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Chinese Military Grasping Pulse of Information and Intelligent Warfare Development

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中國軍方掌握資訊戰和智慧戰發展的脈搏

現代英語：

Currently, the deep penetration and integrated application of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence in the military field are profoundly reshaping the form of warfare and driving the evolution of informationized and intelligent warfare to a higher and more complex level. This process brings new challenges, such as the full-dimensional expansion of the operational space, but also contains the enduring underlying logic of the essential laws of warfare. We must deeply analyze the evolutionary mechanism of informationized and intelligent warfare, understand and clarify the specific manifestations of the new challenges and underlying logic, and continuously explore the practical paths and winning principles for strategizing future warfare.

Recognizing the new challenges that information technology and intelligent technology bring to warfare

Technological iteration and upgrading have driven profound changes in combat styles, which in turn bring new challenges. Currently, with the accelerated development of information and intelligent technologies, the form of warfare is showing significant changes such as cross-domain integration, system confrontation, and intelligent dominance, thereby giving rise to new challenges such as mixed-domain nature, intelligence, and all-personnel involvement.

The Challenges of Multi-Domain Operations. In future warfare, the physical boundaries of traditional operational domains will be broken, with information and social domains deeply nested, forming a new type of battlefield characterized by multi-domain coordination. This multi-dimensional battlefield environment presents two challenges to current combat systems. First, system compatibility is difficult. In a multi-domain operational environment, combat operations “span” multiple physical and virtual spaces, while traditional combat systems are often built based on specific operational domains, making seamless compatibility of their technical standards and information interfaces difficult. Second, command and control are highly complex. In informationized and intelligent warfare, combat operations unfold simultaneously or alternately across multiple dimensions, with various demands exhibiting non-linear, explosive, and multi-domain characteristics. Traditional, hierarchical, tree-like command structures are ill-suited to handle this complex multi-domain coordination situation.

The Challenges of Intelligence. The deep integration of technologies such as artificial intelligence into the war decision-making and action chain presents new challenges to traditional decision-making models and action logic. On the one hand, defining the boundaries and dominance of human-machine collaboration is challenging. Intelligent systems demonstrate superior capabilities in information processing, decision support, and even autonomous action, but over-reliance on algorithms can lead to a “decision black box”; excessive restrictions on machine intelligence may result in the loss of the speed and efficiency advantages of intelligent algorithms. Therefore, how to construct a human-machine symbiotic, human-led, and intelligence-assisted decision-making model has become an unavoidable “test” in winning informationized and intelligent warfare. On the other hand, the complexity and vulnerability of algorithmic warfare are becoming increasingly prominent. The higher the level of intelligence in warfare, the stronger the dependence on core algorithms. Adversaries may launch attacks through data pollution, model deception, and network intrusion, inducing intelligent systems to misjudge and fail. This kind of “bottom-up” attack based on algorithmic vulnerabilities is far more covert and destructive than traditional methods, placing higher demands on the construction and maintenance of defense systems.

A challenge affecting all personnel. Informationized and intelligent warfare blurs the lines between wartime and peacetime, front lines and rear areas. Combat operations are no longer confined to professional soldiers and traditional battlefields; non-military sectors such as economics, finance, and technology, along with related personnel, may all be integrated into modern combat systems to varying degrees, bringing entirely new challenges. Specifically, non-military sectors may become new focal points of offense and defense. In an information society, critical infrastructure such as energy networks, transportation hubs, and information platforms are highly interconnected and interdependent, with broad social coverage and significant influence, making them prime targets for attack or disruption in hybrid warfare, thus significantly increasing the difficulty of protection. The national defense mobilization system faces transformation pressure. The traditional “peacetime-wartime conversion” model is ill-suited to the demands of high-intensity, fast-paced, and high-consumption informationized and intelligent warfare. There is an urgent need to build a modern mobilization mechanism that is “integrated in peacetime and wartime, military-civilian integrated, precise, and efficient,” ensuring the rapid response and efficient transformation of core resources such as technological potential, industrial capabilities, and professional talent.

Clarifying the underlying logic of information-based and intelligent warfare

Although the development of information and intelligent technologies has profoundly reshaped the mode of force application, the inherent attributes of war have not been fundamentally shaken. Ensuring that strategy follows policy, adhering to the principle that people are the decisive factor, and recognizing that the “fog of war” will persist for a long time are still key measures for us to understand, plan, and respond to future wars.

Strategic subordination with political strategy is paramount. Currently, the proliferation of new technologies and attack methods easily fosters “technocentrism”—when algorithms and computing power are seen as the key to victory, and when technological superiority in equipment is considered an absolute advantage, military operations risk deviating from the political and strategic trajectory. This necessitates that we always integrate military operations within the overall national political framework, ensuring that technological advantages serve strategic objectives. Under informationized and intelligent conditions, strategic subordination with political strategy transcends the purely military level, requiring precise alignment with core national political goals such as diplomatic maneuvering and domestic development and stability. Therefore, it is essential to clearly define the boundaries, intensity, and scope of information and intelligent means of application, avoid significant political and strategic risks arising from the misuse of technology, and strive for a dynamic unity between political objectives and military means.

The decisive factor remains human. While intelligent technology can indeed endow weapons with superior autonomous perception and decision-making capabilities, the ultimate control and winning formula in war always firmly rests in human hands. Marxist warfare theory reveals that regardless of how warfare evolves, humans are always the main actors and the ultimate decisive force. Weapons, as tools, ultimately rely on human creativity in their effective use. Therefore, facing the wave of informationized and intelligent warfare, we must achieve deep integration and synchronous development of human-machine intelligence, building upon a foundation of human dominance. Specifically, intelligentization must not only “transform” things—improving equipment performance—but also “transform” people—enhancing human cognitive abilities, decision-making levels, and human-machine collaborative efficiency, ensuring that no matter how high the “kites” of intelligent equipment fly, humanity always firmly grasps the “control chain” that guides their development.

Recognizing the persistent nature of the “fog of war,” while information technology has significantly improved battlefield transparency, technological means can only reduce the density of the “fog,” not completely dispel it. The fundamental reason is that war is a dynamic game; the deception generated by the continuous strategic feints and other maneuvers employed by opposing sides transcends the scope of mere technological deconstruction, possessing an inherent unpredictability. Therefore, we must acknowledge the perpetual nature of the “fog of war” and employ appropriate measures to achieve the goal of “reducing our own fog and increasing the enemy’s confusion.” Regarding the former, we must strengthen our own reconnaissance advantages by integrating multi-source intelligence, including satellite reconnaissance, drone surveillance, and ground sensors, to achieve a real-time dynamic map of the battlefield situation. Regarding the latter, we must deepen the enemy’s decision-making dilemma by using techniques such as false signals and electronic camouflage to mislead their intelligence gathering, forcing them to expend resources in a state of confusion between truth and falsehood, directly weakening their situational awareness.

Exploring the winning factors of information-based and intelligent warfare

To plan for future wars, we must recognize the new challenges they bring, follow the underlying logic they contain, further explore the winning principles of informationized and intelligent warfare, and work hard to strengthen military theory, make good strategic plans, and innovate tactics and methods.

Strengthening theoretical development is crucial. Scientific military theory is combat power, and maintaining the advancement of military theory is essential for winning informationized and intelligent warfare. On the one hand, we must deepen the integration and innovation of military theory. We must systematically integrate modern scientific theories such as cybernetics, game theory, and information theory, focusing on new combat styles such as human-machine collaborative operations and cross-domain joint operations, to construct an advanced military theoretical system that is forward-looking, adaptable, and operable. On the other hand, we must adhere to practical testing and iterative updates. We must insist on linking theory with practice, keenly observing problems, systematically summarizing experiences, and accurately extracting patterns from the front lines of military struggle preparation and training, forming a virtuous cycle of “practice—understanding—re-practice—re-understanding,” ensuring that theory remains vibrant and effectively guides future warfare.

Strategic planning is crucial. Future-oriented strategic planning is essentially a proactive shaping process driven by technology, driven by demand, and guaranteed by dynamic adaptation. It requires a broad technological vision and flexible strategic thinking, striving to achieve a leap from “responding to war” to “designing war.” First, we must anticipate technological changes. We must maintain a high degree of sensitivity to disruptive technologies that may reshape the rules of war and deeply understand the profound impact of the cross-integration of various technologies. Second, we must focus on key areas. Emerging “high frontiers” such as cyberspace, outer space, the deep sea, and the polar regions should be the focus of strategic planning, concentrating on shaping the rules of operation and seizing advantages to ensure dominance in the invisible battlefield and emerging spaces. Third, we must dynamically adjust and adapt. The future battlefield is constantly changing and full of uncertainty. Strategic planning cannot be a static, definitive text, but rather a resilient, dynamic framework. We must assess the applicability, maturity, and potential risks of various solutions in conjunction with reality to ensure that the direction of military development is always precisely aligned with the needs of future warfare.

Promoting Tactical Innovation. Specific tactics serve as a bridge connecting technological innovation and combat operations. Faced with the profound changes brought about by informationized and intelligent warfare, it is imperative to vigorously promote tactical innovation and explore “intelligent strategies” adapted to the future battlefield. On the one hand, it is necessary to deeply explore the combat potential of emerging technologies. We should actively explore new winning paths such as “algorithms as combat power,” “data as firepower,” “networks as the battlefield,” and “intelligence as advantage,” transforming technological advantages into battlefield victories. On the other hand, it is necessary to innovatively design future combat processes. Various combat forces can be dispersed and deployed across multiple intelligent and networked nodes, constructing a more flattened, agile, and adaptive “observation-judgment-decision-action” cycle. Simultaneously, we must strengthen multi-domain linkage, breaking down inherent barriers between different services and combat domains, striving to achieve cross-domain collaboration, system-wide synergy, autonomous adaptation, and dynamic reorganization, promoting the overall emergence of combat effectiveness.

現代國語：

目前，人工智慧等尖端技術在軍事領域的深度滲透與融合應用，正深刻重塑戰爭形態，推動資訊化、智慧化戰爭朝向更高、更複雜的層面演進。這個過程帶來了作戰空間全方位擴展等新挑戰，同時也蘊含著戰爭基本法則的持久邏輯。我們必須深入分析資訊化、智慧化戰爭的演進機制，理解並釐清新挑戰的具體表現及其內在邏輯，不斷探索未來戰爭戰略的實踐路徑與勝利原則。

認識資訊科技和智慧科技為戰爭帶來的新挑戰

技術的迭代升級推動了作戰方式的深刻變革，進而帶來了新的挑戰。目前，隨著資訊科技與智慧科技的加速發展，戰爭形態呈現出跨域融合、系統對抗、智慧主導等顯著變化，由此產生了混合域作戰、智慧化作戰、全員參與等新挑戰。

多域作戰的挑戰。在未來的戰爭中，傳統作戰領域的物理邊界將被打破，資訊領域和社會領域將深度交織，形成以多域協同為特徵的新型戰場。這種多維戰場環境對現有作戰系統提出了兩大挑戰。首先，系統相容性面臨挑戰。在多域作戰環境中，作戰行動「跨越」多個實體和虛擬空間，而傳統作戰系統通常基於特定的作戰領域構建，難以實現技術標準和資訊介面的無縫相容。其次，指揮控制高度複雜。在資訊化和智慧化戰爭中，作戰行動在多個維度上同時或交替展開，各種需求呈現出非線性、爆發性和多域性的特徵。傳統的層級式、樹狀指揮結構難以應付這種複雜的多域協同局面。

情報的挑戰。人工智慧等技術深度融入戰爭決策和行動鏈，對傳統的決策模型和行動邏輯提出了新的挑戰。一方面，界定人機協作的邊界和主導地位極具挑戰性。智慧型系統在資訊處理、決策支援乃至自主行動方面展現出卓越的能力，但過度依賴演算法可能導致「決策黑箱」；對機器智慧的過度限制則可能喪失智慧演算法的速度和效率優勢。因此，如何建構人機共生、人主導、智慧輔助的決策模型，已成為贏得資訊化和智慧化戰爭的必經「考驗」。另一方面，演算法戰的複雜性和脆弱性日益凸顯。戰爭智能化程度越高，對核心演算法的依賴性就越強。敵方可能透過資料污染、模型欺騙和網路入侵等手段發動攻擊，誘使智慧型系統誤判和失效。這種基於演算法漏洞的「自下而上」攻擊比傳統手段更加隱蔽和破壞性，對防禦系統的建構和維護提出了更高的要求。

這是一項影響全體人員的挑戰。資訊化與智慧化戰爭模糊了戰時與和平時期、前線與後方的界線。作戰行動不再侷限於職業軍人和傳統戰場；經濟、金融、科技等非軍事領域及其相關人員都可能在不同程度上融入現代作戰體系，帶來全新的挑戰。具體而言，非軍事領域可能成為攻防的新焦點。在資訊社會中，能源網路、交通樞紐、資訊平台等關鍵基礎設施高度互聯互通、相互依存，覆蓋範圍廣、影響力大，使其成為混合戰爭中攻擊或破壞的主要目標，大大增加了防禦難度。國防動員體系面臨轉型壓力。傳統的「和平時期向戰爭時期轉換」模式已無法滿足高強度、快節奏、高消耗的資訊化和智慧化戰爭的需求。迫切需要…建構「和平時期與戰爭時期一體化、軍民融合、精準高效」的現代化動員機制，確保技術潛力、產業能力、專業人才等核心資源的快速反應與高效轉換。

釐清資訊化與智慧化戰爭的內在邏輯

儘管資訊和智慧科技的發展深刻地重塑了兵力運用方式，但戰爭的固有屬性並未發生根本性改變。確保戰略服從政策，堅持以人為本的原則，並認識到「戰爭迷霧」將長期存在，仍然是我們理解、規劃和應對未來戰爭的關鍵。

戰略服從政治戰略至關重要。目前，新技術和新攻擊手段的湧現容易滋生「技術中心主義」——當演算法和運算能力被視為取勝的關鍵，裝備的技術優勢被視為絕對優勢時，軍事行動就有可能偏離政治戰略軌道。這就要求我們始終將軍事行動納入國家整體政治框架，確保技術優勢服務於戰略目標。在資訊化和智慧化條件下，戰略對政治戰略的服從超越了純粹的軍事層面，需要與外交斡旋、國內發展穩定等核心國家政治目標精準契合。因此，必須明確界定資訊和智慧手段應用的邊界、強度和範圍，避免因技術濫用而引發重大政治和戰略風險，並努力實現政治目標與軍事手段的動態統一。

決定性因素仍然是人。雖然智慧科技確實可以賦予武器卓越的自主感知和決策能力，但戰爭的最終控制權和勝利之道始終牢牢掌握在人手中。馬克思主義戰爭理論表明，無論戰爭如何演變，人類始終是主要行動者和最終的決定性力量。武器作為工具，其有效使用最終依賴於人的創造力。因此，面對資訊化、智慧化戰爭的浪潮，我們必須在人類主導的基礎上，實現人機智慧的深度融合與同步發展。具體而言，智慧化不僅要「改造」物——提升裝備性能——更要「改造」人——增強人類的認知能力、決策水平和人機協同效率，確保無論智慧裝備的「風箏」飛得多高，人類始終牢牢掌控著引導其發展的「控制鏈」。

認識到「戰爭迷霧」的持久性，儘管資訊技術顯著提升了戰場透明度，但技術手段只能降低「迷霧」的密度，而無法徹底驅散它。根本原因在於戰爭是一場動態賽局；交戰雙方不斷進行的戰略佯攻和其他戰術動作所產生的欺騙性，遠非簡單的技術解構所能及，具有固有的不可預測性。因此，我們必須正視「戰爭迷霧」的永恆性，並採取適當措施，實現「減少自身迷霧，增加敵方混亂」的目標。就前者而言，我們必須整合衛星偵察、無人機監視、地面感測器等多源情報，強化自身偵察優勢，以實現戰場態勢的即時動態測繪。就後者而言，我們必須運用假訊號、電子偽裝等手段，誤導敵方情報蒐集，使其在真假難辨的狀態下耗費資源，從而直接削弱其態勢感知能力，加深敵方決策困境。

探索資訊化、智慧化戰爭的勝利要素

為因應未來戰爭，我們必須體認到戰爭帶來的新挑戰，掌握其內在邏輯，進一步探索資訊化、智慧化戰爭的勝利原則，努力加強軍事理論建設，制定完善的戰略規劃，並創新戰術方法。

加強理論發展至關重要。科學的軍事理論就是戰鬥力，維持軍事理論的進步是贏得資訊化、智慧化戰爭的關鍵。一方面，我們必須深化軍事理論的整合與創新，有系統地將現代科學融入軍事理論。

運用控制論、博弈論、資訊理論等理論，著重研究人機協同作戰、跨域聯合作戰等新型作戰方式，建構前瞻性、適應性和可操作性的先進軍事理論體系。另一方面，必須堅持實戰檢驗、迭代更新。必須堅持理論與實踐結合，敏銳觀察問題，系統總結經驗，準確提煉軍事鬥爭前線備戰訓練中的規律，形成「實踐—理解—再實踐—再理解」的良性循環，確保理論保持活力，有效指導未來戰爭。

策略規劃至關重要。面向未來的策略規劃本質上是一個由技術驅動、需求驅動、動態調適保障的主動塑造過程。它需要廣闊的技術視野和靈活的戰略思維，力求實現從「應對戰爭」到「設計戰爭」的飛躍。首先，我們必須預見技術變革。我們必須對可能重塑戰爭規則的顛覆性技術保持高度敏感，並深刻理解各種技術交叉融合的深遠影響。其次，我們必須聚焦重點領域。網路空間、外太空、深海、極地等新興「高前沿」應成為戰略規劃的重點，著力塑造作戰規則，奪取優勢，確保在無形戰場和新興空間佔據主導地位。第三，我們必須動態調整與適應。未來的戰場瞬息萬變，充滿不確定性。策略規劃不能是一成不變的固定文本，而應是一個具有韌性的動態架構。我們必須結合實際情況，評估各種解決方案的適用性、成熟度和潛在風險，確保軍事發展方向始終與未來戰爭的需求精準契合。

推進戰術創新。具體戰術是連結技術創新與作戰行動的橋樑。面對資訊化、智慧化戰爭帶來的深刻變革，必須大力推動戰術創新，探索適應未來戰場的「智慧戰略」。一方面，要深入挖掘新興技術的作戰潛力，積極探索「演算法即戰力」、「數據即火力」、「網路即戰場」、「情報即優勢」等新的致勝路徑，將技術優勢轉化為戰場勝利。另一方面，要創新地設計未來作戰流程，使各類作戰力量分散部署於多個智慧化、網路化的節點，建構更扁平、更敏捷、適應性更強的「觀察-判斷-決策-行動」循環。同時，要加強多域連結，打破不同軍種、不同作戰域之間的固有壁壘，力爭實現跨域協同、系統協同、自主適應、動態重組，進而提升整體作戰效能。

（編：任嘉慧、彭靜）

李书吾 丁 盛

2026年01月27日0x:xx | 来源：解放军报

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2026/08127/c10811-4808868538648.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Big Data, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Command information Systems, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare

Military Big Data: Driving Future Chinese Military Transformation

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軍事大數據：驅動中國未來軍事轉型

現代英語：

Military Big Data: Driving Future Military Transformation

—Answering questions from reporters during the Third Military Big Data Forum

In recent years, the Chinese military has continuously promoted the application of big data technology in the military field. Big data has been gradually integrated into joint operations, construction management, and military scientific research, bringing new momentum to military innovation practices.

Based on the new situation and new requirements, and with a view to accelerating the construction and development of military big data, and to build an academic exchange platform for mutual communication, sharing and win-win cooperation between the military and civilian sectors, the 3rd Military Big Data Forum, hosted by the Academy of Military Sciences and themed “Frontiers and Prospects of Military Big Data Development”, was held in Beijing on September 16.

During the forum, a reporter from the PLA Daily interviewed Geng Guotong, Director of the Military Science Information Research Center of the Academy of Military Sciences, along with Deputy Directors Bai Xiaoying, Luo Wei, Li Xiaosong, and Li Congying, on topics related to military big data.

Military big data applications face complex challenges

Reporter: Globally, big data is developing rapidly, with key technologies accelerating breakthroughs and applications, deeply integrating with industrial development, and giving rise to a series of new technologies, applications, business models, and patterns. What are the main challenges facing the application of military big data?

Geng Guotong: Big data provides a new model, method, and means for understanding complex systems. The high complexity of the environment, the strong adversarial nature of competition, the high real-time response, the incompleteness of information, and the uncertainty of boundaries inherent in military activities determine the complexity of military big data applications. The combination of big data, high computing power, and large-scale models has achieved great success in civilian applications such as machine translation, human-computer dialogue, and autonomous driving. However, artificial intelligence driven by big data still struggles to achieve satisfactory application results when facing uncertain environments, especially complex military adversarial environments.

In the future era of intelligent warfare, the widespread use of unmanned systems and autonomous weapons will not only change traditional combat modes but also introduce new complexities. Therefore, unlike in the civilian sector, complexity will dominate the future military big data application environment. How to observe, intervene in, and measure the complex mega-systems of warfare using big data technologies is the main challenge facing military big data applications.

Bai Xiaoying: We can also examine the challenges currently faced by military big data applications from the perspective of causal science. Viktor Mayer-Schönberger, in his book *Big Data*, argues that “the biggest shift in the big data era is abandoning the pursuit of causality and instead focusing on correlation.” Currently, widely used deep learning and reinforcement learning methods are essentially data-driven algorithms that seek patterns and correlations through observation, thus having inherent limitations in revealing the essential laws governing things.

In future military operations, true and false data will be intricately intertwined, and data fog and deception will be prevalent. Focusing solely on correlations without considering causality risks getting lost in the fog and focusing on trivial details while neglecting the essentials. Therefore, how to organically integrate big data technology with causal inference to see through data relationships and understand the true nature of data is a major challenge facing the application of military big data.

