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Chinese Military: Intelligence Profoundly Affecting Future Strategic Combat Operations

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中國軍事情報深刻影響未來戰略作戰行動

現代英語翻譯：

In today’s era, military intelligence is becoming a powerful driving force for a new round of military reforms after mechanization and informatization, profoundly affecting the future combat victory mechanism, combat rules, and combat methods, and increasingly pushing war into the era of intelligence. The impact of military intelligence on future combat is mainly reflected in four aspects.

First, “intelligence” will become the dominant factor in determining the outcome of future operations. Mechanized warfare can be seen as platform-centric warfare, where energy is the dominant force. Energy is used to achieve the mobility of combat platforms and firepower strikes on targets, to achieve the combat purpose of destroying the enemy, and to pursue the use of objects to carry energy and release energy. Informationized warfare can be seen as network-centric warfare, where information is the dominant force. Information does not replace energy, but through precise positioning of time and space, it multiplies the combat effectiveness of energy, thus becoming the dominant force in war, and pursues the use of networks to gather energy and release energy. Intelligent warfare can be seen as cognitive-centric warfare, in which the dominant force is “intelligence”. The combat space is further extended from the physical domain and information domain to the cognitive domain, social domain, and biological domain. The battlefield situation is more complex. War is a systemic confrontation across domains, and it pursues more empowerment and release of power with intelligence.

Second, intelligent unmanned equipment will become the main combat equipment in future operations. The development of intelligent technology has gradually separated people from weapons and equipment. Unmanned systems have shifted from assisting people in combat to replacing people in combat, completing many high-risk combat operations that are not suitable for people to perform. Intelligent combat has increasingly distinctive characteristics of “unmanned platforms, manned systems, unmanned combat, and manned command”. On the Syrian battlefield, the Russian military remotely controlled 10 combat robots to kill more than 70 Islamic State militants with “zero casualties” and seize the 754.5 high ground, becoming the first ground combat operation in military history with robots as the main force. It is expected that by 2025, the proportion of intelligent unmanned equipment in the Russian military’s weapons and equipment will reach more than 30%. The U.S. military predicts that by 2030, intelligent unmanned equipment will be able to perform tasks autonomously, and 60% of ground combat platforms will achieve unmanned intelligence. A large number of drones, unmanned ships/boats, and unmanned vehicles will become the main equipment for both sides on the intelligent battlefield, carrying out various traditional/untraditional military tasks and implementing self-organized and systematic operations.

Third, human-machine collaborative combat will become the main mode of action in future combat. Human-machine collaborative combat is a mode of combat in which manned and unmanned equipment joint formations implement coordinated attacks in a networked confrontation environment. Among them, human soldiers with battlefield decision-making and tactical control capabilities serve as the “command back end”, and intelligent unmanned equipment carrying guided weapons or various intelligence, reconnaissance and surveillance sensors serve as the “weapon front end”. With the support of information networks, human soldiers and intelligent unmanned equipment work closely together to complete actions such as situation perception, tactical decision-making, firepower guidance, weapon launch and damage assessment. According to the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, before 2035, human-machine collaborative combat will mainly take the form of autonomous combat with humans in the loop; before 2050, authorized autonomous or fully autonomous combat with humans outside the loop will be achieved, officially kicking off intelligent warfare dominated by machines.

Fourth, autonomous swarm combat will become an important attack style in future combat. The technical inspiration of swarm combat comes from the bionics research on bees. The division of labor within the bee colony is clear, there is a rich and interesting information exchange language between individuals, and the social behavior is rich, so the cluster is also called a “bee colony.” Swarm combat is an intelligent combat style that relies on artificial intelligence, data chain integration, cloud computing and other technical support, and launches dozens or even hundreds of drones at the same time. They form precise formations and precise division of labor, and perform multiple tasks and multi-target strikes at the same time. Compared with traditional combat, swarm combat has incomparable advantages and is a subversion of traditional combat styles and combat rules. After hundreds of simulation tests, the U.S. Navy found that even an advanced air defense system like the Aegis air defense system has difficulty in allocating firepower when dealing with drone swarm attacks, resulting in some drones being able to avoid interception and successfully launch attacks on ships. Data shows that when a swarm of 8 drones is used to attack ships, an average of 2.8 drones can avoid the Aegis interception system; when the number of drones increases to dozens, the number of drones that successfully avoid the interception system and achieve penetration is greater. These simulation tests fully prove that the effect of drone swarm operations is significant and poses a huge threat to the current defense system. At the same time, it also indicates that swarm-type autonomous operations will inevitably become an important offensive combat style on the future intelligent battlefield.

現代國語：

當今時代，軍事智慧化正成為繼機械化、資訊化之後新一輪軍事變革的強大驅動力，深刻影響未來作戰勝利機制、作戰規則、作戰方式，日益推動戰爭進入智慧化時代。軍事情報對未來作戰的影響主要體現在四個方面。

首先，「情報」將成為決定未來作戰勝負的主導因素。機械化戰爭可以看作是以平台為中心的戰爭，其中能源是主導力量。利用能量實現作戰平台的機動性和對目標的火力打擊，達到消滅敵人的作戰目的，追求利用物體攜帶能量和釋放能量。資訊化戰爭可視為以網路為中心的戰爭，資訊是主導力量。資訊並不是取代能源，而是透過時間和空間的精確定位，使能源的戰鬥力倍增，從而成為戰爭的主導力量，並追求利用網路聚集能源、釋放能源。智慧戰爭可以看作是以認知為中心的戰爭，其中的主導力量是「情報」。作戰空間從物理域、資訊域進一步延伸到認知域、社會域、生物域。戰場情勢更加複雜。戰爭是跨領域的系統性對抗，它追求更多的智慧賦能和權力釋放。

其次，智慧無人裝備將成為未來作戰的主要作戰裝備。智慧科技的發展，使人逐漸與武器裝備分離。無人系統已經從協助人作戰轉向代替人作戰，完成許多不適合人執行的高風險作戰行動。智慧作戰「平台無人、系統有人、作戰無人、指揮有人」的特徵日益鮮明。在敘利亞戰場上，俄軍遙控10台戰鬥機器人以「零傷亡」擊殺70多名伊斯蘭國武裝份子，奪取754.5高地，成為軍事史上首次以機器人為主力的地面作戰行動。預計2025年，智慧無人裝備在俄軍武器裝備中的比重將達到30%以上。美國軍方預測，2030年，智慧無人裝備將能夠自主執行任務，60%的地面作戰平台將實現無人智慧化。大量無人機、無人艦船、無人車輛將成為智慧戰場上雙方的主要裝備，執行各種傳統/非傳統軍事任務，實施自組織、系統化作戰。

第三，人機協同作戰將成為未來作戰的主要行動方式。人機協同作戰是有人與無人裝備聯合編隊在網路化對抗環境下實施協同攻擊的作戰方式。其中，具有戰場決策和戰術控制能力的人類士兵作為“指揮後端”，搭載制導武器或各種情報、偵察、監視感測器的智慧無人裝備作為“武器前端”。在資訊網路的支援下，人類士兵和智慧無人裝備緊密配合，完成態勢感知、戰術決策、火力引導、武器發射和毀傷評估等動作。根據美國陸軍研究實驗室預測，2035年之前，人機協同作戰將主要採取人類在環自主作戰的形式； 2050年以前，將實現與環外人類的授權自主或完全自主作戰，正式拉開機器主導的智慧戰爭的序幕。

第四，自主集群作戰將成為未來作戰的重要攻擊方式。團體作戰的技術靈感來自蜜蜂的仿生研究。蜂群內部分工明確，個體間有豐富有趣的資訊交流語言，社會行為豐富，因此集群也被稱為「蜂群」。集群作戰是依託人工智慧、數據鏈整合、雲端運算等技術支撐，同時發射數十架甚至上百架無人機的智慧化作戰方式。他們形成精確編隊、精確分工，同時執行多項任務、多目標打擊。與傳統作戰相比，集群作戰具有無可比擬的優勢，是對傳統梳子的顛覆風格和戰鬥規則。經過數百次模擬測試，美國海軍發現，即使是宙斯盾防空系統這樣先進的防空系統，在應對無人機群攻擊時也難以分配火力，導致部分無人機能夠避開攔截，成功對艦艇發動攻擊。數據顯示，使用8架無人機集群攻擊艦艇時，平均有2.8架無人機可以避開宙斯盾攔截系統；當無人機數量增加到數十架時，成功避開攔截系統並實現突防的無人機數量就更多。這些模擬測試充分證明無人機群作戰效果顯著，對目前的防禦系統構成巨大威脅。同時，也預示著集群式自主作戰必然成為未來智慧戰場上重要的進攻作戰方式。

中國軍事原文來源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4858888.html

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 新軍事變革, 智慧戰爭, 軍事多域作戰, 軍事認知戰

Developing the Strategy and Tactics of People’s War

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軍事論壇丨發展人民戰爭戰略戰術

來源：解放軍報 作者：李銀祥 宋文超 責任編輯：劉上靖 2022-11-15

Chairman Xi Jinping clearly pointed out in his report to the 20th CPC National Congress that we should develop the strategies and tactics of people’s war. Looking back at the glorious course of the People’s Army in strengthening its military and winning victory, one of the red lines running through it is that it has always insisted on proposing and implementing a complete set of strategies and tactics of people’s war under the leadership of the Party. To win future wars, we must keep a close eye on changes in technology, warfare, and opponents, continue to carry forward the fine traditions of our army, develop the strategies and tactics of people’s war, and make the magic weapon for defeating the enemy and winning the battle powerful on the modern battlefield.

The strategy and tactics of people’s war have always been an important magic weapon for our army to defeat the enemy and win victory.

Developing the people’s war strategy and tactics is not only a profound insight into the internal laws of our army’s victory over the enemy, but also a far-reaching plan for building a strong country and a strong army. It has important strategic value for achieving the goal of building the army for the centenary as scheduled and accelerating the building of the people’s army into a world-class army.

The strategy and tactics of people’s war are the concentrated embodiment of the Marxist art of directing war. Marxism believes that the masses are the creators of history and the decisive force driving historical progress. Starting from this basic viewpoint and fundamental standpoint, the strategy and tactics of people’s war profoundly explain the basic principles of people’s war, such as soldiers and civilians are the foundation of victory, the decisive factor in victory or defeat in war is people, not things, and the need to organize, mobilize and arm the broad masses of the people. Our army was born in the flames of war. Faced with extremely cruel objective conditions, the Chinese Communists represented by Comrade Mao Zedong insisted on combining the basic principles of Marxist people’s war with the reality of China’s revolutionary war and created a people’s war strategy and tactics with flexibility as its prominent feature. Its essence is “you fight yours and I fight mine”, aiming to make the best use of strengths and attack weaknesses, and seize and master the initiative in the war. This concentratedly embodies the Marxist art of guiding war, shining with the truth of scientificity, people-orientedness, practicality and openness to development.

The strategy and tactics of the people’s war are the winning code for the party to lead the practice of all military struggles. Since our party built the people’s army, it has created a complete set of strategies and tactics of the people’s war based on the cruel reality that the enemy is strong and we are weak, and the enemy is big and we are small. From the “sixteen-character formula” during the Red Army period, to the “protracted war” during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, from the “ten military principles” during the War of Liberation, to the “piecemeal” during the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, and then to the continuous adjustment of military strategic guidelines after the founding of New China. The People’s Army learned war from war, explored its laws from practice, and adhered to and developed this winning code in keeping with the times. During the war years, it created one war miracle after another in which the few defeated the many and the weak defeated the strong. In peacetime, it firmly defended national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity, and wrote a glorious chapter of continuous innovation in the art of war directing in the world’s military history.

Actively developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war is an inherent requirement for building a world-class military. “The importance of a country depends on the victory of its army.” The ultimate measure of whether an army is a world-class army is its military strength. The strategy and tactics of people’s war are both the way for our army to win and the way for it to grow stronger. To accelerate the building of a world-class military and a strong strategic deterrence system, we must adhere to and develop this unique advantage, strengthen research on opponents and the enemy, proactively understand the characteristics, laws and winning mechanisms of modern warfare, innovate the people’s war strategy and tactics in line with the times, firmly and flexibly carry out military struggle, give full play to the strategic function of military power in shaping the security situation, curbing crises and conflicts, and winning local wars, and effectively complete the mission and tasks of the new era entrusted by the Party and the people.

Developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war is the inevitable choice for our army to win future wars. The war situation is evolving rapidly, but the nature of war has not changed, and the fundamental law that the deepest root of war power lies among the people has not changed. The wars we will face in the future are mainly wars to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests. They are in line with the fundamental interests of all Chinese people and are just actions that follow the trend of the times. They will continue to receive the support of the vast majority of the people and the people of the world. Adhering to and developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war will surely become an important way and inevitable choice for our army to win future wars and check and balance powerful enemies.

Scientifically grasp the contemporary connotations of the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics

The people’s war strategy and tactics are living theories and practices, not rigid dogmas. They must proactively adapt to the requirements of the development of the times and inject new contemporary connotations into them in order to maintain their strong vitality.

Adhere to the just war, establish the broadest united front, and fight a good political and military battle. Pay attention to guiding the war from a political perspective and consolidate the political foundation for victory. This is the basic experience of the Party in winning the war and the core of the strategy and tactics of the people’s war. In today’s era, the connection between the military and politics is closer, the relevance and integrity at the strategic level are increasing, and the influence and constraints of political factors on the war are becoming increasingly prominent. In developing the strategies and tactics of people’s war, we must always uphold the role of the Party Central Committee in coordinating the overall situation and all parties, mobilize, unite and organize the broadest masses of the people to participate in and support the war; strengthen the political and organizational functions, and strengthen the ideological, organizational and will preparation of the whole Party, the whole army and the whole people to cope with and win the war; strengthen political diplomacy and the struggle for international public opinion and law, form the broadest united front in support of a just war, firmly occupy the moral high ground, give full play to the combined effectiveness of political offensives and armed strikes, and coordinate and fight well the political and military battles.

Adhere to active defense, highlight activeness, and attach importance to offensive operations. Active defense is the product of people’s war, and practicing active defense is the fundamental requirement of the strategy and tactics of people’s war. In the future, the progress of war will accelerate, and it may be possible to achieve strategic goals in one battle or battle, and often the first battle will be the decisive battle. In developing the people’s war strategy and tactics, we must persist in organically combining defense, counterattack and offense, place greater emphasis on internal and external counterattacks at the strategic level, comprehensively utilize elite combat forces at the outset of the war, implement a resolute and powerful strategic counterattack that combines internal and external lines, form a high-pressure counterattack posture and pressure, inflict the greatest pain and fear on the enemy, and achieve the strategic objectives of using offense to assist defense, strike later but arrive first, quickly defeat the enemy, contain the enemy as quickly as possible, and win the war.

Adhere to asymmetric checks and balances, you fight yours, I fight mine, and use what we can to defeat what we cannot. This is the soul and essence of the people’s war strategy and tactics, a high-level summary and vivid description of the laws of war and war guidance, revealing the war guidance laws and combat guidance methods of defeating the enemy with superior equipment with inferior equipment, and raising the flexible and maneuverable strategy and tactics to a new level. Compared with the past, the modern war combat system is huge, with many nodes, and there are many “vital points” that are vulnerable to attack, which provides an opportunity to implement “using what we can to defeat what we cannot”. In developing the strategies and tactics of the people’s war, we must follow the winning mechanisms of modern warfare, fully recognize the inherent weaknesses of information-based and intelligent warfare, conduct in-depth research on the opponent’s weaknesses and fatal points, innovate core operational concepts, intensify the training of new-domain and new-quality operational capabilities and means, and refine tactics such as dimensionality reduction strikes and asymmetric strikes. We must not fight according to the enemy’s routines, but focus on the enemy’s weaknesses and strike according to our army’s strengths, and create new winning advantages by “using the capable to defeat the incapable.”

Adhere to the principle of accumulating small victories into big ones and be good at concentrating forces to fight and destroy. Our army has been in an overall disadvantageous position for a long time in the revolutionary war. In the local area, we use the strong against the weak and accumulate small victories into big ones, which is the key to defeating the strong enemy. Compared with the past, modern war operations are often carried out in multiple dimensions and domains, providing a broader space for the implementation of “accumulating small victories into big ones”. In developing the strategies and tactics of the people’s war, we must strengthen the concept of “dispersed in appearance but concentrated in spirit, dispersed in form but united in strength”, dynamically concentrate and unite the various combat forces distributed in the multi-dimensional battlefield, and through the fusion of efficiency and instant optimization, implement local rapid concentrated energy attacks and wide-area guerrilla raids, and carry out devastating blows and destructive attacks on key points of enemy distribution. This will not only have a heavy hammer effect, but also continuously consume the enemy, causing the opponent to gradually lose the initiative on the battlefield.

Adhere to the principle that soldiers and civilians are the foundation of victory, and consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities. The army wins battles with the people as its backing. At the beginning of the founding of the army, our party regarded the revolutionary war as a struggle of the masses, emphasized that only by mobilizing and relying on the masses can the war be carried out, and created a complete set of people’s war strategies and tactics, which is the winning code for the people’s army to remain invincible. The confrontation under the conditions of informatization and intelligence is more clearly manifested as a system confrontation based on the overall strength of the country. To develop the strategies and tactics of people’s war, we must constantly consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities, exert comprehensive efforts in multiple dimensions such as politics, military, economy, culture, and diplomacy, build a strong war capability and war potential that can achieve both strategic quick victory and strategic persistence, and plunge the enemy into the vast ocean of people’s war.

Vigorously promote the development and innovation of the people’s war strategy and tactics in the new era

In the new era, the connotation of the people’s war strategy and tactics has undergone great changes. It is necessary to strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the Party, strengthen the implementation of the fundamental purpose, strengthen the drive for scientific and technological innovation, and strengthen simulation exercises and testing in order to gather the driving force for innovation and development.

Strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the Party and gather the great power of the people’s war strategy and tactics. The Party’s leadership is the greatest advantage of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and an important guarantee for the embodiment and implementation of the people’s war strategy and tactics. We must uphold the Party’s leadership and mobilize and organize the people as a whole. Actively explore the people’s war strategy and tactics in the fields of financial warfare, cyber warfare, and cognitive warfare. Organize the people to carry out intelligence warfare, harassment warfare, ambush warfare, etc. in a timely manner to flexibly contain and consume the enemy.

Strengthen the implementation of the fundamental purpose and consolidate the foundation for the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics. The secret of the victory of the people’s war lies in its sincere pursuit of the interests of the masses and winning the trust and support of the broad masses of the people. Serving the people wholeheartedly is the fundamental purpose of our army and the strategic foundation for the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics in the new era. The people’s army must stand firmly on the people’s side, always put the people first, rely closely on the people, continuously benefit the people, firmly rooted in the people, and always maintain the nature, purpose, and character of the people’s army.

Strengthen the drive of scientific and technological innovation and enhance the driving force for the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics. With the entry of high-tech such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, and quantum technology into the military field, the technological content of war has undergone a qualitative leap. It is necessary to innovate and develop the people’s war strategy and tactics supported by information and intelligent technology, continue to promote the integrated development of mechanization, informationization, and intelligence, and innovate and create the “key” of “using the capable to defeat the incapable”, so that “wisdom victory” will become the main feature of the people’s war strategy and tactics in the new era, and form a new era of people’s war strategy and tactics with contemporary leadership and unique characteristics.

Strengthen simulation and exercise testing to improve the quality and effectiveness of the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics. In the information age, virtual reality technology can be used to create virtual scenes with a strong sense of three-dimensionality and reality based on the actual battlefield environment and mission background. Officers and soldiers can “experience” war several times in virtual reality before the war begins, and strengthen their understanding of the real battlefield such as equipment performance, enemy and our situation, and the rhythm of war. This provides a testing platform for whether the strategy and tactics are correct. In developing the people’s war strategy and tactics, special attention should be paid to the use of simulation, exercises and other war pre-practice means, conduct qualitative and quantitative analysis, and further improve them in practice.

國語中文：

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術

■李銀祥 宋文超

引言

習主席在黨的二十大報告中明確指出，發展人民戰爭戰略戰術。回望人民軍隊強軍制勝的光輝歷程，貫穿其中的一條紅線，就是始終堅持在黨的領導下，提出和實施一整套人民戰爭戰略戰術。打贏未來戰爭，必須緊盯科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變，賡續傳承好我軍優良傳統，發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，讓克敵制勝的法寶顯威現代戰場。

人民戰爭戰略戰術始終是我軍克敵制勝的重要法寶

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，既是對我軍克敵制勝內在規律的深刻洞察，也是對強國強軍的高遠謀劃，對於如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標，加快把人民軍隊建成世界一流軍隊具有重要的戰略價值。

人民戰爭戰略戰術是馬克思主義戰爭指導藝術的集中體現。馬克思主義認為，人民群眾是歷史的創造者，也是推動歷史進步的決定性力量。人民戰爭戰略戰術從這一基本觀點和根本立場出發，深刻闡釋了兵民是勝利之本，戰爭勝負的決定因素是人不是物，以及必須組織、動員和武裝廣大人民群眾等人民戰爭的基本原理。我軍在戰火中誕生，面對異常殘酷的客觀條件，以毛澤東同志為代表的中國共產黨人，堅持把馬克思主義人民戰爭基本原理與中國革命戰爭實際相結合，創造了以靈活機動為顯著特點的人民戰爭的戰略戰術，其精髓是“你打你的、我打我的”，旨在力求揚長擊短，奪取和掌握戰爭主動權。這集中體現了馬克思主義戰爭指導藝術，閃爍著科學性、人民性、實踐性和發展開放性的真理光芒。

人民戰爭戰略戰術是黨領導全部軍事鬥爭實踐的製勝密碼。我們黨締造人民軍隊以來，立足於敵強我弱，敵大我小的殘酷現實，創立了一整套人民戰爭的戰略戰術。從紅軍時期的“十六字訣”，到抗日戰爭時期的“持久戰”，從解放戰爭時期的“十大軍事原則”，到抗美援朝戰爭時期的“零敲牛皮糖”，再到新中國成立後軍事戰略方針的不斷調整。人民軍隊從戰爭中學習戰爭，從實踐中探索規律，與時俱進地堅持和發展這個制勝密碼，戰爭年代創造了一個又一個以少勝多、以弱勝強的戰爭奇跡，和平時期堅決捍衛國家主權、安全和領土完整，在世界軍事史上書寫了戰爭指導藝術不斷創新的光輝篇章。

積極發展人民戰爭戰略戰術是全面建成世界一流軍隊的內在要求。 「凡國之重也，必待兵之勝也。」衡量一支軍隊是不是世界一流軍隊，最終要看其軍事實力。人民戰爭戰略戰術既是我軍的製勝之道，也是發展壯大之道。加速建成世界一流軍隊、建立強大的戰略威懾體系，必須堅持和發展這一特有優勢，加強對手研究、敵情研究，前瞻認識現代戰爭特點規律和製勝機理，與時俱進創新人民戰爭戰略戰術，堅定靈活展開軍事鬥爭，充分發揮軍事力量塑造安全態勢，遏止危機沖突，打贏局部戰爭的戰略功能，切實完成好黨和人民賦予的新時代使命任務。

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術是我軍打贏未來戰爭的必然選擇。戰爭形態加速演變，但戰爭的本質沒有變，戰爭偉力之最深厚根源存在於民眾之中這一根本規律沒有改變。我們未來面對的戰爭，主要是捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益的戰爭，符合全體中國人民的根本利益，是順應時代潮流的正義之舉，必將繼續得到最廣大人民群眾和世界人民的支持。堅持並發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，必將成為我軍打贏未來戰爭、制衡強敵的重要途徑和必然選擇。

科學掌握人民戰爭戰略戰術發展的時代內涵

人民戰爭戰略戰術，是活的理論與實踐，不是死板的教條，必須主動順應時代發展要求，注入新的時代內涵，才能維持強大旺盛的生命力。

堅持正義戰爭，建立最廣泛的統一戰線，打好政治軍仗。注重從政治高度指導戰爭，夯實制勝的政治基礎，是黨奪取戰爭勝利的基本經驗，也是人民戰爭戰略戰術的核心要義。在當今時代，軍事和政治的聯繫更加緊密，在戰略層面的相關性和整體性日益增強，政治因素對戰爭的影響和限制日益突出。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，必須始終堅持黨中央統攬全局、協調各方的作用，動員、團結、組織最廣大人民參與、支持戰爭；增強政治功能和組織功能，強化全黨全軍全國人民應對戰爭、打贏戰爭的思想準備、組織準備、意志準備；加強政治外交和國際輿論法理鬥爭，形成支持正義戰爭的最廣泛統一戰線，牢牢佔領道義制高點，發揮政治攻勢和武裝打擊的綜合效能，統籌打好政治軍仗。

堅持積極防禦，突顯積極性，重視攻勢作戰。積極防禦是人民戰爭的產物，實行積極防禦是人民戰爭戰略戰術的根本要求。未來戰爭進程加快，可能一場戰役或戰鬥就能達成戰略目的，往往是首戰即決戰。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要堅持將防禦、反攻和進攻有機結合，更加強調戰略層次的內外線反擊，在戰爭伊始就綜合運用精銳作戰力量，實施內外線結合、堅決凌厲的戰略反擊，形成高壓反擊態勢和壓力，最大限度地打痛打怕敵人，達到以攻助防、後發先至，速戰制敵、盡快遏制、打贏戰爭的戰略目的。

堅持非對稱制衡，你打你的，我打我的，以能擊不能。這是人民戰爭戰略戰術的靈魂和精髓，是對戰爭規律和戰爭指導規律的高度概括和生動描述，揭示了以劣勢裝備戰勝優勢裝備之敵的戰爭指導規律、作戰指導方法，把靈活機動的戰略戰術提高到嶄新境界。相較於以往，現代戰爭作戰體系龐大、節點眾多，存在許多易受攻擊的“命門”，為實施“以能擊不能”提供了契機。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要遵循現代戰爭制勝機理，充分認清資訊化智能化戰爭本身的固有弱點，深入研究對手的軟肋和死穴，創新核心作戰概念，加緊鍛造新域新質作戰能力手段，錘煉降維打擊、非對稱打擊等戰法，不按敵人套路打、盯著敵人軟肋打、發揮我軍優長打，在「以能擊不能」中創造新的製勝優勢。

堅持積小勝為大勝，善於集中力量打殲滅戰。我軍在革命戰爭中長期處於全局劣勢的地位，局部上以強對弱、積小勝為大勝，是戰勝強敵的關鍵一招。相較於以往，現代戰爭作戰往往在多維多域中展開，為實施「積小勝為大勝」提供了更加廣闊空間。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要強化「貌散而神聚，形散而力合」的概念，將分佈在多維戰場的諸多作戰力量動態集中聯合起來，透過效能融合、即時聚優，實施局部快速聚能攻擊、廣域遊擊襲擾，對敵分佈的要點實施殲滅性打擊、破壞性襲擊，這既有重錘效應，又能不斷消耗敵人，使對手逐步喪失戰場主動權。

