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Accelerate Innovation & Development of Chinese National Defence Science and Technology Support Modernization of China’s Military

加速國防科技創新發展支撐軍隊現代化

2023年11月26日07:00

現代英語:

President Xi Jinping emphasized that military scientific research has a strong exploratory nature, and innovation must be placed in a more prominent position, strategic planning and top-level design must be done well, innovation in military theory, innovation in national defense science and technology, and innovation in organizational models of military scientific research must be strengthened, and The engine of military scientific research and innovation is running at full speed. This important statement by President Xi profoundly reveals the importance of national defense scientific and technological innovation and is the fundamental guideline for promoting the development of national defense scientific and technological innovation under the new situation. We must launch the engine of innovation and development of national defense science and technology at full speed, promote the high-quality development of national defense science and technology, and provide strong material and technical support to achieve the centenary goal of the founding of the army and comprehensively build a world-class army.

Strengthen basic research towards the development frontier

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation are taking place, and the world’s new military revolution is accelerating, ushering in the era of moving from informatization to intelligence, which will inevitably bring about major evolutions in the form of war, major adjustments in military strategies, The combat methods have undergone major changes and the combat forces have undergone a major transformation. To promote the innovative development of national defense science and technology, we must adhere to the forefront of the world’s military science and technology development, the major needs of building a strong military, and the future battlefield, conscientiously explore the winning mechanism of future wars, continuously increase the contribution rate of national defense science and technology to war preparation, deterrence and victory, and seize the future military Injecting strong momentum into the commanding heights of competitive strategy.

Aim at the forefront of the world’s military science and technology, keep up with the world’s new military revolution, especially the development direction of military science and technology, seize the opportunities arising from the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, strive to narrow the gap in key areas, and measure innovation by obtaining comparative advantages. The fundamental standards for development are to select the breakthrough points and focus points of scientific and technological innovation, strengthen forward-looking planning and design, allocate limited resources to major technological research, concentrate superior forces, vigorously conquer key technologies in the military field, and master a number of independent intellectual property rights. core technology. From structural design to force ratio to scientific research projects, we should seize the main research areas, reflect the development frontier, form overall advantages, and actively seek strategic initiative and military advantages.

With the continuous development of science and technology, the characteristics of multi-disciplinary professional cross-clustering and multi-field technology integration have become increasingly prominent. Big crossover, big integration, and big breakthroughs have become the basic laws of the development of modern military science. To promote the innovative development of national defense science and technology, we must strive to improve technological cognition, dare to explore new paths in construction ideas and technological paths, open up channels for transforming technological chains into industrial chains, and enhance national strategic capabilities and weapons and equipment development capabilities. It is necessary to follow the essential requirements and inherent laws of national defense science and technology, stand in the context of the national innovation system and military-civilian integrated collaborative innovation, accelerate the establishment of a strategic, basic, cutting-edge, and open scientific research and innovation platform, and promote the direction of national defense science and technology. Military theory and military technology are closely integrated, basic research and applied research promote each other, and independent innovation and absorption and reference are emphasized simultaneously. Adapt to the requirements of national defense science and technology innovation and development, do a good job in basic management, and establish a basic supporting management mechanism to ensure the development of national defense science and technology innovation; strengthen project management, and strive to form a classified, efficient, flexible, adaptive, and sustainable management mechanism and work process; Broaden technology transformation channels, establish and improve policy systems and mechanisms for the transformation and application of national defense scientific and technological achievements, and promote the rapid transformation and application of national defense scientific and technological innovation achievements.

Practice has proved that basic research is the key to how high and how far national defense science and technology innovation can “jump” and “run”. Therefore, we must focus on innovative basic and applied basic research, build a rich scientific reserve, correctly grasp the relationship between basic research and technology application, and provide strong support for promoting the innovative development of national defense science and technology. First, basic research should be regarded as the leading project to promote the innovation and development of national defense science and technology, and be placed in a strategic position of priority development. Sufficient and stable funding investment should be maintained, advance layout and priority support should be provided in several major areas, and new concepts, new principles, and New methods, striving to achieve major breakthroughs in basic, cutting-edge and strategic fields. Second, we must adhere to the use of systems engineering thinking and methods, correctly understand and scientifically guide basic research and technology application practices, not only promote the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements, but also cultivate new technological growth points to form “basic research, development and application, and achievement transformation”. , a closed link to integrated application and re-innovation. Third, we must open up channels for the transformation of national defense scientific and technological achievements as soon as possible, and promote scientific research achievements to take root in building a world-class army and serving in war preparations. Actively explore scientific research collaboration in the form of technology groups, project groups, etc., strengthen military-civilian communication and collaboration, smooth channels for technical needs, and promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements as soon as possible.

Establish scientific research as a battle orientation and win the future through innovation

Focusing on actual combat is the core goal of military construction. We must regard the fundamental traction of adhering to combat needs as an important guiding principle for the innovative development of national defense science and technology. We must always aim at the innovative development of military theory and military science and technology for tomorrow’s war, and explore the formation of military theories that keep pace with the development of the times and the country. A national defense science and technology innovation system that is adapted to security needs and meets future combat requirements.

To promote the innovative development of national defense science and technology, we must firmly establish the fundamental orientation of scientific research for warfare, conduct in-depth research on the characteristics, combat styles, operational focus and winning mechanisms under informationized conditions, persist in guiding basic research and exploration of strategic frontier technologies based on operational needs, and further improve Scientific research projects focus on systems and mechanisms such as preparation for war. At the same time, we must keep a close eye on future combat opponents, accurately grasp the evolution of war forms and the development trends of world military science and technology, constantly update ideas and concepts, and scientifically plan today’s preparations, design tomorrow’s wars, and win on future battlefields. .

Combat effectiveness has always been the decisive factor in the success or failure of the army, and combat effectiveness standards are the only fundamental standards for military construction. The rapid development of high-tech with information technology as the core has resulted in unprecedented profound changes in the complexity of offensive and defensive warfare mechanisms, and has had an unprecedented profound impact on the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness. Therefore, we must regard independent innovation as an important factor, component and way of realizing the transformation of the combat effectiveness generation model, be good at discovering the potential driving force of new technologies for the development of combat effectiveness, and promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation in the great practice of comprehensively realizing the goal of strengthening the military.

In order to adapt to the requirements of winning informationized and intelligent wars and focus on effectively fulfilling missions and tasks, it is necessary to adhere to the strategic basis of independent innovation, improve the scientific research collaborative innovation mechanism, create an integrated innovation platform, and comprehensively promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation. First, we should regard the weak links of national defense science and technology as the main direction of promoting independent innovation, and at the same time increase the intensity of original innovation, focus on mastering key core technologies in some important fields and technological frontiers, and strive to build a system that can continuously increase national defense science and technology reserves and A national defense science and technology innovation system that can enable rapid transformation. Correctly handle the relationship between key technologies and general technologies, general technologies and special technologies, traditional technologies and high and new technologies, achieve overall consideration and rational layout, and achieve mutual support and coordinated development of various technologies and disciplines. Second, we must grasp the needs for the development of national defense science and technology innovation, focus on solving problems in the science and technology management system, demand generation mechanism, scientific research planning system, etc., improve the overall effectiveness of scientific research, and create strong vitality to promote independent innovation. Vigorously promote the sharing of basic technical resources between the military and civilians, and establish and improve military-civilian standardization coordination mechanisms and technical service mechanisms. Third, we must improve the scientific and technological collaborative innovation policy and system of universities, scientific research institutes, enterprises, and governments, maximize the advantages of all aspects, strive to create an integrated innovation platform, and form an overall synergy to promote collaborative innovation of national defense science and technology.

Implement the strategy of strengthening the army with talents in the new era to unleash creative vitality

Promoting the innovation and development of national defense science and technology ultimately depends on high-level talents. Without a strong team of national defense science and technology talents, independent innovation will be water without a source and a tree without roots. Therefore, we must actively adapt to the requirements of national defense science and technology innovation and development, and vigorously build a systematic and high-level talent training platform to allow more high-quality and professional talents to emerge.

Firmly establish the concept of “talents are the first resource”, insist on cultivating talents as a major political task, and use the insight to recognize talents, the true love for talents, the methods of gathering talents, the courage to use talents, and the mind to accommodate talents, Boldly use strategic scientists to support young scientific and technological talents to take on important roles and assume important responsibilities, and continuously strengthen the team of leading scientific and technological talents and first-class innovation teams. We must adhere to the joint efforts of major national defense science and technology construction projects and talent construction projects, boldly select, use and temper various talents in the practice of major projects and major tasks, cultivate and create a new generation of scientific and technological talents and leading talents, and build the field of national defense science and technology and equipment into a national It is a highland for innovative talents and a fertile ground for talents to grow and prosper, forming a vivid situation in which the creative vitality of national defense science and technology talents bursts out. Clarify the evaluation methods and standards for national defense scientific and technological talents, improve the differentiated evaluation and policy support mechanism for national defense scientific and technological talents, and build an evaluation system that conforms to the laws of national defense science and technology and the laws of talent growth. Reform the science and technology management and personnel system, let scientific research management keep up with the pace of scientific and technological innovation, truly free up hands and feet, free up time and build a platform for scientific researchers, and hand over the stage of scientific research and innovation to them with confidence, so that they can play the leading role in scientific research and innovation. , sing a big show.