The world’s major military powers are sparing no effort in promoting the development of military big data.

Reporter: Currently, big data development has become a crucial “blood-generating and intelligence-enhancing” project for major military powers worldwide to build military superiority, and a new pathway and driving force for combat capability growth. So, what new practices are major military powers adopting in promoting military big data development?

Li Xiaosong: Faced with the challenges of the era of artificial intelligence, the world’s leading military powers, represented by the United States, believe that artificial intelligence and big data are “two sides of the same coin.” They have continuously strengthened the integrated development of artificial intelligence and big data through measures such as issuing special plans, establishing research and development institutions, and strengthening the overall coordination of resources, in order to seize the initiative in the development of future intelligent warfare. They have successively issued documents such as the “Ministry of Defence Digital Modernization Strategy” and the Ministry of Defence’s “Data Strategy.” The United Kingdom recently also released its first “Ministry of Defence Digital Strategy,” comprehensively promoting a data-centric strategic transformation.

In order to implement strategic requirements, the United States has further proposed to achieve goals such as data visibility, accessibility, interconnectivity, trustworthiness, and interoperability. By formulating standards and specifications, increasing R&D investment, and adopting advanced commercial technologies, the United States has systematically addressed the bottlenecks that have long constrained data sharing efficiency, operational effectiveness, interoperability, and data analysis capabilities. The benefits of military big data construction are gradually becoming apparent.

In June of this year, the U.S. Department of Defense launched the “Artificial Intelligence and Data Acceleration Initiative,” adding specialized teams such as “Operational Data Teams” and “Artificial Intelligence Expert Teams” to 11 joint combatant commands, striving to gain faster judgment, decision-making, and action capabilities than adversaries in the ever-changing battlefield environment.

Li Congying: In addition to strengthening strategic guidance, major military powers have launched a series of projects to accelerate the transformation of big data technology research and development results into combat capabilities. For example, the U.S. Department of Defense implemented the “Big Data to Decision” project, focusing on the research and development of big data management and utilization technologies to build an autonomous system capable of independent operation and decision-making, thereby automating operations and decisions; the U.S. Special Operations Command launched Project Avatar, which uses automatic keyword searches on various public data sources such as the Internet and databases to enable combat personnel to obtain relevant battlefield data and build real-time battlefield environment images as much as possible; the U.S. Air Force developed the F-35 fighter jet integrated seamless support system, which integrates massive amounts of data such as historical status monitoring, fault diagnosis, and maintenance mission planning, and receives flight data in real time to achieve intelligent fault diagnosis, efficient maintenance mission planning, and precise allocation of maintenance resources. Russia’s combat command information system has made breakthroughs in intelligent analysis technology of battlefield situation big data and has been deployed and applied.

Big data drives the transformation of future warfare styles

Reporter: Artificial intelligence technology is rapidly penetrating the military field, profoundly changing the mechanisms of victory, force structures, and combat methods in future warfare. How should we understand and grasp the key role of big data in future intelligent warfare?

Geng Guotong: Data-driven artificial intelligence will inevitably become a new engine for future military transformation. “No data, no victory” has become the essential law and prominent feature of intelligent warfare.

First, data empowers intelligent equipment. This will drive the deep integration of hardware and algorithms through data flow, and the profound combination of machine intelligence and human wisdom, breaking through the limitations of traditional equipment systems in terms of time, space, mobility, and cost, thus unleashing the combat effectiveness of weapon systems. The US “Third Offset Strategy,” focusing on intelligent armies, autonomous equipment, and unmanned systems, plans to fully realize the intelligentization or even unmanned operation of combat platforms, information systems, and command and control by 2050, creating a new generation of equipment and achieving true “robot warfare.” In the latest round of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Israel, leveraging its advantage in artificial intelligence technology, has integrated and aggregated multi-source intelligence information and battlefield data to assist in combat operations, gradually revealing the beginnings of intelligent warfare.

Secondly, data empowers the formation of new forms of warfare. With data analysis and processing at its core, it will change the way forces are organized, the relative strengths and weaknesses of adversaries, and give rise to a series of new combat styles, forming an intelligent form of warfare centered on data.

Secondly, data empowers and transforms combat command. With the advancement and application of cognitive artificial intelligence, data-driven intelligent staff will extract high-value information from the “data deluge” in the shortest time and in the most effective way. In particular, it will be able to autonomously perceive, judge, decide, and respond to corresponding threats, forming a rapid decision-making advantage against the enemy in the command and control chain, achieving “strategic planning within data and decisive victory above data,” and realizing a true “decision-centered war.”

Luo Wei: In the current context of the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligentization, embedding big data technology into the kill chain and modularizing and integrating combat force formations can fully unleash combat capabilities. At the same time, we should also be clearly aware that the key factor determining the outcome of war remains people. Big data and artificial intelligence technologies cannot completely replace people, nor can they change the decisive role of people in war.

Big data powerfully supports the revolution in military management

Reporter: Currently, a military management revolution centered on efficiency is being actively promoted. So how can big data be used to transform the military’s construction and management model?

Li Xiaosong: As national defense and military modernization enter a new era, data is becoming an important basis for construction management and scientific decision-making. To explore new models of integration and coordinated development between big data and military construction management, and to support the advancement of a military management revolution centered on efficiency and guided by precision, we must grasp the following three aspects:

First, we must adhere to demand-driven principles. The booming fields of big data are all closely coupled with business scenarios. Only by clarifying the needs can we understand what data to build, what models to develop, and what products to create; otherwise, we’ll be “grasping at everything at once.”

Second, we must focus on embedding data into processes. Military management activities are complex and diverse. Only by integrating data thinking into the entire chain of planning, execution, supervision, and evaluation, and into business systems such as strategic planning, equipment management, logistics support, and personnel management, can we achieve business process reengineering and precise resource allocation.

Third, we must strengthen integration and sharing. Departmental barriers and fragmentation have always been significant factors affecting the realization of data value. We must comprehensively strengthen the development of laws and standards, actively promote the online deployment of business operations and data, effectively solve the challenges of sharing and utilization, and lay the foundation for a data-driven new model of military construction and management.

Bai Xiaoying: The development of technologies such as knowledge graphs, natural language processing, data mining, data computing, and data governance has also provided technical support for building a data-driven military construction and management model. For example, the U.S. Department of Defense, in collaboration with MIT, developed a “semantic data lake” technology for defense acquisition operations. Based on cleaning and processing massive amounts of fragmented business text data, they established a defense acquisition knowledge system through comparative analysis, correlation retrieval, and comprehensive judgment. This automatically discovers and mines the interdependencies between defense acquisition and operational capability requirements, quickly identifies capability deficiencies, optimizes acquisition investment projects, and provides effective reference for defense acquisition management and decision-making.

Big data drives a paradigm shift in military scientific research innovation.

Reporter: Marked by AlphaFold’s accurate prediction of protein structure, big data-driven artificial intelligence technologies, represented by deep learning, are revolutionizing modern scientific research models. Could you share your understanding of building a data-intensive paradigm for military scientific research innovation?

Luo Wei: Turing Award winner Jim Gray proposed that human scientific research activities have gone through the “experimental science paradigm” at the beginning of the development of science and technology, the “theoretical science paradigm” characterized by models and induction, the “computational science paradigm” characterized by simulation, and are now developing into the “data-intensive science paradigm” characterized by big data analysis.

In the era of big data, scientific research is grappling with a data divide and is essentially drowning in data. Take the biomedical field as an example: over one million papers are published annually, yet scientists read only about 250 on average each year. Simultaneously, as the total amount of human knowledge continues to expand, scientists’ hypotheses are based on only a small fraction of that knowledge, and human creativity increasingly depends on the randomness of prior experience. In this context, automating scientific research using big data and artificial intelligence technologies has become the catalyst for a paradigm shift in scientific research.

For data-intensive military scientific research and innovation paradigms, on the one hand, based on massive amounts of data and models, simulations of military activities are conducted to explore data relationships and value, and to build a “bottom-level channel” for the integration of theory and technology. Data serves as a bridge to achieve mutual attraction and deep integration between military theory and military technology. On the other hand, through research such as automated reasoning of scientific knowledge, exploration of scientific mechanisms, and the construction of a human-machine symbiotic research ecosystem, data is used to enhance efficiency and stimulate vitality, thereby realizing the digitalization and intelligentization of military scientific research activities. This deeply taps into the innovative potential of military researchers and enhances the military’s scientific research productivity.

Li Congying: To build a data-intensive military scientific research innovation paradigm, we should focus on two aspects: First, we should accumulate a solid data foundation by strengthening the multi-source collection, classification, integration, verification, and validation of various data resources related to military scientific research, and integrating widely distributed data with different ownership into a logically unified data resource pool. Second, we should strengthen algorithm innovation by grasping the evolutionary laws and development trends of military scientific research paradigms, developing targeted intelligent algorithms and models, and integrating our understanding of the essence of war, the rules of combat, and the mechanisms of victory to efficiently support data-driven military scientific research applications.

The innovative development of military big data requires collaboration from all parties.

Reporter: Big data technology has strong versatility. So, how can we effectively utilize all technological resources to solve the challenges of military big data research and application?

Geng Guotong: For the development and construction of military big data, it is necessary to strengthen communication, collaboration, and integration, emphasize cooperation among all parties, and enhance the supply of high-quality big data technologies. Specifically, three key aspects need to be addressed:

First, we must strengthen top-level guidance. Major military powers worldwide have elevated data from a technological level to a “high-value-added strategic asset” and a “high-profit product” in the military field, promoting the large-scale use of military and civilian data by drawing on commercial practices to gain comprehensive military advantages. In light of this, we should strengthen top-level guidance, clarify supporting conditions such as data integration and sharing, on-demand secure use, and compensation for benefits, to achieve efficient use of national big data infrastructure, technological products, and high-end talent.

Second, innovate application mechanisms. Given the characteristics of big data technology products—short update cycles, rapid iteration, and flexible integration and deployment—some of the world’s leading military powers emphasize fully utilizing commercial big data technology frameworks to build agile information system architectures that apply data faster than their competitors. To this end, a rapid procurement channel for military big data technologies and products can be established, exploring models such as direct procurement, trial-before-you-buy, service purchase, and joint research and development to promote the rapid application and efficient transformation of big data technology research results.

Third, strengthen collaborative efforts. Given the versatility of big data technology, we can explore the establishment of new research and development institutions to focus on fundamental and forward-looking technologies, product development, and industrial incubation related to big data, thereby seizing the high ground for innovation in big data research and application.

Bai Xiaoying: Talent is the primary resource for data construction. Building a professional talent team that is proficient in data knowledge and familiar with national defense and military operations is the key to the development of military big data construction.

In recent years, some of the world’s leading military powers have adopted methods such as introducing civilian talent, training existing personnel, and strengthening qualification certification to focus on cultivating talent in military data theory research and technology development. The U.S. Defense Acquisition University has partnered with Stanford University, Johns Hopkins University, Google, and others to jointly cultivate military big data talent with expertise in both data science and technology.

現代國語：

軍事大數據：驅動未來軍事變革

——第三屆軍事大數據論壇期間有關專家答記者問

■雷 帥 解放軍報特約記者 王 晗 記者 邵龍飛

近年來，我軍持續推動大數據技術在軍事領域的應用，大數據逐步融入聯合作戰、建設管理和軍事科研之中，為軍事創新實踐帶來了新動能。

立足新形勢新要求，著眼加快軍事大數據建設發展，搭建軍地互通共享、互促共贏的學術交流平台，由軍事科學院主辦、主題為“軍事大數據發展前沿與展望”的第三屆軍事大數據論壇，於9月16日在京舉行。

論壇期間，解放軍報記者就軍事大數據相關話題，采訪了軍事科學院軍事科學信息研究中心主任耿國桐研究員、副主任白曉穎研究員、羅威研究員、李曉松高級工程師和李聰穎副研究員。

軍事大數據應用面臨復雜性挑戰

記者：在世界范圍內，大數據發展日新月異，關鍵技術加速突破應用，與產業發展深度融合，催生了一系列新技術、新應用、新業態和新模式。請問軍事大數據應用主要面臨哪些挑戰？

耿國桐：大數據提供了一種認識復雜系統的新模式、新方法和新手段。軍事活動所具有的環境高復雜性、博弈強對抗性、響應高實時性、信息不完整性、邊界不確定性等特點，決定了軍事大數據應用的復雜性。大數據、大算力、大模型三者結合，在機器翻譯、人機對話、自動駕駛等民用領域應用取得了巨大成功。但是，大數據驅動下的人工智能在面臨不確定性環境、特別是軍事復雜對抗環境時，仍難以達到令人滿意的應用效果。

未來智能化戰爭時代，無人系統、自主武器等廣泛運用，不僅會改變傳統作戰模式，也將引入新的復雜性。因此，與民用領域不同，復雜性將主導未來軍事大數據應用環境。如何通過大數據技術手段觀察、干預、度量戰爭復雜巨系統，是軍事大數據應用所面臨的主要挑戰。

白曉穎：我們也可從因果科學的角度來看待當前軍事大數據應用所面臨的挑戰。維克托·邁爾·舍恩伯格在《大數據時代》一書中提出：“大數據時代最大的轉變就是，放棄對因果關系的渴求，而取而代之關注相關關系。”目前，廣泛應用的深度學習和強化學習方法，本質上還是數據驅動的算法，通過觀察尋找規律、尋求相關關系，在揭示事物本質規律方面存在固有局限性。

未來軍事活動中，真假數據錯綜交織，數據迷霧、偽裝欺騙現象普遍存在。如果只重相關不重因果，很有可能陷入迷霧之中，去舍本逐末。因此，如何將大數據技術與因果推斷有機融合起來，透視數據關系、認清數據本質，是軍事大數據應用面臨的一大挑戰。

世界各軍事強國不遺余力推進軍事大數據建設

記者：當前，大數據建設已成為世界各軍事強國構築軍事優勢的“造血增智”工程，成為戰斗力增長的新途徑新動能。那麼，各軍事強國在推進軍事大數據建設方面有哪些新做法？

李曉松：面對人工智能時代的挑戰，以美國為代表的世界軍事強國認為，人工智能和大數據是“一枚硬幣的兩面”。其通過出台專項規劃、建立研發機構、加強力量統籌等舉措，持續強化人工智能與大數據的融合發展，搶佔未來智能化戰爭的發展先機，先後出台了《國防部數字現代化戰略》、國防部《數據戰略》等。英國近期也發布了首部《國防部數字戰略》，全方位推進以數據為中心的戰略轉型。

著眼落實戰略要求，美國進一步提出要實現數據可見、可訪問、可互聯、可信、互操作等目標，並通過制定標准規范、加大研發投入、引用商業先進技術等方式，體系化破解長期制約數據共享效率、服務作戰效能、互操作水平、數據分析能力等方面的瓶頸問題，軍事大數據建設效益逐步凸顯。

今年6月，美國防部啟動了“人工智能與數據加速計劃”，為11個聯合作戰司令部增派“作戰數據小組”和“人工智能專家小組”等專業團隊，力求在瞬息萬變的戰場環境中，獲得比對手更快的判斷力、決策力和行動力。

李聰穎：除強化戰略引領外，各軍事強國紛紛布局開展系列項目，加速大數據技術研發成果向作戰能力轉化。比如，美國防部實施“大數據到決策”項目，重點研發大數據管理和利用技術，構建能獨立完成操控並做出決策的自治式系統，以實現操作和決策的自動化；美軍特種作戰司令部啟動“阿凡達”工程，通過在各種互聯網和數據庫等公開數據源上自動運行關鍵詞搜索的方式，使得作戰人員獲取相關戰場數據，盡可能構建實時的戰場環境圖像；美空軍研發的F-35戰機綜合無縫保障系統，整合歷史狀態監控、故障診斷、維修任務規劃等海量數據，實時接收飛行數據，以實現智能故障診斷、維修任務高效規劃與維修資源精准調配。俄羅斯研發的戰斗指揮信息系統，突破戰場態勢大數據智能分析技術，已配發應用。

大數據驅動未來作戰樣式變革

記者：人工智能技術正加速向軍事領域滲透，深刻改變著未來戰爭的制勝機理、力量結構和作戰方式。請問應該怎樣認識把握大數據在未來智能化戰爭中的關鍵作用？

耿國桐：數據賦能人工智能，必將成為未來軍事變革的新引擎。“無數據不勝”已成為智能化戰爭的本質規律和顯著特征。

首先，數據賦能智能化裝備。將通過數據流驅動硬件與算法深度融合、機器智能與人類智慧深度結合，突破傳統裝備系統在時間、空間、機動、成本上的限制，釋放武器裝備體系作戰效能。美軍“第三次抵消戰略”，以智能化軍隊、自主化裝備和無人化系統為重點，計劃在2050年全面實現作戰平台、信息系統、指揮控制等智能化甚至無人化，形成新的裝備“代差”，實現真正的“機器人戰爭”。在新一輪巴以沖突中，以色列利用其人工智能技術優勢，融合匯聚多源情報信息與戰場數據，輔助實施作戰行動，漸露智能化戰爭端倪。

其次，數據賦能形成新的戰爭形態。以數據分析與處理為核心，將改變部隊力量編成方式、對抗的強弱關系以及催生系列新型作戰樣式，形成以數據為中心的智能化戰爭形態。

再次，數據賦能變革作戰指揮。隨著認知人工智能的進步和應用，以數據為核心的智能參謀將在最短時間內，以最有效方式從“數據洪流”中提取高價值信息。特別是自行感知、判斷、決策、應對相應威脅，在指揮控制鏈條中形成對敵快速決策優勢，達成“運籌於數據之中、決勝於數據之上”，實現真正的“決策中心戰”。

羅威：在當前機械化信息化智能化融合發展的形勢下，將大數據技術嵌入殺傷鏈，對作戰力量編成進行模塊化、一體化改造，可充分釋放作戰能力。同時，也應該清醒認識到，決定戰爭勝負的關鍵因素仍然是人，大數據和人工智能技術不可能完全取代人，不能改變人在戰爭中的決定性地位。

大數據有力支撐軍事管理革命

記者：當前，正在積極推進以效能為核心的軍事管理革命。那麼如何運用大數據來變革軍隊建設管理模式？

李曉松：隨著國防和軍隊現代化建設進入新時代，數據正成為建設管理和科學決策的重要依據。探索大數據與軍隊建設管理融合滲透、協同發展的新模式，借助大數據精算、深算、細算發展路徑，支撐推開以效能為核心、以精准為導向的軍事管理革命，要把握以下三個方面：

一是堅持需求牽引。大數據蓬勃發展的領域，都與業務場景緊密耦合。只有把需求弄清楚，才能明白要建設什麼數據、開發什麼模型、形成什麼產品，否則就是“眉毛胡子一把抓”。

二是注重嵌入流程。軍事管理活動復雜多樣，只有把數據思維貫穿於規劃、執行、監督、評估等全鏈條，融入戰略規劃、裝備管理、後勤保障、人員管理等業務體系，才能實現業務流程再造和資源精准配置。

三是強化融合共享。部門壁壘和條塊分割一直是影響數據價值效用發揮的重要因素。要通過全面加強法規標准建設，積極推動業務上網、數據上線，有效破解共享利用難題，為數據驅動的軍隊建設管理新模式奠定基礎。

白曉穎：知識圖譜、自然語言處理、數據挖掘、數據計算、數據治理等技術的發展，也為構建數據驅動的軍隊建設管理模式提供了技術支撐。比如，美國防部與麻省理工學院合作，開發面向國防采辦業務的“語義數據湖”技術。他們在清洗處理海量碎片化業務文本數據基礎上，通過對比分析、關聯檢索和綜合研判，建立國防采辦知識體系，自動發現和挖掘國防采辦與作戰能力需求之間的相互依賴關系，快速查找能力缺陷，優化采辦投資項目，為國防采辦管理與決策提供有效的參考借鑑。

大數據推動軍事科研創新范式變革

記者：以AlphaFold准確預測蛋白質結構為標志，以深度學習為代表的大數據驅動人工智能技術正在顛覆著現代科學研究模式。那麼，對於構建數據密集型的軍事科研創新范式，請談一下您的理解。

羅威：計算機圖靈獎獲得者吉姆·格雷提出，人類科研活動歷經科學技術發展之初的“實驗科學范式”、以模型和歸納為特征的“理論科學范式”、以模擬仿真為特征的“計算科學范式”，正發展到以大數據分析為特征的“數據密集型科學范式”。

可以說，大數據時代，科學研究正陷入數據鴻溝與淹溺之中。以生物醫學領域為例，每年發表論文超過100萬篇，科學家每年平均閱讀量卻只有250篇左右。與此同時，隨著人類的知識總量不斷擴大，科學家作出的假設只是基於知識總量的很小一部分，且人類創造力愈發取決於先前經驗的隨機性。在這種情況下，運用大數據和人工智能技術實現科學研究的自動化，成為當前科學研究范式變革的引爆點。

對於數據密集型軍事科研創新范式而言，一方面基於海量數據與模型，開展軍事活動的仿真模擬，挖掘數據關系和價值，搭建理技融合的“底層通道”，以數據為橋梁，來實現軍事理論和軍事科技的互牽互引、深度融合。另一方面，通過科技知識自動推理、科學機理探究、人機共生的科研生態構建等研究，以數據聚能增效，以數據激發活力，來實現軍事科研活動數字化、智能化，從而深度挖掘軍事科研工作者創新潛能，解放軍事科研生產力。

李聰穎：對於構建數據密集型的軍事科研創新范式，還應注重把握兩個方面問題：厚積數據基礎，加強軍事科研相關各類數據資源的多源采集、分類融合、校核驗證，將廣域分布、權屬不同的數據融合成邏輯一體的數據資源池；強化算法創新，把握軍事科研范式演進規律及發展趨勢，針對性研發智能算法和模型，融入對戰爭本質的認知、對作戰規則的理解和對制勝機理的把握，高效支撐數據驅動的軍事科研應用。

軍事大數據創新發展需要各方協作

記者：大數據技術具有很強的通用性。那麼，如何有效利用一切科技力量，破解軍事大數據研發與應用難題？

耿國桐：對於軍事大數據建設發展而言，需要加強交流、協作和融合，注重各方協作，強化高質量大數據技術供給。具體而言，需要重點把握三個方面：

一是加強頂層推進。世界各軍事強國已將數據從技術層面上升為“軍事領域高附加值的戰略資產”“高利潤產品”來認識，通過借鑑商業做法推動軍地數據的規模化使用，獲取全方位軍事優勢。鑑於此，可加強頂層指導，明晰數據融合共享、按需安全使用、利益補償等配套條件，實現國家大數據基礎設施、技術產品和高端人才等的高效使用。

二是創新應用機制。針對大數據技術產品更新換代周期短、迭代速度快、集成部署靈活等特點，世界一些軍事強國注重充分利用商業大數據技術框架，構建快於競爭對手數據應用的敏捷信息體系架構。為此，可構建軍事大數據技術與產品的快速采購通道，探索運用直接采購、先試後買、購買服務、聯合研發等模式，推動大數據技術研發成果的快速應用和高效轉化。

三是強化力量協同。針對大數據技術通用性強的特點，可探索成立新型研發機構，聚焦軍事應用場景開展大數據基礎性、前瞻性技術攻關、產品研發和產業孵化，搶佔大數據研發與應用的創新高地。

白曉穎：人才是數據建設的第一資源，打造一支既精通數據知識，又熟悉國防和軍隊業務的專業人才隊伍，是軍事大數據建設發展的關鍵。

近年來，世界一些軍事強國采取引進民用人才、培養現有人員、加強資格認證等方式，重點培養軍事數據理論研究與技術研發人才。美國防采辦大學與斯坦福大學、約翰斯霍普金斯大學、谷歌等合作，聯合培養“數業俱精”的軍事大數據人才。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_20887827/180089287287.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Chinese #Quantum #technology, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Information Support Force

Analyzing the Forms of Chinese Military Intelligent Combat

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分析中國軍事情報作戰的形式

現代英語：

Operational form refers to the manifestation and state of combat under certain conditions, and is usually adapted to a certain form of warfare and combat method. With the development and widespread use of intelligent weapon systems, future intelligent warfare will inevitably present a completely different form from mechanized and informationized warfare.

