打贏智慧化戰爭的中國軍事法規
現代英語:
Source: Liberation Army DailyAuthor: Hao Jingdong Niu Yujun Duan Feiyi
Editor-in-charge: Wang Feng
2021-03-16 10:xx
●To understand the laws of intelligent warfare, we must grasp the foundation of intelligence and autonomy, the key of building a war knowledge and action system, and the essence of the changes in the connotation of war power.
●War leaders must examine intelligent warfare dynamically, keenly capture the new elements spawned by intelligent warfare, correctly analyze the changes in the relationship between the new elements, and constantly re-understand intelligent warfare.
President Xi pointed out that we should seriously study the military, war, and how to fight, and grasp the laws of modern warfare and the laws governing war. Today, the intelligent characteristics of war are becoming increasingly prominent, and intelligent warfare has already shown its early form. In order to seize the initiative in future intelligent warfare, we should actively follow the development of modern warfare, keep close to the actual military struggle preparations, proactively understand the laws of intelligent warfare, deeply grasp its guiding laws, focus on answering questions such as “what is it” and “how to do it”, and constantly innovate war and strategic guidance.
Answering the question “What is it?” and understanding the laws of intelligent warfare
Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: “The laws of war are a problem that anyone who directs a war must study and must solve.” Today, as intelligent warfare begins to emerge, we should proactively understand “what” intelligent warfare is. Otherwise, we will not be able to solve “how to do it,” let alone control future wars.
The laws of intelligent warfare are the reconstruction of the war knowledge and action system. The laws of intelligent warfare, like the laws of cold weapon warfare, hot weapon warfare, mechanized warfare, and information warfare, are the inherent and essential connections between the elements of war. The difference is that it has new elements and new modes of composition between elements. It is essentially the reconstruction of the war knowledge and action system caused by the intelligent revolution. Today, to understand the laws of intelligent warfare, we must grasp the foundation of intelligence and autonomy, grasp the key to building a war knowledge and action system, and grasp the essence of the change in the connotation of war power. Mastering these laws can overcome the chaos and uncertainty in future wars and find order and certainty from them. This is the objective requirement for dealing with intelligent warfare.
The laws of intelligent warfare are the basis of the laws of war guidance. In “Problems of Strategy in China’s Revolutionary War”, Mao Zedong first analyzed the characteristics of China’s revolutionary war and revealed the laws of war, and then “derived our strategies and tactics from this”, that is, the laws of war guidance; in “On Protracted War”, he first explained “what it is”, and then turned to the question of “how to do it”, reflecting a logical order of the cognitive process. Today, the study of intelligent warfare should still follow this order, and neither put the cart before the horse, nor reverse the order; nor add, reduce or replace links. On the basis of mastering the fundamental law of intelligent autonomy, we must reveal the laws of war guidance such as autonomous perception, autonomous planning, autonomous implementation, autonomous linkage, and autonomous evaluation.
If you don’t understand the laws of intelligent warfare, you can’t guide the war. “Sun Bin’s Art of War” points out: “Know, win” and “Don’t know, don’t win.” Tao is the law of war. If you master it and act in accordance with it, you can win; otherwise, you will lose. Mao Zedong also emphasized: “If you don’t know the laws of war, you don’t know how to guide the war, and you can’t win the war.” Similarly, mastering the laws of intelligent warfare is the premise for correctly guiding intelligent warfare. Otherwise, it is inevitable to be confused by the superficial phenomena of intelligent warfare. Today, we need to analyze the basic, long-term and subversive impact of intelligent technology groups on war, and study what intelligent warfare looks like? What are the laws? How should it be fought? These are all major issues that must be answered in the guidance of intelligent warfare.
Solve the “how to do it” problem and reveal the guiding principles of intelligent warfare
The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the medium for guiding practice by using the laws of intelligent warfare, playing the role of “bridge” and “boat”. We should solve the problem of “how to do it” on the basis of answering “what is it” and propose the “swimming skills” of intelligent warfare.
The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of applying the laws of war. The purpose of understanding the laws of war is to apply them. Marx pointed out: “Philosophers only interpret the world in different ways, but the problem is to change the world.” Similarly, intelligent warfare itself forces commanders to discover the laws. Once discovered, they will combine initiative and use the laws to serve winning the war, which will inevitably lead to the emergence of guiding laws for intelligent warfare. Today, war is the continuation of politics, which is still the law of intelligent warfare. From this, it can be concluded that intelligent warfare must obey the guiding laws that serve politics; soldiers and civilians are the basis of victory, which is still the law of intelligent warfare. From this, it can be concluded that the guiding laws of mobilizing the people in the broadest possible way are derived, and so on. These guiding laws for intelligent warfare are derived from the laws of war and are “swimming skills in the sea of intelligent warfare.”
