enemy’s situation, formulate plans, and determine actions through actuarial and detailed calculations, so as to achieve the goal of defeating the slow with the fast and taking the lead over the enemy.

(Author’s unit: Central Theater Command)

現代國語：

曾海清

引言

當前，新一輪科技革命和軍事革命快速發展，以人工智慧為代表的顛覆性技術，正加速推動戰爭形態向智慧化戰爭演變，打贏智能化戰爭逐漸成為強國軍事競爭的焦點。軍訓作為戰爭的預實踐，應該及時邁開智能化新步伐，實現向“智”轉型、以“智”練兵，不斷提高軍事訓練科技度和“含智量”，助力智能化作戰能力加快生成。

緊跟戰爭形態之變，升級智慧化訓練概念

隨著智慧化時代的加速到來，高新技術在軍事領域廣泛應用，正引發戰爭制勝理念、制勝要素、制勝方式發生重大變化。軍隊規模、裝備數量已不再是決定戰爭勝負的關鍵，升級戰爭思想和訓練理念勢在必行。我們當以更主動的姿態、更加開放的視野，緊跟智慧化發展趨勢，倡導智慧化軍事訓練新思維。

把握智能製勝的內在機理。制勝機理是戰爭內在規律的表現。在智慧革命驅動下、戰略競爭推動下、戰爭實踐牽引下，資訊生智、以智賦能的優勢愈發顯現，體現在精算、聯合、體係等各個面向。在某種程度上，可以說「智」有多高，戰與訓的品質水準就能夠達到多高。所以，一支訓練思維停留在機械化層面的軍隊，如何訓練都不可能跟上智慧化戰爭的腳步。應該以自我革命的勇氣來一場“頭腦風暴”，升級智能化作戰理念，加強智能化訓練理論研究，以“智”練兵思維處理機械化、信息化、智能化作戰問題，把訓練和打仗有機銜接起來，用先進技術設計戰爭，用智能手段演練戰爭，從而廓清智能化戰爭的迷霧。

立起向強制強的標靶指向。目前，發達國家軍隊正實施以智慧化為重點的訓練轉型，試圖進一步拉大與其他國家軍隊的戰力代差。軍事上的代差一旦拉開將很難追回，一步跟不上就可能徹底受制於人，只有盯緊對手才可能超越對手。要把向強制強在軍訓中突出出來，在練兵中提高軍事智慧化水準和非對稱作戰能力。

強化科技賦能的目標定位。科技是核心戰鬥力。在科技驅動下，戰鬥力形態已經從機械能型、資訊能型向智能型躍升，傳統攻城略地式大兵團作戰正逐步退出歷史舞台，高科技、新興領域的尖端較量日趨激烈。軍事訓練若不提高科技含量，將只能在低層次徘徊，很難叩開智能化戰爭的大門。為此，應該樹牢科技制勝理念，緊緊抓住科技創新這一制勝未來戰爭的“命門”和“要穴”，大幅提高軍事訓練科技含量，加大人工智能、雲計算、大數據等新技術新手段的實踐運用，從而揭開智能化戰爭的神秘面紗，掌控未來戰爭主動權。

緊跟科技發展之變，建強智能化訓練條件

智能化訓練條件是組織實施智慧化軍訓的基礎支撐，直接關乎智慧化訓練質效。建構智慧化的訓練條件環境，需要我們緊盯智慧理念、智慧科技和智慧化作戰的發展，在構設訓練環境、創新訓練手段、培育新型人才等方面持續用力。

構設逼真戰場環境。智慧化作戰，空間更加廣闊、領域更廣泛、方式更加多元，單純機械化資訊化條件下的戰場環境構設已無法支撐智慧化訓練需求。應突出智能化條件支撐下的精兵對抗、快速對抗、聯動對抗，充分挖潛現有訓練手段和訓練場地功能，加強大數據分析、智能穿戴設備、機器“深度學習”等技術應用，把陸、海、空、天、電、網等各個領域有效融合起來，比如利用和地圖、虛擬現實等技術模擬顯示圖形直觀的三維空間、自然地、天誌化、天意交戰場景。

發展先進訓練手段。先進的訓練手段，有助於提升訓練成效。智慧化軍事訓練應掌握智慧化「以數據為中心」這個關鍵因素，把最新科技成果轉化為訓練條件。應注重加強數據聯動融合，打造覆蓋戰略、戰役、戰術，貫通指揮機構到末端單兵的“數據池”；開發數據智能分析工具，借助雲計算、人工智能等先進技術，整合挖掘作戰數據；開發智能演訓系統，加大模擬仿真、兵棋對抗、網絡對抗、智能裁決等模擬訓練手段建設，整體推動軍事訓練手段向“科技+”“智能+”轉型升級。

培養新型軍事人才。無論戰爭形態如何演變，人始終是戰爭的真正控制者和最終決策者。軍事人員智能化程度的優劣，某種程度上決定了智慧化訓練的品質效果。要打贏具有智慧化特徵的資訊化局部戰爭，應該精準對接未來軍事需求，加強傳統作戰力量人才智能化培育，用好“科技+”“創客+”“智庫+”力量資源，推動“指揮員”“戰鬥員”與“科學家”“技術家”融合發展，鍛造專業化、智能化的新型軍事體係與人才跨系統

強化智能裝備支撐。目前，世界主要軍事強國都高度重視智慧裝備發展，無人「蜂群」、無人潛航器等新裝備層出不窮，一邊支撐智慧化軍事訓練，一邊又在訓練實踐中不斷檢驗完善。為此，應充分用好戰建備統籌機制，大力推進現有裝備“+智能”和新一代裝備“智能+”建設，堅持邊研邊建邊用邊改，以訓練實踐突破提升武器裝備智能化水平，兩端發力實現倍增效應，縮短武器裝備從“弱智”到“強智”再到“超智”的時間軸，更好地支撐智能化軍事訓練。

緊跟戰爭實踐之變，創新智能化訓練模式

作戰樣式決定訓練模式。軍事智能化經過多年發展，已經從理論探索走向戰場實踐。近年來的局部戰爭中，智慧化作戰已經初露鋒芒，並顯現出改變戰爭「遊戲規則」的潛力。作戰樣式變了，訓練模式也要跟著變、主動變。要緊盯智慧化戰爭特點，創新智慧化軍事訓練模式，在軍事訓練中充分預演下一場戰爭。

突顯高端戰爭研練。要立足強敵打高端戰爭這個基點，突顯破解高端戰爭本質，持續深化強敵研究，以開發新型作戰概念和訓練理論為抓手，搞清高端戰爭發展規律和製勝機理。從高端的視角預判未來戰爭、設計作戰樣式，集智創新研究克敵制勝的奇招、妙招、高招。要突顯聯合反導等關鍵行動，瞄準向強制強組織以劣勝優的戰略戰役戰術訓練，瞄準決勝高端組織非對稱制衡實戰訓練，瞄準全局對抗組織遠海遠域等新域延伸訓練，在創新訓練中搶佔未來戰爭高位，形成對強敵「智高一籌」「技高一籌」的作戰能力。

突顯新質力量研練。戰爭從力勝、器勝到智勝的轉變，使得新型作戰力量成為戰鬥力新的成長極。據資料介紹，美軍計畫在2030年實現60%地面作戰平台智能化，俄軍預計2025年智慧化武器裝備佔比將超過30%。隨著軍隊具有智能屬性的新裝備越來越多，應走開以新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化練兵路子，突出新質作戰力量編成、作戰運用，開展與新域作戰概念、制勝機理相適應的訓法戰法，加大無人作戰等新樣式訓練，推動新質力量融入作戰體系，讓新質戰鬥力資源動起來、活起來。

突出智能指揮研練。無論戰爭形態如何演變，指揮能力始終是能打勝仗的關鍵能力。隨著戰爭智能化程度不斷提高，僅憑經驗和個人智慧進行籌劃和指揮已不能適應瞬息萬變的戰場局勢，人工智慧決策訓練已成為提升作戰任務規劃、作戰籌劃、指揮控制效率的必然趨勢。應該扭住指揮員和指揮機構這個體係作戰關鍵，在指揮籌劃科學性、精確性、時效性上求突破，依托「大數據」「AI演算法」新技術和「工程化」「一張網」新手段，推動指揮謀劃由「人智」訓練向「人智+機智」訓練升級，在精算和細算細算中決定敵情、先定行動方案。

（作者單位：中部戰區）來源：解放軍報作者：曾海清責任編輯：劉上靖 2022-07-21 07:00

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/491612288.html

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China’s Military Accelerating Integrated Development of Mechanization, Informatization and Intelligence

02/14/2025 admin Leave a comment

我軍加速機械化、資訊化、智慧化融合發展

現代英語：

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee made strategic arrangements for my country’s economic and social development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period and the long-term goal of basically achieving socialist modernization by 2035. In terms of national defense and military construction, the plenary session communiqué emphasized accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informationization, and intelligence. This strategic requirement is of great significance for improving the strategic capabilities of our military to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests, and ensuring the realization of the struggle goal of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the army by 2027 and the basic realization of national defense and military modernization by 2035.

1. Fully understand the importance of accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations”

Accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence is based on the understanding and implementation of Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military. In his report to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi pointed out that “we should accelerate the development of military intelligence and improve the joint combat capability and all-domain combat capability based on the network information system”. On the eve of the August 1st Army Day this year, President Xi presided over the 22nd collective study of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on strengthening national defense and military modernization, and put forward the strategic idea of ”accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence”. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee further emphasized and deployed this, and incorporated it into the 14th Five-Year Plan and the 2035 Vision Goals for implementation, which will greatly accelerate the pace of our military modernization.

On April 8, 2020, soldiers from the Sarang Border Defense Company of a border defense regiment of the Ali Military Sub-district in Tibet used drones to scout the terrain. Photo by Liu Xiaodong/Guangming Photo

In today’s world, driven by a new round of scientific and technological revolution, a new wave of military revolution is coming. Artificial intelligence, quantum information, big data, cloud computing and other cutting-edge technologies are accelerating their application in the military field. Various unmanned combat platforms and intelligent weapon equipment systems have appeared in large numbers and put into modern battlefields. The form of war is rapidly evolving towards intelligent warfare after cold weapon war, hot weapon war, mechanized war and information war. Recently, the armed conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia has presented the world with a textbook drone war. People have seen drones destroying chariots, tanks and artillery as easily as “roll calling” on the Internet. This may become another sign of the advent of intelligent warfare.

According to relevant data, at present, at least more than 70 countries in the world are developing unmanned intelligent military platforms, and some military powers are stepping up the intelligent upgrade of their armed forces. In 2019, the United States announced the “National Artificial Intelligence Strategy” and the “Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Strategy”, and launched the implementation of intelligent strategies at the national, military, and service levels. Nearly 80% of its “Third Offset Strategy” against China and Russia is closely related to artificial intelligence technology. The United States has already developed or used a large number of smart bombs, smart missiles, drones, robot soldiers, etc. The US military plans to achieve unmanned intelligentization of 60% of its ground combat platforms by 2030.

