中國軍事法規是贏得智慧化戰爭的必要條件
現代英語:
●To understand the laws of intelligent warfare, we must grasp the foundation of intelligence and autonomy, the key of building a war knowledge and action system, and the essence of the changes in the connotation of war power.
●War leaders must examine intelligent warfare dynamically, keenly capture the new elements spawned by intelligent warfare, correctly analyze the changes in the relationship between the new elements, and constantly re-understand intelligent warfare.
President Xi pointed out that we should seriously study the military, war, and how to fight, and grasp the laws of modern warfare and the laws governing war. Today, the intelligent characteristics of war are becoming increasingly prominent, and intelligent warfare has already shown its early form. In order to seize the initiative in future intelligent warfare, we should actively follow the development of modern warfare, keep close to the actual military struggle preparations, proactively understand the laws of intelligent warfare, deeply grasp its guiding laws, focus on answering questions such as “what is it” and “how to do it”, and constantly innovate war and strategic guidance.
Answering the question “What is it?” and understanding the laws of intelligent warfare
Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: “The laws of war are a problem that anyone who directs a war must study and must solve.” Today, as intelligent warfare begins to emerge, we should proactively understand “what” intelligent warfare is. Otherwise, we will not be able to solve “how to do it,” let alone control future wars.
The laws of intelligent warfare are the reconstruction of the war knowledge and action system. The laws of intelligent warfare, like the laws of cold weapon warfare, hot weapon warfare, mechanized warfare, and information warfare, are the inherent and essential connections between the elements of war. The difference is that it has new elements and new modes of composition between elements. It is essentially the reconstruction of the war knowledge and action system caused by the intelligent revolution. Today, to understand the laws of intelligent warfare, we must grasp the foundation of intelligence and autonomy, grasp the key to building a war knowledge and action system, and grasp the essence of the change in the connotation of war power. Mastering these laws can overcome the chaos and uncertainty in future wars and find order and certainty from them. This is the objective requirement for dealing with intelligent warfare.
The laws of intelligent warfare are the basis of the laws of war guidance. In “Problems of Strategy in China’s Revolutionary War”, Mao Zedong first analyzed the characteristics of China’s revolutionary war and revealed the laws of war, and then “derived our strategies and tactics from this”, that is, the laws of war guidance; in “On Protracted War”, he first explained “what it is”, and then turned to the question of “how to do it”, reflecting a logical order of the cognitive process. Today, the study of intelligent warfare should still follow this order, and neither put the cart before the horse, nor reverse the order; nor add, reduce or replace links. On the basis of mastering the fundamental law of intelligent autonomy, we must reveal the laws of war guidance such as autonomous perception, autonomous planning, autonomous implementation, autonomous linkage, and autonomous evaluation.
If you don’t understand the laws of intelligent warfare, you can’t guide the war. “Sun Bin’s Art of War” points out: “Know, win” and “Don’t know, don’t win.” Tao is the law of war. If you master it and act in accordance with it, you can win; otherwise, you will lose. Mao Zedong also emphasized: “If you don’t know the laws of war, you don’t know how to guide the war, and you can’t win the war.” Similarly, mastering the laws of intelligent warfare is the premise for correctly guiding intelligent warfare. Otherwise, it is inevitable to be confused by the superficial phenomena of intelligent warfare. Today, we need to analyze the basic, long-term and subversive impact of intelligent technology groups on war, and study what intelligent warfare looks like? What are the laws? How should it be fought? These are all major issues that must be answered in the guidance of intelligent warfare.
Solve the “how to do it” problem and reveal the guiding principles of intelligent warfare
The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the medium for guiding practice by using the laws of intelligent warfare, playing the role of “bridge” and “boat”. We should solve the problem of “how to do it” on the basis of answering “what is it” and propose the “swimming skills” of intelligent warfare.
The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of applying the laws of war. The purpose of understanding the laws of war is to apply them. Marx pointed out: “Philosophers only interpret the world in different ways, but the problem is to change the world.” Similarly, intelligent warfare itself forces commanders to discover the laws. Once discovered, they will combine initiative and use the laws to serve winning the war, which will inevitably lead to the emergence of guiding laws for intelligent warfare. Today, war is the continuation of politics, which is still the law of intelligent warfare. From this, it can be concluded that intelligent warfare must obey the guiding laws that serve politics; soldiers and civilians are the basis of victory, which is still the law of intelligent warfare. From this, it can be concluded that the guiding laws of mobilizing the people in the broadest possible way are derived, and so on. These guiding laws for intelligent warfare are derived from the laws of war and are “swimming skills in the sea of intelligent warfare.”