　　Cloud-based combat system

　　The combat system is the fundamental basis for the aggregation and release of combat energy. An informationized combat system is based on a network information system, while an intelligent combat system is supported by a combat cloud. The combat cloud can organically reorganize dispersed combat resources into a flexible and dynamic combat resource pool. It features virtualization, connectivity, distribution, easy scalability, and on-demand services, enabling each combat unit to acquire resources on demand. It is a crucial support for achieving cross-domain collaboration and represents a new organizational form for intelligent combat systems.

　　The cloud-supported combat system utilizes cloud technology to connect information, physical systems, and the ubiquitous Internet of Things. By configuring combat resource clouds at different levels and scales, it highly shares multi-dimensional combat data across land, sea, air, and space, achieving battlefield resource integration across combat domains such as land, sea, air, space, electronic, and cyber domains. This allows various combat elements to converge into the cloud, completing the network interaction of battlefield data.

　　The cloud-connected combat system enables joint operations to integrate battlefield intelligence information widely distributed across various domains—space, air, ground, sea, and underwater—with the support of big data and cloud computing technologies. This allows for seamless, real-time, and on-demand distribution of information across these domains, achieving cross-domain information fusion and efficient sharing. It also enables command structures at all levels to leverage intelligent command and control systems for multi-dimensional intelligence analysis, battlefield situation assessment, operational optimization, decision-making, operational planning, and troop movement control. Furthermore, it allows combat forces to rapidly and flexibly adjust, optimize configurations, and recombine online based on real-time operational needs, forming adaptive task forces and implementing distributed, focused operations, supported by highly integrated cross-domain information technology. At the same time, through the cross-domain fusion capability of battlefield information in the combat cloud, it is also possible to form an integrated combat force with intelligent combat forces, traditional combat forces, manned combat forces and unmanned combat forces, and intangible space combat forces and tangible space combat forces. In the cloud, different combat units and combat elements in land, sea, air, space, electronic, and cyberspace can be highly integrated, coordinated, and have their strengths maximized. This enables cross-domain and cross-generational collaborative operations, transforming the overall combat effectiveness from the past gradual release and linear superposition of combat effects to non-linear, emergent, adaptive effects fusion and precise energy release.

　　Decentralized and concentrated battlefield deployment

　　Concentrating superior forces is an age-old principle of warfare. With the continuous improvement of network information systems and the widespread use of intelligent weapon systems, various combat forces, combat units, and combat elements can dynamically integrate into and rely on joint operations systems, disperse forces, quickly switch tasks, and dynamically aggregate effectiveness to cope with complex and ever-changing battlefield situations. This has become a force organization form that distinguishes intelligent warfare from information warfare.

　　The battlefield deployment of dispersed and concentrated forces refers to the joint operations system supported by cloud computing, in which various participating forces rely on the high degree of information sharing and rapid flow. Through node-based deployment, networked mobility, and virtual centralization, it can combine various combat elements, weapon platforms, and combat support systems that are dispersed in a multi-dimensional and vast battlefield space in real time, dynamically and flexibly, so as to achieve the distributed deployment of combat forces, the on-demand reorganization of combat modules, and the cross-domain integration of combat effectiveness.

　　The dispersed and concentrated battlefield deployment enables commanders at all levels to deeply perceive and accurately predict the battlefield situation through big data analysis, battlefield situation collection, and multi-source intelligence verification by intelligent command information systems. This allows for rapid and efficient situation assessment and early warning. Furthermore, the wide-area deployment and flexible configuration of various combat forces and units enable timely responses based on predetermined operational plans or ad-hoc collaborative needs. This allows for flexible and autonomous cross-domain coordination, rapid convergence and dispersal, and dynamic concentration of combat effectiveness. At critical times and in critical spaces, focusing on key nodes of the enemy’s operational system and high-value targets crucial to the overall strategic situation, it rapidly forms a system-wide operational advantage. Through a highly resilient and networked kill chain, it precisely releases combat effectiveness, generating an overall advantage spillover effect, thus forming an overwhelming advantage of multiple domains over one domain and the overall situation over the local situation. Especially during the release of combat effectiveness, each combat group, driven by “intelligence + data”, and based on pre-planned combat plans, can autonomously replan combat missions online around combat objectives, and automatically allocate targets online according to the actual combat functions and strengths of each combat unit within the group. This allows each unit to make the most of its strengths and advantages, and flexibly mobilize the free aggregation and dispersal of “materials + energy” in combat operations. Ultimately, this enables rapid matching and integration in terms of targets, situation, missions, capabilities, and timing, thereby forming a focused energy flow that releases systemic energy against the enemy.

　　Human-machine integrated command and control

　　The history of operational command development shows that decision-making and control methods in operational command activities always adapt to the development of the times. With the maturity of artificial intelligence technology and the continuous development of the self-generation, self-organization, and self-evolution of military intelligent systems, various weapon systems will evolve from information-based “low intelligence” to brain-like “high intelligence.” The combat style will evolve from information-based system combat to human-machine collaborative combat supported by the system. The autonomy of the war actors will become stronger, and the intelligence level of command and control systems will become higher. Fully leveraging the comparative advantages of “human and machine” and implementing decision-making and control through the “human-machine integration” model is a brand-new command form for future intelligent warfare.

　　Human-machine integrated command and control, supported by a reasonable division of functions between humans and machines and efficient decision-making through human-machine interaction, fully leverages the complementary advantages of human brain and machine intelligence to achieve the integration of command art and technology. In the process of intelligent combat decision-making and action, it enables rapid, accurate, scientific, and efficient activities such as situation analysis and judgment, combat concept design, combat decision determination, combat plan formulation, and order issuance. It also adopts a “human-in-the-loop” monitoring mode that combines autonomous action by intelligent combat platforms with timely correction by operators to organize and implement combat operations.

　　Human-machine integrated command and control, during planning and decision-making, can construct a combat cloud under the commander’s guidance through ubiquitous battlefield networks, intelligent auxiliary decision-making systems, and distributed intelligent combat platforms. Based on a model- and algorithm-driven intelligent “cloud brain,” it performs intelligent auxiliary decision-making, command and control, and evaluation simulations, combining “human strategy” with “machine strategy.” This leverages the respective strengths of both human and machine, achieving a deep integration of command strategy and intelligent support technologies, significantly improving the speed and accuracy of command decisions. During operational control, staff personnel can, based on operational intentions and missions, utilize intelligent battlefield perception systems, mission planning systems, and command and control systems, following a “synchronous perception—” approach. The basic principle of “rapid response and flexible handling” is based on a unified spatiotemporal benchmark and relies on a multi-dimensional networked reconnaissance and surveillance system to perceive changes in the battlefield situation in real time. It comprehensively uses auxiliary analysis tools to compare and analyze the differences between the current situation and the expected objectives and their impact, and makes timely adjustments to actions and adjusts troop movements on the spot to maintain combat advantage at all times. During the execution of operations, the command and control of intelligent combat platforms by operators of various weapon systems at all levels will be timely and precise to intervene according to the development and changes in the battlefield situation. While giving full play to the high speed, high precision and high autonomous combat capabilities of intelligent combat platforms, it ensures that they always operate under human control and always follow the overall combat intent.

　　Autonomous and coordinated combat operations

　　Implementing autonomous operations is crucial for commanders at all levels to seize opportunities, adapt to changing circumstances, and act rapidly on the ever-changing battlefield, gaining an advantage and preventing the enemy from making a move. This is a vital operational principle and requirement. Previously, due to constraints such as intelligence gathering, command and control methods, and battlefield coordination capabilities, truly autonomous and coordinated operations were difficult to achieve. However, with the continuous development and widespread application of information technology, collaborative control technology, and especially artificial intelligence in the military field, autonomous and coordinated operations will become the most prevalent form of collaboration in future intelligent warfare.

　　Autonomous and coordinated combat operations refer to the rapid acquisition, processing, and sharing of battlefield situation information by various combat forces in a cloud environment supported by multi-dimensional coverage, seamless network links, on-demand extraction of information resources, and flexible and rapid organizational support. This is achieved by utilizing “edge response” intelligence processing systems and big data-based battlefield situation intelligent analysis systems. With little or no reliance on the control of higher command organizations, these forces can accurately and comprehensively grasp intelligence information related to their operations and actively and proactively organize combat and coordinated actions based on changes in the enemy situation and unified operational intentions.

　　Autonomous and coordinated combat operations, while enhancing the autonomy of organizational operations at the local level, are further characterized by various intelligent weapon systems possessing the ability to understand combat intentions and highly adaptive and coordinated. They can automatically complete the “OODA” cycle with minimal or no human intervention, forming a complete closed-loop “adaptive” circuit. This enables them to efficiently execute complex and challenging combat missions. In rapidly changing battlefield environments, they can accurately and continuously conduct autonomous reconnaissance and detection of enemy situations, autonomously process battlefield situational information, autonomously identify friend or foe, autonomously track targets, and autonomously and flexibly select mission payloads, and autonomously launch attacks within the permissions granted by operators. Furthermore, during combat, intelligent weapon systems located in different spaces can, as the battlefield situation evolves and combat needs arise, form a combat power generation chain of “situational sharing—synchronous collaboration—optimal energy release” around a unified combat objective. Following the principle of “whoever is suitable, whoever leads; whoever has the advantage, whoever strikes,” they autonomously coordinate, precisely releasing dispersed firepower, information power, mobility, and protective power to the most appropriate targets at the most appropriate time and in the most appropriate manner, autonomously organizing combat operations. In addition, highly intelligent weapon systems can not only adapt to high-risk and complex combat environments and overcome human limitations in physiology and psychology, but also enter the extreme space of all domains and multiple dimensions to carry out missions. Moreover, they can conduct continuous combat with perception accuracy, computing speed and endurance far exceeding that of humans, autonomously carry out simultaneous cluster attacks and multi-wave continuous attacks, form a continuous high-intensity suppression posture against the enemy, and quickly achieve combat objectives.

[ Editor: Ding Yubing ]

現代國語：

作戰形式是指在特定條件下作戰的展現方式和狀態，通常與某種戰爭形式和作戰方法相適應。隨著智慧武器系統的發展和廣泛應用，未來的智慧戰爭必將呈現出與機械化戰爭和資訊化戰爭截然不同的形式。

雲端作戰系統

作戰系統是作戰能量聚合與釋放的根本基礎。資訊化作戰系統基於網路資訊系統，而智慧作戰系統則由作戰雲支撐。作戰雲能夠將分散的作戰資源自然地重組為靈活動態的作戰資源池。它具有虛擬化、互聯互通、分散式、易於擴展和按需服務等特點，使每個作戰單位都能按需獲取資源。它是實現跨域協同作戰的關鍵支撐，代表了智慧作戰系統的一種新型組織形式。

雲端作戰系統利用雲端技術連接資訊、實體系統和無所不在的物聯網。透過配置不同層級、規模的作戰資源雲，該系統能夠跨陸、海、空、天等多個作戰領域實現多維作戰資料的高效共享，從而實現陸、海、空、天、電子、網路等作戰領域的戰場資源整合。這使得各種作戰要素能夠匯聚到雲端，完成戰場資料的網路互動。

雲端連接作戰系統借助大數據和雲端運算技術，使聯合作戰能夠整合廣泛分佈於天、空、地、海、水下等多個領域的戰場情報資訊。這實現了跨領域資訊的無縫、即時和按需分發，從而實現跨域資訊融合和高效共享。此外，該系統還使各級指揮機構能夠利用智慧指揮控制系統進行多維情報分析、戰場態勢評估、作戰優化、決策、作戰計畫制定和部隊調動控制。此外，它還允許作戰部隊根據即時作戰需求，在線上快速且靈活地調整、優化配置和重組，形成適應性特遣部隊，並實施分散式、聚焦式作戰，這一切都得益於高度整合的跨域資訊技術的支援。同時，透過作戰雲中戰場資訊的跨域融合能力，還可以將智慧作戰部隊、傳統作戰部隊、有人作戰部隊和無人作戰部隊、無形空間作戰部隊和有形空間作戰部隊整合為一體化作戰力量。在雲端，陸、海、空、天、電子、網路空間等不同作戰單位和作戰要素可以高度整合、協調，並最大限度地發揮各自的優勢。這使得跨域、跨世代協同作戰成為可能，將整體作戰效能從以往作戰效果的逐步釋放和線性疊加轉變為非線性、湧現式、適應性的效果融合和精準的能量釋放。

分散與集中的戰場部署

集中優勢兵力是古老的戰爭原則。隨著網路資訊系統的不斷完善和智慧武器系統的廣泛應用，各類作戰力量、作戰單位和作戰要素能夠動態地融入聯合作戰系統並依託其運作，實現兵力分散、任務快速切換、動態聚合作戰效能，從而應對複雜多變的戰場形勢。這已成為區分智慧戰和資訊戰的兵力組織形式。

戰場分散與集中兵力部署是指基於雲端運算的聯合作戰系統，其中各參戰力量依托高度的資訊共享和快速流動，透過節點式部署、網路化移動和虛擬集中等方式，能夠即時、動態、靈活地整合分散在多維廣大戰場空間中的各類部署、作戰作戰、武器平台和作戰系統，從而實現分散在多維廣大戰場空間中的各類部署、作戰作戰、武器平台和作戰系統，從而實現作戰力量的分佈以及跨域作戰空間中的各類部署、作戰級作戰、武器效能的以及跨域作戰元素，從而實現作戰力量的跨域作戰、作戰效能的跨域作戰元素。

分散與集中的戰場部署使得各級指揮官能夠透過智慧指揮資訊系統進行大數據分析、戰場態勢擷取與多源情報驗證，從而深入感知並準確預測戰場態勢。這使得快速和高效率的態勢評估與預警。此外，各類作戰部隊和單位的大範圍部署和靈活配置，使其能夠根據預定的作戰計畫或臨時協同需求做出及時反應。這實現了靈活自主的跨域協同、快速的匯聚與分散，以及動態集中作戰效能。在關鍵時刻和關鍵區域，透過聚焦敵方作戰系統的關鍵節點和對整體戰略態勢至關重要的高價值目標，迅速形成系統級的作戰優勢。透過高韌性、網路化的殺傷鏈，精準釋放作戰效能，產生整體優勢的溢出效應，從而形成多域對單域的壓倒性優勢，以及整體態勢對局部態勢的壓倒性優勢。尤其是在釋放作戰效能的過程中，各作戰群在「情報+數據」的驅動下，基於預先制定的作戰計劃，能夠圍繞作戰目標自主地在線重新規劃作戰任務，並根據群內各作戰單位的實際作戰功能和實力，自動在線分配目標。這使得每個單位都能充分發揮自身優勢，靈活調動作戰行動中「物質+能量」的自由聚合與分散。最終，這能夠實現目標、態勢、任務、能力和時間等方面的快速匹配與整合，從而形成集中的能量流，釋放系統性能量對抗敵人。

人機一體化指揮控制

作戰指揮發展史表明，作戰指揮活動中的決策和控制方法始終與時俱進。隨著人工智慧技術的成熟以及軍事智慧系統自生成、自組織、自演化的不斷發展，各種武器系統將從基於資訊的「低智慧」向類腦的「高智慧」演進。作戰方式也將從資訊為基礎的系統作戰向系統支援的人機協同作戰演進。作戰主體的自主性將增強，指揮控制系統的智慧水準也將提高。充分發揮「人機」的比較優勢，透過「人機融合」模式進行決策與控制，是未來智慧戰爭的全新指揮形式。

人機融合指揮控制，以人機功能合理劃分與人機互動高效決策為基礎，充分發揮人腦與機器智慧的互補優勢，實現指揮藝術與科技的融合。在智慧作戰決策和行動過程中，能夠快速、準確、科學、有效率地進行態勢分析判斷、作戰概念設計、作戰決策確定、作戰計畫制定和命令下達等活動。同時，它採用「人機協同」監控模式，將智慧作戰平台的自主行動與操作人員的及時糾正相結合，組織和實施作戰行動。

人機融合指揮控制在計畫和決策階段，能夠透過無所不在的戰場網路、智慧輔助決策系統和分散式智慧作戰平台，在指揮官的指導下建構作戰雲。基於模型和演算法驅動的智慧“雲大腦”，該系統能夠進行智慧輔助決策、指揮控制和評估模擬，將“人機戰略”相結合，充分發揮人機各自的優勢，實現指揮戰略與智能支援技術的深度融合，顯著提升指揮決策的速度和準確性。在作戰控制過程中，參謀人員可以根據作戰意圖和任務，運用智慧戰場感知系統、任務規劃系統和指揮控制系統，遵循「同步感知」的原則。該系統以統一的時空基準為基礎，依托多維網路偵察監視系統，即時感知戰場態勢變化，並綜合運用輔助分析工具，對比分析當前態勢與預期目標之間的差異及其影響，及時調整行動，並根據實際情況調整部隊調動，始終保持作戰優勢。在作戰執行過程中，指揮人員能夠根據作戰意圖和任務，即時運用智慧輔助決策、指揮控制和評估模擬等手段，對戰場態勢變化進行即時感知和評估模擬。各級不同武器系統操作人員對智慧作戰平台的控制，將能夠根據戰場情勢的發展變化及時、精準地進行幹預。在充分發揮智慧作戰平台高速、高精度、高自主作戰能力的同時，確保其始終在人為控制下運行，並始終遵循整體作戰意圖。

自主協同作戰

對於各級指揮官而言，實施自主作戰至關重要，它能夠幫助他們抓住機會、適應不斷變化的環境、在瞬息萬變的戰場上迅速行動，取得優勢並阻止敵方行動。這是一項至關重要的作戰原則和要求。過去，由於情報收集、指揮控制方式以及戰場協同能力等方面的限制，真正實現自主協同作戰較為困難。然而，隨著資訊科技、協同控制技術，特別是人工智慧在軍事領域的不斷發展和廣泛應用，自主協同作戰將成為未來智慧戰爭中最普遍的協同作戰形式。

自主協同作戰是指在多維覆蓋、無縫網路鏈路、按需提取資訊資源以及靈活快速的組織支援等雲環境下，各作戰部隊快速獲取、處理和共享戰場態勢資訊。這主要透過利用「邊緣響應」情報處理系統和基於大數據技術的戰場態勢智慧分析系統來實現。這些部隊在幾乎無需依賴上級指揮機構的控制的情況下，能夠準確、全面地掌握與其作戰相關的情報信息，並根據敵情變化和統一作戰意圖，主動組織作戰和協同行動。

自主協同作戰在增強局部組織作戰自主性的同時，也具有多種智慧武器系統能夠理解作戰意圖並高度適應和協調的特徵。這些系統能夠在極少或無需人為幹預的情況下自動完成“OODA循環”，形成完整的閉環“自適應”迴路。這使得它們能夠有效率地執行複雜且具挑戰性的作戰任務。在瞬息萬變的戰場環境中，智慧武器系統能夠準確、持續地自主偵察敵情，自主處理戰場態勢訊息，自主辨識敵我，自主追蹤目標，自主靈活地選擇任務負荷，並在操作人員授權範圍內自主發動攻擊。此外，在戰鬥中，分佈於不同空間的智慧武器系統能夠隨著戰場態勢的演變和作戰需求的出現，圍繞著統一的作戰目標，形成「態勢共享—同步協同—最優能量釋放」的作戰能力生成鏈。遵循「適者先攻，優勢者出擊」的原則，它們自主協調，在最恰當的時間以最恰當的方式，將分散的火力、資訊能力、機動性和防護能力精準地釋放到最恰當的目標，自主組織作戰行動。此外，高度智慧化的武器系統不僅能夠適應高風險、複雜的作戰環境，克服人類生理和心理的限制，還能進入多域、多維度的極端空間執行任務。此外，它們能夠以遠超人類的感知精度、運算速度和續航能力進行持續作戰，自主執行同步集群攻擊和多波次連續攻擊，形成對敵持續高強度壓制態勢，並迅速達成作戰目標。

[ 編：丁玉冰 ]

中國原創軍事資源：https://mil.gmw.cn/2022-02/284/content_38585848178687.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare

China’s Forward-looking Intelligent Combat System Provides Chinese Military a “Smart” Advantage

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中國前瞻性的智慧作戰系統為中國軍隊提供了「智慧」優勢

現代英語：

The evolution of warfare and combat styles is inextricably linked to profound changes in combat systems. The “intelligence” of intelligent combat systems lies not merely in the accumulation of technologies, but more importantly in the reconstruction of the paths for generating and releasing combat power, enabling leaps in combat effectiveness and serving as a key fulcrum for achieving victory in future wars. A deep understanding and forward-looking construction of the “intelligent” advantages of intelligent combat systems has become an essential requirement for winning intelligent warfare.