If our army wants to achieve modernization and remain invincible, it must stand at the forefront of the new military revolution and accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence. The white paper “my country’s National Defense in the New Era” released by the Chinese government last year pointed out: “China’s military transformation with Chinese characteristics has made significant progress, but the task of mechanization construction has not been completed, the level of informationization needs to be improved urgently, and military security faces the risk of technological surprise and the widening of the technological gap. The level of military modernization is still far behind the national security needs and the world’s advanced military level.” At present, the intelligent development of our army has just started, and the development of mechanization and informationization is not sufficient. However, compared with the previous military revolutions led by the West, the technological gap of our army in the new round of military revolution is not large. We must seize the opportunities of the times, conform to the current development status of our army, and accelerate the integration of intelligence while promoting mechanization and informationization.

2. Correctly understand the connotation of accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations”

From the perspective of the process of technology promoting combat effectiveness, mechanical technology amplifies human skills, information technology extends human perception, and artificial intelligence technology expands human intelligence. Mechanization, informationization, and intelligence are essentially amplification and efficiency enhancement of human ability to control war. Although these three empowerment methods are simple and complex, backward and advanced, and single-dimensional and multi-dimensional, they are inseparable from each other and are reflected as an inseparable unity in advanced equipment. Their development is like the first generation of jet fighters focusing on breakthroughs in engines, the second generation of fighters focusing on breakthroughs in aerodynamics, the third generation of fighters focusing on breakthroughs in system integration, and the fourth generation of fighters focusing on breakthroughs in intelligence. It is a process of mutual penetration, gradual progression, orderly dependence, and inclusiveness. Without the former “one transformation”, there would be no latter “two transformations”. Intelligence is a higher form of development and undoubtedly needs to be accelerated, but this does not mean that mechanization and informationization can be avoided, because if mechanization and informationization are skipped and the focus of construction is fully shifted to intelligence, intelligence will become a “castle in the air”, and haste makes waste.

In a certain sea area, multiple types of carrier-based aircraft of the Liaoning aircraft carrier are arrayed on the deck. Xinhua News Agency

Intelligence represents advanced combat effectiveness, is the development direction of future military construction and war, and is the leader in accelerating the integration of the “three transformations”. We must take advantage of the direction of intelligence to seek a generational advantage in military construction and future operations. Informatization is the leading factor. Informatization plays a connecting role between intelligence and mechanization, and is in a dominant position in the integration of the “three transformations”. At present, information capabilities still play a major role in the generation of combat effectiveness of our army, and the informatization of weapons and equipment is still in the main aspect. We should aim at intelligence to accelerate the upgrading and transformation of informatized weapons and equipment, form an equipment system with informatized weapons and equipment as the backbone, and improve the system combat capability based on information systems. Mechanization is the foundation. Mechanization is the material basis and carrier for the development of intelligence and informatization. Intelligent technology and information technology have greatly improved the accuracy and reaction speed of weapons, but to achieve “accurate, far and fast” is inseparable from a strong combat platform and power capability, and to “hit hard” depends on the improvement of weapon power. Our army’s mechanization foundation is not strong, and it still owes a “debt” for mechanization development in the information age. It is necessary to promote the construction of new mechanization at the same time.

To accelerate the integrated development of the “three transformations”, with the focus on accelerating intelligent development, we must have a strong sense of opportunity and urgency. We cannot wait until mechanization and informatization are fully developed and then advance intelligent development step by step. Instead, we must seize the opportunities of the scientific and technological revolution and take extraordinary measures to promote intelligence.

3. Find the focus of accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations”

Among all the reasons for backwardness, backwardness in ideology is the most fundamental. After studying the success and failure of military reforms in history, British military expert Liddell Hart said that the only thing more difficult than instilling new ideas in a soldier is to remove his old ideas. Those who can successfully keep up with the pace of changes in the form of war and successfully push forward military reforms all regard changing old ideas and establishing new ideas as their top priority. To accelerate the integrated development of the “three transformations”, we must have a brainstorming and conceptual revolution. We must have the courage to break through the mindset of mechanized warfare and even information warfare, establish ideas and concepts that are compatible with intelligent warfare, strengthen system thinking, data thinking, and algorithmic thinking, break the mindset of “winning by quantity and scale”, and firmly establish the concept of “winning by quality and efficiency”; break the mindset of “labor-intensive development” and firmly establish the concept of “intelligence-intensive development”; break the mindset of “passive use of weapons and equipment” and firmly establish the concept of “machine autonomous dominance”; break the mindset of “relying only on manned platforms for combat”, and firmly establish the concept of “unmanned, human-machine integrated platform combat”, etc., use new ideas and concepts to open up ideas for integrated development and seek ways to accelerate development.

The core of accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations” is to accelerate the development of intelligence, and the key factor is to promote scientific and technological innovation. Whether it is hardware represented by physical entities such as combat platforms, weapons and ammunition, or software centered on combat data, algorithms, and models, all require strong scientific and technological innovation to support. Science and technology are core combat power and the most active and revolutionary factor in military development. Under the great changes that have not been seen in a century, the United States has put pressure on us in all fields, especially in the field of high-tech, increasing its blockade and containment of us. Scientific and technological innovation has never had such a profound impact on the overall national and military strategy as it does today, and has never had such a profound impact on the construction and development of our army as it does today. We must vigorously implement the strategy of strengthening the army with science and technology, put national defense scientific and technological innovation in a more prominent position, insist on demanding combat power from scientific and technological innovation, and realize the transformation from following and running side by side to running side by side and leading.

The key to accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations” is to strengthen the support of talents. Fundamentally speaking, it is a challenge of intelligence and cutting-edge technology. In particular, with the in-depth development of intelligence, the relationship between people and weapons will inevitably be reshaped, and there will inevitably be leapfrog requirements for people’s quality. The human factor in future wars will be concentrated in the talent factor. The strength of talents determines the success or failure of development. We must implement the strategy of strengthening the army with talents, highlight the construction of key talent teams such as joint combat command talents, new combat force talents, high-level scientific and technological innovation talents, and high-level strategic management talents. We must implement the “Decision on Accelerating the Construction of a Three-in-One New Military Talent Training System” recently issued by the Central Military Commission, give full play to the main channel role of military academy education, adhere to the battlefield and the troops, update the education concept, deepen the teaching reform, and take the connotation-based development path with improving the quality of talent training as the core. We must give full play to the melting pot role of the troops’ training practice, focus on promoting knowledge transformation and capability generation, and let officers and soldiers practice skills and talents in promoting the integrated development of the “three transformations” and military struggle preparation, and experience the wind and rain and be tempered in completing urgent, difficult and dangerous tasks. We must give full play to the role of military vocational education as a large classroom, focus on improving professional literacy, professional quality, and job skills, and expand and consolidate the knowledge and ability base of new military talents through continuous learning and in-depth specialized research.

Guangming Daily (November 8, 2020, p. 05)

現代國語：

【講武堂】

作者：吳志忠（軍事科學院軍隊政治工作創新發展研究中心研究員）

黨的十九屆五中全會對十四五時期我國經濟社會發展和二〇三五年基本實現社會主義現代化遠景目標作了戰略部署。在國防和軍隊建設方面，全會公報強調加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展。這項戰略性要求對於提高我軍捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益的戰略能力，確保二〇二七年實現百年建軍奮鬥目標、二〇三五年基本實現國防和軍隊現代化具有重要意義。

1.充分認識加快「三化」融合發展的重要性

加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展，是基於對習近平強軍思想的領悟落實。習主席在黨的十九大報告中就指出，「加速軍事智能化發展，提升基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力」。今年八一建軍節前夕，習主席在主持中共中央政治局就加強國防和軍隊現代化建設舉行的第二十二次集體學習時，提出“加快機械化信息化智能化融合發展”這一戰略思想，黨的十九屆五中全會對此作了進一步強調部署，並納入十四五規劃和二〇三五遠景目標中加以實現以實現現代化，這必將加快發展步伐。

2020年4月8日，西藏阿里軍分區某邊防團薩讓邊防連官兵利用無人機偵察地形。劉曉東攝/光明圖片

當今世界，在新一輪科技革命推動下，新一輪軍事革命浪潮撲面而來，人工智慧、量子資訊、大數據、雲計算等前沿科技加速運用軍事領域，各種無人作戰平台和智慧化武器裝備系統大量出現並投入現代戰場，戰爭形態繼冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭、資訊化戰爭之後智能化戰爭快速演變。最近，阿塞拜疆和亞美尼亞兩國的武裝沖突，給世人呈現出一場頗具教科書意義的無人機戰爭，人們在網絡上看到無人機像「點名」一樣輕松擊毀戰車、坦克、火砲，這或許成為智能化戰爭來臨的又一時代標志。

據有關資料，目前世界上至少有70多個國家在發展無人智慧化軍用平台，部分軍事強國加緊推進軍隊智慧化升級。 2019年，美國公佈《國家人工智慧戰略》《國防部人工智慧戰略》等，啟動實施國家、軍隊、軍種層面智慧化戰略，其針對中俄的“第三次抵消戰略”，有接近80%的項目與人工智能技術密切相關，美已經大量開發或使用靈巧炸彈、智能導彈、無人機、機器人士兵等，美軍計劃到2030年60%的智能化地面作戰。

我軍要實現現代化、立於不敗之地，就必須站立新軍事革命的潮頭，加速推進機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展。我國政府去年發布的《新時代的中國國防》白皮書指出：「中國特色軍事變革取得重大進展，但機械化建設任務尚未完成，信息化水平亟待提高，軍事安全面臨技術突襲和技術代差被拉大的風險，軍隊現代化水平與國家安全需求相比差距還很大，與世界先進軍事水平相比差距還很大。差距並不大，我們要把握好時代機遇，契合我軍發展現狀，在推進機械化資訊化時加快融入智能化。

2.正確理解加速「三化」融合發展的內涵

從技術推動戰鬥力生成歷程看，機械技術放大人的技能，資訊化技術延伸人的感知，人工智慧技術拓展人的智能，機械化資訊化智能化本質上是對人駕馭戰爭的能力放大增效。這三種賦能方式雖然有簡單與復雜、落後與先進、單維與多維差別，但三者之間你中有我、我中有你，在先進裝備上體現為不可分割的統一體，其發展如同第一代噴氣式戰鬥機重在突破發動機、第二代戰鬥機重在突破空氣動力、第三代戰鬥機重在突破系統上、相互影響推進過程。沒有前“一化”就沒有後“兩化”，智能化是發展的更高形態，無疑需要加快發力，但這絕不意味著可以不要機械化信息化，因為如果跳過機械化信息化，把建設重點全面轉向智能化，智能化就會成為“空中樓閣”，反而欲速則不達。

