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“Studying the Military, Studying War, Studying Fighting” Chinese Military Special Topic: The Key to Winning Cognitive Warfare

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「學軍事、學戰爭、學打仗」中國軍事專題：打贏認知戰爭的關鍵

現代英語：

Information Network: The Key to Winning the Cognitive War

■Zhai Chan

introduction

In today’s era of information and intelligent integration, information networks, with their advantages of deep reach, wide popularity, and strong interactivity, will play an irreplaceable and important role in cognitive warfare. With the support of information networks, cognitive warfare will be more powerful and more scalable. A deep understanding of the mechanism, laws, basic forms, methods and means of cognitive warfare of the role of information networks will help to timely control the initiative of cognitive warfare and lay the foundation for victory.

The Mechanism and Laws of Information Networks and Cognitive Warfare

The essence of cognitive warfare in the role of information networks is to provide massive amounts of information through core algorithms, create biased cognitive scenarios, and influence the thinking and cognition of people and intelligent machines. This process integrates the operating rules of information networks and the internal mechanisms of thinking and cognition, has strong predictability, and is the underlying structure and key point that must be grasped in information network cognitive warfare.

The stickiness effect based on path dependence. The highly developed information network in today’s society provides a platform that people cannot live without for learning, working, living, entertainment, military construction, combat and military struggle preparation, forming an interconnected path dependence between each other. This platform uses information as the core and the network as the medium. Through invisible stickiness, it connects different groups of people, societies, countries and the military together, connecting the entire world into a closely connected global village. Objectively, it also provides a bridge and a link for conducting cognitive operations, influencing the opponent’s thinking and cognition, and winning cognitive wars. In 2009, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton delivered an “Internet Freedom” speech, advocating the “Internet Freedom” strategy, attempting to use the channel formed by people’s high dependence on the Internet to influence the thinking and cognition of the people of the opponent country, especially the younger generation, and spread American values.

Interactive influence based on information exchange. Education believes that interactive communication can effectively overcome the cognitive barriers formed by one-way information transmission, reach consensus, form empathy, and strengthen empathy through mutual information exchange, emotional integration, and mutual needs. A big difference between information networks and traditional communication media is that they provide a carrier that can interact and communicate on a large scale, at a fast pace, and with high efficiency. In this carrier, the party with strong information can repeatedly confirm the influence, adjust methods and strategies, and intervene in the thinking and cognition of the other party through the interactive mechanism provided by the carrier, based on the other party’s thought fluctuations, emotional changes, attitude feedback, etc. For a long time, the United States has maintained a “engagement + containment” strategy toward China. One very important consideration is that this kind of engagement can effectively overcome the communication barriers and information gaps formed by simple blockade and confrontation, enhance the interaction between the two governments and peoples, and thus find opportunities to open gaps and influence our ideas and ideologies. Although this strategy takes place in the traditional field, it is inherently consistent with the interactive influence mechanism of information networks based on information exchange.

The seductive influence based on the preset scene. The concealment, virtuality and permeability of the information network allow its controllers to create extremely deceptive, tempting and inflammatory information scenes through water army flooding, information filtering and “fishing in troubled waters” and other technical and strategic means, so that the opponent is deeply trapped in it without knowing it, and instead develops towards the preset process and results. This directional manipulation of the information network can subtly and efficiently influence, infect and shape the opponent’s thinking and cognition, so that the opponent is unconsciously led by the rhythm, and the combat effect is far better than the confrontation. On the eve of the Iraq War, the US media spread false information such as the existence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq through the Internet and other platforms, accusing the Saddam regime of collusion with al-Qaeda, rampant corruption, and unprovoked harm to the Iraqi people. At the same time, they tried every means to cover up the truth, filter out the anti-war voices of their own people, and strive to create an atmosphere that the Saddam regime is evil and hateful and that the whole of America is united in hatred of the enemy.

The basic form of cognitive warfare in the role of information networks

The laws of war and the mechanism of victory determine the basic form of war. The laws and mechanisms of cognitive warfare based on information networks inherently determine the external forms of this war. The most basic and representative ones include information confusion warfare, misleading thinking warfare, and will-destroying warfare.

Information confusion warfare. It is to infuse the network with a large amount of complex information that combines the real and the fake, which is both true and illusory, so that the enemy’s information network capacity is overloaded, malfunctions, and disordered operations, or causes specific audiences to become “deaf, blind, and insensitive”, have cognitive abilities blocked, and their thinking, cognition, and decision-making judgments are hindered. This form of warfare is often used in the early stages of combat and in opaque battlefields. The party with information advantage can make the enemy fall into a state of panic and bewilderment, resulting in perception failure, loss of thinking, and self-disorder. Bloomberg reported that the Space Force, the sixth branch of the U.S. military that was recently established, plans to purchase 48 jammer systems by 2027, aiming to disrupt satellite signals “in the event of a conflict with a major power.” Many national militaries generally feel that the information they receive is not too little but too much. The massive amount of information coming from all directions has put tremendous pressure on situation perception and analysis and judgment.

Misleading thinking warfare. This is to form a biased information scene by instilling specific information that contains the intentions of the party controlling the information network, misleading, deceiving and influencing the thinking of specific countries, armies and people, causing them to deviate from the correct development track and deviate in a direction that is beneficial to oneself and detrimental to the enemy. It is the highest level and common practice of cognitive attack. This kind of misleading is based on strong external pressure, on specious strategies, and on information mixed with water as a weapon. It targets the opponent’s thinking characteristics and weak links, and implements clear-cut deception, causing the opponent to lose his way in tension and panic, and fall into the “trap” unknowingly. In recent years, while implementing the great power competition strategy, some countries have used cyber trolls to fabricate false situations, create false information, and spread true rumors to fan the flames around our country and encourage some countries that have historical grievances with our country and frictions with our country in reality to seek trouble. The purpose is to induce us to divert our attention, weaken the investment of resources and strength in the main strategic direction, deviate from the track of great power rejuvenation, and seek to reap the benefits of the two fishermen.

Will-destroying war. Futurist Alfred Toffler said that whoever controls the human mind controls the entire world. War is ultimately a confrontation between people. People’s psychological activities largely affect their mental state, which in turn affects their will to fight. Will-destroying war is different from traditional warfare that indirectly affects people’s will through material destruction. It directly affects the psychological activities, mental state and thinking decisions of key figures, thus affecting military morale, fighting will and combat actions. With the development of science and technology and social progress, the intervention in people’s will has entered the stage of “technology + strategy” from the traditional strategy-based intervention. More than a decade ago, scientists developed a “sound beam” weapon that uses an electromagnetic network to emit extremely narrow sound waves from hundreds of meters away, interfering with the enemy’s judgment and even causing mental confusion among strong-willed soldiers. In recent years, studies have shown that artificial speech synthesis technology based on brain wave signals can extract signals from the brain and synthesize speech that humans can directly understand.

Information networks are the main means of cognitive warfare

“Technology + strategy” constitutes the basic means of modern cognitive warfare. As a product of modern scientific and technological development, the information network’s means of effecting cognitive warfare are also mainly reflected in “technology + strategy”. This provides us with a basic entry point for understanding and grasping the ways and scientific paths of information network’s effect on cognitive warfare, thereby winning the war.

Big data construction. As the core component of the information network, data is not only the carrier of information, but also the “new oil” driven by the value of the information network, and the basic ammunition for cognitive warfare. Through massive data, complex information scenarios are constructed for my use, or the opponent’s cognitive confusion, or misleading and deceiving thinking, or destroying beliefs and wills are formed, which constitutes the basic logic of cognitive warfare in the information network. In this logical framework, data is undoubtedly the most basic resource and the most core element. A few years ago, authoritative departments calculated that the world produces about 2.5 exabytes (EB) of data every day, of which only 20% is structured data that can be directly used, and the remaining 80% needs to be analyzed, identified, and screened. These data resources, which are growing exponentially, provide an inexhaustible supply of “data ammunition” for constructing data information scenarios and conducting cognitive warfare.

Intelligent push. In the information network era, intelligent push has become a convenient channel for people to absorb external information, gain identification of thinking, emotional resonance, and influence the thinking and cognition of others. Using advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence to collect, organize, and analyze people’s thinking habits and behavioral preference data to form personalized and customized perception push can produce an “echo wall” of social cognitive trends and an information cocoon that shackles people. At the same time, it is also conducive to empathizing with others, understanding the thinking trends and possible actions of opponents, and taking targeted countermeasures. In our daily lives, we all have the experience of receiving a large amount of similar information after shopping online or searching for certain types of information. This intelligent push method is applied to cognitive operations, which can easily enable the information leader to use information network data to conduct forward-looking analysis and judgment on the decisions and actions that may be made by the command and decision-making level of the combat target, and induce them to make the decision-making actions they hope to see or make corresponding response measures in advance.

Emotional infiltration. Freud said that we are not pure wisdom or pure souls, but a collection of impulses. In the information network space, the concepts that can be widely and quickly disseminated are often not calm, rational, and objective thinking and analysis, but mostly impulsive and irrational emotional mobilization. This is determined by the fast pace of information dissemination and news release. The cognitive need to respond quickly to this information, in turn, leads to the reflexive, impulsive, and emotional response of “fast thinking”, which transforms seemingly isolated social cases into highly coercive and inflammatory psychological hints and behavioral drives, and explosively promotes irrational decision-making and actions. In June 2009, a diplomatic cable disclosed by WikiLeaks described the lavish banquets held by the family of Tunisia’s Ben Ali regime and described the regime as a corrupt and tyrannical “mafia”. This deepened the resentment of the country’s citizens and became an important driving force behind the “Jasmine Revolution” that overthrew the Ben Ali regime.

現代國語：

來源：解放軍報 作者：翟嬋 責任編輯：劉上靖 2021-11-18 06:49:14
資訊網絡：認知戰制勝要津

■翟 嬋

引 言

在資訊化智慧化融合發展的當今時代，資訊網絡以其觸角深、受眾廣、互動性強等優勢，在認知戰中將發揮無可取代的重要作用。有了資訊網絡的加持，認知戰將如虎添翼、如魚得水。深刻掌握資訊網絡作用認知戰的機理規律、基本形態、方法手段等，有助於及時掌控認知戰主動權，為贏得勝利奠定基礎。

資訊網絡作用認知戰的機理規律

資訊網絡作用認知戰的本質在於透過核心演算法，提供大量訊息，營造傾向性認知場景，影響人和智慧機器的思維認知。這個過程融合資訊網絡運行規律和思維認知內在機理，具有很強的可預知性，是資訊網絡認知戰必須把握的底層架構和關鍵之點。

基於路徑依賴的黏性影響。當今社會高度發達的資訊網絡，提供了一個人們學習、工作、生活、娛樂，軍隊建設、作戰和軍事鬥爭準備須臾離不開的平台，在彼此之間形成一個互聯互通的路徑依賴。這一平台以資訊為核、網絡為媒，透過無形的黏性把不同人群、社會、國家包括軍隊連接在一起，既將整個世界打通成一個緊密聯繫的地球村，客觀上也為開展認知作戰、影響對手思維認知、制勝認知戰爭提供了橋樑和紐帶。 2009年美國國務卿希拉裡曾發表「互聯網自由」演說，鼓吹「互聯網自由」戰略，企圖利用人們對互聯網的高度依賴形成的作用通道，影響對手國民眾特別是青年一代的思維認知，傳播美式價值觀。

基於資訊交換的互動影響。教育學認為，互動交流能有效克服訊息單向傳遞所形成的認知屏障，在彼此訊息交換、情感融通、需求相促中達成共識、形成同理心、強化同理。資訊網絡與傳統交流溝通媒介的一個很大不同，在於提供了一個能大範圍、快節奏、高效率互動交流的載體。在這一載體中，資訊強勢一方能透過載體提供的互動機制，依據另一方的思想波動、情緒變化、態度回饋等，反復確認影響，調整方法策略，幹預另一方的思維認知。長期以來，美國對華保持「接觸+遏制」戰略，一個很重要的考慮就在於這種接觸能有效克服單純封鎖對抗形成的溝通壁壘和信息鴻溝，增強兩國政府和民眾之間的互動，從而尋找機會打開缺口，影響我們的思想觀念和意識形態。這項戰略雖然發生在傳統領域，但與資訊網絡基於資訊交換的互動影響機理內在一致。

基於預設場景的誘導影響。資訊網絡的隱蔽性、虛擬性、滲透性，使其掌控者能通過水軍灌水、資訊過濾、「渾水摸魚」等技術和謀略手段，營造極具欺騙性、誘惑性、煽動性的信息場景，使對手深陷其中而不自知，反而朝著預設的過程和結果發展。這種對資訊網絡的指向性操控，能潛移默化地高效影響、感染和塑造對手的思維認知，使之不知不覺被帶節奏，收到遠比對抗硬槓好得多的作戰效果。伊拉克戰爭前夕，美國媒體透過網路等平台大肆散佈伊拉克存在大規模殺傷性武器等虛假訊息，指責薩達姆政權與基地組織相互勾連、腐敗成風，還無端殘害伊拉克人民，同時又想方設法掩蓋事實真相，過濾本國人民的反戰聲音，極力營造薩達姆政權邪惡可恨、全美上下同仇敵愾的氛圍。

資訊網絡作用認知戰的基本形態

戰爭規律和製勝機理決定戰爭的基本形態。資訊網絡作用認知戰的規律機理內在規定著這種戰爭的外在呈現形態。其中最基本、最具代表性的包括資訊迷茫戰、思維誤導戰和意志毀傷戰。

資訊迷茫戰。就是用海量虛實結合、亦真亦幻的復雜信息灌注網絡，使敵對方信息網絡容量過載、功能失常、運轉失序，或導致特定受眾對象“失聰失明失感”、認知能力擁堵、思維認知和決策判斷受阻。這一戰爭形態常用於作戰初期和不透明戰場，擁有資訊優勢的一方能使敵對方陷入茫然不知所措的恐慌狀態，從而感知失靈、思維失據、自亂陣腳。彭博社稱，美國成立不久的第六大軍種——太空軍，計劃2027年前採購48套幹擾系統，旨在“與大國發生沖突情況下”，幹擾迷茫其衛星信號。不少國家軍隊普遍感到，現在獲取的資訊不是太少了而是太多了，來自四面八方的巨量資訊大量聚集，給態勢感知和分析判斷造成巨大壓力。

思維誤導戰。就是透過灌輸包含資訊網絡掌控方意圖指向的特定訊息，形成傾向性訊息場景，誤導欺騙和影響特定國家、軍隊和人群思維理念，使之偏離正確發展軌道，朝著於己有利、於敵有損的方向偏移，是認知攻擊的最高境界和慣常做法。這種誤導以強大的外部壓力為前提，以似是而非的策略為基礎，以摻雜水分的信息為武器，針對對手思維特點和薄弱環節，實施導向鮮明的誘騙，使對手在緊張慌亂中迷失方向，不知不覺落入「圈套」。這些年來，一些國家在實施大國競爭戰略的同時，通過網絡水軍虛構假情況、製造假信息、散佈真謠言，在我國週邊煽風點火，鼓動一些在歷史上與我國有積怨、現實中有摩擦的國家尋尋覓滋事，目的就是要誘導我們轉移注意力，削弱在主要戰略方向上的資源力量投入，偏離強國復興的軌道，謀取漁翁之利。

意志毀傷戰。未來學家托夫勒說，誰控制了人的心理，誰就控制了整個世界。戰爭說到底是人與人的對抗，人的心理活動很大程度影響人的精神狀態，進而影響作戰意志。意志毀傷戰與傳統作戰透過物質摧毀間接影響人的意志不同，它透過直接影響關鍵人物的心理活動、精神狀態和思維決策，影響軍心士氣、戰鬥意志和作戰行動。隨著科技發展和社會進步，對人的意志的干預，已經由傳統以謀略為主演進到“技術+謀略”階段。早在十多年前就有科學家研製出“聲波集束”武器，通過電磁網絡從數百米外發射極為狹窄的聲波“音柱”，幹擾敵人判斷甚至使意志堅強的軍人精神錯亂。近年來有研究表明，基於腦電波信號的人工語音合成技術可提取大腦中的信號，合成人類能夠直接理解的語音。

資訊網絡作用認知戰的主要手段

「技術+謀略」構成現代認知戰的基本手段。資訊網絡作為現代科技發展的產物，其對認知戰的作用手段也主要體現在「技術+謀略」上。這為我們認識並掌握資訊網絡作用認知戰的方式、科學路徑，從而製勝戰爭提供了基本切入點。

大數據構塑。數據作為資訊網絡的核心構件，不僅是資訊的載體，而且是資訊網絡價值驅動的“新石油”，更是作用認知戰的基本彈藥。透過大量資料構塑為我所用的複雜資訊場景，或對對手進行思維認知迷茫，或給予思維誤導欺騙，或進行信念意志摧毀，構成資訊網絡作用認知戰的基本邏輯。在這個邏輯架構中，數據無疑是最基礎的資源、最核心的元素。遠在幾年前，權威部門就統計，全球每天生產約2.5艾字節（EB）的數據，其中僅20%是可以直接利用的結構化數據，其餘80%則需要進行分析、甄別、篩選。這些幾何級數成長湧現的數據資源，為構塑數據資訊場景、實施認知戰提供了取之不盡用之不竭的「數據彈藥」。

智能化推送。資訊網絡時代，智慧化推播成為人們攝取外在訊息，獲得思考認同、情感共鳴、影響他人思考認知的便利管道。運用人工智慧等先進技術收集、整理、分析人的思維慣性、行為偏好數據，形成擬人化客製化感知推送，能夠產生社會認知趨同的「回音壁」和桎梏人的信息繭房，同時也有利於推己及人、了解對手的思維趨向和可能行動，有針對性地採取應對措施。生活中，我們都有一次或幾次網上購物、搜索某類信息後，大量類同信息推送進來的經歷，這種智能化推送手段應用到認知作戰中，很容易使信息主導方通過信息網絡數據，對作戰對象指揮決策層可能做出的決策、採取的行動等予以前瞻分析研判，誘導其作出希望看到的決策行動或預先作出相應的應對措施。

情緒化浸染。佛洛伊德說，我們不是純粹的智慧、純粹的靈魂，而是一個沖動的集合。在資訊網絡空間，能夠得到廣泛且快速傳播的觀念認知，往往不是冷靜理性客觀的思維分析，多是沖動非理性的情緒情緒動員。這是由資訊傳播、新聞發布「先發製人」的快節奏決定的。對這些資訊作出快速反應的認知需求，反過來又導致「快思維」條件反射性、沖動性、情緒化反應，將看似孤立的社會個案轉化為具有強烈壓迫性、煽動性的心理暗示和行為驅動，暴發性催生非理性決策行動。 2009年6月維基解密披露的一份外交電文中，描繪了突尼斯本·阿里政權家族宴會的奢靡場景，並煞有介事地將該政權形容為腐敗暴政的“黑手黨”，這加深了該國國民怨恨情緒，從而成為引燃推翻本·阿里政權的「茉莉花革命」重要推手。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4899062.html?big=fan

#intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Forum: Exploring the Way to “Total Victory” in Modern Warfare

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中國軍事論壇：探索現代戰爭「全面勝利」之路

現代英語：

Exploring the Way to “Total Victory” in Modern Warfare

■ Zhao Siyang

Introduction

“Sun Tzu’s Art of War” is a representative work of ancient Chinese military theory, which contains rich wisdom for defeating the enemy. Entering the era of information-based and intelligent warfare, the limited, shocking, and mixed characteristics of war are more prominent, highlighting the invaluable thoughts of Sun Tzu such as “conquering the enemy without fighting”, “destroying the enemy’s plots and alliances”, and “ensuring the country and the whole army”. The wisdom of victory contained in “Sun Tzu’s Art of War” still has important practical implications for solving the current national security and war problems, limiting war violence to the maximum extent, and achieving “total victory”.

The core idea of ​​”total victory”: the method of attacking and defeating the enemy without fighting

Sun Tzu discussed military affairs, but he did not believe that force was the only means of victory. He proposed the concept of “total victory” of attacking the enemy with strategy and conquering the enemy without fighting. He advocated that the enemy should be subdued by non-violent means as much as possible to achieve the greatest victory at the lowest cost.

The key to Sun Tzu’s “total victory” idea is the word “total”. “Total” means to make the enemy completely surrender and not suffer any losses, thus minimizing the damage of the war. Sun Tzu advocated that with superior strength and full preparation for war as the prerequisite, we should use political, economic, diplomatic, and military intimidation means comprehensively, and stop the outbreak of war by taking the initiative, being flexible and maneuverable, and creating momentum. According to his idea, we can make the enemy surrender without fighting, from the enemy country to the enemy army, and from the enemy brigade to the enemy soldier, so as to achieve the goal of defeating the enemy and ensuring the safety of the lives of both armies. In Sun Tzu’s conception, we should not only cherish the lives of our soldiers and civilians, but also attach importance to protecting the enemy’s soldiers and civilians to avoid the confrontation between the two sides ending up in the destruction of the country and the family.

In order to achieve the goal of “total victory”, in terms of strategic planning, we must have an advantage over the enemy, “the one who is good at calculations has more calculations”; in terms of power comparison, we must be in an advantageous position, “the victorious army is like a hammer against a hammer”; in terms of war preparations, we must be thorough and meticulous, “first make ourselves invincible, and then wait for the enemy to be defeated.” “Subjugating the enemy without fighting” is an ideal outcome, but in real wars, it is often necessary to win a certain part of the war in exchange for “subjugating the enemy without fighting” in another part. This principle is equally applicable from the national strategic level to the combat level. It not only plays an important role in stopping and containing wars in peacetime, but is also widely applicable even in the course of a war to weaken the enemy’s strength, strike the enemy’s arrogance, and cooperate with the victory of military struggle.