堅持兵民是勝利之本，鞏固提高一體化國家戰略體系與能力。軍隊打勝仗，人民是靠山。建軍伊始，我們黨就把革命戰爭視為群眾的鬥爭，強調只有動員和依靠群眾才能進行戰爭，並創造了一整套人民戰爭戰略戰術，這是人民軍隊立於不敗之地的製勝密碼。資訊化智能化條件下的對抗，更鮮明地表現為以國家整體實力為基礎的體系對抗。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要不斷鞏固提高一體化國家戰略體系和能力，在政治、軍事、經濟、文化、外交等多維度全面發力，構建起既能戰略速勝又能戰略持久的強大戰爭能力和戰爭潛力，陷敵於人民戰爭的汪洋大海。

大力推動新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術的發展創新

新時代，人民戰爭戰略戰術的內涵發生了很大變化，必須加強黨的集中統一領導，加強踐行根本宗旨，加強科技創新驅動，加強模擬演訓檢驗，才能匯聚起創新發展的前行力量。

加強黨的集中統一領導，匯聚人民戰爭戰略戰術磅礴偉力。黨的領導是中國特色社會主義制度的最大優勢，也是人民戰爭戰略戰術得以體現和實施的重要保證。必須堅持黨的領導，把人民群眾整體動員起來、組織起來。積極探索金融戰、網絡戰、認識域作戰等領域的人民戰爭戰略戰術。適時組織人民群眾開展情報戰、襲擾戰、伏擊戰等，靈活牽制、消耗敵人。

加強踐行根本宗旨，夯實人民戰爭戰略戰術發展根基。人民戰爭的製勝奧秘，就在於它真心實意地為群眾謀利益，贏得了廣大人民群眾的信賴和支持。全心全意為人民服務是我軍的根本宗旨，也是新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術發展的戰略根基。人民軍隊必須站穩人民立場，始終堅持人民至上，緊緊依靠人民，不斷造福人民，牢牢植根人民，永葆人民軍隊性質、宗旨、本色。

加強科技創新驅動，增強人民戰爭戰略戰術發展動力。隨著人工智慧、大數據、區塊鏈、量子科技等高新技術進入軍事領域，戰爭的科技含量已發生質的飛躍，必須創新發展以資訊化智慧化技術為支撐的人民戰爭戰略戰術，持續推進機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展，創新創造“以能擊不能”的“密鑰”，讓“智勝”成為新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術的主要特徵，形成具有時代性引領性獨特性的新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術。

加強模擬演訓檢驗，提升人民戰爭戰略戰術發展質效。在資訊時代，利用虛擬現實技術可基於實際的戰場環境，以及任務背景創造具有較強立體感和真實感的虛擬場景，官兵在戰爭開始前就可以在虛擬現實中數次「親歷」戰爭，加強對裝備性能、敵我情況、戰爭節奏等真實戰場的了解，這就給戰略戰術正確與否提供了檢驗平台。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，應特別重視運用模擬、演習等戰爭預實踐手段，對其進行定性與定量分析，並在實務上進一步加以完善。

中國軍事資料來源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4926888.html?big=fan

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Hacker Methodology 中國黑客, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

China’s Military Emphasizing Research of System-based Superior Warfare: How to Fight Using Informationized Warfare? Analysis of Nine Typical Combat Styles

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中國軍隊重視系統優勢戰爭研究：資訊化戰爭如何打仗？九種典型戰鬥風格解析

現代英語：

System-based superior warfare is a system-based warfare in information warfare. It is not limited to a specific combat style, but a “combination punch” or a group of combat styles composed of multiple combat styles and tactics. It emphasizes that according to the changes in combat missions, combat opponents and battlefield situations, as long as it is conducive to forming relative advantages and achieving system victory, any appropriate combat means and styles can be flexibly used to form combat advantages. In the specific implementation of system-based superior warfare, these specific combat styles and action tactics can be organized and implemented separately as part of joint full-domain operations, and more emphasis is placed on “combination punches”, multiple strategies, and overall victory.
In order to better understand its core connotation, this article lists nine typical combat styles, including overall deterrence warfare, electromagnetic interference warfare, network attack warfare, cognitive control and interference warfare, and analyzes them.

System concentration warfare – a “combination punch” that flexibly uses a variety of combat styles. Author: Academic Plus Senior Observer Dong Zhou
The main content and keywords of this article

  1. Overall deterrence warfare: emphasize multi-domain joint deterrence; the implementation of overall deterrence warfare should have three major elements; strong overall strength is the core of achieving effective deterrence
  2. Electromagnetic interference warfare: the key to competing for information advantage; in terms of combined means and methods, information empowerment is achieved through “connection + sharing”; an effective method to crack unmanned cluster warfare
  3. Network attack warfare: mainly soft killing, combining soft and hard, focusing on breaking the network and reducing energy
  4. Cognitive control and interference warfare: control the cognitive right of situational awareness, compete for information advantage; control the right to command and decision-making, compete for decision-making advantage; control the “brain” right, and seize the brain control advantage
  5. Agile mobile warfare: high-efficiency and rapid decision-making; high-efficiency formation of a favorable combat situation; high-efficiency and instant aggregation of combat forces; agile mobile warfare is an innovative development of traditional mobile warfare
  6. Swarm autonomous warfare: conducive to forming a system advantage to suppress the enemy; conducive to enhancing combat effectiveness; conducive to trapping the enemy in combat difficulties
  7. Precision point killing war: achieve high efficiency and cost-effectiveness in operations; hitting key node targets is an important option; large-scale system support is a basic condition; it is inseparable from accurate intelligence support
  8. Supply chain disruption war: the supply guarantee chain has a huge impact on the overall operation; the focus of attack is the key node of the enemy’s supply guarantee chain; the key is to choose the right time to use tactics
  9. System destruction and paralysis war: the combat goal is to make the enemy’s combat system disordered; hit the key nodes of the combat system with a heavy punch; implement a soft attack on the enemy’s combat system

For learning reference only, welcome to communicate and correct! The views of the article do not represent the position of this organization
The concept of operation is first proposed as a new combat style. Innovative combat style is the core content of the development of combat concepts. It can be said that system-based optimization warfare is a general term for a series of specific tactics. The following nine typical combat styles constitute the combat method system of system-based optimization warfare. They are: First, overall deterrence warfare, actively organizing static power demonstrations and deterrence actions in the system-based superiority warfare, striving to win the battle without fighting or with a small battle; second, electromagnetic interference warfare, using a variety of combat means and action styles such as electronic reconnaissance, attack and defense to disrupt, prevent and destroy the enemy’s electromagnetic capabilities, actively compete for electromagnetic spectrum advantages, seize information control, and thus win the initiative in combat; third, network attack warfare, using a variety of means such as soft strikes and hard destruction to break the enemy’s command network, intelligence network, communication network, and logistics supply network, and disrupt the enemy’s command and support; fourth, cognitive control and interference warfare. Through information attacks, public opinion attacks, and brain attacks, control advantages are formed in cognitive space; fifth, agile mobile warfare. Rapidly adjust the deployment of troops and weapons, quickly gather capabilities on the battlefield, and seize combat opportunities; sixth, swarm autonomous warfare. Widely use unmanned combat means such as “swarms”, “wolf packs”, and “fish schools” to autonomously organize actions and distributed attacks to achieve human-machine joint victory; seventh, precision point killing warfare. Accurately obtain intelligence, implement multi-domain precision strikes, strive to hit one point to shake the overall situation, and maximize combat effectiveness; Eighth, supply chain disruption warfare. Organize elite forces to attack the enemy’s logistics and equipment supply chain, supply lines and supply bases, and destroy the enemy’s loss of supply and withdrawal from the battle; Ninth, system destruction and paralysis warfare. Comprehensively adopt a variety of means such as breaking the network, training, and hitting nodes to interfere with, delay, destroy or even paralyze the effective operation of the enemy’s combat system and weaken the function of the enemy’s combat system.

  1. Overall deterrence warfare
    Overall deterrence warfare refers to actively organizing static power displays and deterrence actions in system-based superior warfare, striving to defeat the enemy without fighting or fighting a small battle. Sun Tzu said: “To defeat the enemy without fighting is the best of the best.” Deterrence and war are two main forms of military activities. Deterrence is mainly to show determination and will to potential opponents by showing strength or threatening to use strong strength to deter the opponent’s actions. It can be said that the overall deterrence warfare in the system-based superior warfare is an important means or tactics to achieve “stopping” the enemy’s troops without fighting. Clausewitz emphasized that the first rule of strategy is to be as strong as possible, first of all, strong in general, and then strong in key parts. Modern warfare is a confrontation between systems. The overall deterrence war under the informationized local war requires not only the traditional deterrence means and capabilities of land, sea, air and space, but also new deterrence means and capabilities such as space deterrence, electromagnetic deterrence, and network deterrence, and more importantly, the overall deterrence that demonstrates the overall strength of the country. In particular, with the rapid development of advanced technologies such as information technology, the scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution, and military revolution are accelerating integration, and the coupling relationship between strategic competitiveness, social productivity, and military combat effectiveness is closer. Winning the informationized war is more of a contest of national will and national overall strength. If you want to contain the war, you must first deter your opponent from the overall strength.
    1.1 Emphasize multi-domain joint deterrence
    Deterrence means usually include nuclear deterrence and conventional deterrence. In the system-based superiority war, the overall deterrence war is implemented, aiming to comprehensively use the conventional deterrence means of the land, sea, air, space, and power grid in the whole domain to achieve the purpose of deterrence. In particular, with the application of information network technology and space and directed energy technology in the military, space, network, and electromagnetic weapons have become new means of deterrence. Space deterrence mainly uses rapid response electromagnetic orbital weapons, space-ground networked anti-navigation and positioning service systems, large elliptical orbit laser weapons, high-power microwave weapons and other equipment to threaten and attack the opponent’s space targets, forming an “interference and blocking” deterrence against the enemy’s space information. Network deterrence mainly uses cyberspace situational awareness and attack equipment to threaten and attack the opponent’s military network and other key information infrastructure to achieve deterrence against the enemy. Electromagnetic deterrence mainly uses electromagnetic spectrum combat systems to threaten and attack enemy detection, navigation, communication and other informationized weapon equipment systems to achieve deafening and blinding deterrence against the enemy. 1.2 Three elements should be possessed in the implementation of overall deterrence warfare
    To implement overall deterrence warfare and achieve the expected deterrence effect, three elements are usually required: one is strength. The deterrent party must have reliable capabilities or strength that make the opponent feel daunted and fearful; the second is determination and will. The deterrent party must dare to use this capability when necessary; the third is clear information transmission. The deterrent party must accurately and effectively let the other party know its action capability and determination.
    Historically, there are three main changes in the criteria for judging deterrence strength: first, active military strength; second, comprehensive national strength or war potential; third, the total number of main combat weapons and equipment. For a long period of history, the number of troops was deterrence, and the strength of military strength directly depended on the size of the active army, the number of important weapons and equipment, and non-material factors such as military training and organization morale. After the 20th century, with the expansion of the scale of war, deterrence strength is no longer limited to the number of troops and important weapons and equipment, but is determined by the country’s war potential, including economic strength, scientific and technological strength, energy resources, and even population size, etc. The overall deterrence war in the system-based superiority war, the formation of its deterrence strength is mainly based on the network information system, and the joint full-domain deterrence capability formed under the integration of the system.
    1.3 Strong overall strength is the core of achieving effective deterrence
    The development of information technology and its extensive penetration and application in the military field have provided favorable conditions for building overall strength and achieving overall deterrence. System-based superior warfare is supported by the network information system and makes full use of the penetration and connectivity of information technology. It not only integrates various combat forces, combat elements, and combat units into an organic whole to achieve military system combat advantages, but also connects and integrates various fields related to war and national mobilization, such as national politics, economy, diplomacy, finance, transportation, and energy, into the national war mobilization system, gathers various forces and resources to form an overall force, realizes the emergence effect of system capabilities, and shows the overall strength advantage. It forms a powerful invisible deterrent of unity and common hatred of the enemy, and creates a situation where the enemy “has power but cannot act” and “can act but has no effect”, which plays a role in containing and winning the war.
    In the overall deterrence war, the scope of national war mobilization will be wider, not limited to a certain direction or region, but throughout the country and even relevant regions of the world; the mobilization time will be faster, and the mobilization and action information can be quickly transmitted to everyone and every node at the first time by using the network and information system; the action coordination and collaboration will be more consistent, and the forces distributed in various regions can act in a unified manner almost at the same time based on the same situation and the same order, greatly improving the efficiency of action coordination; the resource utilization will be more sufficient, and various war resources based on the network can quickly realize the transition from peace to war and from military to civilian, and realize the integrated and precise guarantee of the front and rear.
  2. Electromagnetic interference warfare
    Electromagnetic interference warfare refers to the flexible use of various combat means and action styles such as electronic reconnaissance, attack and defense to disrupt, prevent and destroy the enemy’s electromagnetic capabilities, actively compete for the advantage of the electromagnetic spectrum, seize the right to control information, and then win the initiative in combat.
    2.1 The key to competing for information advantage Local information warfare is highly dependent on the electromagnetic spectrum, and the control and counter-control of electromagnetic space have become the focus of competing for the right to control information. Organizing and implementing electromagnetic interference warfare is mainly to destroy the enemy’s electromagnetic spectrum and protect one’s own side from destruction. The electromagnetic spectrum is the main carrier for transmitting information. Using electromagnetic means to disrupt and destroy the enemy’s electromagnetic spectrum will effectively reduce the enemy’s information combat capability, and enable the enemy to ensure the rapid and effective flow of information in the scenario where the enemy has the right to control information, and drive the command flow, action flow, material flow, and energy flow through the information flow, thereby gaining the dominance and initiative of the operation.
    2.2 The basic focus is to disable and invalidate the enemy’s combat system. The implementation of electromagnetic interference warfare in the system-based superior warfare is mainly aimed at the enemy’s dependence on electromagnetic space. At the same time, in order to ensure the effective use of electromagnetic space by the enemy, various electronic reconnaissance, interference, attack, defense and support forces are organized to interfere with and attack the enemy’s communication network, radar network, computer network and command center, communication hub, radar station, computer network node, global navigation positioning system, space-ground integrated Internet and other space link systems, and other various frequency-using weapons and equipment, block and destroy their communication and data transmission, and destroy the “connection” and “sharing” structural center of gravity of the enemy’s combat system, and provide support for the seizure of information control and electromagnetic control from the root, thereby weakening the enemy’s command and control capabilities and disabling the enemy’s entire combat system.
    2.3 Effective tactics to crack unmanned swarm warfare
    Unmanned autonomous swarm warfare such as “bee swarm”, “wolf pack” and “fish pack” is an important feature of information-based local warfare with intelligent characteristics. There are a large number of various unmanned autonomous clusters, with various types and complex characteristics, and each individual can complement each other and replace each other to play a role. It will be very difficult to intercept and destroy the entire unmanned cluster. However, from a technical perspective, in order to achieve effective coordination in unmanned combat clusters, each individual must share and interact with each other. Once the communication coordination between unmanned clusters is interfered with, it will be impossible to share battlefield situation and information, and it will be difficult to coordinate actions with each other, and it will be difficult to play its due combat effectiveness. This provides an opportunity for the other party to implement communication interception and electromagnetic interference. Therefore, the implementation of electromagnetic spectrum warfare, interference and attack on the information and communication network of unmanned clusters, and destruction of their information sharing and interaction will make it impossible for each individual in the unmanned cluster to achieve effective coordination, thereby losing combat capability.
  3. Network attack warfare
    Network attack warfare refers to the comprehensive use of network and computer technologies and other effective means to conduct military confrontation actions around the control of information and information networks. It is a major combat style for cyberspace operations and the struggle for network control. Its main combat operations include both soft killing and hard destruction, mainly soft and hard. Among them, soft kill is mainly network attack, that is, the comprehensive use of blocking attack, virus attack and other means to block and attack the enemy’s information network, command system, weapon platform, etc., making it difficult for the enemy’s network, command information system, etc. to operate effectively or even paralyzed; hard destruction mainly uses precision firepower strikes, high-energy microwaves, electromagnetic pulses and anti-radiation attacks to paralyze the enemy’s information network physical facilities and destroy the enemy’s combat and weapon equipment entities.
    The focus is on breaking the network and reducing the ability to fail. Organizing network attack in the system concentration war is to target the weaknesses of the opponent’s military information network, take advantage of the system, organize various network attack forces, and continuously implement soft kill and hard destruction actions against the enemy’s combat command network, reconnaissance intelligence network, communication network and even logistics supply network throughout the combat process, destroy the enemy’s network system, and make the enemy’s combat system function decline or even disabled as a whole. Mainly against the enemy’s basic information network, intelligence network, command network, support network and other core targets, implement a series of combat operations such as network and electricity coordinated attack, deception confusion, link blocking, takeover and control, so that the enemy’s intelligent combat network system is disabled and ineffective, and achieve a key victory in paralyzing the enemy system.
  1. Cognitive control and disturbance warfare
    Cognitive control and disturbance warfare refers to the interference, destruction or control of enemy thinking and cognition through information attack, public opinion attack and brain attack in the system-based superiority warfare, so that the enemy cannot make correct judgments and decisions, thereby forming a control advantage over the enemy in the cognitive space.
    The cognitive domain, that is, the human thinking space and consciousness space, is a field that has a key impact on combat decisions and judgments. The development of information technology, especially artificial intelligence technology, and its wide application in the military field have expanded the competition of war from physical space and information space to cognitive space, making cognitive space a new combat domain. With the development of information and intelligent technology and their extensive and in-depth application in the military field, human-machine intelligence tends to merge, making the status of cognition in intelligent warfare operations more prominent, and the cognitive field has gradually become an important battlefield. Controlling cognitive rights has become a key factor in future battlefield control rights. Fighting for cognitive control rights has become an important combat style for winning in informationized local wars with intelligent characteristics.
    4.1 Controlling situational awareness and cognitive rights and fighting for information advantages
    In the system-based superiority warfare, information flow drives material flow and energy flow, and information advantage determines decision advantage. The rapid and accurate recognition of intelligence information and battlefield situation has an important impact on gaining command and decision-making advantages. Therefore, in order to organize and implement system-based optimization, we must make full use of intelligent technology and big data technology to analyze massive intelligence information data.

國語中文：

體系聚優戰是資訊化戰爭中的體係作戰，其不限定特指某一種作戰樣式，而是由多種作戰樣式和戰法組成的“組合拳”，或作戰樣式群。強調根據作戰任務、作戰對手和戰場情勢變化，只要有利於形成相對優勢、達成體系製勝，可以靈活運用任何適宜的作戰手段和样式，形成作戰優勢。在體系聚優戰具體實施過程中，這些具體作戰樣式和行動戰法既可以作為聯合全局作戰的一部分單獨組織實施，更強調打“組合拳”，多策並舉，整體制勝。
為更能理解其核心內涵，本文列舉了整體威懾戰、電磁擾阻戰、網路破擊戰、認知控擾戰等九大典型作戰樣式，並進行分析。

體系聚優戰――靈活運用多種作戰樣式的「組合拳」作者：學術plus高級觀察員 東週
本文主要內容及關鍵字
1.整體威懾戰：強調多域聯合威懾；實施整體威懾戰應具備三大要素；強大整體實力是實現有效威懾的核心
2.電磁擾阻戰：爭奪資訊優勢的關鍵；在組合手段方法上，透過「連結+共享」實現資訊賦能；破解無人集群作戰的有效戰法
3.網路破擊戰：軟殺傷為主，軟硬結合，重在破網降能失效
4.認知控擾：控制態勢感知認知權，爭奪資訊優勢；控制指揮決策權，爭奪決策優勢；控制「腦」權，奪取腦控優勢
5.敏捷機動戰：高效率快速決策；高效率形成有利作戰態勢；高效率即時聚合作戰力量；敏捷機動戰是對傳統機動作戰的創新發展
6.蜂群自主戰：有利於形成體系優勢壓制敵方；有利於增強作戰效果；有利於陷敵於作戰困境
7.精確點殺戰：實現作戰的高效費比；打關鍵節點目標是重要選項；大範圍體系支撐是基本條件；離不開精確情報保障
8.補給斷鍊戰：供應保障鏈對作戰全局影響巨大；打擊重心是斷敵供應保障鏈的關鍵節點；重在選準時機活用戰法
9.體系毀癱戰：作戰目標是使敵作戰體系運作失序；重拳打擊作戰體系的關鍵節點；對敵作戰體系實施軟打擊

僅供學習參考，歡迎交流指正！文章觀點不代表本機構立場
作戰概念首先是作為一種新的作戰樣式提出。創新作戰樣式是作戰概念開發的核心內容。可以說，體系聚優戰是一系列具體戰法的總稱。以下九大典型作戰樣式構成了體系聚優戰的戰法體系。分別為：一是整體威懾戰，在體系聚優戰中積極組織靜態威力展示與威懾行動，力爭不戰或小戰而屈人之兵；二是電磁擾阻戰，運用電子偵攻防等多種作戰手段和行動樣式，擾亂、阻止、破壞敵電磁能力的發揮，積極爭奪電磁頻譜優勢，奪取制信息權，進而贏得作戰主動；三是網絡破擊戰，運用軟打擊和硬摧毀等多種手段，破敵指揮網、情報網、通訊網、後勤補給網，亂敵指揮保障；四是認知控擾。透過資訊攻擊、輿論攻擊、腦攻擊，在認知空間形成控制優勢；五是敏捷機動戰。快速調整兵力兵器部署，在即設戰場快速聚集能力，搶奪作戰先機；六是蜂群自主戰。廣泛運用「蜂群」、「狼群」、「魚群」等無人作戰手段，自主組織行動、分散式攻擊，實現人機聯合製勝；七是精確點殺戰。精準獲取情報，實施多域精確打擊，力爭打一點撼全局，實現作戰效益最大化；八是補給斷鏈戰。組織精銳力量，打敵後勤物資裝備供應補給鏈、補給線和補給基地，破敵失去補給而退出戰鬥；九是體系毀癱戰。綜合採取破網、鍛鍊、打節點等多種手段，幹擾、遲滯、破壞甚至癱瘓敵作戰體係有效運轉，削弱敵作戰系統功能。
1.整體威懾戰
整體威懾戰是指在體系聚優戰中積極組織靜態威力展示和威懾行動，力爭不戰或小戰而屈人之兵。孫子曰：「不戰而屈人之兵，善之善者也。」威懾和戰爭是軍事活動的兩種主要形式。而威懾，主要是透過展現力量或威脅使用強大實力，向潛在對手錶明決心意志，以嚇阻對手行動的行為。可以說，體系聚優戰中的整體威懾戰是實現不戰而「止」人之兵的重要手段或戰法。克勞塞維茨強調，策略的第一條規則是盡可能強大，首先是整體的強大，然後是在關鍵部位的強大。現代戰爭是體系與體系的對抗。資訊化局部戰爭下的整體威懾戰，不僅要有陸海空天傳統威懾手段和能力，也需要太空威懾、電磁威懾、網路威懾等新型威懾手段和能力，更需要有顯示國家整體實力的整體威懾。特別是隨著資訊科技等先進科技的快速發展，科技革命、產業革命、軍事革命加速融合,戰略競爭力、社會生產力和軍隊戰鬥力耦合關聯更加緊密，打贏資訊化戰爭更大程度上是國家意志和國家整體實力的較量。若要遏止戰爭，首先要從整體實力上對對手形成嚇阻。
1.1 強調多域聯合威懾
威懾手段通常包括核威懾和常規威懾。在體系聚優戰中，實施整體威懾戰，旨在綜合運用陸海空天電網全域常規威懾手段，以達成威懾目的。特別是隨著資訊網路技術及太空、定向能技術在軍事上的應用，太空、網路、電磁武器等成為新型威懾手段。太空威懾，主要以快速響應電磁軌道武器、天地網路化反導航定位服務系統、大橢圓軌道雷射武器、高功率微波武器等裝備，威脅攻擊對手空間目標，形成對敵空間資訊「幹擾阻斷」威懾。網路威懾，主要是以網路空間態勢感知和攻擊裝備，威脅攻擊對手軍事網路及其它關鍵資訊基礎設施，實現對敵威懾。電磁威懾，主要以電磁頻譜作戰系統，威脅攻擊敵探測、導航、通訊等資訊化武器裝備系統，實現對敵致聾致盲威懾。 1.2 實施整體嚇阻戰應具備三大要素
實施整體威懾戰並達成嚇阻預期效果，通常必須具備三大要素：一是實力。威嚇方必須具備令對手感到忌憚畏懼的可靠能力或力量；二是決心意志。威懾方在必要時必須敢於使用這種能力；三是明確傳遞訊息。威懾方必須將行動能力與決心準確、有效地讓對方清楚知道。
從歷史上看，判斷威懾實力的標準主要有三個面向變化：一是現役軍事力量；二是綜合國力或戰爭潛力；三是主戰武器裝備總數。在相當長一段歷史時期內，軍隊數量就是威懾，軍事實力的強弱直接取決於現役軍隊的規模、重要武器裝備的數量，以及軍隊訓練組織士氣等非物質因素。二十世紀後，隨著戰爭規模的擴大，威懾實力已不再僅限於軍隊兵力和重要武器裝備的數量，而是由國家戰爭潛力所決定，其中包括經濟實力、科技實力、能源資源，甚至人口數量，等等。體系聚優戰中的整體威懾戰，其威懾實力的形成主要基於網路資訊體系，以及在該體系融合整合下形成的聯合全局威懾能力。
1.3 強大整體實力是實現有效威懾的核心
資訊科技的發展及在軍事領域的廣泛滲透和應用，為建構整體實力、實現整體威懾提供了有利條件。體系聚優戰以網路資訊體系為支撐，充分利用資訊科技的滲透性和聯通性，不僅把各種作戰力量、作戰要素、作戰單元融合為一個有機整體，實現軍事上的體係作戰優勢，而且把國家政治、經濟、外交、金融、交通、能源等與戰爭和國家動員相關的各領域，都連結、匯入國家戰爭動員體系，凝聚各方面力量和資源形成整體合力，實現體系能力的湧現效應，從整體上顯示綜合實力優勢，形成眾志成城、同仇敵愾的強大無形威懾，塑造使敵「有力量但不能行動」「能行動但沒有效果」的態勢，起到遏制和打贏戰爭的作用。
在整體威懾戰中，國家戰爭動員的範圍將更加廣泛，不僅限於某一方向、區域，而是遍及全國各地，乃至世界相關地區；動員時間更加迅速，利用網絡和信息系統，動員和行動信息可在第一時間迅速傳達到每個人、每個節點；行動協調和協同更加一致，分佈在各域各地的各方力量可以基於同一態勢、根據同一命令幾乎在同一時間統一行動，極大提高行動協同效率；資源利用更加充分，以網路為基礎的各種戰爭資源，可快速實現平戰轉換、軍民轉換，實現前方後方一體化保障、精確保障。
2.電磁擾阻戰
電磁擾動戰，指靈活運用電子偵攻防等多種作戰手段和行動樣式，擾亂、阻止、破壞敵電磁能力的發揮，積極爭奪電磁頻譜優勢，奪取制信息權，進而贏得作戰主動。
2.1 爭奪資訊優勢的關鍵資訊化局部戰爭高度依賴電磁頻譜，對電磁空間的控制與反控製成為爭奪制資訊權的焦點。組織實施電磁阻擾戰，主要是破壞敵方電磁頻譜，保護己方不受破壞。電磁頻譜是傳遞訊息的主要載體。使用電磁手段對敵方電磁頻譜實施阻擾破壞，將有效降低敵資訊作戰能力，並使己方在擁有製資訊權的場景下，保障資訊的快速有效流動，透過資訊流驅動指揮流、行動流、物質流、能量流，進而擁有作戰的主導權、主動權。
2.2 基本著眼點是使敵作戰體系失能失效體系聚優戰中實施電磁擾阻戰，主要是針對敵方對電磁空間的依賴，同時為確保己方對電磁空間的有效利用，組織各種電子偵察、幹擾、攻擊、防禦和支援力量，對敵通信網、雷達網、電腦網和指揮中心、通信樞紐、雷達站、電腦網路節點，全球導航定位系統、天地一體互聯網等空間鏈路系統，及其他各種用頻武器裝備，實施幹擾、攻擊，阻斷、破壞其通訊聯絡與資料傳輸，破壞敵作戰體系的「連結」與「共享」結構重心，從根源為奪取制資訊權、制電磁權提供支撐，進而削弱敵指揮控制能力，使敵整個作戰體系失能、失效。
2.3 破解無人集群作戰的有效戰法
「蜂群」「狼群」「魚群」等無人自主集群作戰，是具有智慧化特徵的資訊化局部戰爭的重要特徵。各種無人自主集群數量龐大、類型多樣、特徵複雜，且每個個體都可以互補位置、互相替代發揮作用，攔截毀傷整個無人集群將十分困難。但從技術角度分析，無人作戰集群為實現有效協同，每個個體之間必須進行資訊共享與互動。無人集群間通訊協同一旦受到干擾，將無法分享戰場態勢與訊息，無法相互協同行動，也就很難發揮應有作戰效能。這就給對方實施通訊攔截與電磁幹擾提供了機會。因此，實施電磁頻譜戰，對無人集群的資訊通訊網路實施幹擾、攻擊，破壞其資訊共享與交互，將使無人集群中每個個體無法實現有效協同，從而失去作戰能力。
3.網路破擊戰
網路破擊戰，指綜合運用網路和電腦等技術以及其他有效手段，圍繞著資訊、資訊網路的控制權而進行的軍事對抗行動，是網路空間作戰、爭奪制網權的主要作戰樣式。其主要作戰行動既有軟殺傷也有硬摧毀，以軟為主、軟硬結合。其中，軟殺傷主要是網路攻擊，即綜合利用阻塞攻擊、病毒攻擊等手段，對敵資訊網路、指揮系統、武器平台等進行阻滯與攻擊，使敵網路、指揮資訊系統等難以有效運作甚至癱瘓；硬摧毀主要是利用精確火力打擊、高能量微波、電磁脈衝以及反輻射攻擊等手段，癱毀敵資訊網路物理設施，摧毀敵作戰及武器裝備實體。
重在破網降能失效。在體系聚優戰中組織網路破擊戰就是針對作戰對手軍事資訊網路存在的弱點，利用體系優勢，組織各種網路攻擊力量，在作戰全過程對敵作戰指揮網、偵察情報網、通訊網乃至後勤補給網等，持續實施軟殺傷與硬摧毀行動，破壞敵之網路體系，使敵作戰體系功能整體下降甚至失能。主要對敵基礎資訊網、情報網、指揮網、保障網等核心目標，實施網電協同攻擊、欺騙迷惘、連結阻塞、接管控制等一系列作戰行動，使敵智能化作戰網路體系失能失效，達成癱敵體系的關鍵性勝利。