Give full play to the active role of people in intelligent warfare. Engels said: “It is people, not guns, who win the battle.” The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of practice and use. It is not a simple “transfer” or “copying” of the laws of intelligent warfare, but it can be transformed into the guiding laws of war with the addition of people’s subjective initiative. Today, military talents who master artificial intelligence are not only the operators of intelligent weapons, but also the creators of artificial intelligence. People still occupy a dominant position in the intelligent human-machine system and are the decisive factor in the victory or defeat of intelligent warfare. Commanders should give full play to their initiative on the basis of mastering the laws of intelligent warfare and adhere to the “technology + strategy” combat theory generation model, so as to change from answering “what is” to solving “how to do”.
The laws governing intelligent warfare are constantly evolving. War is a “chameleon”. Intelligent warfare itself will also go through different stages such as germination, development, and maturity, which will inevitably lead to the development of laws governing intelligent warfare. War leaders must dynamically examine intelligent warfare, keenly capture the new elements of intelligent warfare, correctly analyze the changes in the relationship between the new elements, and constantly re-recognize intelligent warfare. We must keep up with the historical process of the accelerated advancement of war forms towards intelligence, grasp the direction of development of intelligent warfare and the pulse of the times, push the research on the laws governing intelligent warfare to a new level, and seize strategic initiative and opportunities on future battlefields.
Keep a close eye on the “initiative” and continue to innovate intelligent warfare and strategic guidance
As the military is ever-changing, water is ever-changing. As intelligent warfare has already arrived, we must follow the laws and guidance of intelligent warfare, keep close to the actual military struggle preparations, strengthen research on opponents and enemy situations, take the initiative to design “when”, “where” and “who to fight”, innovate war and strategic guidance, and firmly grasp the strategic initiative of future wars.
You fight yours, I fight mine. The highest realm of the art of war guidance is that you fight yours, I fight mine. “Each fights his own” requires commanders to use their own forces independently and autonomously in future intelligent wars, no matter how complex and difficult the environment is. In particular, enemies with high-tech equipment may cause a temporary local situation where the enemy is active and we are passive. At this time, we must use comprehensive means such as politics, economy, and diplomacy to make up for the disadvantages in weapons with an overall favorable situation, quickly reverse this situation, and restore the active position. If you are led by the nose by your strategic opponent, you may suffer a great loss.
Seize the opportunity and use the troops according to the time. The Six Secret Teachings pointed out: “The use depends on the opportunity.” Jomini emphasized: “The whole art of war lies in being good at waiting for the opportunity to act.” On the one hand, if the time is not right, do not force it. Be cautious about the opportunity, and have great patience before the opportunity comes to prevent strategic blind action. On the other hand, the time will not come again, so don’t miss the opportunity. Be good at seizing the opportunity, and once you encounter a favorable opportunity, you must resolutely use it and avoid being timid. It should be pointed out that we should look at the issue of the maturity of the opportunity dialectically. The future intelligent war is changing rapidly, requiring quick decision-making, but in the face of uncertain factors, we must make careful decisions. Sometimes making a decision early may be more effective than making a more perfect decision tomorrow. Therefore, we must dare to take a little risk, otherwise we will sit back and watch the loss of the opportunity for success.
Different domains are different, and operations are based on the local conditions. Clausewitz pointed out: “War is not like a field full of crops, but like a field full of trees. When harvesting crops, you don’t need to consider the shape of each crop, and the quality of the harvest depends on the quality of the sickle; when chopping down trees with an axe, you must pay attention to the shape and direction of each tree.” Different strategic spaces lead to different wars, and war guidance is also different. At present, the battlefield space is constantly expanding from traditional spaces such as land, sea and air to new spaces such as space and the Internet. War leaders should explore new intelligent war laws and guidance laws based on the characteristics of multi-domain, three-dimensional, and networked.
Aim at the opponent and win by taking advantage of the enemy. The Art of War by Sun Tzu states: “Follow the enemy and decide the battle.” Jomini also said: “No matter who you are, if you don’t understand the enemy, how can you know how to act?” Looking to the future, smart strategists should classify combat targets into primary combat targets and general combat targets, actual combat targets and potential combat targets according to their importance and urgency, and comprehensively and objectively understand the strategic intentions, force deployment, combat concepts, etc. of different combat targets, propose new intelligent war guidance laws that can give full play to the advantages of their own combat power, and implement correct war actions.
In short, the laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of the cognitive process, solving the problem of “what”; the guiding laws are the laws of the practical process, solving the problem of “how”. The two are dialectically unified and inseparable, forming a complete chain of understanding and guiding intelligent warfare. “Victory is not repeated, but should be formed in infinity.” Today, war and strategic leaders should, based on objective conditions, deeply explore and flexibly apply the laws of intelligent warfare and the laws of war guidance, and innovate war and strategic guidance in line with the times.