A scientific and fair evaluation mechanism plays a fundamental role in stimulating innovation. Practice has proved that any major breakthrough in the field of basic research is inseparable from long-term accumulation and repeated failures. This is an inevitable law of scientific development. Therefore, in the process of scientific research and production of national defense technology and weapons and equipment, we must not only encourage scientific researchers to have fantastic ideas, but also tolerate their failures in exploration and practice. It is advocated that the implementation of various scientific research plans should not be based on the number of papers and patents as project goals, but should focus on the acquisition of original results and allow a certain failure rate. Conduct peer evaluation of basic and cutting-edge technology research, highlight medium- and long-term goal orientation and original value, strive to create a fair competition environment that encourages innovation, and make great efforts to activate the “pool of spring water” for the innovation and development of national defense science and technology.

Comprehensively implement the strategy of strengthening the military with talents in the new era, further enhance the vitality of talent team building, maximize the innovation power of national defense science and technology talents, and fully mobilize their enthusiasm, initiative and creativity. Follow the growth rules of high-quality and professional military personnel, create an environment that recognizes, loves, respects, and utilizes talents, formulates policies and systems that combine competition incentives and advocating cooperation, promotes the orderly flow and rational distribution of human resources, and serves local talents to serve national defense Build a good platform for science and technology construction, and strive to create a good situation where people can make the best use of their talents, fully display their talents, and make full use of their talents.

(The author is a researcher and doctoral supervisor at the Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Sciences)

(Editors: Wang Zifeng, Song Meiqi)

現代國語:

習近平主席強調指出,軍事科學研究具有很強的探索性,要把創新擺在更加突出的位置,做好戰略謀劃和頂層設計,加強軍事理論創新、國防科技創新、軍事科研工作組織模式創新,把軍事科研創新的引擎全速發動。習主席的這一重要論述,深刻揭示了國防科技創新的重要性,是新形勢下推動國防科技創新發展的根本遵循。我們要全速發動國防科技創新發展的引擎,促進國防科技高品質發展,為實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標、全面建成世界一流軍隊提供強而有力的物質技術支撐。

面向發展前沿 加強基礎研究

當前,新一輪科技革命和產業變革正孕育興起,世界新軍事革命加速推進,拉開了從資訊化向智慧化邁進的時代大幕,必將帶來戰爭形態大演進、軍事戰略大調整、作戰方式大嬗變、作戰力量大轉型。推進國防科技創新發展,必須堅持面向世界軍事科技發展前沿,面向強軍實踐重大需求,面向未來戰場,認真探索未來戰爭制勝機理,不斷提高國防科技對備戰懾戰勝戰的貢獻率,為搶佔未來軍事競爭戰略制高點注入強勁動能。

瞄準世界軍事科技前沿,緊跟世界新軍事革命特別是軍事科技發展方向,緊緊抓住新一輪科技革命和產業革命正在興起的機遇,努力縮小關鍵領域的差距,以取得比較優勢作為衡量創新發展的根本標準,選準科技創新的突破口和著力點,加強前瞻謀劃設計,把有限的資源配置到重大技術攻關上,集中優勢力量,大力攻克軍事領域的關鍵技術,掌握一批擁有自主知識產權的核心技術。從結構設計到力量配比再到科研項目,都應抓住主要研究領域,體現發展前沿,形成整體優勢,積極謀求戰略主動和軍事優勢。

隨著科學技術不斷發展,多學科專業交叉群集、多領域技術融合整合的特徵日益凸顯,大交叉、大融合、大突破已成為現代軍事科學發展的基本規律。推進國防科技創新發展,要努力提陞技術認知能力,在建設思路、技術路徑上敢於蹚新路,打通技術鏈轉化為產業鏈的通道,提升國家戰略能力和武器裝備發展實力。要遵循國防科技的本質要求與內在規律,站在國家創新大體系、軍民一體化協同創新的大背景下,加速建立戰略性、基礎性、前沿性、開放性的科學研究創新平台,推動國防科技向軍事理論與軍事技術緊密結合、基礎研究與應用研究相互促進、自主創新與吸收借鑒並重舉轉變。適應國防科技創新發展要求,搞好基礎管理,配套建立確保國防科技創新發展的基礎支撐性管理機制﹔加強項目管理,努力形成分類分級、高效靈活、自適應、可持續的管理機制和工作流程﹔拓寬技術轉化管道,建立並改善國防科技成果轉化應用政策制度機制,推動國防科技創新成果快速轉化應用。

實踐証明,國防科技創新能「跳」多高、「跑」多遠,基礎研究是關鍵。因此,要著力抓好創新性基礎與應用基礎研究,搞好豐厚的科學儲備,正確掌握基礎研究與技術應用的關系,為推動國防科技創新發展提供強力支撐。一要把基礎研究作為推動國防科技創新發展的先導工程,放在優先發展的戰略位置來抓,保持足夠、穩定的經費投入,在若干重大領域提前佈局與優先支持,探索新概念、新原理、新方法,力爭在基礎性、前衛性、戰略性領域取得重大突破。二要堅持運用系統工程的思維與方法,正確認識與科學指導基礎研究與技術應用實踐,既要促進科技成果轉化運用,又要培育新的技術成長點,形成「基礎研究、開發應用、成果轉化,到整合應用再創新」的閉合鏈路。三要盡快打通國防科技成果轉化的管道,促進科學研究成果在建設世界一流軍隊和服務備戰打仗中落地生根。積極探索以技術群、項目群等形式開展科研協作攻關,加強軍地溝通協作,暢通技術需求通道,促進科技成果盡快實現轉型。

樹立科研為戰導向 以創新制勝未來

聚焦實戰是軍隊建設的核心目標,必須把堅持作戰需求的根本牽引作為國防科技創新發展的重要指導原則,始終瞄準明天的戰爭創新發展軍事理論和軍事科技,探索形成與時代發展同步伐、與國家安全需求相適應、滿足未來作戰要求的國防科技創新體系。

推進國防科技創新發展,必須穩固確立科研為戰的根本導向,深入研究資訊化條件下的作戰特點、作戰樣式、作戰重心和製勝機理,堅持以作戰需求牽引基礎研究和戰略前沿技術探索,進一步完善科學研究項目聚焦於備戰打仗等製度機制,同時要緊盯未來作戰對手,準確掌握戰爭形態演變趨勢、世界軍事科技發展趨勢,不斷更新思想觀念,科學籌劃今天的備戰、設計明天的戰爭、制勝未來的戰場。

戰鬥力始終是軍隊興衰成敗的決定性因素,戰鬥力標準是軍隊建設唯一的根本的標準。以資訊科技為核心的高新技術迅猛發展,戰爭攻防作戰機理的複雜程度發生了前所未有的深刻變化,對於戰鬥力的生成和提高產生了前所未有的深刻影響。因此,必須把自主創新作為戰鬥力生成模式轉變的重要因素、構成要素和實現途徑,善於發現新技術對戰鬥力發展的潛在推動力,在全面實現強軍目標的偉大實踐中促進國防科技創新發展。

為適應打贏資訊化與智慧化戰爭要求,著眼有效履行使命任務,就要堅持自主創新的戰略基點,完善科研協同創新機制,打造融合創新平台,全面推進國防科技創新發展。一要把國防科技的薄弱環節作為推進自主創新的主攻方向,同時加大原始性創新力度,著力在一些重要領域和科技前沿掌握關鍵核心技術,努力構建既能使國防科學技術儲備不斷增加、又能使之快速轉化的國防科技創新體系。正確處理重點技術與一般技術、一般技術與專用技術、傳統技術與高新技術的關系,做到統籌兼顧、合理佈局,實現各類技術、各類學科相互支撐、協調發展。二要掌握國防科技創新發展的需求,重點解決科技管理體制、需求生成機制、科學研究計畫體係等面向問題,提昇科研整體效益,形成推動自主創新的強大活力。大力推動技術基礎資源軍民共用分享,建立完善軍民標準化協調機制與技術服務機制。三要健全大學、科研院所、企業、政府的科技協同創新政策制度,最大限度發揮各方面的優勢,著力打造融合創新平台,形成推動國防科技協同創新的整體合力。

實施新時代人才強軍戰略 讓創造活力競相迸發

推進國防科技創新發展,歸根結底要靠高水準人才,如果沒有強大的國防科技人才隊伍,自主創新就是無源之水、無本之木。因此,必須積極適應國防科技創新發展要求,大力打造體系化、高層次的人才培養平台,讓更多高素質、專業化人才競相湧現。

穩固樹立「人才是第一資源」的觀念,堅持把培養人才作為一項重大的政治任務,以識才的慧眼、愛才的真情、聚才的方法、用才的膽略、容才的胸懷,大膽運用策略科學家,支持青年科技人才挑起大樑、擔重任,不斷壯大科技領軍人才隊伍和一流創新團隊。堅持國防科技重大建設工程和人才建設工程一起抓,在重大工程和重大任務實踐中大膽選拔、使用、錘煉各種人才,培養造就新一代科技帥才和領軍人才,把國防科技和裝備領域打造成國家創新人才的高地、人才成長興業的沃土,形成國防科技人才創造活力競相迸發的生動局面。明確國防科技人才的評價方式與標準,完善國防科技人才差異化評價與政策支援機制,建構符合國防科技規律和人才成長規律的評價體系。改革科技管理與人事制度,讓科學研究管理跟上科技創新的步伐,真正為科研人員放開手腳、騰出時間、搭建平台,把科研創新的舞台放心交給他們,讓他們在科研創新中當主角、唱大戲。