The destructive power of war is enormous. “One hundred thousand soldiers were mobilized, and the daily expenditure was thousands of gold coins.” “Nothing was seen when going out, and the plain was covered with bones.” Sun Tzu proposed the way of “total victory”, advocating that by relying on one’s own superior strength, various means should be used in a comprehensive manner, and through comprehensive preparation and continuous maintenance of absolute superiority, the enemy’s political foundation and strategy should be disintegrated, and the enemy should be isolated and helpless. He emphasized the use of military means to form a strategic posture that intimidates the enemy, to achieve maximum benefits with relatively small consumption, and to achieve the goal as much as possible without fighting. This idea is different from the Western theory of strategic intimidation and reflects the flexibility of Chinese strategic thinking.

Sun Tzu regarded “complete victory” as the best outcome of war, rather than just seeking “victory”, with the goal of minimizing the losses of war. The key to “complete victory” is the change in thinking and strategic concepts: not only winning the military, but also winning the political; not only winning the war, but also winning the peace; not only winning the interests, but also winning the hearts of the people. Informatization and intelligentization of war, the destructive power of war is unprecedented, but the means of controlling war have not increased significantly. Therefore, if you want to form a winning trend in wartime and achieve the goal of “no delay in the army and the benefits can be complete”, you cannot wait until the war breaks out before taking action. Instead, you should win the enemy in peacetime and in war preparation activities.

The way to achieve “total victory”: destroy the plots and alliances, and attack the troops and cities

Through in-depth research on war issues, Sun Tzu proposed the strategic idea of ​​”conquering the enemy without fighting”, advocating to avoid bloodshed as much as possible to achieve strategic goals.

Sun Tzu’s “subjugating the enemy without fighting” can be divided into two Fan Tu. “Attacking the enemy’s plans” and “attacking the alliances” belong to the “no-war” Fan Tu; “Attacking the soldiers” and “attack the city” belong to the “cautious war” Fan Tu. Among them, “Attacking the enemy’s plans” and “Attacking the alliances” belonging to the political and diplomatic struggle Fan Tu put the first place in the means of war, through strategic planning and diplomatic games, without losing a single soldier, which is the best strategy. “Attacking the soldiers” and “attack the city” and other military means are the worst strategies used when necessary. Sun Tzu took “subjugating the enemy without fighting” as the highest principle to guide war, opposed the use of military forces, and advocated the greatest victory at the lowest cost. Sun Tzu believed that in order to achieve certain political goals, both military and non-military means can be adopted, and these two means and two ways can be used to comprehensively plan strategic strategies. The best way to resolve contradictions and conflicts between countries and political groups is to use non-violent means to achieve the desired goals, that is, to use a strong military force as a backing, comprehensively use a variety of forces, and through means such as thwarting the enemy’s schemes and destroying the enemy’s diplomacy, divide and disintegrate the enemy’s alliance and make it surrender. Carry out actions with the most complete preparations and the least cost, reduce the harm of war to the lowest level, and avoid causing major losses to the country and the people.

The concept of “conquering the enemy without fighting” does not advocate completely abandoning war, but rather that the key to victory lies in strong military strength and careful advance preparation, supplemented by a variety of means such as politics, economy, military, and diplomacy, to force the enemy not to take the risk of launching a war, thereby avoiding the occurrence of war. “No war” does not mean that military struggle can be abandoned, but is the result of the comprehensive deterrence formed by the comprehensive use of various military and non-military means. At all times, military struggle is the last and most powerful means of all means.

We must clearly realize that “conquering the enemy without fighting” is a special phenomenon and a special law, and “conquering the enemy by fighting” is a universal law. In many cases, the “cause” of “conquering the enemy by fighting” can give rise to the “result” of “conquering the enemy without fighting”. Only when one side is in an absolute advantage and the other side is in an absolute disadvantage in the comprehensive comparison of power, “conquering the enemy without fighting” can be achieved. Without the support of strong military strength, it will be difficult to obtain the expected benefits in the construction of state relations, and the existing benefits will also be lost. Judging from the many military treatises and war practices after Sun Tzu, the idea of ​​”not fighting” has been constantly developing with the evolution of the times and the changes in technical conditions. More and more military strategists of later generations no longer regard absolute non-war as the highest goal, but are more concerned with how to win first and then fight. This evolution reflects the unity of preparing for war, being cautious about war, and daring to fight in Chinese strategic thinking.

The realistic choice of “total victory”: safeguarding the country and the army and maintaining peace

Since ancient times, people have known that war is not about warmongering. The Chinese nation has always loved peace. “War is dangerous” and “Warfare leads to destruction” are the basic attitudes of Chinese traditional culture and the Chinese people towards war. On the issue of war and peace, Sun Tzu advocated resolving disputes by non-war means. Even if military means are used, he opposed the narrow military view that relies solely on force to achieve goals. In Sun Tzu’s view, war is not only about the survival of a country, but also about the rise and fall of a nation. Whether it is “conquering the enemy without fighting” or “the best strategy is to attack the enemy’s plans”, the essence is “stop fighting and seek peace”, which reflects the values ​​and ideals of benevolence and justice, peace-oriented values ​​and ideal pursuits that have been passed down in Chinese history, and strives to resolve disputes by non-war means.

In today’s international society, local wars and terrorism are still huge obstacles to world peace and development. Sun Tzu’s “total victory” thought may provide new ideas for solving these problems. From the perspective of war practice, in today’s world, war is still the “Sword of Damocles” hanging over the heads of mankind. Controlling the scale of war, reducing war casualties, reducing incidental losses, and protecting people’s lives and property have become inevitable requirements for the development of human society and political civilization. The abuse of war means is neither in line with the world’s people’s desire for peace, freedom and development, nor does it help to fundamentally eliminate the inherent contradictions that cause disputes. It may even intensify the conflicts and confrontations between different civilizations, affecting regional and even world peace and stability. Avoiding casualties and destruction is the development trend of human civilization. Relying on power advantage to achieve goals at the lowest cost and in the shortest time is often the best choice. How to reduce the possibility of war, effectively reduce war losses, and better control the scale and progress of war, this trend embodies the goal pursued by Sun Tzu’s “total victory” thought and gives it modern value.

In today’s world, opposing war and maintaining peace have become the common aspirations of all countries in the struggle for their own survival and development. Of course, the jungle law of international competition has not changed, and history is far from the era of turning swords into plowshares. In international politics, we need to proceed from the most fundamental overall interests of mankind, abandon the power politics mentality, understand each other, seek common ground while reserving differences, fully understand the historical traditions of different cultural groups, use war and other violent means prudently, handle international affairs fairly, and promote the formation of a mutually beneficial and win-win world pattern.

現代國語：

探析現代戰爭的「全勝」之道

■趙巳陽

引 言

《孫子兵法》是中國古代軍事理論的代表作，蘊含著豐富的克敵制勝智慧。進入資訊化智慧化戰爭時代，戰爭的有限性、震懾性、混合性等特徵更加突出，凸顯了孫子「不戰而屈人之兵」「伐謀伐交」「安國全軍」等思想的彌足珍貴。 《孫子兵法》所蘊含的製勝智慧，對於破解當今國家安全和戰爭難題，最大限度地限制戰爭暴力並獲得“全勝”，仍具有重要的現實啟示意義。

「全勝」的核心思想：謀攻之法，不戰屈敵

孫子談兵論戰，卻不認為武力是製勝的唯一手段。他提出以謀攻敵，不戰而屈人之兵的「全勝」觀，主張盡可能地透過非暴力手段使敵方屈服，以最小的代價獲取最大勝利。

孫子「全勝」思想，要義是一個「全」字。 「全」就是使敵完全屈服，我方不受損失，從而將戰爭的傷害降到最低。孫子主張，以優勢的實力和充分的迎戰準備為前提條件，綜合運用政治、經濟、外交、武力威懾等手段，通過先機制敵、靈活機變、謀勢造勢，制止戰爭的爆發。按照他的主張，大到敵國敵軍，小到敵旅敵卒都可以不戰而使其屈服，從而達到既打敗對方，又保證兩軍生命安全的目的。在孫子的構想中，不但要珍惜我方軍民的生命，而且要重視保全敵方將士和民眾，避免對抗雙方走向國破家亡的結局。

為達到「全勝」的目的，在戰略謀劃上，要勝敵一籌，「廟算勝者，得算多也」；在力量對比上，要處於優勢，「勝兵若以鎰稱銖」；在戰爭準備上，要周到細緻，「先為不可勝，以待敵之可勝」。 「不戰而屈人之兵」是理想的結局，但在現實戰爭中，往往需要用某一局部的戰而勝之，換取另一局部的「不戰而屈人之兵」。這原則從國家戰略層次到戰鬥層次，都同樣適用。不僅和平時期對制止和遏制戰爭有重要作用，即便在戰爭進程中，也廣泛適用，以削弱敵方實力，打擊敵之氣焰，配合軍事鬥爭的勝利。

戰爭的破壞力是巨大的，「興師十萬，日費千金」「出門無所見，白骨蔽平原」。孫子提出「全勝」之道，主張憑借己方優勢力量，綜合利用各種手段，通過全面的準備和絕對優勢的持續保持，瓦解敵方的政治基礎和戰略，陷敵於孤立無援境地。他強調以軍事手段運用形成威加於敵的戰略態勢，以較小消耗實現最大化收益，盡量用不戰的方式達成目的。這一思想不同於西方的戰略威懾理論，體現了中國戰略思想的彈性。

孫子將“全”作為戰爭的最佳結局，而非一味求“勝”，其目的是將戰爭的損失降至最低限度。 「全勝」的關鍵是思維方式和戰略理念的轉變：不僅贏得軍事，更要贏得政治；不僅贏得戰爭，更要贏得和平；不僅贏得利益，更要贏得人心。資訊化智能化戰爭，戰爭的破壞力空前巨大，但控制戰爭的手段並未明顯增加。因此，要在戰時形成製勝之勢，達到「兵不頓而利可全」的目的，就不能等戰爭爆發以後再行動。而應在和平時期，在戰爭準備活動中就勝敵於先。

「全勝」的實現途徑：伐謀伐交，伐兵攻城

孫子透過對戰爭問題的深入研究，提出「不戰而屈人之兵」這一戰略思想，主張盡量避免用流血手段來達成戰略目的。

孫子「不戰而屈人之兵」可分為兩個範疇。 「伐謀」和「伐交」屬於「不戰」的範疇；「伐兵」和「攻城」屬於「慎戰」的範疇。其中，把屬於政治外交鬥爭範疇的「伐謀」和「伐交」擺在戰爭手段的首位，通過謀略運籌與外交博弈，不損一兵一卒，是為上策。 「伐兵」「攻城」等軍事手段則是不得已而用的下策。孫子以「不戰而屈人之兵」作為指導戰爭的最高原則，反對窮兵黷武，主張以最小的代價換取最大的勝利。孫子認為，為實現一定的政治目的，既可以採取軍事手段，也可以採取非軍事手段，以這兩種手段、兩種方式去綜合籌劃戰略策略。解決國家之間、政治集團之間的矛盾和沖突的最佳方法是採用非暴力手段達成預期目的，即以強大的軍事實力為後盾，綜合運用多種力量，通過挫敗敵方的計謀、破壞敵方的外交等手段，分化瓦解敵人的聯盟，使之屈服。以最全的準備和最小的代價實施行動，把戰爭的危害降到最低程度，避免對國家、人民造成重大損失。

「不戰而屈人之兵」理念並非主張完全擯棄戰爭，而是講取勝的關鍵在於強大的軍事實力和周密的預先準備，並輔之以政治、經濟、軍事、外交等多種手段，迫使敵人不敢冒險發動戰爭，進而避免戰爭發生。 「不戰」絕不代表可以放棄軍事鬥爭，而是綜合運用軍事與非軍事的各種手段所形成的綜合威懾力的結果。無論何時，軍事鬥爭是一切手段中最後也是最有力的手段。

必須清醒地認識到，「不戰而屈人之兵」是特殊現象和特殊規律，「戰而屈人之兵」才是普遍規律。很多時候，“戰而屈人之兵”的“因”才能催生出“不戰而屈人之兵”的“果”，只有在力量的綜合對比中，一方處於絕對優勢，而另一方處在絕對劣勢的情況下，「不戰而屈人之兵」才有可能實現。缺少了強大軍事實力的支撐，在國家關系構建中，預期的利益就難以獲得，已有的利益也將喪失。從孫子以後的諸多兵家論著與戰爭實踐來看，「不戰」的思想隨著時代的演進和技術條件的改變而不斷發展。更多的後世兵家不再把絕對化的非戰視為最高目標，而是更重視如何先勝後戰。這種演變，體現中國戰略思想中備戰、慎戰、敢戰的統一。

「全勝」的現實選擇：安國全軍，維護和平

自古知兵非好戰。中華民族歷來熱愛和平，「兵兇戰危」「好戰必亡」是中國傳統文化和中國人民對待戰爭的基本態度。在戰爭與和平問題上，孫子主張以非戰爭手段解決爭端。即使是運用軍事手段，也反對單純依賴武力達成目的的狹隘軍事觀點。在孫子看來，戰爭不僅事關國家存亡，也事關民族興衰。無論是“不戰而屈人之兵”，還是“上兵伐謀”，其精髓均在於“止戈謀和”，這集中反映了中國歷史上一脈相承的仁義為本、以和平為取向的價值觀和理想追求，力求以非戰爭手段解決爭端的文化傳統。

當今國際社會，局部戰爭與恐怖主義仍然是橫亙在世界和平與發展道路上的巨大障礙。而孫子的「全勝」思想或許能夠為破解這些難題提供新的思路。從戰爭實踐講，當今世界，戰爭仍然是懸掛在人類頭頂上的「達摩克利斯之劍」。控制戰爭規模，減少戰爭傷亡，降低附帶損失，保護人民生命和財產，成為人類社會政治文明發展的必然要求。濫用戰爭手段，既不符合世界人民追求和平、自由與發展的願望，也無助於從根本上消除引發紛爭的固有矛盾，甚至加劇不同文明之間的沖突與對抗，影響地區乃至世界和平與穩定。避免傷亡和破壞是人類文明的發展趨勢，以最小代價和在最短時間內實現目標往往成為最佳選擇。如何把戰爭可能性降低，有效減少戰爭損失，更好地控制戰爭規模和進程，這一趨勢正體現了孫子「全勝」思想所追求的目標，並為其賦予了現代價值。

當今世界，反對戰爭、維護和平，已成為各國在爭取自身生存和發展鬥爭過程中共同的心願。當然，國際競爭的叢林法則並沒有改變，歷史遠沒有走到鑄劍為犁的時代。在國際政治中，需要從人類最根本的整體利益出發，放棄強權政治思維，相互理解、求同存異，充分理解不同文化群體的歷史傳統，慎重運用戰爭等暴力手段，公平處理國際事務，推動形成互利共贏的世界格局。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16354594.html

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Chinese Weaponization of Digitalization, Networking, Intelligence, Grasping the Focus New Chinese Generation of Information Technology

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數位化、網路化、智慧化的中國武器化，抓住中國新一代資訊科技的焦點

現代英語：

Digitalization, networking, and intelligence are the prominent features of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, and are also the core of the new generation of information technology. Digitalization lays the foundation for social informatization, and its development trend is the comprehensive dataization of society. Dataization emphasizes the collection, aggregation, analysis and application of data. Networking provides a physical carrier for information dissemination, and its development trend is the widespread adoption of information-physical systems (CPS). Information-physical systems will not only give birth to new industries, but will even reshape the existing industrial layout. Intelligence reflects the level and level of information application, and its development trend is the new generation of artificial intelligence. At present, the upsurge of the new generation of artificial intelligence has arrived.

　　In his important speech at the 2018 General Assembly of Academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out: “The world is entering a period of economic development dominated by the information industry. We must seize the opportunity of the integrated development of digitalization, networking, and intelligence, and use informatization and intelligence as leverage to cultivate new momentum.” This important statement is an accurate grasp of the dominant role and development trend of information technology in today’s world, and an important deployment for using information technology to promote national innovation and development.

　　Human society, the physical world, and information space constitute the three elements of today’s world. The connection and interaction between these three worlds determine the characteristics and degree of social informatization. The basic way to perceive human society and the physical world is digitization, the basic way to connect human society and the physical world (through information space) is networking, and the way information space acts on the physical world and human society is intelligence. Digitalization, networking, and intelligence are the prominent features of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, and are also the focus of the new generation of information technology. Digitalization lays the foundation for social informatization, and its development trend is the comprehensive dataization of society; networking provides a physical carrier for information dissemination, and its development trend is the widespread adoption of information-physical systems (CPS); intelligence reflects the level and level of information application, and its development trend is the new generation of artificial intelligence.

　　Digitalization: From computerization to dataization

　　Digitalization refers to the technical approach of storing, transmitting, processing, handling and applying information carriers (text, pictures, images, signals, etc.) in digital coding form (usually binary). Digitalization itself refers to the way of representing and processing information, but in essence it emphasizes the computerization and automation of information application. In addition to digitalization, dataization (data is an information carrier in coded form, and all data is digital) emphasizes the collection, aggregation, analysis and application of data, and strengthens the production factors and productivity functions of data. Digitalization is developing from computerization to dataization, which is one of the most important trends in the current social informatization.

　　The core connotation of dataization is the deep understanding and deep use of big data generated by the integration of information technology revolution and economic and social activities. Big data is a fragmentary record of social economy, real world, management decision-making, etc., containing fragmented information. With the breakthrough of analytical technology and computing technology, it is possible to interpret this fragmented information, which makes big data a new high-tech, a new scientific research paradigm, and a new way of decision-making. Big data has profoundly changed the way people think and live and work, bringing unprecedented opportunities to management innovation, industrial development, scientific discovery and other fields.

　　The value generation of big data has its inherent laws (obeying the big data principle). Only by deeply understanding and mastering these laws can we improve the awareness and ability to consciously and scientifically use big data (big data thinking). The value of big data is mainly realized through big data technology. Big data technology is an extension and development of statistical methods, computer technology, and artificial intelligence technology. It is a developing technology. The current hot directions include: blockchain technology, interoperability technology, storage and management technology of integrated storage and computing, big data operating system, big data programming language and execution environment, big data foundation and core algorithm, big data machine learning technology, big data intelligent technology, visualization and human-computer interaction analysis technology, authenticity judgment and security technology, etc. The development of big data technology depends on the solution of some major basic problems, including: the statistical basis and computational theoretical basis of big data, the hardware and software basis and computational methods of big data computing, and the authenticity judgment of big data inference.

　　Implementing the national big data strategy is an important way to promote the digital revolution. Since my country proposed the implementation of the national big data strategy in 2015, the pattern of rapid development of big data in my country has been initially formed, but there are also some problems that need to be solved: data openness and sharing are lagging, and the dividends of data resources have not been fully released; the profit model of enterprises is unstable, and the integrity of the industrial chain is insufficient; core technologies have not yet made major breakthroughs, and the technical level of related applications is not high; there are still loopholes in security management and privacy protection, and the construction of relevant systems is still not perfect; etc. At present, effective measures should be taken to solve the bottleneck problems that restrict the development of big data in my country.

　　Networking: From the Internet to Cyber-Physical Systems

　　As an information-based public infrastructure, the Internet has become the main way for people to obtain, exchange and consume information. However, the Internet only focuses on the interconnection between people and the resulting interconnection between services.

　　The Internet of Things is a natural extension and expansion of the Internet. It connects various objects to the Internet through information technology, helping people obtain relevant information about the objects they need. The Internet of Things uses information collection equipment such as radio frequency identification, sensors, infrared sensors, video surveillance, global positioning systems, laser scanners, etc., and connects objects to the Internet through wireless sensor networks and wireless communication networks, so as to achieve real-time information exchange and communication between objects and between people and objects, so as to achieve the purpose of intelligent identification, positioning, tracking, monitoring and management. The Internet realizes the interconnection between people and services, while the Internet of Things realizes the cross-connection between people, objects and services. The core technologies of the Internet of Things include: sensor technology, wireless transmission technology, massive data analysis and processing technology, upper-level business solutions, security technology, etc. The development of the Internet of Things will go through a relatively long period, but it may take the lead in achieving breakthroughs in applications in specific fields. Internet of Vehicles, Industrial Internet, unmanned systems, smart homes, etc. are all areas where the Internet of Things is currently showing its prowess.

　　The Internet of Things mainly solves the problem of people’s perception of the physical world, while to solve the problem of manipulating physical objects, it is necessary to further develop the cyber-physical system (CPS). The cyber-physical system is a multi-dimensional complex system that integrates computing, networking and physical environment. It realizes real-time perception, dynamic control and information services of large engineering systems through the organic integration and deep collaboration of 3C (Computer, Communication, Control) technologies. Through the human-computer interaction interface, the cyber-physical system realizes the interaction between the computing process and the physical process, and uses the networked space to control a physical entity in a remote, reliable, real-time, secure and collaborative manner. In essence, the cyber-physical system is a network with control attributes.

　　Unlike public infrastructure that provides information interaction and application, the focus of the development of cyber-physical systems is on the research and development of networked physical equipment systems that deeply integrate perception, computing, communication and control capabilities. From an industrial perspective, cyber-physical systems cover a range of applications from smart home networks to industrial control systems and even intelligent transportation systems, which are national and even world-class applications. More importantly, this coverage is not just about simply connecting existing devices together, but will give rise to a large number of devices with computing, communication, control, collaboration and autonomous capabilities. The next generation of industry will be built on cyber-physical systems. With the development and popularization of cyber-physical system technology, physical devices that use computers and networks to achieve functional expansion will be ubiquitous, and will promote the upgrading of industrial products and technologies, greatly improving the competitiveness of major industrial fields such as automobiles, aerospace, national defense, industrial automation, health and medical equipment, and major infrastructure. Cyber-physical systems will not only give birth to new industries, but will even reshape the existing industrial layout.

　　Intelligence: From Expert Systems to Meta-Learning

　　Intelligence reflects the quality attributes of information products. When we say that an information product is intelligent, we usually mean that the product can accomplish things that only intelligent people can accomplish, or has reached a level that only humans can achieve. Intelligence generally includes perception, memory and thinking, learning and adaptive, behavioral decision-making, etc. Therefore, intelligence can also be generally defined as: enabling an object to have sensitive and accurate perception functions, correct thinking and judgment functions, adaptive learning functions, and effective execution functions.