(Author’s unit: Academy of Military Science, Institute of War Studies)
現代國語:
資料來源:解放軍報作者:郝敬東 牛玉俊 段非易責任編輯:王鳳2021-03-16 10:xx
要點提示
●認識智慧化戰爭規律,要抓住智慧化和自主化這個基礎,抓住建構戰爭知行體系這個關鍵,抓住戰爭力量內涵發生改變這個實質。
●戰爭指導者須動態地檢視智慧化戰爭,敏銳捕捉智慧化戰爭孕育的新質要素,正確分析新質要素之間關係的變化,不斷對智慧化戰爭進行再認識。
習主席指出,要認真研究軍事、研究戰爭、研究打仗,掌握現代戰爭規律和戰爭指導規律。今天,戰爭的智慧化特徵日益凸顯,智慧化戰爭已經展現出早期形態的樣貌。要掌握未來智慧化戰爭主動權,就應積極追蹤現代戰爭發展,緊貼現實軍事鬥爭準備,前瞻認識智能化戰爭規律,深刻把握其指導規律,著力回答「是什麼」、解決 「怎麼做」等問題,不斷創新戰爭和戰略指導。
回答“是什麼”,前瞻認識智慧化戰爭規律
毛澤東同志指出:“戰爭的規律——這是任何指導戰爭的人不能不研究和不能不解決的問題。”今天,在智能化戰爭初顯端倪之際,應前瞻認識智能化戰爭“是什麼”,否則就不能解決“怎麼做”,更不可能駕馭未來戰爭。
智慧化戰爭規律是戰爭知行體系的重建。智慧化戰爭規律,和冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭、資訊化戰爭的規律一樣,是戰爭諸要素間內在的、本質的聯繫,不同之處在於它有新質的要素和新的要素間的構成模式,本質上是基於智能化革命所引發的戰爭知行體系的重建。今天,認識智慧化戰爭規律,要抓住智慧化和自主化這個基礎,抓住建構戰爭知行體系這個關鍵,抓住戰爭力量內涵發生改變這個實質。掌握這些規律,就能克服未來戰爭中的紛亂和不確定性,從中找出條理和確定性,這是應對智慧化戰爭的客觀要求。
智慧化戰爭規律是戰爭指導規律的依據。毛澤東在《中國革命戰爭的戰略問題》中,首先分析了中國革命戰爭的特點,揭示了戰爭規律,然後“由此產生我們的戰略戰術”,即戰爭指導規律;在《論持久戰》中,他首先說明了“是什麼”,再轉到研究“怎麼做”的問題上,體現了一種認識過程的邏輯順序。今天,研究智慧化戰爭仍應遵循此順序,既不能本末倒置,顛倒順序;也不能增加、減少或更換環節。要在掌握智能自主這項根本規律的基礎上,揭示自主感知、自主規劃、自主實施、自主連結、自主評估等戰爭指導規律。
不懂得智慧化戰爭規律,就不能指導戰爭。 《孫臏兵法》指出:「知道,勝」「不知道,不勝」。道是戰爭規律,掌握它、行動符合它,就能取勝;反之,則敗。毛澤東也強調:「不知道戰爭的規律,就不知道如何指導戰爭,就不能打勝仗。」同樣,掌握智慧化戰爭規律,是正確指導智能化戰爭的前提。否則,就難免被智慧化戰爭的表面現象所迷惑。今天,要透過分析智能化技術群對戰爭的基礎性、長遠性和顛覆性影響,研究智能化戰爭是什麼樣子?有哪些規律?該怎麼打?這些都是智慧化戰爭指導必須回答的重大議題。
解決“怎麼做”,揭示掌握智慧化戰爭指導規律
智慧化戰爭指導規律是運用智慧化戰爭規律指導實踐的中介,扮演「橋」和「船」的角色。應在回答「是什麼」的基礎上解決「怎麼做」的問題,提出智能化戰爭的「游泳術」。
智慧化戰爭指導規律是運用戰爭規律的規律。認識戰爭規律的目的在於應用。馬克思指出:「哲學家們只是用不同的方式解釋世界,而問題在於改變世界。」同樣,智慧化戰爭本身迫使指揮者不發現規律則已,一旦發現,就會結合能動性,利用規律為打贏戰爭服務,這就必然導致智能化戰爭指導規律的產生。今天,戰爭是政治的繼續仍是智能化戰爭規律,由此得出智能化戰爭必須服從服務於政治的指導規律;兵民是勝利之本仍是智能化戰爭規律,由此得出最廣泛地動員民眾的指導規律,等等。這些智慧化戰爭指導規律是戰爭規律衍生出來的,是「智慧化戰爭大海中的游泳術」。