Survival advantages of elastic redundancy

The survival of operational elements is fundamental to victory in combat. Intelligent combat systems, through distributed and flexible deployment, modular functional reconfiguration, and autonomous damage recovery, have formed a resilient survival mode to cope with high-intensity confrontation and uncertainty.

Heterogeneous and distributed global deployment. Heterogeneity reflects the degree of aggregation of different capabilities on the same platform, while distribution reflects the degree of distribution of the same capability on different platforms. Intelligent combat systems enhance the diversity of platform capabilities through heterogeneity. For example, new combat aircraft can serve as multi-functional integrated platforms with sensing, command and control, relay, and strike capabilities. By distributing combat functions to different platforms, large-scale, low-cost global deployment can be achieved. For instance, the same combat function can be assigned to multiple platforms and systems such as UAVs and loitering munitions. With the heterogeneous dispersion and matrix cross-linking of intelligent nodes, continuous pressure can be formed everywhere and in all directions in physical space, while rapid aggregation in key directions can be achieved. This unifies global elasticity and dynamic real-time optimization, maximizing functional distribution and effectiveness release to cope with the uncertainties of intelligent combat.

Functional restructuring through modular combination. The intelligent combat system, employing a flexible paradigm of software-defined, task-oriented invocation, and modular reconfiguration, deconstructs functions fixed to specific equipment into standardized, interoperable hardware and software modules. During combat, based on rapidly changing battlefield demands, these modules can be quickly and flexibly loaded and combined online through a unified interface and open architecture, achieving non-linear functional combinations and flexible capability reshaping. This plug-and-play, on-demand generation model unlocks unlimited functional potential within a limited physical scale, realizing a shift from “using whatever weapons are available to fight” to “generating the appropriate capabilities for the specific battle,” fundamentally enhancing the adaptability and mission flexibility of the combat system.

Self-healing resilience. The advantage of an intelligent combat system lies not in its absolute invulnerability, but in its self-healing resilience—the ability to detect damage and reconstruct immediately upon interruption. When some nodes fail due to combat damage or interference, the system autonomously and rapidly diagnoses the damage based on preset functions and path redundancy rules. It then mobilizes nearby healthy nodes to take over the mission or activates backup communication paths to rebuild connections, propelling the system to quickly transition to a new stable state. This inherent elastic redundancy allows the system to maintain core functions and reconstruct the combat network even after enduring continuous attacks, minimizing the impact of combat damage on overall combat effectiveness.

The cognitive advantage of agile penetration

Cognitive advantage is key to gaining the initiative in battlefield information and achieving decisive victory. Its essence lies in breaking through the barriers of “information fog” and the constraints of “decision anxiety” through the deep integration of intelligent algorithms and advanced sensors, and realizing a leap from passive perception to proactive cognition.

Resilient communication capable of adapting to changing circumstances. Resilient communication refers to the ability of communication systems to detect interference in real time and dynamically reconfigure links in highly contested and complex electromagnetic environments to maintain the continuity and stability of command and control. Intelligent combat systems, relying on technologies such as cognitive radio, achieve on-demand allocation of communication resources, intelligent optimization of transmission paths, and autonomous reconfiguration of network topology, enabling them to “penetrate gaps” in complex electromagnetic environments and flexibly acquire communication “windows.” This resilience—able to maintain communication even amidst interference and resume operations even after interruptions—ensures the continuity of command and control relationships in extremely harsh electromagnetic environments, providing a reliable communication line for system cognitive activities.

The organic integration of multi-modal information. Multi-modal integration refers to the process of extracting consistency from diverse and heterogeneous information to form a high-value battlefield situation. The intelligent combat system, based on intelligent algorithms, performs cross-modal alignment of data from different sources such as radar, optoelectronics, reconnaissance, and cyber warfare. It automatically extracts enemy deployment, action patterns, and tactical intentions from massive and fragmented intelligence, achieving heterogeneous complementarity and cross-verification. This drives a qualitative leap from data redundancy to accurate intelligence, thereby providing commanders with a comprehensive and reliable battlefield cognitive map, clearing away the “fog of war,” and reaching the core of the situation.

Human-machine interaction achieves seamless intent. Intent-based intent aims to bridge the semantic gap between human commanders and intelligent combat systems, enabling precise and lossless conversion from natural language commands to machine-executable tasks. Intelligent combat systems utilize technologies such as natural language processing and knowledge graphs to construct an intelligent interaction engine with natural language understanding and logical reasoning capabilities. This engine automatically decomposes the commander’s general operational intent into task lists, constraints, and evaluation criteria, generating machine-understandable and executable tactical instructions and action sequences, which are then precisely distributed to the corresponding combat units, directly driving their execution. This “what is thought is what is directed, what is directed is what is attacked” command model significantly reduces the understanding and communication cycle in the traditional command chain, enabling deep integration of human and machine intelligence at the decision-making level and achieving a leap in command effectiveness.

Synergistic advantages of autonomous adaptation

Synergistic advantages are a multiplier for unleashing the effectiveness of system-of-systems warfare. The synergy of intelligent combat systems transcends programmed pre-setup, manifesting as the self-organizing and adaptive synchronization and cooperation of cross-domain combat units under unified rules and common missions. Its essence is the embodiment of system intelligence at the operational level.

Spatiotemporal coordination constrained by rules. Spatiotemporal coordination refers to setting action boundaries and interaction rules for widely dispersed combat units within a unified spatiotemporal reference framework, ensuring their orderly cooperation in the physical domain. Under a unified operational rule framework, each unit of the intelligent combat system autonomously calculates its relative position and predicts its trajectory through intelligent algorithms, achieving time-domain calibration, spatial-domain integration, and frequency-domain nesting of different platforms. This ensures conflict-free path planning, interference-free spectrum use, and accident-free firepower application. This collaborative mechanism, which combines order and flexibility, avoids mutual interference while maintaining tactical flexibility, providing a spatiotemporal reference for combat operations in complex battlefield environments.

Task-driven logical coordination. Logical coordination refers to using combat missions as the underlying logic, autonomously decomposing tasks, allocating resources, and planning actions to achieve intelligent organization and scheduling. The intelligent combat system, based on task analysis, capability matching, and planning generation algorithms, automatically decomposes combat objectives into specific action sequences and intelligently schedules corresponding combat units to “dispatch orders.” Each intelligent node, based on its understanding of the overall mission, real-time situational awareness, and its own capabilities, autonomously decides on action plans through a multi-agent negotiation mechanism and dynamically negotiates and cooperates with relevant units to “accept orders.” This task-oriented command greatly liberates higher-level commanders, enabling the system to possess agility and flexibility in responding to emergencies and significantly improving its mission adaptability.

Target-aligned awareness collaboration. Awareness collaboration refers to the autonomous decision-making and actions of combat units based on a shared understanding of the target and environment, resulting in synergistic effects. Intelligent combat systems consist of systems or nodes with predictive and reasoning capabilities. Driven by operational objectives, they can anticipate the actions of friendly forces and the course of the battlefield, and through local perception and independent decision-making, conduct self-organized and self-inspired collaborative support. This efficiency-driven, unspoken consensus transcends communication constraints and pre-set procedures, enabling the system to demonstrate exceptional adaptability and creativity when facing powerful adversaries.

The evolutionary advantages of learning iteration

Evolutionary advantage is key to a combat system’s sustained competitiveness and ability to seize the initiative on the battlefield. Intelligent combat systems rely on real-time adversarial data to drive overall optimization, accelerate capability diffusion through cross-domain experience transfer, and foster disruptive tactics through virtual gaming environments, thereby achieving autonomous evolution and generational leaps in combat effectiveness during the adversarial process.

The evolution of a system built upon accumulated experience. Intelligent combat systems will gather perception, decision-making, and action data acquired from complex adversarial environments in real time to a knowledge hub. Leveraging advanced algorithms such as reinforcement learning, they will conduct in-depth analysis and mining, performing closed-loop evaluation and dynamic adjustment of system-level operational logic such as command processes, coordination rules, and resource allocation strategies. This will form reusable and verifiable structured knowledge units, enhancing the combat system’s understanding of its environment and its autonomous adaptability. This will enable the entire system to form a shared “collective memory,” achieving adaptive radiation from single-point intelligence to overall operational effectiveness, and ultimately achieving individual evolution that becomes “more refined with each battle.”

Cross-domain empowerment of knowledge transfer. The intelligent combat system, relying on a unified semantic space and feature alignment framework, can rapidly embed localized experiences extracted and summarized from a specific battlefield or domain into other combat domains or mission scenarios. This breaks down information barriers between combat units, enabling the lossless transformation and cross-domain application of combat experience. Essentially, it promotes the secure flow and synergistic effect of knowledge within the system, completing the sublimation and reconstruction from “concrete experience” to “abstract knowledge,” achieving “gains from one battle benefiting all domains,” and accelerating the synchronous evolution of combat capabilities across various domains. This not only significantly improves the overall learning efficiency of the combat system and avoids repeated trial and error, but also achieves the intensive enhancement and systematic inheritance of combat capabilities.

The disruptive potential of game theory and confrontation is emerging. Systemic intelligent game theory aims to break through the boundaries of human cognition, fostering disruptive combat capabilities that transcend traditional experience. Its essence lies in the proactive creation and self-transcendence of knowledge at the system level. By constructing a high-intensity, long-term, realistic “red-blue” adversarial environment in a digital twin battlefield, and utilizing generative adversarial networks and multi-agent reinforcement learning frameworks, intelligent combat systems can explore the unknown boundaries of the strategy space in continuous game development. Based on game theory and complex systems theory, the system can spontaneously form better strategies during adversarial evolution, leading to combat modes and organizational forms that transcend conventional cognition. This makes the intelligent combat system a “super think tank” capable of continuously producing disruptive tactics.

現代國語：

戰爭和作戰方式的演變與作戰系統的深刻變革密不可分。智慧作戰系統的「智慧」不僅在於技術的積累，更重要的是重構作戰能力生成與釋放路徑，從而實現作戰效能的飛躍，並成為未來戰爭取勝的關鍵支點。深入理解並前瞻性地建構智慧作戰系統的「智慧」優勢，已成為贏得智慧戰爭的必要條件。

彈性冗餘的生存優勢

作戰要素的生存是戰爭勝利的根本。智慧作戰系統透過分散式靈活部署、模組化功能重建和自主損傷恢復，形成了應對高強度對抗和不確定性的韌性生存模式。

異質分散式全球部署。異質性反映了不同能力在同一平台上的聚合程度，而分散式則反映了相同能力在不同平台上的分佈程度。智慧作戰系統透過異質性增強了平台能力的多樣性。例如，新型作戰飛機可以作為集感知、指揮控制、中繼和打擊能力於一體的多功能整合平台。透過將作戰功能分配到不同的平台，可以實現大規模、低成本的全球部署。例如，同一作戰功能可以分配給多個平台和系統，例如無人機和巡彈。借助智慧節點的異質分散和矩陣式交叉連接，可以在物理空間的各個方向形成持續的壓力，同時實現關鍵方向的快速聚合。這統一了全局彈性和動態即時最佳化，最大限度地提高功能分配和效能釋放，以應對智慧作戰的不確定性。

透過模組化組合進行功能重構。智慧作戰系統採用軟體定義、任務導向和模組化重構的靈活範式，將固定於特定設備的功能解構為標準化、可互通的硬體和軟體模組。在戰鬥中，基於瞬息萬變的戰場需求，這些模組可透過統一的介面和開放式架構，在線上快速靈活地載入和組合，實現非線性功能組合和靈活的能力重塑。這種即插即用、按需生成的模式，在有限的物理規模內釋放了無限的功能潛力，實現了從「使用任何可用武器作戰」到「為特定戰鬥生成合適的能力」的轉變，從根本上增強了作戰系統的適應性和任務靈活性。

自癒韌性。智慧作戰系統的優勢不在於其絕對的無懈可擊，而在於其自癒韌性——即在中斷發生後能夠立即檢測損傷並進行重建。當某些節點因戰鬥損傷或乾擾而失效時，系統會基於預設功能和路徑冗餘規則，自主快速地診斷損傷。然後，它會調動附近的健康節點接管任務，或啟動備用通訊路徑重建連接，從而使系統迅速過渡到新的穩定狀態。這種固有的彈性冗餘使系統即使在遭受持續攻擊後也能維持核心功能並重建作戰網絡，從而最大限度地降低戰鬥損傷對整體作戰效能的影響。

敏捷滲透的認知優勢

認知優勢是掌握戰場資訊主動權並取得決定性勝利的關鍵。其本質在於透過智慧演算法和先進感測器的深度融合，突破「資訊迷霧」的障礙和「決策焦慮」的束縛，實現從被動感知到主動認知的飛躍。

適應環境變化的彈性通訊。彈性通訊是指通訊系統在高度對抗且複雜的電磁環境中即時偵測幹擾並動態重配置鏈路，以維持指揮控制的連續性和穩定性的能力。智慧作戰系統依托認知無線電等技術，實現通訊資源的按需分配、傳輸路徑的智慧優化以及網路拓撲的自主重配置，使其能夠在複雜的電磁環境中「穿透縫隙”，靈活獲取通訊「視窗」。這種韌性－即使在…之中也能保持溝通即使中斷後也能進行幹擾並恢復操作－確保在極度惡劣的電磁環境下指揮控制關係的連續性，為系統認知活動提供可靠的通訊線路。

多模態訊息的有機融合。多模態融合是指從多樣化且異構的資訊中提取一致性，形成高價值的戰場態勢的過程。基於智慧演算法的智慧作戰系統，對雷達、光電、偵察和網路戰等不同來源的資料進行跨模態對齊。它能夠從海量且碎片化的情報中自動提取敵方部署、行動模式和戰術意圖，實現異質互補和交叉驗證。這實現了從數據冗餘到精準情報的質的飛躍，從而為指揮官提供全面可靠的戰場認知地圖，撥開“戰爭迷霧”，直擊戰局核心。

人機互動實現無縫意圖傳遞。基於意圖的意圖旨在彌合人類指揮官與智慧作戰系統之間的語義鴻溝，實現自然語言指令到機器可執行任務的精確無損轉換。智慧作戰系統利用自然語言處理和知識圖譜等技術建構具備自然語言理解和邏輯推理能力的智慧互動引擎。該引擎自動將指揮官的整體作戰意圖分解為任務清單、約束條件和評估標準，產生機器可理解和執行的戰術指令和行動序列，並將其精確地分發給相應的作戰單元，直接驅動其執行。這種「所想即所發，所發即所攻」的指揮模式顯著縮短了傳統指揮鏈中的理解和溝通週期，實現了決策層面的人機智能深度融合，從而大幅提升了指揮效能。

自主調適的協同優勢

協同優勢是釋放系統間作戰效能的倍增器。智慧作戰系統的協同作用超越了預設的程序，表現為跨域作戰單元在統一規則和共同任務下進行自組織、自適應的同步與協作。其本質是系統智能在作戰層面的體現。

規則約束下的時空協調。時空協調是指在統一的時空參考框架內，為分散部署的作戰單元設定行動邊界和交互規則，確保其在物理域內的有序協作。在統一的作戰規則框架下，智慧作戰系統的每個單元透過智慧演算法自主計算其相對位置並預測其軌跡，實現不同平台的時域校準、空域融合和頻域嵌套。這確保了無衝突的路徑規劃、無幹擾的頻譜使用和無事故的火力運用。這種兼具有序性和靈活性的協同機制，在保持戰術靈活性的同時避免了相互幹擾，為複雜戰場環境下的作戰行動提供了時空參考。

任務驅動的邏輯協調。邏輯協調是指以作戰任務為底層邏輯，自主分解任務、分配資源、規劃行動，進而達成智慧化的組織與調度。智慧作戰系統基於任務分析、能力匹配和計畫生成演算法，自動將作戰目標分解為具體的行動序列，並智慧調度相應的作戰單位進行「命令下達」。每個智慧節點基於對整體任務的理解、即時態勢感知以及自身能力，透過多智能體協商機制自主制定行動計劃，並與相關單位動態協商協作以「接受命令」。這種以任務為導向的指揮方式極大地解放了上級指揮官，使系統在應對突發事件時具備敏捷性和靈活性，顯著提升了任務適應性。

目標對齊感知協同。感知協同是指作戰單位基於對目標和環境的共同理解進行自主決策和行動，從而產生協同效應。智慧作戰系統由具備預測和推理能力的系統或節點組成。在營運目標的驅動下，它們可以智慧作戰系統能夠預判友軍行動和戰場局勢，透過局部感知和獨立決策，進行自組織、自發的協同支援。這種以效率為導向的、無聲的共識超越了溝通限制和預設程序，使系統在面對強大對手時展現出卓越的適應性和創造力。

學習迭代的演化優勢

演化優勢是作戰系統保持競爭力和在戰場上掌握主動權的關鍵。智慧作戰系統依靠即時對抗數據來驅動整體優化，透過跨域經驗轉移加速能力擴散，並透過虛擬博弈環境培養顛覆性戰術，從而在對抗過程中實現自主演化和作戰效能的世代飛躍。

基於經驗累積的系統演化。智慧作戰系統將從複雜的對抗環境中即時獲得的感知、決策和行動數據收集到知識中心。利用強化學習等先進演算法，該系統將進行深度分析和挖掘，對系統級運作邏輯（如指揮流程、協調規則和資源分配策略）進行閉環評估和動態調整，從而形成可重用、可驗證的結構化知識單元，增強作戰系統對環境的理解和自主適應能力。這將使整個系統形成共享的“集體記憶”，實現從單點智慧到整體作戰效能的自適應輻射，並最終實現“越戰越精進”的個體演進。

跨域知識遷移賦能。智慧作戰系統依托統一的語意空間和特徵對齊框架，能夠將從特定戰場或領域提取和總結的局部經驗快速嵌入到其他作戰領域或任務場景中，打破作戰單元之間的資訊壁壘，實現作戰經驗的無損轉換和跨域應用。本質上，它促進了系統內知識的安全流動和協同效應，完成了從「具體經驗」到「抽象知識」的昇華和重構，實現了「一戰多域」的效益，並加速了跨領域作戰能力的同步演進。這不僅顯著提高了作戰系統的整體學習效率，避免了重複試錯，而且實現了作戰能力的強化和系統繼承。

博弈論與對抗的顛覆性潛能正在顯現。系統智慧博弈論旨在突破人類認知的限制，培養超越傳統經驗的顛覆性作戰能力。其本質在於系統層面知識的主動創造與自我超越。透過在數位孿生戰場上建構高強度、長期、逼真的「紅藍」對抗環境，並利用生成對抗網路和多智能體強化學習框架，智慧作戰系統能夠在持續的博弈演進中探索戰略空間的未知邊界。基於博弈論和複雜系統理論，該系統能夠在對抗演化過程中自發性地形成更優策略，從而產生超越傳統認知的作戰模式和組織形式。這使得該智慧作戰系統成為一個能夠持續產生顛覆性戰術的「超級智庫」。

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/n18/2025/18216/c1011-480682584829.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Command information Systems, Information Support Force

Looking at Intelligent Warfare: Focusing on Counter-AI Operations in Chinese Military Operations During Intelligent Warfare

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檢視情報戰：聚焦中國軍事行動中的反空戰策略

現代英語：

Original Title: A Look at Intelligent Warfare: Focusing on Counter-AI Operations in Intelligent Warfare

　　  introduction

　　  The widespread application of science and technology in the military field has brought about profound changes in the form of warfare and combat methods. Military competition among major powers is increasingly manifested as technological subversion and counter-subversion, surprise attacks and counter-surprise attacks, and offsetting and counter-offsetting. To win future intelligent warfare, it is necessary not only to continuously promote the deep transformation and application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field, but also to strengthen dialectical thinking, adhere to asymmetric thinking, innovate and develop anti-AI warfare theories and tactics, and proactively plan research on anti-AI technologies and the development of weapons and equipment to achieve victory through “breaking AI” and strive to seize the initiative in future warfare.

　　  Fully recognize the inevitability of anti-artificial intelligence warfare

　　  In his essay “On Contradiction,” Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that “the law of contradiction in things, that is, the law of unity of opposites, is the most fundamental law of dialectical materialism.” Throughout the history of military technology development and its operational application, there has always been a dialectical relationship between offense and defense. The phenomenon of mutual competition and alternating suppression between the “spear” of technology and the “shield” of corresponding countermeasures is commonplace.