　　Intelligence is the eternal pursuit of the development of information technology, and the main way to achieve this pursuit is to develop artificial intelligence technology. In the more than 60 years since the birth of artificial intelligence technology, although it has experienced three ups and two downs, it has still made great achievements. From 1959 to 1976, it was a stage based on artificial representation of knowledge and symbol processing, which produced expert systems with important application value in some fields; from 1976 to 2007, it was a stage based on statistical learning and knowledge self-representation, which produced various neural network systems; in recent years, research based on environmental adaptation, self-game, self-evolution, and self-learning is forming a new stage of artificial intelligence development – meta-learning or methodological learning stage, which constitutes a new generation of artificial intelligence. The new generation of artificial intelligence mainly includes big data intelligence, group intelligence, cross-media intelligence, human-machine hybrid enhanced intelligence, and brain-like intelligence.

　　Deep learning is an outstanding representative of the new generation of artificial intelligence technology. Due to its performance that surpasses that of humans in many fields such as face recognition, machine translation, and chess competitions, deep learning has almost become synonymous with artificial intelligence today. However, deep learning has major challenges in terms of topological design, effect prediction, and mechanism explanation. There is no solid mathematical theory to support the solution of these three major problems. Solving these problems is the main focus of future research on deep learning. In addition, deep learning is a typical big data intelligence, and its applicability is based on the existence of a large number of training samples. Small sample learning will be the development trend of deep learning.

　　Meta-learning is expected to become the next breakthrough in the development of artificial intelligence. Recently developed meta-learning methods such as learning to learn, learning to teach, learning to optimize, learning to search, and learning to reason, as well as the outstanding performance of “AlphaGo Zero” in Go, have demonstrated the attractive prospects of such new technologies. However, meta-learning research is only just beginning, and its development still faces a series of challenges.

　　The new generation of artificial intelligence is already here, and the foreseeable development trend is based on big data, centered on model and algorithm innovation, and supported by powerful computing power. The breakthrough of the new generation of artificial intelligence technology depends on the comprehensive development of other types of information technology, as well as the substantial progress and development of brain science and cognitive science. (Xu Zongben, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and professor of Xi’an Jiaotong University)

現代國語：

數位化、網路化、智慧化是新一輪科技革命的突出特徵，也是新一代資訊科技的核心。數位化為社會資訊化奠定基礎，其發展趨勢是社會的全面數據化。資料化強調對資料的收集、聚合、分析與應用。網路化為資訊傳播提供實體載體，其發展趨勢是資訊物理系統（CPS）的廣泛採用。資訊物理系統不僅會催生出新的工業，甚至會重塑現有產業佈局。智慧化體現資訊應用的層次與水平，其發展趨勢為新一代人工智慧。目前，新一代人工智慧的熱潮已經來臨。

習近平同志在2018年兩院院士大會上的重要演講指出：「世界正進入以資訊產業為主導的經濟發展時期。我們要把握數位化、網路化、智慧化融合發展的契機，以資訊化、智慧化為槓桿培育新動能。

人類社會、物理世界、資訊空間構成了當今世界的三元。這三元世界之間的關聯與交互，決定了社會資訊化的特徵與程度。感知人類社會和物理世界的基本方式是數位化，連結人類社會與物理世界（透過資訊空間）的基本方式是網路化，資訊空間作用於物理世界與人類社會的方式是智慧化。數位化、網路化、智慧化是新一輪科技革命的突出特徵，也是新一代資訊科技的聚焦點。數位化為社會資訊化奠定基礎，其發展趨勢是社會的全面資料化；網路化為資訊傳播提供物理載體，其發展趨勢是資訊物理系統（CPS）的廣泛採用；智慧化體現資訊應用的層次與水平，其發展趨勢是新一代人工智慧。

數位化：從電腦化到資料化

數位化是指將資訊載體（文字、圖片、影像、訊號等）以數位編碼形式（通常是二進位）進行儲存、傳輸、加工、處理和應用的技術途徑。數位化本身指的是資訊表示方式與處理方式，但本質上強調的是資訊應用的電腦化和自動化。資料化（資料是以編碼形式存在的資訊載體，所有資料都是數位化的）除包括數位化外，更強調對資料的收集、聚合、分析與應用，強化資料的生產要素與生產力功能。數位化正從電腦化朝向資料化發展，這是當前社會資訊化最重要的趨勢之一。

資料化的核心內涵是對資訊科技革命與經濟社會活動交融生成的大數據的深刻認識與深層利用。大數據是社會經濟、現實世界、管理決策等的片段記錄，蘊含著片段化資訊。隨著分析技術與運算技術的突破，解讀這些片段化資訊成為可能，這使得大數據成為一項新的高新技術、一類新的科學研究範式、一種新的決策方式。大數據深刻改變了人類的思考方式和生產生活方式，為管理創新、產業發展、科學發現等多個領域帶來前所未有的機會。

大數據的價值生成有其內在規律（服從大數據原理）。只有深刻認識並掌握這些規律，才能提高自覺運用、科學運用大數據的意識與能力（大數據思維）。大數據的價值主要透過大數據技術來實現。大數據技術是統計學方法、電腦技術、人工智慧技術的延伸與發展，是正在發展中的技術，目前的熱點方向包括：區塊鏈技術、互通技術、存算一體化儲存與管理技術、大數據作業系統、大數據程式語言與執行環境、大數據基礎與核心演算法、大數據機器學習技術、大數據智慧技術、視覺化與人機互動分析技術、真偽判定與安全技術等。大數據技術的發展依賴一些重大基礎問題的解決，這些重大基礎問題包括：大數據的統計基礎與計算理論基礎、大數據計算的軟硬體基礎與計算方法、大數據推斷的真偽性判定等。

實施國家大數據戰略是推動資料化革命的重要途徑。自2015年我國提出實施國家大數據戰略以來，我國大數據快速發展的格局已初步形成，但也存在一些亟待解決的問題：數據開放共享滯後，數據資源紅利仍未得到充分釋放；企業贏利模式不穩定，產業鏈完整性不足；核心技術尚未取得重大突破，相關應用的技術水準不高；安全管理與隱私保護還存在漏洞，相關制度建設仍不夠完善；等等。目前，應採取有效措施解決制約我國大數據發展的瓶頸問題。

網路化：從網際網路到資訊物理系統

作為資訊化的公共基礎設施，網路已成為人們獲取資訊、交換資訊、消費資訊的主要方式。但是，網路關注的只是人與人之間的互聯互通以及由此帶來的服務與服務的互聯。

物聯網是互聯網的自然延伸和拓展，它透過資訊科技將各種物體與網路相連，幫助人們獲取所需物體的相關資訊。物聯網透過使用射頻識別、感測器、紅外線感應器、視訊監控、全球定位系統、雷射掃描器等資訊擷取設備，透過無線感測網路、無線通訊網路把物體與網路連接起來，實現物與物、人與物之間的即時資訊交換和通信，以達到智慧化識別、定位、追蹤、監控和管理的目的。互聯網實現了人與人、服務與服務之間的互聯， 而物聯網實現了人、物、服務之間的交叉互聯。物聯網的核心技術包括：感測器技術、無線傳輸技術、大量資料分析處理技術、上層業務解決方案、安全技術等。物聯網的發展將經歷相對漫長的時期，但可能會在特定領域的應用中率先取得突破，車聯網、工業互聯網、無人系統、智慧家庭等都是當前物聯網大顯身手的領域。

物聯網主要解決人對物理世界的感知問題，而要解決對物理對象的操控問題則必須進一步發展資訊物理系統（CPS）。資訊物理系統是一個綜合運算、網路和物理環境的多維複雜系統，它透過3C（Computer、Communication、Control）技術的有機融合與深度協作，實現對大型工程系統的即時感知、動態控制和資訊服務。透過人機交互接口，資訊物理系統實現計算進程與實體進程的交互，利用網路化空間以遠端、可靠、即時、安全、協作的方式操控一個實體實體。從本質上來說，資訊物理系統是一個具有控制屬性的網路。

不同於提供資訊互動與應用的公用基礎設施，資訊物理系統發展的聚焦點在於研發深度融合感知、運算、通訊與控制能力的網路化實體設備系統。從產業角度來看，資訊物理系統的涵蓋範圍小到智慧家庭網路、大到工業控制系統乃至智慧交通系統等國家級甚至世界級的應用。更重要的是，這種涵蓋並不僅僅是將現有的設備簡單地連在一起，而是會催生出眾多具有計算、通訊、控制、協同和自治性能的設備，下一代工業將建立在在資訊物理系統之上。隨著資訊物理系統技術的發展和普及，使用電腦和網路實現功能擴展的實體設備將無所不在，並推動工業產品和技術的升級換代，大大提高汽車、航空航太、國防、工業自動化、健康醫療設備、重大基礎設施等主要工業領域的競爭力。資訊物理系統不僅會催生出新的工業，甚至會重塑現有產業佈局。

智能化：從專家系統到元學習

智能化反映資訊產品的品質屬性。我們說一個資訊產品是智慧的，通常是指這個產品能完成有智慧的人才能完成的事情，或是已經達到人類才能達到的程度。智能一般包括知覺能力、記憶與思考能力、學習與適應力、行為決策能力等。所以，智能化通常也可定義為：使對象具備靈敏準確的感知功能、正確的思考與判斷功能、自適應的學習功能、行之有效的執行功能等。

智能化是資訊科技發展的永恆追求，實現這項追求的主要途徑是發展人工智慧技術。人工智慧技術誕生60多年來，雖歷經三起兩落，但還是取得了巨大成就。 1959—1976年是基於人工表示知識和符號處理的階段，產生了在一些領域具有重要應用價值的專家系統；1976—2007年是基於統計學習和知識自表示的階段，產生了各種各樣的神經網路系統；近幾年開始的基於環境自適應、自博弈、自進化、自學習的研究，正在形成一個人工智慧發展的新階段——元學習或方法論學習階段，這構成新一代人工智慧。新一代人工智慧主要包括大數據智慧、群體智慧、跨媒體智慧、人機混合增強智慧和類腦智慧等。

深度學習是新一代人工智慧技術的卓越代表。由於在人臉辨識、機器翻譯、棋類競賽等眾多領域超越人類的表現，深度學習在今天幾乎已成為人工智慧的代名詞。然而，深度學習拓樸設計難、效果預期難、機理解釋難是重大挑戰，還沒有一套堅實的數學理論來支持解決這三大難題。解決這些難題是深度學習未來研究的主要關注點。此外，深度學習是典型的大數據智能，它的可應用性是以存在大量訓練樣本為基礎的。小樣本學習將是深度學習的發展趨勢。

元學習有望成為人工智慧發展的下一個突破口。學會學習、學會教學、學會優化、學會搜尋、學會推理等新近發展的元學習方法以及「AlphaGo Zero」在圍棋方面的出色表現，展現了這類新技術的誘人前景。然而，元學習研究僅是開始，其發展還面臨一系列挑戰。

新一代人工智慧的熱潮已經來臨，可以預見的發展趨勢是以大數據為基礎、以模型與演算法創新為核心、以強大的運算能力為支撐。新一代人工智慧技術的突破依賴其他各類資訊技術的綜合發展，也依賴腦科學與認知科學的實質進步與發展。 （中國科學院院士、西安交通大學教授 徐宗本）

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.cac.gov.cn/2019-03/01/c_1124178478.htm

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Talent Base, Research Content & Innovative Methods Enhanc Modernization of China’s Military Theory Under Empowerment of Science and Technology

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人才基礎、研究內容與創新方法提昇科技賦能下的中國軍事理論現代化

現代英語：

Empowering military theory modernization with technology

■Chen Jihao and Liu Yangyue

At present, with the accelerated evolution of a new round of military revolution and the rapid development of disruptive military science and technology, the modernization of military theory has increasingly become a modernization that closely combines military theory with military science and technology and promotes the continuous innovation of military theory with the empowerment of science and technology. To accelerate the modernization of military theory, it is necessary to correctly recognize the development relationship between military science and technology and military theory, and explore the talent base, research content and innovation methods of the modernization of military theory under the empowerment of science and technology.

Cultivating innovative military theoretical talents led by science and technology

Talents are the main body of military theory innovation, and building a high-level, complex team of theoretical innovation talents is the key to realizing the modernization of military theory. Modern military theory research presents a situation of mutual intersection and deep integration of natural sciences and social sciences. It is necessary to cultivate a large number of military innovation talents with integrated science and technology, create a collaborative and open theoretical innovation organization model, and provide intellectual support for promoting the modernization of military theory.

First, military theory researchers must have a “scientific and technological mind” to enhance their understanding, application and discernment of science and technology. Military theory researchers must keep abreast of the latest developments in science and technology, use multidisciplinary cross-border thinking to understand the full meaning of science and technology, and tap the huge military potential of cutting-edge science and technology; they must focus on introducing scientific research methods into military theory research, borrow methods such as big data analysis to study military theory, combine qualitative research with quantitative research, and overcome the limitations of the original military theory research that is experience-oriented and lacks precision; at the same time, they must be good at identifying those “pseudo-sciences” that claim to be at the forefront of science and technology, and see through the technological “fog” released by competitors. Second, military science and technology researchers must have theoretical thinking. Military science and technology researchers should overcome the narrow-minded thinking of “technological determinism”, realize that natural sciences and social sciences are intertwined rather than diametrically opposed, and actively use scientific theories to guide military research. At the same time, they should focus on learning and studying advanced military theories, strengthen their understanding of the war situation and winning mechanism, and deepen their understanding of the application value and development trend of military technology. Thirdly, establish and improve the exchange and cooperation mechanism between theoretical talents and scientific and technological talents. Based on comprehensive research topics, experts from various fields can be widely drawn to form interdisciplinary joint research groups, give full play to their respective strengths, and ignite theoretical innovation sparks in constant cross-collisions. Different types of research units can also select personnel for cross-appointments, so as to encourage theoretical and scientific talents to learn from each other and grow together, open up disciplinary and innovation chains, and enhance the overall effectiveness of theoretical innovation.

Focus on science and technology-led military theory research content

Although there are some universal principles in military theory, the specific content will continue to change with the evolution of the times and practice. In today’s world, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution is advancing by leaps and bounds. The emergence of a series of high-tech technologies and their extensive application in the military field have triggered profound changes in the mechanisms, elements and methods of winning wars, providing new research objects for military theory research.

First, we need to study powerful enemies. The confrontational nature of war determines that military theory research must keep a close eye on the changes of powerful enemies and compete for the commanding heights of military theory. At present, the world’s major powers are stepping up the development of new operational concepts and tactics in response to cutting-edge technologies. Military theory research must adhere to the principle of “you fight yours, I fight mine”, and use the method of “dissecting sparrows” to clarify the opponent’s operational concepts, methods and capabilities. At the same time, we must keep a close eye on changes in science and technology, strengthen the development of new operational concepts, and achieve a transition from follow-up research to synchronization and then to catching up, so as to form an asymmetric balance of power in military theory. Secondly, we must study intelligent warfare. In today’s world, the development of disruptive cutting-edge technologies has promoted the evolution of war forms towards intelligence, and the temporal and spatial characteristics and offensive and defensive modes of war have undergone profound changes. Military theory research should focus on intelligent warfare, accurately grasp the laws and characteristics of intelligent warfare, actively predict the impact of science and technology on future wars, and realize the transformation from passive adaptation to active design of war. Thirdly, we should study new quality combat power. The development of science and technology has given rise to new quality combat power, changed the combination of people and weapons, and directly contributed to the birth of new quality combat power. For example, in the future battlefield, human-machine integrated joint combat actions will become an important combat mode, and it will be possible for a small number of soldiers to lead a large number of “bee swarms”, “fish swarms” and ” ant swarms” to conduct intelligent cluster combat. Military theory research should focus on new types of combat capabilities, seize opportunities in emerging fields, take the initiative, and proactively explore the generation paths and release patterns of new types of combat capabilities. Advanced theories should be used to guide and drive the construction of new types of combat forces in new domains, providing theoretical support for accelerating the incubation and generation of new types of combat capabilities.

Create a military theory research paradigm supported by science and technology

The intelligent science paradigm is called the “fifth paradigm” of scientific research. It is a cross-domain scientific research paradigm supported by artificial intelligence technology, integrating human values ​​​​and knowledge, and characterized by human-machine integration. Entering the era of intelligence, big data and artificial intelligence are developing rapidly, requiring the “intelligent factor” to be organically integrated into the practice of military theoretical research in an all-round way, opening up the “fifth paradigm” of military theoretical research.

First, explore data-centric research methods. Artificial intelligence technology can comprehensively collect battlefield intelligence data on a large scale, efficiently screen and integrate multi-source data, and realize nonlinear coupling and complex correlation of cross-domain and cross-scenario data. We must give full play to the powerful functions of artificial intelligence technology in multi-dimensional data collection and multi-dimensional data processing, open up the data links between military theories, technologies, equipment and other elements, and realize data-centric cross-domain synergy and efficiency among various research elements, and connect the “underlying channel” of the integration of theory and technology. Secondly, innovate the research model of human-machine collaboration. With the continuous improvement of the intelligence level of machines, the research model of ” human-host-machine-slave” has gradually changed to “human-machine integration.” The global knowledge and associative prediction capabilities of artificial intelligence are helping researchers break through the limitations of traditional thinking, eliminate traditional field divisions, and open up a ” brainstorm” in military theory research. We need to explore innovative models for deep integration of humans and machines, establish a dynamic feedback mechanism for positive-sum games, combine researchers’ nonlinear abstract thinking with the powerful computing power of machines, and achieve knowledge integration and communication, dynamic simulation and deduction, forward-looking analysis and decision-making, providing the greatest wisdom increment for military theory research. Secondly, create a “pre-practice” platform for military theory. Practice is the “touchstone” for testing the results of military theory. Only by constantly moving from practice to theory and then to practice can we achieve a spiral rise in military theory. On the one hand, we can use advanced scientific and technological means such as virtual reality technology and artificial intelligence technology to build a virtual experimental platform, simulate and simulate combat scenarios and combat power generation processes through deduction, analysis, evaluation and other means, and test the practicality and operability of conceptual design in a realistic experimental environment, so as to continuously improve and develop military theory; we can also use generative artificial intelligence to generate “semi-factual” combat scenarios, directly display the combat process and results in a visual way, inspire the thinking of military theorists, and shorten the new theory generation cycle. On the other hand, comprehensive live-fire training activities are used to conduct comprehensive combat experiments under the preset future battlefield environment and combat conditions, which complement virtual experiments and provide more reliable pre-practice quantitative data to verify and develop military theories in an environment closer to actual combat.

現代國語：

以科技賦能軍事理論現代化

■陳紀豪 劉楊鉞

當前，隨著新一輪軍事革命的加速演進和顛覆性軍事科技的高速發展，軍事理論現代化日益成為軍事理論與軍事科技緊密結合、以科技賦能推動軍事理論不斷創新的現代化。加速軍事理論現代化，需要正確認識軍事科技與軍事理論的發展關系，探索科技賦能下軍事理論現代化的人才基礎、研究內容與創新方法。

培養科技引領的軍事理論創新人才

人才是軍事理論創新的主體，建立一支高層次複合型的理論創新人才隊伍是實現軍事理論現代化的關鍵。現代軍事理論研究呈現自然科學與社會科學相互交叉、深度融合的局面，需要培養大量理技融合型軍事創新人才，打造協同開放的理論創新組織模式，為推動軍事理論現代化提供智力支持。

首先，軍事理論研究人員要有“科技頭腦”，增強對科技的理解力、運用力和鑑別力。軍事理論研究人員要及時掌握最新的科技發展動態，利用多學科交叉的跨界思維理解科技中蘊含的全部意義，發掘前沿科技的巨大軍事潛力；要注重將科學研究的方法引入軍事理論研究，借鑑大數據分析等方法來研究軍事理論，將定性研究和定量研究結合起來，克服原有軍事理論研究經驗主導和精確性不足的局限；與此同時，還要善於識破那些打著科技前沿名號的“偽科學”，看清競爭對手釋放的科技“迷霧”。其次，軍事科技研究人員要有理論思維。軍事科技研究人員要克服「技術決定論」的狹隘思維，認識到自然科學和社會科學是相互交織而非截然對立的，主動用科學的理論去指導軍事科研，同時注重對先進軍事理論的學習和研究，加強對戰爭形態和製勝機理的認識，深化對軍事技術應用價值和發展趨勢的理解。再次，建立健全理論人才與科技人才的交流合作機制。可綜合性研究課題為牽引，廣泛抽調各領域專家組成跨學科聯合課題研究組，發揮各自特長，在不斷地交叉碰撞之中點燃理論創新火花。不同類型的研究單位還可以互相選派人員進行交叉任職，促使理論人才和科技人才相互借鑑、共同成長，打通學科鏈、創新鏈，提升理論創新整體效能。

聚焦科技主導的軍事理論研究內容

軍事理論中雖然有著一些古今通用的原理，但具體內容會隨著時代和實踐的演進而不斷變化。當今世界，新一輪科技革命和產業革命突飛猛進，一系列高新技術的出現和在軍事領域的廣泛運用，引發戰爭制勝機理、制勝要素和製勝方式的深刻變化，為軍事理論研究提供了新的研究對象。

首先，要研究強敵對手。戰爭的對抗性決定了軍事理論研究必須緊盯強敵之變，爭奪軍事理論制高點。當前，世界主要大國正在針對前沿科技加緊開發新的作戰概念與戰術戰法，軍事理論研究要堅持“你打你的，我打我的”，以“解剖麻雀”的方式把對手的作戰概念、作戰方式和作戰能力搞清楚。同時要緊盯科技之變，加強開發新的作戰概念，實現從跟進研究到同步再到趕超，在軍事理論上形成非對稱制衡優勢。其次，要研究智能化戰爭。當今世界，顛覆性前沿科技的發展助推戰爭形態朝向智慧化演進，戰爭的時空特性和攻防模式已經發生深刻改變。軍事理論研究要聚焦智慧化戰爭，精確掌握智慧化戰爭規律與特點，積極預測科技對未來戰爭的影響，實現從被動適應戰爭轉變為主動設計戰爭。再次，要研究新質戰鬥力。科技的發展催生了新質作戰力量，改變了人和武器的結合方式，直接促成了新質戰鬥力的誕生。例如，未來戰場人機一體的聯合作戰行動將成為重要作戰樣態，極少數士兵帶領數量龐大的「蜂群」「魚群」「蟻群」進行智慧集群作戰成為可能。軍事理論研究要聚焦新質戰鬥力，在新興領域中抓住機遇，下好先手棋、打好主動仗，前瞻探索新質戰鬥力的生成路徑和釋放規律，以先進理論牽引拉動新域新質作戰力量建設，為加速新質戰鬥力的孵化與生成提供理論支撐。