在某海域，遼寧艦多型艦載機列陣甲板。新華社發

智慧化代表先進戰鬥力，是未來軍隊建設和戰爭的發展方向，是加快「三化」融合發展的龍頭，要以智慧化「化」出來的方向優勢，謀取軍隊建設和未來作戰的代差勝勢。資訊化是主導。資訊化在智慧化和機械化之間，起著承上啟下的作用，在「三化」融合發展過程中處於主導地位。目前，資訊能力在我軍戰鬥力生成模式中仍然起著主要作用，武器裝備資訊化建設還處於主要方面，我們應瞄準智能化加快推進信息化武器裝備升級改造，形成以信息化武器裝備為骨幹的裝備體系，提高基於信息系統的體係作戰能力。機械化則是基礎。機械化是智慧化、資訊化發展的物質基礎和載體。智慧技術、資訊技術大大提高了武器的命中精度和反應速度，但要實現「打得準、打得遠、打得快」離不開強有力的作戰平台和動力能力，而要「打得狠」則要依靠武器威力的提升。我軍機械化底子還不厚，進入資訊化時代仍欠機械化發展的“賬”，有必要同時推進新型機械化建設。

加速「三化」融合發展，重點在於加速智慧化發展，要有強烈的機遇意識與緊迫感，不能等機械化資訊化充分發展後，再按部就班推進智慧化發展，而必須抓住科技革命機遇，採取超常措施推進智慧化。

3.找準加快「三化」融合發展的著力點

在一切落後所導致的原因中，思想觀念的落後最為根本。英國軍事家利德爾·哈特在研究歷史上軍事變革的成敗後說，唯一比向軍人灌輸新觀念更難的是去除他的舊觀念。能成功跟上戰爭形態變化步伐，成功將軍事變革推向前進的，無不把改變舊觀念、樹立新觀念作為首要任務。加速「三化」融合發展，必須來一場頭腦風暴和觀念革命，要勇於突破機械化戰爭乃至信息化戰爭的思維定勢，樹立與智能化戰爭相適應的思想觀念，強化體系思維、數據思維、算法思維，破除「以數量規模取勝」的思維定勢，牢固的設備確立“支持質量支持”的被動理念；主導」的理念；破除「僅依靠有人平台作戰」的思維定勢，穩固確立「無人、人機融合平台作戰」的理念等，用新的思想觀念打開融合發展思路，謀取加快發展出路。

個人資料圖片

加速「三化」融合發展的核心是加速智慧化發展，關鍵因素是推進科技創新，無論是作戰平台、武器彈藥等物理實體為代表的硬件，還是以作戰數據、演算法、模型等為核心的軟件，無不需要強大的科技創新作支撐。科學技術是核心戰鬥力，是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性因素。在百年未有之大變局下，美對我實施全領域施壓，尤其在高新技術領域加大對我封鎖遏制。科技創新從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響國家和軍事戰略全局，從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響我軍建設發展。我們必須大力實施科技強軍戰略，把國防科技創新放在更突出的位置，堅持向科技創新要戰鬥力，實現由跟跑並跑向並跑領跑轉變。

加快「三化」融合發展的要害的是強化人才支撐，從根本上說是智能力和前沿科技的挑戰，特別是隨著智能化深入發展，人與武器的關係必將重塑，對人的素質必然有跳躍式要求，未來戰爭中人的因素，將集中體現為人才因素，人才的強弱決定著發展的成敗。我們要深入實施人才強軍戰略，突顯強化聯合作戰指揮人才、新型作戰力量人才、高層次科技創新人才、高水準戰略管理人才等重點人才隊伍建設。要貫徹落實中央軍委最近剛剛印發的《關於加快推進三位一體新型軍事人才培養體系建設的決定》，發揮軍隊院校教育的主渠道作用，堅持面向戰場、面向部隊，更新教育理念，深化教學改革，走以提高人才培養質量為核心的內涵式發展道路。要發揮部隊訓練實踐的大熔爐作用，聚焦促進知識轉化、能力生成，讓官兵在推進「三化」融合發展和軍事鬥爭準備中練本領、長才幹，在完成急難險重任務中經風雨、受歷練。要發揮軍事職業教育的大課堂作用，圍繞提升職業素養、專業品質、崗位技能，在持續學習、專項深研中，拓展夯實新型軍事人才知識與能力基礎。

《光明日報》（ 2020年11月08日 05版）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ss_208539/9932394888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #軍事資訊化與智慧化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, 認知域戰

Chinese Military Emphasis on Essential Aspects of Integrated Development of Mechanization, Informatization and Intelligence

02/14/2025 admin Leave a comment

我軍重視機械化、資訊化、智慧化融合發展關鍵點

現代英語：

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, while emphasizing the need to accelerate the modernization of national defense and the military and achieve the unity of enriching the country and strengthening the military, pointed out that we should accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informationization, and intelligence (hereinafter referred to as the “three modernizations”), thereby raising the requirements for the integrated development of the “three modernizations” to a strategic level. We should conscientiously implement the spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, carry out scientific strategic positioning, strategic planning, and strategic deployment for the integrated development of the “three modernizations”, vigorously promote the integrated development of the “three modernizations” to expand in depth and breadth, and accurately grasp the essential connotation of the integrated development of the “three modernizations”.

The historical background of the integrated development of the “three transformations”

The parallel advancement, mutual promotion and integrated development of the “three transformations” have profound historical inevitability and are the only way for our military to modernize its national defense and the armed forces in the future period.

The integrated development of the “three transformations” is consistent with the concept of mechanization and informationization. Since the late 1990s, our army has timely proposed to promote the integrated development of mechanization and informationization. At that time, the form of war was changing from mechanization to informationization. National defense and military construction must take the road of leapfrog development. There is no need to wait until the entire process of mechanization construction of the military of developed countries is completed before engaging in informationization. We should strive to promote the integrated development of mechanization and informationization. We should strive to leapfrog certain stages of mechanization development, and at the same time learn from the mistakes of mechanization and informationization construction of the military of developed countries, and take as few detours as possible. The experience and lessons learned from the integrated development of national defense and military mechanization and informationization provide valuable experience for how to coordinate the integrated development of the “three transformations” at this stage.

The integrated development of the “three transformations” reflects the reality of the current “multiple coexistence” of war forms. In today’s world, a new wave of military revolution characterized by military intelligence is coming, and the armies of major countries in the world are striding towards the threshold of intelligence. However, due to the imbalance in the development of scientific and technological levels and military strength among countries in the world, several local wars and armed conflicts in the world have shown the characteristics of “multiple coexistence” of mechanized, informationized and intelligentized wars. In the Syrian war, low-end and cheap civilian pickup trucks danced with high-end and expensive stealth aircraft, and crudely made homemade rockets flew with high-precision cruise missiles. The highly informationized and intelligentized U.S. and Russian armies, the Syrian and Turkish armies with relatively high mechanization levels, and the opposition with very low mechanization levels jointly performed an alternative “hybrid war” on the Syrian battlefield, in which the three war forms of mechanized warfare, informationized warfare and primary intelligent warfare overlapped with each other.

The integrated development of the “three modernizations” is in line with the current stage characteristics of the country’s social and economic development. my country’s path to modernization is very different from that of Western developed countries. Western developed countries are a “serial” development process, with industrialization, urbanization, agricultural modernization, and informatization developing in sequence, and it took more than 200 years to develop to the current level. my country’s development is bound to be a “parallel” process, with industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization developing in a superimposed manner. The country’s social and economic foundation is the basic support for national defense and military construction. It is precisely the “parallel” development characteristics of my country’s current social economy that determine that national defense and military construction must adopt the “three modernizations” integrated development mode.

The integrated development of the “three transformations” adapts to the current level of development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence in the military. After long-term efforts, our military has basically achieved mechanization, and has made significant progress in informatization. It is also facing opportunities and challenges of intelligence. The special national conditions and military conditions make it impossible and impossible for our military to copy the development path of the military of Western developed countries represented by the US military. “Step-by-step” development may lead to the loss of the historical opportunity to promote the accelerated completion of mechanization and informatization through intelligence, and to lead and promote the development of mechanization and informatization to a higher stage.

The report of the 19th CPC National Congress pointed out that “we should accelerate the development of military intelligence, improve the joint combat capability and all-domain combat capability based on the network information system”, “basically realize mechanization by 2020, make significant progress in informatization, and greatly enhance strategic capabilities”, “strive to basically realize the modernization of national defense and the army by 2035, and build the people’s army into a world-class army by the middle of this century”. On the eve of the August 1st Army Day this year, President Xi Jinping proposed the strategic idea of ”accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence” when presiding over the 22nd collective study of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on strengthening the modernization of national defense and the army. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee further emphasized and deployed this, and incorporated it into the 14th Five-Year Plan and the 2035 Vision Goal for implementation, indicating that the requirements for the integrated development of the “three modernizations” have been elevated to the strategic overall level and have become an important guiding ideology for leading national defense and military construction.

The essential connotation of the integrated development of “three transformations”

The “integration” in the “three transformations” does not mean mixing, combining or compounding. The word “integration” in the physical sense means melting or melting into one; in the psychological sense, it means that different individuals or groups become one after a certain collision or contact, and their cognition, emotions or attitudes become one. The integrated development of the “three transformations” in national defense and military construction refers to the coordinated and coordinated mutual tolerance, mutual penetration and mutual promotion of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, from “you are you and I am me” to “you have me and I have you”, and then to “you are me and I am you”, reaching the level of perfect integration and unity, and thus producing superposition effect, aggregation effect and multiplication effect, and achieving a qualitative leap in overall combat effectiveness.

The basic laws and main characteristics of the integrated development of the “three transformations”. The main ones are: First, the “three transformations” are progressive and orderly dependent. From a chronological perspective, the “three transformations” did not originate at the same time. Without the previous “transformation” as a premise, foundation and input, there would be no occurrence and development of the next “transformation”. The previous “transformation” provides an important material basis for the next “transformation”. Second, the “three transformations” overlap and penetrate each other. Informatization is not the end of mechanization. There is still a certain degree of mechanization in the process of informatization. Intelligence is not the end of mechanization and informatization. There is still a certain degree of informatization and mechanization in the process of intelligence. Third, intelligence and informatization empower mechanization with virtual control and real efficiency. The “real” here mainly refers to the hardware represented by physical entities such as combat platforms and ammunition, and the “virtual” mainly refers to software with combat data, algorithms, etc. as the core. Mechanization is mainly based on hardware construction, while informatization and intelligence are mainly based on software construction. “Software defines everything”, and hardware is optimized, upgraded, empowered and increased through software. With the in-depth development of the integration of the “three transformations”, the construction priority will be payload surpassing platform, software surpassing payload, and algorithm surpassing software.

The internal mechanism and driving mechanism of the integrated development of the “three transformations”. The main ones are: First, the superposition of advantages. Practice has proved that no matter whether it is mechanization, informatization or intelligence, each supporting technology group of “transformation” will give birth to new weapons and equipment, generate new combat forces, and ultimately form new combat capabilities with different combat mechanisms. These new combat capabilities and the original combat capabilities are combined with advantages to produce a system emergence effect, greatly enhancing the overall combat capability of the army.