4.認知控擾戰
認知控擾戰，是指在體系聚優戰中透過資訊攻擊、輿論攻擊、腦攻擊，幹擾、破壞或控制敵對思維認知，使敵不能做出正確判斷、決策，從而在認知空間對敵形成控制優勢。
認知域，即人的思考空間、意識空間，是對作戰決策、判斷等具有關鍵性影響的領域。資訊科技特別是人工智慧技術的發展及在軍事領域的廣泛應用，使戰爭的較量從物理空間、資訊空間擴大到認知空間，使認知空間成為一個全新的作戰域。隨著資訊化、智慧化技術發展並在軍事領域廣泛深入應用，人機智慧趨於融合，使認知在智慧化戰爭作戰中的地位更加凸顯，認知領域逐漸成為重要的戰場。制認知權成為未來戰場控制權的關鍵要素。爭奪認知控制權成為具有智慧化特徵的資訊化局部戰爭作戰制勝的重要作戰樣式。
4.1 控制態勢感知認知權，爭奪資訊優勢
體系聚優戰中，資訊流驅動物質流、能量流，資訊優勢決定決策優勢。對情報資訊與戰場態勢的快速、準確認知，對奪取指揮決策優勢有重要影響。因此，組織實施體系聚優戰，要充分利用智慧技術、大數據技術，對海量情報資訊資料進行

中國軍事資料來源：http://www.81it.com/2022/0901/13716.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Training and the Metaverse: Challenges & Opportunities Coexist

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中國軍事訓練與虛擬世界：挑戰與機會並存

現代英語：

 In the field of military training, the basic technology of the Metaverse has long been used as a virtual resource by the military to varying degrees. It must be acknowledged that the value and potential of the Metaverse in military training is immeasurable and is the focus of current and future military competition. However, due to the immaturity of the development of Metaverse-related technologies and their application in military training, the bright prospects are accompanied by potential risks.

1. The past and present of the military training metaverse
        The metaverse relies on a technology group with virtual reality technology as its core. In its early form in the military field, it is also called virtual simulation or simulated Internet. It can be said that virtual simulation training is very close to today’s concept of the metaverse and is the primary form of the military training metaverse. From ancient times to the present, the progress that has brought great influence in the field of science and technology is generally for winning wars or maintaining combat effectiveness. As the leading technology of the third scientific and technological revolution, the metaverse is used for military training in different forms of basic metaverses in the global military field.
      The US military began to deploy the “Military Metaverse” plan very early. In 1978, Jack Thorpe, a captain of the US Air Force, proposed the idea of ​​a military simulator network in his paper, hoping to establish a distributed or networked military modeling system to facilitate training. In 1983, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of the US Department of Defense developed the Virtual Battlefield Network Simulator (SIMNET Simulator), which uses computers to generate virtual battlefields, simulate the situation of fighting between the two sides, and summarize errors and failures. Replacing field exercises in this way saves costs to a certain extent and improves the effectiveness of training. Although the SIMNET simulator, as the earliest version, was still at a lower level of battlefield simulation, it pioneered distributed or networked modeling and simulation. By the end of the 1980s, the project reached its peak, and eventually more than 200 simulated interconnected tank and aircraft simulators based on local area networks and wide area networks were formed across the United States and across Europe, and used for large-scale training and exercises. The distributed interactive simulation (DIS) protocol developed at that time is still in use today, and through more advanced high-level architectures, different military simulations can be linked to provide a richer collective training or mission preparation experience. It can be said that the SIMNET simulator project directly or indirectly promoted the development of many key technologies of the current metaverse. Today, the US military is very interested in the metaverse that has sprung up like mushrooms after rain. The newly established military branch, the United States Space Force (USSF), wants to create a military-specific metaverse for collaborative operations, training, and mission execution. Its chief technology officer, Lisa Costa, declared: “Soldiers cannot go to space in person. The only way they can experience their own combat territory is through visual data display. The virtual reality environment will provide them with situational awareness and understand their options in order to make decisions.”
       In recent years, virtual reality and augmented reality technologies of the metaverse have been incorporated into the regular military training of the US military. In 2014, the BlueShark project developed by the Office of Naval Research and the Institute for Creative Technologies at the University of Southern California allowed soldiers to collaborate in a virtual environment to conduct driving technology training; in 2018, the US Army and Microsoft cooperated to develop an integrated visual enhancement system IVAS for soldiers to conduct regular training; in 2020, the US Navy launched the Avengers Project to conduct flight course training through virtual reality, artificial intelligence and biometric technology; in 2021, Boeing created a military aircraft training system that enables maintenance personnel to use AR technology for related simulated maintenance drills; on May 10, 2022, two US fighter pilots took a jet and completed a high-altitude prototype metaverse experiment over the California desert. Refueling operations were performed using a virtual tanker through a specially designed augmented reality display connected to a computer system that displayed a glowing image of a virtual refueling aircraft.

 (I) The US military uses virtual reality technology for military training on a large scale
        . At the same time, Russia is also a leader in the development of virtual training systems. Almost all of its advanced weapons and equipment are equipped with corresponding virtual training systems, and are developing in the direction of universalization and embeddedness. For example, the Sound M universal virtual training system is a universal virtual training equipment for combat personnel of surface-to-air missile weapon systems. The Tor M1 surface-to-air missile system is also equipped with a special virtual training vehicle, which can complete battlefield simulation training while searching for targets and conducting weapon operations.

 (II) The Tor M1 surface-to-air missile system is also equipped with a dedicated virtual training vehicle.
         In addition, other countries have also begun to explore the combination of metaverse technology and military training. The British Army has been committed to studying the use of extended reality technology, which can put more than 30 soldiers in the same virtual training scene. The British Ministry of Defense’s “Single Synthetic Environment” has used this technology in soldier training. In South Korea, a developer and supplier of a military training simulator called “Optimus Prime” completed the development of the DEIMOS military training system based on metaverse technology in 2019 and applied it to the training of the armed forces. The system can create various environments for professional military training, including precision shooting training, tactical behavior training and observation training.

       2. The inherent advantages of the metaverse in military training Military training
       is a commonplace in the military, specifically referring to the military theory and related professional knowledge education, combat skills training and military operations exercises conducted by the armed forces and other trainees. The continuous innovation of technologies such as artificial intelligence and virtual reality has accelerated the trend of intelligentization in future wars. Single actual combat exercises in traditional forms will be difficult to meet the combat requirements under the new situation. As a huge group of new technologies, the metaverse plays an increasingly important role in military training. If training is an important support for combat effectiveness, then the primary use of the metaverse in military training is as an important “enabler” for simulation training.       Immersive experience can improve the effectiveness of battlefield environment simulation. As a practical science, military training is centered on experience and the key to training is immersion. The virtual space created by the metaverse makes people feel a “common sense of embodied presence”, allowing trainees to fully immerse themselves in the virtual space and experience a war close to reality. Battlefield environment simulation uses virtual reality technology to process battlefield element data such as battlefield terrain, battlefield personnel, weapons and equipment through computer systems, and finally creates a realistic three-dimensional battlefield environment. Soldiers are immersed in digital environments such as deserts, mountains or plateaus. Each environment has different tactics, techniques and procedures, and soldiers can constantly practice tasks. Even if the soldiers are not in the actual battlefield environment, this technology is enough to restore the authenticity of the environment. More importantly, through battlefield simulation training, not only can soldiers become familiar with the battlefield environment and obtain information to the greatest extent, but they can also improve their ability to observe things from multiple angles and solve emergencies. The US military has developed a virtual reality system called a laser sand table, which can identify and convert photos and videos sent back by satellites, and turn them into realistic three-dimensional maps, presenting the battlefield environment thousands of miles away to commanders. Before the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the US military used virtual reality technology to create real war scenes, including battlefield conditions, personnel appearances, etc., in order to allow soldiers to adapt to the environment in advance and improve their combat capabilities.

 (II) On the eve of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the U.S. military used virtual reality technology to create real war scenes
        . Open interconnection better supports synthetic training. The various parts of the Metaverse ecosystem can be interconnected and operated, and information can be transmitted across platforms and across the world (between virtual worlds or between the virtual world and the real world) without hindrance. Synthetic training uses the open interconnection advantage of Metaverse technology to supplement actual combat training. According to statistics, since 2015, the number of non-combat deaths in the U.S. military has exceeded the number of deaths in actual military operations each year, and many of the deaths in non-combat operations are caused by conventional military training. Therefore, the U.S. Army has begun to use Metaverse to carry out synthetic training in an attempt to establish a virtual synthetic training environment (STE) to reduce casualties in training. From urban warfare to mountain warfare, the “synthetic training environment” integrates “real-time, virtual and constructive training environments into a single synthetic training environment, and provides training functions to ground, transport and air platforms and command posts where needed.” Practice has proved that the synthetic training environment built by the metaverse, with the help of multi-sensory simulation and restoration, can help soldiers break through the limitations of theoretical learning and cognition, and improve the quality and ability of team combat coordination, injury treatment and safe evacuation. On the eve of the Iraq War, the US military stationed in Kuwait conducted synthetic training on Iraq’s urban conditions, which enhanced the soldiers’ urban combat capabilities while minimizing casualties in actual combat. The
      imaginative space stimulates innovation in military training thinking to the greatest extent. War exercises have been valued by military strategists since ancient times. During the Warring States Period, Mozi and Gongshu Ban’s deduction games of “untying belts to make a city” and “wooden pieces to make weapons” rehearsed the real situation on the battlefield, thus avoiding fighting between the two armies. In the deep scene era opened by the future metaverse, the military system will become highly intelligent, and the two sides of the war may be able to conduct war deductions in the battlefield metaverse, and even compete in the virtual world. Based on the information obtained in the virtual world, the two sides of the deduction capture and predict the changes in the battlefield through thinking processes such as association, reasoning and logical judgment, which is not only conducive to learning more war laws, but also can exercise the soldiers’ logical deduction ability. In the Gulf War of 1991, the U.S. military conducted war games based on the training level of the troops, the possible course of the war, and the time required for actual combat before implementing Operation Desert Storm. Practice has proved that the U.S. military used the problems found in this war game to transform the combat concept into an actual action plan and ultimately won. This also fully demonstrates that the real battlefield is full of uncertainties, so it is necessary to be fully prepared through continuous war exercises. Undoubtedly, it is almost impossible for the enemy and us to conduct coordinated deductions in the real world, but if the deployment of the enemy and us can be made public to a certain extent by their respective satellites, air and ground reconnaissance equipment, then at a certain time point, between two or more parties about to break out a military crisis, it is expected that the deployment of troops in the metaverse can be carried out first, and the actual military conflict can be resolved.
      The application of metaverse technology in military training can not only avoid accidental casualties during training, but also allow a single or many trainees to complete training tasks in different virtual environments without leaving home and without actual contact. And this kind of non-contact training plays a more obvious role in the regular form of the new crown epidemic.
       3. Potential risks of the metaverse in military training
      Although the metaverse provides technical support for military training to a large extent, it should never be simply understood as a training program or considered as a means of conducting training. Even if the metaverse technology brings convenience and innovation to military training, the technology itself and its accompanying challenges and uncertainties cannot be ignored.
      The development of metaverse technology may cause security issues. The metaverse is a huge technology group. Its system architecture, core algorithms and immersive technology are still in a stage of continuous development. The supporting industry, value consensus, management standards, etc. have not yet been reached. In general, the metaverse is still a new thing, and its application in military training is even more so. Although the use of virtual training systems can reduce casualties to a certain extent, it is worth thinking about whether such training can be truly used in combat sites. It is still an unknown. And whether the technology is safe enough in operation is also an urgent problem to be solved. James Crowley of Virtual City Training Experts pointed out that computer power may be the most influential part of it. Unless the delay can be reduced to a level that does not make people uncomfortable and feels real, and unless the movement and communication data between different people can be stored in different simulators, it will not be able to provide practical training tools. At the same time, another challenge is the security issue of mutual contact between the armies of different countries in the open virtual world of the Metaverse.
      Virtual training environments are prone to cognitive illusions. Military training in the Metaverse world is the result of a contest between human intelligence and technology. War simulations and military training conducted in a virtual environment can have a powerful deterrent effect on future wars, just like “nuclear weapons”. Although it makes up for the limited senses of people at the physiological level, it also brings psychological cognitive illusions to trainees. Taking unmanned combat military training as an example, long-term combat training under a virtual system will cause the operator to have a gaming mentality. Because the audiovisual senses are out of touch with the real battlefield situation, they are alienated from the real people and society, and have a numb mentality towards the behavior of depriving others of their lives. With the continuous maturity of Metaverse technology, the interaction between the virtual world and the real world will become closer and closer, forming a mixed world that is difficult to distinguish between the real and the virtual. By then, it will not only cause a distinction dilemma for the cognitive psychology of soldiers, but also a major challenge for future military training. The
      “decentralization” of the Metaverse deviates from the traditional military training structure. In the world of the metaverse, all parties involved are virtual entities with equal status after computer processing and digitization. They can act autonomously in the metaverse, so they pursue “decentralization”. However, the traditional military training organizational structure is highly centralized and hierarchical management from top to bottom, which is contrary to the value needs of the metaverse. The US military has made a lot of efforts in pursuing “decentralized” operations, such as the “network-centric warfare” proposed in the 1990s, and the current distributed lethality and mosaic warfare. However, the traditional military training structure and thinking inertia are still obstacles to “decentralization”, and this situation is common in the armies of various countries.
     Yuval Noah Harari said in “Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind” that humans conquer the world by relying on the ability of fiction and imagination. The metaverse gives us the ability to fiction and imagine, and at the same time, the uncertainty of the metaverse in the field of military training also increases the element of fear. Therefore, we must pay attention to innovative scientific and technological theories, develop cutting-edge metaverse technologies, continuously stimulate the potential of the military training metaverse, and at the same time improve relevant laws, regulations and moral and ethical regulations to make advance preparations for winning future intelligent wars.

國語中文：

在軍事訓練領域，元宇宙的基本技術其實早就作為一種虛擬資源，在不同程度上為軍方使用。必須承認，元宇宙在軍事訓練中的價值潛力不可估量，是當下和未來軍事領域爭鋒的焦點。但由於元宇宙相關技術的發展及其在軍事訓練中的應用尚不成熟，美好前景背後也伴隨著潛在風險。
一、軍事訓練元宇宙的前世今生
元宇宙依賴的是以虛擬實境技術為核心的技術群，在軍事領域的早期形態又稱為虛擬模擬或模擬互聯網。可以說，虛擬模擬訓練已經非常接近今天的元宇宙概念，是軍事訓練元宇宙的初級形態。從古至今，科技領域帶來巨大影響力的進步普遍都是為了贏得戰爭或保持戰鬥力。作為第三次科技革命的領導技術，元宇宙在全球軍事領域，以不同形式的基本元宇宙被用於軍事訓練。
美軍很早就開始部署「軍事元宇宙」計畫。 1978年，美空軍上尉傑克·索普在自己的論文中提出了軍事模擬器網路的構想，希望建立一個分散式或網路化的軍事建模系統方便訓練。 1983年美國防部高級研究計畫局（DARPA），開發了虛擬戰場網路模擬器（SIMNET模擬器），以電腦生成虛擬戰場，模擬雙方交戰的情形進行推演，總結錯誤和失敗。用這樣的方式取代實地演習，一定程度上節省了成本，也提高了訓練的效果。雖然SIMNET模擬器作為最早的版本仍處於較低階的戰場仿真，但卻開闢了分散式或網路化建模仿真的先河。到了20世紀80年代末，該計畫達到頂峰，最終落地形成200多個遍布美國、橫跨歐洲，基於區域網路和廣域網路的模擬互聯坦克和飛機模擬器，並用於大規模訓練與演習。而當時開發的分散式互動式模擬（DIS）協議，至今仍在使用，並且透過更先進的高階體系結構，可以連結不同的軍事模擬，以提供更豐富的集體訓練或任務準備體驗。可以說SIMNET模擬器專案直接或間接推動了當前元宇宙的許多關鍵技術的發展。時至今日，美軍對如雨後春筍般崛起的元宇宙興趣正濃，新成立的軍種——美國太空部隊（USSF）欲打造軍事專用元宇宙，用於協同作戰、訓練、執行任務。其技術主管利薩·科斯塔宣稱：「軍人們並不能親自上太空，他們體驗自身作戰疆域的唯一途徑就是視覺數據顯示，虛擬現實環境會為他們提供態勢感知，並了解自己的選項，以便做出決策。
近年來，元宇宙的虛擬實境和擴增實境技術已納入美軍的常規軍事訓練。 2014年，南加州大學海軍研究辦公室和創意技術研究所開發的BlueShark項目，讓士兵在虛擬環境中協作配合，進行駕駛技術訓練；2018年，美陸軍與微軟合作開發了一款集成視覺增強系統IVAS ，供士兵進行常規訓練；2020年，美海軍又推出了復仇者計劃，透過虛擬現實、人工智慧以及生物識別技術，開展飛行課程培訓；2021年，波音公司打造了一個軍用飛機培訓系統，使維修人員利用AR技術進行相關模擬維修演練；2022年5月10日，兩名美軍戰鬥機飛行員乘坐噴射機，在加州沙漠上空完成了一次高空原型元宇宙實驗。透過特製的擴增實境顯示器，連接到一個虛擬加油飛機發光影像的電腦系統，使用虛擬加油機進行了加油操作。
（一）美軍大量採用虛擬實境技術進行軍事訓練
同時，俄羅斯在虛擬訓練系統的開發上也是領先者，其先進武器裝備幾乎都配有相應的虛擬訓練系統，並且正在朝著通用化和嵌入式的方向發展。如音色M通用虛擬訓練系統就是用於地對空飛彈武器系統作戰人員的通用虛擬訓練裝備。道爾M1型地對空飛彈系統也配備有專用虛擬訓練車，可在目標搜尋和武器作戰的同時完成戰地模擬訓練。

（二）道爾M1型地空飛彈系統也配備有專用虛擬訓練車
此外，其他國家也紛紛開始探索元宇宙技術與軍事訓練的結合。英陸軍一直致力於研究擴展實境技術的使用，可以讓30多名士兵處於相同的虛擬訓練場景。英國防部的「單一合成環境」已經在士兵訓練中使用了這項技術。在韓國，一家名為「擎天柱」的軍事訓練模擬器的開發商和供應商，在2019年完成了基於元宇宙技術的DEIMOS軍事訓練系統研發並應用於武裝部隊的訓練。該系統能夠為專業軍事訓練創造各種環境，包括精準射擊訓練、戰術行為訓練和觀察訓練。
二、軍事訓練元宇宙的內在優勢
軍事訓練乃是兵家常事，具體指武裝力量及其他受訓對象所進行的軍事理論及相關專業知識教育、作戰技能教練和軍事行動演練的活動。人工智慧、虛擬實境等技術的不斷革新，加速了未來戰爭的智慧化趨勢。傳統形式下的單一實戰演練將難以滿足新情勢下的作戰要求。而元宇宙作為一個龐大的新技術群，在軍事訓練中扮演越來越重要的角色。如果說訓練是戰鬥效能的重要支撐，那麼元宇宙在軍事訓練中的首要用途便是作為模擬訓練重要的「賦能器」。
沉浸式體驗能夠提升戰場環境模擬效能。軍事訓練作為實踐科學，訓練的核心在體驗，訓練的關鍵在沉浸。元宇宙所創造的虛擬空間，使人感受到一種“共同的具身在場感”，讓受訓者完全沉浸虛擬空間，體驗一場接近真實的戰爭。戰場環境模擬正是利用虛擬實境技術，透過電腦系統對取得的戰場要素資料如戰場地形、戰場人員、武器裝備等進行處理，最終創設出逼真的立體戰場環境。士兵們沉浸在沙漠、山區或高原的數位環境中，每個環境都有不同的戰術、技術和程序，士兵們可以不斷地演練任務。即便士兵不是在實際的戰場環境中，但這項技術足以還原環境的真實度，更重要的是透過戰場模擬訓練，不僅能夠讓士兵熟悉戰場環境，最大程度獲取信息，而且還能提升其多角度觀察事物、解決突發狀況的能力。美軍目前已研發出一款被稱為雷射沙盤的虛擬實境系統，能夠辨識和轉換衛星發回的照片和錄像，並將其轉變成逼真的立體地圖，將遠在千里外的戰場環境呈現給指揮員。在阿富汗戰爭和伊拉克戰爭前夕，美軍都採用了虛擬實境技術來打造真實的戰爭場景，包括戰地狀況、人員樣貌等。旨在讓士兵提前適應環境，提升作戰能力。

（一）元宇宙所創造的虛擬空間，使人感受到一種“共同的具身在場感”