　　  In the era of cold weapons, people not only invented eighteen kinds of weapons such as knives, spears, swords, and halberds, but also corresponding helmets, armor, and shields. In the era of firearms, the use of gunpowder greatly increased attack range and lethality, but it also spurred tactical and technical innovations, exemplified by defensive fortifications such as trenches and bastions. In the mechanized era, tanks shone brightly in World War II, and the development of tank armor and anti-tank weapons continues to this day. In the information age, “electronic attack” and “electronic protection,” centered on information dominance, have sparked a new wave of interest, giving rise to electronic warfare units. Furthermore, numerous opposing concepts in the military field, such as “missiles” versus “anti-missile,” and “unmanned combat” versus “counter-unmanned combat,” abound.

　　  It should be recognized that “anti-AI warfare,” as the opposite concept of “intelligent warfare,” will inevitably emerge gradually with the widespread and in-depth application of intelligent technologies in the military field. Forward-looking research into the concepts, principles, and tactical implementation paths of anti-AI warfare is not only a necessity for a comprehensive and dialectical understanding of intelligent warfare, but also an inevitable step to seize the high ground in future military competition and implement asymmetric warfare.

　　  Scientific Analysis of Counter-AI Combat Methods and Paths

　　  Currently, artificial intelligence (AI) technology is undergoing a leapfrog development, moving from weak to strong and from specialized to general-purpose applications. From its underlying support perspective, data, algorithms, and computing power remain its three key elements. Data is the fundamental raw material for training and optimizing models, algorithms determine the strategies and mechanisms for data processing and problem-solving, and computing power provides the hardware support for complex calculations. Seeking ways to “break through” AI by addressing these three elements—data, algorithms, and computing power—is an important methodological approach for implementing counter-AI warfare.

　　  Counter-data warfare. Data is the raw material for artificial intelligence to learn and reason, and its quality and diversity significantly impact the accuracy and generalization ability of models. Numerous examples in daily life demonstrate how minute changes in data can cause AI models to fail. For instance, facial recognition models on mobile phones may fail to accurately identify individuals due to factors such as wearing glasses, changing hairstyles, or changes in ambient light; autonomous driving models may also misjudge road conditions due to factors like road conditions, road signs, and weather. The basic principle of counter-data warfare is to mislead the training and judgment processes of military intelligent models by creating “contaminated” data or altering its distribution characteristics. This “inferiority” in the data leads to “errors” in the model, thereby reducing its effectiveness. Since AI models can comprehensively analyze and cross-verify multi-source data, counter-data warfare should focus more on multi-dimensional features, packaging false data information to enhance its “authenticity.” In recent years, foreign militaries have conducted relevant experimental verifications in this area. For example, by using special materials for coating and infrared emitter camouflage, the optical and infrared characteristics of real weapon platforms, and even the vibration effects of engines, can be simulated to deceive intelligent intelligence processing models; in cyberspace, traffic data camouflage can be implemented to improve the silent operation capability of network attacks and reduce the effectiveness of network attack detection models.

　　  Anti-algorithm warfare. The essence of an algorithm is a strategy mechanism for solving problems described in computer language. Because the scope of application of such strategy mechanisms is limited, they may fail when faced with a wide variety of real-world problems. A typical example is Lee Sedol’s “divine move” in the 2016 human-machine Go match. Many professional Go players, after reviewing the game, stated that the “divine move” was actually invalid, yet it worked against AlphaGo. AlphaGo developer Silva explained this by saying that Lee Sedol exploited a previously unknown vulnerability in the computer; other analyses suggest that this move might have contradicted AlphaGo’s Go logic or been outside its strategic learning range, making it unable to respond. The basic principle of anti-algorithm warfare is to target the vulnerabilities in the algorithm’s strategy mechanism and weaknesses in its model architecture through logical attacks or deception to reduce the algorithm’s effectiveness. Anti-algorithm warfare should be combined with specific combat actions to achieve “misleading and deceiving” the algorithm. For example, drone swarm reconnaissance operations often use reinforcement learning algorithms to plan reconnaissance paths. In this case, irregular or abnormal actions can be created to reduce or disable the reward mechanism in the reinforcement learning algorithm model, thereby reducing its reconnaissance search efficiency.

　　  Counter-computing power warfare. The strength of computing power represents the speed at which data processing can be converted into information and decision-making advantages. Unlike counter-data warfare and counter-algorithm warfare, which primarily rely on soft confrontation, counter-computing power warfare employs a combination of hard and soft tactics. Hard destruction mainly refers to attacks on enemy computing centers and computing network infrastructure, crippling their AI models by cutting off their computing power. Soft confrontation focuses on increasing the enemy’s computing costs, primarily by creating a “fog of war” and data noise. For example, during operations, large quantities of meaningless data of various types, such as images, audio, video, and electromagnetic data, can be generated to constrain and deplete the enemy’s computing resources, reducing their effective utilization rate. Furthermore, attacks can also be launched against weak points in the defenses of the computing power support environment and infrastructure. Computing centers consume enormous amounts of electricity; attacking and destroying their power support systems can also achieve the effect of counter-computing power warfare.

　　  Forward-looking planning for the development of anti-artificial intelligence combat capabilities

　　  In all warfare, one engages with conventional tactics and wins with unconventional ones. Faced with intelligent warfare, while continuously advancing and improving intelligent combat capabilities, it is also necessary to strengthen preparedness for counter-AI warfare, proactively planning for theoretical innovation, supporting technology development, and equipment platform construction related to counter-AI warfare, ensuring the establishment of an intelligent combat system that integrates offense and defense, and combines defense and counter-attack.

　　  Strengthen theoretical innovation in counter-AI warfare. Scientific military theory is combat effectiveness. Whether it’s military strategic innovation, military technological innovation, or other aspects of military innovation, all are inseparable from theoretical guidance. We must adhere to liberating our minds, broadening our horizons, and strengthening dialectical thinking. We must use theoretical innovation in counter-AI warfare as a supplement and breakthrough to construct an intelligent warfare theoretical system that supports and serves the fight for victory. We must adhere to the principle of “you fight your way, I fight my way,” strengthening asymmetric thinking. Through in-depth research on the concepts, strategies, and tactics of counter-AI warfare, we must provide scientific theoretical support for seizing battlefield intelligence dominance and effectively leverage the leading role of military theory. We must adhere to the integration of theory and technology, enhancing our scientific and technological awareness, innovation, and application capabilities. We must establish a closed loop between counter-AI warfare theory and technology, allowing them to complement and support each other, achieving deep integration and positive interaction between theory and technology.

　　  Emphasis should be placed on accumulating military technologies for countering artificial intelligence. Science and technology are crucial foundations for generating and enhancing combat effectiveness. Breakthroughs in some technologies can have disruptive effects, potentially even fundamentally altering the traditional landscape of warfare. Currently, major world powers view artificial intelligence as a disruptive technology and have elevated the development of military intelligence to a national strategy. Simultaneously, some countries are actively conducting research on technologies related to countering artificial intelligence warfare, exploring methods to counter AI and aiming to reduce the effectiveness of adversaries’ military intelligent systems. Therefore, it is essential to both explore and follow up, strengthening research and tracking of cutting-edge technologies, actively discovering, promoting, and fostering the development of technologies with counter-disruptive capabilities, such as intelligent countermeasures, to seize the technological advantage at the outset of counter-AI warfare and prevent enemy technological surprise attacks; and to carefully select technologies, maintaining sufficient scientific rationality and accurate judgment to dispel the technological “fog” and avoid falling into the adversary’s technological traps.

Developing anti-AI warfare weapons and equipment. Designing weapons and equipment is designing future warfare; we develop weapons and equipment based on the types of warfare we will fight in the future. Anti-AI warfare is an important component of intelligent warfare, and anti-AI weapons and equipment will play a crucial role on the future battlefield. When developing anti-AI warfare weapons and equipment, we must first closely align with battlefield needs. We must closely integrate with the adversary, mission, and environment to strengthen anti-AI warfare research, accurately describe anti-AI warfare scenarios, and ensure that the requirements for anti-AI warfare weapons and equipment are scientifically sound, accurate, and reasonable. Secondly, we must adopt a cost-conscious approach. Recent local wars have shown that cost control is a crucial factor influencing the outcome of future wars. Anti-AI warfare focuses on interfering with and deceiving the enemy’s military intelligent systems. Increasing the development of decoy weapon platforms is an effective way to reduce costs and increase efficiency. By using low-cost simulated decoy targets to deceive the enemy’s intelligent reconnaissance systems, the “de-intelligence” effect can be extended and amplified, aiming to deplete their high-value precision-guided missiles and other high-value strike weapons. Finally, we must emphasize simultaneous development, use, and upgrading. Intelligent technologies are developing rapidly and iterating quickly. It is crucial to closely monitor the application of cutting-edge military intelligent technologies by adversaries, accurately understand their intelligent model algorithm architecture, and continuously promote the upgrading of the latest counter-artificial intelligence technologies in weapon platforms to ensure their high efficiency in battlefield application. (Kang Ruizhi, Li Shengjie)

現代國語：

原文標題：智慧化戰爭面面觀－關注智慧化戰爭中的反人工智慧作戰

引言

科學技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用，引起戰爭形態和作戰方式的深刻變化，大國軍事博弈越來越表現為技術上的顛覆與反顛覆、突襲與反突襲、抵消與反抵消。打贏未來智慧化戰爭，既要不斷推進人工智慧技術在軍事領域的深度轉化應用，還應加強辯證思維、堅持非對稱思想，創新發展反人工智慧作戰理論和戰法，前瞻佈局反人工智慧技術研究和武器裝備研發，實現「破智」制勝，努力掌握未來戰爭主動權。

充分認識反人工智慧作戰必然性

毛澤東同志在《矛盾論》中指出：「事物的矛盾法則，即對立統一的法則，是唯物辯證法的最根本的法則。」縱觀軍事技術發展及其作戰運用歷史，從來都充滿了攻與防的辯證關係，技術之矛與反制止制、反制止制相較制、相較制抗擊現象之間的技術之緣關係。

冷兵器時代，人們不僅發明出「刀、槍、劍、戟」等十八般兵器，與之對應的「盔、甲、盾」等也被創造出來。熱兵器時代，火藥的使用大幅提升了攻擊距離和殺傷力，但同時也催生了以「塹壕」「稜堡」等防禦工事為代表的技戰術創新。機械化時代，坦克在二戰中大放異彩，人們對「坦克裝甲」與「反坦克武器」相關技術戰術的開發延續至今。資訊時代，圍繞制資訊權的「電子攻擊」與「電子防護」又掀起一陣新的熱潮，電子對抗部隊應運而生。此外，「飛彈」與「反導」、「無人作戰」與「反無人作戰」等軍事領域的對立概念不勝枚舉。

應當看到，「反人工智慧作戰」作為「智慧化作戰」的對立概念，也必將隨著智慧科技在軍事領域的廣泛深度運用而逐漸顯現。前瞻性研究反人工智慧作戰相關概念、原則及其技戰術實現路徑，既是全面辯證認識智慧化戰爭的時代需要，也是搶佔未來軍事競爭高地、實施非對稱作戰的必然之舉。

科學分析反人工智慧作戰方法路徑

目前，人工智慧技術正經歷由弱向強、由專用向通用的跨越式發展階段。從其底層支撐來看，數據、演算法、算力依舊是其三大關鍵要素。其中，資料是訓練與最佳化模型的基礎原料，演算法決定了資料處理與問題解決的策略機制，算力則為複雜運算提供硬體支撐。從資料、演算法、算力三個要素的角度尋求「破智」之道，是實施反人工智慧作戰的重要方法路徑。

反資料作戰。數據是人工智慧實現學習和推理的原始素材，數據的品質和多樣性對模型的準確度和泛化能力有重要影響。生活中因為微小數據變化而導致人工智慧模型失效的例子比比皆是。例如，手機中的人臉辨識模型，可能會因人戴上眼鏡、改變髮型或環境明暗變化等原因，而無法準確辨識身分；自動駕駛模型也會因路況、路標及天氣等因素，產生對道路狀況的誤判。實施反數據作戰，其基本原理是透過製造“污染”數據或改變數據的分佈特徵，來誤導軍事智能模型的訓練學習過程或判斷過程，用數據之“差”引發模型之“謬”，從而降低軍事智能模型的有效性。由於人工智慧模型能夠對多源數據進行綜合分析、交叉印證，反數據作戰應更加註重從多維特徵出發，包裝虛假數據信息，提升其「真實性」。近年來，外軍在這方面已經有相關實驗驗證。例如，利用特殊材料塗裝、紅外線發射裝置偽裝等方式，模擬真實武器平台光學、紅外線特徵甚至是引擎震動效果，用來欺騙智慧情報處理模型；在網路空間，實施流量資料偽裝，以提升網路攻擊靜默運作能力，降低網路攻擊偵測模型的效果。

反演算法作戰。演算法的本質，是用電腦語言描述解決問題的策略機制。由於這種策略機制的適應範圍有限，在面對千差萬別的現實問題時可能會失效，一個典型例子就是2016年人機圍棋大戰中李世石的「神之一」。不少職業圍棋選手複盤分析後表示，「神之一手」其實並不成立，但卻對「阿爾法狗」發揮了作用。 「阿爾法狗」開發者席爾瓦對此的解釋是，李世石點中了電腦不為人知的漏洞；還有分析稱，可能是「這一手」與「阿爾法狗」的圍棋邏輯相悖或不在其策略學習範圍內，導致其無法應對。實施反演算法作戰，其基本原理是針對演算法策略機制漏洞和模型架構弱點，進行邏輯攻擊或邏輯欺騙，以降低演算法有效性。反演算法作戰應與具體作戰行動結合，達成針對演算法的「誤導欺騙」。例如，無人機群偵察行動常採用強化學習演算法模型規劃偵察路徑，針對此情況，可透過製造無規則行動或反常行動，致使強化學習演算法模型中的獎勵機制降效或失效，從而達成降低其偵察搜尋效率的目的。

反算力作戰。算力的強弱代表著將資料處理轉換為資訊優勢和決策優勢的速度。有別於反數據作戰和反演算法作戰以軟對抗為主，反算力作戰的對抗方式是軟硬結合的。硬摧毀主要指對敵算力中心、計算網路設施等實施的打擊，透過斷其算力的方式使其人工智慧模型難以發揮作用；軟對抗著眼加大敵算力成本，主要以製造戰爭「迷霧」和資料雜訊為主。例如，作戰時大量產生影像、音訊、視訊、電磁等多類型的無意義數據，對敵算力資源進行牽制消耗，降低其算力的有效作用率。此外，也可對算力的支撐環境和配套建設等防備薄弱環節實施攻擊，算力中心電能消耗巨大，對其電力支援系統進行攻擊和摧毀，也可達成反算力作戰的效果。

前瞻佈局反人工智慧作戰能力建設

凡戰者，以正合，以奇勝。面對智慧化戰爭，持續推動提升智慧化作戰能力的同時，也需強化對反人工智慧作戰的未雨綢繆，前瞻佈局反人工智慧作戰相關理論創新、配套技術發展與裝備平台建設，確保建立攻防兼備、防反一體的智慧化作戰體系。

加強反人工智慧作戰理論創新。科學的軍事理論就是戰鬥力，軍事戰略創新也好，軍事科技創新也好，其他方面軍事創新也好，都離不開理論指導。要堅持解放思想、開拓視野，強化辯證思維，以反人工智慧作戰理論創新為補充和突破，建構支撐和服務打贏制勝的智慧化作戰理論體系。要堅持你打你的、我打我的，強化非對稱思想，透過對反人工智慧作戰概念、策略戰法等問題的深化研究，為奪取戰場制智權提供科學理論支撐，切實發揮軍事理論的先導作用。要堅持理技融合，增強科技認知力、創新力、運用力，打通反人工智慧作戰理論與技術之間的閉環迴路，讓兩者互相補充、互為支撐，實現理論與技術的深度融合與良性互動。

注重反人工智慧軍事技術累積。科學技術是產生和提高戰鬥力的重要基礎，有些技術一旦突破，影響將是顛覆性的，甚至可能從根本上改變傳統的戰爭攻防格局。目前，世界各主要國家將人工智慧視為顛覆性技術，並將發展軍事智慧化上升為國家戰略。同時，也有國家積極進行反人工智慧作戰相關技術研究，探索人工智慧對抗方法，意圖降低對手軍事智慧系統效能。為此，既要探索跟進，加強對前沿技術的跟踪研究，積極發現、推動、催生智能對抗這類具有反顛覆作用的技術發展，在反人工智能作戰起步階段就搶佔技術先機，防敵技術突襲；還要精挑細選，注重保持足夠科學理性和準確判斷，破除技術“迷霧”，避免陷入對手技術陷阱。

研發反人工智慧作戰武器裝備。設計武器裝備就是設計未來戰爭，未來打什麼仗就發展什麼武器裝備。反人工智慧作戰是智慧化戰爭的重要組成部分，反人工智慧武器裝備也將在未來戰場上發揮重要作用。在研發反人工智慧作戰武器裝備時，首先要緊貼戰場需求。緊密結合作戰對手、作戰任務和作戰環境等，加強反人工智慧作戰研究，把反人工智慧作戰場景描述準確，確保反人工智慧作戰武器裝備需求論證科學、準確、合理。其次要建立成本思維。最新局部戰爭實踐表明，作戰成本控制是影響未來戰爭勝負的重要因素。反人工智慧作戰重在對敵軍事智慧系統的干擾與迷惑，加大誘耗型武器平台研發是一種有效的降本增效方法。透過低成本模擬示假目標欺騙敵智能偵察系統，可將「破智」效應延伸放大，力求消耗其精確導引飛彈等高價值打擊武器。最後要注重邊建邊用邊升級。智慧技術發展速度快、更新迭代快，要緊密追蹤對手前沿軍事智慧技術應用，摸準其智慧模型演算法架構，不斷推動最新反人工智慧技術在武器平台中的運用升級，確保其戰場運用的高效性。 （康睿智 李聖傑）

中國原創軍事資源：https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/zonghe/2025-05-20/doc-inexeiih2818486808984.shtml

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Command information Systems, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare

Where is the Transformation of Chinese Military Intelligent War Preparedness Heading?

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中國軍事情報戰備轉型將走向何方？

現代英語：

Where should the intelligent transformation for combat readiness go?

Currently, the form of warfare is rapidly evolving towards intelligence, and the era of intelligent warfare is imminent. To adapt to the development of military intelligent technology, the changing mechanisms of war, and the high-quality development of the armed forces, it is imperative to accelerate the advancement of intelligent combat readiness. Modern combat readiness must, while advancing the transformation from mechanization and semi-mechanization to informatization, further proactively address the challenges of military intelligence, adhere to intelligence as the guiding principle, and accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence. In short, vigorously promoting intelligent combat readiness is a practical necessity for driving the high-quality development of national defense and the armed forces; only by successfully transforming to intelligent combat readiness can we promote the leapfrog development of the military’s combat capabilities.

Construct an intelligent warfare theoretical system. Focusing on solving key and difficult issues in intelligent warfare theory, such as war prediction, war forms, war design, operational concepts, operational styles, operational systems, troop formation, and troop training, we will deepen research on the application of intelligent warfare, explore the winning mechanisms, characteristics, laws, tactics, action methods, and comprehensive support of intelligent warfare, enrich the theories of intelligent warfare, intelligent operations, and the construction of intelligent combat forces, and gradually construct an intelligent warfare theoretical system.

Establish an intelligent command and control paradigm. Strengthen the development of technologies such as adversarial and game-theoretic operational planning, digital twin parallel simulation, and efficient organization and precise scheduling of complex operational resources. Enhance capabilities such as automatic planning of operational plans under large-scale, high-intensity conditions and autonomous decomposition of cross-domain and cross-level tasks. Achieve deep integration of military knowledge and machine intelligence, reliable and explainable auxiliary decision-making, and self-learning and self-evolving adversarial strategies. Integrate technological achievements such as sensing, networking, cloud computing, and quantum computing to enhance intelligent auxiliary capabilities in situation generation, operational command, and staff operations. Accelerate the development of intelligent staff business systems and intelligently upgrade and transform operational command information systems. Achieve intelligent information Q&A, intelligent plan generation, and decision support suggestions for typical campaign/tactical command, greatly reducing the workload of staff personnel and significantly improving the timeliness of command operations.

Develop intelligent weapon and equipment systems. Strengthen the intelligent upgrading and transformation of traditional weapons, promote the practical application of intelligent technologies in backbone equipment, and deploy low-cost, expendable unmanned combat platforms on a large scale. Develop intelligent individual soldier integrated systems, air-to-ground unmanned swarm collaborative attack systems, and underground space swarm warfare systems, etc., research and develop intelligent flexible wearable technologies and mobile intelligent terminal technologies, develop intelligent wearable equipment, brain-computer interface helmets, and human implant devices, etc., and accelerate the application of intelligent new weapon platforms, using the pioneering development of key equipment to drive overall breakthroughs.

Increase the proportion of intelligent combat forces. Focusing on optimizing structure and function, implement intelligent design for the existing organizational structure of the armed forces, and gradually increase the proportion of intelligent combat forces. Formulate talent development plans, cultivate the intelligent literacy of combat personnel, and explore a talent cultivation path that integrates military and civilian sectors, services, and enterprises. Build a new generation of combat forces that are intelligently led, cross-domain collaborative, all-domain mobile, and precise and multi-functional; focus on research on intelligent air defense and anti-missile systems, passive detection and intelligent identification of aerial targets, and build intelligent air combat forces such as anti-aircraft unmanned combat aircraft and “swarm” aircraft; emphasize research on intelligent missiles and develop long-range missile deterrence and strike capabilities; deepen research on the architecture design of intelligent attack and defense systems in cyberspace and the intelligent generation of attack strategies, upgrade the new generation of cyberspace reconnaissance, attack, and defense forces, and comprehensively enhance intelligent combat capabilities.