The second is upgrading and expansion. Informatization aggregates and upgrades mechanized combat systems into informationized combat systems through digital transformation and network connection of various mechanized combat platforms, making a qualitative leap in combat effectiveness. Intelligence can also be integrated with mechanization and informatization through upgrading and expansion. On the one hand, the “brain” of the combat platform, the control system, is upgraded using intelligent technology to promote the control mode of unmanned combat platforms such as drones, unmanned boats, and unmanned ground vehicles, and is upgraded in a progressive manner according to the direct human operation mode, human assistance mode, human authorization mode, fully autonomous mode, and machine adaptive mode. After some old combat platforms are upgraded through informatization and intelligent transformation, they can also be remotely controlled and work in coordination with manned platforms. On the other hand, the informationized combat system is optimized and upgraded using intelligent technology, so that its information acquisition, transmission, processing, sharing, security and other aspects of its capabilities are greatly enhanced, and the system combat capability is once again comprehensively improved.

The third is to make up for shortcomings and replace them. From the history of military construction, in the process of deepening development of a certain “ization”, bottleneck problems that are difficult to solve by its own technical system often appear, and other “ization” technical means and development ideas are urgently needed to find a new way to solve them. At present, machinery is becoming more and more sophisticated and complex, and the difficulty of design and control is increasing; informatization leads to “information explosion”, massive data is generated, rapidly spread, true and false are mixed, and it is increasingly difficult to quickly convert them into useful information. These problems are difficult to be effectively solved within the technical system of mechanization and informatization itself. To break through the bottleneck of mechanical control ability and information processing ability, the use of intelligent technical means is an important option. Conversely, the technological breakthroughs and applications generated by the previous “ization” may also offset the shortcomings of the latter “ization”. For example, the speed of hypersonic missiles can exceed the reaction capability of the informationized defense combat system to achieve rapid penetration, and high-energy microwave weapons can directly destroy networks and electronic equipment, which to a certain extent offset the opponent’s information advantage.

現代國語：

黨的十九屆五中全會在強調加速國防和軍隊現代化，實現富國和強軍相統一時指出，加快機械化資訊化智能化（以下簡稱「三化」）融合發展，從而把「三化」融合發展要求提升到了戰略全局高度。認真貫徹落實十九屆五中全會精神，對「三化」融合發展進行科學的戰略定位、戰略規劃和戰略部署，大力推動「三化」融合發展向深度廣度拓展，要準確把握好「三化」融合發展的本質內涵。

「三化」融合發展的時代背景

「三化」並行推進、互促共生、一體發展，具有深刻的歷史必然性，是我軍未來一段時期國防和軍隊現代化建設的必經之路。

「三化」融合發展與機械化資訊化複合發展概念一脈相承。自上世紀90年代末期以來，我軍及時提出推動機械化資訊化複合發展。當時，戰爭形態正由機械化轉變為資訊化。國防和軍隊建設必須走跨越式發展的道路，沒有必要等到走完發達國家軍隊機械化建設的全部過程再來搞資訊化，應該努力推進機械化和資訊化的複合發展。既要努力跨越機械化發展的某些階段，同時還要吸取發達國家軍隊機械化和資訊化建設失誤教訓，盡可能少走彎路。國防與軍隊機械化資訊化復合發展的經驗教訓，為如何統籌現階段「三化」融合發展提供了寶貴經驗。

「三化」融合發展反映了當前戰爭形態「多態並存」的現實狀況。當今世界，以軍事智能化為特徵的新一輪軍事革命浪潮撲面而來，世界主要國家軍隊正大步向智能化的門檻邁進，但由於世界各國科技水平和軍事實力發展的不平衡，使得在幾次世界局部戰爭和武裝沖突中，呈現出機械化信息化智能化戰爭“多態並存”的特點。在敘利亞戰爭中，低端廉價的民用皮卡與高端昂貴的隱身飛機共舞，粗製濫造的土製火箭與高精度的巡航導彈齊飛，高度信息化並向智能化邁進的美軍、俄軍，較高機械化水平的敘軍、土軍，以及機械化水平很低的反對派，在敘利亞戰場共同演繹了機械化戰爭、信息化戰爭和初級相互智能化戰爭和初級相互智能化的戰爭形態相互化。

「三化」融合發展符合當前國家社會經濟發展的階段性特徵。我國實現現代化之路同西方發達國家有很大不同。西方發達國家是一個「串聯式」的發展過程，工業化、城鎮化、農業現代化、資訊化順序發展，發展到目前水準花了二百多年時間。我國發展必然是一個「並聯式」的過程，工業化、資訊化、城鎮化、農業現代化是疊加發展的。國家社會經濟基礎是國防和軍隊建設的基本依托，正是當前我國社會經濟的「並聯式」發展特點，決定了國防和軍隊建設必然採取「三化」融合發展方式。

「三化」融合發展適應了當前軍隊機械化資訊化智慧化發展水準。經過長期努力，當前我軍基本上實現機械化，資訊化建設取得重大進展，又面臨智慧化的機會與挑戰。特殊的國情軍情，使得我軍不可能也不會複製以美軍為代表的西方發達國家軍隊的發展路徑。「按部就班」式發展可能導致錯失智能化促進加速完成機械化資訊化、並引領和推動機械化資訊化向更高階段發展的歷史機遇。

黨的十九大報告指出，「加速軍事智慧化發展，提高基於網絡資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力」「到二○二○年基本實現機械化，資訊化建設取得重大進展，戰略能力有大的提升」「力爭到二○三五年基本實現國防和軍隊現代化，到本世紀中葉把人民軍隊全面建成世界一流軍隊」。今年八一建軍節前夕，習主席在主持中共中央政治局就加強國防和軍隊現代化建設舉行的第二十二次集體學習時，提出「加快機械化資訊化智能化融合發展」這一戰略思想，黨的十九屆五中全會對此做了進一步強調部署，並納入十四五景規劃和二○三五年遠景目標中加以落實，引領著「三化」指導了全球重要防禦主義的全球重要戰略發展到重要官員發展到重要官員發展到重要的發展戰略。

「三化」融合發展的本質內涵

「三化」融合中的「融合」不等於混合、化合或複合。「融合」一詞，物理意義上是指熔成或如熔化那樣融成一體；心理意義上是指不同個體或不同群體在一定的碰撞或接觸之後，認知、情感或態度傾向融為一體。國防和軍隊建設中的「三化」融合發展，則是指統籌協調機械化資訊化智能化相互包容、相互滲透、相互促進，從“你是你、我是我”變成“你中有我、我中有你”，進而變成“你就是我，我就是你”，達到水乳交融、合而為一的程度，並由此產生一倍效應、聚合效應和升力的整體效應。

「三化」融合發展的基本規律與主要特點。主要有：一是「三化」逐次遞進有序依存。從時序來看，「三化」不是同時起源的，沒有前一「化」作為前提、基礎和輸入，就沒有後一「化」的發生和發展，前一「化」為後一「化」提供了重要的物質基礎。二是「三化」相互交疊相互滲透。資訊化不是機械化的終結，資訊化過程中還有一定的機械化，智慧化也不是機械化、資訊化的終結，智慧化過程中還有一定的資訊化、機械化。三是智慧化資訊化對機械化以虛控實賦能增效。這裡所說的「實」主要是指以作戰平台、彈藥等物理實體為代表的硬件，「虛」主要是指以作戰數據、演算法等為核心的軟件。機械化以硬體建設為主，資訊化和智能化則以軟件建設為主，“軟件定義一切”，通過軟件對硬體進行優化升級和賦能增效。隨著「三化」融合的深入發展，在建設優先級上，將會是載荷超越平台、軟件超越載荷、演算法超越軟件。

「三化」融合發展的內在機理與驅動機制。主要有：一是優勢疊加。實踐證明，不管是機械化、資訊化或智慧化，每一「化」的支撐技術群都會催生出新型武器裝備，產生新型作戰力量，最終形成不同作戰機理的新質作戰能力。這些新質作戰能力與原有作戰能力綜合運用優勢疊加，能夠產生系統湧現效應，極大提升軍隊整體作戰能力。

二是升級拓展。資訊化透過對各類機械化作戰平台進行數字化改造和網絡化鏈接，將機械化作戰體系聚合升級為信息化作戰體系，使得戰鬥力產生質的飛躍。智能化也可透過升級拓展方式，與機械化、資訊化融為一體。一方面，運用智慧技術升級作戰平台的「大腦」──操控系統，推動無人機、無人艇、無人地面車輛等無人化作戰平台的控制方式，依照人類直接操作模式、人類協助模式、人類授權模式、完全自主模式、機器自適應模式的逐次遞進方式升級。一些老舊作戰平台進行資訊化智慧化改造升級後，也可以實現遙控操作並與有人平台協同作戰。另一方面，運用智慧技術優化升級資訊化作戰體系，使其資訊取得、傳輸、處理、分享、安全等各個環節能力都大幅增強，體係作戰能力再次全面提升。

三是補短替代。從軍隊建設歷史來看，某一「化」在深化發展過程中，往往會出現僅靠自身技術體系難以解決的瓶頸問題，迫切需要其他「化」的技術手段和發展思維另闢蹊徑來加以解決。當前，機械越來越精密復雜，設計和控制難度越來越大；信息化導致“信息爆炸”，海量數據產生、急劇擴散、真假混雜，快速轉化為有用信息的難度越來越大，這些問題在機械化、信息化自身技術體系內難以得到有效解決。要突破機械操控能力、資訊處理能力瓶頸，運用智慧化的技術手段是重要選項。反過來說，前一「化」產生的技術突破及應用也可能抵消後一「化」的不足。如高超聲速導彈速度可以超出資訊化防禦作戰體系的反應能力實現快速突防，高能量微波武器可直接破壞網絡和電子設備等，這都在一定程度上抵消了對手的信息優勢。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4874873888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰

AI integrated into Chinese Armed Forces: PLA Strategic Support Force Developed Artificial Intelligence Innovation Capabilities

02/14/2025 admin Leave a comment

人工智慧融入中國軍隊：解放軍戰略支援部隊發展人工智慧創新能力

現代英語：

Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) technology has advanced by leaps and bounds in recent years . All major powers have developed advanced AI capabilities and attempted to effectively integrate AI into their armed forces. Beijing has also released an ambitious plan to make China a global leader in advanced artificial intelligence by 2030. Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping also reiterated at the 20th Party Congress that China should attach equal importance to the development of artificial intelligence and “intelligent warfare.”

Although China’s strategic goals in the field of artificial intelligence are clear, how it will integrate artificial intelligence into the People’s Liberation Army remains opaque. But at least the recently established PLA Strategic Support Force (SSF) provides some clues: the organization has been given an innovative mission and is responsible for integrating multiple “strategic functions.” To effectively understand the Strategic Support Force, we need to explore whether it will have a “game-changing” impact in future conflicts, where mastery of the information domain and effective integration of artificial intelligence may determine victory or defeat.

The PLA’s “Joint Operationality”: Strategic Support Force

The PLA underwent major reforms in 2015, partly motivated by the need to shift the PLA’s force focus from land territorial defense to extended force projection to ensure China’s strategic interests in areas such as space, cyber warfare and the far seas. A key element of these reforms is the creation of the Strategic Support Force, which concentrates tasks in these broad areas.