（二）在阿富汗戰爭和伊拉克戰爭前夕，美軍都採用了虛擬實境技術打造真實的戰爭場景
開放式互聯較能支撐合成訓練開展。元宇宙生態系統各部分之間可以實現相互連接和操作，資訊可以暢通無阻地實現跨平台和跨世界傳輸（在虛擬世界之間或虛擬世界與現實世界之間）。合成訓練正是利用元宇宙技術的這一開放式互聯優勢，來實現實戰訓練的補充。根據統計，從2015年開始，美軍每年的非戰鬥死亡人數超出了在實際軍事行動中犧牲的人數，而在非戰鬥行動中喪生的人員很多是由常規軍事訓練造成的。因此，美陸軍已經開始採用元宇宙進行合成訓練，試圖建立虛擬合成訓練環境（STE）來減少訓練中的傷亡。從城市作戰到山地作戰，「合成訓練環境」將「即時、虛擬和建設性的訓練環境整合到一個單一的合成訓練環境中，並在有需要的地方向地面、運載和空中平台以及指揮所提供訓練功能」。實務證明，透過元宇宙建構的合成訓練環境，藉助多感官模擬還原，能夠幫助戰士突破理論學習和認知局限，提升團隊作戰協同、傷情處置和安全撤離等素質和能力。伊拉克戰爭前夕，駐紮在科威特的美軍就對伊拉克的城市狀況進行了合成訓練，增強了士兵城市作戰能力的同時，把實戰中的傷亡降到了最低。
想像性空間最大程度激發軍事訓練思維創新。戰爭演習自古就受到兵家重視，戰國時期墨子和公輸班「解帶為城」「木片為械」的推演遊戲將戰場上的真實情況演練出來，從而避免了兩軍交戰。在未來元宇宙開啟的深度場景時代，軍事體系將走向高度智慧化，作戰雙方或許能在戰場元宇宙進行戰爭推演，甚至在虛擬世界一決高下。推演雙方根據虛擬世界獲取的信息，透過聯想、推理和邏輯判斷等思維過程，對戰場風雲變化進行捕捉和預判，不僅有利於習得更多戰爭規律，還能夠鍛鍊士兵的邏輯推演能力。 1991年的海灣戰爭中，美軍就在實施「沙漠風暴」行動前，根據部隊的訓練水準和可能的戰爭進程，以及實際作戰所需時間進行了兵棋推演。實踐證明，美軍借助這次兵棋推演發現的問題，將作戰設想轉化為實際行動方案，最終取得勝利。這也充分說明了真實的戰場充滿了種種不確定性，因此需要透過不斷進行戰爭演習來做好充分準備。毋庸置疑，敵我雙方在現實世界中進行協同推演幾乎是不可能的，但若敵我雙方的兵力部署可以被各自的衛星、空中和地面偵查設備進行一定程度的公開，那麼在某個時間節點，在即將爆發軍事危機的雙方或多方之間，先在元宇宙中進行排兵布陣，可以化解現實的軍事衝突則有望實現。
元宇宙技術在軍事訓練中的應用不僅可以避免訓練中的人員意外傷亡，還可以讓單一或眾多參訓者在足不出戶，無需實際接觸便可在不同虛擬環境下完成訓練任務。而這種非接觸式訓練在新冠疫情的常規化形態下，所扮演的角色更加明顯。
三、軍事訓練元宇宙的潛在風險
元宇宙在很大程度上雖然為軍事訓練提供技術支撐，但絕不能僅僅將其簡單地理解為一種訓練項目，或者被認為是一種開展訓練的手段。即使元宇宙技術為軍事訓練帶來便利和創新，也不能忽視科技本身及其伴生的挑戰和不確定性。
元宇宙技術發展或引發安全問題。元宇宙是一個龐大的技術群，其體系架構、核心演算法和沈浸技術等尚處於不斷開發的階段，配套產業、價值共識、管理標準等還沒有達成，總的來說，元宇宙還是一個新事物，在軍事訓練中的應用更是如此。儘管使用虛擬訓練系統能夠在一定程度上減少傷亡，但值得思考的是這樣的訓練是否能夠真正用於作戰現場，目前仍是一個未知數。而技術在運作中是否夠安全也是一個亟待解決的問題。虛擬城市訓練專家公司的詹姆斯·克勞利指出，電腦能力可能是其中最有影響力的部分，除非可以將延遲降低到不會讓人不適並且感覺真實的程度，除非可以在不同的模擬器中儲存不同人之間的行動和通訊數據，否則將無法提供實用的訓練工具。同時，另一個擺在眼前的挑戰則是在開放的元宇宙虛擬世界中，不同國家軍隊之間相互接觸的安全問題。
虛擬訓練環境易造成認知錯覺。元宇宙世界裡的軍事訓練是人類智力和技術較量的結果，在虛擬環境下進行的戰爭推演、軍事訓練等對未來戰爭的作用，如同「核武」一般，不用動用實槍實彈也能起到強大的威懾效果。儘管在生理層面彌補了人的有限感官，同時也帶來了受訓者在心理上的認知錯覺。以無人作戰的軍事訓練為例，長期在虛擬系統下進行作戰訓練，將會造成操縱者的遊戲心態。由於視聽感官與真實戰場情況脫節，而疏離了現實的人與社會，對於剝奪他人生命的行為產生麻木心態。隨著元宇宙技術的不斷成熟，虛擬世界、現實世界的互動將會越來越緊密，形成虛實難分的混合世界。到那時，不僅對士兵的認知心理造成區分困境，對於未來的軍事訓練也是重大挑戰。
元宇宙「去中心化」與傳統軍事訓練結構相背離。在元宇宙的世界中，參與各方都是經過電腦處理、資料化後產生的地位平等的虛擬主體，可以在元宇宙中自主活動，因而其追求「去中心化」。但傳統的軍事訓練組織結構則是高度集中、自上而下的分層化管理，這一方面與元宇宙的價值需求是背離的。美軍在追求“去中心化”作戰上做出了很多努力，如20世紀90年代提出的“網絡中心戰”，以及當前的分散式殺傷以及馬賽克戰等。但傳統的軍事訓練結構和思維慣性仍然是「去中心化」的阻力，而這種情況普遍存在於各國軍隊。
尤瓦爾·赫拉利在《人類簡史》中談道，人類靠著的是虛構和想像的能力征服世界。元宇宙給了我們虛構和想像的能力，同時元宇宙在軍事訓練領域的不確定性也增加了恐懼的成分。因此，我們必須關注創新科技理論、發展元宇宙前沿科技，不斷激發軍事訓練元宇宙的潛力，同時完善相關法律法規和道德倫理規約，為打贏未來智慧化戰爭做好超前準備。
版權聲明：本文刊於2023年1期《軍事文摘》雜誌，作者：張愷悅、李傑春，如需轉載請務必註明「轉自《軍事文摘》」。

中國軍事原文來源：http://www.81it.com/2023/0321/14167.html

Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Analysis on the Application of Metaverse in Military Communication

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中國軍事分析虛擬宇宙在軍事通訊的應用

現代英語翻譯:

Abstract: Metaverse, as an innovative concept of the clustering effect of advanced technologies, will become the key to future media content production and cognitive advantage. Looking forward to the development prospects of Metaverse, this article explains the concept of Metaverse and analyzes its development prospects, key technologies and practical applications, aiming to provide reference for the application of Metaverse in the field of military communication.

Keywords: Metaverse; Military Communication; Development Prospects

The Metaverse has become a hot topic that people are competing to talk about, and has been selected as one of the “Top Ten Internet Terms of 2021”. Globally renowned Internet companies from Facebook to ByteDance are all planning the Metaverse. The 2022 Russia-Ukraine conflict was called a “public opinion war” and “cognitive war” with various means by domestic and foreign public opinion experts. Some experts even exclaimed that cognitive domain warfare in the form of the Metaverse has begun. The Metaverse, as an innovative concept of the clustering effect of advanced technology, will become the key to future media content production and gaining cognitive advantages. Exploring the application of the Metaverse in the field of military communication has become an important topic in the era of omnimedia.

1. The special functions of the metaverse determine its broad development prospects

Metaverse was born in the 1992 science fiction novel Snow Crash. The Metaverse described in the novel is a virtual shared space parallel to the real world. According to relevant information, as early as 1990, Qian Xuesen had a vision of virtual reality and Metaverse, and gave it a very meaningful name – “Spirit Realm”. Four years later, Qian Xuesen specifically mentioned: “Spirit Realm technology is another technological revolution after the computer technology revolution. It will trigger a series of changes that will shock the world and must be a major event in human history.” Qian Xuesen had already foreseen that Metaverse-related technologies would bring profound changes to human society.

From originating from science fiction to entering reality, the industry has not yet reached a consensus on the definition of the metaverse. According to the research of relevant experts, the essential characteristics of the metaverse are two: virtual-real integration and immersive experience. Virtual-real integration means that the boundary between the digital world and the physical world gradually disappears, and the economy, life, assets and identity of the two worlds are fully integrated. Immersive experience means that people’s two-dimensional audio-visual experience of the Internet is expanded into a three-dimensional, immersive, full-sensory experience. The special functions of the metaverse determine its broad development prospects.

The Metaverse is the next generation of the Internet. Looking back at the development of the Internet, from PC Internet to mobile Internet, the sense of immersion when using the Internet has gradually increased, and the distance between virtual and reality has gradually shortened. Under this trend, the Metaverse, where both immersion and participation have reached their peak, may be the “ultimate form” of the Internet. Regarding the future development of the Metaverse, some experts predict that: in terms of hardware terminals, with the portable development of wearable devices such as VR/AR glasses, their popularity will increase significantly, and people will gradually adapt to and accept the larger visual range and more natural interaction methods brought by new devices; in terms of content ecology and application scenarios, explosive Metaverse content will continue to emerge, and application scenarios will gradually expand. In the Metaverse, user experience has achieved an improvement and transformation from “online” to “presence”, thus entering the “scenario era”.

The metaverse is a new type of holographic medium. With the development of media technology, the presentation of media content has evolved from one-dimensional, two-dimensional to multi-dimensional. The emergence of the metaverse is another revolution in communication media after radio, television, and the Internet. From the perspective of user experience, the metaverse not only expands the user’s experience space, but also brings an immersive experience of “you are not just watching the content, you are in it as a whole”. From the perspective of media products, a large number of “we are on the scene” news media products will appear in the metaverse. The media products of the metaverse will achieve the advancement of news content with immersive narratives. For example, major sudden incident reports, large-scale live events, news documentaries, etc., can make the complete news scene into a digital scene of the metaverse, allowing the audience to enter the scene from various perspectives for experience. From the perspective of communication methods, there are currently four main modes of information communication: mass communication, network communication, social communication, and intelligent communication. The arrival of the new media of the metaverse will enrich the means of information communication in the era of intelligent communication, and “holographic communication” will become possible.

The metaverse is the future battlefield of cognitive domain warfare. The essence of communication media is the communication platform and channel, which is the material basis and main weapon of cognitive narrative in cognitive domain warfare. The 2022 Russia-Ukraine conflict was reported to the world in countless “first-person perspectives”. Both Russia and Ukraine spoke out on online media and social platforms to compete for the dominance of international communication cognitive narrative. As a new type of holographic medium, the metaverse transmits cognition in a full-dimensional, full-system and immersive way. It can shape people’s thinking and cognition more comprehensively, deeply and lastingly, and has immeasurable application value in cognitive warfare. In addition, the metaverse provides a parallel cognitive space that digitally twins real combat scenarios, where cognitive warfare can be efficiently promoted and presented in a panoramic manner.

2. A Preliminary Study on the Application of Metaverse in the Field of Military Communication

Like other new technologies, the metaverse was quickly applied to the field of military communication. The PLA News and Communication Center made a bold attempt and launched the “Holographic Military Newspaper” during the National People’s Congress for three consecutive years. It used technologies such as extended reality and digital construction to show a newspaper full of futuristic atmosphere: you can wear VR glasses to experience the “Holographic Military Newspaper” immersively, or you can watch it through your mobile phone. The “Holographic Military Newspaper” is the first of its kind in the domestic newspaper publishing industry and has been selected as an innovative case of deep integration and development of China’s newspaper industry. During the 2021 National People’s Congress, the center also launched the military media intelligent cartoon virtual person “Xiaojun”, which realized the same-screen interaction between 3D cartoons and real people. In 2022, the center and the Art Department of the PLA Culture and Art Center jointly launched the “2022 Metaverse Military Camp Network Spring Festival Gala”, which used metaverse technology to build a virtual space and interactive platform. Netizens and audiences can enter the three-dimensional virtual space by avatars, visit the performance site, and choose their favorite seats to watch the Spring Festival Gala. They can also interact with the audience around them through language and gestures. Some netizens commented: “It’s so shocking! The literary and artistic light cavalry team expressed it in the form of the metaverse, which shows the advancement of technology!” In addition, the center’s network department also took the lead in launching the public welfare NFT digital collection “Stars Accompany Me to Guard the Border”.

At present, the military-related authoritative media is organizing a team to promote the preliminary research and design of the Metaverse Editorial Department. Looking at the development process from traditional news editorial departments to intelligent editorial departments, combined with the advanced technology and future development of the Metaverse, experts have proposed the concept of “Metaverse Editorial Department”, that is, “Metaverse Editorial Department” enables editors and reporters at multiple locations to efficiently complete planning, interviews, editing, publishing and other tasks “face to face” in the same virtual space, the same chain of command, and the same work system. This will be the evolution of the news editorial department in the future. Each editor and reporter has his or her own virtual workspace. When there is a need for a meeting discussion, they can instantly travel to the virtual conference room for “face-to-face” communication.

3. Thoughts on how to win the cognitive war in the metaverse

A major feature of the 2022 Russia-Ukraine conflict is the deep involvement of social media. Mobile Internet has become the main source of information related to this conflict. As mentioned earlier, the special functions of the metaverse determine its broad development prospects. How to win the cognitive war in the metaverse urgently requires us to think forward-lookingly.

Strive to achieve the autonomy and control of the core technologies of the future metaverse. As a pioneering and innovative frontier field, the metaverse has huge initial R&D costs and requires long-term and continuous high investment to achieve the docking and unification of massive standards and specifications and the connection and interaction of ultra-large-scale users. This also leads to the inherent monopoly gene of the metaverse. At present, American companies such as Facebook, Google, and Microsoft, with the support of their governments and military, have deeply laid out the metaverse, and are very likely to become the technology monopolist and ruler of the future metaverse, just like the current situation of the Internet. In this Russia-Ukraine conflict, these technology giants “one-sidedly” pointed their spearheads at Russia, restricted or even banned Russia from using its technology products, and provided support for the United States to impose comprehensive sanctions. This warns us that in order not to be constrained in technology in the future, we should concentrate the superior forces of the military and the local area, aim at the metaverse technology, work together to tackle key problems, and strive to achieve the autonomy and control of the core technologies of the future metaverse.

Develop a metaverse platform that adapts to cognitive warfare. Developing a metaverse platform that is autonomous, controllable, has a wide coverage, and has a great influence is the key to winning in the cognitive domain battlefield in the future. Back to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, in order to suppress Russia from public opinion, American social platforms such as YouTube, Twitter, and Facebook, at the instruction of the US officials, directly restricted the exposure of Russian media. It can be said that they have taken advantage of the platform at the cognitive warfare level. This requires us to actively think about the future form of military communication platforms, develop metaverse platforms that adapt to cognitive warfare, and strive to create explosive products. For example, launching a metaverse version of the military’s new media platform.

We should speed up the production and accumulation of immersive content suitable for the era of the Metaverse. In addition to the traditional visible content types, content creation in the Metaverse era has also added a large amount of three-dimensional content, including panoramic shooting, digital twins of the real world, artificial construction of virtual space, and the display of virtual digital people. It is an issue that needs to be considered at present to speed up the production and accumulation of immersive content suitable for the era of the Metaverse. For example, the creation of digital history museums, the creation of heroic virtual people, the reproduction of classic battles, etc., can truly make history “perceptible” and make cultural relics “speaking”. In addition, the independent research and development of content creation tools is also critical.

國語中文：

摘 要：元宇宙作為先進技術群聚效應的創新概念，將成為未來媒體內容生產、贏得認知優勢的關鍵。展望元宇宙發展前景，本文闡釋了元宇宙概念，並圍繞其發展圖景、關鍵技術和實踐應用進行闡釋分析，旨在為元宇宙在軍事傳播領域的應用提供借鑒參考。

關鍵字：元宇宙；軍事傳播；發展前景

元宇宙，目前成為人們競相談論的熱門話題，並入選了「2021年度十大網路用語」。從Facebook到位元組跳動等全球知名網路公司都在版面元宇宙。 2022年的俄烏衝突被國內外輿論戰專家稱作是一場手段多樣的“輿論戰”“認知戰”，有專家甚至驚呼元宇宙形態下的認知域作戰拉開了序幕。元宇宙，作為先進技術群聚效應的創新概念，將成為未來媒體內容生產、贏得認知優勢的關鍵。探尋元宇宙在軍事傳播領域的應用，成為全媒體時代一門重要課題。

一、元宇宙的特殊功能決定了其廣闊的發展前景

元宇宙（Metaverse），誕生於1992年的科幻小說《雪崩》。小說中所描述的元宇宙是一個平行於現實世界的虛擬共享空間。根據相關資料顯示，早在1990年，錢學森就對虛擬實境與元宇宙有過展望，並為其起了個頗有意境的名字—「靈境」。 4年後，錢學森特別提到：「靈境技術是繼電腦科技革命之後的另一場科技革命。它將引發一系列震撼全世界的變革，一定是人類歷史中的大事。」錢學森當時就已預見元宇宙相關技術將對人類社會帶來的深層變革。

從源自科幻到走進現實，業界對於元宇宙的定義還沒能達成共識。根據相關專家的研究，認為元宇宙的本質特徵是兩個：虛實融合和沈浸體驗。虛實融合，就是數位世界和實體世界的邊界逐漸消失，實現兩個世界的經濟、生活、資產和身分認同等全方位的融合。沉浸體驗，就是人們對網路的二維視聽體驗拓展為三維立體、沉浸式的全感官體驗。元宇宙的特殊功能決定了其廣闊的發展前景。

元宇宙是下一代互聯網。回顧網路的發展歷程，從PC互聯網到行動互聯網，使用網路時的沉浸感逐漸提升，虛擬與現實的距離也逐漸縮短。在此趨勢下，沉浸感和參與度都達到高峰的元宇宙或是網路的「終極形態」。對於元宇宙的未來發展，有專家預計：硬體終端方面，隨著VR/AR眼鏡等穿戴設備的便攜化發展，其普及程度將大幅度提高,人們逐漸適應和接受新設備帶來的更大的視覺範圍和更自然的互動方式；內容生態及應用場景方面，爆款元宇宙內容將不斷湧現，應用場景也將逐步拓展。在元宇宙中，使用者體驗實現了從「線上」到「在場」的提升和轉變，從而進入「場景時代」。

元宇宙是新型全息媒介。隨著媒介技術的發展，媒體內容的呈現方式從一維、二維到多維不斷演進。元宇宙的出現，是繼廣播、電視、網路之後傳播媒介的另一次革命。從使用者體驗來看，元宇宙不僅拓展了使用者的體驗空間，也帶來了「你不只是觀看內容，你整個人就身在其中」的沉浸式體驗。從媒體產品來看，元宇宙將出現大量「我們在現場」式的新聞媒體產品。元宇宙的媒體產品將以沉浸式敘事實現新聞內容的進階。例如，重大突發事件報導、大型現場活動、新聞紀錄片等，可以將完整的新聞現場做成元宇宙的一個數位場景，讓觀眾以各種視角進入現場進行體驗。從傳播方式來看，目前，訊息傳播主要有4種傳播模式：大眾傳播、網路傳播、社交傳播、智慧傳播。元宇宙新型媒介的到來將使得智慧傳播時代訊息傳播的手段更為豐富，「全像傳播」成為可能。

元宇宙是認知域作戰的未來戰場。傳播媒介實質就是傳播平台和管道，是認知域作戰中認知敘事的物質基礎和主要武器。 2022年的俄烏衝突以無數「第一視角」的方式向全球報道，俄烏雙方都在網路媒體和社群平台發聲，爭奪國際傳播認知敘事主導權。元宇宙作為新型全像媒介，其傳導認知的方式是全維度、全系統和沈浸式的，能夠更全面、更深入、更持久地塑造人的思維認知，具有不可估量的認知戰應用價值。另外，元宇宙提供了一個將現實作戰場景數位孿生的平行認知空間，在這裡認知戰得以高效率推進和全景式呈現。

二、元宇宙在軍事傳播領域的應用初探

和其他新技術的產生一樣，元宇宙也很快被應用於軍事傳播領域。解放軍新聞傳播中心進行了大膽嘗試，連續3年在全國兩會期間推出的“全息軍報”，運用擴展現實、數字構建等技術，展示了一份充滿未來氣息的報紙：可以佩戴VR眼鏡沉浸式體驗“全息軍報”，也可以透過手機觀看。 「全像軍報」是國內報紙出版業的首創，入選了中國報業深度融合發展創新案例。 2021年全國兩會期間，該中心還推出軍媒智慧卡通虛擬人“小軍”，實現了3D卡通與現實人物的同屏互動。 2022年，該中心和解放軍文化藝術中心文藝部共同推出的“2022年元宇宙軍營網絡春晚”，利用元宇宙技術搭建虛擬空間和互動平台。網友觀眾化身虛擬人即可進入立體虛擬空間，參觀演出現場，並自行選擇喜好的座位觀看春晚，還可以跟著周圍的觀眾進行語言和手勢互動。有網友評價：「太震撼了！文藝輕騎以元宇宙的形式表現，真是科技在進步！」另外，該中心網絡部還率先推出了公益性NFT數字藏品《星星伴我守邊防》。

目前，軍隊相關權威媒體正在組織團隊推進元宇宙編輯部的前期研究和設計。縱觀傳統新聞編輯部到智慧編輯部的發展歷程，結合元宇宙先進技術和未來發展，專家提出了「元宇宙編輯部」的概念，即「元宇宙編輯部」使多點位的編輯記者在同一虛擬空間、同一指揮鏈、同一工作體系裡「面對面」有效率地完成規劃、訪談、編輯、發布等工作。這將是未來新聞編輯部的進化形態，每個編輯記者都擁有各自的虛擬工作空間，當有會議討論需求時，可以瞬間穿越到虛擬會議室進行「面對面」交流。

三、如何在元宇宙中打贏認知戰的思考

2022年俄烏衝突的一個主要特徵，是社群媒體的深度參與。行動互聯網成了這次衝突關聯資訊的主要來源。如前所述，元宇宙的特殊功能決定了其廣闊的發展前景。如何在元宇宙中打贏認知戰，迫切需要我們做前瞻性思考。

努力實現未來元宇宙核心技術的自主可控。元宇宙作為開拓性和創新性的前沿領域，前期研發成本龐大，需要長期且持續的高額投資，以實現大量標準規範的對接統一、超大規模用戶的連結互動。這也導致了元宇宙具有內在壟斷基因。目前，Facebook、Google、微軟等美國公司在其政府和軍方的支持下，深入佈局元宇宙，極大可能成為未來元宇宙的技術壟斷者和統治者，就像現在互聯網的情況一樣。在這次俄烏衝突中，上述這些科技巨頭「一邊倒」地將矛頭對準俄羅斯，限制甚至禁止俄羅斯使用其科技產品，為美國實施全面製裁施壓提供了支撐。這警告我們，為了將來在技術上不被掣肘，應該集中軍地優勢力量，瞄準元宇宙技術，協力攻關，努力實現未來元宇宙核心技術的自主可控。

發展適應認知戰的元宇宙平台。開發自主可控、覆蓋範圍廣、影響力大的元宇宙平台，是未來在認知域戰場上取得勝利的關鍵。回到俄烏衝突中，為了從輿論上打壓俄羅斯，YouTube、Twitter和Facebook等美國的社群平台在美國官方的授意下，直接限制了俄羅斯媒體的曝光率，可以說在認知戰層面佔盡了平台優勢。這就需要我們主動思考未來軍隊傳播平台型態，開發適應認知戰的元宇宙平台，努力打造爆款產品。例如，推出軍隊新媒體平台的元宇宙版本等。

抓緊生產與累積適合元宇宙時代的沉浸式內容。元宇宙時代的內容創作除了傳統可見的內容類型外，還大量增加了三維內容，包括全景拍攝、真實世界的數位孿生、虛擬空間的人工構建、虛擬數位人的展示等等。抓緊生產和累積適合元宇宙時代的沉浸式內容，是當前需要重點考慮的問題。例如，製作數位史館、打造英雄虛擬人、復現經典戰例等等，真正實現讓歷史「可感知」、讓文物「會說話」。另外，內容創作工具的自主研發也很關鍵。

（作者單位：解放軍新聞傳播中心網絡部）

中國軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/rmjz_203219/jsjz/2022nd5q_242715/tbch_242721/10193529.html

Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Metaverse, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

Metaverse-enabled military training is on the rise for China’s People’s Liberation Army

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中國人民解放軍元宇宙軍事訓練正在興起

現代英語:

The metaverse is an artificial online virtual world that is born out of, parallel to, and independent of the real world. It is parallel to the real world, reacts to the real world, and integrates a variety of high technologies. These are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse. The operation of the metaverse conforms to the natural laws of human understanding and transformation of the world, providing a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operation behavior, state, and laws of complex real systems, as well as a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. Researching the application of the metaverse in the field of foreign military training and analyzing the opportunities and challenges that the metaverse brings to the field of military training have important theoretical and practical value in solving the key problems that need to be solved in military training in the intelligent era, promoting scientific and technological training, and promoting the innovative development of military training models.

Background of cognitive metaverse empowering military training

The scientific and technological revolution has given rise to a new ecosystem for military training. Driven by the new scientific and technological revolution and the industrial revolution, cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things are accelerating their development. Technology giants are laying out the metaverse, and human real life is migrating to the virtual world more rapidly. The metaverse integrates a variety of emerging technologies, thus generating new Internet applications and new social forms that integrate the virtual and the real. Perception technology supports the integration of the virtual and the real in the metaverse, “AI+” technology supports the social nature of the metaverse, data transmission technology supports the real-time nature of the metaverse, electronic game technology supports the diversity of the metaverse, digital twin technology supports the sustainability of the metaverse, and blockchain technology supports the security of the metaverse. The future metaverse, where virtuality and reality are highly interconnected, is born out of, parallel to, and independent of the real world. It integrates all elements such as the Internet, virtual reality, immersive experience, blockchain, and digital twins to build a new basic ecology for intelligent military training.

The evolution of war dominates the transformation and upgrading of military training. With the advent of the intelligent era, the war form is accelerating its evolution towards informationization and intelligence. The informationized warfare system with “information acquisition and utilization as the core” will gradually transition to an intelligent warfare system with “intelligent simulation and expansion as the core”. The trend of long-range precision, intelligence, stealth, and unmanned weapons and equipment is more obvious, and intelligent warfare has surfaced. At the same time, combat elements represented by artificial intelligence such as “AI, cloud, network, group, and terminal” and their diversified combinations have formed a new battlefield ecology. The metaverse has built a new battlefield space where virtual and real are integrated and parallel and interactive. The traditional war winning mechanism is being profoundly changed. The development and change of intelligent warfare has compulsorily driven the transformation and reshaping of the military’s thinking and concepts, requiring the acceleration of the transformation and upgrading of military training, paying more attention to the impact of technological development and changes on war, and using the “new engine” of training and war to run out of the “acceleration” of preparation.

Foreign militaries explore breakthroughs in military training models. In order to seize the strategic commanding heights of military intelligence, the world’s military powers attach great importance to the innovation of military training models, and some countries have begun to try to apply the metaverse and related technologies in military training. For example, the United States has successively released the “National Security Strategy”, “National Defense Strategy” and “Department of Defense Transformation Plan”, focusing on building an “all-round army” and forming a “full spectrum advantage”. At the same time, it has formulated the “Training Transformation Strategic Plan” and “Training Transformation Implementation Plan”, and proposed the concept of comprehensive training environment (STE), the core of which is immersive and integrated virtual training, which intends to integrate real-time, virtual, constructive and game environments into a comprehensive training environment. Russia also attaches great importance to the development of virtual training systems. Almost all of its advanced weapons and equipment are equipped with corresponding virtual training systems, and are developing in the direction of universalization and embedding. The United Kingdom, Germany, South Korea, etc. are also actively developing various professional military training virtual environments. Intelligent training supported by technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality and augmented reality is gradually becoming the mainstream of military training research in powerful countries.

Clarify the advantages of metaverse-enabled military training

Sprouting new concepts of military training. Only by leading opponents in thought can we gain the upper hand in action. The emergence of disruptive technologies will inevitably rewrite the current military training rules and systems, and will also innovate the existing military training thinking concepts. On the one hand, the metaverse has set off a hurricane-like “brainstorm”, and the training thinking led by “intelligence” will organically connect training with actual combat, and upgrade to intelligent military training thinking. On the other hand, new technologies and new means represented by the metaverse empower military training, strengthen the concept of winning by science and technology and intelligent driving, and greatly improve the scientific and technological content of military training, in order to control the initiative in future wars. The future metaverse will create more impossible possibilities by constructing a virtual battlefield space, designing wars and evolving wars.

Innovate new theories of military training. War is the area that needs innovation the most. Military training must adapt to the development of intelligent warfare, and theoretical innovation and training practice must be driven by two wheels. Training transformation will not happen automatically. It requires not only a sharp and profound foresight to grasp the general trend, but also a scientific and powerful solid theory to drive forward. On the one hand, by keeping up with the development of the times and starting from new concepts and new cognitions, we can build a scientific theoretical system for metaverse-enabled military training. On the other hand, by following the laws of combat-training coupling, we can establish an intelligent military training theory innovation model with the characteristics of the times, so that the metaverse can empower and improve the efficiency of promoting the iterative development of military training transformation.