Optimize intelligent autonomous collaboration methods. Focusing on the human-machine “interaction-understanding-co-progress” framework, break through human-machine hybrid perception enhancement and human-machine adaptive multi-task collaboration to improve human-machine hybrid perception capabilities, cognitive abilities, and overall combat effectiveness in complex battlefield environments, achieving complementarity and intelligent enhancement between human wisdom and machine intelligence. Accelerate the development of applied research in areas such as intelligent swarm distributed elastic architecture, self-organizing anti-jamming communication and interaction, distributed autonomous collaboration in complex confrontation scenarios, and swarm intelligent command and control adapted to complex environments and tasks. Enhance the autonomous elastic planning and swarm intelligence confrontation learning capabilities of unmanned swarms in complex scenarios, promoting an overall leap in the combat effectiveness of multi-domain/cross-domain heterogeneous swarms.

Innovate an intelligent, all-dimensional support model. Facing the overall requirements of comprehensive support for future battlefields, including all-time intelligent perception, precise control of supplies and ammunition, and accurate delivery of combat supplies, enhance the intelligent combat logistics equipment support capabilities. Develop capabilities such as comprehensive multi-dimensional support demand mining across all domains, online networked dynamic monitoring of equipment status, autonomous early warning of support risks, and on-demand allocation of support resources. Promote research and verification of intelligent network information systems, intelligent military logistics systems, intelligent support for battlefield facilities and environment information, smart individual soldier support, intelligent rapid medical treatment for future battlefields, and intelligent energy support and transportation delivery, achieving the organic integration of combat, technology, and logistics support elements with combat command and troop movements.

現代國語：

智慧戰備轉型應走向何方？

當前，戰爭形式正迅速朝向智慧化演進，智慧戰時代迫在眉睫。為適應軍事智慧技術的發展、戰爭機制的轉變以及軍隊高品質發展，加速推動智慧戰備勢在必行。現代戰備在推動從機械化、半機械化轉型為資訊化的同時，必須更積極主動地應對軍事情報挑戰，堅持以情報為指導原則，加速機械化、資訊化、情報化整合發展。總之，大力推動智慧戰備是推動國防和軍隊高品質發展的現實需求；只有成功實現智慧戰備轉型，才能推動軍隊作戰能力的跨越式發展。

建構智能戰理論體系。我們將著力解決智慧戰理論中的關鍵難點問題，例如戰爭預測、戰爭形態、戰爭設計、作戰理念、作戰風格、作戰體系、部隊編組和部隊訓練等，深化智能戰應用研究，探索智能戰的製勝機制、特徵、規律、戰術、行動方法和綜合保障，豐富智能戰、智能作戰和智能作戰力量建設的理論，逐步構建的理論體系。

建立智慧指揮控制範式。加強對抗性與博弈論作戰規劃、數位孿生並行模擬、複雜作戰資源高效組織和精確調度等技術的研發。提升大規模、高強度條件下作戰計畫的自動規劃、跨域、跨層級任務的自主分解等能力。實現軍事知識與機器智慧的深度融合，實現可靠、可解釋的輔助決策，以及對抗策略的自學習、自我演化。整合感知、網路、雲端運算、量子運算等技術成果，提升態勢生成、作戰指揮、參謀運作等方面的智慧輔助能力。加速智慧參謀業務系統建設，實現作戰指揮資訊系統的智慧升級改造。實現典型戰役/戰術指揮的智慧資訊問答、智慧計畫生成、決策支援建議，大幅減輕參謀人員工作負擔，顯著提升指揮運作的時效性。

發展智慧武器裝備系統。加強傳統武器的智慧升級改造，推動智慧技術在骨幹裝備的實際應用，大規模部署低成本、消耗型無人作戰平台。研發智慧單兵一體化系統、空地無人群聚協同攻擊系統、地下空間集群作戰系統等，研發智慧柔性穿戴技術與行動智慧終端技術，開發智慧穿戴設備、腦機介面頭盔、人體植入式設備等，加速智慧新型武器平台的應用，以關鍵裝備的先導研發為驅動力，實現整體突破。

提高智慧作戰力量比例。著力優化結構與功能，對現有軍隊組織結構進行智慧化設計，逐步提升智慧作戰力量比例。制定人才培育計劃，提升作戰人員的智慧素養，探索軍民融合、服務業與企業融合的人才培育路徑。建構智慧主導、跨域協同、全域機動、精準多功能的新一代作戰力量；重點研發智慧防空反導系統、空中目標被動偵測與智慧辨識技術，建構以防空無人作戰飛機、「群聚」飛機等為代表的智慧空戰力量；重視智慧飛彈研發，發展遠程飛彈威懾與打擊能力；深化網路空間太空防空防電系統設計與智慧飛彈威懾策略的新一代攻擊能力。全面提升網路空間偵察、攻擊和防禦力量的智慧作戰能力。

優化智慧自主協同作戰方式。圍繞人機「互動-理解-協同-進步」框架，突破人機混合感知增強和人機自適應多任務協同作戰，提升複雜戰場環境下人機混合感知能力、認知能力和整體作戰效能，實現人機智慧互補與智能增強。加速智慧集群分散式彈性架構、自組織抗干擾通訊與互動、複雜對抗場景下的分散式自主協同作戰、適應複雜環境和任務的集群智慧指揮控制等領域的應用研究。增強複雜場景下無人群集的自主彈性規劃與群集智慧對抗學習能力，推動多域/跨域異質群集作戰效能的全面飛躍。

創新智能化全維度支援模式。面對未來戰場全面保障的整體需求，包括全時智慧感知、物資彈藥精準管控、作戰物資準確投放等，提升智慧作戰後勤裝備保障能力。發展跨域多維綜合保障需求挖掘、裝備狀態線上網路動態監控、保障風險自主預警、保障資源按需調配等能力。推動智慧網路資訊系統、智慧軍事後勤系統、戰場設施及環境資訊智慧保障、智慧單兵保障、未來戰場智慧快速醫療救治、智慧能源保障及運輸配送等研究驗證，實現作戰、技術、後勤支援要素與作戰指揮、部隊調動有機融合。

陶利民，秦昊

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：陶立民 秦浩 責任編輯：王粲

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_20888543/186482825186.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare

Chinese Military Embracing the Challenges of Intelligent Warfare with New Combat Concepts

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中國軍隊以新的作戰概念迎接智慧戰爭的挑戰

現代英語：

Foreword

Breakthroughs in artificial intelligence technology, marked by deep learning, and their applications across various fields have propelled intelligentization to new heights globally, becoming a focal point of attention. In the military field, where technological innovation and application are never lagging behind, a new revolution is also actively brewing. We must accurately grasp the pulse of intelligent warfare’s evolution and analyze its intrinsic nature in order to embrace and master intelligent warfare with a fresh perspective.

How far away is intelligent warfare from us?

Intelligent warfare is warfare primarily supported by artificial intelligence technology. Imbuing weapon platforms with human-like intelligence and replacing human combatants on the battlefield has been a dream for humanity for millennia. With the powerful impact of AI systems like AlphaGo and Atlas, and the emerging concepts and platforms of new warfare such as swarm warfare and flying aircraft carriers, the door to intelligent warfare seems to be quietly opening.

The laws of historical development foreshadow the inevitable rise of intelligent warfare on the battlefield. Advances in science and technology drive the evolution of weaponry, triggering fundamental changes in military organization, combat methods, and military theory, ultimately forcibly propelling a historical transformation in the form of warfare. The arrival of intelligent warfare aligns with this inevitable historical trend. Looking back at the evolution of human warfare, every major advancement in science and technology has driven significant military transformations. The invention of gunpowder ushered in the era of firearms, wiping out infantry and cavalry formations under the linear warfare tactics of firearms. The application of the steam engine in the military led to the mechanized era, giving rise to large-scale mechanized warfare led by armored ships, tanks, and aircraft. The emergence and application of intelligent technology will profoundly change human cognition, war thinking, and combat methods, once again triggering a major military revolution, and intelligent warfare will inevitably take center stage.

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology determines the pace of intelligent warfare. The continuous development and widespread application of AI technology are propelling intelligent warfare from its initial stages of uncertainty to reality, gradually emerging and growing, step by step approaching us. To truly enter the era of intelligent warfare, AI technology needs to advance through four stages. The first stage is computational intelligence, which means breaking through the limitations of computing power and storage space to achieve near real-time computing and storage capabilities—capabilities far beyond the reach of large computers and massive servers. The widespread application of cloud computing has already firmly placed humanity on this first stage. The second stage is perceptual intelligence, where machines can understand, see, distinguish, and recognize, enabling direct communication and dialogue with humans. Natural language understanding, image and graphics recognition, and biometric identification technologies based on big data have allowed humanity to reach this second stage. The third stage is cognitive intelligence, where machines can understand human thought, reason and make judgments and decisions like humans. Knowledge mining, knowledge graphs, artificial neural networks, and decision tree technologies driven by deep learning algorithms are propelling humanity towards this third stage. The fourth stage is human-machine integrated augmented intelligence, which involves complementary and two-way closed-loop interaction between humans’ strengths in perception, reasoning, induction, and learning, and machines’ strengths in search, computation, storage, and optimization. Virtual reality augmentation technology, brain-like cognitive technology, and brain-like neural network technology are exploring how humanity can reach this fourth stage. When humanity reached the second stage, the intelligent warfare began to approach; when we step onto the fourth stage, the era of intelligent warfare will fully begin.

Self-learning and growth are accelerating the sudden arrival of the intelligent warfare revolution. “Learning” ability is the core capability of artificial intelligence; once machines can learn on their own, their learning speed will be astonishing. Once machines possess self-learning capabilities, they will enter a rapid growth trajectory of continuous “intelligence enhancement and accelerated evolution.” All the technical difficulties in moving towards intelligent warfare will be readily resolved as “learning” deepens. The era of intelligent warfare may very well arrive suddenly in ways no one could have imagined!

What exactly will intelligent warfare change?

Intelligent warfare will break through the limits of traditional spatiotemporal cognition . In intelligent warfare, artificial intelligence technology can collect, calculate, and push information on the actions of all forces in combat in real time and across all domains. This will enable humans to break through the logical limits of thought, the physiological limits of senses, and the physical limits of existence, greatly improving the scope of cognition of time and space. It will allow for real-time and precise control over all actions of all forces, and enable the rapid transfer, aggregation, and attack of superior combat resources in multidimensional space and domains. Any time and any space may become a point in time and space where victory can be achieved.

Intelligent warfare will reshape the relationship between humans and weaponry . With the rapid advancement of intelligent technologies and the continuous improvement of their intelligence levels, weapon platforms and combat systems can not only passively and mechanically execute human commands, but also, based on deep understanding and prediction, leverage the computational, storage, and retrieval capabilities that machines excel at, thereby autonomously and proactively executing specific tasks to a certain extent. It can be said that weapon platforms and combat systems can also, to some extent, proactively exert human consciousness, even exceeding the scope of human understanding, autonomously and even creatively completing combat missions according to specific programs. The traditional distinction between humans and weaponry becomes blurred, even making it difficult to differentiate whether it is humans or machines at work. People are exclaiming that “humans and weaponry will become partners.” Therefore, in intelligent warfare, while humans remain the most important factor in combat effectiveness, the changing way humans and weaponry are integrated enriches the connotation of combat effectiveness, and the traditional relationship between humans and weaponry will be restructured on this basis.

Intelligent warfare will spur the emergence of new combat methods . Revolutionary advancements in science and technology inevitably lead to revolutionary changes in combat methods; significant progress in intelligent technologies will inevitably bring about a period of rapid transformation in combat methods. On the one hand, emerging technologies in fields such as deep cognition, deep learning, and deep neural networks, driven by computing, data, algorithms, and biology, along with their cross-integration with achievements in information, biology, medicine, engineering, and manufacturing, will inevitably drive an explosive emergence of new combat methods. On the other hand, the intense confrontation between intelligent weapon platforms and combat systems will inevitably become the target and driving force for innovative combat methods. The higher the level of intelligent technology in a war, the more it will become the focus of confrontation. Disadvantages in areas such as the limits of spatiotemporal cognition, massive information storage and computing capabilities, and neural network organization and generation capabilities will lead to new types of “blinding,” “deafening,” and “paralyzing” combat methods in new domains.

Intelligent warfare will incubate entirely new command and control methods. The advantages of command and control are a focal point in warfare, and intelligent warfare calls for entirely new command and control approaches. First, human-machine collaborative decision-making will become the primary command and decision-making method in intelligent warfare. In previous wars, command and decision-making was primarily driven by commanders, with technology playing a supporting role. In intelligent warfare, intelligent auxiliary decision-making systems will proactively urge or prompt commanders to make decisions based on changes in the battlefield situation. This is because the human brain can no longer quickly absorb and efficiently process the massive and rapidly changing battlefield situational information, and human senses can no longer withstand the extraordinary speed of change. Under such circumstances, decisions made solely by commanders are likely to be delayed and useless. Only human-machine collaborative decision-making driven by intelligent auxiliary decision-making systems can compensate for time and space differences and the gap between machine and brain, ensuring the advantage of command and decision-making. Second, brain-computer interface control will become the primary command and control method in intelligent warfare. In previous wars, commanders issued commands to control troops level by level through documents, radio, and telephone, in written or voice form. In intelligent warfare, commanders use intelligent, brain-like neurons to issue commands to troops through a neural network combat system platform. This reduces the conversion process of command presentation formats and shortens the time for commands to be converted across media, resulting in a faster pace and higher efficiency. When the combat system platform is attacked and partially damaged, this command and control method can autonomously repair or reconstruct the neural network, quickly restoring its main functions or even all functions, making it more resistant to attack.

How should we prepare for intelligent warfare?

In the research and exploration of intelligent warfare, we must not be content with lagging behind and following others. We must aim to win future wars and meet the challenges of intelligent warfare with a more proactive attitude, advanced concepts, and positive actions.

Breakthroughs in intelligent technologies will drive a leap in the effectiveness of intelligent combat systems. While significant progress has been made in areas such as neural network algorithms, intelligent sensing and networking technologies, data mining, and knowledge graph technologies, intelligent technologies are still largely in the weak intelligence stage, far from reaching the advanced stage of strong intelligence, and there is still vast potential for future development. It is essential to strengthen basic research in artificial intelligence, follow the laws of scientific and technological development, scientifically plan the development direction of intelligent technologies, select appropriate technological breakthroughs, and strengthen key core technologies in artificial intelligence, especially fundamental research that plays a supporting role. Emphasis should be placed on research into key military technologies. Driven by military needs, and focusing on key military technologies such as intelligent perception, intelligent decision-making, intelligent control, intelligent strike, and intelligent support, intelligent reconnaissance and perception systems, command and control systems, weapon systems, and combat support systems should be developed. Collaborative innovation between military and civilian technologies should be promoted, fully leveraging the advantages of civilian intelligent technology development, relying on the advantages of military and civilian resources, strengthening strategic cooperation between the military and civilian sectors, and building a service platform for the joint research and sharing of artificial intelligence scientific and technological achievements, the joint construction and sharing of conditions and facilities, and the integration of general standards between the military and civilian sectors, thus forming a new landscape of open, integrated, and innovative development of intelligent combat technologies.

Leading the innovation of combat methods with the concept of intelligent warfare. A shift in mindset is a prerequisite for welcoming the arrival of intelligent warfare. Mindset precedes action; if our mindset remains at the traditional level, it will be difficult to adapt to the needs of intelligent warfare. Intelligent warfare has brought about profound changes in technological support, combat forces, and winning mechanisms, requiring us to first establish the concept of intelligent warfare and use it to guide the innovation of our military’s future combat methods. First, we must strengthen the struggle for “intelligent control.” Artificial intelligence is the foundation of intelligent warfare. Depriving and weakening the opponent’s ability to utilize intelligence, while maintaining our own freedom to utilize intelligence, is fundamental to ensuring the smooth implementation of intelligent warfare. The militaries of developed Western countries are exploring various means, such as electromagnetic interference, electronic suppression, high-power microwave penetration, and takeover control, to block the opponent’s ability to utilize intelligence, seize “intelligent control,” and thus gain battlefield advantage. Second, we must innovate intelligent combat methods. We must focus on fully leveraging the overall effectiveness of the intelligent combat system, strengthening research on new intelligent combat methods such as human-machine collaborative intelligent warfare, intelligent robot warfare, and intelligent unmanned swarm warfare, as well as the processes and methods of intelligent combat command and intelligent combat support. With a view to effectively counter the threat of intelligent warfare from the enemy, we should study strategies to defeat the enemy, such as intelligent disruption warfare and intelligent interdiction warfare.

Intelligent training innovation is driving a transformation in combat capability generation. Intelligent warfare will be a war jointly waged by humans and machines, with intelligent unmanned combat systems playing an increasingly important role. It is imperative to adapt to the new characteristics of intelligent warfare force systems, innovate and develop intelligent training concepts, and explore new models for generating combat capability in intelligent warfare. On the one hand, it is necessary to strengthen training for humans in operating intelligent systems. By leveraging big data, cloud computing, VR technology, and other technologies to create new training environments, we can continuously improve human intelligence literacy, enhance human-machine cognition, understanding, and interaction quality, and improve the ability of humans to operate intelligent combat systems. On the other hand, it is necessary to explore new training models with machines as the primary focus. Previous training has primarily focused on humans, emphasizing the ability of humans to master and use weapons and equipment in specific environments to improve combat effectiveness. To adapt to the new characteristics of the force structure in intelligent warfare, the training organization concept and model of traditional training, which is centered on people, should be changed. Instead, the focus should be on improving the self-command, self-control, and self-combat capabilities of intelligent combat systems. By making full use of the characteristics of intelligent systems that can engage in self-competition and self-growth, a training system, training environment, and training mechanism specifically for intelligent combat systems should be formed. This will enable intelligent combat systems to achieve a geometric leap in combat capability after a short period of autonomous intensive training.

現代國語：

前言

以深度學習為代表的人工智慧技術的突破及其在各個領域的應用，已將全球智慧化推向新的高度，成為關注的焦點。在科技創新與應用從未落後的軍事領域，一場新的革命也正悄悄醞釀。我們必須精確掌握智慧戰爭演進的脈搏，分析其內在本質，才能以全新的視角擁抱和掌握智慧戰爭。

智慧戰爭離我們還有多遠？

智慧戰爭是指以人工智慧技術為主要的支撐戰爭。賦予武器平台類人智能，並在戰場上取代人類作戰人員，一直是人類數千年來的夢想。隨著AlphaGo和Atlas等人工智慧系統的強大影響力，以及集群作戰、飛行航空母艦等新型戰爭概念和平台的湧現，智慧戰爭的大門似乎正在悄悄開啟。

歷史發展的規律預示著智慧戰爭在戰場上的必然崛起。科技進步推動武器裝備的演進，引發軍事組織、作戰方式和軍事理論的根本性變革，最終強而有力地推動戰爭形式的歷史性轉型。智慧戰爭的到來正契合這不可避免的歷史趨勢。回顧人類戰爭的發展歷程，每一次科技的重大進步都帶來了意義深遠的軍事變革。火藥的發明開啟了火器時代，在火器線性戰術下，步兵和騎兵陣型被徹底摧毀。蒸汽機在軍事上的應用開啟了機械化時代，催生了以裝甲艦、坦克和飛機為主導的大規模機械化戰爭。智慧科技的出現與應用將深刻改變人類的認知、戰爭思維和作戰方式，再次引發一場重大的軍事革命，智慧戰爭必定成為戰爭的核心。

人工智慧（AI）技術的發展速度決定著智慧戰爭的進程。人工智慧技術的持續發展和廣泛應用正推動智慧戰爭從最初的不確定階段走向現實，逐步興起、發展壯大，一步步向我們逼近。要真正進入智慧戰爭時代，人工智慧技術需要經歷四個階段。第一階段是運算智能，這意味著突破運算能力和儲存空間的限制，實現近實時運算和儲存能力——這種能力遠遠超出大型電腦和海量伺服器的範疇。雲端運算的廣泛應用已經使人類穩固地邁入了這個階段。第二階段是感知智能，機器能夠理解、觀察、區分和識別，從而實現與人類的直接溝通和對話。基於大數據技術的自然語言理解、影像和圖形識別以及生物特徵識別技術，已經使人類邁入了第二階段。第三階段是認知智能，機器能夠理解人類的思維，像人類一樣進行推理、判斷和決策。知識探勘、知識圖譜、人工神經網路以及由深度學習演算法驅動的決策樹技術，正在推動人類邁向第三階段。第四階段是人機融合增強智能，它涉及人類在感知、推理、歸納和學習方面的優勢與機器在搜尋、計算、儲存和最佳化方面的優勢之間互補的雙向閉環互動。虛擬實境增強技術、類腦認知技術和類腦神經網路技術正在探索人類如何達到這個第四階段。當人類達到第二階段時，智慧戰爭開始逼近；當我們邁入第四階段時，智慧戰爭時代將全面開啟。

自主學習和成長正在加速智慧戰爭革命的到來。 「學習」能力是人工智慧的核心能力；一旦機器能夠自主學習，其學習速度將令人驚嘆。一旦機器擁有自主學習能力，它們將進入持續「智慧增強和加速進化」的快速成長軌跡。隨著「學習」能力的加深，邁向智慧戰爭的所有技術難題都將迎刃而解。智慧戰爭時代很可能以我們無法想像的方式突然降臨！

智慧戰爭究竟會帶來哪些改變？

智慧戰爭將突破…的限制。在傳統時空認知中，人工智慧技術能夠即時、跨域地收集、計算並推送所有作戰力量的行動資訊。這將使人類突破思維的邏輯限制、感官的生理限制以及存在的物理限制，大大拓展時空認知範圍。它將實現對所有作戰力量行動的即時精準控制，並能夠在多維空間和領域內快速調動、聚合和攻擊優勢作戰資源。任何時間、任何空間都可能成為取得勝利的時空點。