Give full play to the active role of people in intelligent warfare. Engels said: “It is people, not guns, who win the battle.” The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of practice and use. It is not a simple “transfer” or “copying” of the laws of intelligent warfare, but it can be transformed into the guiding laws of war with the addition of people’s subjective initiative. Today, military talents who master artificial intelligence are not only the operators of intelligent weapons, but also the creators of artificial intelligence. People still occupy a dominant position in the intelligent human-machine system and are the decisive factor in the victory or defeat of intelligent warfare. Commanders should give full play to their initiative on the basis of mastering the laws of intelligent warfare and adhere to the “technology + strategy” combat theory generation model, so as to change from answering “what is” to solving “how to do”.
The laws governing intelligent warfare are constantly evolving. War is a “chameleon”. Intelligent warfare itself will also go through different stages such as germination, development, and maturity, which will inevitably lead to the development of laws governing intelligent warfare. War leaders must dynamically examine intelligent warfare, keenly capture the new elements of intelligent warfare, correctly analyze the changes in the relationship between the new elements, and constantly re-recognize intelligent warfare. We must keep up with the historical process of the accelerated advancement of war forms towards intelligence, grasp the direction of development of intelligent warfare and the pulse of the times, push the research on the laws governing intelligent warfare to a new level, and seize strategic initiative and opportunities on future battlefields.
Keep a close eye on the “initiative” and continue to innovate intelligent warfare and strategic guidance
As the military is ever-changing, water is ever-changing. As intelligent warfare has already arrived, we must follow the laws and guidance of intelligent warfare, keep close to the actual military struggle preparations, strengthen research on opponents and enemy situations, take the initiative to design “when”, “where” and “who to fight”, innovate war and strategic guidance, and firmly grasp the strategic initiative of future wars.
You fight yours, I fight mine. The highest realm of the art of war guidance is that you fight yours, I fight mine. “Each fights his own” requires commanders to use their own forces independently and autonomously in future intelligent wars, no matter how complex and difficult the environment is. In particular, enemies with high-tech equipment may cause a temporary local situation where the enemy is active and we are passive. At this time, we must use comprehensive means such as politics, economy, and diplomacy to make up for the disadvantages in weapons with an overall favorable situation, quickly reverse this situation, and restore the active position. If you are led by the nose by your strategic opponent, you may suffer a great loss.
Seize the opportunity and use the troops according to the time. The Six Secret Teachings pointed out: “The use depends on the opportunity.” Jomini emphasized: “The whole art of war lies in being good at waiting for the opportunity to act.” On the one hand, if the time is not right, do not force it. Be cautious about the opportunity, and have great patience before the opportunity comes to prevent strategic blind action. On the other hand, the time will not come again, so don’t miss the opportunity. Be good at seizing the opportunity, and once you encounter a favorable opportunity, you must resolutely use it and avoid being timid. It should be pointed out that we should look at the issue of the maturity of the opportunity dialectically. The future intelligent war is changing rapidly, requiring quick decision-making, but in the face of uncertain factors, we must make careful decisions. Sometimes making a decision early may be more effective than making a more perfect decision tomorrow. Therefore, we must dare to take a little risk, otherwise we will sit back and watch the loss of the opportunity for success.
Different domains are different, and operations are based on the local conditions. Clausewitz pointed out: “War is not like a field full of crops, but like a field full of trees. When harvesting crops, you don’t need to consider the shape of each crop, and the quality of the harvest depends on the quality of the sickle; when chopping down trees with an axe, you must pay attention to the shape and direction of each tree.” Different strategic spaces lead to different wars, and war guidance is also different. At present, the battlefield space is constantly expanding from traditional spaces such as land, sea and air to new spaces such as space and the Internet. War leaders should explore new intelligent war laws and guidance laws based on the characteristics of multi-domain, three-dimensional, and networked.
Aim at the opponent and win by taking advantage of the enemy. The Art of War by Sun Tzu states: “Follow the enemy and decide the battle.” Jomini also said: “No matter who you are, if you don’t understand the enemy, how can you know how to act?” Looking to the future, smart strategists should classify combat targets into primary combat targets and general combat targets, actual combat targets and potential combat targets according to their importance and urgency, and comprehensively and objectively understand the strategic intentions, force deployment, combat concepts, etc. of different combat targets, propose new intelligent war guidance laws that can give full play to the advantages of their own combat power, and implement correct war actions.