科學公平的評價機制對於激勵創新具有根本性的作用。實踐証明,任何一個基礎研究領域的重大突破都離不開長期的積累和多次的失敗,這是科學發展的必然規律。因此,在國防科技和武器裝備科學研究生產過程中,既要鼓勵科學研究人員有奇思妙想,又要寬容其在探索實踐中的失敗。提倡各類科學研究計劃的實施不以論文、專利數量為項目目標,注重原創成果的取得,允許一定的失敗比例。對基礎和前沿技術研究實行同行評價,突顯中長期目標導向和原創價值,著力營造激勵創新的公平競爭環境,下大力氣激活國防科技創新發展的「一池春水」。

全面貫徹實施新時代人才強軍戰略,進一步增強人才隊伍建設活力,最大限度激發國防科技人才的創新動力、充分調動他們的積極性、主動性和創造性。遵循高素質、專業化軍事人才成長規律,營造識才愛才敬才用才的環境,制定競爭激勵和崇尚合作相結合的政策制度,促進人才資源有序流動、合理佈局,為地方人才服務國防科技建設搭建好平台,著力形成人盡其才、盡展其才、才盡其用的良好局面。

(作者係軍事科學院系統工程研究院研究員、博士生導師)

(責編:王之鋒、宋美琪)

中國原創軍事資源:https://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2023/1126/c1011-40125888.html

Providing Strategic Guidance for the Chinese Military Emphasis in the New Era In-depth study and implementation of Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military

為新時代中國軍事重點提供戰略指引
深入學習貫徹習近平強軍思想

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2022年9月2日 星期五

現代英語:

In July 2019, the white paper “China’s National Defense in the New Era” was published. In this comprehensive national defense white paper, for the first time, a defensive national defense policy system for China in the new era was constructed, and it was clearly stated that “implementing the military strategic policy of the new era is the strategic guidance of China’s national defense in the new era”. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi has always firmly grasped the fundamental focus of serving the strategic goals of the Party and the country, taking military means as the bottom line to realize the great dream and military struggle as an important aspect of the great struggle, keeping pace with the times and innovating military strategic guidance, establishing the general outline for the construction and use of military forces, and leading the national defense and military construction, reform and military struggle preparation in the new era to achieve many landmark, pioneering and historic achievements.

Giving new connotations to the active defense strategic thought

The active defense strategic thought is the basic point of our party’s military strategic thought. In the long-term practice of revolutionary war, the people’s army has formed a complete set of active defense strategic ideas. After the founding of New China, the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission made several major adjustments to the military strategic policy in accordance with the development and changes of the national security situation. Although the content of military strategic policies has changed in different periods, the basic idea of ​​active defense has never changed. We must adhere to the unity of strategic defense and offensive campaigns and battles, adhere to the principles of defense, self-defense, and post-strike, and adhere to “If no one offends me, I will not offend; if someone offends me, I will offend him.” Scientific and accurate military strategy is the greatest chance of victory. The reason why our army has been able to defeat the strong with the weak and the superior with the inferior, and has always been invincible and invincible, is that it has adhered to the strategic thinking of active defense.

In the new era, we must unswervingly adhere to the strategic thinking of active defense. President Xi pointed out that adhering to active defense is a conclusion drawn from summarizing historical experience and scientifically judging the reality and the future. It is by no means an expedient measure and must be firmly adhered to. Strategically adhering to active defense is fundamentally determined by the socialist nature of our country and the fundamental interests of the country. my country is a socialist country that follows the path of peaceful development, adheres to an independent and peaceful foreign policy, pursues a defensive national defense policy, and will not invade other countries; my country is a developing country that has always faced arduous and heavy economic construction tasks and needs a peaceful and stable external environment; the Chinese nation is a peace-loving nation, and there is no gene in the blood of the Chinese nation to invade others and dominate. The Chinese people have never bullied, oppressed, or enslaved the people of other countries, not in the past, not now, and not in the future. Under the new era conditions, we adhere to the active defense strategic thinking, fully demonstrate the position of my country’s defensive national defense policy, and show that my country will never follow the old path of “a strong country must dominate”, which is conducive to winning wider international recognition and creating a more favorable strategic environment for achieving the national development strategic goals.

The vitality of military strategic guidance lies in changing with the times and taking action in response to the situation. Since its birth, the active defense strategic thinking has always developed with the development of military practice and continuously enriched its connotation. Now, we are closer than ever to the goal of achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and we have the ability and confidence to achieve this goal as never before. However, we must see that we are engaged in a great struggle with many new historical characteristics, and we will inevitably face various major challenges, major risks, major resistance, and major contradictions in the process of moving forward. President Xi Jinping has a profound understanding of the new situation of my country’s national security, scientifically judged the characteristics and trends of military struggle in the new era, and made it clear that active defense is fundamentally defense and the key is active. Emphasis is placed on enhancing the aggressiveness and initiative of military strategic guidance, focusing on the word “active”, further broadening the strategic vision, updating strategic thinking, moving the focus of guidance forward, and expanding the strategic depth of active defense; being active is not about rushing for quick results or rushing forward rashly, but the unity of strategic aggressiveness and tactical steady and steady, which is steady progress and steady action; actively adapt to the change in the basis of military struggle preparation, increase military innovation, and strive to raise military struggle preparation to a new level. These important expositions have concentrated on answering the most fundamental and critical issues of military strategy in the new era, and have clarified the direction and focus for our army to carry out diversified military tasks in a broader space. In recent years, under the strong guidance of Xi Jinping’s military strategic thinking, the focus of our military work has been increasingly corrected, the “peacetime ills” have been effectively corrected, the construction direction has been more focused on actual combat, and the innovation and development in all aspects of war, construction, and preparation have been fully leveraged. In particular, the whole army has effectively responded to external military provocations and pressures with a firm will to fight and a flexible strategy to fight, established the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone, deterred the separatist activities of “Taiwan independence” with powerful actions, actively and prudently handled hot and sensitive situations in the surrounding areas, carefully organized border control and maritime rights protection operations, effectively carried out major tasks such as anti-terrorism and stability maintenance, peacekeeping and escort, promoted the historic transformation of the military struggle pattern, and effectively maintained the overall stability of the national strategy.

Innovation of our military’s war and combat guidance theory

The essence of military strategy is the strategy of war, and planning and guiding war is the core content of innovative strategic guidance. At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution is accelerating, and science and technology have an increasingly greater impact on military competition and modern warfare. President Xi accurately grasped the changes in science and technology, war, and opponents, established new goals and new layouts for military struggle, clarified new guidance and new strategies for the use of military forces, put forward new measures and new requirements for preparing for war, and profoundly answered the major questions of what kind of war to fight and how to fight in the future, and raised our army’s understanding of the laws of war guidance to a new level.

Deeply grasp the characteristics, laws, and winning mechanisms of modern warfare. The freedom to control war comes from the inevitability of understanding war. All laws of war guidance must develop in accordance with the development of history and the development of war. Judging from the recent local wars and military operations in the world, the degree of informatization of modern warfare is constantly improving, and intelligent characteristics are becoming increasingly apparent. Various types of unmanned combat systems have been put into actual combat in large quantities, and the concepts, elements, and methods of winning wars have undergone major changes. President Xi pointed out profoundly that these changes seem dazzling, but there are laws to follow behind them. The fundamental thing is that the winning mechanism of war has changed. For example, in terms of combat forms, it is emphasized that modern warfare is a confrontation between systems, and integrated joint operations have become the basic combat form; in terms of time and space characteristics, it is emphasized that the multi-dimensional battlefield space is integrated, and the boundaries between strategic, campaign, and tactical actions tend to be blurred; in terms of the key to victory, it is emphasized that the right to control information has become the core of seizing comprehensive control of the battlefield and the key to winning the war; in terms of organization and command, it is emphasized that the strategic, joint, timely, professional, and precise requirements of combat command are becoming higher and higher, and combat organization and management are becoming more standardized, process-oriented, and refined. These important expositions have deepened the understanding of the characteristics and laws of modern warfare, and provided important guidelines for us to grasp the laws of war in the world today and master the “swimming skills” of modern warfare.

Build a combat theory system with the characteristics of our army. War theory and combat thinking are a powerful traction for strengthening actual combat preparations and defeating strong enemies. In the revolutionary war years, our army was always one step ahead of the enemy in combat theory and tactics, which is an important reason why our army continued to move from victory to victory. Entering the new era, President Xi Jinping focused on the overall national security and development, grasped the revolutionary changes in the war form and combat methods, prospectively studied major issues of future wars, and put forward a series of innovative combat ideas. For example, he proposed to strengthen the concept of information dominance, system support, elite combat, and joint victory, integrate various combat forces, combat units, and combat elements into an organic whole, and improve the joint combat capability and full-domain combat capability based on the network information system; he proposed to adhere to flexibility, mobility, and autonomy, focus on playing our advantages and fight with what we can and what we can’t; he proposed to grasp the new characteristics and new requirements of the people’s war under the new era conditions, innovate content and methods, and give full play to the overall power of the people’s war. These important expositions adhere to and carry forward the essence of the military thought that our army has always adhered to, conform to the evolution trend of the war form, meet the actual and development requirements of combat effectiveness construction, and provide principled guidance for our army to carry out combat tasks.