打造科技支撐的軍事理論研究範式

智慧科學範式被稱為科學研究的“第五範式”，是一種以人工智慧技術為支撐，以融入人的價值和知識為手段，以人機共融為特徵的跨領域科學研究規範。進入智能化時代，大數據和人工智慧發展迅速，要求把「智能因子」全方位有機融入軍事理論研究實踐之中，開啟軍事理論研究的「第五範式」。

首先，探索以數據為中心的研究方法。人工智慧技術能夠大幅蒐集戰場情報數據，高效篩选和整合多源數據，實現跨域和跨場景數據非線性耦合和復雜關聯。要充分發揮人工智慧技術多元資料蒐集與多維資料處理的強大功能，打通軍事理論、技術、裝備等各要素之間的資料鏈路，實現各研究要素間以資料為中心的跨域協同增效，貫通理技融合的「底層通道」。其次，創新人機協同的研究模式。隨著機器智慧化程度的不斷提高，「人體主機從」的研究模式逐漸轉變為「人機融合」。人工智慧的全局知識和關聯預測能力正在幫助研究者突破傳統思維局限，消弭傳統領域分割，開啟軍事理論研究的「頭腦風暴」。要探索人機深度融合的創新模式，建立正和博弈的動態回饋機制，將研究者的非線性抽象思維與機器的強大算力優勢結合起來，實現知識整合與貫通、動態模擬與推演、前瞻分析及決策，為軍事理論研究提供最大智慧增量。再次，打造軍事理論「預實踐」平台。實踐是檢驗軍事理論成果的“試金石”，只有不斷地從實踐到理論再到實踐，才能實現軍事理論螺旋式上升。一方面，利用虛擬現實技術、人工智慧技術等先進科技手段建立虛擬實驗平台，透過推演、分析、評估等手段對作戰場景和戰鬥力生成過程進行模擬和模擬，在逼真的實驗環境中檢驗概念設計的實用性和可操作性，從而不斷完善和發展軍事理論；還可以利用生成式人工智慧生成「半事實」的作戰場景，以可視化的方式來直接展現戰鬥過程和結果，啟發軍事理論人員思維，縮短新理論生成週期。另一方面，綜合運用實兵演訓活動，在預設的未來戰場環境和作戰條件之下，進行綜合性作戰實驗，與虛擬實驗相互補充，提供更為可靠的預實踐量化數據，在更為接近實戰化的環境之中驗證與發展軍事理論。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16361834.html

Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國支持認知對抗的軍事決策與觀點, 中國的情報戰, 中國的耗散戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 中國軍隊瞄準未來戰爭打好五場認知戰, 中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 元宇宙, 國家網絡空間安全戰略, 國防和軍隊現代化建設, 域作战突出属性, 認知戰, 新軍事變革, 解放軍展望未來戰爭發展, 認知域戰, 認知域操作, 認知對抗, 認知戰, 認知領域操作, 資料來源：中國外交部, 贏得現代戰爭認知領域作戰的關鍵, 軍事多域作戰, 軍事認知戰

Accelerate Development of Chinese National Defense Science and Technology Innovation to Help Modernization of China’s Military

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加速發展國防科技創新 協助軍隊現代化

現代英語：

President Xi Jinping stressed that military scientific research is highly exploratory, and innovation should be placed in a more prominent position, strategic planning and top-level design should be done well, military theory innovation, national defense science and technology innovation, and innovation in the organizational model of military scientific research should be strengthened, and the engine of military scientific research innovation should be started at full speed. This important statement by President Xi profoundly reveals the importance of national defense science and technology innovation, and is the fundamental principle for promoting the development of national defense science and technology innovation under the new situation. We must start the engine of national defense science and technology innovation at full speed, promote the high-quality development of national defense science and technology, and provide strong material and technical support for achieving the goal of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the army and building a world-class army in an all-round way.

Strengthen basic research towards the forefront of development

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is emerging, and the world’s new military revolution is accelerating, opening the curtain of the era from informatization to intelligence, which will inevitably bring about a major evolution of war forms, major adjustments in military strategy, major changes in combat methods, and major transformation of combat forces. To promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation, we must adhere to the forefront of world military science and technology development, face the major needs of strengthening the military practice, face the future battlefield, earnestly explore the winning mechanism of future wars, and continuously improve the contribution rate of national defense science and technology to preparing for war, deterring war and winning war, and inject strong momentum into seizing the strategic commanding heights of future military competition.

We should aim at the forefront of world military science and technology, keep up with the direction of the world’s new military revolution, especially the development of military science and technology, firmly grasp the opportunities of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, strive to narrow the gap in key areas, take comparative advantage as the fundamental standard for measuring innovation and development, select the breakthrough and focus of scientific and technological innovation, strengthen forward-looking planning and design, allocate limited resources to major technical breakthroughs, concentrate superior forces, vigorously overcome key technologies in the military field, and master a number of core technologies with independent intellectual property rights. From structural design to force allocation to scientific research projects, we should seize the main research areas, reflect the development frontier, form overall advantages, and actively seek strategic initiative and military advantages.

With the continuous development of science and technology, the characteristics of multi-disciplinary professional cross-clustering and multi-field technology integration are becoming increasingly prominent. Great cross-integration, great integration and great breakthroughs have become the basic laws of the development of modern military science. To promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation, we must strive to improve our technical cognition ability, dare to blaze new trails in construction ideas and technical paths, open up the channel for the transformation of technology chain into industrial chain, and enhance the national strategic capabilities and weapons and equipment development strength. We must follow the essential requirements and inherent laws of national defense science and technology, stand against the backdrop of the national innovation system and military-civilian integrated collaborative innovation, accelerate the establishment of strategic, basic, cutting-edge and open scientific research and innovation platforms, and promote the transformation of national defense science and technology to the close integration of military theory and military technology, the mutual promotion of basic research and applied research, and the equal emphasis on independent innovation and absorption and reference. Adapt to the requirements of national defense science and technology innovation and development, do a good job in basic management, and establish a supporting basic support management mechanism to ensure the development of national defense science and technology innovation; strengthen project management, and strive to form a classified, efficient, flexible, adaptive and sustainable management mechanism and work process; broaden the channels for technology transformation, establish and improve the policy and institutional mechanisms for the transformation and application of national defense science and technology achievements, and promote the rapid transformation and application of national defense science and technology innovation achievements.

Practice has proved that basic research is the key to how high and how far national defense science and technology innovation can “jump”. Therefore, we must focus on innovative basic and applied basic research, make good scientific reserves, correctly grasp the relationship between basic research and technological application, and provide strong support for promoting the development of national defense science and technology innovation. First, we must take basic research as a leading project to promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation, put it in a strategic position of priority development, maintain sufficient and stable funding, make early arrangements and give priority support in several major fields, explore new concepts, new principles, and new methods, and strive to make major breakthroughs in basic, cutting-edge, and strategic fields. Second, we must persist in using the thinking and methods of systems engineering, correctly understand and scientifically guide basic research and technology application practices, promote the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements, and cultivate new technological growth points to form a closed link of “basic research, development and application, transformation of achievements, and integrated application and re-innovation”. Third, we must open up channels for the transformation of national defense science and technology achievements as soon as possible, and promote scientific research achievements to take root in building a world-class military and serving and preparing for war. Actively explore scientific research collaboration in the form of technology groups and project groups, strengthen communication and cooperation between the military and local governments, open up channels for technological needs, and promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements as soon as possible.

Establish a scientific research orientation and win the future with innovation

Focusing on actual combat is the core goal of military construction. We must adhere to the fundamental guidance of combat needs as an important guiding principle for the development of national defense science and technology innovation. We must always aim at tomorrow’s wars to innovate and develop military theories and military technology, and explore and form a national defense science and technology innovation system that keeps pace with the development of the times, adapts to national security needs, and meets future combat requirements.

To promote the innovation and development of national defense science and technology, we must firmly establish the fundamental orientation of scientific research for warfare, conduct in-depth research on combat characteristics, combat styles, combat focus and winning mechanisms under information conditions, insist on using combat needs to guide basic research and strategic frontier technology exploration, and further improve the institutional mechanisms for scientific research projects to focus on preparing for war. At the same time, we must keep a close eye on future combat opponents, accurately grasp the evolution trends of war forms and the development trends of world military science and technology, constantly update our ideas, scientifically plan today’s preparations, design tomorrow’s wars, and win future battlefields.

Combat effectiveness has always been the decisive factor in the success or failure of the military, and the combat effectiveness standard is the only fundamental standard for military construction. With the rapid development of high-tech with information technology as the core, the complexity of the offensive and defensive combat mechanism of war has undergone unprecedented profound changes, which has had an unprecedented profound impact on the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness. Therefore, it is necessary to take independent innovation as an important factor, component and implementation method for the transformation of combat effectiveness generation mode, be good at discovering the potential driving force of new technologies on combat effectiveness development, and promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation in the great practice of fully realizing the goal of strengthening the military.

In order to adapt to the requirements of winning information and intelligent wars and effectively fulfill the mission, we must adhere to the strategic basis of independent innovation, improve the mechanism of scientific research collaborative innovation, build a fusion innovation platform, and comprehensively promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation. First, we must take the weak links of national defense science and technology as the main direction of promoting independent innovation, and at the same time increase the original innovation efforts, focus on mastering key core technologies in some important fields and scientific and technological frontiers, and strive to build a national defense science and technology innovation system that can not only increase the national defense science and technology reserves, but also enable them to be rapidly transformed. Correctly handle the relationship between key technologies and general technologies, general technologies and special technologies, traditional technologies and high-tech technologies, and achieve overall planning and reasonable layout to achieve mutual support and coordinated development of various technologies and disciplines. Second, we must grasp the needs of national defense science and technology innovation and development, focus on solving problems in the science and technology management system, demand generation mechanism, scientific research plan system, etc., improve the overall benefits of scientific research, and form a strong vitality to promote independent innovation. Vigorously promote the sharing of technical basic resources between the military and civilians, and establish and improve the military-civilian standardization coordination mechanism and technical service mechanism. Third, we must improve the science and technology collaborative innovation policy system of universities, research institutes, enterprises, and governments, maximize the advantages of all aspects, focus on building a fusion innovation platform, and form an overall synergy to promote national defense science and technology collaborative innovation.

Implementing the strategy of strengthening the military with talents in the new era to unleash creative vitality

To promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation, it is ultimately necessary to rely on high-level talents. Without a strong team of national defense science and technology talents, independent innovation is like water without a source and a tree without roots. Therefore, it is necessary to actively adapt to the requirements of national defense science and technology innovation and development, vigorously build a systematic and high-level talent training platform, and allow more high-quality and professional talents to emerge.

We should firmly establish the concept that “talent is the first resource”, insist on cultivating talents as a major political task, and boldly use strategic scientists with the wisdom to identify talents, the sincerity to love talents, the methods to gather talents, the courage to use talents, and the mind to tolerate talents, support young scientific and technological talents to take the lead and shoulder important responsibilities, and continuously expand the ranks of leading scientific and technological talents and first-class innovation teams. We should adhere to the major national defense science and technology construction projects and talent construction projects together, boldly select, use, and temper various talents in the practice of major projects and major tasks, cultivate and bring up a new generation of scientific and technological leaders and leading talents, and build the field of national defense science and technology and equipment into a highland for national innovative talents and a fertile ground for talent growth and development, forming a vivid situation in which the creative vitality of national defense science and technology talents competes. We should clarify the evaluation methods and standards for national defense science and technology talents, improve the differentiated evaluation and policy support mechanism for national defense science and technology talents, and build an evaluation system that conforms to the laws of national defense science and technology and the laws of talent growth. Reform the science and technology management and personnel systems, let scientific research management keep pace with scientific and technological innovation, truly free up time for scientific researchers, build platforms, and hand over the stage for scientific research and innovation to them with confidence, allowing them to play the leading role and play a big role in scientific research and innovation.

A scientific and fair evaluation mechanism plays a fundamental role in stimulating innovation. Practice has proved that any major breakthrough in the field of basic research is inseparable from long-term accumulation and repeated failures, which is an inevitable law of scientific development. Therefore, in the process of national defense science and technology and weapon equipment research and production, we should encourage researchers to have wonderful ideas and tolerate their failures in exploration and practice. It is advocated that the implementation of various scientific research plans should not be based on the number of papers and patents as project goals, but should focus on the achievement of original results and allow a certain proportion of failures. Peer evaluation should be implemented for basic and cutting-edge technology research, highlighting the medium- and long-term goal orientation and original value, focusing on creating a fair competition environment that encourages innovation, and making great efforts to activate the “spring water” of national defense science and technology innovation and development.

We will fully implement the strategy of strengthening the military with talents in the new era, further enhance the vitality of talent team building, maximize the innovative power of national defense science and technology talents, and fully mobilize their enthusiasm, initiative and creativity. We will follow the growth rules of high-quality and professional military talents, create an environment for identifying, loving, respecting and using talents, formulate policies and systems that combine competitive incentives with advocating cooperation, promote the orderly flow and reasonable layout of talent resources, build a good platform for local talents to serve national defense science and technology construction, and strive to create a good situation in which people can use their talents to the fullest, display their talents to the fullest, and use their talents to the fullest.

(The author is a researcher and doctoral supervisor at the Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Sciences)

(Editors: Wang Zifeng, Song Meiqi)

現代國語：

習近平主席強調指出，軍事科學研究具有很強的探索性，要把創新擺在更加突出的位置，做好戰略規劃和頂層設計，加強軍事理論創新、國防科技創新、軍事科研工作組織模式創新，把軍事科研創新的引擎全速發動。習主席的這一重要論述，深刻揭示了國防科技創新的重要性，是新形勢下推動國防科技創新發展的根本遵循。我們要全速發動國防科技創新發展的引擎，促進國防科技高品質發展，為實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標、全面建成世界級軍隊提供強而有力的物質技術支撐。

面向發展前沿 加強基礎研究

目前，新一輪科技革命與產業變革正孕育興起，世界新軍事革命加速推進，拉開了從資訊化邁向智慧化的時代大幕，必將帶來戰爭形態大演進、軍事戰略大調整、作戰方式大嬗變、作戰力量大轉型。推動國防科技創新發展，必須堅持面向世界軍事科技發展前沿，面向強軍實踐重大需求，面向未來戰場，認真探索未來戰爭制勝機理，不斷提高國防科技對備戰懾戰勝戰的貢獻率，為搶佔未來軍事競爭策略制高點注入強勁動能。

瞄準世界軍事科技前沿，緊跟世界新軍事革命特別是軍事科技發展方向，緊緊抓住新一輪科技革命和產業革命正在興起的機遇，努力縮小關鍵領域的差距，以取得比較優勢作為衡量創新發展的根本標準，選準科技創新的突破口和著力點，加強前瞻謀劃設計，把有限的資源配置到重大技術攻關上，集中優勢力量，大力攻克軍事領域的關鍵技術，掌握一批擁有自主智慧財產權的核心技術。從結構設計到力量配比再到科研項目，都應抓住主要研究領域，體現發展前沿，形成整體優勢，積極謀求戰略主動與軍事優勢。

隨著科學技術不斷發展，多學科專業交叉群集、多領域技術融合整合的特徵日益凸顯，大交叉、大融合、大突破已成為現代軍事科學發展的基本法則。推動國防科技創新發展，要努力提陞技術認知能力，在建立想法、技術路徑上敢於蹚新路，打通技術鏈轉化為產業鏈的通道，提升國家戰略能力與武器裝備發展實力。要遵循國防科技的本質要求和內在規律，站在國家創新大體系、軍民一體化協同創新的大背景下，加速建立戰略性、基礎性、前沿性、開放性的科學研究創新平台，推動國防科技向軍事理論與軍事技術緊密結合、基礎研究與應用研究相互促進、自主創新與吸收借鏡並重視並舉轉變。適應國防科技創新發展要求，搞好基礎管理，配套建立確保國防科技創新發展的基礎支撐性管理機制；加強專案管理，努力形成分類分級、高效靈活、自適應、可持續的管理機制和工作流程；拓寬技術轉化管道，建立並改善國防科技成果轉化應用政策制度機制，推動國防科技創新成果快速轉化應用。

實務證明，國防科技創新能「跳」多高、「跑」多遠，基礎研究是關鍵。因此，要著力抓好創新性基礎與應用基礎研究，搞好豐厚的科學儲備，正確掌握基礎研究與技術應用的關係，為推動國防科技創新發展提供強力支撐。一要把基礎研究作為推動國防科技創新發展的先導工程，放在優先發展的戰略位置來抓，保持足夠、穩定的經費投入，在若干重大領域提前佈局與優先支持，探索新概念、新原理、新方法，力爭在基礎、前衛、策略領域取得重大突破。二要堅持運用系統工程的思維和方法，正確認識和科學指導基礎研究與技術應用實踐，既要促進科技成果轉化運用，又要培育新的技術增長點，形成“基礎研究、開發應用、成果轉化，到整合應用再創新」的閉合鏈路。三要盡快打通國防科技成果轉化的管道，促進科研成果在建設世界一流軍隊和服務備戰打仗中落地生根。積極探索以技術群、專案群等形式進行科研協作攻關，加強軍地溝通協作，暢通技術需求通道，促進科技成果盡快轉換。

樹立科研為戰導向 以創新制勝未來

聚焦實戰是軍隊建設的核心目標，必須把堅持作戰需求的根本牽引作為國防科技創新發展的重要指導原則，始終瞄準明天的戰爭創新發展軍事理論和軍事科技，探索形成與時代發展同步伐、與國家安全需求相適應、滿足未來作戰需求的國防科技創新體系。

推動國防科技創新發展，必須穩固確立科研為戰的根本導向，深入研究資訊化條件下的作戰特徵、作戰樣式、作戰重心和製勝機理，堅持以作戰需求牽引基礎研究和戰略前沿技術探索，進一步完善科學研究計畫聚焦於備戰打仗等製度機制，同時要緊盯未來作戰對手，準確掌握戰爭形態演變趨勢、世界軍事科技發展趨勢，不斷更新思想觀念，科學籌劃今天的備戰、設計明天的戰爭、制勝未來的戰場。

戰鬥力始終是軍隊興衰成敗的決定性因素，戰鬥力標準是軍隊建立唯一的根本的標準。以資訊科技為核心的高新科技快速發展，戰爭攻防作戰機理的複雜程度發生了前所未有的深刻變化，對於戰鬥力的生成與提升產生了前所未有的深刻影響。因此，必須把自主創新視為戰鬥力生成模式轉變的重要因素、構成要素和實現途徑，善於發現新技術對戰鬥力發展的潛在推動力，在全面實現強軍目標的偉大實踐中促進國防科技創新發展。

為適應打贏資訊化與智慧化戰爭要求，著眼有效履行使命任務，就要堅持自主創新的戰略基點，完善科學研究協同創新機制，打造融合創新平台，全面推進國防科技創新發展。一要把國防科技的薄弱環節作為推進自主創新的主攻方向，同時加大原始性創新力度，著力在一些重要領域和科技前沿掌握關鍵核心技術，努力建構既能使國防科學技術儲備不斷增加、又能使之快速轉化的國防科技創新體系。正確處理重點技術與一般技術、一般技術與專用技術、傳統技術與高新技術的關係，做到統籌兼顧、合理佈局，實現各類技術、各類學科相互支撐、協調發展。二要掌握國防科技創新發展的需求，重點在於解決科技管理體制、需求生成機制、科學研究計畫體係等面向問題，提昇科研整體效益，形成推動自主創新的強大活力。大力推動技術基礎資源軍民共用分享，建立完善軍民標準化協調機制與技術服務機制。三要健全大學、科研院所、企業、政府的科技協同創新政策制度，最大限度發揮各方面的優勢，著力打造融合創新平台，形成推動國防科技協同創新的整體合力。

實施新時代人才強軍策略 讓創造活力競相迸發

推動國防科技創新發展，歸根究底要靠高水準人才，如果沒有強大的國防科技人才隊伍，自主創新就是無源之水、無本之木。因此，必須積極適應國防科技創新發展要求，大力打造體系化、高階的人才培育平台，讓更多高素質、專業化人才競相湧現。

牢固樹立「人才是第一資源」的觀念，堅持把培養人才作為一項重大的政治任務，以識才的慧眼、愛才的真情、聚才的方法、用才的膽略、容才的胸懷，大膽運用戰略科學家，支持青年科技人才挑起大樑、擔重任，不斷壯大科技領軍人才隊伍和一流創新團隊。堅持國防科技重大建設工程和人才建設工程一起抓，在重大工程和重大任務實踐中大膽選拔、使用、錘煉各種人才，培養造就新一代科技帥才和領軍人才，把國防科技和裝備領域打造成國家創新人才的高地、人才成長興業的沃土，形成國防科技人才創造活力競相迸發的鮮明局面。明確國防科技人才的評估方式與標準，完善國防科技人才差異化評估與政策支援機制，建構符合國防科技規律與人才成長規律的評估體系。改革科技管理與人事制度，讓科學研究管理跟上科技創新的步伐，真正為科研人員放開手腳、騰出時間、搭建平台，把科研創新的舞台放心交給他們，讓他們在科研創新中當主角、唱大戲。

科學公平的評估機制對於激勵創新具有根本性的作用。實務證明，任何一個基礎研究領域的重大突破都離不開長期的累積和多次的失敗，這是科學發展的必然規律。因此，在國防科技和武器裝備科學研究生產過程中，既要鼓勵科學研究人員有奇思妙想，也要寬容其在探索實踐中的失敗。提倡各類科學研究計畫的實施不以論文、專利數量為專案目標，著重原創成果的取得，允許一定的失敗比例。對基礎和前沿技術研究實行同行評價，突顯中長期目標導向和原創價值，著力營造激勵創新的公平競爭環境，下大力氣激活國防科技創新發展的「一池春水」。

全面貫徹實施新時代人才強軍戰略，進一步增強人才隊伍建設活力，最大限度激發國防科技人才的創新動力、充分調動他們的積極性、主動性和創造性。遵循高素質、專業化軍事人才成長規律，營造識才愛才敬才用才的環境，制定競爭激勵和崇尚合作相結合的政策制度，促進人才資源有序流動、合理佈局，為地方人才服務國防科技建設搭建好平台，著力形成人盡其才、盡展其才、才盡其用的良好局面。

（作者係軍事科學院系統工程研究院研究員、博士生導師）

(編按：王之鋒、宋美琪)

中國原創軍事資源：

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Accelerate Innovation & Development of Chinese National Defence Science and Technology Support Modernization of China’s Military

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加速國防科技創新發展支撐軍隊現代化

2023年11月26日07:00

現代英語：

President Xi Jinping emphasized that military scientific research has a strong exploratory nature, and innovation must be placed in a more prominent position, strategic planning and top-level design must be done well, innovation in military theory, innovation in national defense science and technology, and innovation in organizational models of military scientific research must be strengthened, and The engine of military scientific research and innovation is running at full speed. This important statement by President Xi profoundly reveals the importance of national defense scientific and technological innovation and is the fundamental guideline for promoting the development of national defense scientific and technological innovation under the new situation. We must launch the engine of innovation and development of national defense science and technology at full speed, promote the high-quality development of national defense science and technology, and provide strong material and technical support to achieve the centenary goal of the founding of the army and comprehensively build a world-class army.