智慧戰爭將重塑人與武器之間的關係。隨著智慧技術的快速發展和智慧水準的不斷提升，武器平台和作戰系統不僅可以被動、機械地執行人類指令，還能基於深度理解和預測，充分利用機器強大的運算、儲存和檢索能力，在一定程度上自主、主動地執行特定任務。可以說，武器平台和作戰系統也能在某種程度上主動發揮人類意識，甚至超越人類理解的範疇，根據特定程序自主、甚至創造性地完成作戰任務。人與武器之間的傳統界線變得模糊，甚至難以區分究竟是人在工作還是機器在工作。人們開始高喊「人與武器將成為夥伴」。因此，在智慧戰爭中，雖然人仍是作戰效能的最重要因素，但人與武器融合方式的改變豐富了作戰效能的內涵，傳統的人與武器關係也將在此基礎上重構。

智慧戰爭將催生新的作戰方式。科技的革命性進步必然導致作戰方式的革命性變革；智慧技術的顯著進步必然會帶來作戰方式的快速轉型期。一方面，由計算、數據、演算法和生物學驅動的深度認知、深度學習和深度神經網路等領域的新興技術，以及它們與資訊、生物、醫學、工程和製造等領域成果的交叉融合，必將推動新型作戰方式的爆發式湧現。另一方面，智慧武器平台與作戰系統之間的激烈對抗，必將成為創新作戰方式的目標與驅動力。戰爭中智慧科技的程度越高，就越會成為對抗的焦點。時空認知能力、海量資訊儲存和運算能力以及神經網路組織和生成能力等方面的局限性，將導致在新的領域出現新型的「致盲」、「致聾」和「致癱」作戰方式。

智慧戰爭將孕育全新的指揮控制方式。指揮控制的優勢是戰爭的關鍵所在，而智慧戰爭需要全新的指揮控制方法。首先，人機協同決策將成為智慧戰中主要的指揮決策方式。以往戰爭中，指揮決策主要由指揮官主導，技術僅扮演輔助角色。而在智慧戰中，智慧輔助決策系統將根據戰場態勢的變化，主動敦促或提示指揮官做出決策。這是因為人腦已無法快速有效地吸收和處理大量且瞬息萬變的戰場態勢訊息，人類的感官也無法承受如此巨大的變化速度。在這種情況下，僅由指揮官做出的決策很可能滯後且無效。只有由智慧輔助決策系統驅動的人機協同決策才能彌補時空差異以及人機之間的差距，從而確保指揮決策的優勢。其次，腦機介面控制將成為智慧戰中主要的指揮控制方式。以往戰爭中，指揮官透過文件、無線電、電話等方式，以書面或語音形式，逐級下達命令來控制部隊。在智慧戰爭中，指揮官利用類似大腦的智慧神經元，透過神經網路作戰系統平台向部隊下達命令。這減少了命令呈現格式的轉換過程，並且 縮短跨媒介指令轉換時間，進而加快速度，提高效率。當作戰系統平台遭受攻擊並部分受損時，這種指揮控制方法可以自主修復或重建神經網絡，快速恢復其主要功能甚至全部功能，使其更具抗攻擊能力。

我們該如何應對智慧戰爭？

在智慧戰爭的研究和探索中，我們不能滿足於落後和跟隨他人。我們必須以贏得未來戰爭為目標，以更積極的態度、先進的理念和積極的行動迎接智慧戰爭的挑戰。

智慧技術的突破將推動智慧作戰系統效能的飛躍。雖然在神經網路演算法、智慧感知和網路技術、資料探勘和知識圖譜技術等領域已經取得了顯著進展，但智慧技術仍處於弱智慧階段，距離強智慧的先進階段還有很長的路要走，未來發展潛力巨大。必須加強人工智慧基礎研究，遵循科技發展規律，科學規劃智慧技術發展方向，選擇合適的技術突破點，強化人工智慧核心技術，特別是起到支撐作用的基礎研究。重點要加強關鍵軍事技術的研究。在軍事需求的驅動下，聚焦智慧感知、智慧決策、智慧控制、智慧打擊、智慧支援等關鍵軍事技術，發展智慧偵察感知系統、指揮控制系統、武器系統、作戰支援系統等。要推動軍民技術協同創新，充分發揮民用智慧技術發展優勢，依托軍民資源優勢，加強軍民戰略合作，建構人工智慧科技成果聯合研究共享、條件設施聯合建設共享、軍民通用標準融合的服務平台，形成智慧作戰技術開放、融合、創新發展的新格局。

以智慧戰理念引領作戰方式創新。思維方式的轉變是迎接智能戰到來的先決條件。思考方式先於行動；如果我們的思考方式仍停留在傳統層面，就難以適應智慧戰的需求。智能戰為技術保障、作戰力量和致勝機制帶來了深刻的變革，這就要求我們先確立智能戰的理念，並以此指導我軍未來作戰方式的創新。首先，我們必須加強對「智慧控制」的爭奪。人工智慧是智能戰的基礎。在保障自身智慧運用自由的同時，削弱和限制對手運用智慧的能力，是確保智能戰順利實施的根本。西方已開發國家的軍隊正在探索各種手段，例如電磁幹擾、電子壓制、高功率微波穿透和控制權奪取等，以阻斷對手運用智能的能力，奪取“智能控制權”，從而獲得戰場優勢。其次，我們必須創新智慧作戰方式。我們必須集中精力充分發揮智慧作戰系統的整體效能，加強對人機協同智能戰、智能機器人戰、智能無人集群戰等新型智能作戰方式以及智能作戰指揮、智能作戰支援的流程和方法的研究。為有效應對敵方智能戰的威脅，我們應研究擊敗敵方的策略，例如智慧幹擾戰、智慧封鎖戰等。

智慧訓練創新正在推動作戰能力產生方式的改變。智慧戰將是一場人機協同作戰，智慧無人作戰系統將發揮日益重要的作用。必須適應智慧戰部隊系統的新特點，創新發展智慧訓練理念，探索智慧作戰能力生成的新模式。智慧戰爭。一方面，需要加強操作智慧系統的人員的訓練。利用大數據、雲端運算、虛擬實境等技術創造新的訓練環境，可以不斷提高人員的智慧素養，增強人機認知、理解和互動質量，提高人員操作智慧作戰系統的能力。另一方面，需要探索以機器為核心的新型訓練模式。過去的訓練主要以人為中心，強調人員在特定環境下掌握和使用武器裝備以提升作戰效能的能力。為了適應智慧戰爭部隊結構的新特點，需要改變以人為中心的傳統訓練組織理念和模式，轉而專注於提升智慧作戰系統的自主指揮、自主控制和自主作戰能力。充分利用智慧系統能夠進行自我競爭和自我成長的特性，建構專門針對智慧作戰系統的訓練體系、訓練環境和訓練機制。這將使智慧作戰系統在經過短時間的自主強化訓練後，作戰能力實現幾何級的飛躍。

李始江 杨子明 陈分友

中国军网 国防部网
2018年7月26日 星期四

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/28018-07/286/content_28118827.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Chinese #Quantum #technology, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #quantum computing warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Infratsructure, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Informatization, Command information Systems, Information Support Force, quantum computing warfare

Inclusive Plan for Building Chinese Artificial Intelligence Capabilities

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建構中國人工智慧能力的包容性規劃

現代英語：

To bridge the digital and intelligent divide, and particularly to ensure the Global South benefits equitably from the development of artificial intelligence, China believes it is essential to uphold the UN’s coordinating role in international development cooperation, adhere to genuine multilateralism, and, based on the principles of sovereign equality, development orientation, people-centeredness, inclusiveness, and collaborative cooperation, effectively implement the UN General Assembly resolution on strengthening international cooperation in artificial intelligence capacity building ( A/RES/78/311 ) through North-South cooperation, South-South cooperation, and trilateral cooperation, thereby promoting the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. To this end, China has proposed the “Inclusive Plan for Artificial Intelligence Capacity Building” and calls on all parties to increase investment in artificial intelligence capacity building.

I. Vision and Goals

(a) Promoting the connectivity of artificial intelligence and digital infrastructure    

Improve the global interoperability of artificial intelligence and digital infrastructure, actively assist countries, especially the Global South, in developing artificial intelligence technologies and services, and help the Global South truly access artificial intelligence and keep up with the pace of its development.

(II) Promoting the application of “AI+” to empower various industries

Explore and promote the all-round, full-chain, and multi-scenario empowerment of the real economy by artificial intelligence, promote the application of artificial intelligence in industrial manufacturing, traditional agriculture, green transformation and development, climate change response, biodiversity protection and other fields, and promote the construction of a rich, diverse, healthy and benevolent artificial intelligence development ecosystem in accordance with local conditions.

(III) Strengthening AI literacy and talent cultivation

Actively promote the widespread application of artificial intelligence in education, carry out talent training and exchange in artificial intelligence, increase the sharing of general professional knowledge and best practices, cultivate public awareness of artificial intelligence, protect and strengthen the digital and intelligent rights of women and children, and share knowledge, achievements and experiences in artificial intelligence.

(iv) Enhance the security and diversity of artificial intelligence data

Cooperation will promote the lawful, orderly, and free cross-border flow of data, explore the establishment of a global mechanism platform for data sharing, and safeguard personal privacy and data security. It will also promote the equality and diversity of AI data corpora, eliminate racism, discrimination, and other forms of algorithmic bias, and promote, protect, and preserve the diversity of civilizations.

(v) Ensure that artificial intelligence is safe, reliable and controllable

Upholding the principles of fairness and non-discrimination, we support the establishment of a globally interoperable framework, standards, and governance system for AI security risk assessment that takes into account the interests of developing countries within the framework of the United Nations. We will jointly assess the risks of AI research and application, actively promote and improve technologies and policies to address AI security risks, and ensure that the design, research and development, use, and application of AI promote human well-being.

II. China’s Actions

(i) China is willing to carry out North-South cooperation, South-South cooperation and trilateral cooperation in the field of artificial intelligence with all countries, jointly implement the outcomes of the UN Future Summit, actively cooperate with all countries, especially developing countries, in the construction of artificial intelligence infrastructure, and jointly build joint laboratories.

(ii) China is willing to carry out cooperation in the research and development and empowerment of artificial intelligence models, especially to promote the application of artificial intelligence in poverty reduction, medical care, agriculture, education and industrial manufacturing, deepen international cooperation in the artificial intelligence production and supply chain, and unleash the dividends of artificial intelligence as a new type of productive force.

(III) China is willing to work with all countries, especially developing countries, to explore the potential of artificial intelligence to empower green development, climate change response, and biodiversity conservation, and contribute to global climate governance and sustainable development.

(iv) China is willing to build an international cooperation platform for artificial intelligence capacity building. China’s artificial intelligence industry and industry alliances are willing to carry out various forms of exchange activities with all countries, especially developing countries, to share best practices, and to build an open source community for artificial intelligence in a responsible manner, so as to promote the construction of a multi-level and multi-industry cooperation ecosystem.

(v) The Chinese government will organize short- and medium-term education and training programs for artificial intelligence capacity building in developing countries, share artificial intelligence education resources, and carry out joint programs and exchanges in artificial intelligence to help developing countries cultivate high-level artificial intelligence science and technology and application talents.

(vi) The Chinese government is willing to strengthen cooperation with developing countries in human resources assistance. Building on the first artificial intelligence capacity building workshop held this year, it will hold ten more training and seminar programs in the field of artificial intelligence, focusing on developing countries, by the end of 2025.

(vii) China is willing to work with all countries, especially developing countries, to cultivate public awareness of artificial intelligence, and promote the popularization and professional knowledge of artificial intelligence in a multi-dimensional, multi-level and multi-platform manner through a combination of online and offline methods, and strive to improve the artificial intelligence literacy and skills of our people, especially to protect and improve the digital rights of women and children.

(viii) China is willing to work with all countries, especially developing countries, to jointly develop artificial intelligence corpora, take positive measures to eliminate racial, algorithmic, and cultural discrimination, and commit to maintaining and promoting linguistic and cultural diversity.

(ix) China is willing to work with all countries, especially developing countries, to promote and improve data infrastructure and jointly promote the fair and inclusive use of global data.

(x) China is willing to work with all countries, especially developing countries, to strengthen the alignment of artificial intelligence strategies and policy exchanges, actively share policies and technical practices in artificial intelligence testing, evaluation, certification and regulation, and work together to address the ethical and security risks of artificial intelligence.

現代國語：

為彌合數位落差和智慧鴻溝，尤其要確保全球南方國家公平地受益於人工智慧發展，中國認為必須維護聯合國在國際發展合作中的協調作用，堅持真正的多邊主義，並本著主權平等、發展導向、以人為本、包容性和協作性原則，透過南北合作、南南合作和三方合作，切實落實聯合國大會關於加強人工智慧能力建構國際合作的決議（A/RES/78/311），從而推動落實聯合國2030年永續發展議程。為此，中國提出了“人工智慧能力建設包容性方案”，並呼籲各方加大對人工智慧能力建設的投入。

一、願景與目標

(a) 促進人工智慧與數位基礎設施的互聯互通

提升人工智慧與數位基礎設施的全球互通性，積極協助各國，特別是全球南方國家，發展人工智慧技術和服務，幫助全球南方國家真正獲得人工智慧，並跟上其發展步伐。

(II) 推動「AI+」賦能各產業

探索並推動人工智慧對實體經濟的全方位、全鏈、多場景賦能，推動人工智慧在工業製造、傳統農業、綠色轉型發展、氣候變遷因應、生物多樣性保護等領域的應用，並根據當地實際情況，推動建構豐富多元、健康向善的人工智慧發展生態系統。

（三）加強人工智慧素養與人才培養

積極推動人工智慧在教育領域的廣泛應用，進行人工智慧人才培訓和交流，加強一般專業知識和最佳實踐的分享，提升大眾對人工智慧的認識，保護和加強婦女兒童的數位和智慧權利，分享人工智慧領域的知識、成果和經驗。

（四）增強人工智慧資料的安全性與多樣性

合作將促進資料合法、有序、自由的跨境流動，探索建立全球資料共享機制平台，保障個人隱私和資料安全。同時，也將促進人工智慧資料語料庫的平等性和多樣性，消除種族主義、歧視和其他形式的演算法偏見，促進、保護和維護文明多樣性。

（五）確保人工智慧安全、可靠、可控

秉持公平、非歧視原則，我們支持在聯合國框架內建立兼顧發展中國家利益的全球互通人工智慧安全風險評估架構、標準和治理體系。我們將共同評估人工智慧研發和應用風險，積極推動和改善應對人工智慧安全風險的技術和政策，確保人工智慧的設計、研發、使用和應用促進人類福祉。

二、中國的行動

（一）中國願與各國在人工智慧領域進行南北合作、南南合作與三方合作，共同落實聯合國未來高峰會成果，積極與各國，特別是發展中國家合作建置人工智慧基礎設施，共同建置聯合實驗室。

（二）中國願在人工智慧模型研發和賦能方面開展合作，尤其是在推動人工智慧在減貧、醫療、農業、教育和工業製造等領域的應用方面，深化人工智慧生產和供應鏈領域的國際合作，釋放人工智慧作為新型生產力的紅利。

（三）中國願與各國，特別是發展中國家，共同探索人工智慧在賦能綠色發展、應對氣候變遷和保護生物多樣性方面的潛力，為全球氣候治理和永續發展做出貢獻。

（四）中國願建構人工智慧能力建構國際合作平台。中國人工智慧產業和產業聯盟願進行各種形式的合作。

與各國，特別是發展中國家進行交流活動，分享最佳實踐，負責任地建構人工智慧開源社區，以促進多層次、多產業的合作生態系統建設。

（五）中國政府將在發展中國家組織進行短期和中期人工智慧能力建構教育培訓項目，共享人工智慧教育資源，進行人工智慧聯合項目和交流，幫助發展中國家培養高水準人工智慧科技及應用人才。

（六）中國政府願加強與發展中國家在人力資源援助的合作。在今年舉辦的首屆人工智慧能力建構研討會的基礎上，到2025年底，中國將再舉辦十期人工智慧領域的培訓和研討會，重點是發展中國家。

（七）中國願同各國，特別是發展中國家，共同努力，透過線上線下相結合的方式，多維度、多層次、多平台地普及人工智慧知識，提高國民人工智慧素養和技能，尤其要保護和改善婦女兒童的數位權利。

（八）中國願同各國，特別是發展中國家，共同建構人工智慧語料庫，積極消除種族歧視、演算法歧視和文化歧視，致力於維護和促進語言文化多樣性。

（九）中國願同各國，特別是發展中國家，共同促進資料基礎建設，共同推動全球資料的公平、包容性利用。

（十）中國願與各國，特別是發展中國家，加強人工智慧戰略和政策交流的協調一致，積極分享人工智慧測試、評估、認證和監管方面的政策和技術實踐，共同應對人工智慧的倫理和安全風險。

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/wjbzhd/2028409/t2028409827_114984638.shtml

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare

A Look at Chinese Intelligent Warfare: Warfare Considerations Brought by AGI

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中國情報戰概覽：AGI帶來的戰爭考量

現代英語：

Technology and war have always been intertwined. While technological innovation constantly changes the face of war, it hasn’t altered its violent nature and coercive objectives. In recent years, with the rapid development and application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, the debate about its impact on war has never ceased. Compared to artificial intelligence (AI), artificial general intelligence (AGI) is considered to be a higher level of intelligence, comparable to human intelligence. How will the emergence of AGI affect war? Will it change the violent and coercive nature of war? This article will explore this question with a series of reflections.

Is AGI just an enabling technology?

Many believe that while large-scale models and generative artificial intelligence (AGI) demonstrate great potential for future military applications, they are ultimately just enabling technologies. They can only enhance and optimize weapons and equipment, making existing equipment smarter and improving combat efficiency, but they are unlikely to bring about a true military revolution. Just like “cyber warfare weapons,” which were once highly anticipated by many countries when they first appeared, now seem somewhat exaggerated.

The disruptive nature of AGI is entirely different. It brings tremendous changes to the battlefield with reaction speeds and knowledge far exceeding those of humans. More importantly, it produces enormous disruptive results by accelerating technological progress. On the future battlefield, autonomous weapons will be endowed with advanced intelligence by AGI, their performance will be universally enhanced, and they will become “strong in offense and difficult in defense” due to their speed and swarm advantages. At that time, the highly intelligent autonomous weapons predicted by some scientists will become a reality, and AGI will play a key role in this. Currently, the military applications of artificial intelligence include autonomous weapons, intelligence analysis, intelligent decision-making, intelligent training, and intelligent support, which are difficult to summarize simply as “empowerment.” Moreover, AGI develops rapidly, has a short iteration cycle, and is in a state of continuous evolution. In future operations, AGI needs to be prioritized, and special attention should be paid to the potential changes it brings.

Will AGI make wars disappear?

Historian Jeffrey Breeny argues that “wars always occur due to misjudgments of each other’s strength or will,” and that with the application of AGI in the military field, misjudgments will become increasingly rare. Therefore, some scholars speculate that wars will decrease or even disappear. Indeed, relying on AGI can significantly reduce misjudgments, but even so, it’s impossible to eliminate all uncertainty, as uncertainty is a defining characteristic of war. Moreover, not all wars arise from misjudgments, and the inherent unpredictability and inexplicability of AGI, along with people’s lack of experience using AGI, will bring new uncertainties, plunging people into an even deeper “artificial intelligence fog.”

AGI algorithms also present rational challenges. Some scholars believe that AGI’s ability to mine and accurately predict critical intelligence has a dual impact. In practical operation, AGI does indeed make fewer mistakes than humans, improving intelligence accuracy and reducing misjudgments; however, it can sometimes lead to overconfidence and reckless actions. The offensive advantage brought by AGI results in the best defensive strategy being “preemptive strike,” disrupting the balance between offense and defense, creating a new security dilemma, and ultimately increasing the risk of war.

AGI (Automatic Genomics) is highly versatile and easily integrated with weaponry. Unlike nuclear, biological, and chemical technologies, it has a low barrier to entry and is particularly prone to proliferation. Due to technological gaps between countries, immature AGI weapons could potentially be deployed on the battlefield, posing significant risks. For example, the application of drones in recent local conflicts has spurred many small and medium-sized countries to begin large-scale drone procurement. The low-cost equipment and technology offered by AGI could very well stimulate a new arms race.

Will AGI be the ultimate deterrent?

Deterrence is the maintenance of a capability to intimidate an adversary into refraining from actions that exceed one’s own interests. Ultimate deterrence occurs when it becomes so powerful as to be unusable, such as nuclear deterrence that ensures mutual destruction. But ultimately, the deciding factor is “human nature,” a crucial element that will never be absent from war.

Without the considerations of “humanity,” would AGI become a formidable deterrent? AGI is fast but lacks empathy; its resolute execution severely compresses the strategic space. AGI is a key factor on the future battlefield, but due to a lack of practical experience, accurate assessment is difficult, easily leading to overestimation of the adversary’s capabilities. Furthermore, regarding autonomous weapon control, whether to have humans within the system for full-time supervision or to leave it entirely to the outside world requires careful consideration. Should the firing control of intelligent weapons be handed over to AGI? If not, the deterrent effect will be greatly diminished; if so, can the life and death of humanity truly be decided by machines unrelated to them? Research at Cornell University shows that large-scale wargaming models frequently escalate wars with “sudden nuclear attacks,” even when in a neutral state.

Perhaps one day in the future, AGI will surpass human capabilities. Will we then be unable to regulate and control it? Jeffrey Hinton, who proposed the concept of deep learning, said he has never seen a case where something with a higher level of intelligence was controlled by something with a lower level of intelligence. Some research teams believe that humans may not be able to supervise super artificial intelligence. Faced with powerful AGI in the future, will we really be able to control them? This is a question worth pondering.

Will AGI change the nature of war?

With the widespread use of AGI, will battlefields filled with violence and bloodshed disappear? Some argue that AI warfare far exceeds human capabilities and may even push humanity off the battlefield. When AI transforms warfare into a conflict entirely between autonomous robots, will it still be a “violent and bloody war”? When unequal adversaries clash, the weaker party may have no chance to act. Can wars be ended before they even begin through war games? Will AGI change the nature of warfare as a result? Is a “war” without humans still a war?