Based on the most difficult and complex situations, we should promote military struggle preparation. Military struggle preparation is the basic practical activity of the army. The more fully prepared, the more proactive it will be strategically. In the summer and autumn of 2018, the Central Military Commission used three months to conduct an unannounced and surprise inspection of the various military services and armed police forces distributed in the five major war zones. The scope of the operation covered 21 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government) and parts of the East China Sea and the South China Sea. This is a microcosm of the whole army’s in-depth promotion of military struggle preparation in the new era. “It is better to be prepared without fighting than to fight without preparation.” President Xi repeatedly emphasized that the whole army must establish the idea of ​​being ready for war at any time, and military struggle preparation must be firmly grasped and never relaxed. The whole army is required to persist in fighting, preparing for war, and building at the same time, coordinate the promotion of military struggle preparation in all directions and fields, and be prepared to respond to various complex and difficult situations at any time; raise daily combat readiness work to a strategic height, adhere to the integration of peace and war, and maintain a high alert posture with arrows on the string and ready to be fired; promote actual combat training, keep close to combat tasks, combat opponents, and combat environment, and strengthen targeted, testing, and confrontational training. These important expositions reflect deep strategic concerns and strong bottom-line thinking, deepen the understanding of the laws of how to prepare for war and how to train troops in a peaceful environment, and point out the methods and paths for the army to generate and improve combat effectiveness and grasp the initiative in military struggle.

Enrich and develop our party’s art of commanding military struggle

President Xi insists on using the Marxist view of war to examine war and military issues, enriches and develops our party’s military dialectical thinking, and applies it to guiding the practice of actual military struggle, showing strategic planning that takes into account the overall situation, strategic courage that is not afraid of risks, and strategic wisdom that wins by taking advantage of the enemy, opening up a new realm of strategic guidance for the people’s army in the new era.

Adhere to the military’s obedience to politics and strategy’s obedience to policy. War is the continuation of politics, and dealing with the relationship between war and politics is related to the fate of the country. Now, the connection between military and politics is closer, the relevance and integrity at the strategic level are increasing, and the influence and constraints of political factors on war are becoming more prominent. President Xi pointed out profoundly that in planning and guiding wars, we must deeply understand the political attributes of war and think about war issues from a political perspective. It is emphasized that we must maintain strategic clarity, strengthen strategic determination, and understand and plan the war issue under the great goal of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation; we must have both military and political minds, and whether to fight, when to fight, how to fight, and to what extent, must obey and serve politics. We must always obey and serve the highest interests of the country and the nation, strengthen political awareness, awareness of the overall situation, and awareness of orders, and be good at planning military actions with an eye on the overall situation of national politics and diplomacy and the overall national security strategy to ensure political and strategic initiative.

Adhere to overall planning of struggle, preparation for war, and construction. “Those who have civil affairs must have military preparations.” President Xi Jinping profoundly summarized the historical lessons of my country’s suffering from the ravages of wars by the great powers in modern times, revealed the dialectics of war and peace, and pointed out that only by being able to fight can we stop the war, and only by being prepared to fight can we avoid fighting. The less able to fight, the more likely we are to be beaten. We emphasize that we do not want to fight, but only if we are prepared, have strong military power and have the ability to win, can we strategically achieve the goal of “stopping war with force”; we must plan preparation for war and stopping war, deterrence and actual combat, war operations and the use of military power in peacetime as a whole, and give full play to the strategic function of military power. In today’s world, the shadow of Cold War mentality and power politics lingers, and traditional and non-traditional security threats emerge in an endless stream. Some countries are trying to expand military alliances to seek absolute security, coerce other countries to take sides and create camp confrontation, ignore the rights and interests of other countries and pursue self-centeredness, and forging swords into plowshares is still a good wish of people. Practice has proved that peace must be backed by strong strength. We must keep a close eye on strong enemies and opponents, step up the forging of stronger capabilities and more reliable means, better play the strategic functions of our army in shaping the situation, managing crises, containing wars, and winning wars, and resolutely defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

Adhere to the unity of firmness in the principle of struggle and flexibility in strategy. Struggle is an art. It is about will, determination, and faith. It is about strategy, wisdom, and methods. In leading the great struggle, President Xi has always insisted on the unity of strengthening the sense of crisis and maintaining strategic determination, the unity of strategic judgment and tactical decision-making, and the unity of the struggle process and the effectiveness of the struggle. He requires our army to be brave and good at struggle. It is emphasized that we must not give in on issues of principle, we must be tit-for-tat and fight for every inch of land, and we must dare to take on all kinds of provocations, dare to attack, dare to fight and win, not bow in the face of difficulties, not retreat in the face of challenges, and not trade principles; we must be flexible and maneuverable on strategic issues, insist on being reasonable, beneficial, and moderate, and pay attention to the methods and art of struggle. Practice has proved that the more complex the struggle situation is, the more we must use the military hand in a step-by-step and strategic way. We must focus on stabilizing the overall situation and controlling risks, adhere to the combination of rigidity and flexibility, multiple measures, and comprehensive measures, strengthen the coordination and cooperation between military actions and political and diplomatic actions, and form an overall joint force for struggle.

Adhere to the combination of overall planning and highlighting key points. The key to strategic planning is to focus on the overall situation and seek opportunities. my country has a complex geostrategic environment and has the most neighboring countries among the world’s major powers. Based on the new situation facing my country’s security and development, President Xi Jinping has insisted on overall planning and ensuring the stability of the overall strategic situation in military strategic guidance, and has also focused on highlighting key points and grasping strategic hubs related to the overall situation to enhance the balance and three-dimensionality of the strategic layout. It is emphasized that according to the security threats and the strategic tasks of our army, we must build a strategic deployment and military deployment that is coordinated overall, responsible for different regions, mutually coordinated and integrated; highlight the preparation for military struggle at sea, effectively control major crises, and properly respond to chain reactions; coordinate the promotion of military struggle preparations in traditional security fields and new security fields, and actively respond to new security threats and challenges. At present, the sudden, interconnected and changeable threats facing my country’s security have greatly increased. We must grasp the direction, take the overall situation into consideration, coordinate the overall situation, firmly grasp the main contradictions and main aspects of the military struggle, ensure the stability of the overall strategic situation, and create a strategic situation that is beneficial to us.

On the new journey, we are facing a situation with complexity and severity, and a task with heaviness and difficulty that is rare in the world and history. The People’s Army must shoulder the important task of supporting the Chinese nation towards great rejuvenation. The whole army must establish the military strategic thinking of the new era, the military strategic policy of the new era, the baton of preparing for war, and the responsibility of preparing for war. We must vigorously carry forward the spirit of struggle, cultivate the fighting spirit of not fearing hardship and not fearing death, strengthen the determination and will to fight at the critical moment, and always have the character, integrity, and courage of not believing in evil, not fearing ghosts, and not being spineless. We must constantly enhance our fighting skills, focus on tempering our actual combat capabilities in arduous and rigorous training, actively innovate strategies and tactics that are one step ahead of the enemy, and step up the construction of a strong system support for joint operations, forge elite troops that can come when called, fight when they come, and win when they fight, and resolutely win future wars and resolutely safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

國語中文:

2019年7月,《新時代的中國國防》白皮書發表。在這部綜合型國防白皮書中,首次建構新時代中國防禦性國防政策體系,鮮明提出「貫徹落實新時代軍事戰略方針,這是新時代中國國防的戰略指導」。黨的十八大以來,習主席始終牢牢把握服務黨和國家戰略目標這個根本著眼,把軍事手段作為實現偉大夢想的保底手段、軍事鬥爭作為進行偉大斗爭的重要方面來運籌,與時俱進創新軍事戰略指導,確立了統攬軍事力量建設和運用的總綱,引領新時代國防和軍隊建設、改革和軍事鬥爭準備取得許多標誌性、開創性、歷史性重大成就。

賦予積極防禦戰略思想新的內涵

積極防禦戰略思想是我們黨軍事戰略思想的基本要點。在長期革命戰爭實踐中,人民軍隊形成了一整套積極防禦戰略思想。新中國成立後,黨中央、中央軍委根據國家安全情勢發展變化,對軍事戰略方針進行了多次重大調整。雖然各時期軍事戰略方針內容有變化,但積極防禦的基本思想始終沒有變,堅持戰略上防禦與戰役戰鬥上進攻的統一,堅持防禦、自衛、後發製人的原則,堅持「人不犯我,我不犯人;人若犯我,我必犯人」。軍事戰略科學準確,就是最大的勝算。我軍一路走來,之所以能夠以弱勝強、以劣勝優,始終攻無不克、戰無不勝,很重要的是堅持了積極防禦戰略思想。

新時代必須堅定不移堅持積極防禦戰略思想。習主席指出,堅持積極防禦,是總結歷史經驗、科學判斷現實和未來得出的結論,決不是權宜之計,要牢牢堅持住。在戰略上始終堅持積極防禦,從根本上來說是由我國社會主義性質和國家根本利益決定的。我國是社會主義國家,走和平發展道路,堅持獨立的和平外交政策,奉行防禦性國防政策,不會去侵略其他國家;我國是發展中國家,一直面對著艱鉅繁重的經濟建設任務,需要一個和平穩定的外在環境;中華民族是愛好和平的民族,中華民族血液中沒有侵略他人、稱王稱霸的基因,中國人民從來沒有欺負、壓迫、奴役過其他國家人民,過去沒有、現在沒有、將來也不會有。在新的時代條件下,我們堅持積極防禦戰略思想,充分錶明我國防禦性國防政策立場,昭示我國絕不走「國強必霸」的老路,有利於贏得更廣泛的國際認同,為實現國家發展戰略目標營造更為有利的策略環境。