Strengthen basic research towards the development frontier

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation are taking place, and the world’s new military revolution is accelerating, ushering in the era of moving from informatization to intelligence, which will inevitably bring about major evolutions in the form of war, major adjustments in military strategies, The combat methods have undergone major changes and the combat forces have undergone a major transformation. To promote the innovative development of national defense science and technology, we must adhere to the forefront of the world’s military science and technology development, the major needs of building a strong military, and the future battlefield, conscientiously explore the winning mechanism of future wars, continuously increase the contribution rate of national defense science and technology to war preparation, deterrence and victory, and seize the future military Injecting strong momentum into the commanding heights of competitive strategy.

Aim at the forefront of the world’s military science and technology, keep up with the world’s new military revolution, especially the development direction of military science and technology, seize the opportunities arising from the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, strive to narrow the gap in key areas, and measure innovation by obtaining comparative advantages. The fundamental standards for development are to select the breakthrough points and focus points of scientific and technological innovation, strengthen forward-looking planning and design, allocate limited resources to major technological research, concentrate superior forces, vigorously conquer key technologies in the military field, and master a number of independent intellectual property rights. core technology. From structural design to force ratio to scientific research projects, we should seize the main research areas, reflect the development frontier, form overall advantages, and actively seek strategic initiative and military advantages.

With the continuous development of science and technology, the characteristics of multi-disciplinary professional cross-clustering and multi-field technology integration have become increasingly prominent. Big crossover, big integration, and big breakthroughs have become the basic laws of the development of modern military science. To promote the innovative development of national defense science and technology, we must strive to improve technological cognition, dare to explore new paths in construction ideas and technological paths, open up channels for transforming technological chains into industrial chains, and enhance national strategic capabilities and weapons and equipment development capabilities. It is necessary to follow the essential requirements and inherent laws of national defense science and technology, stand in the context of the national innovation system and military-civilian integrated collaborative innovation, accelerate the establishment of a strategic, basic, cutting-edge, and open scientific research and innovation platform, and promote the direction of national defense science and technology. Military theory and military technology are closely integrated, basic research and applied research promote each other, and independent innovation and absorption and reference are emphasized simultaneously. Adapt to the requirements of national defense science and technology innovation and development, do a good job in basic management, and establish a basic supporting management mechanism to ensure the development of national defense science and technology innovation; strengthen project management, and strive to form a classified, efficient, flexible, adaptive, and sustainable management mechanism and work process; Broaden technology transformation channels, establish and improve policy systems and mechanisms for the transformation and application of national defense scientific and technological achievements, and promote the rapid transformation and application of national defense scientific and technological innovation achievements.

Practice has proved that basic research is the key to how high and how far national defense science and technology innovation can “jump” and “run”. Therefore, we must focus on innovative basic and applied basic research, build a rich scientific reserve, correctly grasp the relationship between basic research and technology application, and provide strong support for promoting the innovative development of national defense science and technology. First, basic research should be regarded as the leading project to promote the innovation and development of national defense science and technology, and be placed in a strategic position of priority development. Sufficient and stable funding investment should be maintained, advance layout and priority support should be provided in several major areas, and new concepts, new principles, and New methods, striving to achieve major breakthroughs in basic, cutting-edge and strategic fields. Second, we must adhere to the use of systems engineering thinking and methods, correctly understand and scientifically guide basic research and technology application practices, not only promote the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements, but also cultivate new technological growth points to form “basic research, development and application, and achievement transformation”. , a closed link to integrated application and re-innovation. Third, we must open up channels for the transformation of national defense scientific and technological achievements as soon as possible, and promote scientific research achievements to take root in building a world-class army and serving in war preparations. Actively explore scientific research collaboration in the form of technology groups, project groups, etc., strengthen military-civilian communication and collaboration, smooth channels for technical needs, and promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements as soon as possible.

Establish scientific research as a battle orientation and win the future through innovation

Focusing on actual combat is the core goal of military construction. We must regard the fundamental traction of adhering to combat needs as an important guiding principle for the innovative development of national defense science and technology. We must always aim at the innovative development of military theory and military science and technology for tomorrow’s war, and explore the formation of military theories that keep pace with the development of the times and the country. A national defense science and technology innovation system that is adapted to security needs and meets future combat requirements.

To promote the innovative development of national defense science and technology, we must firmly establish the fundamental orientation of scientific research for warfare, conduct in-depth research on the characteristics, combat styles, operational focus and winning mechanisms under informationized conditions, persist in guiding basic research and exploration of strategic frontier technologies based on operational needs, and further improve Scientific research projects focus on systems and mechanisms such as preparation for war. At the same time, we must keep a close eye on future combat opponents, accurately grasp the evolution of war forms and the development trends of world military science and technology, constantly update ideas and concepts, and scientifically plan today’s preparations, design tomorrow’s wars, and win on future battlefields. .

Combat effectiveness has always been the decisive factor in the success or failure of the army, and combat effectiveness standards are the only fundamental standards for military construction. The rapid development of high-tech with information technology as the core has resulted in unprecedented profound changes in the complexity of offensive and defensive warfare mechanisms, and has had an unprecedented profound impact on the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness. Therefore, we must regard independent innovation as an important factor, component and way of realizing the transformation of the combat effectiveness generation model, be good at discovering the potential driving force of new technologies for the development of combat effectiveness, and promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation in the great practice of comprehensively realizing the goal of strengthening the military.

In order to adapt to the requirements of winning informationized and intelligent wars and focus on effectively fulfilling missions and tasks, it is necessary to adhere to the strategic basis of independent innovation, improve the scientific research collaborative innovation mechanism, create an integrated innovation platform, and comprehensively promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation. First, we should regard the weak links of national defense science and technology as the main direction of promoting independent innovation, and at the same time increase the intensity of original innovation, focus on mastering key core technologies in some important fields and technological frontiers, and strive to build a system that can continuously increase national defense science and technology reserves and A national defense science and technology innovation system that can enable rapid transformation. Correctly handle the relationship between key technologies and general technologies, general technologies and special technologies, traditional technologies and high and new technologies, achieve overall consideration and rational layout, and achieve mutual support and coordinated development of various technologies and disciplines. Second, we must grasp the needs for the development of national defense science and technology innovation, focus on solving problems in the science and technology management system, demand generation mechanism, scientific research planning system, etc., improve the overall effectiveness of scientific research, and create strong vitality to promote independent innovation. Vigorously promote the sharing of basic technical resources between the military and civilians, and establish and improve military-civilian standardization coordination mechanisms and technical service mechanisms. Third, we must improve the scientific and technological collaborative innovation policy and system of universities, scientific research institutes, enterprises, and governments, maximize the advantages of all aspects, strive to create an integrated innovation platform, and form an overall synergy to promote collaborative innovation of national defense science and technology.

Implement the strategy of strengthening the army with talents in the new era to unleash creative vitality

Promoting the innovation and development of national defense science and technology ultimately depends on high-level talents. Without a strong team of national defense science and technology talents, independent innovation will be water without a source and a tree without roots. Therefore, we must actively adapt to the requirements of national defense science and technology innovation and development, and vigorously build a systematic and high-level talent training platform to allow more high-quality and professional talents to emerge.

Firmly establish the concept of “talents are the first resource”, insist on cultivating talents as a major political task, and use the insight to recognize talents, the true love for talents, the methods of gathering talents, the courage to use talents, and the mind to accommodate talents, Boldly use strategic scientists to support young scientific and technological talents to take on important roles and assume important responsibilities, and continuously strengthen the team of leading scientific and technological talents and first-class innovation teams. We must adhere to the joint efforts of major national defense science and technology construction projects and talent construction projects, boldly select, use and temper various talents in the practice of major projects and major tasks, cultivate and create a new generation of scientific and technological talents and leading talents, and build the field of national defense science and technology and equipment into a national It is a highland for innovative talents and a fertile ground for talents to grow and prosper, forming a vivid situation in which the creative vitality of national defense science and technology talents bursts out. Clarify the evaluation methods and standards for national defense scientific and technological talents, improve the differentiated evaluation and policy support mechanism for national defense scientific and technological talents, and build an evaluation system that conforms to the laws of national defense science and technology and the laws of talent growth. Reform the science and technology management and personnel system, let scientific research management keep up with the pace of scientific and technological innovation, truly free up hands and feet, free up time and build a platform for scientific researchers, and hand over the stage of scientific research and innovation to them with confidence, so that they can play the leading role in scientific research and innovation. , sing a big show.

A scientific and fair evaluation mechanism plays a fundamental role in stimulating innovation. Practice has proved that any major breakthrough in the field of basic research is inseparable from long-term accumulation and repeated failures. This is an inevitable law of scientific development. Therefore, in the process of scientific research and production of national defense technology and weapons and equipment, we must not only encourage scientific researchers to have fantastic ideas, but also tolerate their failures in exploration and practice. It is advocated that the implementation of various scientific research plans should not be based on the number of papers and patents as project goals, but should focus on the acquisition of original results and allow a certain failure rate. Conduct peer evaluation of basic and cutting-edge technology research, highlight medium- and long-term goal orientation and original value, strive to create a fair competition environment that encourages innovation, and make great efforts to activate the “pool of spring water” for the innovation and development of national defense science and technology.

Comprehensively implement the strategy of strengthening the military with talents in the new era, further enhance the vitality of talent team building, maximize the innovation power of national defense science and technology talents, and fully mobilize their enthusiasm, initiative and creativity. Follow the growth rules of high-quality and professional military personnel, create an environment that recognizes, loves, respects, and utilizes talents, formulates policies and systems that combine competition incentives and advocating cooperation, promotes the orderly flow and rational distribution of human resources, and serves local talents to serve national defense Build a good platform for science and technology construction, and strive to create a good situation where people can make the best use of their talents, fully display their talents, and make full use of their talents.

(The author is a researcher and doctoral supervisor at the Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Sciences)

(Editors: Wang Zifeng, Song Meiqi)

現代國語：

習近平主席強調指出，軍事科學研究具有很強的探索性，要把創新擺在更加突出的位置，做好戰略謀劃和頂層設計，加強軍事理論創新、國防科技創新、軍事科研工作組織模式創新，把軍事科研創新的引擎全速發動。習主席的這一重要論述，深刻揭示了國防科技創新的重要性，是新形勢下推動國防科技創新發展的根本遵循。我們要全速發動國防科技創新發展的引擎，促進國防科技高品質發展，為實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標、全面建成世界一流軍隊提供強而有力的物質技術支撐。

面向發展前沿 加強基礎研究

當前，新一輪科技革命和產業變革正孕育興起，世界新軍事革命加速推進，拉開了從資訊化向智慧化邁進的時代大幕，必將帶來戰爭形態大演進、軍事戰略大調整、作戰方式大嬗變、作戰力量大轉型。推進國防科技創新發展，必須堅持面向世界軍事科技發展前沿，面向強軍實踐重大需求，面向未來戰場，認真探索未來戰爭制勝機理，不斷提高國防科技對備戰懾戰勝戰的貢獻率，為搶佔未來軍事競爭戰略制高點注入強勁動能。

瞄準世界軍事科技前沿，緊跟世界新軍事革命特別是軍事科技發展方向，緊緊抓住新一輪科技革命和產業革命正在興起的機遇，努力縮小關鍵領域的差距，以取得比較優勢作為衡量創新發展的根本標準，選準科技創新的突破口和著力點，加強前瞻謀劃設計，把有限的資源配置到重大技術攻關上，集中優勢力量，大力攻克軍事領域的關鍵技術，掌握一批擁有自主知識產權的核心技術。從結構設計到力量配比再到科研項目，都應抓住主要研究領域，體現發展前沿，形成整體優勢，積極謀求戰略主動和軍事優勢。

隨著科學技術不斷發展，多學科專業交叉群集、多領域技術融合整合的特徵日益凸顯，大交叉、大融合、大突破已成為現代軍事科學發展的基本規律。推進國防科技創新發展，要努力提陞技術認知能力，在建設思路、技術路徑上敢於蹚新路，打通技術鏈轉化為產業鏈的通道，提升國家戰略能力和武器裝備發展實力。要遵循國防科技的本質要求與內在規律，站在國家創新大體系、軍民一體化協同創新的大背景下，加速建立戰略性、基礎性、前沿性、開放性的科學研究創新平台，推動國防科技向軍事理論與軍事技術緊密結合、基礎研究與應用研究相互促進、自主創新與吸收借鑒並重舉轉變。適應國防科技創新發展要求，搞好基礎管理，配套建立確保國防科技創新發展的基礎支撐性管理機制﹔加強項目管理，努力形成分類分級、高效靈活、自適應、可持續的管理機制和工作流程﹔拓寬技術轉化管道，建立並改善國防科技成果轉化應用政策制度機制，推動國防科技創新成果快速轉化應用。

實踐証明，國防科技創新能「跳」多高、「跑」多遠，基礎研究是關鍵。因此，要著力抓好創新性基礎與應用基礎研究，搞好豐厚的科學儲備，正確掌握基礎研究與技術應用的關系，為推動國防科技創新發展提供強力支撐。一要把基礎研究作為推動國防科技創新發展的先導工程，放在優先發展的戰略位置來抓，保持足夠、穩定的經費投入，在若干重大領域提前佈局與優先支持，探索新概念、新原理、新方法，力爭在基礎性、前衛性、戰略性領域取得重大突破。二要堅持運用系統工程的思維與方法，正確認識與科學指導基礎研究與技術應用實踐，既要促進科技成果轉化運用，又要培育新的技術成長點，形成「基礎研究、開發應用、成果轉化，到整合應用再創新」的閉合鏈路。三要盡快打通國防科技成果轉化的管道，促進科學研究成果在建設世界一流軍隊和服務備戰打仗中落地生根。積極探索以技術群、項目群等形式開展科研協作攻關，加強軍地溝通協作，暢通技術需求通道，促進科技成果盡快實現轉型。

樹立科研為戰導向 以創新制勝未來

聚焦實戰是軍隊建設的核心目標，必須把堅持作戰需求的根本牽引作為國防科技創新發展的重要指導原則，始終瞄準明天的戰爭創新發展軍事理論和軍事科技，探索形成與時代發展同步伐、與國家安全需求相適應、滿足未來作戰要求的國防科技創新體系。

推進國防科技創新發展，必須穩固確立科研為戰的根本導向，深入研究資訊化條件下的作戰特點、作戰樣式、作戰重心和製勝機理，堅持以作戰需求牽引基礎研究和戰略前沿技術探索，進一步完善科學研究項目聚焦於備戰打仗等製度機制，同時要緊盯未來作戰對手，準確掌握戰爭形態演變趨勢、世界軍事科技發展趨勢，不斷更新思想觀念，科學籌劃今天的備戰、設計明天的戰爭、制勝未來的戰場。

戰鬥力始終是軍隊興衰成敗的決定性因素，戰鬥力標準是軍隊建設唯一的根本的標準。以資訊科技為核心的高新技術迅猛發展，戰爭攻防作戰機理的複雜程度發生了前所未有的深刻變化，對於戰鬥力的生成和提高產生了前所未有的深刻影響。因此，必須把自主創新作為戰鬥力生成模式轉變的重要因素、構成要素和實現途徑，善於發現新技術對戰鬥力發展的潛在推動力，在全面實現強軍目標的偉大實踐中促進國防科技創新發展。

為適應打贏資訊化與智慧化戰爭要求，著眼有效履行使命任務，就要堅持自主創新的戰略基點，完善科研協同創新機制，打造融合創新平台，全面推進國防科技創新發展。一要把國防科技的薄弱環節作為推進自主創新的主攻方向，同時加大原始性創新力度，著力在一些重要領域和科技前沿掌握關鍵核心技術，努力構建既能使國防科學技術儲備不斷增加、又能使之快速轉化的國防科技創新體系。正確處理重點技術與一般技術、一般技術與專用技術、傳統技術與高新技術的關系，做到統籌兼顧、合理佈局，實現各類技術、各類學科相互支撐、協調發展。二要掌握國防科技創新發展的需求，重點解決科技管理體制、需求生成機制、科學研究計畫體係等面向問題，提昇科研整體效益，形成推動自主創新的強大活力。大力推動技術基礎資源軍民共用分享，建立完善軍民標準化協調機制與技術服務機制。三要健全大學、科研院所、企業、政府的科技協同創新政策制度，最大限度發揮各方面的優勢，著力打造融合創新平台，形成推動國防科技協同創新的整體合力。

實施新時代人才強軍戰略 讓創造活力競相迸發

推進國防科技創新發展，歸根結底要靠高水準人才，如果沒有強大的國防科技人才隊伍，自主創新就是無源之水、無本之木。因此，必須積極適應國防科技創新發展要求，大力打造體系化、高層次的人才培養平台，讓更多高素質、專業化人才競相湧現。

穩固樹立「人才是第一資源」的觀念，堅持把培養人才作為一項重大的政治任務，以識才的慧眼、愛才的真情、聚才的方法、用才的膽略、容才的胸懷，大膽運用策略科學家，支持青年科技人才挑起大樑、擔重任，不斷壯大科技領軍人才隊伍和一流創新團隊。堅持國防科技重大建設工程和人才建設工程一起抓，在重大工程和重大任務實踐中大膽選拔、使用、錘煉各種人才，培養造就新一代科技帥才和領軍人才，把國防科技和裝備領域打造成國家創新人才的高地、人才成長興業的沃土，形成國防科技人才創造活力競相迸發的生動局面。明確國防科技人才的評價方式與標準，完善國防科技人才差異化評價與政策支援機制，建構符合國防科技規律和人才成長規律的評價體系。改革科技管理與人事制度，讓科學研究管理跟上科技創新的步伐，真正為科研人員放開手腳、騰出時間、搭建平台，把科研創新的舞台放心交給他們，讓他們在科研創新中當主角、唱大戲。

科學公平的評價機制對於激勵創新具有根本性的作用。實踐証明，任何一個基礎研究領域的重大突破都離不開長期的積累和多次的失敗，這是科學發展的必然規律。因此，在國防科技和武器裝備科學研究生產過程中，既要鼓勵科學研究人員有奇思妙想，又要寬容其在探索實踐中的失敗。提倡各類科學研究計劃的實施不以論文、專利數量為項目目標，注重原創成果的取得，允許一定的失敗比例。對基礎和前沿技術研究實行同行評價，突顯中長期目標導向和原創價值，著力營造激勵創新的公平競爭環境，下大力氣激活國防科技創新發展的「一池春水」。

全面貫徹實施新時代人才強軍戰略，進一步增強人才隊伍建設活力，最大限度激發國防科技人才的創新動力、充分調動他們的積極性、主動性和創造性。遵循高素質、專業化軍事人才成長規律，營造識才愛才敬才用才的環境，制定競爭激勵和崇尚合作相結合的政策制度，促進人才資源有序流動、合理佈局，為地方人才服務國防科技建設搭建好平台，著力形成人盡其才、盡展其才、才盡其用的良好局面。

（作者係軍事科學院系統工程研究院研究員、博士生導師）

(責編：王之鋒、宋美琪)

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2023/1126/c1011-40125888.html

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Majority of Chinese Military Officers & Soldiers Firmly Emphasize: Seize Historical Opportunity to Build a Strong Network Warfare Capability

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廣大官兵堅定強調：把握歷史機會建構強大網路戰能力

現代英語：

In recent days, the entire army and armed police forces have organized officers and soldiers in various forms to seriously study and discuss the important speech delivered by President Xi at the National Conference on Cybersecurity and Informatization. The officers and soldiers firmly expressed that they must earnestly study and implement the spirit of President Xi’s important speech, keenly seize the historical opportunity of informatization development, strengthen military-civilian integration in the field of cybersecurity and informatization, independently innovate and promote the construction of a cyber power, and make new contributions to winning the decisive battle to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects, winning the great victory of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, and realizing the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

From April 20 to 21, the National Cybersecurity and Informatization Work Conference was held in Beijing. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, and Director of the Central Cybersecurity and Informatization Commission, attended the meeting and delivered an important speech. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Li Tao

Seize the historical opportunity to build a strong cyber power

——Officers and soldiers of the entire army and armed police force earnestly studied and implemented President Xi’s important speech at the National Conference on Cybersecurity and Informatization

Beijing, April 23 (People’s Liberation Army Daily) – In recent days, the entire army and armed police forces have organized officers and soldiers in various forms to seriously study and discuss the important speech delivered by President Xi at the National Conference on Cybersecurity and Informatization. The officers and soldiers firmly expressed that they must earnestly study and implement the spirit of President Xi’s important speech, keenly seize the historical opportunity of informatization development, strengthen military-civilian integration in the field of cybersecurity and informatization, independently innovate and promote the construction of a cyber power, and make new contributions to winning the decisive battle to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects, winning the great victory of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, and realizing the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

“Informatization has brought a golden opportunity to the Chinese nation.” After studying President Xi’s important speech, the cadres of various departments of the CMC and the theater of operations were full of confidence. Many cadres mentioned in the discussion that President Xi’s important speech, starting from the overall situation of the party and the country, systematically explained the rich connotation of the strategic thinking of building a cyber power, scientifically answered a series of directional, overall, fundamental and strategic issues related to the long-term development of the cyber and information industry, pointed out the direction for grasping the historical opportunities of the information revolution, strengthening network security and informatization, and accelerating the construction of a cyber power, and provided a fundamental guideline, which is of great and far-reaching significance.