Yuval Noah Harari, author of Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, states that all human behavior is mediated by language and influences our history. The Large Language Model (AGI) is a typical example of AGI, differing from other inventions in its ability to create entirely new ideas and cultures; “storytelling AI will change the course of human history.” When AGI gains control over language, the entire system of human civilization could be overturned, without even requiring its own consciousness. Like Plato’s Allegory of the Cave, will humanity worship AGI as a new “god”?

AGI establishes a close relationship with humans through human language and alters their perceptions, making them difficult to distinguish and discern, thus posing a risk that the will to fight could be controlled by those with ulterior motives. Harari stated that computers don’t need to send out killer robots; if necessary, they will allow humans to pull the trigger themselves. AGI precisely manufactures and refines situational information, controlling battlefield perception through deep deception. This can be achieved through drones to fabricate battlefield situations and through pre-war public opinion manipulation, as already evident in recent local conflicts. The cost of war would thus decrease significantly, leading to the emergence of new forms of warfare. Would small and weak nations still have a chance? Can the will to fight be changed without bloodshed? Is “force” no longer a necessary condition for defining war?

The form of war may change, but its essence remains. Regardless of how “bloody” war is, it will still force the enemy to submit to its will and inflict significant “collateral damage,” only the methods of resistance may be entirely different. The essence of war lies in the deep-seated “human nature,” which is determined by culture, history, behavior, and values. It is difficult to completely replicate using any artificial intelligence technology, so we cannot outsource all ethical, political, and decision-making issues to AI, nor can we expect AI to automatically generate “human nature.” AI technology may be abused due to impulsive passions, so it must be under human control. Since AI is trained by humans, it will not always be without bias, therefore it cannot be completely free from human oversight. In the future, artificial intelligence can become a creative tool or partner, enhancing “tactical imagination,” but it must be “aligned” with human values. These issues need to be continuously considered and understood in practice.

Will AGI subvert war theory?

Most academic knowledge is expressed in natural language. A comprehensive language model, which integrates the best of human writing, can connect seemingly incompatible linguistic works with scientific research. For example, some have input classical works, and even works from philosophy, history, political science, and economics, into a comprehensive language model for analysis and reconstruction. They have found that it can comprehensively analyze all scholars’ viewpoints and also offer its own “insights,” without sacrificing originality. Therefore, some have asked whether it is possible to re-analyze and interpret war theory through AGI, stimulating human innovation and driving a major evolution and reconstruction of war theory and its systems. Perhaps there would indeed be some theoretical improvements and developments, but war science is not only theoretical but also practical, and AGI simply cannot achieve this practicality and realism. Can classical war theory really be reinterpreted? If so, what is the significance of the theory?

In short, AGI’s disruption of the concept of warfare will far exceed that of “mechanization” and “informatization.” We must embrace AGI boldly, yet remain cautious. Understanding the concept prevents ignorance; in-depth research prevents falling behind; and strengthened oversight prevents oversight. How to cooperate with AGI and guard against adversaries’ AGI technological surprise attacks is our primary concern for the future.

After editing

Look to the future with an open mind

■Ye Chaoyang

Futurist Roy Amalra famously asserted that people tend to overestimate the short-term benefits of a technology while underestimating its long-term impact, a principle known as “Amalra’s Law.” This law emphasizes the non-linear nature of technological development, meaning that the actual impact of technology often only becomes fully apparent over a longer timescale. It reflects the pulse and trends of technological development, and embodies humanity’s acceptance and aspirations towards technology.

Currently, in the development of artificial intelligence from weak AI to strong AI, and from specialized AI to general AI, each time people think they have completed 90% of the process, looking back, they may only have completed less than 10%. The driving role of technological revolution in military revolution is becoming increasingly prominent, especially as high-tech technologies, represented by artificial intelligence, penetrate the military field in multiple ways, causing profound changes in the mechanisms, factors, and methods of winning wars.

In the foreseeable future, intelligent technologies such as AGI will continue to iterate, and the cross-evolution of intelligent technologies and their empowering applications in the military field will become increasingly diversified, perhaps even transcending the boundaries of humanity’s current understanding of warfare. The development of technology is unstoppable and unstoppable. Whoever can use keen insight and a clear mind to see the trends and future of technology, to see its potential and power, and to penetrate the “fog of war,” will be more likely to seize the initiative.

This serves as a reminder that we should adopt a broader perspective and mindset in exploring the future forms of warfare in order to get closer to the underestimated reality. Where is AGI headed? Where is intelligent warfare headed? This tests human wisdom.

現代國語：

科技與戰爭始終密不可分。科技創新不斷改變戰爭的面貌，卻並未改變其暴力本質和強制目的。近年來，隨著人工智慧（AI）技術的快速發展和應用，關於其對戰爭影響的爭論從未停止。與人工智慧（AI）相比，通用人工智慧（AGI）被認為是一種更高層次的智能，堪比人類智能。 AGI的出現將如何影響戰爭？它會改變戰爭的暴力和強製本質嗎？本文將透過一系列思考來探討這個問題。

AGI只是一種賦能技術嗎？

許多人認為，儘管大規模模型和生成式人工智慧（AGI）展現出未來軍事應用的巨大潛力，但它們終究只是賦能技術。它們只能增強和優化武器裝備，使現有裝備更加智能，提高作戰效率，但不太可能帶來真正的軍事革命。就像曾經被許多國家寄予厚望的「網路戰武器」一樣，如今看來似乎有些誇大其詞。

通用人工智慧（AGI）的顛覆性本質截然不同。它以遠超人類的反應速度和知識儲備，為戰場帶來巨大改變。更重要的是，它透過加速技術進步，產生巨大的顛覆性影響。在未來的戰場上，AGI將賦予自主武器先進的智能，使其性能全面提升，並憑藉速度和集群優勢，成為「攻守難攻」的利器。屆時，一些科學家預測的高智慧自主武器將成為現實，而AGI將在其中扮演關鍵角色。目前，人工智慧的軍事應用涵蓋自主武器、情報分析、智慧決策、智慧訓練和智慧支援等領域，難以簡單地以「賦能」來概括。此外，AGI發展迅速，迭代週期短，處於持續演進的狀態。在未來的作戰行動中，AGI必須優先考慮，並應特別關注其可能帶來的潛在變革。

AGI會讓戰爭消失嗎？

歷史學家傑弗裡·布雷尼認為，“戰爭的發生總是源於對彼此實力或意志的誤判”，而隨著通用人工智慧（AGI）在軍事領域的應用，誤判將變得越來越罕見。因此，一些學者推測戰爭將會減少甚至消失。的確，依賴AGI可以顯著減少誤判，但即便如此，也無法完全消除不確定性，因為不確定性是戰爭的本質特徵。此外，並非所有戰爭都源自於誤判，AGI固有的不可預測性和不可解釋性，以及人們缺乏使用AGI的經驗，將會帶來新的不確定性，使人們陷入更深的「人工智慧迷霧」。

AGI演算法也帶來了理性方面的挑戰。一些學者認為，AGI挖掘和準確預測關鍵情報的能力具有雙重影響力。在實際操作中，AGI確實比人類犯的錯誤更少，提高了情報的準確性並減少了誤判；然而，它有時會導致過度自信和魯莽行動。通用人工智慧（AGI）帶來的進攻優勢使得最佳防禦策略成為“先發製人打擊”，打破了攻防平衡，製造了新的安全困境，並最終增加了戰爭風險。

通用人工智慧（AGI）用途廣泛，易於與武器系統整合。與核武、生物武器和化學武器不同，它的進入門檻低，且極易擴散。由於各國之間存在技術差距，不成熟的通用人工智慧武器可能被部署到戰場上，構成重大風險。例如，無人機在近期局部衝突的應用促使許多中小國家開始大規模採購無人機。通用人工智慧提供的低成本裝備和技術很可能引發新一輪軍備競賽。

通用人工智慧會成為最終的威懾力量嗎？

威懾是指維持一種能力，使對手不敢採取超越自身利益的行動。當威懾力量強大到無法使用時，例如確保相互毀滅的核威懾，就達到了終極威懾的境界。但歸根結底，決定性因素是“人性”，這是戰爭中永遠不可或缺的關鍵要素。

如果忽略“人性”，通用人工智慧（AGI）還能成為強大的威懾力量嗎？ AGI速度很快，但缺乏同理心；其果斷的執行會嚴重壓縮戰略空間。 AGI是未來戰場上的關鍵因素，但由於缺乏…實務經驗表明，準確評估十分困難，很容易高估對手的能力。此外，關於自主武器控制，是否應該讓人類在系統中全天候監控，還是完全交給外部世界，都需要仔細斟酌。智慧武器的發射控制權是否應該交給通用人工智慧（AGI）？如果不行，威懾效果將大大降低；如果行，人類的生死真的能由與人類無關的機器來決定嗎？康乃爾大學的研究表明，大規模兵棋推演模型經常會透過「突然的核攻擊」來升級戰爭，即使在中立國也是如此。

或許在未來的某一天，通用人工智慧的能力將超越人類。到那時，我們是否就無法對其進行監管和控制了？深度學習概念的提出者傑弗裡·辛頓表示，他從未見過智能水平更高的系統被智能水平更低的系統控制的情況。一些研究團隊認為，人類或許無法監管超級人工智慧。面對未來強大的通用人工智慧，我們真的能夠控制它們嗎？這是一個值得深思的問題。

通用人工智慧（AGI）會改變戰爭的本質嗎？

隨著AGI的廣泛應用，充滿暴力和血腥的戰場會消失嗎？有人認為，人工智慧戰爭的能力遠遠超出人類，甚至可能將人類逐出戰場。當人工智慧將戰爭完全轉變為自主機器人之間的衝突時，它還會是「暴力和血腥的戰爭」嗎？當實力懸殊的對手交鋒時，弱勢一方可能毫無還手之力。戰爭能否透過戰爭演習在爆發前就結束？ AGI會因此改變戰爭的本質嗎？一場沒有人類參與的「戰爭」還能稱之為戰爭嗎？

《人類簡史》的作者尤瓦爾·赫拉利指出，所有人類行為都受語言的製約，並影響我們的歷史。大型語言模型（AGI）是AGI的典型例子，它與其他發明不同之處在於它能夠創造全新的思想和文化；「講述故事的人工智慧將改變人類歷史的進程。」當通用人工智慧（AGI）掌控語言時，整個人類文明體係都可能被顛覆，甚至無需其自身意識。如同柏拉圖的「洞穴寓言」一般，人類會把AGI當成新的「神」嗎？

AGI透過人類語言與人類建立密切聯繫，並改變人類的感知，使其難以區分和辨別，從而構成一種風險：人類的戰鬥意志可能被別有用心之人操控。哈拉里指出，電腦無需派出殺手機器人；如有必要，它們會允許人類自行扣動扳機。 AGI能夠精確地製造和完善戰場訊息，透過深度欺騙控制戰場態勢感知。這可以透過無人機製造戰場環境以及戰前輿論操縱來實現，正如近期局部衝突中所展現的那樣。戰爭成本將因此大幅降低，進而催生新的戰爭形式。弱小國還有勝算？能否在不流血的情況下改變人類的戰鬥意志？ 「武力」是否不再是定義戰爭的必要條件？

戰爭的形式或許會改變，但本質不變。無論戰爭多麼“血腥”，它最終都會迫使敵人屈服於己方意志，並造成重大的“附帶損害”，只是抵抗的方式可能截然不同。戰爭的本質在於根深蒂固的“人性”，而人性又是由文化、歷史、行為和價值觀決定的。任何人工智慧技術都難以完全複製人性，因此我們不能將所有倫理、政治和決策問題都外包給人工智慧，也不能指望人工智慧會自動產生「人性」。人工智慧技術可能因衝動而被濫用，因此必須置於人類的控制之下。由於人工智慧是由人類訓練的，它並非總是沒有偏見，因此無法完全脫離人類的監督。未來，人工智慧可以成為一種創造性的工具或夥伴，增強“戰術想像”，但它必須與人類價值觀“保持一致”。這些問題需要在實踐中不斷思考和理解。

通用人工智慧（AGI）會顛覆戰爭理論嗎？

大多數的學術知識都是用自然語言表達。一個整合了人類寫作精華的綜合語言模型，可以將看似不相容的語言學著作與科學研究連結起來。例如，一些學者將古典著作，甚至哲學、歷史、政治和經濟學等領域的著作輸入到綜合語言模型中進行分析和重構。他們發現，該模型既能全面分析所有學者的觀點，又能提出自身的“見解”，同時又不失原創性。因此，有人提出了這樣的問題：因此，我們有可能透過通用人工智慧（AGI）重新分析和詮釋戰爭理論，從而激發人類創新，並推動戰爭理論及其體系的重大演進和重構。或許確實會出現一些理論上的改進和發展，但戰爭科學不僅是理論性的，也是實踐性的，而AGI根本無法達到這種實踐性和現實性。經典戰爭理論真的可以被重新詮釋嗎？如果可以，那麼該理論的意義何在？

簡而言之，AGI對戰爭概念的顛覆將遠遠超過「機械化」和「資訊化」。我們必須大膽擁抱AGI，但也要保持謹慎。理解概念可以避免無知；深入研究可以避免落後；加強監督可以避免失職。如何與AGI合作，並防範對手利用AGI技術發動突襲，是我們未來面臨的首要問題。

編輯後

以開放的心態展望未來

■葉朝陽

未來學家羅伊·阿瑪拉曾提出著名的“阿瑪拉定律”，指出人們往往高估一項技術的短期收益，而低估其長期影響。該定律強調技術發展的非線性特徵，意味著技術的實際影響往往需要更長的時間才能完全顯現。它反映了技術發展的脈動和趨勢，反映了人類對科技的接受度和期望。

目前，在人工智慧從弱人工智慧向強人工智慧、從專用人工智慧發展到通用人工智慧的過程中，人們每次認為自己已經完成了90%的工作，回首往事，可能才完成了不到10%。科技革命在軍事革命中的驅動作用日益凸顯，尤其是在以人工智慧為代表的高科技以多種方式滲透軍事領域，深刻改變戰爭的機制、因素和取勝之道的情況下。

在可預見的未來，通用人工智慧（AGI）等智慧技術將不斷迭代發展，智慧科技的交叉演進及其在軍事領域的賦能應用將日益多元化，甚至可能超越人類目前對戰爭的認知邊界。技術的發展勢不可擋。誰能以敏銳的洞察力和清晰的思維洞察技術的趨勢和未來，看到其潛力和力量，並撥開戰爭迷霧，誰就更有可能掌握主動權。

這提醒我們，在探索未來戰爭形態時，應採取更廣闊的視野和思維方式，才能更接近被低估的現實。通用人工智慧將走向何方？智慧戰爭將走向何方？這考驗著人類的智慧。

來源：中國軍事網-解放軍報 作者：榮明、胡曉峰 編輯：吳明奇 發佈時間：2025-01-21 07:xx:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_20887827/186836858485.html

#Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Command information Systems, Information Support Force

Chinese Military Plans Focus on Improving Battlefield Management During Future Operations

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中國軍方計畫聚焦於提升未來作戰中的戰場管理能力

現代英語：

Battlefield management refers to the management of participating troops and other relevant personnel, weapons and equipment, command structures, and key targets to maintain battlefield order. Joint operations under informationized and intelligent conditions are rapidly expanding the operational space and the battlefield area to an unprecedented extent. Coupled with the deep integration of various services and forces, battlefield management faces more complex new situations, new requirements, and new challenges. Looking towards future warfare, battlefield management should closely follow the evolving characteristics of warfare, firmly establish the concept of integrated warfare management, build smooth and efficient mechanisms, promote innovation in management methods, and effectively improve management levels.

Establish a strong concept of integrated combat management. Future warfare is based on integrated joint operations using network information systems. Battlefield management, as a crucial element in ensuring victory, has undergone significant changes compared to traditional battlefield management. Only by re-examining the role of battlefield management in future joint operations, closely focusing on the requirements of victory, always keeping in mind the needs of future warfare, further broadening the management perspective and expanding the management scope, and establishing a concept of integrated combat management can we maximize and consolidate combat effectiveness. First, we must establish a systematic management concept, employing a comprehensive and systematic way of thinking to examine and properly handle all kinds of battlefield-related matters, and implement all-time, all-element management of all elements. Secondly, it is essential to establish a holistic management philosophy, clearly define the primary objectives of battlefield management and their scope, and ensure comprehensive control over all resources, including human, financial, and material resources, as well as the scientific management of spatiotemporal information resources. Thirdly, it is crucial to establish a centralized management philosophy, combining the actual situation of the troops with future combat development trends, to develop detailed emergency plans for all possible unforeseen circumstances on the battlefield, and to establish strict management discipline based on the assigned tasks and personnel, ensuring coordinated and consistent troop actions.

Establish a smooth and efficient mechanism. Future joint operations will involve not only the joint operations of various services and arms, but also the overall joint operations of forces in other fields. The personnel composition will be complex, the forces will be intertwined and overlapping, and the high degree of dispersion of weapons, equipment, and key targets will further increase the difficulty of management. In joint operations, problems such as complex management relationships, loose management structures, and disrupted management chains are prone to arise. Establishing a smooth and efficient management mechanism can improve the quality and efficiency of battlefield management and effectively solve related problems. Therefore, based on the joint operations system, a top-down command structure and a smooth information exchange mechanism should be established to build a timely and efficient operational management system. This encompasses close collaboration between commanders at all levels and the command system, as well as real-time interconnection and coordination among various combat platforms and weapon systems. Throughout the process, a streamlined yet responsive and continuous management mechanism is established to meet the evolving needs of the battlefield environment.

Promote innovation in management methods. The large-scale application of cutting-edge technologies in the military has transformed combat forms and patterns, requiring corresponding innovation in battlefield management to adapt to the new challenges brought about by new situations and problems. Efforts should be focused on shifting from traditional, extensive, experience-based management to intensive, precise management, continuously simplifying management processes, further compressing management chains, and improving management efficiency. Instructions from superiors must be received, understood, and implemented quickly; emergencies must be grasped, judged, and handled quickly; and management problems must be identified, resolved, and reflected upon quickly to avoid unnecessary losses caused by complex management. The traditional, singular management model must be changed, focusing on all types of personnel and elements in management, managing flexibly according to time and place, continuously enhancing pertinence and effectiveness, and promoting overall management efficiency.

現代國語：

戰場管理是指對參戰部隊及其他相關人員、武器裝備、指揮體系及重點目標進行管理，以維持戰場秩序。資訊化、智慧化條件下的聯合作戰正以前所未有的規模迅速拓展作戰空間和戰場範圍。加之各軍種、各力量的深度融合，戰場管理面臨更複雜的新形勢、新要求和新挑戰。展望未來戰爭，戰場管理應緊跟戰爭演變特徵，堅定確立一體化作戰管理理念，建構流暢高效的機制，推動管理方式創新，有效提升管理水準。

確立一體化作戰管理理念。未來戰爭是建立在網路資訊系統基礎上的一體化聯合作戰。戰場管理作為確保勝利的關鍵要素，與傳統戰場管理相比發生了顯著變化。只有重新檢視戰場管理在未來聯合作戰中的作用，緊扣勝利要求，始終牢記未來戰爭的需求，進一步拓寬管理視野、擴大管理範圍，確立一體化作戰管理理念，才能最大限度地提升和鞏固作戰效能。首先，必須建立系統化的管理理念，運用全面系統的思維方式，對戰場各類事務進行全面、系統的審視和妥善處理，實行全時、全要素的統籌管理。其次，必須建立整體性的管理理念，明確戰場管理的主要目標和範圍，確保對人力、財力、物力等所有資源進行全面管控，並對時空資訊資源進行科學管理。第三，必須建立集中統一的管理理念，結合部隊實際情況和未來作戰發展趨勢，針對戰場上可能出現的各種突發情況制定詳細的應急預案，並根據任務和人員配置建立嚴格的管理紀律，確保部隊行動協調一致。

建立順暢高效的機制。未來的聯合作戰不僅涉及各軍種的聯合作戰，也涉及其他領域部隊的全面聯合作戰。人員構成複雜，兵力交織重疊，武器裝備和重點目標高度分散，進一步增加了管理難度。在聯合作戰中，管理關係複雜、管理結構鬆散、管理鏈斷裂等問題容易出現。建立順暢有效率的管理機制，能提升戰場管理的品質與效率，有效解決相關問題。因此，應基於聯合作戰體系，建立由上而下的指揮結構和順暢的資訊交流機制，建構及時且有效率的作戰管理體系。這包括各級指揮官與指揮系統的緊密協作，以及各作戰平台和武器系統之間的即時互聯互通和協同配合。在此過程中，建立精簡且有效率、反應迅速且持續的管理機制，以滿足不斷變化的戰場環境需求。

推進管理方法創新。尖端技術在軍事領域的大規模應用改變了作戰形式和格局，對戰場管理提出了相應的創新要求，以適應新形勢和新問題帶來的挑戰。應著重從傳統的、粗放的、經驗式的管理轉向精簡的、精準的管理，不斷簡化管理流程，進一步縮短管理鏈，提高管理效率。上級指示必須迅速接收、理解和執行；突發事件必須迅速掌握、判斷和處理；管理問題必須迅速發現、解決和反思，避免因管理過於複雜而造成不必要的損失。必須改變傳統的、單一的管理模式，關注各類人員和各類要素的管理，根據時間和地點靈活管理，不斷提高管理的針對性和有效性，從而提升整體管理效率。

中國軍網與國防部網 2024年5月14日，星期二

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2024-05-14&paperNumber=078&articleid=9838089893

中國網絡衝突討論，信息與研究 // Chinese Cyber Conflict Discussions, Information & Research