Transform the new model of military training. The combat style determines the training mode. Intelligent warfare changes the “rules of the game”. Military training for the next war must adapt to the requirements of future wars by changing the training mode. The first is to be able to build an intelligent blue army with “both form and spirit”. With the help of optimized AI technology, powerful computing support, and realistic performance simulation, the Metaverse follows the evolutionary process of “knowing the enemy, imitating the enemy, surpassing the enemy, and defeating the enemy” to create an intelligent blue army with platform support and data empowerment, and carry out “real” confrontation training and effect evaluation in the Metaverse space. The second is to be able to carry out new domain and new quality combat training. The metaverse expands the practical application path with new domains and new types of combat forces as the leading elements, highlights the research and development of training methods and tactics that are compatible with advanced combat concepts and winning mechanisms, and creates new types of training such as unmanned and seamless human-machine collaboration, becoming a new point of combat power growth. Third, it can cultivate new military talents. At present, the educational metaverse has led the intelligent transformation of education. In the future, the military metaverse will accelerate the realization of intelligent interaction between people and equipment, deep integration between people and systems, and adaptive evolution between people and the environment, and promote the integrated development of “commanders” and “fighters” to “scientists” and “technicians”.

Reshape the new ecology of military training. The multi-dimensional perception, virtual-real integration, free creativity, and open development of the metaverse will make the future metaverse a fully immersive, time-transcending, self-creating and developing space. First, create a digital twin “battlefield metaverse”. The “battlefield metaverse” will be a typical manifestation of the metaverse in the military field, with stricter security and confidentiality standards, stronger simulation computing capabilities, and more real-time and detailed interaction requirements. Secondly, create a full-dimensional three-dimensional metaverse training environment. The metaverse uses technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality to create an immersive and complex scene environment; using powerful data and network support, it builds a full-dimensional space such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. Furthermore, build a metaverse verification platform for weapons and equipment. The platform will have functions such as new weapon equipment design demonstration, weapon equipment performance test, weapon equipment compatibility test, and weapon system combat effectiveness test. In the future, the metaverse will greatly shorten the timeline of weapons and equipment from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence”, and realize the intelligent multiplication effect of weapons and equipment.

Grasp the key points of metaverse empowered military training

Focus on top-level design. From the perspective of the development of things, the metaverse, as a new thing, has yet to be verified to mature. Intelligent military training is also a complex, arduous and long-term system engineering, which requires strengthening strategic planning and top-level layout. We should pay close attention to the development and technological trends of the metaverse, scientifically formulate the development plan of the “training metaverse”, and give full play to the outstanding advantages of the metaverse in allowing trainees to immerse themselves in experiential training under the realistic background of the integration of intelligence, informatization, and mechanization, so that the metaverse can not only be a display platform for virtual technology, but also a practical platform for improving the effectiveness of military training.

Strengthen technology research and development. From a technical perspective, the metaverse re-integrates the existing technologies in the information and intelligent technology group, puts forward an overall innovative concept, and provides a comprehensive application scenario, thereby giving birth to new vitality. To accelerate the development of the “training metaverse”, we must speed up the research on basic software and hardware technologies such as algorithm engines and network communications, strengthen the research and development capabilities of core technologies such as artificial intelligence, digital twins, blockchain, and the Internet of Things, and at the same time strengthen the overall technical design and development of the metaverse, such as immersion, sociality, openness, collaboration, and decentralization.

Create training types. From the perspective of time and space, the metaverse may construct an extremely large virtual war space, reproduce the war environment, present the war process, and virtualize the future of war. An intelligent military training operation system based on the metaverse should be constructed, the military training thinking concept should be updated in a timely manner, and innovations in military training models, management guarantees, and legal mechanisms should be deepened. Construct a dynamic and high-level combat-oriented military training environment based on the metaverse to fully support strategic, campaign and tactical training and war games. At the same time, in the process of “intelligent adaptation” of military training, realize the expansion of wisdom and intelligent evolution towards the unknown space of military training with “innovation, openness, multiple iterations, and new intelligent ecology”.

Pay attention to risk prevention and control. From the perspective of safety and controllability, the concept and technology of the metaverse bring innovative opportunities for intelligent military training, but what cannot be ignored is the potential risks associated with the technology itself. The Metaverse is a huge technology complex, and its system architecture, key technologies, and application environment are still in the development and implementation stage. The supporting protection system, safety technology, and management standards will bring security risks. In addition, the integrated application of multiple emerging technologies during the construction process, as well as the complexity and confidentiality of the application process, will be unknown factors that will be the key prevention and risk challenges of the Metaverse in military training.

繁體中文:

元宇宙是脫胎於、平行、獨立於現實世界的人造線上虛擬世界，與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合，是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。元宇宙運行符合人類認識世界、改造世界的自然規律，提供了理解和發現現實復雜系統運行行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式和探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段。研究元宇宙在外軍軍事訓練領域的運用，剖析元宇宙在軍事訓練領域帶來的機遇與挑戰，對破解智能化時代軍事訓練亟待解決的關鍵問題，推動科技強訓，促進軍事訓練模式創新發展，具有重要理論和實踐價值。

認知元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的背景

科技革命催生軍事訓練嶄新生態。在新科技革命和產業革命推動下，人工智慧、大數據、雲端計算、物聯網等前沿科技加速發展，科技巨頭紛紛佈局元宇宙，人類現實生活更快速向虛擬世界遷移。元宇宙整合多種新興技術，從而產生出虛實相融的互聯網新應用與社會新形態。感知技術支撐元宇宙的虛實相融性，「AI+」技術支撐元宇宙的社會性，數據傳輸技術支撐元宇宙的實時性，電子遊戲技術支撐元宇宙的多樣性，數字孿生技術支撐元宇宙的永續性，區塊鏈技術支撐元宇宙的安全性。虛擬與現實高度互通的未來元宇宙，脫胎於、平行於、獨立於現實世界，將互聯網、虛擬現實、沉浸式體驗、區塊鍊及數字孿生等全要素融合，為智能化軍事訓練構建起全新基礎生態。

戰爭演進主導軍事訓練轉型升級。智能化時代到來，戰爭形態加速向資訊化智能化演變，以「資訊獲取利用為內核」的資訊化戰爭體系，將逐漸過渡至以「智慧模擬與拓展為內核」的智能化戰爭體系，武器裝備遠程精確化、智慧化、隱身化、無人化趨勢更明顯，智慧化作戰浮現。同時，以「AI、雲、網、群、端」等人工智慧為代表的作戰要素及其多樣化組合，構成了新的戰場生態，元宇宙構建出虛實融生、平行互動的戰場新空間，傳統的戰爭制勝機理正被深刻改變。智慧化戰爭形態發展變化，強制性驅動軍隊思維理念的變革重塑，要求加快實現軍事訓練轉型升級，更加重視科技發展變化對戰爭的影響，以練戰「新引擎」跑出備戰「加速」。

外軍探索開啟軍事訓練模式突破。為搶佔軍事智慧化戰略制高點，世界軍事強國高度重視軍事訓練模式創新，有的國家開始嘗試應用元宇宙及相關技術運用在軍事訓練方面。如美國先後發布《國家安全戰略》《國家防務戰略》和《國防部轉型計劃》，圍繞打造“全能型軍隊”、形成“全頻譜優勢”，同步製定了《訓練轉型戰略計劃》和《訓練轉型實施計劃》，並提出了綜合訓練環境（STE）理念，其內核是沉浸式、集成虛擬訓練，擬將實時、虛擬、建設性和遊戲環境整合到綜合培訓環境中。俄羅斯也高度重視虛擬訓練系統開發，其先進武器裝備幾乎都配有相應虛擬訓練系統，並且正朝著通用化和嵌入化方向發展。英國、德國、韓國等也都積極發展各種專業軍事訓練虛擬環境。以人工智慧、虛擬現實與增強現實等技術為支撐的智慧化訓練，正逐漸成為強國軍隊訓練研究的主流。

明晰元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的優勢

萌發軍事訓練新理念。在思想上領先對手，才能在行動上贏得先機。顛覆性技術的出現必將改寫現行的軍事訓練規則制度，也必將革新現有的軍事訓練思維理念。一方面，元宇宙掀動颶風式的“頭腦風暴”，以“智”引領的練兵思維將訓練與實戰有機銜接起來，升級成智能化軍事訓練思維。另一方面，以元宇宙為代表的新技術新手段賦能軍事訓練，強化科技制勝、智慧驅動理念，大幅提升軍事訓練科技含量，以期掌控未來戰爭主動權。未來元宇宙透過構設虛擬戰場空間，設計戰爭並演化戰爭，將創造出更多不可能的可能性。

創新軍事訓練新論。戰爭是最需要創新的領域。軍事訓練要順應智慧化戰爭發展，理論創新與訓練實踐必須雙輪驅動。訓練轉型不會自動發生，既需要敏銳而深邃的前瞻性眼光把握大勢，更需要科學而強大的堅實理論驅動前行。一方面，緊跟時代發展，從新觀念新認知出發，可以建構元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的科學理論體系。另一方面，遵循戰訓耦合規律，可以建立具有時代特色的智慧化軍事訓練理論創新模式，讓元宇宙為推進軍事訓練轉型迭代發展賦能提效。

變革軍事訓練新模式。作戰樣式決定著訓練模式，智慧化戰爭改變著“遊戲規則”，預演下一場戰爭的軍事訓練必須通過變革訓練模式，來適應未來戰爭要求。一是能夠建造「形神兼備」的智慧藍軍。元宇宙藉由優化的AI技術、強大的算力支撐、逼真的效能仿真，依照「知敵、像敵、超敵、勝敵」的演化進程，打造以平台支撐、數據賦能等綜合整合的智能藍軍，並在元宇宙空間進行「真實」的對抗訓練和效果評估。二是能夠開展新域新質作戰研練。元宇宙拓展新域新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化運用路徑，突顯與先進作戰概念、制勝機理相適應的訓法戰法的研練，開創無人化、人機無縫協同等新樣式訓練，成為新的戰鬥力增長點。第三是能夠培養新型軍事人才。當前，教育元宇宙已經引領了教育智慧化變革。未來軍事元宇宙將加速實現人與裝備智慧互動、人與體系深度融合、人與環境適應進化，推動「指揮者」「戰鬥員」向「科學家」與「技術家」融合發展。

重塑軍事訓練新生態。元宇宙的多維感知性、虛實融合性、自由創造性、開放發展性等特點，使未來元宇宙將成為完全沉浸式的、超越時空的、自我創造發展的空間。首先，打造數字孿生的「戰場元宇宙」。 「戰場元宇宙」將是元宇宙在軍事領域的典型表現形態，具有更嚴格的安全保密標準、更強大的仿真計算能力、更實時的精細交互要求。其次，創造全維立體的元宇宙訓練環境。元宇宙運用虛擬現實、增強現實以及混合現實等技術，創造沉浸複雜的場景環境；利用強大的數據、網絡支撐，搭建起陸、海、空、天、電、網等全維空間。再者，建造武器裝備的元宇宙驗證平台。該平台將具備新型武器裝備設計論證、武器裝備性能試驗、武器裝備相容性試驗、武器系統體係作戰效能檢驗等功能。未來元宇宙將大幅縮短武器裝備從「弱智」到「強智」再到「超智」的時間軸，以實現武器裝備的智慧倍增效應。

掌握元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的重點

著重頂層設計。從事物發展上看，元宇宙作為新生事物，發展成熟尚待驗證。智慧化軍事訓練又是一項複雜、艱巨且長期的系統工程，需要加強戰略籌劃與頂層佈局。應密切關注元宇宙發展動向與技術趨勢，科學制定「訓練元宇宙」的發展規劃，在智慧化、資訊化、機械化「三化」融合的現實背景下，充分發揮元宇宙能讓受訓者沉浸式體驗式訓練等突顯優勢，讓元宇宙不能只是虛擬技術的展示平台，而應成為提升軍事訓練效益的實踐平台。

加強技術研發。從技術意義上看，元宇宙把資訊化智能化技術群中已有的技術重新整合到了一起，提出了整體性創新性概念，給出了綜合性的應用場景，從而煥發出了新的生命力。加速「訓練元宇宙」的發展，要加速演算法引擎、網路通訊等基礎軟硬體技術研究，強化人工智慧、數字孿生、區塊鏈、物聯網等核心技術的研發能力，同時也要加強沉浸性、社交性、開放性、協作性、去中心化等元宇宙整體性技術設計與研發。

創設訓練種類。從時空視角來看，元宇宙可能構造出龐大無比的虛擬戰爭空間，重現戰爭環境，呈現戰爭進程，虛擬戰爭未來。應建構基於元宇宙的智慧化軍訓運行體系，及時更新軍事訓練思維理念，深化軍事訓練模式、管理保障、法規機制等創新。建構基於元宇宙的動態高階的實戰化軍事訓練環境，全面支持戰略、戰役和戰術訓練以及戰爭推演。同時，在軍事訓練「智適應」運作過程中，實現拓展生慧，向「創新開放、多元迭代、新智生態」的軍事訓練未知空間智能演進。

重視風險防控。從安全可控上看，元宇宙概念與技術為智慧化軍事訓練帶來創新機遇，但不容忽視的是技術本身伴生的潛在風險。元宇宙龐大的技術群，其體系架構、關鍵技術和應用環境等尚處於開發落地階段，配套防護體系、安全技術、管理標準等都會帶來安全風險，加上建設過程中多種新興技術的整合運用，運用過程中的複雜性與保密性，都將是軍事訓練元宇宙重點防範與風險挑戰的未知數。

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：侯春牧　王勇 責任編輯：於雅倩 發布：2024-01-16

中國軍事資料來源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16280588.html

Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 新軍事變革, 智慧戰爭, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Considerations for the Effective Use of Evidence in Public Opinion Warfare During Cognitive Domain Operations

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中國軍事在認知域作戰中有效運用證據進行輿論戰的思考

翻譯成現代英文：

 In the operational chain of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain, the collection and application of evidence is a fundamental link of great value, and is an important starting point for the preparation of cognitive domain construction at all levels. Combining the special background of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain to study evidence, accurately grasp its characteristics and laws, continuously study strategies and usage, and improve the effective application of evidence in public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain, it is of great reference significance for our army to fight the proactive battle of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain in the future.

Keywords: cognitive domain; public opinion warfare; evidence

With the formation of the three major operational dimensions of the modern information battlefield, namely the physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain, cognitive domain operations have received increasing attention in the context of future intelligent hybrid warfare. Cognitive domain operations refer to a type of operations that directly acts on the brain’s cognition through special means to influence its emotions, motivations, judgments and behaviors, and even achieve the purpose of controlling the brain. As a cognitive carrier, the brain may become the main battlefield of future wars, and the right to control the brain will soon become the key to cognitive domain operations and the highest level of war control. In this sense, cognitive domain operations are cognitive confrontation actions that influence the decision-making and behavior of the target audience by influencing their cognition in order to achieve the strategic goals of national security. In the meantime, evidence has become an important factor affecting cognition, and evidence game is a basic link that must be paid attention to in planning and implementing public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain. According to the general consensus of the legal community, evidence refers to the basis for determining the facts of an event in accordance with the rules of litigation. The evidence of public opinion warfare referred to in this article is derived from this. It can be seen that only by grasping evidence more accurately and timely and using evidence more prudently and appropriately can we more effectively destroy the enemy’s cognition, consolidate our own cognition, and shape the cognition of neutral forces, and provide effective support for the comprehensive victory of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain.

1. A deep understanding of the three values ​​of evidence in the public opinion war in the cognitive domain is the prerequisite for the effective use of evidence

Information is the basic “ammunition” of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain. As one of the ammunition, evidence has great value and can be examined from the following three dimensions.

1. Evidence is an indispensable cognitive weapon in the public opinion war in the cognitive domain and has fighting value.

To examine the evidence of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain is to explore the essence of fact-finding in public opinion warfare from the cognitive level. The cognitive domain takes the human brain as the main combat space. Evidence, as a trace left by a certain “past fact”, undoubtedly exists regardless of whether people can find it. However, some evidence is specially proposed and emphasized at certain times, and its purpose must be to prove certain facts, cater to certain views, and influence certain attitudes. In fact, it is the process of proving the subject’s own cognition shaping, viewpoint presentation and value dissemination. With the help of the cognitive justification theory of contemporary epistemic evidentialism, it is demonstrated that there is an unignorable logical connection between belief attitude and cognitive justification: the epistemological rationality of belief attitude depends on the quality of evidence possessed by the believer at that time. It can be said that the value of evidence in public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain is highly consistent with the weapon context of informationized cognitive warfare. High-quality evidence can influence cognition in a high-quality manner and is an indispensable and irreplaceable weapon of struggle. This “basis of proof” is not only a spear and a sharp sword to strike and change the enemy’s cognition and make cognitive attacks in the public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain, but also a solid shield to guide and consolidate one’s own cognition and make cognitive protection.

(II) Evidence is the basis for the value guidance of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain and has guiding value

Authenticity is the essential characteristic of facts, but not the essential characteristic of evidence. Evidence is not equivalent to objective facts. It can be said that there are no false facts, but there are false evidence. According to the rules of evidence law, facts proved by evidence are possible facts, not necessarily inevitable. The result it produces may be a “wrong” result, but this so-called “wrong” is still a legitimate result in legal procedures. To be precise, although it is wrong, it is legitimate. Based on this dialectical logic, the evidential facts recognized by public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain are not equivalent to objective facts in themselves, and there may be differences between the evidential facts and objective facts. Evidence may be true or false, or half true and half false. It does not pursue an absolutely true and correct result, but a “legitimate” result that can influence cognition. Through these cognitive elements presented in the form of evidence, because of the “legitimate” label, they are more persuasive and authoritative, and have the guiding value of influencing cognition and behavior.

(III) Evidence is the basis for completing the special mission of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain and has winning value

As the basis for completing the special mission of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain, the winning value of evidence should not be underestimated. First, the effective use of evidence can minimize the deviation in factual characterization of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain. By sorting out and integrating evidence materials, making clear logical connections between scattered and multi-perspective evidence, constructing a chain of evidence that is favorable to us and pointing to clear factual characterization, we can accurately associate and interpret objective facts. Preventing cognitive bias and passive public opinion caused by unclear and inaccurate factual characterization can improve the accuracy and clarity of fact identification. Secondly, the effective use of evidence can minimize the strategic decision-making cost of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain. As the saying goes, words are not enough. Without the effective support of evidence, public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain will be separated from the objective basis for the generation of combat effectiveness and become a complete self-talk. Its strategic decision-making efficiency will inevitably decrease and the decision-making cost will inevitably soar. Third, the effective use of evidence can minimize the legal risk of public opinion in the cognitive domain. The main sources of legal risks in the cognitive domain of public opinion are the deviation of values, the lack of legitimacy, and the indifference of humanitarianism… In this regard, through scenario pre-setting, targeted evidence lists, active storage of evidence materials, and reasonable and rational construction of the use of evidence, we can achieve a certain degree of risk warning, risk avoidance, and risk resolution.

2. Accurately grasping the three major shifts of evidence in the public opinion war under the cognitive domain is the key to the effective use of evidence

Compared with the physical and information domains, evidence in the cognitive domain presents distinct characteristics in the public opinion war. In terms of the purpose of proof, it guarantees the realization of policy and strategic goals and serves the political intention of the public opinion war in the cognitive domain; in terms of the means of proof, truth and falsehood are often intertwined, creating many situations where the truth and falsehood are unclear; in terms of the content of proof, it must be able to clearly, conclusively and promptly prove the justice and legality of our actions and the meaninglessness and illegality of the enemy. It is mainly reflected in three changes.

1. Shifting from “restoring the truth” to “influencing cognition” and highlighting cognitive attributes with goal orientation

In the public opinion war under the cognitive domain, the fundamental purpose of evidence has shifted from “approaching the truth, restoring facts, and promoting objective scene reconstruction” to “influencing the cognition of the target audience and realizing national security interests”. From the initial objective basis for reflecting the battlefield situation to the powerful weapon of public opinion war under the cognitive domain, it is neither simply an objective fact to be proved nor just a material and means to prove facts. Evidence in the public opinion war under the cognitive domain must have a clear position. Before proving, it is necessary to first clarify whose point of view is proved? Whose facts are proved? Whose interests are protected? It is absolutely impossible to be value-free without its basic position. Evidence serves political purposes and strategic intentions, guides the target audience to move towards the established cognitive goals, and accepts, identifies, and shapes the corresponding argumentation conclusions. Its collection and use are all determined by strategic determination, combat intentions, and battlefield situation. Whether it is true or false, good or bad, it must serve the overall strategic situation and needs to be judged in combination with combat effectiveness.

2. Shifting from “raw collection” to “scientific compilation” to assist cognitive decision-making with intelligent means

Cognition is the process of actively processing information, including three links: information input, processing and output. Corresponding to the evidence action of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain, it is to collect evidence, analyze and compile evidence, and make decisions and use evidence. It must be recognized that the public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain in the digital era is essentially a strategic action to manipulate information and shape cognition in the public opinion field, and the quality requirements of evidence materials are more stringent. If there is insufficient understanding of evidence, and evidence collection is simply regarded as taking photos and recording scenes, it is far from meeting the requirements of the new digital cognitive domain public opinion battlefield environment. It must be assisted by intelligent means and transformed into scientific evidence collection, analysis and compilation. Scientific evidence can, to a certain extent, get rid of human dependence on experience consciousness, eliminate the ambiguity, fragmentation and one-sidedness of human cognition under certain conditions, and assist cognitive domain combat commanders to make more accurate command decisions. In reality, there is indeed a phenomenon that the evidence is true, but the cognition generated is false. Only through a series of intelligent compilation work such as collection, classification, compilation, comparison, verification, reasoning, judgment, and integration of evidence information perceived across the entire domain, and using the scientific presentation of evidence to influence cognition in a targeted manner, can the process of evidence information fusion and command decision-making results be made corresponding and unified, making accurate decision-making the key to winning the war of public opinion in the cognitive domain.

3. Shift from “objective presentation” to “emotional resonance” to prove quality and improve cognitive effectiveness

In the cognitive domain, it is far from enough to simply record objective phenomena as evidence in the public opinion war. It also needs to have special guidance and appeal in order to form a strong communication power and influence, aiming to stimulate certain emotions of the target audience and trigger specific cognition. It is necessary to shift from “objective presentation” to “emotional resonance”. Only by awakening the empathy experience of the target audience through sophisticated and appropriate evidence presentation can the expected proof effect be produced. For example, a bloody knife cannot directly support or oppose any proposition by itself. Unless someone perceives the knife, forms a feeling state, and associates it with other evidence, it can produce a proof effect. Therefore, the evidence of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain must be perceptible. Whether it is true evidence or false evidence, these evidences are not responsible for restoring the truth of the facts, nor are they used only to prove the legality or illegality of a certain action or behavior. They are intended to shock the target audience with thoughts and generate emotional waves, and play cognitive effects such as shaking the morale of the army, inspiring morale, gaining support from many people, inspiring sympathy, guiding public opinion, and breaking the enemy’s spirit, ensuring that the reason can be said and spread. Otherwise, no matter how good the proof logic is, its effectiveness will be greatly reduced due to the lack of communication and appeal, and it may even be ineffective in the fierce cognitive game.

3. Innovative evidence in the three ways of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain is the path to effective use of evidence

In the public opinion war in the cognitive domain, evidence is sometimes an offensive weapon, sometimes a means of deterrence, and sometimes a tool for bargaining… How to cleverly deploy troops and gain the initiative on this battlefield? It is necessary to judge the situation, deeply study the techniques, present accurately, and implement them purposefully, systematically, and strategically. According to the logical order of evidence participation from weak to strong, the understanding of evidence from shallow to deep, and the evidence tactics from passive to active, there are three ways to use evidence: objective, directional, and strategic.

1. Attaching importance to the objective use of evidence in public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain

Evidence has incomparable persuasiveness, and public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain must attach importance to speaking with evidence. The most basic approach is to solidly promote the objective collection and use of evidence. First, it is necessary to discover and extract evidence from a large amount of materials to preliminarily solve the problem of evidence admissibility. Secondly, the evidence collected must withstand the test and judgment of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain to solve the problem of evidence availability. The basic logical line of evidence collection and use is: objectively obtain evidence materials – based on the acquired evidence materials, sort out, match, integrate, and analyze which existing evidence materials can prove objective facts that have an impact on cognition – solve the problem of “what can be proved”. If objective evidence collection is not done well, it is easy for the enemy to take it out of context, generalize, and even confuse right and wrong. On the one hand, through the objective presentation of original evidence, the illegality and provocation of the other party’s behavior are exposed, the legitimacy and justice of our actions are explained, the truth of the incident is intuitively and powerfully clarified, and the psychological defense of the other party is effectively disintegrated, the other party’s fighting will is shaken, and a strong psychological offensive and deterrence effect is formed; on the other hand, it effectively boosts our military morale, inspires fighting spirit, and enhances psychological protection in the cognitive battlefield. In short, we must strive to objectively make good use of “real evidence that can gain the initiative” and expose “false evidence in the hands of evidence dealers.”

2. Strengthening the guiding use of evidence in public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain

It is necessary to fully realize that the probative value of evidence needs to be realized through interpretation, which leaves sufficient space for guiding the collection and use of evidence in the public opinion war under the cognitive domain. On the basis of the objective collection and use of evidence, through more proactive reverse thinking, another logical line of evidence collection and use can be found: first clarify what facts need to be proved in the public opinion war under the cognitive domain – then consider how to compile and interpret the existing evidence materials in a biased manner according to the demand orientation – solve the problem of “how to interpret and use the evidence materials”. Under the demand-oriented role, by actively presetting the facts to be proved, consciously do a good job of evidence association and effectiveness interpretation. It can be said that the process of compiling objective original evidence is the process of evidence interpretation. Scattered evidence materials, after being fully interpreted and compiled with subjective intentions, will form a closed evidence chain with directionality. These directional evidence products guide the audience from “seeing” evidence to “understanding” evidence, which is a weapon that can influence the generation of combat effectiveness in the public opinion war under the cognitive domain. In fact, the party with a stronger ability to interpret evidence selfishly is often more able to dominate the development of the battle.