On December 25, 2015, when President Xi inspected the PLA Daily, he typed on the Weibo and WeChat publishing platforms of the PLA Daily and sent a Weibo to congratulate all officers and soldiers on the New Year; on the eve of the 2017 Spring Festival, when President Xi inspected the “Great Merit Third Company” of a certain army unit, he stopped in front of an electronic screen and listened to the officers and soldiers’ report on their study and education through the “Learning Barracks” mobile phone APP… President Xi’s concern for the military’s cybersecurity work has inspired the officers and soldiers. Everyone said that the Party Central Committee and President Xi attach great importance to the Internet, the development of the Internet, and the governance of the Internet, and have coordinated major issues involving informatization and cybersecurity in the political, economic, cultural, social, and military fields, made a series of major decisions, and put forward a series of major measures to promote the historic achievements of the cybersecurity cause. Officers and soldiers of a certain brigade of the Rocket Force said that the achievements made in the network construction of our country and the army fully demonstrate that the decisions of the Party Central Committee on strengthening the centralized and unified leadership of the Party over cybersecurity work and the series of strategic deployments made for cybersecurity work since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China are completely correct.

In recent years, a certain brigade of the 74th Group Army has closely followed the characteristics of young officers and soldiers and actively explored new models of online political work, which has been welcomed by young officers and soldiers. During the discussion, Luo Yingli, an officer of the Propaganda Section of the brigade, said that we must actively promote innovations in online propaganda concepts, content, forms, methods, and means, grasp the timing and effectiveness, and unite and gather the officers and soldiers with Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and work tirelessly to achieve the goal of strengthening the army.

During the study and discussion, Li Kangjun, instructor of the second missile company of the air defense battalion of a brigade of the 75th Group Army, said with deep feeling that the newly revised “Internal Affairs Regulations (Trial)” revised the regulations on the use of mobile phones and the Internet, and added new behavioral norms for military personnel such as online shopping and the use of new media. As soldiers, we must firmly establish a correct view of network security and strictly abide by the relevant regulations of the state and the military. Fan Jianli, political commissar of a brigade of the 80th Group Army, said that we must strengthen the network security protection of information infrastructure, strengthen the construction of network security information coordination mechanisms, means, and platforms, strengthen the construction of emergency command capabilities for network security incidents, and actively develop the network security industry to move the checkpoints forward and prevent problems before they occur.

Whoever masters the Internet will seize the initiative of the times; whoever occupies the commanding heights in informatization will be able to seize the initiative, gain advantages, win security, and win the future. Experts from the Academy of Military Sciences, the National Defense University, and the National University of Defense Technology believe that the integration of military and civilian networks is a key and frontier area of ​​military and civilian integration, and is also the most dynamic and potential area of ​​military and civilian integration. We must seize the historical opportunities of the current information technology revolution and the new military revolution, deeply understand the inherent relationship between productivity and combat effectiveness, the market and the battlefield, grasp the working mechanism and laws of the integration of military and civilian networks, and promote the formation of a pattern of deep integration and development of military and civilian networks with full factors, multiple fields, and high efficiency.

Studying President Xi’s important speech has given leaders at all levels a strong sense of mission and urgency. Leaders of a certain air force brigade of the Eastern Theater Command, a certain armed police unit, and the Shenyang Joint Logistics Support Center said that they should actively adapt to the requirements of informatization, strengthen Internet thinking, and continuously improve their ability to grasp the laws of the Internet, guide online public opinion, control the development of informatization, and ensure network security. The Party Committee of a Red Army Corps of the Xinjiang Military Region has decided to include Internet information work in the Party Committee’s key work plan and important agenda, and use the Internet to solve the problems of “difficult, slow, and complicated work” that officers and soldiers strongly reflect.

Talent is the key to promoting the construction of a cyber power. A scientific and technological personnel of a unit of the Strategic Support Force said that in today’s world, network information technology is developing rapidly and has become a competitive highland for global technological innovation. We must continuously improve our own capabilities and qualities, focus on cutting-edge technologies and key core technologies, and work hard to overcome difficulties. A group of people from the Party Committee of a combat support ship detachment of the South China Sea Fleet said that it is necessary to study and formulate an overall plan for the development of talents in the field of cyber security, promote the reform of the talent development system and mechanism, and let the creative vitality of talents compete and burst out, and their wisdom and talents fully flow.

Informatization brings new opportunities for strengthening the military in the new era. During the study and discussion, the officers and soldiers said that they should firmly establish the idea of ​​information-led and system construction, take positive and proactive actions, unswervingly take informatization as the development direction of the modernization of the military, take the network information system as a starting point, promote the leapfrog development of our military’s informatization construction, and comprehensively improve our military’s system combat capabilities.

(Reporter Zhang Kejin of the PLA Daily, special correspondent Wang Xuechao, correspondents Zheng Guangbin, Li Hengjian, Chen Hongjia, Wan Yongkang, Zhang Qiang, Yu Wenbin, Li Yunfeng, Meng Zhuolin, Li Jiahao, Tan Wenwei, Wang Yuting, Cao Zhiguo, Xu Fengfang, Hou Wei, Chen Zhi, Luo Kunkang, Li Guolin, Ma Yixun, Zhao Lei, Yang Guiliang)

現代國語：

來源：中國軍網綜合作者：張科進 等責任編輯：杜汶紋
2018-04-24

連日來，全軍和武警部隊以各種形式組織官兵認真學習討論習主席在全國網路安全和資訊化工作會議上發表的重要講話。廣大官兵堅定表示，要認真學習貫徹落實習主席的重要講話精神，敏銳抓住資訊化發展的歷史機遇，加強網信領域軍民融合，自主創新推進網絡強國建設，為決勝全面建成小康社會、奪取新時代中國特色社會主義偉大勝利、實現中華民族偉大復興的中國夢作出新的貢獻。

4月20日至21日，全國網路安全與資訊化工作會議在北京召開。中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席、中央網路安全和資訊化委員會主任習近平出席會議並發表重要演講。新華社記者 李濤 攝

抓住歷史機會　建設網絡強國

——全軍和武警部隊官兵認真學習貫徹習主席在全國網路安全和資訊化工作會議上的重要講話

解放軍報北京4月23日電 連日來，全軍和武警部隊以各種形式組織官兵認真學習討論習主席在全國網路安全和資訊化工作會議上發表的重要講話。廣大官兵堅定表示，要認真學習貫徹落實習主席的重要講話精神，敏銳抓住資訊化發展的歷史機遇，加強網信領域軍民融合，自主創新推進網絡強國建設，為決勝全面建成小康社會、奪取新時代中國特色社會主義偉大勝利、實現中華民族偉大復興的中國夢作出新的貢獻。

「資訊化為中華民族帶來了千載難逢的機會。」學習習主席的重要講話，軍委機關各部門和各戰區機關幹部信心滿懷。許多幹部在討論中談到，習主席的重要講話，從黨和國家事業全局出發，系統闡釋了網絡強國戰略思想的豐富內涵，科學回答了事關信事業長遠發展的一系列方向性、全局性、根本性、戰略性問題，為把握資訊革命歷史機會、加強網路安全和資訊化工作、加速推進網路強國建設指明了前進方向，提供了根本遵循，具有重大而深遠的意義。

2015年12月25日，習主席視察解放軍報社時，在軍報微博微信發布平台敲擊鍵盤，發出一條微博向全軍官兵祝賀新年；2017年春節前夕，習主席視察陸軍某部「大功三連」時，駐足一塊電子螢幕前，聽取官兵透過「學習軍營」手機APP開展學習教育的報告……習主席對軍隊網信工作的關心讓廣大官兵振奮不已。大家表示，黨中央、習主席高度重視互聯網、發展互聯網、治理互聯網，統籌協調涉及政治、經濟、文化、社會、軍事等領域資訊化和網路安全重大議題，做出一系列重大決策、提出一系列重大舉措，推動網信事業取得歷史性成就。火箭軍某旅官兵說，我們國家和軍隊網絡建設取得的成就充分錶明，黨的十八大以來黨中央關於加強黨對網信工作集中統一領導的決策和對網信工作作出的一系列戰略部署是完全正確的。

近年來，第74集團軍某旅緊貼青年官兵特點，積極探索網路政治工作新模式，受到青年官兵歡迎。討論中，該旅宣傳科幹事羅映力說，我們要積極推進網上宣傳理念、內容、形式、方法、手段等創新，把握好時度效，用習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想和黨的十九大精神團結、凝聚廣大官兵，為實現強軍目標不懈奮鬥。

學習討論中，第75集團軍某旅防空營導彈二連指導員李康君深有感觸地談到，新修訂的《內務條令（試行）》修改了移動電話和互聯網使用管理等方面規定，新增了軍人網絡購物、新媒體使用等行為規範。身為軍人，我們要牢固樹立正確的網路安全觀，嚴格遵守國家和軍隊的相關規定。第80集團軍某旅政委範建立說，我們要加強資訊基礎設施網路安全防護，加強網路安全資訊統籌機制、手段、平台建設，加強網路安全事件緊急指揮能力建設，積極發展網路安全產業，做到關口前移，防患於未然。

誰掌握了互聯網，誰就把握住了時代主動權；誰在資訊化上佔據制高點，誰就能夠掌握先機、贏得優勢、贏得安全、贏得未來。軍事科學院、國防大學、國防科技大學的專家認為，網信軍民融合是軍民融合的重點領域與前沿領域，也是軍民融合最具活力與潛力的領域。我們要抓住當前資訊科技變革和新軍事變革的歷史機遇，深刻理解生產力和戰鬥力、市場和戰場的內在關係，把握網信軍民融合的工作機理和規律，推動形成全要素、多領域、高效益的軍民深度融合發展的模式。

學習習主席重要講話，讓各級領導幹部產生了強烈的使命感和緊迫感。東部戰區空軍某旅、武警某部、瀋陽聯勤保障中心等部隊領導表示，要主動適應資訊化要求、強化網路思維，不斷提升對網路規律的掌握能力、對網路輿論的引導能力、對資訊化發展的駕馭能力、對網路安全的保障能力。新疆軍區某紅軍團黨委研究決定，將網信工作納入黨委重點工作計畫和重要議程，用網路解決官兵反映強烈的「辦事難、辦事慢、辦事繁」等議題。

推動網路強國建設，人才是關鍵。戰略支援部隊某部科技人員表示，當今世界，網路資訊科技發展日新月異，成為全球科技創新的競爭高地。我們要不斷提升自身能力素質，瞄準前緣技術和關鍵核心技術集中力量、刻苦攻關。南海艦隊某作戰支援艦支隊黨委一班人表示，要研究制定網信領域人才發展整體規劃，推動人才發展體制機制改革，讓人才的創造活力競相迸發、聰明才智充分湧流。

資訊化為新時代強軍事業帶來新機會。學習討論中，廣大官兵表示，要牢固確立資訊主導、體系建設的思想，積極主動作為，堅定不移把信息化作為軍隊現代化建設發展方向，以網絡信息體系為抓手，推動我軍信息化建設實現跨越式發展，全面提升我軍體係作戰能力。

（解放軍報記者張科進，特約記者汪學潮，通訊員鄭廣斌、李恆劍、陳洪佳、萬永康、張強、餘文彬、李雲峰、蒙卓霖、李佳豪、譚文偉、王雨婷、曹志國、徐風芳、侯偉、陳陟、羅坤康、李果霖、馬藝訓、趙磊、楊貴良）

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/2018qgwlaq/2018-04/24/content_8014888.htm

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #中國軍事人工智慧武器化, #新興戰爭技術, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military New War Force that Emerges Suddenly the Micro-operation

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異軍突起的中國軍隊新戰爭力量微作戰

現代英語：

War is a violent confrontation. With the development of science and technology and the evolution of war forms, the violence of war has gradually reached its peak in the “big” aspect. Nuclear weapons have been able to destroy the earth many times, which in turn limits the actual combat application of nuclear weapons. However, the violence of war is accelerating in the “small” aspect. The emergence and use of micro-combat equipment and micro-combat forces have increasingly changed our cognition of future warfare. Perhaps a mosquito may be a precision strike weapon in the future.

Micro-operation is the abbreviation for using miniaturized weapons and equipment to conduct operations. It is a new product based on the rapid development of science and technology and an important manifestation of the scientific and technological development level of a country and its military. With the rapid development of high technologies such as electronic information technology, nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence technology, more miniaturized, micro-miniaturized, and intelligent weapons and equipment are constantly emerging. The scale of operations has changed from the trend of continuous expansion for thousands of years. Micro-operation has become possible and has become an important development trend of future operations. We must fully recognize the importance of micro-operation, lead the development trend of micro-operation, and seize the initiative in micro-operation.

Micro-operation becomes a new direction of combat development

In the new wave of development of combat methods, micro-combat, with its unique image of being independent and cost-effective, has become a new direction of combat development and has a huge impact on combat development.

The future demand for intelligent warfare will lead to the development of micro-operations. The development of military intelligence has overturned traditional cognition. Its battlefield perception intelligence, autonomous decision-making intelligence, and attack intelligence have undoubtedly become the key to victory. Micro-operations just fit the context of military intelligence development and become a new direction of rapid development driven by the demand for intelligent warfare. Intelligent warfare requires intelligent perception means. The intelligent micro-perception system under micro-operation conditions can provide battlefield intelligence and information that is difficult to obtain with traditional perception equipment. It is reported that the modern new bionic flapping-wing aircraft developed by the University of Toronto in Canada and a company in California, USA, by imitating hummingbirds, has achieved aerial hovering for the first time. In wartime, it can be disguised as a hummingbird and is extremely difficult to be discovered. It has the ability to enter enemy locations and secretly obtain intelligence information. Intelligent warfare is inseparable from intelligent attack methods, and micro-operation provides a wealth of options for this. The “Vector Eagle” multi-mission micro-drone launched by Lockheed Martin of the United States has a total take-off weight of only 1.8 kilograms and a length of about 10 centimeters. It can carry different payloads according to different mission requirements and complete different combat missions such as destruction, interference, and blasting.

Microsystems, micro-bionics, micro-drones and other technologies support the development of micro-warfare. The development of combat forms cannot be separated from the support of technology, and micro-warfare cannot be separated from the support and promotion of the development of microsystems, micro-bionics, micro-drones and other technologies. Microsystems are devices that integrate sensing, driving, execution and signal processing devices in a heterogeneous and heterogeneous manner based on micro-photonics, micro-mechanics, algorithms and architectures to achieve functions. The US DARPA has set up a microsystem technology office to step up the research and development of electronic components based on microelectronics, optoelectronics, micro-electromechanical and micro-energy technologies, integrated technologies based on optoelectronics and magnetism, algorithms and architecture technologies based on programmable architecture, spectrum utilization algorithms, and electronic warfare, as well as technologies such as heat dissipation, safety, self-decomposition, and self-repair. Military bionic technology is also developing from macro to micro. Through micro-bionics, new materials, new equipment, and new tactics urgently needed for micro-combat can be developed. For example, the photon effect of butterfly wing scale powder can be applied to the stealth of micro-weapons and equipment, and the hydrophobic multi-level micro-nano structure of lotus leaves can be used for the drag reduction and self-cleaning of micro-underwater combat systems. Micro-unmanned technology is a miniaturized unmanned combat technology, representing the crystallization of the development frontier and integration of informatization, intelligence, and miniaturization.

The revolution in military effectiveness has raised new questions for micro-operations. Military effectiveness is the best release of efficiency and effectiveness in the new military reform, and micro-operations are the “catalyst” for releasing energy. On the one hand, the economic added value of micro-operations-related technologies is high and can produce a high cost-effectiveness ratio. Due to the use of micro-nano technology, the size of equipment and parts is greatly reduced, and the cost of equipment and parts can be greatly reduced. For example, the chip-level atomic clock will be 100 times smaller than the traditional atomic clock, and the production cost will be greatly reduced; the missile accelerometer and gyroscope manufactured using micro-nano technology are greatly reduced in size, but the price is only 1/50 of the original. On the other hand, micro-operations can achieve combat effects that traditional operations cannot achieve, presenting unique combat results. For example, the VAPR project carried out by the US DARPA aims to develop a revolutionary advanced transient electronic product. In addition to having the basic functions, reliability and durability of traditional electronic products, it starts and stops working through a trigger program. In order to prevent electronic equipment from being left in the battlefield environment for use by the enemy and to prevent the leakage of key technologies, after completing the military mission, this transient electronic product will partially or completely decompose into the surrounding environment.

Micro-operations will have a profound impact on future operations

In the intelligent era of war, the scale of operations has changed from its inherent trend of continuous expansion. Micro-operations, which are based on the use of micro-nano technology and miniaturized equipment, have had a disruptive impact on traditional warfare.

Subverting combat equipment. Micro-combat equipment is highly integrated and miniaturized, with advanced information technology replacing mechanical technology. It is mainly characterized by extremely small size and weight, extremely low energy consumption, extremely fast attack and defense speed, and extremely high combat performance. The millimeter wave radar scanner developed by the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany has an effective range of hundreds of meters, and the printed circuit board is tiny. The entire radar is similar in size to a cigarette box. This has revolutionized the appearance of military radar and will subsequently subvert the traditional combat operation mode of millimeter wave radar. MIT recently launched a new computer chip called “Navion” that can be used for micro-drone navigation. The chip is only 20 square millimeters and consumes only 24 milliwatts of power, which is about one thousandth of the energy consumption of a light bulb. It can be integrated into a nano-drone the size of a fingernail to help with navigation, and use a tiny amount of energy to process camera images in real time at a speed of 171 frames per second and perform inertial measurements. Micro-combat equipment developed through miniaturization, weight reduction, and integration is more concealed and more sudden in attack and defense than ever before, which has brought about subversive changes in its use mode and rules.

Subverting the way of fighting. Micro-warfare uses a large number of intelligent, unmanned, and miniaturized combat equipment, and combat personnel are transferred from the front to the rear; some equipment can even achieve fully autonomous intelligent combat, and “people are not in the loop” will become a new way of fighting. Researchers at the City University of Hong Kong have designed a micro-robot that is expected to transport cells in the human body. Its diameter is 500 to 700 microns, and it has successfully achieved the purpose of controlling the movement of micro-robots through magnetic fields inside complex organisms. If this robot is used as a weapon to attack the enemy’s living forces, it can attack various organs in the enemy’s body, such as the brain, eyes, etc., and can quickly make the enemy lose its combat ability, and its combat is extremely covert and sudden. In addition, Harvard University in the United States has developed a robot named Kilobot with a diameter of about 2.5 cm. It relies on its own vibration to achieve self-movement and can form a “team” with other robots of the same type to collaborate to complete tasks, providing more options for typical “swarm” operations in micro-operations.

Subvert the organizational form of the army. Micro-operation has changed the relationship between weapons and equipment and soldiers, and thus subverted the organizational form of the army. First, the number of front-line combat personnel has been greatly reduced. Traditional combat is mainly in the form of direct combination of people and weapons and equipment, and killing on the front line. However, due to the extremely small size of weapons and equipment in micro-operation, the combat is relatively concealed. Weapon equipment operators can operate and assist in decision-making far away from the battlefield. This form of warfare makes the army form more loosely developed, and the boundaries between the front and rear will be more blurred. According to traditional standards, it is more difficult to define and distinguish combat personnel and support personnel. Secondly, military personnel are showing a trend of becoming more professional, highly educated, and highly intelligent, and the organizational form of the military needs to be adjusted accordingly. Micro-operations involve many high-tech fields, including materials science, engineering mechanics, chemistry, aerodynamics, electronics, cybersecurity and information technology, optoelectronics, micro-nano, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, the Internet of Things, big data, mobile Internet, and quantum, which are all supporting disciplines for micro-operations. The scientific and technological quality requirements for military personnel are not only “broad” but also “deep”. Therefore, the gathering of a large number of high-level talents in the military will become a “new situation”, which will inevitably have a new and significant impact on the organizational form of the military.

Attach great importance to future micro-operations

As the military develops rapidly today, we should fully realize the importance of micro-operations, conduct timely research, drive layout planning with major technological innovation and independent innovation, and take the lead in the field of micro-operations.

Strengthen the basic theoretical tracking of micro-operations and research on applied innovation. Strengthen the basic theoretical research of micro-operations. At present, the micro-operation concepts of developed countries in Europe and the United States are advanced and frequently verified. We should attach importance to the basic theoretical tracking of micro-operations and strive to study and reveal its essence and fill in the gaps. At the same time, we still have a certain emphasis on research and development, but are still insufficient in applied innovative research and transformation of results. We should follow the essential laws of micro-operations, give full play to the role of innovation in driving development, give priority to supporting basic theories, combat experiments, personnel organization, and rear-end support to improve the level of innovation, and use major technological innovations such as artificial intelligence and quantum to consolidate the “foundation” of micro-operations; use independent innovation efforts to narrow the gap in key areas, make up for the “heart, core, and innovation” of micro-operations, and focus on key areas where opponents are holding back and we cannot support them, to ensure leading development.