軍事戰略指導的生命力在於應時而變、應勢而動。積極防禦戰略思想自誕生之日起,就始終隨著軍事實踐的發展而發展,不斷豐富其內涵。現在,我們前所未有地接近實現中華民族偉大復興的目標,前所未有地具有實現這個目標的能力和信心。但要看到,我們正在進行具有許多新的歷史特徵的偉大鬥爭,前行中必然會面對各種重大挑戰、重大風險、重大阻力、重大矛盾。習主席深刻掌握我國國家安全的新形勢,科學研判新時代軍事鬥爭的特徵和趨勢,明確積極防禦根本在防禦、要義在積極。強調增強軍事戰略指導的進取性和主動性,在「積極」二字上做文章,進一步拓寬戰略視野、更新戰略思維、前移指導重心,拓展積極防禦戰略縱深;積極不是急於求成、急躁冒進,而是戰略上進取和戰術上穩紮穩打相統一,是穩中有進、穩中有為;積極適應軍事鬥爭準備基點轉變,加大軍事創新力度,努力把軍事鬥爭準備提高到一個新水平。這些重要論述,集中回答了新時代軍事戰略最根本最要害的問題,為我軍在更加廣闊的空間遂行多樣化軍事任務明確了方向重點。這些年,在習近平軍事戰略思想的有力指引下,我軍工作重心日益歸正,「和平積弊」有力糾治,建設指向更加聚焦實戰,全方位撬動了戰、建、備各領域各方面創新發展。特別是全軍以堅定的鬥爭意志、靈活的鬥爭策略,有效應對外部軍事挑釁施壓,劃設東海防空識別區,以有力行動震懾「台獨」分裂行徑,積極穩健處置週邊熱點敏感事態,周密組織邊境管控與海上維權行動,有效遂行反恐維穩、維和護航等重大任務,推動軍事鬥爭格局實現歷史性轉變,有力維護了國家戰略全局穩定。

創新我軍戰與作戰指導理論

軍事戰略的本質是戰之方略,規劃和指導戰爭是創新戰略指導的核心內容。目前,新一輪科技革命和軍事革命正在加速發展,科技對軍事競爭和現代戰爭影響越來越大。習主席準確掌握科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變,確立軍事鬥爭新目標新佈局,明確軍事力量運用新指導新策略,提出備戰打仗新舉措新要求,深刻回答了未來打什麼仗、怎麼打仗的重大問題,把我軍對戰爭指導的規律性認知提升到新高度。

深刻掌握現代戰爭特徵規律與致勝機理。駕馭戰爭的自由,來自於認識戰爭的必然。一切戰爭指導規律,必須依照歷史的發展而發展,並依照戰爭的發展而發展。從世界近幾場局部戰爭和軍事行動看,現代戰爭資訊化程度不斷提高,智能化特徵日益顯現,各類無人作戰系統大量投入實戰,戰爭制勝觀念、制勝要素、制勝方式發生重大變化。習主席深刻指出,這些變化看起來眼花撩亂,但背後是有規律可循的,根本的是戰爭的致勝機理變了。例如,在作戰形式上,強調現代戰爭是體系和體系的對抗,一體化聯合作戰成為基本作戰形式;在時空特性上,強調多維戰場空間融為一體,戰略、戰役、戰術行動界限趨於模糊;在製勝關鍵上,強調制資訊權成為奪取戰場綜合控制權的核心,成為贏得戰爭勝利的關鍵;在組織指揮上,強調作戰指揮戰略性、聯合性、時效性、專業性、精確性要求越來越高,作戰組織和管理日趨標準化、流程化、精細化。這些重要論述深化了對現代戰爭特徵規律的認識,為我們掌握當今世界戰爭法則、掌握現代戰爭「游泳術」提供了重要遵循。

建構具有我軍特色的作戰理論體系。戰爭理論和作戰思想,是加強實戰準備、制勝強敵對手的有力牽引。革命戰爭年代,我軍在作戰理論和戰法上始終高敵一籌,這是我軍不斷從勝利走向勝利的重要原因。進入新時代,習主席著眼於國家安全和發展全局,掌握戰爭形態和作戰方式的革命性變化,前瞻研究未來戰爭重大議題,提出了一系列創新性作戰想法。例如,提出強化資訊主導、體系支撐、精兵作戰、聯合製勝的觀念,把各種作戰力量、作戰單元、作戰要素融合為一個有機整體,提高基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力;提出堅持靈活、機動、自主,著眼於發揮我們的優勢打,以能擊不能;提出把握新的時代條件下人民戰爭的新特點新要求,創新內容和方式方法,充分發揮人民戰爭的整體威力。這些重要論述,堅持和發揚我軍一貫堅持的軍事思想精髓,順應戰爭形態演變趨勢,符合戰鬥力建設實際和發展要求,為我軍遂行作戰任務提供了原則指導。

以最困難、最複雜情況推進軍事鬥爭準備。軍事鬥爭準備是軍隊的基本實踐活動,準備越充分在戰略上就越主動。 2018年夏秋,中央軍委利用3個月時間,以不打招呼、突擊檢查的方式,對分佈在5大戰區的各軍兵種和武警部隊進行整建制戰備拉動,行動範圍覆蓋21個省(自治區、直轄市)和東海、南海部分海域,這是新時代全軍上下深入推進軍事鬥爭準備的縮影。 「寧可備而不戰,不可無備而戰。」習主席一再強調,全軍要樹立隨時準備打仗的思想,軍事鬥爭準備要牢牢抓在手上,須臾不可放鬆。要求全軍堅持邊鬥爭、邊備戰、邊建設,統籌推進各方向各領域軍事鬥爭準備,做好隨時應對各種複雜困難局面的準備;把日常戰備工作提到戰略高度,堅持平戰一體,保持箭在弦上、引而待發的高度戒備態勢;推進實戰實訓,緊貼作戰任務、作戰對手、作戰環境,加強針對性、檢驗性、對抗性訓練。這些重要論述,反映了深層的戰略憂患和強烈的底線思維,深化了和平環境下如何備戰、怎麼練兵的規律性認識,為軍隊生成和提高戰鬥力、掌握軍事鬥爭主動權指明了方法路徑。

豐富發展我們黨軍事鬥爭指揮藝術

習主席堅持用馬克思主義戰爭觀審視戰爭和軍事問題,豐富發展了我們黨的軍事辯證法思想,並運用到指導現實軍事鬥爭實踐中,展現出觀照全局的戰略運籌、不畏風險的戰略魄力、因敵制勝的戰略智慧,開啟了新時代人民軍隊戰略指導的新境界。

堅持軍事服從政治、戰略服從政略。戰爭是政治的延續,處理戰爭和政治的關係,事關國家命運。現在,軍事和政治的連結更加緊密,在戰略層面上的相關性和整體性日益增強,政治因素對戰爭的影響和限制愈發突出。習主席深刻指出,規劃和指導戰爭,必須深刻認識戰爭的政治屬性,從政治高度思考戰爭問題。突顯,要保持戰略清醒,增強戰略定力,把戰爭問題放在實現中華民族偉大復興這個大目標下來認識和籌劃;既要有軍事頭腦,更要有政治頭腦,打還是不打、什麼時候打、怎麼打、打到什麼程度,都要服從和服務政治。我們必須始終服從服務於國家和民族的最高利益,強化政治意識、大局意識、號令意識,善於著眼國家政治外交大局和國家安全戰略全局規劃軍事行動,確保政治和戰略主動。

堅持整體運籌鬥爭、備戰、建設。 「有文事者,必有武備。」習主席深刻總結近代以後我國遭受列強戰爭蹂躪的歷史教訓,揭示戰爭與和平的辯證法,指出能戰方能止戰,準備打才可能不必打,越不能打越可能挨打。強調我們不希望打仗,但只有我們有準備、有強大軍事力量、有打贏能力,才能從戰略上實現不戰而屈人之兵,達到「以武止戈」的目的;要把備戰與止戰、威懾與實戰、戰爭行動與和平時期軍事力量運用作為一個整體加以運籌,發揮好軍事力量的戰略功能。當今世界,冷戰思維和強權政治陰霾不散,傳統和非傳統安全威脅層出不窮。一些國家試圖擴大軍事同盟謀求絕對安全,脅迫別國選邊站隊製造陣營對抗,漠視別國權益大搞唯我獨尊,鑄劍為犁仍然是人們的一個美好願望。實踐證明,和平必須以強大實力為後盾。我們要緊盯強敵對手,加緊鍛造更強大的能力、更可靠的手段,更好發揮我軍塑造態勢、管控危機、遏制戰爭、打贏戰爭的戰略功能,堅決捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益。

堅持鬥爭原則的堅定性與策略的彈性相統一。鬥爭是一門藝術,拼的是意志、決心、信念,比的是策略、智慧、方法。習主席在領導進行偉大鬥爭中,始終堅持增強憂患意識和保持戰略定力相統一、戰略判斷和戰術決斷相統一、鬥爭過程和鬥爭實效相統一,要求我軍既要敢於鬥爭,又要善於鬥爭。強調在原則問題上寸步不讓,必須針鋒相對、寸土必爭,面對各種挑釁敢於接招、敢於出擊、敢戰能勝,不在困難面前低頭,不在挑戰面前退縮,不拿原則做交易;在策略問題上靈活機動,堅持有理有利有節,講求鬥爭的方式方法和藝術。實踐證明,鬥爭情勢越複雜,越要有步驟、有策略地用好軍事這一手。我們必須著眼穩控大局、管控風險,堅持剛柔並濟、多手並舉、綜合施策,加強軍事行動同政治外交行動協調配合,形成鬥爭整體合力。