3. Strategic Use of Evidence in Public Opinion Warfare under the Design Cognitive Domain

The ultimate target of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain is cognitive ability, and the dominant factor for winning the battle will naturally shift to cognition. Therefore, the high-skilled use of evidence in public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain must be achieved with the help of the systematic vision and strategic thinking of strategists. The logical line of evidence collection and use here is: consider evidence as an indispensable key element of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain and incorporate it into the overall strategic planning link – preset a list of key evidence according to different scenarios – actively create conditions to obtain key evidence – solve the problem of “how to achieve the strategic intention and combat determination of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain from the evidence level”. Under special conditions, even through sophisticated arrangements, with active and proactive “creative design” to lay out the fog of evidence, prompt the enemy to reveal its shortcomings, expose its weaknesses, and make actions and reactions that are beneficial to us, forming a complete and conclusive chain of evidence, so as to achieve the purpose of releasing special information, propaganda against the enemy’s mind, political and diplomatic hints, etc., consume the enemy’s cognitive ability, disrupt its thinking, interfere with its judgment, and hinder its actions. In particular, we must develop an awareness of strategies and tactics in the game of evidence in the context of cognitive domain public opinion warfare, select, choose, combine, assemble, switch among various types of evidence… flexibly deploy and skillfully present them, give full play to the potential of evidence use, contain, curb, and counter enemy actions, and expand our own space for action. The key to applying evidence well lies in one’s heart.

(Author’s unit: Political Science Academy of National Defense University)

中國軍事資料來源：

在認知域下輿論戰的作戰鏈上，證據的採集與運用是有重大價值的基礎環節，也是目前各級認知域建設準備的重要發力點。結合認知域下輿論戰的特殊背景來研究證據，準確掌握其特徵規律，不斷深研謀略用法，提高認知域下輿論戰證據的有效運用，對我軍打好未來認知域下輿論戰主動仗具有重要藉鏡意義。

關鍵字：認知域；輿論戰；證據

隨著現代資訊化戰場物理域、資訊域和認知域三大作戰維度的形成，認知域作戰在未來智慧化混合戰爭背景下越來越受到關注。認知域作戰指透過特殊手段直接作用於大腦認知，以影響其情緒、動機、判斷和行為，甚至達成控制大腦目的的一種作戰樣式。大腦作為認知載體，或將成為未來戰爭主戰場，制腦權即將成為認知域作戰的關鍵所在，是戰爭制權的最高層次。從這個意義上講，認知域作戰是為實現國家安全戰略目的，透過影響目標受眾認知來影響其決策和行為的認知對抗行動。此間，證據已然成為影響認知的重要因素，證據賽局是規劃實施認知域下輿論戰必須重視的基礎環節。依照法學界普遍的共識，證據是指依照訴訟規則認定事件事實的依據。本文所指的輿論戰證據由此引申而來。可見，只有更精準及時掌握證據、更穩妥適當地運用證據，才能更有效地摧毀敵方認知、鞏固己方認知、塑造中立力量認知，為認知域下輿論戰的全面勝利提供有效支撐。

一、深刻認識證據在認知域下輿論戰中的三大價值，是證據有效運用的前提

資訊是認知域下輿論戰的基本「彈藥」。證據作為彈藥之一，具有巨大價值，可從以下三個維度來檢視。

（一）證據是認知域下輿論戰不可或缺的認知武器，具有鬥爭價值

檢視認知域下輿論戰的證據，就是要從認知層面來探究輿論戰事實認定的本質。認知域以人腦為主要作戰空間。證據，作為某種「過去事實」留下的痕跡，不管人們能否發現，它們無疑都是存在的。但某些證據在某些時候被特別提出和強調，其目的必然是為了佐證某些事實、迎合某些觀點、影響某些態度，其實就是論證主體自身認知塑造、觀點呈現和價值傳播的過程。借助當代認知證據主義（Epistemic Evidentialism）的認知證成理論，論證信念態度與認知證成之間存在著不可忽視的邏輯聯繫：信念態度在認識論上的合理程度，取決於相信者當時所擁有的證據的品質。可以說，認知域下輿論戰的證據價值與資訊化認知作戰的武器脈絡高度契合，高品質的證據能夠高品質影響認知，是不可或缺不可取代的鬥爭武器。這種“證明的根據”，在認知域下輿論戰中，既是打擊、改變敵方認知，做好認知攻擊的長矛利劍；也是引導、鞏固己方認知，做好認知防護的堅固盾牌。

（二）證據是認知域下輿論戰價值引導的證明根據，具有導向價值

真實性是事實的本質特性，卻不是證據的本質特性。證據不等同於客觀事實。可以說，沒有假的事實，卻有假的證據。依據證據法則，以證據證明的事實，是一種可能性的事實，不一定具有必然性。它所產生的結果，有可能是“錯誤”的結果，但這種所謂的“錯誤”，在法律程序上仍然是一種正當化的結果。準確地說，它雖然是錯的，但卻是正當的。基於這種辯證的邏輯，認知域下輿論戰認可的證據事實，本身並不等同於客觀事實，其證據事實與客觀事實之間可以存在差異。證據可能是真是假，也可能半真半假，它追求的並不是絕對真實正確的結果，而是一種能夠影響認知的「正當化」結果。透過這些以證據方式呈現出來的認知要素，因為有「正當化」標籤，更具說服力和權威性，具有影響認知和行為的導向價值。

（三）證據是認知域下輿論戰完成特殊使命的基礎，具有致勝價值

作為認知域下輿論戰完成特殊使命的基礎，證據的致勝價值不容小覷。首先，證據的有效運用能夠使認知域下輿論戰在事實定性上偏差最小化。透過對證據素材進行梳理整合，對零散的、多重視角下的證據做明確的邏輯性關聯，構設於我有利的證據鏈和指向明確的事實定性，藉此對客觀事實進行精確性關聯與有效性解讀。防止因事實定性不明、不準造成的認知偏差和輿論被動，能夠提高事實認定的準確性和清晰度。其次，證據的有效運用能使認知域下輿論戰的策略決策成本最小化。所謂口說無憑，脫離了證據的有效支撐，認知域下輿論戰就脫離了戰鬥力生成的客觀基礎，淪為徹頭徹尾的自說自話，其戰略決策效率必將降低，決策成本必將飆升。第三，證據的有效運用能夠使認知域輿論法理風險最小化。認知域輿論法理風險的主要來源是價值觀的背離、合法性的缺失、人道主義的漠視……對此，透過情境預設，有的放矢地列出證據清單，積極儲備證據素材，做好證據運用的合情合理化構建，就能夠實現一定程度的風險預警、風險規避和風險化解。

二、準確掌握證據在認知域下輿論戰中的三大轉向，是證據有效運用的關鍵

相對於物理域、資訊域環境下，證據在認知域下輿論戰呈現鮮明的個性特徵。在證明目的上，保障政略與戰略目標實現，服從服務於認知域下輿論戰的政治意圖；在證明手段上，往往真偽交織，製造許多真真假假、真偽不明的情況；在證明內容上，要能明晰、確鑿、及時地證明我方行動的正義、合法和敵人的無義、非法。主要體現在三個轉變。

（一）從“還原真相”轉向“影響認知”，以目標導向凸顯認知屬性

認知域下輿論戰，證據的根本目的從「接近真相、還原事實、促進客觀情境再現」轉向了「影響目標受眾認知，實現國家安全利益」。從最初反映戰場情況的客觀根據，到認知域下輿論戰的強大武器，它既不單純是用來證明的客觀事實，也不僅僅是用來證明事實的材料和手段。認知域下輿論戰的證據必然是帶有鮮明立場的。證明前先要明確證明誰的觀點？佐證誰的事實？維護誰的利益？絕不可能脫離其基本立場而價值無涉，證據以服務政治目的和戰略意圖為己任，引導目標受眾向既定認知目標邁進，接受、認同、塑造相應的論證結論。其採集與運用，都是由戰略決心、作戰意圖、戰場態勢來決定的，到底是真是假，是好是壞，都必須服從服務於戰略大局，需要結合作戰效果加以評判。

（二）從「原始採集」轉向“科學整編”，以智慧手段輔助認知決策

認知是對資訊進行積極加工的過程，包括資訊輸入、加工和輸出三個環節。對應到認知域下輿論戰的證據行動中，就是收取採集證據、研判整編證據和決策運用證據。必須體認到，數位時代認知域下輿論戰，實質是在輿論場上進行資訊處理與認知塑造的戰略行動，對證據素材的品質要求更嚴苛。如果對證據認識不足，把取證簡單看作為是拍照錄影、記錄現場，已經遠遠不能適應新的數位化認知域輿論戰場環境的要求了。必須以智慧手段為輔助，向科學的證據蒐集、研判整編轉化。科學的證據，可以在一定程度上擺脫人類對經驗意識的依賴，消除人在一定條件下認知的模糊性、零散性和片面性，輔助認知域作戰指揮員進行更精準的指揮決策。現實中確實存在證據為真，但產生的認知卻為假的現象。只有透過對全局感知的證據資訊進行收集、分類、彙編、對比、驗證、推理、判斷、整合等一系列智能整編工作，以證據的科學呈現來定向影響認知，才能將證據信息融合的過程和指揮決策結果相對應、統一，使精準決策成為認知域下輿論戰制勝的關鍵。

（三）從“客觀呈現”轉向“情感共振”，以證明品質提升認知效能

認知域下輿論戰證據，僅作為客觀現象的簡單記錄是遠遠不夠的，還需要具有特殊的引導性、感染力，以便形成較強的傳播力和影響力，意在激發目標受眾的某種情感、引發特定認知，要從「客觀呈現」轉向「情感共振」。只有透過精巧適度的證據呈現來喚醒目標受眾的同理心體驗，才能產生預期的證明效果。例如，一把帶血的刀，其本身並不能直接支持或反對任何命題，除非有人感知到了這把刀，形成了感覺狀態，並將其與其他證據相關聯，才能產生證明效力。所以，認知域下輿論戰的證據必須是要能夠感知的。無論是真證據或假證據，這些證據不以還原事實真相為己任，也並非僅用來證明某行動或行為的合法性或非法性，其意在使目標受眾受到思想衝擊、產生情感波瀾，起到如動搖軍心、激勵士氣、得道多助、激發同情、引導輿論、破敵銳氣等認知效果，確保有理說得出、說了傳得開。否則再好的證明邏輯也會因傳播力、感染力的缺失，導致證明效果大打折扣，甚至在激烈的認知賽局中無法產生效能。

三、創新證據在認知域下輿論戰的三種用法，是證據有效運用的路徑

認知域下輿論戰，證據有時是進攻的武器、有時是嚇阻的手段、有時是博弈的工具……如何巧妙地在這片沙場上排兵布陣、贏取主動？必須審時度勢、深研技法、精準呈現，有目的、有計畫、有策略、成系統地實施。依照證據參與度由弱到強、對證據認識由淺入深、證據戰法由被動到主動的邏輯順序，有客觀性、導向性、謀略性三種運用證據的方式。

（一）重視認知域下輿論戰證據的客觀性運用

證據有著不可比擬的說服力，認知域下輿論戰必須重視用證據說話。最基礎的做法是紮實推進證據的客觀性採集與運用。首先，需要在海量素材中發現並提取證據，初步解決證據可採性的問題。其次，採到的證據要經得起認知域下輿論戰實踐檢驗和評判，解決證據可用性的問題。基礎的證據採、用的邏輯線是：客觀取得證據素材—基於取得的證據素材，梳理、配對、整合，分析現有證據素材能夠證明哪些是對認知產生影響的客觀事實—解決「能夠證明什麼」的問題。客觀取證做不好，就容易被敵方斷章取義，以偏概全，甚至混淆是非。一方面，透過原始證據的客觀呈現，揭露對方行為的非法性、挑釁性，闡釋我方行動的合法性、正義性，直觀有力地澄清事件真相，有效瓦解對方心理防線、動搖對方戰鬥意志，形成強大的心理攻勢與嚇阻效能；另一方面，有效提振我方軍心士氣、激發戰鬥精神，增強認知戰場的心理防護。總之，要力求在客觀上用好“能夠贏取主動的真證據”，揭露“證據販子手裡的假證據”。

（二）加強認知域下輿論戰證據的導向運用

要充分認識到，證據的證明價值需要透過解讀來實現，這給認知域下輿論戰的取證、用證留下了充分的引導空間。在證據的客觀性採集與運用基礎上，透過更主動的逆向思考，可以發現另外一條證據採、用的邏輯線路：先釐清在認知域下輿論戰中需要證明哪些事實—再根據需求指向，考慮如何對既有證據材料進行傾向性整編和解讀—解決「如何闡釋、利用證據素材」的問題。在需求導向作用下，透過主動預設想要證明的事實，有意識做好證據關聯和有效性解讀。可以說，客觀性原始證據整編的過程就是證據闡釋解讀的過程。零散的證據素材，經過注入主觀意圖的充分解讀和整編組合，就會形成帶有指向性的閉合證據鏈。這些導向證據產品引導受眾從「看見」證據到「看懂」證據，就是能夠影響認知域下輿論戰戰鬥力生成的武器。事實上，對證據利己性解讀能力較強的一方，往往更能主導戰局發展。

（三）設計認知域下輿論戰證據的謀略性運用

認知域下輿論戰最終打擊的目標是認知能力，作戰制勝的主導要素會自然地向認知轉移。因此，證據在認知域下輿論戰的高技巧運用，必須藉助戰略家的系統眼光和謀略思維來實現。這裡證據採、用的邏輯線是：把證據視為認知域下輿論戰不可或缺的關鍵要素納入整體策略規劃環節—依據不同場景預設關鍵證據清單—主動製造條件來取得關鍵證據—解決「如何從證據層面實現認知域輿論戰的戰略意圖和作戰決心」的問題。在特殊條件下，甚至可以透過精巧的安排，以積極主動的「創意設計」佈設證據迷霧，促使敵方自揭其短，暴露弱點，做出於我有利的動作反應，形成完整確鑿的證據鏈條，以達成特殊訊息釋放、對敵攻心宣傳、政治外交暗示等目的，消耗敵方認知能力，打亂其思維、幹擾其判斷、阻礙其行動。特別要形成認知域輿論戰背景下的證據博弈謀略戰法意識，在各類證據間選擇、取捨、組合、拼搭、切換……靈活投放、巧妙呈現，充分發揮證據運用的潛能，牽制、遏止、反制敵方行動，拓展己方行動空間，可謂運用之妙，存乎一心。

（作者單位：國防大學政治學院）

中國軍事資料來源： http://www.81.cn/rmjz_203219/jsjz/2022nd3q_239302/bktg_239303/1016888.html

Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Dissipative Warfare, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Developing Winning Mechanisms of Cognitive Confrontation Warfare

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中國軍隊發展認知對抗戰制勝機制

原版現代英語翻譯：

As an important form of modern warfare, cognitive warfare takes cognitive domain as its main combat field, strategy and technology application as its main combat means, and influencing and shaping the opponent’s thinking and cognition as its combat purpose. It has a unique winning mechanism and operating rules. In-depth research on the winning mechanism of cognitive warfare is a basic project to grasp the initiative of thinking and cognition and win modern cognitive warfare.

　　The contemporary connotation of the winning mechanism of cognitive warfare

　　The winning mechanism of cognitive warfare is based on the revolutionary development and widespread application of media technology in cognitive technology, is adapted to the practical requirements of integrated joint operations, and is in line with the characteristics of the era of the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence. It has rich contemporary connotations.

　　Win with knowledge. As a solid basis and powerful weapon for human beings to understand and transform the world, thinking and cognition fundamentally affect the quality of decision-making, influence strategies and tactics, restrict military morale, and determine the process and outcome of war. It is the most fundamental support and the deepest force of war confrontation. In other words, war confrontation is ultimately a game and confrontation of thinking and cognition. Mastering the right to control cognition means mastering the initiative in war to a large extent. Losing the right to control cognition will put you in a passive position in the war. Obtaining higher and stronger cognitive control is the key to defeating a strong enemy. Finding ways to master cognitive control and then seize comprehensive battlefield control, so as to obtain the greatest victory at the lowest cost, is an important mechanism and internal law of modern warfare, especially cognitive warfare.

　　Technology is the key. A significant feature of modern cognitive warfare that is different from previous cognitive warfare is that the elements of strategy are gradually reduced and the role is gradually reduced, while the application of technology is more frequent and its role is more prominent. In particular, with the deep involvement of information technology and artificial intelligence, modern cognitive warfare pays more attention to the competition of technical hard power. The previous soul-stirring and mysterious strategic confrontation seems to be giving way to today’s head-on technical competition. Efforts to seek breakthroughs, master advantages, and take the initiative in cognitive technologies such as big data, cloud computing, information networks, artificial intelligence, brain control, brain control, blockchain, high-performance communications, and the metaverse have become the key focus of countries’ competitive development to gain cognitive advantages and defeat powerful enemies.

　　Hidden is the best. A prominent feature of cognitive warfare is the hidden use of strategies, that is, through hidden methods and means such as information suppression, data confusion, hiding the truth and showing the false, and scenario construction, the opponent’s thinking and cognition are subtly influenced, controlled, and shaped. It can be said that “hidden” is the main color, main melody, and main channel. Hidden purpose, hidden means, and hidden actions run through all aspects of the entire process of cognitive attack and defense. In the cognitive perspective, whoever masters more advanced strategies, more flexible tactics, and more hidden tactics can more effectively act on the opponent in cognitive attack and defense confrontation, thus being in a higher cognitive dimension.

　　Integration is the basis. If cognitive warfare lacks the support of specific military operations in the material domain, it will never produce the good effects of doubting, confusing, deterring and defeating the enemy. Cognitive warfare should never be an isolated operation. Only by integrating cognitive offense and defense into the integrated joint combat chain, closely combining it with physical domain military operations, and closely integrating it with the entire combat system, can the military forces in different fields be closely combined, mutually supported, and organically integrated, and can the combat effectiveness be fully exerted.

　　Practical requirements for the winning mechanism of cognitive warfare

　　The winning mechanism of war determines the form and method of military force construction and application, and has a mandatory and stabilizing influence on war practice. The winning mechanism of cognitive warfare inherently regulates the form and method of cognitive warfare, and puts forward new requirements for the construction of cognitive warfare forces.

　　Take the control of cognition as the core of winning cognitive warfare. Firmly grasp the key of the control of cognition, insist on the two-way efforts of wisdom and technology, strive to seize the commanding heights of thinking and cognition, and seize the control of cognitive operations. Deeply promote the innovation of the theory of control of cognition, integrate high-quality resources, increase funding, follow up and study typical cases of cognitive operations at home and abroad, conscientiously summarize practical experience in all aspects, and combine the specific reality of our army to form a theoretical system with contemporary, leading and unique characteristics as soon as possible; strengthen the basic construction of training facilities, equipment, venues, and talent teams, build a number of special training venues based on the existing comprehensive training grounds, and carry out base-based professional training; carry out the drills of the tactics of control of cognition, incorporate cognitive warfare into daily combat readiness training, into specific combat action plans, simulate important combat operations, imagine major combat targets, preset actual combat scenarios, and practice hard in an environment close to actual combat to form the actual combat capability of real combat, good attack and defense, and control and control.

　　Take science and technology as the key to cognitive confrontation. Science and technology are core combat power, core cognitive power, and the core element of cognitive power. Strengthen the awareness of winning with science and technology, deeply understand the basic supporting role of science and technology as one of the two major means of modern cognitive warfare, “strategy + technology”, consciously put cognitive technology innovation in an important position in the strategy of strengthening the army with science and technology, and make efforts to carry out independent innovation in cognitive technology; grasp the breakthrough of core key technologies, focus on artificial intelligence, brain control technology, brain control technology, situational awareness technology, high-performance communication technology, metaverse and other basic technologies related to cognitive warfare, consolidate the scientific and technological foundation of cognitive attack and defense confrontation, and firmly grasp the destiny in our own hands; explore distinctive innovation paths, adapt to my country’s national conditions, military conditions and technical realities, explore innovation paths that suit us, form distinctive technical routes, strive to master asymmetric technologies, and achieve what you don’t have, what I have, what you have, what I have, and what you are better than, so as to form a “new trick” to defeat the enemy at critical moments.

　　Use strategy as the key to cognitive offense and defense. Although the importance of technical factors in modern cognitive warfare is increasing, the status and role of strategy are still irreplaceable. Focus on the word “hidden”, strengthen the special function of “strategy” as a smart strategy to surprise, unaware, confuse and mislead the opponent, formulate and implement targeted strategies and tactics according to the opponent’s strategic traditions, thinking habits, cultural attributes and weaknesses, and lead them without shadow, lure them into the invisible, and guide them without a trace; focus on the word “link”, deepen the research on the methods and strategies of strategy application under modern scientific and technological conditions, and comprehensively use modern technologies such as network information and artificial intelligence to empower and increase the efficiency of strategy application, and add the wings of science and technology to cognitive strategy; focus on the word “integration” to achieve results, deepen the research on the characteristics and laws of the combination of cognitive warfare soft power and physical domain military operations hard power, and explore the path of integrated application of military forces in multiple fields such as cognitive domain and physical domain.

　　Coordinate and promote the comprehensive and scientific development of cognitive warfare

　　To fight a cognitive proactive battle, we must follow the internal mechanisms that run through it, grasp the practical requirements contained therein, follow the ever-changing military practice, strengthen scientific thinking, adhere to problem-orientation, develop a forward-looking perspective, and strive to grasp the three relationships.

　　Grasp the relationship between strategy and technology. “Strategy + technology” constitutes the main content of cognitive warfare methods and means. As a highly intelligent combat form and method, cognitive warfare is born with the inherent content of strategy with the most intelligent background. The flexible and flexible strategy game is the historical heritage and wonderful chapter of our army’s cognitive warfare. The process of the development and evolution of cognitive warfare is, to a certain extent, the process of mutual growth and mutual construction of strategy and technology. In this process, strategy is more colorful due to the blessing of technology, and technology is more powerful due to the use of strategy. To grasp the initiative of thinking and cognition and fight the initiative of cognitive warfare, we must not only carry forward the advantages of our army in using strategy, but also strengthen the application of technical means. More importantly, we must organically combine strategy with technology, and enhance the comprehensive effectiveness of cognitive attack and defense through technical strategy and strategic use of technology.

　　Grasp the relationship between soft and hard. Modern warfare usually divides the combat domain into physical domain, information domain, and cognitive domain according to the characteristics of material form. These three domains conduct each other and influence each other to form the field and soil of military confrontation. Among them, the cognitive domain and information domain show soft power, and the physical domain shows hard power. The two forces of soft and hard are unified in the vast space of the integration of the three domains of military game, and together constitute the basic power elements of cognitive offense and defense. Although cognitive warfare occurs in the cognitive field, its combat support is not only soft power. With the enhancement of the hard power of the physical domain, cognitive formation can often be accelerated, and cognitive realization can be better implemented. To grasp the initiative of thinking and cognition and fight the initiative of cognitive warfare, it is necessary not only to strengthen the construction of cognitive warfare ontology, improve the ability to directly use strategies and technical means to strengthen self-protection, intervene and influence the opponent’s thinking and cognition, but also to actively borrow power from the physical domain, and use the conduction effect of military operations in the physical domain to verify and strengthen thinking and cognition, and at the same time promote the materialization of cognitive results through verification and strengthening actions.

　　Grasp the relationship between attack and defense. Cognition, in terms of its object, includes two sides of the same coin: “know yourself and shape your opponent”, which can also be succinctly summarized as “save yourself and destroy the enemy”. Among them, knowing and sticking to yourself, preventing and avoiding being influenced and shaped by the enemy is “defense”; weakening and depriving the enemy’s cognitive ability, knowing and shaping the opponent is “attack”. Cognitive warfare is an opposing unity of the two forces of offense and defense, which grows and declines and transforms into each other. The core of mastering the initiative of thinking and cognition and fighting the initiative of cognitive operations is to improve the ability of defense and counterattack, recognize the strengths and weaknesses, strengths and weaknesses, advantages and disadvantages of the enemy and ourselves, stick to ourselves and attack the enemy’s weaknesses, and use our clarity to trap the enemy in confusion; the key is to accurately grasp the transition node between offense and defense, seize the enemy’s cognitive loopholes, concentrate forces to pursue and attack, paralyze its defense line, and seize its key points; the purpose is to master cognitive initiative. Whether it is attack or defense, they all end up occupying a favorable position in the cognitive game and winning. When to attack and when to defend, they must obey and unify this goal.