In short, the laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of the cognitive process, solving the problem of “what”; the guiding laws are the laws of the practical process, solving the problem of “how”. The two are dialectically unified and inseparable, forming a complete chain of understanding and guiding intelligent warfare. “Victory is not repeated, but should be formed in infinity.” Today, war and strategic leaders should, based on objective conditions, deeply explore and flexibly apply the laws of intelligent warfare and the laws of war guidance, and innovate war and strategic guidance in line with the times.
(Author’s unit: Academy of Military Science, Institute of War Studies)
Source: Liberation Army DailyAuthor: Hao Jingdong Niu Yujun Duan FeiyiEditor-in-charge: Wang Feng2021-03-16 10:12
現代國語:
认识智能化战争规律,要抓住智能化和自主化这个基础,抓住构建战争知行体系这个关键,抓住战争力量内涵发生改变这个实质。
●战争指导者须动态地考察智能化战争,敏锐捕捉智能化战争孕育的新质要素,正确分析新质要素之间关系的变化,不断对智能化战争进行再认识。
习主席指出,要认真研究军事、研究战争、研究打仗,把握现代战争规律和战争指导规律。今天,战争的智能化特征日益凸显,智能化战争已经展现出早期形态的样貌。要想掌握未来智能化战争主动权,就应积极跟踪现代战争发展,紧贴现实军事斗争准备,前瞻认识智能化战争规律,深刻把握其指导规律,着力回答“是什么”、解决 “怎么做”等问题,不断创新战争和战略指导。
回答“是什么”,前瞻认识智能化战争规律
毛泽东同志指出:“战争的规律——这是任何指导战争的人不能不研究和不能不解决的问题。”今天,在智能化战争初显端倪之际,应前瞻认识智能化战争“是什么”,否则就不能解决“怎么做”,更不可能驾驭未来战争。
智能化战争规律是战争知行体系的重建。智能化战争规律,和冷兵器战争、热兵器战争、机械化战争、信息化战争的规律一样,是战争诸要素间内在的、本质的联系,不同之处在于它有新质的要素和新的要素间的构成模式,本质上是基于智能化革命所引发的战争知行体系的重建。今天,认识智能化战争规律,要抓住智能化和自主化这个基础,抓住构建战争知行体系这个关键,抓住战争力量内涵发生改变这个实质。掌握这些规律,就能克服未来战争中的纷乱和不确定性,从中找出条理和确定性,这是应对智能化战争的客观要求。
智能化战争规律是战争指导规律的依据。毛泽东在《中国革命战争的战略问题》中,首先分析了中国革命战争的特点,揭示了战争规律,然后“由此产生我们的战略战术”,即战争指导规律;在《论持久战》中,他首先说明了“是什么”,再转到研究“怎么做”的问题上,体现了一种认识过程的逻辑顺序。今天,研究智能化战争仍应遵循这一顺序,既不能本末倒置,颠倒顺序;也不能增加、减少或更换环节。要在掌握智能自主这一根本规律的基础上,揭示自主感知、自主规划、自主实施、自主联动、自主评估等战争指导规律。
不懂得智能化战争规律,就不能指导战争。《孙膑兵法》指出:“知道,胜”“不知道,不胜”。道是战争规律,掌握它、行动符合它,就能取胜;反之,则败。毛泽东也强调:“不知道战争的规律,就不知道如何指导战争,就不能打胜仗。”同样,掌握智能化战争规律,是正确指导智能化战争的前提。否则,就难免要被智能化战争的表面现象所迷惑。今天,要通过分析智能化技术群对战争的基础性、长远性和颠覆性影响,研究智能化战争是个什么样子?有哪些规律?应该怎么打?这些都是智能化战争指导必须回答的重大课题。