Vigorously promote the development of micro-operation-related technologies and equipment by taking military-civilian integration as the starting point. Accurately grasp the development direction of micro-operation, take military-civilian integration as the starting point, strengthen the development of related equipment, and form a micro-operation military-civilian integration development organization management system that integrates management, production, learning, and research. Promote the military-civilian sharing of micro-operation technical resources, speed up the formulation of military-civilian compatible micro-operation weapon equipment standards and military-civilian common technical systems, and formulate policies and measures to promote them, so as to reduce the barriers between the military and civilians and ensure the coordinated interaction between military and civilian use. We should speed up the removal of barriers to military-civilian integration in micro-operations-related fields, explore new paths and new models, conduct pilot projects in industries with strong military and civilian versatility and mature technological applications, such as microelectronics and artificial intelligence, and form replicable and popularizable experiences and practices as soon as possible.

Strive to achieve advanced planning and layout of micro-operations. To meet the requirements of future micro-operations, new combat forces can be given micro-operation exercises and experimental tasks, collect relevant data, and provide detailed data to better provide relevant theoretical and practical support for micro-operation planning and layout and pre-practice. Micro-operation-related majors can be created in colleges and universities, and exploration and practice can be strengthened in micro-operation theory research and teaching to provide intellectual support and talent training conditions for micro-operations. We should thoroughly demonstrate the needs of future battlefield construction, continuously improve the construction of battlefield network information system infrastructure, increase mobile communication coverage and bandwidth construction mainly based on satellite communications, and meet the needs of massive information transmission in future micro-operations. We must accelerate the construction of a micro-operation-related standard system and formulate and improve relevant application standards. (Pei Fei, Zhang Dapeng, Li Jinggang)

現代國語：

資料來源：解放軍報 作者：裴飛 張大鵬 李景鋼 責任編輯：喬楠楠 2018-08-30 08:00
編者按

戰爭是暴力的對抗。隨著科技發展和戰爭形態演化，戰爭暴力在「大」的方面漸趨走到極點，核武已經能夠多次摧毀地球，這反過來也限制了核武的實戰應用；戰爭暴力在「小」的方面卻在加速演變，微型作戰裝備和微型作戰力量的出現和使用已日益改變著我們對未來作戰的認知。或許一隻蚊子未來就可能是精確打擊兵器。

微作戰，是指使用微小型化武器裝備進行作戰的簡稱，是基於科技高速發展的新產物，是一個國家和軍隊科技發展水準的重要體現。隨著電子資訊技術、納米技術、人工智慧技術等高技術的飛速發展，更加小型化、微型化、智慧化的武器裝備不斷湧現，作戰規模一改千百年來不斷擴大的趨勢，微作戰成為可能，並且成為未來作戰的重要發展趨勢。我們要充分認識微作戰的重要性，引領微作戰的發展潮流，掌握微作戰的主動權。

微作戰成為作戰發展新方向

在作戰方式發展的新浪潮中，微作戰以其特立獨行、效費比高的獨特形象示人，成為作戰發展新方向，並對作戰發展產生巨大影響。

未來智慧化戰爭需求牽引微作戰發展。軍事智能化發展顛覆了傳統認知，其戰場感知智能化、自主決策智能化、攻擊智能化無疑成為了勝戰的關鍵，而微作戰恰恰契合了軍事智能化發展的脈絡，成為智能化戰爭需求牽引下高速發展的新方向。智慧化戰爭需要智慧化的感知手段，微作戰條件下的智慧化微感知系統能夠提供傳統感知裝備很難獲得的戰場情報和資訊。據悉，加拿大多倫多大學和美國加州某公司通過模仿蜂鳥研製出的現代新型仿生撲翼機首次實現了空中盤旋，戰時可偽裝成蜂鳥極不容易被發現，具備進入敵方場所秘密獲取情報信息的能力。智能化戰爭還離不開智能化的攻擊手段，微作戰為此提供了豐富的選擇，美國洛-馬公司推出的「向量鷹」多任務微型無人機，起飛總重量只有1.8公斤，長度約10釐米，可依不同任務需求搭載不同荷載，完成破壞、幹擾、爆破等不同作戰任務。

微系統、微仿生、微無人等技術支持微作戰發展。作戰形態的發展離不開技術的支撐，微作戰離不開微系統、微仿生、微無人等技術發展的支撐與推動。微系統是在微光電、微機械、演算法與架構等基礎上，把傳感、驅動、執行和訊號處理等裝置採用異構、異質方法整合而實現功能的裝置。美國DARPA專門成立了微系統技術辦公室，加緊研發以微電子、光電子、微機電和微能源技術為主的電子元件，以光電、磁性為主的整合技術；以可編程架構、頻譜利用演算法、電子戰為主的演算法與架構技術；以及散熱、安全、自分解、自我修復等技術。軍事仿生技術也正由宏觀向微觀發展，通過微仿生可研製微作戰急需的新材料、新裝備和新戰法等，譬如將蝴蝶翅膀鱗粉光子效應應用於微小武器裝備的隱身，將荷葉疏水的多級微納結構用於微小水下作戰系統的減阻自潔等。微無人技術是微小型化的無人作戰技術，代表資訊化、智慧化、微小型化發展前沿和融合的結晶。

軍事效能革命為微作戰提出新命題。軍事效能是新軍事變革中效率、效力的最佳釋放，而微作戰則是釋能的「催化劑」。一方面，微作戰相關技術經濟附加價值高，能產生較高的效費比。由於使用微納技術，大幅縮小了裝備和零件的尺寸，還能大幅降低裝備和零件的成本，比如，晶片級原子鐘將比傳統原子鐘體積縮小100倍，生產成本反而大大下降；利用微納技術製造的導彈加速度計和陀螺儀，體積大大縮小，價格卻僅為原來的1/50。另一方面，微作戰能夠實現傳統作戰無法實現的作戰效果，呈現出獨特的作戰結果。例如，美國DARPA開展的VAPR項目，旨在開發一種革命性的先進瞬態電子產品，除具備傳統電子產品的基本功能和可靠性、耐用性外，其通過觸發程序啟停工作，為避免電子設備遺留在戰場環境中為敵方利用，杜絕關鍵技術洩露，在完成軍事任務後，這種瞬態電子產品會部分或完全分解到周圍環境中。

微戰將深刻影響未來作戰

智慧時代的智慧化戰爭，作戰規模一改不斷擴大的固有趨勢，以微納技術和微小型化裝備運用為基本特徵的微作戰，對傳統作戰產生了顛覆性影響。

顛覆作戰裝備。微作戰裝備高度整合、微小型化，以先進的資訊技術取代了機械技術，主要表現在體積重量極小、能源消耗極少、攻防速度極快、作戰性能極高。德國弗勞恩霍夫研究所研發的毫米波雷達掃描儀，作用距離達數百米，而印製電路板尺寸微小，整部雷達大小與煙盒類似，這使軍用雷達面貌發生革命性改變，隨之將顛覆傳統毫米波雷達的作戰運用方式。麻省理工學院近日推出名為「Navion」的新型電腦晶片，可用於微型無人機導航，該晶片只有20平方毫米，功耗僅為24毫瓦，大約是燈泡耗能的千分之一，可以整合到指甲大小的納米無人機中幫助導航，用微量能耗以171幀/秒的速度實時處理相機圖片以及進行慣性測量。透過縮小、減重、整合等研發出的微作戰裝備比以往更具自身隱蔽性和攻防突然性，使其運用模式和規則等產生了顛覆性變化。

顛覆作戰方式。微作戰由於採用大量智慧化、無人化、微小化作戰裝備，作戰人員從前方轉移至後方；有的裝備甚至能夠實現完全自主智慧化作戰，「人不在迴路中」將成為新的作戰方式。香港城市大學研究人員設計出一種微型機器人，預計在人體內運輸細胞，其直徑為500到700微米，成功實現了在復雜生物體內部通過磁場控制微型機器人運動的目的，這種機器人如用作武器對敵方有生力量實施攻擊，可攻擊敵人身體內各器官，譬如大腦、眼睛等，可快速使敵人失去戰鬥能力，而其作戰極具隱蔽性、突然性。此外，美國哈佛大學開發出直徑約為2.5毫米，名為Kilobot的機器人，依靠自身的振動實現自身移動，能夠與其他同種類型的機器人組成一個“團隊”，共同協作完成任務，為微作戰中典型的「蜂群」作戰提供更多選擇。

顛覆軍隊組織形態。微作戰改變了武器裝備與軍人之間的關系，進而顛覆軍隊的組織形態。首先，一線作戰人員大幅減少。傳統作戰是以人和武器裝備直接結合，在前線進行廝殺為主要形式，而微作戰由於武器裝備尺寸極小，作戰相對隱蔽，武器裝備操作人員可在遠離戰場的後方對其進行操作和輔助決策，這樣的戰爭形態使得軍隊形態呈現更加鬆散的發展態勢，前後方界限將更加模糊，按照傳統標準，作戰人員和保障人員更加難以界定和區分。其次，軍隊人員呈現更專業、高學歷、高智力發展趨勢，軍隊組織形態需要因勢調整。微作戰涉及眾多高科技領域，材料學、工程力學、化學、空氣動力學、電子學、網信科技等學科領域及光電子、微納、人工智慧、雲計算、物聯網、大數據、行動互聯網、量子等都是微作戰支撐學科，對軍事人員科技素質要求不僅是“廣”，還要求“深”，為此，大量高水平人才聚集到軍隊將成為“新情況”，必然對軍隊組織形態產生新的重大影響。

高度重視打好未來微作戰

在軍事發展日新月異的今天，我們應充分認識到微作戰的重要性，緊前研究，以重大技術創新和自主創新帶動佈局規劃，在微作戰領域實現領跑。

加強微作戰基礎理論追蹤與應用創新研究。加強微作戰基礎理論研究。當前，歐美發達國家微作戰理念超前，驗證頻繁，我們應重視微作戰基礎理論追蹤並努力研究揭示其本質，填補空白。同時，我們還存在著一定重視研發而在應用創新研究與成果轉化上尚顯不足的情況，應遵循微作戰的本質規律，充分發揮創新驅動發展作用，優先扶持基礎理論、作戰實驗、編制人員、後裝保障等領域提高創新水平，以人工智慧、量子等重大技術創新夯實微作戰的“底子”；以自主創新努力縮小關鍵領域差距，補好微作戰“心、芯、新”的“裡子”，把對手卡脖子、自己不託底的關鍵領域作為主攻方向，確保引領發展。

以軍民融合為抓手大力提升微作戰相關技術與裝備發展。準確掌握微作戰發展方向，以軍民融合為抓手，加強相關裝備發展，形成管、產、學、研相融合的微作戰軍民融合發展組織管理體系。推進微作戰技術資源軍地共享，加緊制定軍民相容的微作戰武器裝備標準和軍地通用的技術體系，制定政策措施推進，以減少軍民之間的隔閡，保證軍用和民用之間的協調互動。加速破除微作戰相關領域軍民融合壁壘，探索新路徑新模式，在微電子、人工智慧等軍地通用性強、技術運用成熟的行業先行試點，盡快形成可複製可推廣的經驗做法。

努力實現微作戰超前規劃和佈局。適應未來微作戰的要求，可賦予新質作戰力量微作戰演訓和實驗任務，採集相關數據，提供翔實數據，更好地為微作戰規劃佈局和預先實踐提供相關理論和實踐支撐。可在院校創設微作戰相關專業，在微作戰理論研究、教學等方面加強探索與實踐，為微作戰提供智力支撐與人才培養條件。應深入做好未來戰場建設需求論證，不斷提升戰場網絡資訊體系基礎設施建設，加大以衛星通訊為主的行動通訊覆蓋及頻寬建設，滿足未來微作戰海量資訊傳輸的需求。要加快構建微作戰相關標準體系，制定完善相關應用標準。 （裴飛、張大鵬、李景鋼）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4823585888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #中國的耗散戰, #中國軍事人工智慧武器化, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知域戰

Chinese Military Analysis on the Strategic Application of Intelligent Warfare

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中國軍事對智慧戰爭戰略應用的分析

現代英語：

An analysis of the use of strategies in intelligent warfare

■Chen Dongheng, Zhong Ya

Reading Tips: “Warfare is the art of deception”. War is a competition of comprehensive strength. Ancient Chinese military strategists have always attached great importance to “strategizing in the tent and winning thousands of miles away”, and all of them regard strategy as the way to victory. War practice shows that as long as war is a confrontation between humans, smart strategies will not withdraw from the battlefield. Today’s battlefield competition is about intelligent skills, and what is fought is smart strategies.

“The best military is to attack the enemy’s strategy, the next best is to attack the enemy’s alliance, the next best is to attack the enemy’s soldiers, and the worst is to attack the city.” Strategy, as a component of combat power and a weapon to win the war, runs through ancient and modern times and transcends national boundaries, and has an important function of influencing and determining the outcome of the war. Although the role of science and technology is more prominent in intelligent warfare, it does not exclude the use of strategy. With the support and guidance of strategy, the combat system is more efficient. In-depth research and mastery of the use of strategy in intelligent warfare will be more conducive to winning the initiative in intelligent warfare.

The status and role of the use of strategy in intelligent warfare

The essence of strategy lies in the intelligent release of power. Scientific strategy application can often defeat the majority with the minority, the big with the small, and the strong with the weak. The battlefield of intelligent warfare presents more transparency, more extended combat space, more diverse means of confrontation, and more complex winning mechanism. This provides a solid material foundation and technical support for the implementation of strategy, and the status and role of strategy are becoming more and more important.

The internal driving force of the army construction and development planning. Demand is the order of the army, and use is the commander of the weapon. How science and technology are innovated, how weapons and equipment are developed, and how the national defense forces are built are often driven by demand and forward-looking planning. For example, in order to make up for the gap between Russia and the United States in terms of overall air defense and anti-missile strength, Russia used “asymmetric” strategies to focus on penetration technology and developed the “Zircon” and “Dagger” hypersonic missiles before the United States. Facts show that the application of strategies mainly focuses on “Tao” and “Fa”. The more reasonable the design and the more scientific the application, the more it can stimulate the motivation, vitality and potential of innovation and creation, and trigger a revolution in science and technology, weapons and equipment, and military construction and combat methods. Only when intelligent warfare, scientific and technological innovation and weapons and equipment development are closely connected with the needs of scientific war strategies can they adhere to the correct direction and be better transformed into actual combat power.

A multiplier of the actual combat effectiveness of the combat system. In the combat power spectrum, strategy, as an important soft power, has the value and significance of providing scientific methodological guidance, appropriate time and opportunity selection and correct path support for the use of military hard power. For example, Iran once used the “dislocation” tactics to launch a large-scale retaliatory air strike against Israel, first using hundreds of cheap drones to attract the consumption of Israel’s expensive air defense system, and then using more advanced high-value ballistic missiles to penetrate, which improved the hit rate to a certain extent. Facts show that when facing an opponent with superior hard power, if the strategy is used properly, it can also achieve miraculous results; and the same hard power may have very different combat effectiveness when using different strategies and tactics. In intelligent warfare, although the “blade” of military hard power is faster, in order to make it more effective, it still needs to rely on more sophisticated strategic “sword skills”.

Dependent variables of hybrid warfare operations. Strategy can not only empower military hard power, but also has a strong direct combat function, and can even defeat the enemy without fighting by “soft killing”. For example, the United States once spent a lot of money to capture the leader of al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden, but he seemed to have disappeared from the world, and technical means could not determine his exact hiding place. He was finally tracked down by targeting his messenger through strategic use. The United States’ “live broadcast” “Spear of Poseidon” operation attempted to show the strength of the US military by killing Bin Laden to shock the international community. Intelligent warfare is a hybrid warfare, which has entered a new era of global live broadcast, universal participation, and full coverage. More and more countries are adopting strategic methods to enhance their own confidence and strike the opponent’s will to resist, and the strategic “soft kill” combat function is becoming more and more apparent.

Basic mechanism of intelligent warfare strategy application

Intelligent warfare, high-level development of artificial intelligence, rapid iteration, full spectrum penetration, and high-efficiency release, make the application of strategy have more dimensional support and stronger drive, showing a unique operation mechanism.

Cluster operation of strategy application. The application of strategy is based on the underlying logic of war operation and follows the law of evolution of the subject from individual to team and then to system. From a historical perspective, the application of strategy warfare in the cold weapon era relied more on the wisdom and experience accumulation of generals. Natural factors such as geography and weather are the main grasps of strategy operation. The burning of Red Cliff and borrowing arrows from straw boats are vivid footnotes. In the mechanized era, in order to adapt to the increasingly complex composition of military branches and the needs of fast-paced operations, the “General Staff” of senior military institutions dedicated to war planning services came into being. The “General Staff” in the two world wars is a typical representative. In the information age, the use of war strategies mainly relies on the control of information, and information power has become the main support behind strategic planning. In intelligent warfare, the comprehensiveness of technology application, the systematic nature of force planning, and the platform characteristics of game confrontation are more prominent, and the internal requirements are that the subject of strategy implementation should shift to a more powerful systematic platform.

Algorithm-driven strategy application. Strategy is based on strategy. The essence of planning is calculation, calculation of the world situation, calculation of military situation, calculation of development trend, calculation of strength and weakness, calculation of winning advantage… Whether it is calculation by human brain or machine, calculation by generals or calculation by teams, calculation is always the most critical supporting factor. Generally speaking, whoever has stronger computing power, more precise algorithms, and faster calculations can grab the “calculation” machine and win the victory. In the era of intelligent calculation, artificial intelligence participates in strategic decision-making with human-machine hybrid algorithms or machine algorithms, which greatly enhances the efficiency of calculation. It is based on this that major countries have focused on breakthroughs in artificial intelligence to win the future competition. These artificial intelligences, characterized by strong computing power, have great application potential in simulating battlefield situations, simulating war processes, and assisting decision-making and command. Only by guarding against the opponent’s technical aggression, vigorously improving our computing power, and adding the wings of algorithms to traditional strategies can we be invincible in the strategic game confrontation.

Intelligent support for the use of strategies. In intelligent warfare, strategies are based on the rapid development of artificial intelligence and its extensive military applications. It is a two-way “rush” of human strategic wisdom and “technical” wisdom. Now, the generals’ ingenuity and traditional staff work have become increasingly difficult to adapt to the needs of intelligent warfare. Comprehensive intelligent command and decision-making platforms have become an important support for the implementation of strategies. The command and decision-making system of the US military has developed into a large platform that integrates four-layer structural functions, including “intelligence support, information fusion, mission coordination, autonomous decision-making, action deployment, force allocation, situation adjustment, and real-time tracking”, and has become the brain of its “decision-making center warfare”. The Russian Federation Armed Forces Combat Command Center can dispatch and monitor the training and exercises of the entire army in real time, and undertake combat command tasks in low-intensity small-scale conflicts. It can be seen that intelligent support for strategic planning and strategy implementation has gradually taken shape. Intelligent strategic confrontation has put forward higher requirements for the professional integration of strategic subjects, and promoted the deep integration of human biological intelligence and artificial intelligence, which is “human-like intelligence”.

Main ways to use strategies in intelligent warfare

In intelligent warfare, the era background, supporting conditions, and action mechanisms of strategy application have undergone profound changes. The way of implementing strategies must keep pace with the times, strive to combine traditional strategic advantages with new technologies and new forms of warfare, innovate and expand scientific paths to effectively release strategic energy, and strive to plan quickly, plan carefully, and integrate strategy and attack.

Intelligent technology integration releases energy. That is, make full use of intelligent technology to empower and release energy for strategies. Generally speaking, the effective implementation of strategies is inseparable from accurate information perception, rapid personnel mobilization, and efficient force strikes. The innovative application of artificial intelligence enables people to see farther, hear more closely, know more, and calculate faster, making the army gather and disperse more quickly, move more covertly, and release power more rapidly, which is more conducive to the generation of strategies and the achievement of effectiveness. On the one hand, with the help of the rapidity and autonomy of artificial intelligence, the enemy situation can be quickly grasped through intelligent reconnaissance, the decision-making time can be greatly shortened by using machine algorithms, and the optimal strategy can be selected with the help of simulation deduction; on the other hand, relying on artificial intelligence to release and enhance the efficiency of strategies, modern brain control technology, deep fake technology, information confusion technology, public opinion guidance technology, etc., have greatly expanded the space and means of implementing strategies.

Human-machine complementation releases energy. That is, the strengths and weaknesses of human intelligence and machine intelligence complement each other and enhance efficiency and release energy. The biggest advantage of machine intelligence over human intelligence is that it can fight continuously without being affected by biological factors such as will, emotion, psychology, and physical strength. However, the “meta-intelligence” of human intelligence and its ability to adapt to changes are not possessed by machine intelligence. The two intelligence advantages complement each other and aggregate to form a powerful hybrid intelligence, which strongly supports the use of strategies in war. On the one hand, the “machine brain” safely and efficiently makes up for the shortcomings of the human brain; on the other hand, the human brain responds to special situations on the spot. Facts show that the biggest advantage of human intelligence over machine intelligence is that it can make decisions and deal with different situations on the spot, which just makes up for the shortcomings of machine intelligence. Only by combining the two can we form the optimal solution for intelligent calculation and gather the strongest strategic application.

The platform releases energy as a whole. It is to create a modular intelligent system, an integrated intelligent decision-making command action platform that integrates strategy generation and release. Intelligent warfare, every second counts, improves the time sensitivity of target strikes. The intelligent platform comprehensively uses intelligent computing and command automation technology to efficiently process massive data and complex battlefield situations, creating a “super brain” for commanders. It has significant advantages of good functional connection, high stability, fast operation speed, and high combat efficiency. It is a new quality combat force for strategic planning. Relying on the intelligent command and control system, it can make real-time decisions, form a list of time-sensitive targets, and independently solve the combat units and strike platforms that can be summoned and struck the fastest and best. The hardware and software can accurately strike the targets, and accurate strikes on time-sensitive targets can be achieved in real-time decisions, providing more options for assisting war decision-making and command.