充分發揮人在智慧化戰爭中的能動作用。恩格斯說:「贏得戰鬥勝利的是人而不是槍。」智慧化戰爭指導規律是實踐規律、使用規律。它不是對智慧化戰爭規律的簡單“移用”“照搬”,而是加上人的主觀能動性,才能轉化為戰爭指導規律。今天,掌握人工智慧的軍事人才,不僅是智慧化武器的操控者,更是人工智慧的創造者。人在智慧化人機系統中仍處於主體地位,是智慧化戰爭勝負的決定性因素。指揮者應在掌握智慧化戰爭規律的基礎上,充分發揮能動性,堅持「技術+謀略」的作戰理論生成模式,才能由回答「是什麼」轉變為解決「怎麼做」。
智慧化戰爭指導規律是不斷發展的。戰爭是一條「變色龍」。智慧化戰爭本身也會經歷萌芽、發展、成熟等不同階段,必然帶來智慧化戰爭指導規律的發展。戰爭指導者須動態地檢視智能化戰爭,敏銳捕捉智慧化戰爭孕育的新質要素,正確分析新質要素之間關係的變化,不斷對智慧化戰爭進行再認識。要緊跟戰爭形態向智能化加速邁進的歷史進程,把握智能化戰爭發展方向和時代脈搏,把對智能化戰爭指導規律的研究推向新境界,在未來戰場佔據戰略主動和先機。
緊盯“主動權”,不斷創新智慧化戰爭和戰略指導
兵無常勢,水無常形。在智慧化戰爭已然來臨之際,要在遵循智能化戰爭規律和指導規律的基礎上,緊貼現實軍事鬥爭準備,加強對手研究、敵情研究,主動設計“在什麼時間”“在什麼地點”“和誰打仗”,創新戰爭和戰略指導,牢牢掌握未來戰爭的戰略主動權。
你打你的,我打我的。戰爭指導藝術的最高境界,就是你打你的、我打我的。 「各打各的」要求指揮在未來智能化戰爭中,無論處於怎樣複雜、困難的環境,首先要立足自身實際,獨立自主地使用自己的力量。特別是擁有高技術裝備之敵,可能造成暫時的局部的敵之主動、我之被動的局面,這時要透過政治、經濟、外交等綜合手段,以總體有利態勢彌補武器上的劣勢,迅速扭轉這一局面,恢復主動地位。如果被戰略對手牽著鼻子走,就可能吃大虧。
把握時機,因時用兵。 《六韜》指出:「用之在於機。」若米尼強調:「全部戰爭藝術就在於善於待機而動。」一方面,時不至,不可強動。要持重時機,時機未到,應有極大耐心,防止策略盲動。另一方面,時不再來,機不可失。要善於把握時機,一旦遇上有利時機,就要堅決利用,防止畏首畏尾。需要指出的是,要辯證地看待時機成熟問題。未來智慧化戰爭瞬息萬變,要求快速決策,而面對不確定性因素,必須謹慎決策。有時及早定下決心,比明天下達更完善的決心也許更有效。因此,要敢於冒一點風險,不然會坐視成功機會的喪失。
各域有別,因地運籌。克勞塞維茨指出:「戰爭不像長滿莊稼的田地,而像長滿大樹的土地。收割莊稼時不需要考慮每棵莊稼的形狀,收割得好壞取決於鐮刀的好壞;而用斧頭砍伐大樹時,就必須注意到每棵大樹的形狀和方向。」戰略空間不同,戰爭就不同,戰爭指導也不一樣。目前,戰場空間不斷由陸海空等傳統空間向太空、網路等新型空間拓展,戰爭指導者應根據多域性、立體性、網路性等特點,探索新的智慧化戰爭規律和指導規律。
瞄準對手,因敵制勝。 《孫子兵法》指出:「踐墨隨敵,以決戰事。」約米尼也說:「不管是誰,如果不了解敵人,怎能知道自己應該如何行動呢?」著眼未來,聰明的戰略家應根據輕重、緩急程度,把作戰對象區分為主要作戰對象和一般作戰對象、現實作戰對象和潛在作戰對象,全面客觀地了解不同作戰對象的戰略意圖、兵力部署、作戰構想等,提出能充分發揮己方戰力優長的新的智能化戰爭指導規律,實施正確的戰爭行動。
總之,智慧化戰爭規律是認識過程中的規律,解決「是什麼」;指導規律是實踐過程中的規律,解決「怎麼做」。二者辯證統一,不可分割,構成了認識和指導智能化戰爭的完整鏈。 「戰勝不復,而應形於無窮。」今天,戰爭和戰略指導者應基於客觀情況,深入探索和靈活運用智能化戰爭規律和戰爭指導規律,與時俱進創新戰爭和戰略指導。
(作者單位:軍事科學學院戰爭研究院)