堅持通盤規劃與突出重點結合。策略運籌關鍵在於全局著眼、謀勢取勢。我國地緣戰略環境複雜,在世界大國中周邊接壤國家最多。習主席立足我國安全和發展面臨的新形勢,在軍事戰略指導上既堅持通盤謀劃、確保戰略全局穩定,又著力突出重點、扭住關係全局的戰略樞紐,增強戰略佈局的平衡性、立體性。強調要根據面臨安全威脅和我軍戰略任務,建構全局統籌、分區負責,相互策應、互為一體的戰略部署和軍事布勢;突顯海上軍事鬥爭準備,有效控制重大危機,妥善應對連鎖反應;統籌推動傳統安全領域和新型安全領域軍事鬥爭準備,積極應對新的安全威脅和挑戰。目前,我國安全面臨的突發性、連動性、多變性威脅大幅增強。我們必須掌握方向、統攬大局、統籌全局,緊緊抓住軍事鬥爭的主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面,確保戰略全局穩定,營造於我有利的戰略態勢。

新征程上,我們面臨情勢環境的複雜性和嚴峻性、肩負任務的繁重性和艱鉅性世所罕見、史所罕見,人民軍隊必須肩負起支撐中華民族走向偉大復興的時代重任。全軍要把新時代軍事戰略思想立起來,把新時代軍事戰略方針立起來,把備戰打仗指揮棒立起來,把抓備戰打仗的責任擔當立起來。要大力發揚鬥爭精神,培育一不怕苦、二不怕死的戰鬥精神,強化關鍵時刻不惜一戰的決心意志,任何時候都要有不信邪、不怕鬼、不當軟骨的風骨、氣節、膽魄。要不斷增強鬥爭本領,注重在艱苦嚴格的訓練中淬煉實戰能力,積極創新高敵一籌的策略戰法,抓緊建強聯合作戰的體系支撐,鍛造召之即來、來之能戰、戰之必勝的精兵勁旅,堅決打贏未來戰爭,堅決維護國家主權、安全、發展利益。

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/02/content_323888.htm

Where is the Focus of Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations?

中國軍事認知域作戰的重點在哪裡?

劉曙光
2022年10月05日 | 資料來源:解放軍報

現代英語:

● Cognitive domain warfare focuses on full-dimensional attacks, including both cognitive penetration in “peacetime” and cognitive coercion in “wartime”.

● Wartime cognitive domain operations are carried out around the achievement of military objectives, and are implemented in coordination with military operations and support each other.

●In cognitive domain warfare, as the sound of gunfire fades away, the clarion call for a new round of cognitive domain warfare may sound again, and there can be no slackness.

Cognitive domain operations are confrontations conducted at the level of consciousness and thinking. Through selective processing and transmission of information, it influences judgments, changes concepts, and competes for people’s hearts, thereby guiding the reality to develop in a direction that is beneficial to oneself. From the perspective of cognitive shaping, cognitive domain operations focus on full-dimensional attacks, including both cognitive penetration in “peacetime” and cognitive coercion in “wartime”. Therefore, cognitive domain operations do not have a clear boundary between peace and war; at the same time, according to the needs of political or military purposes, its targets can be individuals, organizations, and even countries. Therefore, cognitive domain operations should establish the concept of peacetime and wartime integration, military-civilian integration, cross-domain integration, and joint victory, and sort out basic tasks accordingly.

Focus on the layout tasks of ideology

Ideology is “a system of thought that systematically and consciously reflects the social and economic forms and political systems”. Ideology determines the rational foundation of cognition and has distinct camp characteristics. Although ideology covers all aspects of social life, in the confrontation between countries or political groups, the struggle around belief guidance, attitude acquisition, and concept assimilation is particularly fierce, becoming the focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shaping and guiding political cognition, seizing the initiative to break and establish beliefs. The confrontation between countries or political groups is not only a confrontation of national strength, but also a confrontation of national will, and the confrontation of political beliefs bears the brunt. Shaping and guiding political cognition aims to consolidate or destroy political consensus, strengthen or shake political beliefs, and expand or disintegrate political camps. In cognitive domain operations, through the cognitive guidance of various aspects such as the legitimacy of the ruling party, the rationality of political ideas and systems, and the health of the political ecology, cultivate feelings such as recognition or denial, support or hatred of political positions, beliefs, and practices, and lay a political cognitive layout that is beneficial to oneself and detrimental to the enemy. Political cognition is related to the survival foundation of a country or organization, and is the primary focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide war cognition, seize the leadership of war attitude. A country can live without war but cannot live without war awareness. War cognition is the basis for the formation and development of will, concept, psychology, and thinking of individuals, organizations, and countries in the war cycle. Through the guidance of cognition of the nature, properties, and legal concepts of war, it is a key issue to build a war cognition thinking system, guide the evaluation trend of the rationality, justice, and legitimacy of war, promote the formation of support or opposition to the possible war, and regulate the fluctuation of the willingness to assume war obligations. War cognition affects war attitude, and the struggle for control over it is a task that must be taken seriously in cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide value cognition, and seize the control of emotional will. Values ​​affect people’s judgment of beauty, ugliness, right and wrong, and social behavior orientation. In terms of identifying things and judging right and wrong, people’s emotions always tend to support propositions with similar values. Value cognition permeates every corner of life. Through the dissemination of ethical and moral concepts, standards of beauty, ugliness, good and evil, and literary and artistic viewpoints, the competition for the right to guide value concepts, the right to guide life patterns, and the right to judge traditional inheritance is frequent and fierce. In real life, different values ​​often penetrate and entangle with each other. The essence of shaping and guiding value cognition is to strive for the recognition of social emotions, which is a regular task of cognitive domain operations.

Focus on the social psychology of the task of creating momentum

Social psychology provides a perceptual and experiential basis for cognition, and it is formed on the basis of daily life, social activities, practical insights, etc. Social psychological guidance often promotes unpredictable changes in the real situation. It is one of the common modes of confrontation between the two sides, especially in non-military conflict periods, and it is also a task that must be taken seriously in cognitive domain operations.

Guide national psychology and regulate national emotions. National psychology is one of the social psychology that is most likely to cause conflict and confrontation. Attacking national self-esteem can breed national inferiority complex and easily split and disperse. Improving national self-esteem can enhance national cohesion, but the expansion of national self-esteem can easily lead to extreme racism, national chauvinism, etc.; the differences in status, interests, culture, customs, and life among different ethnic groups within the country provide opportunities for people with ulterior motives to stir up national confrontation, while the same living space and cooperation process lay the foundation for eliminating prejudice and even cohesion and tolerance among ethnic groups. The result depends on cognitive guidance. National psychological guidance is sensitive and easy to get out of control, which has a direct impact on social stability. It is a task that needs to be focused on in cognitive domain operations.

Guide group psychology and increase or decrease opposition awareness. Groups generally refer to people of the same kind, such as ethnic groups, regions, classes, professional groups, and even civil groups, non-governmental organizations, etc. If groups are subjectively defined based on the standard of “convergence”, then the “differences” between groups exist objectively. This difference may be political or economic status, or it may be cultural ideas, regional concepts, or other. Guiding the cognition of differences to promote the opposition psychology of different groups such as party opposition, regional opposition, professional opposition, and rich-poor opposition will not only damage the internal unity of the country, but also accumulate and increase the dissatisfaction of all sectors of society with the political authorities, laying the groundwork for instigating social unrest and division. In cognitive domain operations, attention needs to be paid to this kind of social psychology.

Guiding individual psychology and influencing social emotions. In cognitive domain operations, individual psychological guidance is divided into two situations. One is the psychological guidance of important figures, such as sensitive professionals, social intellectuals, academic elites, successful business people, etc. The struggle for their political stance, emotional attitude, etc. is an issue that both sides of the confrontation need to focus on. The other is the use of phenomena that easily trigger individual psychological resonance. For example, in public crises, major accidents, natural disasters, and even some criminal incidents and emergencies in life, intentionally guiding certain emotions may cause group polarization due to the individual’s herd effect, thereby causing changes in public opinion and even social unrest. Both aspects are content that cognitive domain operations need to pay attention to.

Targeting the critical task of wartime cognition

Cognitive domain operations precede military operations and end with them. In wartime, cognitive domain operations are carried out around the achievement of military objectives, coordinated with military operations, and mutually supportive, with the characteristics of violent coercion. In this stage of cognitive domain operations, “offensive” and “defensive” actions are carried out simultaneously, with the combined effects of weapons and propaganda, and the emergence of “enticement”, “attack”, “cheating”, and “control”. This is the key stage of cognitive domain operations.

Attack the enemy’s mind and induce cognition. Cognitive attacks in wartime are mainly carried out to weaken the enemy’s will to resist and induce the enemy to make wrong decisions. Targeted attacks are used to shake the enemy’s will to resist and front-line commanders and fighters, and information deception interference is used to induce decision-making; for armed forces, which are mainly military forces, the use of force to deter and deter is dominant, and the use of public opinion warfare and other style actions and emerging technical means are used to shake their belief in participating in the war, cause panic, undermine their military morale, and dominate their action patterns; for social support forces, strong information is delivered through large-scale military exercises, equipment tests, and propaganda on the lethality of weapons to undermine confidence, induce panic through selective target strikes and the dissemination of battle conditions, and seek understanding through publicity of one’s own humanitarian actions in the war and related international comments.