The Strategic Support Force (SSF) is tasked with integrating many “strategic” functions and capabilities previously dispersed across the PLA, including space, cyber, information, and psychological warfare. Today, the Strategic Support Force consists of two departments covering these functions: the Space Systems Department, which is responsible for all space-related missions; and the Cyber Systems Department, which undertakes the PLA’s broad information warfare activities.

The ultimate goal of the Strategic Support Force is to gain information advantage, achieve decision-making advantage, and thus achieve ultimate victory. Analysts recently concluded that its mission is likely to support the pursuit of information superiority and can be divided into two categories: providing strategic information superiority and support capabilities to the PLA’s top leadership, including counter-space operations and offensive cyber warfare, and providing information support services to theater military commands.

The Strategic Support Force appears to be designed to enhance the PLA’s “jointness,” or its ability to conduct joint operations. Historically, the PLA has faced challenges integrating joint operations due to the difficulty in innovating and implementing new command and control and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities. Because the information support provided by the Strategic Support Force is likely to include “intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance to achieve operational and strategic objectives”, some experts believe that the Strategic Support Force plays a key role in improving the overall joint combat effectiveness of the PLA.

The SSF also appears to have several mechanisms in place to develop or acquire technology in order to carry out its mission effectively. While the SSF is not the only agency within the PLA with this function, the SSF is responsible for more AI-related equipment contracts than any other service in the PLA. For example, the Strategic Support Force has made significant investments in artificial intelligence innovation, leveraging citizen partnerships to acquire new technologies such as intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, autonomous vehicles, information and electronic warfare, simulation and training, and target identification.

On December 31, 2015, the founding ceremony of the leadership bodies of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) Ground Force, the PLA Rocket Force, and the PLA Strategic Support Force was grandly held at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping awarded military flags to the Army, Rocket Force and Strategic Support Force and delivered a speech. Photo/Xinhua News Agency — On December 31, 2015, the founding ceremony of the leadership bodies of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Ground Force, the PLA Rocket Force, and the PLA Strategic Support Force was grandly held at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping awarded military flags to the Army, Rocket Force and Strategic Support Force and delivered a speech. Photo/Xinhua News Agency

PLA Artificial Intelligence Innovation

The U.S. National Security Council pointed out in its 2022 final report that “while artificial intelligence will be widely used in all fields, the large amount of data associated with space, cyber, and information operations makes these application cases particularly suitable for priority integration of AI technology in war simulations, exercises, and experiments.” This is exactly the area where the Strategic Support Force operates.

Many of the Strategic Support Force’s functions involve processing a variety of diverse, large volumes of rapidly changing information flows at speeds exceeding human capacity, making them excellent candidates for the application of artificial intelligence. For example, AI can help create and maintain situational awareness and can be used for prediction by collecting, integrating and analyzing information. AI can also be used to analyze the consequences and planning of potential actions and conduct war simulations.

However, actual command decisions are made by the theater military command or the Joint Chiefs of Staff. At the same time, the development of AI for decision-support applications may be the responsibility of other PLA components, such as the National University of Defense Technology and the Academy of Military Sciences, rather than the Strategic Support Force. Nevertheless, in providing information support to these decision makers, the Strategic Support Force is likely to play an important role in human-machine interface interaction with such artificial intelligence systems, thereby effectively supporting decision making.

At the same time, of the twelve major military applications currently being developed by the PLA, at least five are closely related to the missions of the Strategic Support Force, namely smart satellites, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance software, automated cyber attack software, cognitive electronic software, and possible automated vehicles, including:

Space Battle
Cyber Warfare
Electronic warfare

Schematic diagram. The picture shows facial recognition technology demonstrated at the "Security China" held in Beijing, China in 2018. Photo/Associated Press

While many applications of AI within the SSU mission area can be identified today, the most important long-term impacts may be difficult to predict. Furthermore, the AI plans proposed in China’s national white paper are not consistent with actual innovation progress.

In fact, most of China’s major investments in AI appear to be business-related and have little to do with military missions. Some assessments suggest that previous estimates of China’s current AI capabilities may be overstated. This means that it is not possible to immediately see the effective integration of artificial intelligence into the PLA’s mission areas, but the Strategic Support Force does have the mission of gaining information advantages to achieve decision-making advantages and ultimate victory.

As for artificial intelligence, it means that the Strategic Support Force must integrate artificial intelligence applications to make up for the PLA’s weaknesses in ensuring and utilizing information advantages. But this does not mean that the Strategic Support Force will become the focus of the PLA’s overall artificial intelligence innovation.

While many of the SSF’s missions are amenable to AI and there may be synergies between missions for applying AI, it is unclear which applications the SSF will use, whether these synergies are feasible, and whether the SSF has the capability to execute them. There will inevitably be a certain degree of prioritization in innovation for specific AI applications that are differentiated across different tasks.

China is determined to become a global leader in artificial intelligence and apply its technology to military missions to suppress U.S. advantages in the Indo-Pacific region. In many ways, the SSF has the advantages to achieve these goals, including a relaxed policy environment that promotes innovation, the SSF’s clear innovation responsibilities, and senior leadership support for “smartness.” The SSF also builds partnerships with China’s high-tech commercial sector and academia. These efforts are consistent with China’s military-civil fusion agenda, which aims to overcome barriers that prevent the People’s Liberation Army from acquiring resources from the commercial sector.

Schematic diagram. Photo/Associated Press

Obstacles to the Strategic Support Force’s Implementation of the PLA’s Innovation Plan

However, the Strategic Support Force also faces huge obstacles in implementing the People’s Liberation Army’s innovation-driven plan. The SSF and the PLA as a whole will face several challenges in AI applications, including attracting and retaining high-quality high-tech talent and mainland China’s inability to domestically develop and manufacture advanced logic and memory chips that are critical to developing cutting-edge AI—a clear weakness now that the United States has disrupted its supply of high-end semiconductors. In addition, research institutions in the United States and other Western countries are now increasingly cautious about collaborating with Chinese researchers in fields such as artificial intelligence, which have significant military potential.

The PLA’s limited combat experience has led to a lack of relevant “real and empirical” data, which may hinder the development of decision-making support artificial intelligence systems. More importantly, unless the PLA focuses on understandable, trustworthy AI, the use of AI systems with opaque operations, uncertain effective areas, and uncertain failure modes could cause serious damage.

For the national army , although there may be some limitations and uncertainties in the military application of artificial intelligence, with the continuous development and maturity of artificial intelligence technology, its application potential in the military field is still huge. As technology advances, we can expect to see more artificial intelligence systems introduced into military applications to improve operational efficiency and combat effectiveness.

However, to ensure that artificial intelligence technology can be robustly applied to military missions, it is necessary to strengthen technology research and development and testing, ensure the safety and reliability of the system, and rationally plan and manage the use of artificial intelligence technology. Only in this way can we better utilize artificial intelligence technology to enhance the information-based combat effectiveness of our military and achieve stronger and more robust combat capabilities.

現代國語：

近年來人工智能（Artificial Intelligence, AI）技術突飛猛進，所有主要大國都發展先進的AI能力，並試圖將AI有效地融入武裝力量。北京亦發佈雄心勃勃之計畫，要求2030年將中國建設成為全球先進人工智能強國。中共領導人習近平亦於第20次黨代表大會再次強調，中國應於人工智慧領域發展與「智慧戰爭」並重。

雖然中國大陸於人工智能領域的戰略目標明確，但其如何將人工智能融入解放軍仍然是不透明的。但至少，最近成立的解放軍戰略支援部隊（Strategic Support Force, SSF）提供了一些線索：該組織賦予了創新任務，負責整合多種「戰略功能」。為了有效理解戰略支援部隊，探究它是否將在未來衝突中產生「改變遊戲規則」的影響，其中掌握資訊領域和有效整合人工智能可能決定勝負。

解放軍的「聯合作戰性」：戰略支援部隊

2015年解放軍軍隊進行重大改革，部分動機是將解放軍武力重點從陸地領土防禦轉向延伸武力投射，以確保中國在太空、網絡戰和遠海等領域的戰略利益。這些改革的主要關鍵要素即為成立戰略支援部隊，集中了這些廣泛領域中的任務。

戰略支援部隊（SSF）的任務是整合先前分散在解放軍各部隊的許多「戰略」職能和能力，包括太空、網絡、資訊與心理戰等。如今，戰略支援部隊由兩個部門組成，涵蓋了這些職能：太空系統部門，負責所有與太空有關的任務；網路系統部門，承擔解放軍廣義的資訊戰活動。

戰略支援部隊最終目標是獲得資訊優勢，實現決策優勢，從而取得最終勝利。分析家最近得出結論，其任務很可能是支援追求資訊優勢，並可分為兩類：為解放軍最高層領導提供戰略資訊優勢和支援能力，包括反太空行動和攻擊性網絡戰，以及向戰區軍事指揮部提供資訊支援服務。

戰略支援部隊設計似乎旨在提升解放軍的「聯合作戰性」，或其進行聯合作戰的能力。歷史上，因新的指揮掌控與情報、監視和偵察能力的創新和實施方面實存在困難性，解放軍在整合聯合作戰方面面臨挑戰。因戰略支援部隊提供的資訊支援很可能包含「情報、監視和偵察，以實現作戰和戰略目標」，一些專家認為戰略支援部隊在提高解放軍整體聯合作戰性方面起到了關鍵作用。

為了有效遂行任務，戰略支援部隊似乎還擁有若干機制來開發或取得技術。雖然戰略支援部隊並非解放軍內唯一承擔此功能的機構，戰略支援部隊負責與人工智能相關的裝備合約比解放軍的任何一個服務都要多。例如戰略支援部隊在人工智慧創新方面進行了大量投資，利用公民合作夥伴關係來獲取情報、監視和偵察、自主車輛、資訊與電子戰、模擬與訓練、以及目標識別等新技術。

2015年12月31日，中國人民解放軍陸軍領導機構、中國人民解放軍火箭軍、中國人民解放軍戰略支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。習近平授予陸軍、火箭軍、戰略支援部隊軍旗並致訓詞。圖／新華社
2015年12月31日，中國人民解放軍陸軍領導機構、中國人民解放軍火箭軍、中國人民解放軍戰略支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。習近平授予陸軍、火箭軍、戰略支援部隊軍旗並致訓詞。圖／新華社

解放軍人工智慧創新

美國國家安全委員會於2022年最終報告中指出，「雖然人工智能將在所有領域普遍應用，但與空間、網絡和信息作戰領域相關的大數據量，使得這些領域的應用案例特別適合優先整合AI技術應用於戰爭模擬、演習和實驗。」而這正是戰略支援部隊所運營的領域。

戰略支援部隊許多功能涉及處理各種多樣、大量和快速變化之信息流，處理速度超過人類容量，都是應用人工智能的絕佳候選領域。例如，人工智慧可以幫助創建和維持態勢感知，透過收集、整合和分析信息，也可用於預測；另人工智能還可於分析潛在行動的後果與規劃、進行戰爭模擬。

然而實際指揮決策則由戰區軍事指揮部或聯合參謀部負責。同時，用於決策支援應用的人工智慧的開發可能由其他解放軍組成部分，如中國國防科技大學和軍事科學院，並非由戰略支援部隊負責。儘管如此，在為這些決策者提供資訊支援方面，戰略支援部隊很可能在與此類人工智慧係統進行人機界面互動發揮重要作用，並進而有效支援決策制定。