(Author unit: Academy of Military Science)

現代國語：

試析智慧化戰爭的謀略運用

■陳東恆 鐘 婭

閱讀提示　「兵者，詭道也」。戰爭是綜合實力的比拼和競賽。我國古代兵家歷來重視“運籌帷幄之中，決勝千里之外”，無不把謀略視為取勝之道。戰爭實踐表明，只要戰爭是人類的對抗，智慧謀略就不會退出戰場。今天的戰場比拼，打的是智能技能，拼的更是智慧謀略。

「上兵伐謀，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。」謀略作為戰鬥力的構件和製勝戰爭的利器，貫穿古今、超越國界，具有影響和決定戰爭勝負的重要功能。智能化戰爭中雖然科技的角色更突顯，但並不排斥謀略的運用，在謀略的支撐和引領推動下，作戰體系反而效率更高。深入研究掌握智慧化戰爭的謀略運用，更有利於贏得智慧化戰爭的主動權。

智慧化戰爭謀略運用的地位作用

謀略的本質在於力量的智慧化釋放。科學的謀略運用常能以少勝多、以小博大、以弱勝強。智慧化戰爭戰場呈現更透明、作戰空間更延展、對抗手段更多樣化、制勝機理更複雜等特點，這為施謀用計提供了堅實物質基礎和技術支撐，謀略的地位作用愈發重要。

軍隊建設發展規劃的內動力。需為軍之令，用為器之帥。科學技術如何創新、武器裝備怎樣發展、國防軍隊怎麼建設，常常由需求牽引、前瞻謀劃。例如，俄羅斯為彌補防空反導整體力量方面與美國的差距，運用「非對稱」謀略在突防技術上發力，先於美國研發出「鋯石」「匕首」高超聲速導彈。事實表明，謀略運用主要著力於“道”和“法”，其設計越合理、運用越科學，越能激發創新創造的動力、活力和潛力，引發科學技術、武器裝備和軍隊建設作戰方式的革命。智慧化戰爭，科技創新和武器裝備開發只有緊密對接科學的戰爭謀略需求，才能堅持正確的方向，更好地轉化為現實的戰鬥力。

作戰體系實戰效能的倍增器。在戰鬥力譜系中，謀略作為重要的軟力量，其存在的價值和意義在於為軍事硬實力運用提供科學的方法論指引、合適的時機場合選擇和正確的路徑支撐。例如，伊朗曾利用「錯置」戰法對以色列發動大規模報復性空襲，先是以數百架廉價無人機吸引消耗以軍昂貴的防空系統，繼而用更先進的高價值彈道導彈突防，一定程度上提高了命中率。事實顯示，面對硬實力佔優的對手，如果謀略運用得當也能收到奇效；而同樣的硬實力運用不同的策略戰法，作戰效能可能大相徑庭。智慧化戰爭，雖然軍事硬實力的「刀鋒」更快，但要使其發揮更大戰鬥效能，還需藉助更高明的謀略「刀法」。

混合戰爭作戰運籌的因變數。謀略不僅能為軍事硬實力賦能，本身還有強大的直接作戰功能，甚至能以「軟殺傷」不戰而屈人之兵。例如，美國曾重金緝拿基地組織頭目本·拉登，但他好像人間蒸發一樣，技術手段無法確定其確切藏身處，最終通過謀略運用盯上其信使才追踪到。而美國「直播」「海神之矛」作戰行動，則企圖透過擊殺賓拉登來展現美軍的強大，以震撼國際社會。智慧化戰爭是混合戰爭，已經進入全球直播、全民參與、全域覆蓋的全新時代，越來越多的國家採取謀略方式增強己方信心、打擊對手抵抗意志，謀略「軟殺傷」的作戰功能越加顯現。

智慧化戰爭謀略運用的基本機理

智慧化戰爭，人工智慧的高階位元發展、快速度迭代、全頻譜滲透、高效能釋放，使謀略運用有了更多維的支撐、更強大的驅動，展現出獨特的運行機理。

謀略運用的集群作業。謀略的運用，既基於戰爭運行的底層邏輯，也遵循施動主體從個體到團隊再到體系的流轉演進規律。從歷史上看，冷兵器時代的謀略戰爭運用，更多靠將帥的智謀和經驗積累，地理、天候等自然因素是謀略運籌的主要抓手，火燒赤壁、草船借箭就是其生動註腳。機械化時代，適應日益復雜的軍兵種構成和快節奏作戰需要，專司戰爭謀劃服務的高級軍事機構“參謀部”便應運而生，兩次世界大戰中“總參謀部”就是其中的典型代表。資訊化時代謀略的戰爭運用，依靠的主要是對資訊的掌控，資訊力成為謀略運籌背後的主要支撐力。智慧化戰爭，技術應用的綜合性、力量運籌的體系性、博弈對抗的平台化特徵更加突出，內在要求謀略的施動主體向功能更強大的體系化平台轉進。

謀略運用的演算法驅動。謀略以謀為關鍵。謀的本質是算，算天下大勢、算軍事態勢、算發展趨勢、算強弱勝勢、算制勝優勢……無論是人腦算還是機器算、將帥算還是團隊算，算始終是最關鍵的支撐要素。一般情況下，誰的算力更強、演算法更精、算計更快，誰就能搶得「算」機、贏得勝算。智能化時代的算，人工智慧以人機混合演算法或機器演算法參與謀略決算，極大增強了算的效率。正是基於此，各主要國家紛紛把贏得未來競爭的成長點聚焦到人工智慧突破上。這些以強算力為特徵的人工智慧，在模擬戰場態勢、模擬戰爭進程、輔助決策指揮上有極大應用潛力。謹防對手技術突襲，大力提高我們的算力，為傳統謀略插上演算法的翅膀，才能在謀略博弈對抗中立於不敗之地。

謀略運用的智慧支撐。智慧化戰爭，謀略基於的是人工智慧迅猛發展及其廣泛軍事應用，是人的謀略之智與「技術」之智的雙向「奔赴」。現在，將帥的神機妙算、傳統的參謀作業，已經越來越難以適應智能化戰爭需要，綜合性的智能化指揮決策平台，成為施謀用計的重要支撐。美軍的指揮決策體系，已經發展成為融「情報保障、資訊融合，任務協調、自主決策，行動展開、力量配屬，態勢調整、實時跟踪」等四層結構功能於一體的大平台，成為其「決策中心戰”的大腦。俄羅斯聯邦武裝力量作戰指揮中心，可即時調度監控全軍訓練演習，並在低強度小規模沖突中擔負作戰指揮任務。可見，智慧支撐謀略運籌、策略實施逐步形成。智慧化謀略對抗，對謀略主體的專業化整合性提出了更高要求，推動人的生物智慧與人工智慧這一「類人智慧」深度融合結合。

智慧化戰爭謀略運用的主要方式

智慧化戰爭，謀略運用的時代背景、支撐條件、作用機理等發生了深刻變化。施謀用計的方式必須與時俱進，努力把傳統謀略優勢與新的技術、新的戰爭形態結合起來，創新拓展有效釋放謀略能量的科學路徑，致力先知快謀、精謀巧打、謀打融合。

智技融合釋能。就是充分利用智慧科技為謀略賦能釋能。通常而言，謀略的有效實施離不開準確的資訊感知、迅捷的人員調動、高效的力量打擊。人工智慧的創新應用，使人看得更遠、聽得更切、知得更多、算得更快，使軍隊集散更迅速、行動更隱蔽、力量釋放更迅猛，更加有利於謀略生成和謀效達成。一方面，借助人工智慧的快速性、自主性，透過智慧偵察迅速掌握敵情，運用機器演算法極大縮短決策時間，借助模擬推演優選謀略方案；另一方面，依靠人工智慧為謀略釋放增效，現代控腦技術、深度偽造技術、資訊迷茫技術、輿論引導技術等，極大拓展了施謀用計的空間與手段。

人機互補釋能。就是人體智能與機器智能長短互補、增效釋能。機器智能與人體智能相比的最大優勢在於，能不受意志、情緒、心理、體力等生物因素的影響連續作戰。而人體智能的「元智能」及其隨機應變的能力則為機器智能所不具備。兩種智能優勢互補聚合形成強大的混合智能，強力支撐謀略的戰爭運用。一方面，「機腦」安全高效補人腦不足；另一方面，人腦臨機應對處置特殊情況。事實表明，人體智慧相比機器智慧的最大優勢在於面對不同情況能臨機決策處置，這恰好彌補了機器智慧的不足。只有把兩者結合起來，才能形成智慧運算最優解，聚成謀略運用最強能。

平台一體釋能。就是打造模塊化的智慧系統，整合謀略生成、釋放的一體化智慧決策指揮行動平台。智慧化戰爭，分秒必爭，提高了目標打擊時敏感性。智慧化平台綜合運用智慧化計算和指揮自動化技術，高效處理海量數據及復雜戰場態勢，為指揮員打造“超強大腦”，具有功能銜接好、穩定程度高、運行速度快、作戰效率高的顯著優勢，是謀略運籌的新質作戰力量。依托智能化指揮控制系統能夠實時決斷，形成時敏目標清單，自主解算能夠最快召喚、最優打擊的作戰單元、打擊平台，軟硬一體對目標進行精確打擊，在實時決斷中實現對時敏目標的精確打擊，為輔助戰爭決策指揮提供了更多選項。

（作者單位：軍事科學院）

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16345416888.html

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Chinese Intelligent Warfare Cannot be Successful Without Human Element

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中國智慧戰爭離不開人的因素

2019年10月17日 17:00 來源：解放軍報 作者：徐莉

現代英語：

An important task in studying intelligent warfare is to accurately position humans in intelligent warfare.

　　No matter how high the “kite” of intelligent weapons and equipment flies, it can only be controlled by humans and autonomously by machines. Humans must have a strong enough kite string and hold it tightly at all times.

　　”Synchronous development of man and machine” should be regarded as a basic principle for the development of military intelligence. Intelligence should integrate both “things” and “people”.

　　At present, the research on intelligent warfare is in the ascendant. Some people believe that intelligent warfare will be unmanned as the core form of expression, and unmanned equipment such as drones, unmanned submarines, and robot soldiers will become the protagonists of war. The form of war will also develop from the co-starring of “human-machine collaborative warfare” to the one-man show of “machine vs. machine war”. People seem to have become bystanders in intelligent warfare, with the meaning and trend of “intelligent warfare makes people go away”. What is the status and role of people, who have always been the main body of war, in intelligent warfare? This is the first problem that should be solved in the study of intelligent warfare.

　　The Marxist view of war holds that weapons are an important factor in war, but not the decisive factor. The decisive factor is people, not weapons. Although people no longer directly control weapons in advanced intelligent warfare, the following factors still determine that people are the main body of war and the key to winning.

　　First, war is the continuation of politics. The launching of war and the control of the war process must be decided by people according to political needs. The game outside the battlefield has a decisive influence on the progress of the war. For example, the results of diplomatic negotiations, the focus of international public opinion, and the support of the domestic people all depend on the decisions of politicians and military strategists, which cannot be replaced by any intelligent machines.

　　Secondly, war planning and command can only be implemented by commanders at all levels. Military command is both a science and an art, but it is more of an art. Any successful battle or campaign in the world is the result of commanders breaking routines and stereotypes and using troops creatively. The history of our army’s growth and development has repeatedly proved that correct military strategic guidance and flexible strategies and tactics are the magic weapon for our army to defeat the strong with the weak and defeat the many with the few, which enables our army to move from victory to victory. It is also something that intelligent machines cannot imitate or create. For example, in the battle, the comparative analysis of enemy and our combat forces, the real-time control of the combat situation, the real-time evaluation of the overall damage effect, the combat psychological analysis of enemy commanders, and the prediction of the next combat action, etc., intelligent machines can only provide auxiliary decision-making information and suggestions. Commanders at all levels must make decisions, make combat decisions, and issue combat orders.

　　Third, the level of intelligence of weapons and equipment ultimately depends on humans. Artificial intelligence originates from human intelligence. One of the major factors restricting the development of intelligence is that the scientific understanding of human intelligence is still superficial, and the understanding of the cognition, memory, thinking, decision-making and action mechanism of the human brain is still insufficient. The “Wuzhen Index: Global Artificial Intelligence Development Report 2016” pointed out that over the years, the proportion of biological research in the four sub-fields of artificial intelligence, machine learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics, has been the lowest. Due to the lack of attention to the basic and decisive influence of brain science on artificial intelligence, the current artificial intelligence can only stay at the stage of superficial understanding and primary imitation of brain functions. Once there is a major breakthrough in the understanding of human intelligence, artificial intelligence will also be reborn and enter a leapfrog development stage.

　　Fourth, only humans can control intelligent weapons and equipment and combat platforms. Although the final intelligent weapons can be operated without human on-site control, when to put intelligent weapons and equipment into battle, when to change the direction of attack, how to control the rhythm of the war, when to withdraw from the battle, etc., can only be decided by humans in the end. This is the basic principle that must be grasped when designing intelligent weapons and equipment, that is, one of Asimov’s three laws of robotics: robots must obey human orders. Once intelligent weapons and equipment are out of human control, it will be a disaster for the entire human race, not just the enemy. This also determines that no matter how high the “kite” of intelligent weapons and equipment flies, it can only be controlled by humans and autonomous control functions of machines. The autonomous function of machines can only be effective within the scope limited by humans. Humans must have a strong enough kite line and hold it tightly at all times.

　　Fifth, only humans can crack and control the enemy’s intelligent weapons and equipment. The development of military history has proved that any weapon and equipment has its “Achilles’ heel” and will eventually be defeated. There has never been and will never be perfect and impeccable weapons and equipment in history, and intelligent weapons and equipment are no exception. The magic weapon to defeat the enemy is humans with infinite wisdom. For example, drones seem advanced, but they can be interfered, trapped or controlled by radio waves of a specific frequency. The same is true for other intelligent weapons and equipment, and finding and studying methods, technologies, and equipment to crack, control, and destroy intelligent weapons and equipment is where human wisdom comes into play.

　　Therefore, “synchronous development of man and machine” should be taken as a basic principle for the development of military intelligence. Intelligence should be applied to both “objects” and “people”. As soldiers in the era of intelligent warfare, they must master the working principles and weak links of intelligent weapons and equipment, be familiar with and master the “thinking mode” and “conventional actions” of intelligent weapons and equipment, as well as the abnormal “abnormal thinking” and abnormal “extraordinary actions” that may appear, and understand their technical and tactical indicators and performance. Especially in the stage of man-machine collaborative operations, soldiers are required not only to be able to coordinate actions with machines, but also to communicate with machines without obstacles in cognitive ability and intelligence. This not only relies on intelligent knowledge reserves, but also relies on the “brain reading” and “brain strengthening” of intelligent equipment. Scientific research shows that the normal human brain usage rate is only 3%-5%, which shows that there is still a huge room for improvement and release of human intelligence. When studying intelligent warfare, we should also study how to improve human intelligence.

　　In the face of intelligent warfare, we should prepare for the future, establish intelligent troops suitable for intelligent warfare as soon as possible, study the way to defeat the enemy in intelligent warfare, and establish and improve the theory of intelligent warfare; repair, maintain and improve intelligent weapons and equipment; study the methods, techniques and equipment to decipher the control keys of enemy weapons and equipment; study effective means to attack the enemy’s intelligent weapons and equipment, rewrite their combat rules and targets, and make them turn against us in the face of battle, or use high-energy lasers and high-power microwaves to directly destroy the enemy’s communication networks and weapons and equipment, demonstrating the way to win in intelligent warfare.

　　In short, in intelligent warfare, people are still the main body of war and the decisive factor in the outcome of war. An important task in studying intelligent warfare is to find the correct position of people in intelligent warfare. Otherwise, it is easy to fall into the idealistic quagmire of “seeing things but not people”, “only weapons” and “only technology”.

現代國語：

研究智能化戰爭的一項重要任務，就是找準智能化戰爭中人的定位。

不論智慧化武器裝備這個「風箏」飛多高，永遠只能是人類控制與機器自主控制功能並存，人類必須擁有足夠結實的風箏線並時刻牢牢抓住它。

應把「人機同步發展」當作軍事智慧化發展的一個基本原則，智慧化既要化「物」也要化「人」。

當前，對智慧化戰爭的研究方興未艾。一些觀點認為，智慧化戰爭將以無人化為核心表現形式，無人機、無人潛航器、機器人士兵等無人裝備將成為戰爭主角，戰爭形態也將從「人機協同作戰」的聯袂主演，最後發展到「機器對機器大戰」的獨角戲。人似乎成了智慧化戰爭的旁觀者，大有「智慧化戰爭讓人走開」的意味和態勢。曾經一直是戰爭主體的人，在智能化戰爭中的地位和角色究竟是什麼，這是研究智能化戰爭應當首先解決的問題。

馬克思主義戰爭觀認為，武器是戰爭的重要因素，但不是決定的因素，決定的因素是人而不是武器。雖然在高階階段的智慧化戰爭中，人不再直接操控武器，但以下因素仍決定了人是戰爭的主體和關鍵的致勝力量。

首先，戰爭是政治的延續，戰爭的發動、戰爭進程的掌控，必須由人視政治需求作出決定。戰場以外的博弈對戰爭進程有著決定性的影響，如外交談判的結果、國際輿論的焦點、國內民眾支持度等，均取決於政治家、軍事家的決策，是任何智能化的機器都無法替代的。

其次，戰爭規劃和指揮只能由各級指揮官來實施。軍事指揮既是科學，也是藝術，但更體現為藝術。世界上任何一場取得勝利的戰鬥、戰役，都是指揮者打破常規和定式，創造性用兵的結果。我軍成長壯大的歷史也一再證明，正確的軍事戰略指導、機動靈活的戰略戰術，是以弱克強、以少勝多，使我軍不斷從勝利走向勝利的製勝法寶，也是智能化機器所無法模仿和創造的。例如，戰中對敵我作戰力量的比較分析、作戰態勢的即時掌控、整體毀傷效果的即時評估、敵軍指揮作戰心理分析，以及對下一步作戰行動的預判等等，智慧化機器只能提供輔助決策資訊和建議案，必須由各級指揮官親自決策、下定作戰決心，並下達作戰命令。

第三，武器裝備智慧化程度高低最終取決於人類。人工智慧源自人類智能，目前製約智能化發展的一大因素，就是對人類智能的科學認識尚膚淺，對人類大腦的認知、記憶、思維、決策和行動機理等的認識還很不夠。 《烏鎮指數：全球人工智慧發展報告2016》指出，歷年來人工智慧的機器學習、自然語言處理、電腦視覺、機器人四類細分領域涉及生物學研究的比例均最低。由於不重視腦科學對人工智慧基礎和決定性的影響，直接導致當前人工智慧只能停留在對大腦功能膚淺認識和初級模仿階段，一旦對人類智慧的認識有了重大突破，人工智慧也必將脫胎換骨，進入跨越式發展階段。

第四，控制智慧化武器裝備和作戰平台的只能是人。雖然最終的智慧化武器可以沒有人類現場操控，但智慧化武器裝備何時投入戰鬥、何時轉換進攻方向、如何把控戰爭節奏、何時撤出戰鬥等等，最終只能由人來決定，這是智慧化武器裝備設計時必須掌握的基本原則，即阿西莫夫機器人三定律之一：機器人必須服從人類的命令。一旦智能化的武器裝備脫離了人的控制，那將是整個人類而不僅僅是敵人的災難，這也決定了不論智能化武器裝備這個“風箏”飛多高，永遠只能是人類控制與機器自主控制功能並存，機器自主功能只能在人類限定的範圍內有效，人類必須擁有足夠堅固的風箏線並時刻牢牢抓住它。

第五，破解、控制敵人智慧化武器裝備的只能是人。軍事歷史發展證明，任何武器裝備都有其“阿喀琉斯之踵”，最終都會被擊敗。歷史上從來沒有、未來也不會出現完美無缺、無懈可擊的武器裝備，智慧化武器裝備也不例外，而克敵制勝的法寶就是擁有無窮智慧的人類。例如，無人機看似先進，但完全可以被特定頻率的電波幹擾、誘捕或控制。其他智慧化武器裝備也是如此，而尋找並研究破解、控制、擊毀智慧化武器裝備的方法、技術、裝備，則是人類聰明才智的用武之地。

因此，應把「人機同步發展」作為軍事智能化發展的一個基本原則，智能化既要化「物」也要化「人」。作為智能化戰爭時代的軍人，必須掌握智能化武器裝備的工作原理和薄弱環節，熟悉並掌握智能化武器裝備的“思維方式”和“常規動作”，以及可能出現的非常態的“異常思維”和變態的“超常動作”，了解其技戰術指標及性能，特別是人機協同作戰階段，不僅要求軍人能夠與機器協調行動，而且在認知能力和智力上能夠和機器無障礙交流，這不僅要依靠智能化的知識儲備，也要依賴智慧化裝備的「讀腦」「強腦術」。科學研究表明，正常人大腦使用率只有3%——5%，這說明，人類智慧仍有巨大的提升和釋放空間。研究智能化戰爭，也應同步研究如何提升人類智慧。

面對智慧化戰爭，我們應當未雨綢繆，儘早建立與智能化戰爭相適應的智能化部隊，研究智能化戰爭的克敵制勝之道，建立完善智能化戰爭理論；維修、保養、改進智能化武器裝備；研究破解敵方武器裝備操控密鑰的方法、技術、裝備；研究攻擊敵軍智能化武器裝備的有效手段，改寫其作戰規則和作戰對象，使其臨陣倒戈，或是利用高能量激光、高功率微波直接擊毀敵通信網絡和武器裝備，彰顯智慧化戰爭的致勝之道。

總之，智慧化戰爭中人仍是戰爭的主體，是戰爭勝負的決定性因素。研究智能化戰爭的一項重要任務就是找準智能化戰爭中人的定位。否則，就容易陷入「見物不見人」「唯武器論」「唯技術論」的唯心主義泥沼。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.qstheory.cn/defense/2019-10/17/c_112511776588.htm