Build a strong defense line, gather hearts and minds to control the situation. The focus of cognitive defense in wartime is to build a strong defense line of “heart”, “will” and “intelligence” to prevent the loss of fighting spirit under the stimulation of drastic changes in the situation or environment. Education and publicity are the basic ways of cognitive defense in wartime. For the participating forces, stimulate enthusiasm for participation through mobilization and incentives, clarify the truth by refuting rumors, establish the belief in victory by publicizing the results of the war, mobilize morale by setting up models, etc.; for the supporting forces, establish a sense of mission, responsibility and obligation for the whole people through education and publicity on the justice, rationality and legality of the war, stimulate the psychology of common hatred of the enemy by exposing the enemy’s brutal behavior, and stimulate enthusiasm for supporting operations by publicizing the deeds of local participation in the war and supporting the front, etc.

Expand the camp and eliminate hidden dangers. Creating a favorable cognitive atmosphere and providing support for the expansion of one’s own camp is an important aspect of cognitive domain operations during wartime that must be done. In particular, although the pursuit of international support forces is mainly based on political and diplomatic activities, the widespread spread of one’s own positions, ideas, attitudes, etc. often leads to changes in international civil attitudes, which in turn affects decision-making at the political level and provides support for the expansion of one’s own camp. In addition, cognitive domain operations during wartime have an important task that runs through the entire war, that is, to eliminate the adverse hidden dangers caused by various accidents in the war. Especially in the later stages of the war, as the destructive effects of the war appear and spread, people’s cognitive systems will inevitably be repeatedly impacted by different information. During this period, ideological guidance, social psychological shaping, and individual psychological counseling are needed to ensure the consolidation of the results of the war. In cognitive domain operations, as the sound of gunfire dissipates, the horn of a new round of cognitive domain operations may sound again, and there must be no slackness.

現代國語:

要點提示

●認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊,既包括「平時」的認知滲透,也包括「戰時」的認知迫誘。

●戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目的的達成而展開,與軍事行動配合實施、相互支持。

●在認知域作戰中,隨著槍砲聲的消散,新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能再次吹響,不能有絲毫懈怠。

認知域作戰是在意識思維層面進行的對抗,透過選擇性加工和傳遞訊息,影響判斷、改變觀念、爭奪人心,進而引導現實態勢向有利於己的方向發展。從認知塑造來看,認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊,既包括「平時」的認知滲透,也包括「戰時」的認知迫誘。因而,認知域作戰沒有明晰的平、戰界線;同時,根據政治或軍事目的需要,其作用對象可以是個人、組織甚至國家。因此,認知域作戰應該樹立平戰一體、軍地一體、跨域融合、連動制勝的觀念,並依此整理基本任務。

聚焦意識形態的佈局任務

意識形態是「系統性、自覺地反映社會經濟形態和政治制度的思想體系」。意識形態決定了認知的理性根基,具有鮮明的陣營特徵。儘管意識形態涵蓋社會生活的各個層面,但在國家或政治團體之間的對抗中,圍繞著信念引導、態度爭取、觀念同化等方面的鬥爭尤為激烈,成為認知域作戰重點關注的任務。

塑造引導政治認知,奪取信念破立主控權。國家或政治集團之間的對抗不僅是舉國之力的對抗,也是舉國之志的對抗,政治信念的對抗首當其衝。塑造引導政治認知旨在凝聚或破壞政治共識、堅定或動搖政治信念、拓展或瓦解政治陣營。認知域作戰中,透過對執政黨的合法性、政治理念和製度的合理性、政治生態的健康性等各方面的認知引導,培植對政治立場、信念、實踐等的認同或否定、擁護或憎恨等感情,舖設有利於己、不利於敵的政治認知佈局。政治認知關係到國家或組織的生存根基,是認知域作戰的首要關注目標。

塑造引導戰爭認知,奪取戰爭態度領導權。國可無戰事但不能無戰識。戰爭認知是個人、組織、國家在戰爭週期中意志、觀念、心理、思考形成和發展的基礎。透過對戰爭的本質、性質、法理觀念等的認知引導,建構戰爭認知思維體系,引導戰爭合理性、正義性、合法性的評價走向,推動對可能發生戰爭支持或反對態度的形成,調控承擔戰爭義務意願的漲落,是戰爭認知引導的關鍵問題。戰爭認知影響戰爭態度,對其主控權的爭奪是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

塑造引導價值認知,奪取情感意志控領權。價值觀影響人的美醜是非評判和社會行為取向,在認定事物、判定是非方面,人的情感總是傾向於支持價值觀相近的主張。價值認知滲透於生活的各個角落,透過倫理道德觀念、美醜善惡標準、文學藝術觀點等的傳播,圍繞價值觀念導引權、生活模式導向權、傳統傳承評判權等的爭奪頻繁且激烈。現實生活中,不同的價值觀念往往會互相滲透糾纏。塑造引導價值認知的實質是爭取社會情感的認同,是認知領域作戰的經常性任務。

緊盯社會心理的造勢任務

社會心理為認知提供了感性和經驗基礎,它在日常生活、社會活動、實踐感悟等經驗基礎上形成。社會心理引導常會推動現實情勢產生難測變化,是雙方對抗特別是非軍事衝突期的慣用模式之一,也是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

導引民族心理,調控民族情緒。民族心理是最容易引發衝突對抗的社會心理之一。打擊民族自尊心可滋長民族自卑心理而易分裂澇散,提升民族自尊心可增強民族凝聚力,但民族自尊心的膨脹又易引發極端種族主義、民族沙文主義等的產生;國家內部不同民族間地位、利益、文化、風俗、生活等的差異性,為別有用心之人挑動民族對立情緒提供了可乘之機,而相同的生存空間、合作歷程等又奠定了民族間消除偏見甚至凝聚包容的基礎,結果取決於認知導引。民族心理導引敏感且容易失控,對社會穩定有直接影響,是認知域作戰需要重點關注的任務。

導引群類心理,漲消對立意識。群類泛指同類的人,如民族、地理、階級、職業團體甚至民間團體、非政府組織等等。如果說群類是以「趨同」為標準而主觀劃定的,那麼群類之間的「差異」就是客觀存在的。這種差異性可能是政治、經濟地位,也可能是文化思想、地域觀念抑或其他。導引差異認知推動黨派對立、地區對立、職業對立、貧富對立等不同群體對立心理,不但會對國家內部團結造成破壞,也會累積增加社會各界對政權當局的不滿情緒,為策動社會動盪分裂留下伏筆。認知域作戰中,需要對此類社會心理予以關注。

導引個體心理,影響社會情緒。認知域作戰中,個體心理導引區分為兩種情境。一種是重要人物心理導引,如敏感工作者、社會公知、學術菁英、商業成功人士等,對其政治立場、情感態度等的爭取,是對抗雙方需要重點關注的議題。一種是對易引發個體心理共鳴現象的利用。如公共危機、重大事故、自然災害甚至生活中的一些犯罪事件、突發情況等,有意導引某種情緒則可能因個體的從眾效應而產生群體極化現象,從而引發民意變化甚至社會動盪。這兩個面向都是認知域作戰需重視的內容。

瞄準戰時認知的關鍵性任務

認知域作戰先於軍事行動開展而後於軍事行動結束。戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目的的達成而展開,與軍事行動配合實施、相互支撐,具有暴力脅迫特徵。此階段的認知域作戰,「攻」「防」行動同步開展,武器影響、宣傳影響綜合致效,「誘」「打」「騙」「控」等手段層出不窮,是認知域作戰的關鍵階段。

攻心奪志,迫誘認知。戰時認知攻擊主要圍繞在削弱敵抵抗意志、誘導敵錯誤決策。針對敵方決策層、一線指戰員等,透過靶向攻擊動搖抵抗意志,透過資訊欺騙幹擾誘導決策;針對以軍隊為主的武裝力量,以武力打擊震懾主導,綜合運用輿論戰等樣式行動以及新興技術手段,動搖其參戰信念、引發其恐慌情緒、瓦解其軍心士氣、支配其行動模式;針對社會面支撐力量,透過大型軍事演習、裝備試驗、宣傳武器殺傷效能等傳遞強硬訊息打擊信心,透過選擇性目標打擊、戰況傳播等誘發恐慌情緒,透過宣傳己方戰爭中的人道行為和國際相關評論爭取理解等。

築牢防線,凝心控局。戰時認知防守的重點是築牢「心」「志」「智」防線,防止在局勢或環境劇烈變化的刺激下喪失鬥志。教育和宣傳是戰時認知防禦的基本途徑。針對參戰力量,透過動員激勵激發參戰熱情,透過批駁謠言澄清事實真相,透過宣傳戰果確立必勝信念,透過樹立典型調動士氣等等;針對支撐力量,透過戰爭的正義性、合理性、合法性教育宣傳,建立全民使命感、責任感、義務感,透過揭露敵方的殘暴行為激發同仇敵愾心理,透過宣傳地方參戰支前事蹟激發支援作戰熱情等等。

拓展陣營,消除隱憂。營造有利的認知氛圍,為己方陣營拓展提供支撐,是戰時認知領域作戰必須有所作為的重要面向。特別是國際支持力量的爭取,雖然在途徑上主要以政治、外交等活動為主,但己方立場、理念、態度等的廣泛擴散,常會帶動國際民間態度的轉變,進而影響到政治層面的決策,為己方拓展陣營提供支撐。此外,戰時認知域作戰還有一項貫穿戰爭始終的重要任務,即消除戰爭中各種意外帶來的不利隱患。特別是戰爭後期,隨著戰爭破壞效應的顯現擴散,人的認知體係必將受到不同資訊的反覆衝擊。這段時期,需要意識形​​態引領、社會心理塑造、個體心理疏導等配合致效,方能確保戰果的鞏固。在認知域作戰中,隨著槍砲聲的消散,新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能再次吹響,不能有絲毫懈怠。

(編按:王子鋒、黃子娟)

中國原創軍事資源:https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2022/1005/c1011-32539888.html

Chinese Military intelligence is Profoundly Affecting Future Operations

中國軍事情報正在深刻影響未來的行動

資料來源:新華社 作者:林娟娟 張元濤 王 巍 責任編輯:喬楠楠

2019-09-10

現代英語:

In today’s era, military intelligence is becoming a powerful driving force for a new round of military reforms after mechanization and informatization, profoundly affecting the future combat victory mechanism, combat rules, and combat methods, and increasingly pushing war into the era of intelligence. The impact of military intelligence on future combat is mainly reflected in four aspects.