與此同時，解放軍刻正開發的十二個主要軍事應用中，至少五個與戰略支援部隊的任務密切相關，分別是智慧衛星、情報、監視和偵察軟件、自動化網絡攻擊軟件、認知電子軟件以及可能的自動化車輛，包含：

太空戰
對於太空戰，解放軍可能探索應用人工智能，內含用於管理大規模衛星；與在地球觀測資料集分析（處理和目標識別衛星圖像）；認知無線電技術，一種「智慧」無線電技術，旨在藉由自主切換頻道來避免干擾和擁擠，從而使空間通訊更加高效；自主衛星操作，以彌補有限的帶寬和延遲與減輕地面衛星操作員的工作負荷。

網路戰
網路戰，即為網路安全和電子戰都依賴於即時處理大量資料以識別威脅並更新防禦措施。如藉由人工智能引導對敵對網絡的指引，亦可同時支援技術偵察和網絡攻擊。此任務處於戰略支援部隊的職責範圍內，此部隊的創立旨在鞏固解放軍在網路安全和電子戰方面的聯繫。自動化還可以提高網絡防禦的速度和規模，減輕先前解放軍面臨的限制。

電子戰
人工智能亦可協助電子戰，增強電子戰系統的自主性。如人工智能可以識別和分類雷達或通訊系統的信號，檢測和分類幹擾器，提高幹擾信號的到達方向估計，開發高效的抗干擾協議與即時更新防禦措施（認知電子戰）。

示意圖。圖為2018年中國北京舉行的「安全中國」（Security China）上展示的人臉辨識技術。圖／美聯社

雖然目前可確定戰略支援單位任務範圍內許多人工智能的應用，但最重要的長期影響可能難以預測。此外，中共國家白皮書中提出的人工智慧計劃並非與實際的創新進展一致。

實際上，中共於人工智能大部分重要投資似乎與商業相關，與軍事任務關係不大。一些評估先前關於中國當前人工智能能力的估計可能過於誇大。意謂不可能立即看到人工智能有效整合於解放軍的任務領域，但戰略支援部隊確實賦予提取信息優勢以實現決策優勢和最終勝利的任務。

至於人工智能方面，意謂戰略支援部隊必然整合人工智能應用，以彌補解放軍在確保和利用資訊優勢方面之弱點。但這不意謂戰略支援部隊將成為解放軍整體人工智慧創新的焦點。

儘管戰略支援部隊的許多任務均適用於人工智能，而且在任務之間可能存在應用人工智能的協同效應，但目前尚不清楚戰略支援部隊將使用哪些應用，這些協同效應是否具有可行性，與戰略支援部隊是否有能力執行。對於在不同任務中具有差異的特定人工智慧應用，創新中必然會存在一定程度的優先考慮。

中國決心成為全球人工智慧領域領導者，並將其技術應用於軍事任務，以壓制美國在印太地區的優勢。在許多方面，戰略支援部隊都具備説明實現這些目標的優勢，包括寬鬆的政策環境促進創新、戰略支援部隊明確的創新職責以及高層領導對「智慧化」的支持。戰略支援部隊也與中國的高科技商業部門和學術界建立合作關係。這些努力與中國的軍民融合協議一致，旨在克服妨礙解決中國人民解放軍從商業部門獲取資源屏障。

戰略支援部隊執行解放軍創新計畫的障礙

不過戰略支援部隊在執行中國人民解放軍創新驅動計畫時，亦面臨巨大障礙。戰略支援部隊和解放軍總體上將在人工智能應用面臨一些挑戰，包括吸引和留住高素質高科技人才，與中國大陸無法於國內研發和製造對開發尖端人工智能至關重要的先進邏輯和存儲芯片——這是目前美國已中斷對高端半導體的供應所導致的明顯弱點。此外，美國和其他西方國家的研究機構現在對與具有重大軍事潛力的人工智能等領域的中國研究人員進行合作越來越謹慎。

根據解放軍有限的戰鬥經驗，導致了相關「實踐實證」資料匱乏，可能妨礙發展決策支援人工智慧系統。更重要的是，除非解放軍專注於可理解、值得信賴的人工智能，否則使用具有不透明操作、不確定有效區域和不確定故障模式的人工智能係統可能會造成嚴重損害。

對於國軍而言，儘管人工智能於軍事應用可能存在一些限制和不確定性，但隨著人工智能技術的不斷發展和成熟，其在軍事領域的應用潛力仍然巨大。隨著技術的進步，我們有望看到更多人工智慧係統被引入軍用應用中，提高作戰效率和戰鬥力。

然而，要確保人工智能技術能夠穩健地應用於軍事任務中，需要加強技術研發和測試，確保系統的安全性和可靠性，以及合理規劃和管理人工智能技術的使用。只有這樣，我們才能更好地利用人工智慧技術來提升國軍資訊化戰鬥力，並實現更強大、更穩健的作戰能力。

中國原創軍事資源：https://opinion.udn.com/opinion/story/123525/7360758884

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #智慧化戰爭, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Intelligentization, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知域戰

Chinese Military Review: Intelligent Warfare is coming to us (China)

02/01/2025 admin Leave a comment

現代英語：

2001年3月7日 09:06 解放军报

Liu Aimin

　　Intelligent warfare makes its debut

　　The organic combination of modern combat requirements of “fast, accurate and efficient” and electronic information technology has given birth to a new generation of combat weapons – intelligent weapons. The continuous emergence and frequent use of high-tech weapons with considerable intelligence on the battlefield will inevitably result in the emergence of intelligent combat styles. In the Gulf War, the US military used a large number of drones with intelligent control devices to conduct aerial reconnaissance, with a total of 522 sorties. The 282 “Tomahawk” cruise missiles launched by the US military attacked targets within 450-2600 kilometers, with a hit rate of more than 90%. The Kosovo War was even more of a “demonstration of results” of weapons with intelligent characteristics. Although precision-guided munitions only accounted for 35% of ground attack munitions in combat, the number of targets destroyed accounted for 74% of the total.

　　Intelligent technology is a marginal discipline that studies the relationship between electronic computers, human brains and intelligence. Intelligent weapons refer to high-tech weapons and equipment that have some (specific) functions of the human brain, such as reconnaissance, search, identification, aiming, and attacking targets, without manual operation and control, and can be independently completed without manual operation and control. Compared with precision-guided weapons, intelligent weapons can “consciously” find and identify targets to be attacked, and some of them have the ability to distinguish natural language. They are a “thinking” weapon system. In future combat, whoever masters advanced intelligent weapons and means will have stronger combat effectiveness and more initiative.

　　In terms of weapon intelligence, the key technologies currently under development include: robots; expert systems; intelligent machines and intelligent interfaces; machine vision and image understanding; speech recognition and natural language theory; weapon precision control and smart weapons; automatic target recognition; unmanned vehicles; neural networks and their applications, etc. According to scientific predictions, these technologies will have major breakthroughs in the 21st century and bring about a revolution in intelligent technology.

　　Scientists predict that intelligent weapons, military expert systems and military robot forces will occupy an important position in the future military field.

　　Characteristics of Intelligent Warfare

　　Intelligent warfare is a high-tech warfare form that uses intelligent weapons and means under information warfare conditions to achieve efficient command and control and implement precise and smart strikes. In essence, it is the radiation and extension of human “intelligence” to the information battlefield and weapon systems. From the perspective of combat procedures and means, intelligent warfare includes two major aspects: one is intelligent command and control warfare; the other is the offensive and defensive confrontation of intelligent weapons. The main signs of intelligent warfare are the emergence of intelligent weapon groups and intelligent means and their use on future battlefields. Future intelligent warfare has four significant characteristics.

　　———Command efficiency. During the Kosovo War, NATO commanded more than 38,000 flight missions to coordinate attacks on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from different airports, directions, altitudes, and times. Without the support of the C4I system, it would be impossible to rely on manual command. The amount of information on future battlefields will expand unprecedentedly, and it will be necessary to coordinate the combat forces of multiple services and complex weapon systems in full-dimensional space, which is even more inseparable from the support of advanced intelligent computers. In the future, four changes will be achieved in intelligent command and control: computers will shift from calculation, storage, transmission, and execution of commands to thinking and reasoning; information processing will shift to knowledge processing; the extension of hand functions will shift to the extension of brain functions; electronic warfare, psychological warfare, entity destruction, information deception, and military confidentiality in command and control operations will mainly shift to network operations, ultimately achieving a high degree of intelligence in command and control operations.

　　———Strike precision. In precision-guided weapons, no matter which guidance method is used, it is inseparable from the key control device with high-speed signal processing and feedback capabilities. It is mainly used to process a large amount of information in real time at high speed, determine the flight direction of the weapon, and control the tracking actuator to guide the weapon to the target. After adopting microcomputer control, each combat vehicle and weapon platform can be connected to the battlefield C4I system, which will further improve the accuracy of missile hits and combat performance. Precision warfare has become an important combat idea and principle of the 21st century military.

　　———Automated operation. Looking forward to the development of the 21st century, various advanced weapons will be equipped with various types of micro-intelligent computers in the future, various aircraft and ships will be equipped with machine (ship) intelligent computers, tanks will be equipped with vehicle-mounted intelligent computers, artillery systems will be equipped with fire control intelligent computers, anti-missile weapon systems will be equipped with large weapon control intelligent computers, unmanned aircraft known as the “air suicide squad” and unmanned autonomous tanks, tanks and other intelligent weapons will be fully implemented with computer intelligent control, achieving a high degree of automation and intelligence.

　　———Behavior intelligence. The behavior intelligence of weapons and equipment mainly refers to their “intelligence” such as self-memory, self-searching, self-selection, self-tracking, and self-identification, which greatly improves the combat performance and combat effectiveness of weapons and equipment. In the future, there will be many types of intelligent weapons, which can be divided into lethal intelligent weapons and non-lethal intelligent weapons. Among them, lethal intelligent weapons include soft kill and hard kill. At present and in the future, military intelligent weapons and equipment mainly include intelligent missiles, intelligent ground (water) mines, intelligent combat vehicles, intelligent aircraft, intelligent ships, intelligent C4I systems and intelligent robots, etc. Military robots will play an important role in future high-tech wars. The United States has included more than 100 types of military robots in its development plan. Some US military units have begun to equip application-oriented robots. For example, the 7 mine-sweeping robots of the US First Armored Division have cleared more than 1,000 mines without any casualties.

　　It can be foreseen that in addition to robot warfare, the 21st century will see the emergence of intelligent missile warfare, intelligent command and control warfare, intelligent network warfare, intelligent drone warfare, intelligent tank warfare, intelligent mine warfare, and so on.

　　The impact of intelligent warfare

　　This has led to a qualitative change in the form of war. With reference to the “heat energy” form of energy release in the industrial era, the energy release form of intelligent warfare in the information era is prominently manifested in the following ways: targeted energy release, or the controlled release of energy to make it more consistent with the purpose of war; intelligent energy release forms that combine man and machine, such as weapons that can automatically search, robot soldiers, and intelligent combat vehicles; and systematic energy release forms, which solve the technical problems of intelligent command and control, ensure the integration of joint combat command, and give full play to the overall combat effectiveness of various forces.