國語中文：

認知戰作為現代戰爭的重要作戰形式，以認知域為主要作戰領域，以謀略和技術運用為主要作戰手段，以影響和塑造對手的思維認知為作戰目的，具有獨特製勝機理和運行規律。深入研究認知戰制勝機理，是掌握思考認知主動、打贏現代認知戰的基礎工程。

認知戰制勝機理的時代內涵

認知戰制勝機理，以認知技術中媒介技術的革命性發展和廣泛應用為前提，與一體化聯合作戰的實踐要求相適應，與機械化資訊化智能化融合發展的時代特徵相契合，具有豐富時代內涵。

以知取勝。思維認知作為人類認識世界、改造世界的堅實憑藉、強大武器，根本上影響決策品質、左右戰略戰術、制約軍心士氣，決定戰爭的過程與結果，是戰爭對抗最根本的依托、最深層的力量。也就是說，戰爭對抗歸根究柢是思維認知的博弈與對抗，掌握了製認知權很大程度上就掌握了戰爭主動，喪失了製認知權就會在戰爭中處於被動挨打的境地。獲得更高、更強的製認知權是製勝強敵的關鍵。想辦法掌握制認知權進而奪取戰場綜合製權，從而以最小代價獲取最大勝利，是現代戰爭特別是認知戰的重要機理和內在規律。

以技為要。現代認知戰不同於以往認知戰的一個顯著特徵在於，謀略的成分逐漸減少、作用逐步降低，科技的應用更加頻繁、作用更加凸顯。特別是受資訊科技與人工智慧深度介入，現代認知戰更注重科技硬實力的比拼，以往蕩氣迴腸、玄妙無窮的謀略對抗，似乎正讓位於今天針尖對麥芒般硬碰硬的技術較量。努力在大數據、雲端運算、資訊網路、人工智慧、控腦、腦控、區塊鏈、高效能通聯、元宇宙等認知技術上尋求突破、掌握優勢、佔據主動，成為各國贏得認知優勢、制勝強敵對對手競相發展的關鍵重點。

以隱為上。認知戰的一大突出特徵在於謀略的隱性使用，即透過資訊壓制、資料迷茫、隱真示假、情境建構等隱性方法手段，潛移默化地影響、左右和塑造對手的思維認知。可以說，「隱」是主色調、主旋律、主管道，隱形目的、隱性手段、隱藏行動，貫穿認知攻防的全過程各方面。認知視野下，誰掌握了更高超的戰略、更靈活的戰術、更隱蔽的戰法，誰就能在認知攻防對抗中更有效地作用於對手，從而處於更高的認知維度。

以融為基。認知戰如果缺乏物質域具體的軍事行動配合支撐，斷不會產生疑敵、惑敵、嚇敵、勝敵的良好效果。認知戰從來都不應該是孤立的作戰，只有將認知攻防融入一體化聯合作戰鏈條，與物理域軍事行動緊密結合起來，與整個作戰體系緊密融為一體，做到不同領域的軍事力量緊密結合、互為支撐、有機融合，才能充分發揮作戰效能。

認知戰制勝機理的實踐要求

戰爭制勝機理決定軍事力量建設運用的形態和方式，對戰爭實踐具有強制規定性和穩定影響力。認知戰制勝機理內在規制認知戰形態和作戰方式，對認知作戰力量建構提出新的要求。

把製認知權當作制勝認知戰的核心。緊緊扭住制認知權這個要樞，堅持智謀、技術雙向發力，努力搶佔思維認知制高點，奪取認知作戰控制權。深入推進制認知權作戰理論創新，整合優質資源力量，加大經費投入力度，跟進研究國內外認知作戰典型戰例，認真總結各方面實踐經驗，結合我軍具體實際，儘早形成具有時代性、引領性、獨特性的理論體系；強化訓練設施、器材、場地、人才隊伍等基本建設，依托現有綜合訓練場打造若干特色訓練場所，進行基地化專業化訓練；紮實開展制認知權戰法演練，將認知戰納入日常戰備訓練，納入具體作戰行動計劃，模擬重要作戰行動，假想主要作戰對象，預設實戰場景，在近似實戰的環境中苦練精訓，形成真打實務、能攻善守、能控巧製的實戰能力。

把科學技術當作認知對抗的關鍵。科學技術是核心戰鬥力，也是核心認知力，更是製認知權的核心要素。強化科技制勝意識，深刻認識科學技術作為現代認知戰「謀略+技術」兩大手段之一的基礎支撐作用，自覺把認知技術創新放在科技強軍戰略的重要位置，下力搞好認知技術自主創新；抓好核心關鍵技術突破，著力在人工智慧、腦控技術、控腦技術、態勢感知技術、高性能通聯技術、元宇宙等與認知戰相關的基礎技術上下大功夫，夯實認知攻防對抗的科技基礎，把命運牢牢掌握在自己手中；探索特色創新路徑，適應我國國情軍情和技術實際，探索適合自己的創新路子，形成特色技術路線，努力掌握非對稱技術，做到你無我有、你有我優、你優我精，形成關鍵時刻克敵制勝的「一招鮮」。

把謀略運用作為認知攻防的密鑰。技術因素雖然在現代認知戰中的重要性日益上升，但謀略的地位作用仍難以取代。著力在「隱」字上下功夫，強化「謀」作為智慧韜略之於對手出其不意、不知不覺、迷惑誤導的特殊功能，根據對手戰略傳統、思維習慣、文化屬性和短板弱項等，制定實施針對性策略戰術，引之於無影、誘之於無形、導之於無蹤；著力在「聯」字上做文章，深化現代科技條件下謀略運用方法策略研究，綜合運用網路資訊、人工智慧等現代科技為謀略運用賦能增效，為認知謀略插上科技的翅膀；著力在「融」字上見成效，深化認知戰軟力量與物理域軍事行動硬實力結合運用特質規律研究，探索認知域、物理域等多領域軍事力量融合運用路徑。

統籌推廣認知戰全面科學發展

打好認知主動仗，必須遵循貫穿其中的內在機理，把握其中蘊含的實踐要求，跟進日新月異的軍事實踐，強化科學思維，堅持問題導向，開拓前瞻性視野，著力把握好三種關係。

把握好謀與技的關係。 「謀略+技術」構成認知戰方法手段的主體內容。認知戰作為高度智慧化的作戰形態和方式，最具智慧底色的謀略運用是其與生俱來的固有內容，機動靈活的謀略博弈更是我軍認知作戰歷史傳承和精彩篇章。認知戰發展演變的過程，某種程度就是謀略與科技相長互構的過程。在這過程中，謀略因科技的祝福而更加多彩，科技因謀略的運用而更加強大。掌握思維認知主動權、打好認知作戰主動仗，不僅要發揚我軍善用謀略的優長，還須強化技術手段的應用，更重要的是將施謀與用技有機結合起來，透過技術性施謀、謀略性用技強化認知攻防的綜合效能。

把握好軟與硬的關係。現代戰爭通常依物質形態特徵將作戰域分為物理域、資訊域、認知域，這三個域相互傳導影響共同構成軍事對抗的領域和土壤。其中，認知域和資訊域展現的是軟實力，物理域彰顯的是硬力量，軟硬兩種力量統一於軍事博弈三域合一的廣闊空間，共同構成認知攻防的基本力量元素。認知戰雖然發生在認知領域，但其作戰依托並非只有軟實力，在物理域硬力量增效強化下，認知形成往往能加速實現，認知實現也能更好地落實。掌握思維認知主動權、打好認知作戰主動仗，不僅須加強認知戰本體力量建設，提高直接運用謀略和技術手段加強自我防護、幹預和影響對手思維認知的能力，而且應積極向物理域借力，藉由物理域軍事行動的傳導效應來印證和強化思考認知，同時透過印證和強化行動來推動認知成果的物化轉化。

把握好攻與防的關係。認知就其對象而言包括「認清自己、塑造對手」一體兩面，也可精要概括為「保存自己、消滅敵人」。其中認清和堅守自己，防止和避免被敵人影響塑造是為「防」；削弱和剝奪敵認知能力，認知和塑造對手是為「攻」。認知戰是攻防兩種力量此消彼長、相互轉化的對立統一體。掌握思維認知主動權、打好認知作戰主動仗，核心是提升防守反擊能力，認清敵我強弱、長短、優劣，堅守自己並擊敵薄弱，以我之昭昭陷敵於昏昏沉沉；關鍵在於把準攻防轉換節點，抓住敵認知漏洞，集中力量窮追猛打，癱瘓其防線、奪取其要地；目的是掌握認知主動，無論攻還是防都殊途同歸於在認知博弈中佔據有利位置並贏得勝利，什麼時候攻什麼時候防，都要服從並統一於此目標。

中國軍事原文來源：https://www.workercn.cn/c/2022-05-02/679888.shtml

Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, 認知域戰

Continuous Military Innovation: Preparing for Cognitive Confrontation in Future Wars

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Chinese Military Responsibility : Analysis of Cognitive Confrontation in the Era of All-Media

持續軍事創新：為未來戰爭中的認知對抗做好準備 –
中國的軍事責任:全媒體時代的認知對抗分析

現代英語翻譯：

In the era of all-media, cognitive confrontation around military hot spots has a deeper impact on the course of war, and has put forward new and higher requirements for the technical application, organizational form, and talent team of military communication. To adapt to this feature, it is necessary to continuously innovate in thinking concepts, platform construction, knowledge and capabilities, and prepare for cognitive confrontation in future wars.

Keywords: omnimedia era; cognitive confrontation; military communication; responsibility analysis

The report of the 20th CPC National Congress clearly proposed to “strengthen military training and preparation in an all-round way, and improve the people’s army’s ability to win”, “study and master the characteristics and laws of information-based and intelligent warfare, innovate military strategic guidance, and develop strategies and tactics of people’s war”. In the era of all-media, people’s cognitive patterns have undergone profound changes. The impact of cognitive confrontation around military hotspots on the course of war has deepened, and new and higher requirements have been put forward for the technical application, organizational form, and talent team of military communication. To adapt to this feature, it is necessary to continuously innovate in thinking concepts, platform construction, knowledge and capabilities, and prepare for cognitive confrontation in future wars.

1. Grasp the laws and nature of cognitive confrontation and occupy the main position of military communication

The cognitive confrontation in future wars, in the final analysis, is a judgment of the right and wrong of the war, a struggle for the support of the people, and a contest of communication power.

1. Grasping the cognitive characteristics of the omnimedia era

The relationship between cognition and military affairs has always been close. In ancient China, there was the military thought of “the best strategy is to attack the enemy’s strategy”, and there were also battle examples of “Xian Gao used cattle and food to repel the enemy, and Mo Di used the rope to lead the whole city”. Our party has always attached great importance to the issue of cognition. Comrade Mao Zedong wrote a special article “Where do people’s correct thoughts come from?”, answering the source and process of cognition with dialectical materialism epistemology, and revealing the fundamental law of cognition.

The advent of the omnimedia era has not changed this fundamental law of cognition, but the way of cognition has become more complex. The powerful network capabilities have made reach-influence-change a reality. As the breadth and depth of hot discussions increase, more and more people are “involved” and “participate” by posting comments, liking and posting. Individual cognition is driven, influenced and changed by the group, forming a directional and powerful public opinion “current”. Unrest and regime change in many regions of the world are all caused by cognitive factors, which must be taken seriously.

War and armed conflict are natural news hotspots, deeply intertwined with public cognition, and greatly affect the course and outcome of war. In future wars, military communication must use correct cognition to guide the masses, convey judgment of justice, support for the army, and confidence in victory, so as to unite the masses and win the war.

2. Stand Firmly on the People’s Side

In the same war, the attributes of the two opposing sides are essentially different. There are oppositions such as justice and injustice, hegemony and anti-hegemony, progress and reaction, interference and anti-interference, aggression and resistance to aggression. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that there are “reactionary public opinion and people’s public opinion”. To do a good job in military communication, it is necessary to politically distinguish between these two different types of public opinion.

Through the observation of several international communication events, it can be seen that some forces, with the help of platform advantages and technological advantages, coupled with the usual means of spreading rumors and deception, will prevail in the scale and breadth of communication. However, doing too much evil will eventually lead to self-destruction. This approach can only gain temporary advantages and ultimately cannot change the fate of failure. Military communication must obey and serve the requirements of victory, not copy others and mistakenly believe that we can use deception methods just as others can. On the contrary, determined by our party spirit and people-oriented nature, our military communication must adhere to the principle of authenticity and resolutely oppose the spread of all fake news and transplants; we must persist in spreading the glory of revolutionary heroism and news that we can win battles, especially we must not harbor illusions and play the tragic card; we must inspire confidence that justice and the people will win, and expose the enemy’s essential cowardice covered by cruelty; and so on.

In future wars, cognitive confrontation will be unprecedentedly fierce. Regarding people’s hearts and minds, if the enemy deceives, we must counter-deception; if the enemy blocks, we must counter-block; if the enemy covers up the truth, we must report the facts; if the enemy smears, we must publicize victory. Maintaining a close relationship with the people and standing firm on the people’s side is a necessary part of winning the people’s war and the fundamental prerequisite for winning cognitive confrontation in future wars.

3. Consciously obey and serve the requirements of victory

Military communication is integrated in peacetime and wartime. Effective communication in wartime cannot be separated from exploration and accumulation in peacetime. The more urgent the wartime situation is, the higher the communication capability required, and the more accurate the grasp of the communication tone must be. Slight deviations can be magnified through communication and the effect may go in the opposite direction. We must have a full understanding of the double-edged sword effect of communication in the omnimedia era, and practice the ability to do military communication online through communication one by one in peacetime.

To achieve close coordination between the political and military battlefields, it is necessary to achieve an organic connection between military communication and combat command. From the perspective of cognitive confrontation of international events, there must be a sufficient number of news products. At the same time, the release must be accurate. Especially in wartime, or “quasi-wartime” when public opinion forms the focus, the caliber of a news product and whether the timing of its release is appropriate may produce a “butterfly effect” in the overall situation. In the normalized and diversified use of military forces, it is necessary to attach importance to the connection between professional communication forces and combat command, prevent the lack of cognitive confrontation due to the absence of communication, and prevent “information flow bullets” from causing passive public opinion.

In the long-term practice of revolutionary wars, the war correspondents of our party and army have explored many valuable experiences, and some principles are still applicable in the era of all-media. We must focus on research and inheritance to prevent subjective mistakes, reduce blindness, take fewer detours, enhance confidence and confidence, and better serve the requirements of victory.

2. Deeply study the mechanism and impact of cognitive confrontation and seize the initiative in military communication

Modern media has become a key factor influencing the outcomes of all competitive behaviors. Only by deeply studying the mechanisms and impacts of cognitive confrontation can we seize the initiative in military communication.

1. Do a good job in war mobilization and form correct “cognition”

Since ancient times, wars must solve the problem of “cognition”, emphasize the justification of the war, and attach importance to the unity of the upper and lower levels. For example, in the overseas war to resist the US and aid Korea, we attached great importance to “cognition” and made every soldier clear about the significance of “resisting the US and aiding Korea to defend the country”, thus completing in-depth ideological and political mobilization. War correspondent Huashan recorded in “Diary of the Korean Battlefield”: Enemy planes broadcast over the battlefield, and soldiers cursed at the enemy planes: “Besides eating and drinking, what other words do you have? American politics is just this?” Huashan recorded such feelings: “Education must be raised to the height of patriotism and internationalism to adapt to the level of consciousness of today’s soldiers. It is no longer enough to talk about dividing two acres of land.”

Such cognition is the result of struggle. At that time, there was a “pro-American” ideology – some people believed that “personally they really couldn’t hate the American empire”; there was a “fear of the United States” ideology – they believed that if the United States dropped the atomic bomb, China would be destroyed. The Party Central Committee proposed that the focus of propaganda at that time was to “resolutely eliminate the reactionary pro-American ideology and the wrong fear of the United States, and generally cultivate an attitude of hatred, contempt, and disdain for American imperialism.” It was this powerful political mobilization that laid a strong ideological foundation for defeating the interference of American imperialism.

In this war, we invested unprecedented power in cognition. The Xinhua News Agency Chinese People’s Volunteer Army General Branch was established on the Korean front. The People’s Daily and radio stations and film studios in Beijing, Tianjin, Shenyang and other places sent reporters and staff to North Korea, leaving a large number of vivid records of that war and setting up a monument in the history of military reporting in the people’s journalism. Today, communication technology and means have undergone tremendous changes. We must carry forward the good tradition of military communication and make due contributions to in-depth ideological mobilization.

2. Fight against false information and clear up the cognitive fog

People generally believe that false information is rare and individual. However, in some major struggles, people have a certain understanding of deception. It is normal for newspapers, radio, television, the Internet, news agencies, etc. abroad, which are deeply controlled, to spread false information. Cognitive confrontation also requires anticipating the enemy and being lenient.

American data scientists studied fake news in the 2016 US election and found that if you occasionally like a piece of fake news online, you will be targeted by scripts from data mining companies such as Cambridge Analytica, which can frequently push tailored political propaganda information and reconstruct the perception of the real world. The conclusion is: “The best way to describe it is that this is an ecosystem: an ecosystem that surrounds mainstream news and ultimately kills it.”

In future wars, cognitive confrontation will not be sporadic, but rather massive, overwhelming, and unscrupulous false information that is far beyond people’s imagination. The enemy will use high-tech means such as artificial intelligence to falsify public opinion, cover up the truth, stir up public opinion, and divide the people. The unprecedented breadth, intensity, and depth of confrontation have become a huge challenge that military communication needs to fully respond to. In the face of this challenge, on the one hand, we must adhere to our political advantages to offset the enemy’s technological advantages; on the other hand, we must also catch up in terms of technological strength to avoid allowing the enemy to form a situation where one tael is worth a pound in cognitive confrontation. We must also have a deep insight into the driving force behind news hotspots and make solid preparations for cognitive confrontation in future wars.

3. Integrate into the war process and form a joint force for victory

Wherever the battle is fought, propaganda and agitation for military morale must be carried out, and the dissemination of public knowledge must follow. We must avoid separating combat from dissemination, and ensure that military dissemination and military operations are in step with each other, so as to work together to achieve victory.

Judging from the practice of our party in leading the military struggle, we have always fought well in the political battle while fighting well in the military battle, and have never relaxed political propaganda due to the intensity of fighting. Military communication has focused on the victory news from the front line, the spirit of revolutionary heroism, and the wise and creative deeds of officers and soldiers to defeat the enemy. It has spread a large number of vivid facts that have inspired military morale and made the people happy.

Military journalists are the backbone of military communication. To cultivate a large number of experts, they must be integrated into exercises and drills on a regular basis, discover good works from actual combat training, and hone strong military communication skills.

3. Focusing on the scale and magnitude of cognitive confrontation, building a main force of military communication

The report of the 20th CPC National Congress clearly proposed to consolidate and expand the mainstream ideology and public opinion in the new era. The report also clearly proposed to strengthen the construction of the all-media communication system and shape a new pattern of mainstream public opinion. Military communication should pay attention to the upgrading of thinking concepts, communication platforms, and knowledge and capabilities, and provide strong public opinion support for accelerating the construction of the People’s Army into a world-class army.

1. Innovative thinking concepts

Cognition is the premise of consensus. Only correct cognition can gather strength and unify actions. Judging from the COVID-19 pandemic over the past three years, the “cognitive epidemic” has always been with it. In local conflicts, cognitive confrontation accompanies every battlefield hotspot. In traditional and new security fields such as trade, biology, finance, and the Internet, there are signs that Western hostile forces are wantonly hyping and fully infiltrating. Although these do not occur entirely in the military field, they are all previews of cognitive confrontation in future wars.

In the era of all-media, the characteristics of increasing intensity of cognitive confrontation and increasing volume of communication should be given high attention. Military communication itself is an extremely important part of mainstream ideology and public opinion. It has important responsibilities and missions in implementing the Party’s leadership over ideological work and implementing the responsibility system for ideological work. In future wars, cognitive confrontation will begin before military struggle and run through the entire process. Thinking and research on cognitive confrontation must focus on the characteristics of modern communication in order to maintain its focus and not deviate from its direction.

Military journalists must change their mindsets and keep up with the pace of development. On the basis of writing every report well and making every product well, they must also delve into modern communication practices and study the laws of modern communication. They must attach importance to user stickiness, pay attention to follow-up effects, base themselves on the requirements of victory, and highlight the “war” content of the reports. In normal times, they must enhance their awareness of cognitive confrontation and consciously and bravely enter into the practice of cognitive confrontation.

2. Build a communication platform

Our Party attaches great importance to the construction of military communication power. Newspapers, periodicals, radio stations, movies, and books have all played an important role in different historical periods. In the new era, in order to shape a new pattern of mainstream public opinion and form an international voice that matches our country’s comprehensive national strength and international status, we need to conduct in-depth research and demonstration on the construction of military news media after the reform, and strive to build a modern military communication system that suits the national conditions and military situation and meets the requirements of the development of the times.

There is no communication without social networking, no news without video, no comment without interaction… These views reflect that the habits, preferences and choices of the audience have undergone fundamental changes. In the long run, a communication platform that integrates communication, social networking, reading and interaction and has authority and credibility is an important support for coping with cognitive confrontation.

The war of communication is a war of content and a war of platforms. We must be highly sensitive to new communication technologies and always maintain our enthusiasm for embracing new technologies. We must strengthen preparations for wartime, open up reliable communication channels, and ensure that our voices can be delivered. Whether in peacetime or wartime, we must stand firmly among the people and do a good job in military communication. This is also the fundamental requirement for adhering to the unity of party spirit and people’s nature in propaganda work.

3. Improving communication capabilities

The report of the 20th CPC National Congress clearly proposed to strengthen the study and education of military history, flourish and develop the culture of strengthening the military, and strengthen the cultivation of fighting spirit. Military communication not only accompanies and guarantees the victory of military operations, but also plays a direct role in the fundamental issue of cognition, and is a direct political operation.

Military communication in the Internet environment is a new thing, which requires communication, summary and improvement in peacetime. Military content is naturally a hot news topic, which requires high speed and intensity of communication, and requires strong ability to make decisions on the spot and respond quickly. Strengthening the normalization and diversification of military forces, firmly and flexibly carrying out military struggle, shaping the security situation, containing crises and conflicts, and winning local wars requires military communication to play an active and important role. We should focus on wartime applications, do a good job in communication training, let military communication focus on training and preparation, take active actions in equipment and reporter delivery, and the production of important military news and cultural products, and continuously improve military communication capabilities.

Cognitive confrontation is characterized by the integration of peacetime and wartime, long-lasting confrontation, and constant companionship. In the face of new situations and new problems, we cannot underestimate the status, role, and responsibility of military news dissemination. We must have a sense of responsibility that time is of the essence and cultivate strong dissemination skills that can both carry out strong ideological and political work and serve the needs of victory.

(Author’s unit: Air Force Political Work Department Propaganda and Culture Center Newspaper)

繁體中文:

作者：黃春一
摘 要：全媒體時代，圍繞軍事熱點的認知對抗對戰爭進程的影響加深，對軍事傳播的技術應用、組織形態、人才隊伍提出了新的更高要求。適應這項特點，需要在思維理念、平台建立、知識能力等方面不斷創新，為未來戰爭中的認知對抗做好準備。

關鍵字：全媒體時代；認知對抗；軍事傳播；責任論析

黨的二十大報告明確提出，「全面加強練兵備戰，提高人民軍隊打贏能力」「研究掌握資訊化智慧化戰爭特徵規律，創新軍事戰略指導，發展人民戰爭戰略戰術」。全媒體時代，人們的認知方式已經發生了深刻變化，圍繞軍事熱點的認知對抗對戰爭進程的影響加深，對軍事傳播的技術應用、組織形態、人才隊伍提出了新的更高要求。適應這項特點，需要在思維理念、平台建立、知識能力等方面不斷創新，為未來戰爭中的認知對抗做好準備。

一、掌握認知對抗的規律與本質，佔領軍事傳播主陣地

未來戰爭中的認知對抗，歸根到底是對戰爭是非曲直的判斷，是民心向背之爭，是傳播力量的較量。

（一）掌握全媒體時代的認知特點

認知與軍事的關係歷來密切，在中國古代，就有「上兵伐謀」的軍事思想，也有「弦高以牛餼退敵，墨翟以螢帶全城」的戰例。我黨歷來重視認知問題，毛澤東同志特別寫了《人的正確思想是從哪裡來的？ 》一文，用辯證唯物論認識論回答了認識的來源、過程，揭示了認識的根本規律。

全媒體時代的來臨並沒有改變認知的這種根本規律，但認知方式變得更為複雜，強大的網路能力讓到達—影響—改變成為現實。隨著熱點討論的廣度和深度增加，越來越多的人「捲入」進來，以發表評論、點讚跟帖的方式「參與」。個體認知被群體帶動、影響和改變，形成帶有方向性的、能量巨大的輿論「洋流」。世界上多個地區動盪和政權更迭，都有認知的因素在起作用，必須高度重視。

戰爭和武裝衝突是天然的新聞熱點，與人民認知深度交織，並在很大程度上影響戰爭的進程和結果。未來戰爭中，軍事傳播要用正確的認知引導群眾，傳遞對正義的判斷、對軍隊的支持、對勝利的信心，以凝聚群眾力量，贏得戰爭勝利。

（二）站穩人民立場

在同一場戰爭中，對抗雙方的屬性有著本質上的不同，存在著正義與非正義、霸權與反霸權、進步與反動、干涉與反干涉、侵略與抵抗侵略等對立。毛澤東同志指出，有“反動派的輿論和人民的輿論”，做好軍事傳播，需要從政治上對這兩種不同性質的輿論進行區分。

透過對若干國際傳播事件的觀察可以看出，有的力量借助平台優勢、技術優勢，再加上慣用造謠、欺騙等手段，在傳播的量級和廣度上會佔上風。然而，多行不義必自斃，這種做法只能取得暫時的優勢，最終改變不了失敗的命運。軍事傳播要服從服務於勝戰要求，並非有樣學樣，錯誤地認為欺騙手段別人能用我們也能用。恰恰相反，由我們的黨性和人民性決定，我方的軍事傳播必須恪守真實性原則，堅決反對一切假新聞和移花接木的傳播；必須堅持傳播革命英雄主義的光輝和能打勝仗的消息，尤其不能抱持幻想打悲情牌；要鼓舞正義必勝、人民必勝的信心，揭露敵人以兇殘掩蓋的本質上的怯懦；等等。

未來戰爭中，認知對抗將空前激烈。圍繞人心和民意，敵人欺騙，我們就要反欺騙；敵人封殺，我們就要反封殺；敵人掩蓋真相，我們就要報道事實；敵人唱衰抹黑，我們就要宣傳勝利。維繫好與人民的血肉聯繫，站穩人民立場，是打贏人民戰爭的題中應有之義和贏得未來戰爭中認知對抗的根本前提。

（三）自覺服從及服務於勝戰要求

軍事傳播平戰一體，戰時有效的傳播離不開平時的探索與累積。戰時情況越緊急，對傳播的能力要求越高，對傳播基調的掌握就要越準。細微偏差透過傳播放大就可能會讓效果南轅北轍，對全媒體時代傳播的雙刃劍作用要有充分認識，透過平時一條一條地傳播，紮實練就做好網上軍事傳播的本領。

做到政治和軍事兩個戰場密切配合，就要實現軍事傳播和作戰指揮的有機對接。從國際事件的認知對抗來看，新聞產品要有足夠的數量。同時，發布一定要精準。尤其是在戰時，或者輿論形成焦點的“準戰時”，一條新聞產品口徑、發佈時機是否適當，都可能在全局上產生“蝴蝶效應”。在軍事力量的常態化多樣化運用中，要重視傳播專業力量與作戰指揮的聯繫，防止因傳播缺位導致認知對抗乏力，防止「資訊流彈」造成輿論被動。

在長期的革命戰爭實踐中，我黨我軍的戰地記者探索出許多寶貴經驗，有些原則在全媒體時代仍然適用。要重研究傳承，以防止犯主觀主義錯誤，減少盲目、少走彎路，增強信心和底氣，更好地服務於勝戰要求。

二、深研認知對抗的機制與影響，掌握軍事傳播主動權

現代傳媒成為影響一切競爭性行為結果的關鍵因素，只有深研認知對抗的機制與影響，才能掌握軍事傳播主動權。

（一）做好戰爭動員，形成正確“認知”

自古以來，戰爭必須解決「認知」問題，講求師出有名，重視上下同欲。例如，在抗美援朝出國作戰中，我們高度重視“認知”，讓每一名戰士明確“抗美援朝保家衛國”的意義，從而完成了深入的思想動員和政治動員。戰地記者華山在《朝鮮戰場日記》中這樣記載：敵機在陣地上空廣播，戰士對著敵機罵 ：「除了吃呀、喝呀，你還有什麼詞兒？美國的政治就是這點子呀？ 」華山記下這樣的感受：「教育必須提到愛國主義和國際主義高度，才能適應今天戰士的覺悟水平，老講分兩畝地不行了。

這樣的認知是鬥爭的結果。當時存在著「親美」思想—有人認為「個人感情上實在是對美帝仇恨不起來」；存在著「恐美」思想—認為美國放原子彈中國就要亡國。黨中央提出當時的宣傳重點是「堅決消滅親美的反動思想和恐美的錯誤心理，普遍養成對美帝國主義的仇視、鄙視、蔑視的態度。」正是這種強大的政治動員為戰勝美帝國主義的干涉奠定了強大的思想基礎。

在這場戰爭中，我們在認知上投入的力量是空前的。新華社中國人民志願軍總分社在朝鮮前線成立，人民日報社和北京、天津、沈陽等地的廣播工作站、電影製片廠等都派出記者和工作人員入朝，為那場戰爭留下了大量生動鮮活的記錄，樹起了人民新聞事業軍事報道史上的一座豐碑。今天，傳播技術和手段發生了巨大的變化，我們要發揚軍事傳播的好傳統，為深入的思想動員作出應有貢獻。

（二）對抗假訊息，廓清認知“迷霧”