解决“怎么做”,揭示掌握智能化战争指导规律
智能化战争指导规律是运用智能化战争规律指导实践的中介,起到“桥”和“船”的作用。应在回答“是什么”的基础上解决“怎么做”的问题,提出智能化战争的“游泳术”。
智能化战争指导规律是运用战争规律的规律。认识战争规律的目的在于应用。马克思指出:“哲学家们只是用不同的方式解释世界,而问题在于改变世界。”同样,智能化战争本身迫使指挥员不发现规律则已,一旦发现,就会结合能动性,利用规律为打赢战争服务,这就必然导致智能化战争指导规律的产生。今天,战争是政治的继续仍是智能化战争规律,由此得出智能化战争必须服从服务于政治的指导规律;兵民是胜利之本仍是智能化战争规律,由此得出最广泛地动员民众的指导规律,等等。这些智能化战争指导规律是战争规律派生出来的,是“智能化战争大海中的游泳术”。
充分发挥人在智能化战争中的能动作用。恩格斯说过:“赢得战斗胜利的是人而不是枪。”智能化战争指导规律是实践规律、使用规律。它不是对智能化战争规律的简单“移用”“照搬”,而是加上人的主观能动性,才能转化为战争指导规律。今天,掌握人工智能的军事人才,不仅是智能化武器的操控者,更是人工智能的创造者。人在智能化人机系统中仍处于主体地位,是智能化战争胜负的决定性因素。指挥员应在掌握智能化战争规律的基础上,充分发挥能动性,坚持“技术+谋略”的作战理论生成模式,才能由回答“是什么”向解决“怎么做”转变。
智能化战争指导规律是不断发展的。战争是一条“变色龙”。智能化战争本身也会经历萌芽、发展、成熟等不同阶段,这就必然带来智能化战争指导规律的发展。战争指导者须动态地考察智能化战争,敏锐捕捉智能化战争孕育的新质要素,正确分析新质要素之间关系的变化,不断对智能化战争进行再认识。要紧跟战争形态向智能化加速迈进的历史进程,把握智能化战争发展方向和时代脉搏,把对智能化战争指导规律的研究推向新境界,在未来战场占据战略主动和先机。
紧盯“主动权”,不断创新智能化战争和战略指导
兵无常势,水无常形。在智能化战争已然来临之际,要在遵循智能化战争规律和指导规律的基础上,紧贴现实军事斗争准备,加强对手研究、敌情研究,主动设计“在什么时间”“在什么地点”“和谁打仗”,创新战争和战略指导,牢牢掌握未来战争的战略主动权。
你打你的,我打我的。战争指导艺术的最高境界,就是你打你的、我打我的。“各打各的”要求指挥员在未来智能化战争中,无论处于怎样复杂、困难的环境,首先要立足自身实际,独立自主地使用自己的力量。特别是拥有高技术装备之敌,可能造成暂时的局部的敌之主动、我之被动的局面,这时要通过政治、经济、外交等综合手段,以总体有利态势弥补武器上的劣势,迅速扭转这一局面,恢复主动地位。如果被战略对手牵着鼻子走,就可能吃大亏。
把握时机,因时用兵。《六韬》指出:“用之在于机。”若米尼强调:“全部战争艺术就在于善于待机而动。”一方面,时不至,不可强动。要持重时机,时机未到,应有极大耐心,防止战略盲动。另一方面,时不再来,机不可失。要善于把握时机,一旦遇上有利时机,就要坚决利用,防止畏首畏尾。需要指出的是,要辩证地看待时机成熟问题。未来智能化战争瞬息万变,要求快速决策,而面对不确定性因素,又必须慎重决策。有时及早定下决心,比明天下达更完善的决心也许更有效。因此,要敢于冒一点风险,不然则会坐视成功机会的丧失。
各域有别,因地运筹。克劳塞维茨指出:“战争不像长满庄稼的田地,而像长满大树的土地。收割庄稼时不需要考虑每棵庄稼的形状,收割得好坏取决于镰刀的好坏;而用斧头砍伐大树时,就必须注意到每棵大树的形状和方向。”战略空间不同,战争就不同,战争指导也不一样。当前,战场空间不断由陆海空等传统空间向太空、网络等新型空间拓展,战争指导者应根据多域性、立体性、网络性等特点,探索新的智能化战争规律和指导规律。
瞄准对手,因敌制胜。《孙子兵法》指出:“践墨随敌,以决战事。”约米尼也说过:“不管是谁,如果不了解敌人,怎能知道自己应该如何行动呢?”着眼未来,聪明的战略家应根据轻重、缓急程度,把作战对象区分为主要作战对象和一般作战对象、现实作战对象和潜在作战对象,全面客观地了解不同作战对象的战略意图、兵力部署、作战构想等,提出能充分发挥己方战力优长的新的智能化战争指导规律,实施正确的战争行动。
总之,智能化战争规律是认识过程中的规律,解决“是什么”;指导规律是实践过程中的规律,解决“怎么做”。二者辩证统一,不可分割,构成了认识和指导智能化战争的完整链条。“战胜不复,而应形于无穷。”今天,战争和战略指导者应基于客观情况,深入探索和灵活运用智能化战争规律和战争指导规律,与时俱进创新战争和战略指导。
(作者单位:军事科学院战争研究院)