　　Changing the traditional principles of “concentration” and “mobility”. In the future, intelligent warfare will be able to achieve the effects of “point-to-point” and “1+1”, that is, a weapon platform launches a bomb to accurately destroy a target. Intelligent command and control will be able to concentrate various combat forces at the most favorable time and place, and strike the enemy reasonably and effectively. Therefore, intelligent warfare will make the connotation of “concentration” and “mobility” new. Concentration of troops and firepower will be changed to concentration of combat effectiveness; troop mobility will be changed to firepower mobility, so that future combat will develop in the direction of precision, dexterity, and economy.

　　Give new content to the relationship between people and weapons. No matter how “brave” intelligent weapons are, they cannot change the fundamental fact that people are the main body of war. Intelligent weapons and means are ultimately the extension and development of human capabilities. Compared with other weapons, intelligent weapons are also subject to various human and natural factors. The higher the degree of intelligence, the more it depends on system work. However, we cannot ignore the important role of intelligent weapons in future wars.

　　Meeting the Challenges of Intelligent Warfare

　　Develop 21st century combat theory. Our army has always had traditional advantages in military theory, but in the face of future operations, we still have shortcomings in combining combat guidance theory with practice. At present, the primary issue is to further break the old framework, change old concepts, enhance information combat awareness, intelligent combat awareness, strengthen the research of new combat theories in the future, and innovate military theories at all levels of strategy, campaign and tactics.

　　Develop intelligent technology and weapon systems. To win future wars, we must develop weapons that can win in the future, strive to be the vanguard in key technologies, use intelligent technology as a breakthrough, focus on solving the problems of “sharp eyes, smart brains, long legs, and accurate shooting” in weapon systems, highlight the construction of command automation systems, especially military expert systems, and strengthen the intelligent transformation of existing weapons.

　　Develop the organization and high-quality talent team of our army. Future intelligent warfare can be said to be a war of knowledge, strategy, technology, and talent. Intelligence will inevitably promote the leanness of the army and put forward higher requirements for the quality of talents. Abstract intelligent weapons are useless. Only by effectively combining well-trained personnel and intelligent weapons can we defeat the enemy. In terms of organizational structure, we should adapt to the needs of future operations, increase the proportion of information technology talents, command and control talents, and new combat forces (military robots, computer protection soldiers, etc.), optimize the combination, and obtain the maximum combat organization function. In terms of talent development, we should update the talent quality structure and knowledge structure, advance the cultivation of talents urgently needed for future operations, and comprehensively improve our army’s ability to win.

現代國語：

劉愛民

智能化作戰粉墨登場

「快速、精確、高效」的現代作戰需求和電子資訊技術的有機結合，催生了新一代作戰兵器———智能化武器，具有相當智能的高技術武器的不斷出現和頻繁運用於戰場，其結果必然是智慧化作戰樣式的產生。在海灣戰爭中，美軍大量使用有智慧控制裝置的無人機實施空中偵察，共出動522架次。美軍發射的282枚「戰斧」巡弋飛彈攻擊450-2600公里內的目標，命中率達90%以上。科索沃戰爭更是具有智慧特性武器的“成果演示”，作戰中雖然精確導引彈藥只佔對地攻擊彈藥的35%，但其摧毀的目標數量卻佔總數的74%。

智能技術是研究電子計算機、人腦和智能三者之間關係的一門邊緣學科。智慧化武器是指不用人工操作和控制，以人工智慧技術的“物化”實現武器裝備的“智化”，自主完成偵察、搜索、識別、瞄準、攻擊目標等具有人腦部分(特定)功能的高技術武器裝備。與精確導引武器相比，智慧武器可以「有意識」地尋找、辨別需要打擊的目標，有的還具有辨別自然語言的能力，是一種「會思考」的武器系統。未來作戰，誰掌握先進的智慧化武器及手段，誰將擁有更強的戰鬥力和更多的主動權。

在武器智慧方面，目前主要發展的關鍵技術有：機器人；專家系統；智慧型機及智慧型介面；機器視覺與影像理解；語音辨識與自然語言理論；武器精密控制與靈巧武器；目標自動辨識；無人駕駛載體；神經網路及其應用等。根據科學預測，這些技術在21世紀必將有重大突破，並帶來一場智慧科技革命。

科學家預測，智慧化武器、軍事專家系統和軍用機器人部隊，將在未來軍事領域佔有重要地位。

智能化作戰的特徵

智能化作戰，就是在資訊作戰條件下，運用智慧化武器和手段，以實現高效指揮控制和實施精確與靈巧打擊為主旨的高技術作戰形式。從本質上講，它是人的「智慧」向資訊戰場和武器系統的輻射和延伸。從作戰程序和手段來看，智慧化作戰包括兩大面向：一是智慧化的指揮控制戰；二是智慧化武器的攻防對抗。智慧化作戰的主要標誌是智慧化武器群體、智慧化手段的出現並使用於未來戰場。未來的智能化作戰有四個顯著特徵。

———指揮高效化。科索沃戰爭中北約指揮3.8萬多架次飛行任務，從不同機場、不同方向、不同高度、不同時間對南聯盟進行協調一致的打擊，沒有C4I系統的支持，靠人工指揮是根本不可能的。未來戰場資訊量空前擴大，需要在全維度空間協調多軍(兵)種作戰力量和複雜的武器系統，更離不開先進智慧電腦的支援。在未來智慧化指揮控制方面將實現四個轉變：電腦將由運算、儲存、傳遞、執行命令轉向思維、推理；資訊處理將轉向知識處理；手功能的延伸將轉向腦功能的延伸；指揮控製作戰的電子戰、心理戰、實體摧毀、資訊欺騙和軍事保密將主要轉向網路作戰，最終實現指揮控製作戰的高度智慧化。

———打擊精確化。在精確制導武器中，無論採用哪種制導方式，都離不開關鍵的具有高速信號處理和反饋能力的控制裝置，它主要用以高速實時處理大量信息，確定武器飛行方向，並控制跟踪執行機構，把武器引向目標。採用微電腦控制後，可使每個戰鬥車輛、武器平台與戰場C4I系統聯網，也將進一步提升飛彈命中的精度與戰鬥性能。精確戰已成為21世紀軍隊的重要作戰思想與原則。

———操作自動化。展望21世紀的發展，未來各種先進武器上都將裝載各種類型的微型智能計算機，各類飛機、艦艇上將裝有有機(艦)載智能計算機，戰車上將裝有車載智能計算機，火砲系統將裝有火控智慧型計算機，反導武器系統中將裝有大型武器控制智能計算機，被稱為“空中敢死隊”的無人駕駛飛機以及無人駕駛自主式坦克、戰車等智能武器，將全面實行電腦智慧控制，實現其高度自動化、智慧化。

———行為智能化。武器裝備行為智能化，主要是指其具有自記憶、自尋找、自選擇、自跟踪、自識別等“智能”，從而極大地提高武器裝備的戰鬥性能和戰鬥力。未來智慧化武器將有多種類型，可分為殺傷性智慧化武器和非殺傷性智慧化武器，其中殺傷性智慧化武器又包括軟殺傷和硬殺傷兩個面向。在當前和未來一個時期，軍用智慧化武器裝備主要有智慧飛彈、智慧地(水)雷、智慧戰車、智慧飛機、智慧艦艇、智慧C4I系統和智慧機器人等等。軍用機器人將在未來高技術戰爭中發揮重要作用。美國列入研發計畫的軍用機器人達100多種，美軍一些部隊已經開始裝備應用型機器人，如美第一裝甲師7台掃雷機器人，已排除引爆地雷1000餘枚而無一傷亡。

可以預見，除機器人戰爭外，21世紀將會出現智慧飛彈戰、智慧指揮控制戰、智慧網路戰、智慧無人機戰、智慧坦克戰、智慧地雷戰等等。

智能化作戰的影響

導致戰爭形態發生質的變化。以工業時代戰爭能量釋放形態「熱能」為參照，資訊時代智能化作戰的能量釋放形態，突出地表現為：有針對性地能量釋放形態，或者說使能量有控制地釋放，使之與戰爭的目的更符合；人機結合的智慧的能量釋放形態，如可以自動尋的武器、機器人士兵、智慧戰車等；系統化的能量釋放形態，即解決了智慧指揮控制的技術問題，保證聯合作戰指揮的一體化，使各種力量整體作戰效能得以充分發揮。

改變傳統的「集中」、「機動」原則。未來智慧化作戰將能達成「點對點」、「1＋1」的效果，即一個武器平台發射一枚炸彈準確擊毀一個目標。智慧化指揮控制將能夠實現在最有利的時間、地點集中各種作戰力量，合理有效地打擊敵方。因此，智慧化作戰將使「集中」、「機動」的內涵變新。變集中兵力、火力為集中戰力效能；變兵力機動為火力機動，使未來作戰朝向精確化、靈巧化、節約化方向發展。

賦予人與武器關係新的內容。不論智能化武器如何“神勇”，都不能改變人是戰爭主體這一根本，智能化武器和手段歸根到底是人的能力的延伸和發展。智慧化武器與其他兵器比較，同樣要受到人和自然各種因素的限制。智能化程度越高越依賴系統工作。但是，我們不能因此忽略智慧化武器在未來戰爭中的重要角色。

迎接智慧化作戰挑戰

發展21世紀作戰理論。我軍歷來有軍事理論上的傳統優勢，但面對未來作戰，我們在作戰指導理論與實踐的結合上仍有不足。目前，首要的問題是進一步打破舊框框、改變舊觀念，增強資訊作戰意識、智慧化作戰意識，加強未來新型作戰理論的研究，從戰略、戰役和戰術各個層次創新軍事理論。

發展智慧化技術與武器系統。要贏得未來戰爭，必須發展未來能夠制勝的武器，力爭在關鍵技術上當排頭兵，以智能技術為突破，著重解決武器系統的“眼明、腦靈、腿長、打準”的問題，突出指揮自動化系統特別是軍事專家系統建設，加強現有武器的智慧化改造。

發展我軍的組織編制和高素質人才隊伍。未來智能化作戰，可以說是知識戰、謀略戰、科技戰、人才戰。智能化必然促進軍隊編成的精乾化，對人才素質也提出了更高的要求。抽象的智慧武器毫無作用，只有把訓練有素的人員和智慧化武器有效地結合起來，才能克敵制勝。在組織架構上，應該適應未來作戰的需要，加大資訊科技人才、指揮控制人才、新型作戰力量(軍用機器人、電腦防護兵等)的編配比例，優化組合，取得最大的戰鬥組織功能。在人才建構上，應更新人才素質結構、知識結構，超前培養未來作戰急需人才，全面提升我軍的打贏能力。

中國原創軍事資源：https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2001-03-07/14708888.html

#智慧化戰爭

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Uncertainty – Fog of War and the Way to Win in Modern Warfare for China’s Military

02/01/2025 admin Leave a comment

不確定性－戰爭迷霧與中國軍隊在現代戰爭中的勝利之道

現代英語：

Wars in different eras have different characteristics, and the “fog of war” that accompanies them is constantly changing. Often when people feel that they have basically seen the way to win through multi-faceted exploration, the next war presents new uncertainties. Local wars such as the Syrian War and the India-Azerbaijan conflict have demonstrated the multifaceted and complex nature of modern warfare from different perspectives. It can be seen that although traditional firepower warfare is still on the stage, the characteristics of intelligence have already emerged; although the combat type is still an offensive and defensive struggle, the combat guidance, environmental conditions, and specific methods of play have undergone profound changes. Wars are accelerating their evolution towards intelligence. The battlefield space has expanded from land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet to space, polar regions, deep sea, and cognitive confrontations. The game competition has changed from military confrontation to multi-dimensional competitions such as politics, economy, science and technology, and public opinion. The participating forces have developed from the two warring parties to global attention and multi-dimensional intervention. Information intelligence has moved from auxiliary support to comprehensive dominance, full penetration, and full coverage. The combat unit has evolved from scale optimization to small, micro, and sophisticated, and the form is scattered and capable. Intelligence and hybrid have become basic trends. In the face of evolving wars and new uncertainties, we need to be sensitive to change and respond proactively, accumulate momentum and forge ahead in the midst of change, so as to achieve leadership and surpass others and seize the opportunity to win.