人們一般認為，假資訊是少數的、個別的。然而，在一些重大鬥爭實踐中，人民對欺騙性有了一定認識。國外被深度操控的報紙、廣播、電視、網路、通訊社等，散播假訊息是常態，認知對抗也同樣要料敵從寬。

美國資料科學家研究了2016年美國大選中的假新聞發現，如果在網路上偶爾給一則假新聞點贊，就會被「劍橋分析」這種資料探勘公司的腳本盯上，從而可以頻繁推送量身客製化的政治宣傳訊息，並重構對真實世界的認知。結論認為：“最好的描述方式是，這是一個生態系統：一個包圍了主流新聞，並最終扼殺了主流新聞的生態系統。”

在未來戰爭中，認知對抗面對的並非零星的，相反是海量的、鋪天蓋地的、無所不用其極的、遠超人們想像的虛假信息。敵人將使用人工智慧等高技術手段，偽造民意、掩蓋真相、攪動輿論、分化民眾。前所未有的對抗廣度、強度、深度，成為軍事傳播需要全力應對的極大挑戰。面對這種挑戰，一方面，要堅持我們的政治優勢以抵消敵人的技術優勢；另一方面，也要從技術力量上迎頭追趕，避免在認知對抗上讓敵人形成以鎰稱銖的局面。也要深刻洞察新聞熱點背後的推動力量，為未來戰爭中的認知對抗做好紮實準備。

（三）融入戰爭進程，形成勝戰合力

仗打到哪裡，軍心士氣的宣傳鼓動工作就要做到哪裡，對民眾的認知傳播就要跟到哪裡。要避免作戰歸作戰、傳播歸傳播，確保軍事傳播和軍事行動步調一致，合力製勝。

從我黨領導軍事鬥爭的實踐看，都是在打好軍事仗的同時打好政治仗，從未因打仗緊張而放鬆政治宣傳，讓軍事傳播聚焦來自一線的勝利消息、革命英雄主義精神、官兵贏得敵人的智慧創舉，傳播了大量激勵軍心士氣、讓人民歡欣鼓舞的生動事實。

軍事新聞工作者是軍事傳播的骨幹力量，要培養大批行家里手，平時就要融入到演習演練中，從實戰實訓中發掘好作品，錘煉出過硬的軍事傳播本領。

三、著眼認知對抗的規模與量級，建立軍事傳播主力軍

黨的二十大報告明確提出，鞏固壯大奮進新時代的主流思想輿論。報告也明確提出，強化全媒體傳播體系建設，塑造主流輿論新格局。軍事傳播應重視思考理念、傳播平台、知識能力的升級，為加速把人民軍隊建成世界一流軍隊提供強力輿論支持。

（一）革新思維理念

認知是共識的前提，只有正確的認知才能凝聚力量、統一行動。從三年來的新冠疫情看，「認知疫情」一直與之伴生。局部衝突中，認知對抗伴隨著每一個戰場熱點。在貿易、生物、金融、網路等傳統和新型安全領域，都有西方敵對勢力肆意炒作、全力滲透的跡象。這些雖然不完全發生在軍事領域，但無一不是未來戰爭中認知對抗的預演。

全媒體時代，對認知對抗激烈程度增加及傳播體量增大的特點，應予以高度重視。軍事傳播本身就是主流思想輿論極為重要的內容，在貫徹黨對意識形態工作領導權，落實意識形態工作責任制方面，負有重要職責與使命。在未來戰爭中，認知對抗先於軍事鬥爭開始並貫穿全程。認知對抗的思考與研究必須著眼於現代傳播特點，方能不失其重心，不偏離方向。

軍事新聞工作者要轉變思維理念，跟上時代發展步伐，在寫好每一篇報道、做好每一個產品的基礎上，還要深入現代傳播實踐，深研現代傳播規律；要重視用戶粘度，關注後續效應，立足勝戰要求，突顯報道的含「戰」量；平時就要增強認知對抗意識，自覺地、勇敢地進入認知對抗鬥爭實踐。

（二）打造傳播平台

我黨高度重視軍事傳播力量的建設，報紙期刊、廣播電台、影視書籍，都在不同歷史時期扮演了重要角色。在新時代，塑造主流輿論新格局，形成與我國綜合國力和國際地位相符的國際話權，需要我們深入研究論證軍事新聞媒體在改革後的建設問題，努力建構適合國情軍情、符合時代發展要求的現代軍事傳播體系。

無社交不傳播、無視頻不新聞、無互動不評論……這樣一些看法反映出受眾群體的習慣、喜好和選擇發生了根本變化。長遠來看，集通信、社交、閱讀、互動於一體，並具有權威性和公信力的傳播平台是應對認知對抗的重要支撐。

傳播戰，打的是內容仗，也是平台仗。要對傳播的新技術高度敏感，始終保持擁抱新技術的熱情。要著眼戰時加強準備，開啟可靠的傳播管道，確保聲音能夠傳遞出去。無論平時或戰時，都要牢牢站在人民中間做好軍事傳播，這也是堅持宣傳工作黨性和人民性統一的根本要求。

（三）提升傳播能力

黨的二十大報告明確提出，加強軍史學習教育，繁榮發展強軍文化，強化戰鬥精神培育。軍事傳播既有為軍事行動贏得勝利伴隨和保障的屬性，又有在認知這個根本問題上直接作用的屬性，是直接的政治作戰。

在網路環境中做軍事傳播是個新事物，需要在平時邊傳播、邊總結、邊改進。軍事內容天然是新聞熱點，對傳播速度和力度要求高，要求有很強的臨機決斷和快速反應能力。加強軍事力量常態化多樣化運用，堅定靈活進行軍事鬥爭，塑造安全態勢，遏制危機衝突，打贏局部戰爭，需要軍事傳播發揮積極的重要的作用。要著眼戰時應用，做好傳播訓練，讓軍事傳播向練兵備戰聚焦，在裝備和記者投送、重要軍事新聞文化產品製作等方面積極作為，不斷提升軍事傳播能力。

認知對抗具有平戰一體、持久對抗、始終伴隨的特質。面對新狀況新問題，我們不能把軍事新聞傳播的地位看輕了，作用看低了，責任看小了。要以時不我待的責任感，練就既能遂行強有力的思想政治工作，又能服務勝戰需要的過硬傳播本領。

（作者單位：空軍政治工作部宣傳文化中心報社）

中國軍事資料來源：http://www.81.cn/rmjz_203219/jsjz/2023nd1q_244462/tbch_244468/16203888.html

Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 國家網絡空間安全戰略, 國防和軍隊現代化建設, 域作战突出属性, 認知戰, 新軍事變革, 智慧戰爭, 認知域戰, 認知域戰, 認知戰, 軍事多域作戰, 軍事認知戰, 非對稱戰爭, 馬賽克戰

Chinese Military Considers Metaverse the New Frontier for Future Cognitive Warfare

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中國軍方認為元宇宙是未來認知戰的新領域

現代英語翻譯：

●The essence of the metaverse is a highly developed virtual world that exists in parallel with the real world but also reacts to the real world.

●Parallel with the real world, reaction to the real world, and integration of multiple high technologies are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse.

●The metaverse provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behaviors, states and laws of complex real systems, as well as a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society.

● Strengthening the follow-up research on the role of the metaverse in cognitive warfare and highlighting the exploration of the mechanism of the role of the metaverse in cognitive warfare will help enrich and promote the construction of cognitive warfare theory.

The essence of the metaverse is a highly developed virtual world that exists in parallel with the real world but reacts to the real world. When virtual technologies such as digital, Internet, augmented reality and modern communications, blockchain, artificial intelligence and other technologies develop to a certain stage, the metaverse will emerge. Being parallel to the real world, reacting to the real world, and integrating multiple high technologies are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse. The operation of the metaverse conforms to the natural law of human understanding and transformation of the world. It directly acts on human thinking and cognition but is not bound by the essential attributes of thinking and cognition, which determines that it carries the operating laws of the real world, provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state and laws of complex systems in reality, and a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. At the same time, it is itself a complex cognitive body, so it has immeasurable cognitive warfare application value.

The basic mechanism of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

The difference between the metaverse and other technologies is that it builds a complete digital world. Its operation is not supported by a single or a few technologies, but by a complex high-tech complex. This complex is built by humans, is a product of cognition, and continues to develop and evolve with the development of human cognitive practice. Its cognitive application has a unique regular mechanism.

System enhancement mechanism. The digital world constructed by the metaverse is itself a highly developed cognitive world. In this special cognitive world, technology not only exists as an additional role such as support and guarantee, but also directly participates in the shaping of cognition itself as a basic element of cognition. In other words, the technology that constitutes the metaverse itself has a distinct cognitive background, which not only supports the operation of cognition but also realizes the self-construction, revolution and transcendence of cognition; it not only provides a series of necessary technical services, but also creates a holographic technical soil for human cognition to operate independently and fight independently. The effect of the metaverse on cognition is not one-dimensional, but full-dimensional; not single-line, but full-system; not independent, but immersive; not fragmentary, but continuous; not cyclical, but full-life process. How far the thinking cognition develops, how far the metaverse develops, and thus it can shape people’s thinking cognition more comprehensively, deeply and lastingly. Therefore, humans have used high technology to create “Avatar”, a complex system combining man and machine, and have also created a life form on “Pandora” that can think independently, recognize itself, and think and act on its own. This life form, which was created by humans and is independent of humans, has achieved self-improvement and development in the new universe.

The mechanism of mutual construction of technology and knowledge. Unlike the one-way effect of individual technologies such as artificial intelligence and information networks on thinking and cognition, the metaverse provides a space for mutual construction of technology and cognition, and influence and counter-influence. In this space, we can simulate, demonstrate, simulate, and verify the process and results of this two-way mutual construction and promotion, so as to understand cognition more accurately and efficiently, improve cognitive warfare methods, and directly engage in real cognitive confrontation. The metaverse provides a parallel cognitive space that digitally twins real combat scenes, where cognitive warfare can be promoted efficiently, enhanced at a fast pace, and presented in a panoramic manner. It is reported that the US military uses virtual technology to verify the performance of new weapons and equipment, test the effectiveness of the use of new tactics, and conduct combat simulation training, relying on the deployment of forces, combat terrain, human characteristics, and other scenes similar to actual combat constructed in virtual spaces such as the metaverse. At the same time, more and more countries and armies are conducting direct cognitive attacks and defenses with their opponents through virtual spaces, confusing their minds, misleading their directions, and eroding their will.

Active reflection mechanism. As a virtual existence parallel to the real world, the metaverse is not a simple digital copy of the three-dimensional space, but has its own operating rules and can actively act on the real world. This active action is the focus of the cognitive application of the metaverse. The metaverse space game reflects the characteristics of cognitive warfare. The war results deduced in the metaverse through virtual simulation may directly affect the real world, extending to the conscious cognitive competition game through sensory touch, thereby winning the dominant position in cognitive warfare. In the cognitive perspective, the metaverse is both a new cognitive space and the main battlefield of cognition, as well as an extended domain of cognition and a new cognitive component. At present, the military of many countries uses sandbox operations, war games and even computer simulations to formulate and test strategies and tactics, revise the application of tactics, improve training methods, and improve weapons and equipment. This is a typical example of the virtual world reacting to reality. With the continuous development and integration of the metaverse technology group, cognitive confrontation will inevitably shift more and faster from the real world to a hybrid world combining virtuality and reality.

The basic characteristics of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

Existence determines consciousness, and technology drives creation. The metaverse has many characteristics, such as parallelism with the real world, initiative in the real world, and comprehensiveness that integrates multiple technologies. These prominent characteristics determine the different characteristics and laws of its effects on thinking and cognition.

Cross-domain construction. The formation, development and evolution of cognition are rarely determined by a single factor, but are often the result of the combined effect of multiple factors. The metaverse originates from the real world and is presented in the virtual space. It has the characteristics of multi-domain interconnection that runs through the real and virtual worlds. As the saying goes, “a lot of gossip can melt gold, and accumulated criticism can destroy bones.” This cross-domain characteristic that spans different fields and opens up related spaces can best influence and shape people’s thinking and cognition from different angles. The most typical case is that game developers are increasingly focusing on using virtual stories based on historical facts and real feelings to attract and infect people. The United States has used this cross-domain shaped surreal “real” experience to spread values. At present, the most representative “metaverse” themed science fiction work is “Ready Player One” directed by Spielberg. The play focuses on depicting the era background of the birth of the “metaverse” and the huge contrast between the real status and virtual status of the protagonist. Through the plot and special effects shots, it delicately portrays the real sense of human participation, thereby spreading the American ideology, especially the values ​​of gaining wealth, status, love and friendship through “bloodless” struggle in the virtual world.

Integrated influence. The important fulcrums of cognitive warfare are strategy and technology. With the development of science and technology and the progress of society, the proportion of technology in cognitive warfare is increasing and its role is becoming more and more prominent. It can be said that cognitive warfare without scientific and technological support is cognitive warfare without power, and cognitive warfare with advanced technology is more likely to win. As a complex system integrating multiple cutting-edge technologies, the metaverse has a natural advantage in the use of cognitive warfare. Many people, including adults, are deeply trapped in the virtual world and indulge in online games. It is very important that the virtual space gives game operators a super-time and space experience and a sense of achievement. If martial arts novels are fairy tales for adults, then the metaverse, which can “do whatever you want”, creates a super fairy tale world, which has an immeasurable impact on people’s thinking, cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotional will, and behavior patterns.

Compromising influence. A big difference between the metaverse and other technical means is that it constructs a virtual world that originates from the real world but reacts to the real world. In this complex domain space, people’s thinking and cognition go back and forth between the real world and the virtual space, verify each other, repeatedly confirm, and constantly correct, thereby generating new thinking and cognition, and exerting a dynamic influence on both worlds. This two-way interactive compromising influence, on the one hand, is conducive to the formation and development of correct thinking and cognition, making the cognition of the real world more imaginative with the wings of the virtual world’s thoughts, and at the same time, it also makes the cognition of the virtual space find the material support of the real world and become more scientific. On the other hand, if it is not operated properly, it is likely to cause great safety hazards and ethical problems. In recent years, the U.S. military has relied on artificial intelligence and virtual technology to remotely control drones to attack opponents, which is a typical example of the virtual world reacting to the real world. This attack is far away from the tragic scene of face-to-face fighting, which greatly dilutes the drone operator’s awe of life and lowers the threshold for remotely controlling the opponent. At the same time, due to the imperfect reconnaissance and identification technology, incidents of accidental shooting, injury, and killing of civilians, friendly forces, and even their own troops often occur.

The basic style of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

Metaverse cognitive warfare is based on reality and leads future development. It involves both the virtual and real worlds, penetrates multiple fields, covers multiple technologies, and has a variety of combat styles. There is great uncertainty, but it is not without rules. Comprehensive analysis shows that there are three basic styles.

Platform confrontation. In terms of its relationship with human thinking and cognition, the metaverse itself is a complex cognitive actor, a derivative of human thinking and cognition, and an important component and platform of cognitive warfare. When hostile countries and armies regard the metaverse as an important position for cognitive warfare, cognitive offensive and defensive operations between different camps within the metaverse exist in reality. On this platform, all technologies, resources and forces of the metaverse are integrated and operated with thinking and cognition as the center. Metaverse operations are prominently manifested as cognitive offensive and defensive operations aimed at disrupting, delaying, blocking, destroying and eliminating the existence and operation of the opponent’s metaverse. In this field, whoever has higher-end strategic planning, more flexible tactical application, more advanced technical force and more solid material support will be able to gain the initiative in metaverse cognitive warfare.

System attack. The metaverse is a cognitive system composed of a series of cutting-edge technologies, and systemicity is its inherent attribute and vitality guarantee. Advanced technologies such as digital foundation, efficient communication, blockchain identity authentication, holographic AR imaging, artificial intelligence, and high-performance Internet constitute a unified body with tight structure, functional coupling, and complete system. The components are indispensable for the formation and development of thinking cognition and offensive and defensive confrontation. It is difficult to imagine that the metaverse still has the possibility of existence without the support of advanced technology groups such as high-level digitization, high-quality communication, and high-speed computing. Using superior forces to force or use asymmetric tactics to attack and block the key nodes and technological operation chains of the opponent’s metaverse system, hinder its operation, suppress its functions, and destroy its existence is an important style and efficient path of metaverse cognitive warfare.

Divert the flow. An important value and significance of the existence and development of the metaverse lies in serving and supporting the related activities of the real world. Under normal circumstances, the metaverse can demonstrate, display, review and predict the related activities of the real world in a digital form. Once the communication between the virtual and real worlds is disturbed or the self-operation of the metaverse is disordered, it is easy to cause the situation reflected to be untrue, the information analyzed to be distorted, the conclusions derived to be invalid, and the suggestions provided to be wrong, causing the related activities of the real world to deviate. It is based on this that we can concentrate our efforts on inducing attacks on the internal operation of the opponent’s metaverse or the communication technology devices of the two worlds, and use extremely confusing and deceptive information and scenes to divert the flow, confuse their cognition, interfere with their judgment, and mislead their decision-making. Therefore, we should strengthen the tracking research on the cognitive warfare of the role of the metaverse, highlight the exploration of the cognitive warfare mechanism of the role of the metaverse, and strengthen and promote the construction of cognitive warfare theory.

(Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences)

現代國語：

●元宇宙本質是與現實世界平行存在但又反作用於現實世界的高度發展的虛擬世界。

●與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合，是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。

●元宇宙提供了理解和發現現實複雜系統運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式，以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段。

●加強元宇宙作用認知戰追蹤研究，突顯元宇宙作用認知戰機制探索，將有助於豐富促進認知戰理論建構。

元宇宙本質是與現實世界平行存在但又反作用於現實世界的高度發展的虛擬世界。當數位、網路、擴增實境等虛擬技術和現代通訊、區塊鏈、人工智慧等技術發展到一定階段，元宇宙就橫空出世。與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合，是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。元宇宙運作符合人類認識世界、改造世界的自然規律，其直接作用於人的思維認知但又不拘泥於思維認知的本質屬性，決定其本身承載了現實世界的運作規律，提供了理解和發現現實複雜系統運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式和探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段，同時它本身就是一個複雜的認知體，因而具有不可估量的認知戰應用價值。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本機制

元宇宙相對於其他技術的差異在於構築了一個完整的數位世界，支撐其運作的不是單一或幾個技術，而是一個複雜的高科技複合體。這個複合體是人構築的，是認知的產物並隨人類認知實踐的發展不斷發展演變，其認知運用具有獨特的規律機制。

體系增強機理。元宇宙構築的數位世界本身就是一個高度發展的認知世界，在這個特殊的認知世界裡，科技不僅以支撐和保障等附加角色存在，也直接作為認知的基本元素參與認知本身的塑造。也就是說構成元宇宙的技術本身俱有鮮明的認知底色，既支撐了認知的運作又實現了認知的自我建構、革命與超越；既提供了一系列必要的技術服務，又打造了一個人類認知自我運作、獨立作戰的全息技術土壤。元宇宙對認知的作用不是單向度的，而是全維度的；不是單線的，而是全系統的；不是獨立式的，而是沉浸型的；不是片段的，而是持續型的；不是周期階段型的，而是全壽命流程的。思維認知發展有多遠，元宇宙發展就有多遠，因而能夠更全面更深入、更持久地塑造人的思維認知。於是，人類既用高科技打造了「阿凡達」這個人機結合的複雜系統，同時也打造了一個在「潘朵拉星球」上能夠自主思維、自我認知、自行思想與行動的生命體，這個產生於人又獨立於人的生命體在新的宇宙空間中實現了自我完善與發展。

技知互構機理。與人工智慧、資訊網路等單一技術對思考認知的單向作用不同，元宇宙提供了一個技術與認知作用與反作用、影響與反影響的互構空間。在這個空間裡，我們能夠模擬、展示、模擬、驗證這種雙向互構共促的過程與結果，進而更加精準高效地認識認知、改進認知戰方式，同時也可以直接進行真刀真槍的認知對抗。元宇宙提供了一個將現實作戰場景數位孿生的平行認知空間，在這裡認知戰得以高效率推進、快節奏增強、全景式呈現。據悉，美軍將虛擬技術運用於新武器裝備性能驗證、新戰法運用效果檢驗及作戰模擬訓練等，依託的就是在元宇宙等虛擬空間中構建的兵力佈置、作戰地形、人文特徵等近似實戰的場景。同時，也有越來越多的國家和軍隊透過虛擬空間與對手進行直接的認知攻防，迷茫其心智，誤導其方向，銷蝕其意志。

能動反射機理。元宇宙作為與現實世界平行的虛擬存在，不是簡單地將三維空間數位化複製，而有著自身運行規則並能動作用於現實世界，這種能動作用即是元宇宙認知運用的著力點。元宇宙空間博弈體現認知戰特點，透過虛擬模擬在元宇宙中推演出的戰爭結果，可能直接作用於現實世界，透過感官觸覺延伸到意識認知的爭奪博弈，從而贏得認知戰主導權。在認知視域下，元宇宙既是認知的新空間也是認知的主戰場，既是認知的延伸域也是認知的新構件。目前，不少國家軍隊透過沙盤作業、兵棋推演甚至電腦模擬模擬來發展和檢驗戰略戰術、修訂戰法運用、完善訓練方法、改進武器裝備，就是虛擬世界反作用於現實的典型案例。隨著元宇宙技術群不斷發展融合，認知對抗必將更多、更快由現實世界向虛實結合的混合世界發展轉進。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本特徵

存在決定意識，技術驅動創造。元宇宙具有與現實世界的平行性、對現實世界的能動性、融多種技術於一體的綜合性等諸多特徵。這些突出特徵，決定其作用於思考認知的不同特徵規律。

跨領域構塑。認知的形成發展演變很少由單一因素決定，往往是多種因素綜合作用的結果。元宇宙源自現實世界、呈現於虛擬空間，具有貫穿現實與虛擬的多域連結特徵。所謂“眾口鑠金，積毀銷骨”，這種跨越不同領域、打通關聯空間的跨域特質，最能從不同角度影響和塑造人的思維認知。最典型的案例就是遊戲開發商越來越注重用建立在歷史事實和現實感受基礎上的虛擬故事吸引人感染人。美國已將這種跨領域塑造的超現實「真實」體驗用於價值觀的傳播。目前最具代表性的「元宇宙」主題科幻作品是史匹柏導演的《頭號玩家》，該劇聚焦於描繪「元宇宙」誕生的時代背景及主角的現實地位與虛擬地位之間的巨大反差，透過故事情節和特效鏡頭細膩地刻畫人類的真實參與感，從而傳播在虛擬世界裡透過「不流血」的鬥爭也能獲得財富、地位、愛情和友誼的美式意識形態特別是價值觀。

融合式影響。認知戰運作依託的重要支點是謀略和技術，隨著科技的發展和社會的進步，技術之於認知戰構成所佔比重越來越大、作用越來越突出。可以說，缺乏科技支撐的認知戰是缺乏力量的認知戰，有先進科技加持的認知戰獲勝的可能性更大。元宇宙作為融多種前沿科技於一體的複雜系統，在認知戰運用上具有天然優勢。不少人包括成年人深陷虛擬世界、沉湎網路遊戲，很重要的是虛擬空間賦予遊戲操盤手的超時空體驗和成就快感。如果說武俠小說是成人的童話，那麼可以「隨心所欲」縱橫馳騁的元宇宙，則打造了一個超級童話世界，其對人的思維認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等的影響不可限量。

折衝性浸染。元宇宙與其他技術手段的一個很大不同，在於其建構的是一個源自現實世界但又反作用於現實世界母體的虛擬世界。在這個複雜領域空間中，人的思維認知在現實世界與虛擬空間之間往來折衝、相互印證、反覆確認、不斷修正進而產生新的思考認知，並對兩個世界都產生施動性影響。這種雙向互動的折衝性浸染，一方面有利於正確思維認知的形成與發展，使現實世界的認知插上虛擬世界思想放飛的翅膀而更富想像力，同時也使虛擬空間的認知找到現實世界的物質支撐而更科學。另一方面如果操作不當，很可能產生極大的安全隱患和倫理問題。這些年美軍依賴人工智慧和虛擬技術遙控的無人機攻擊對手，就是虛擬世界反作用於現實世界的典型案例。這種攻擊因遠離面對面搏殺的慘烈現場，極大淡化了無人機操作員對生命的敬畏，降低了其遙控攻擊對手的門檻。同時，由於偵察辨識技術不完善，誤擊誤傷誤殺平民、友軍甚至自己軍隊的事時有發生。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本樣式

元宇宙作用認知戰基於現實基礎、引領未來發展，涉及虛實兩界、貫通多個領域、涵蓋多種技術，作戰樣式多種多樣，有很大的不確定性，但並非無規律可循。綜合分析，基本樣式有以下三種。

平台對抗。元宇宙就其與人的思維認知的關係而言，本身就是一個複雜的認知行為體，是人類思維認知的衍生品，也是認知戰的重要構件和平台。當敵對國家和軍隊都將元宇宙視為認知戰的重要陣地時，元宇宙內部不同陣營間的認知攻防作戰就會現​​實存在。在這個平台上，元宇宙的一切技術、資源和力量都以思維認知為中心來整合運作。元宇宙作戰突顯為以擾亂、遲滯、阻擋、摧毀、消滅對手元宇宙存在和運作為目的的認知攻防作戰。在這個領域中，誰的戰略運籌更高端、戰術運用更靈活、技術力量更先進、物質支撐更堅實，誰就能取得元宇宙認知戰主動權。

體系破襲。元宇宙是由一系列前沿技術所構成的認知系統，而體系性則是其固有屬性和活力保證。數位基礎、高效通訊、區塊鏈身分認證、全像AR成像、人工智慧、高效能互聯網等先進科技，構成結構緊密、功能耦合、體系完整的統一體，其中構件對思維認知的形成發展與攻防對抗缺一不可。很難想像缺乏高階階數位化、高品質通聯、高速度計算等先進技術群的支撐，元宇宙還有存在的可能性。運用優勢力量高壓強製或以非對稱戰法攻擊和阻斷對手元宇宙體系的關鍵節點和科技運行鏈條，阻遏其運作、壓制其功能、摧毀其存在，是元宇宙認知戰的重要樣式和高效路徑。

曲嚮導流。元宇宙存在發展的一個重要價值和意義在於服務支持現實世界關聯活動。正常情況下，元宇宙能夠以數位形式全景展示、展示、複盤和預測現實世界的相關活動。一旦虛實兩個世界的通聯受擾受阻或元宇宙內部自運行失序，很容易導致其反映的情況失實、分析的信息失真、推導的結論失效、提供的建議失策，使現實世界的關聯活動跑偏走向。正是基於此，可集中力量對對手元宇宙內部運作或兩個世界的通聯技術裝置進行誘導攻擊，用極具迷惑性欺騙性的信息和場景曲嚮導流，迷茫其認知，幹擾其判斷，誤導其決策。因此，應加強元宇宙作用認知戰追蹤研究，突顯元宇宙作用認知戰機制探索，強化促進認知戰理論建構。

（作者單位：軍事科學院軍事政治工作研究院）

中國軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-03/03/content_310888.htm