Enhance the hybrid nature of war based on the “pan-variability”. War is the continuation of politics and has never been a simple military confrontation. In the era of intelligence, visible struggles and invisible struggles coexist, battlefields with gunpowder smoke and silent battles coexist, and gray areas, hybrid warfare, and marginal conflicts coexist. In the face of fierce and complex competitive game situations, it is necessary to accelerate the construction of a hybrid warfare system with military as the cornerstone. First, enrich strategic options. Closely follow the characteristics of the times, strengthen the exploration of the characteristics and laws of non-military confrontation and the construction of power means, implement relevant preparations, and form comprehensive advantages. Secondly, enhance invisible strength. Attach importance to geopolitical, cultural, psychological and other aspects of research, and form an effective discourse system through think tank exchanges, academic promotion, cultural integration, legal construction, media propaganda and other means to influence the other party’s cognition in a silent way. Thirdly, unite the forces of peace. Take the construction of a united front in the new era as an important means of hybrid confrontation, unite all forces that can be united, and enhance international influence and appeal.

Enhance the flexibility of tactics based on the “smart change” of the battlefield. Looking at recent local wars and conflicts, due to factors such as the regional dimension and the strength of both sides, the traces of traditional warfare are still relatively obvious, but intelligent and unmanned warfare has irreversibly come to the fore. It can be foreseen that comprehensive intelligent warfare is not far away, the extension range of weapons and equipment will be farther and wider, the combat perspectives of the opposing sides will be larger and wider, and the degree of hinge fusion between the physical domain, network domain, and cognitive domain will be deeper. The battlefield with deep “smart change” calls for concepts and tactics that are adapted to it. We should accelerate the promotion of intelligent thinking, intelligent technology, and intelligent network aggregation and empowerment to form a flexible closed link with fast perception, fast decision-making, fast judgment, fast action, and fast feedback, based on “OODA” and the kill chain to beat the slow with the fast and change with change. Relying on intelligent computing power and intelligent algorithms, we design wars in advance, build various models, and innovate tactics and training methods in peacetime. In wartime, we analyze the battle situation in real time, keenly seize opportunities, and make precise decisions and actions. We use “military + technology”, “theory + experiment”, and “algorithm + tactics” to integrate the art of strategy with intelligent technology to achieve a combination of the strange and the orthodox, take the lead in rapid changes, and win by intelligence.

Enhance the plasticity of forces based on the “micro-change” of units. One of the important characteristics of modern warfare is that large systems support elite combat, and combat units are becoming increasingly miniaturized, integrated, and modular. We must focus on the combat unit, the end of combat effectiveness, and forge a “sharp knife” and “sharp blade” that is small, fine, micro, and strong to adapt to intelligent warfare. On the one hand, strengthen its ability to integrate into the system and connect all parties, rely on ubiquitous access to information networks, and achieve decentralized combat and energy concentration through flexible matching and rapid reorganization; on the other hand, strengthen its independent decision-making and improvisation capabilities, improve robustness and self-recovery, and be able to survive, respond to emergencies, and fight in extreme situations. It is possible to explore the formation of a “micro-unit” concept force, implement a flexible organization, do not fix the number of personnel, and do not restrict the field. Advanced combat theories, new combat formations, and new weapons and equipment can be tested and verified in advance, so as to explore ways to achieve cloud combat, cloud joint, cloud energy gathering, and self-combination at the end of the strike chain.

Enhance strategic bottom line based on deterrence “evolution”. Deterrence has a long history like war. With the in-depth application of intelligent technology and weapons and equipment, the connotation and extension, force means, form and effect of deterrence are changing. Although traditional nuclear deterrence is still the cornerstone of bottom line, new deterrence capabilities have been quietly formed, requiring higher determination, strength, wisdom, and strategy. Focusing on the role of deterrence in blocking the enemy invisibly in peacetime, controlling the situation at the key in times of crisis, and winning the final victory in wartime, we should focus on strengthening the strong and making up for the weak, opening up new areas, and long-term strategy to maximize the strategic value of deterrence. First, we should give equal importance to conventional and unconventional, accelerate the development of new weapons and new forces, and achieve the predetermined deterrence intention through actual combat training and actual combat deployment, supplemented by the expression and transmission of strategic will. Secondly, we should continue to study new combat concepts and new combat theories, and promote the transformation of theories from “soft” to “hard” through academic exchanges, think tank collisions, and multi-track and multi-layer confrontations, and transform them into real deterrence. Thirdly, accelerate the transformation of science and technology into the military field, increase research efforts in cloud computing, blockchain, quantum technology, etc., and strive to form a potential deterrent to opponents.

現代國語：

郭呈淵趙中其

不同時代的戰爭有不同的特點，而與之相伴的「戰爭迷霧」也在不斷變幻。往往當人們透過多方探索、感覺已經基本看清其中的勝利之道時，下一場戰爭又呈現出新的不確定性。敘利亞戰爭、亞阿衝突等局部戰爭，從不同側面展示了現代戰爭的多面性、複雜性。可以看到，傳統火力戰雖仍在舞台之中，但智慧化特徵已然顯現；作戰類型雖仍為攻防爭奪，但作戰指導、環境條件、具體打法已深刻變化。戰爭正加速向智慧化演進，戰場空間由陸、海、空、天、電、網向太空、極地、深海、認知等全域對抗拓展，博弈比拼由軍事對決向政治、經濟、科技、輿論等多維較量轉變，參與力量由交戰雙向全球關注、多元介入方向發展，資訊智能由輔助支撐向全面主導、全程貫穿、全域覆蓋邁進，作戰單元由規模集優向小微精尖、形散能聚演化，智能、混合成為基本趨勢。面對嬗變中的戰爭和新的不確定性，需要敏銳知變、積極應變，於變中蓄勢、變中進取，實現領先超越、搶得制勝先機。

基於戰爭「泛變」增強超限混合性。戰爭是政治的延續，從來不是單純的軍事對抗。智能化時代，看得見的爭鬥和看不見的鬥爭並存，有硝煙的戰場和無聲息的爭戰同在，灰色地帶、混合戰爭、邊緣衝突相伴而生。面對激烈複雜的競爭賽局態勢，需要加速建構以軍事為基石的混合戰爭體系。首先，豐富戰略選項。緊貼時代特點，加強非軍事抗衡特點規律探究和力量手段建設，實化相關準備，形成綜合優勢。其次，提升隱形實力。重視做好地緣、文化、心理等面向研究，透過智庫交流、學術推廣、文化交融、法律建構、媒介宣傳等方式，形成有效話語體系，在潤物無聲中影響對方認知。再次，團結和平力量。把建構新時代統一戰線作為混合對抗的重要手段，團結一切可以團結的力量，增強國際影響力和感召力。

基於戰場「智變」增強戰法彈性。縱觀近幾場局部戰爭與衝突，囿於地域維度、雙方實力等因素，傳統作戰痕跡仍較為明顯，但智能化、無人化已不可逆轉地走向前台。可以預見，全面智慧化戰爭並不遙遠，武器裝備的延伸範圍將更遠更廣，對抗雙方的交戰視角將更大更寬，物理域、網絡域、認知域鉸鏈融合程度更深。深度「智變」的戰場，呼喚與之相適應的理念、戰法，應加快推進智能化思維、智能化技術、智能化網絡聚合增能，形成快感知、快決策、快判斷、快行動、快反饋的彈性閉合鏈路，基於「OODA」和殺傷鏈以快打慢、以變制變。依托智能算力、智能演算法，平時超前設計戰爭、建構多種模型、創新戰法訓法，戰時即時研判戰情、敏銳捕捉戰機、精準決策行動，運用“軍事+科技”“理論+試驗” “演算法+打法”，融合謀略藝術與智慧技術，實現奇正結合、搶先快變、以智制勝。

基於單元「微變」增強力量可塑性。大體系支撐精兵作戰是現代戰爭的重要特色之一，作戰單元變得日益微型化、整合化、模組化。要扭住作戰單元這一戰鬥力末端，鍛造適應智慧化戰爭、小而精、微而強的「尖刀」「利刃」。一方面，強化其融入體系、連結各方的能力，依托泛在接取的資訊網絡，透過靈活搭配、快速重組，實現分散作戰、集效聚能；另一方面，強化其自主決策、臨機應變能力，提高魯棒性和自恢復性，在極端情況下能生存、能應急、能作戰。可探索組成「微單元」概念部隊，實行彈性編制，不固定員額、不限制領域，超前試驗論證先進作戰理論、新式作戰編組、新型武器裝備，為實現打擊鏈條末端雲作戰、雲聯合、雲聚能、自組合運用摸索路子。

基於威懾「衍變」增強戰略保底性。威懾與戰爭一樣歷史悠久。隨著智慧化技術和武器裝備的深入運用，威懾的內涵外延、力量手段、形式效果等都在改變。雖然傳統的核威懾仍是保底基石，但新的威懾能力已在悄悄形成，對決心、實力、智慧、謀略等要求更高。著眼發揮威懾平時阻敵於無形、危時控勢於關鍵、戰時決勝於最後的作用，應注重固強補弱、開拓新域、長期經略，實現威懾戰略價值最大化。首先，堅持常規與非常規並重，加速發展新型武器、新質力量，透過實戰化演訓、實戰化部署，輔以謀略意志表達傳遞，達成預定威懾企圖。其次，持續研究新作戰概念、新作戰理論，透過學術交流、智庫碰撞和多軌多層對抗，推動理論由“軟”變“硬”，轉化為現實威懾力。再次，加速科技向軍事領域轉化進程，在雲端運算、區塊鏈、量子科技等方面加強研究力度，努力形成對對手的潛在嚇阻。

中国军网国防部网

2022年9月16日星期五

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/16/content_324164888.htm

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