First, “intelligence” will become the dominant factor in determining the outcome of future operations. Mechanized warfare can be seen as platform-centric warfare, where energy is the dominant force. Energy is used to achieve the mobility of combat platforms and firepower strikes on targets, to achieve the combat purpose of destroying the enemy, and to pursue the use of objects to carry energy and release energy. Informationized warfare can be seen as network-centric warfare, where information is the dominant force. Information does not replace energy, but through precise positioning of time and space, it multiplies the combat effectiveness of energy, thus becoming the dominant force in war, and pursues the use of networks to gather energy and release energy. Intelligent warfare can be seen as cognitive-centric warfare, in which the dominant force is “intelligence”. The combat space is further extended from the physical domain and information domain to the cognitive domain, social domain, and biological domain. The battlefield situation is more complex. War is a systemic confrontation across domains, and it pursues more empowerment and release of power with intelligence.

Second, intelligent unmanned equipment will become the main combat equipment in future operations. The development of intelligent technology has gradually separated people from weapons and equipment. Unmanned systems have shifted from assisting people in combat to replacing people in combat, completing many high-risk combat operations that are not suitable for people to perform. Intelligent combat has increasingly distinctive characteristics of “unmanned platforms, manned systems, unmanned combat, and manned command”. On the Syrian battlefield, the Russian military remotely controlled 10 combat robots to kill more than 70 Islamic State militants with “zero casualties” and seize the 754.5 high ground, becoming the first ground combat operation in military history with robots as the main force. It is expected that by 2025, the proportion of intelligent unmanned equipment in the Russian military’s weapons and equipment will reach more than 30%. The U.S. military predicts that by 2030, intelligent unmanned equipment will be able to perform tasks autonomously, and 60% of ground combat platforms will achieve unmanned intelligence. A large number of drones, unmanned ships/boats, and unmanned vehicles will become the main equipment for both sides on the intelligent battlefield, carrying out various traditional/untraditional military tasks and implementing self-organized and systematic operations.

Third, human-machine collaborative combat will become the main mode of action in future combat. Human-machine collaborative combat is a mode of combat in which manned and unmanned equipment joint formations implement coordinated attacks in a networked confrontation environment. Among them, human soldiers with battlefield decision-making and tactical control capabilities serve as the “command back end”, and intelligent unmanned equipment carrying guided weapons or various intelligence, reconnaissance and surveillance sensors serve as the “weapon front end”. With the support of information networks, human soldiers and intelligent unmanned equipment work closely together to complete actions such as situation perception, tactical decision-making, firepower guidance, weapon launch and damage assessment. According to the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, before 2035, human-machine collaborative combat will mainly take the form of autonomous combat with humans in the loop; before 2050, authorized autonomous or fully autonomous combat with humans outside the loop will be achieved, officially kicking off intelligent warfare dominated by machines.

Fourth, autonomous swarm combat will become an important attack style in future combat. The technical inspiration of swarm combat comes from the bionics research on bees. The division of labor within the bee colony is clear, there is a rich and interesting information exchange language between individuals, and the social behavior is rich, so the cluster is also called a “bee colony.” Swarm combat is an intelligent combat style that relies on artificial intelligence, data chain integration, cloud computing and other technical support, and launches dozens or even hundreds of drones at the same time. They form precise formations and precise division of labor, and perform multiple tasks and multi-target strikes at the same time. Compared with traditional combat, swarm combat has incomparable advantages and is a subversion of traditional combat styles and combat rules. After hundreds of simulation tests, the U.S. Navy found that even an advanced air defense system like the Aegis air defense system has difficulty in allocating firepower when dealing with drone swarm attacks, resulting in some drones being able to avoid interception and successfully launch attacks on ships. Data shows that when a swarm of 8 drones is used to attack ships, an average of 2.8 drones can avoid the Aegis interception system; when the number of drones increases to dozens, the number of drones that successfully avoid the interception system and achieve penetration is greater. These simulation tests fully prove that the effect of drone swarm operations is significant and poses a huge threat to the current defense system. At the same time, it also indicates that swarm-type autonomous operations will inevitably become an important offensive combat style on the future intelligent battlefield.

現代國語:

當今時代,軍事智能化正成為繼機械化、資訊化之後推動新一輪軍事變革的強大動力,深刻影響著未來作戰制勝機理、作戰規則及作戰方式方法等,日益推動戰爭步入智能化時代。軍事智能化對未來作戰的影響趨勢主要體現在4個面向。

一是「智能力」將成為決定未來作戰勝負的主導因素。機械化戰爭可視為平台中心戰,主導力量是能量,透過能量實現作戰平台的機動性和對目標的火力打擊,達到毀傷敵方的作戰目的,追求以物載能、以物釋能。資訊化戰爭可看作是網絡中心戰,主導力量是資訊力,訊息並沒有取代能量,而是透過對時空的精準定位,使能量的作戰效能成倍提升,從而成為戰爭的主導力量,追求以網聚能、以網釋能。智能化戰爭可以看作是認知中心戰,主導力量是“智能力”,作戰空間從物理域、信息域進一步向認知域、社會域和生物域延拓,戰場態勢更為錯綜復雜,戰爭是各作戰域跨域融合的體系對抗,更追求以智賦能、以智釋能。

二是智慧無人裝備將成為未來作戰的主體主戰裝備。智慧技術的發展,使人與武器裝備逐漸實現脫離,無人系統從輔助人作戰轉向代替人作戰,完成諸多不適合人去執行的高危險作戰行動,智能化作戰越來越具有「平台無人、體係有人,作戰無人、指揮有人」的鮮明特徵。在敘利亞戰場上,俄軍遙控指揮10支戰鬥機器人以「零傷亡」擊斃70多名伊斯蘭國武裝分子並奪取754.5高地,成為軍事史上首例以機器人為主力的地面作戰行動。預計2025年,俄軍武器裝備中智慧無人裝備的比例將達到30%以上。美軍預測2030年前,智慧無人裝備將能夠自主執行任務,60%的地面作戰平台將實現無人智慧化。大量無人機、無人船/艇和無人車等裝備,將成為智慧化戰場上對抗雙方的主體裝備,遂行各類傳統/非傳統軍事任務,並實施自組織和體系化作戰。

三是人機協同作戰將成為未來作戰的主要行動方式。人機協同作戰是在網絡化對抗環境下,有人與無人裝備聯合編隊實施協同攻擊的作戰方式。其中,具備戰場決策及戰術控制能力的人類士兵作為“指揮後端”,攜帶制導武器或各類情報、偵察和監視傳感器的智能無人裝備作為“武器前端”,在信息網絡的支持下,人類士兵與智慧無人裝備通過密切協同,共同完成態勢感知、戰術決策、火力引導、武器發射及毀傷評估等行動。根據美國陸軍研究實驗室的觀點,2035年前,人機協同作戰主要採取人在迴路的監督自主式作戰;2050年前,將實現人在迴路外的授權自主或完全自主式作戰,正式拉開機器主戰的智慧化戰爭序幕。

四是集群自主作戰將成為未來作戰的重要攻擊樣式。集群作戰的技術靈感源自於對蜜蜂的仿生研究。蜂群內部分工明確,個體間存在豐富有趣的資訊交流語言,社會行為豐富,所以集群又被稱為「蜂群」。集群作戰是依託人工智慧、數據鏈整合以及雲計算等技術支撐,同時發射數十乃至成百架以上無人機,由其自行精準編隊、精確分工,同時執行多種任務及多目標打擊的智能化作戰樣式。與傳統作戰相比,集群作戰具有無可比擬的優勢,是對傳統作戰樣式和作戰規則的顛覆。美海軍經過數百次模擬試驗後發現,即使先進如「宙斯盾」防空系統,在應對無人機集群攻擊時,也難以合理分配火力,導致部分無人機能夠避開攔截對艦艇成功發動攻擊。數據表明,當使用由8架無人機組成的集群向艦艇發動攻擊時,平均有2.8架無人機可避開「宙斯盾」攔截系統;當無人機數量增至幾十架時,成功避開攔截系統實現突防的無人機數量更多。這些模擬試驗充分證明,無人機集群作戰的效果顯著,對當前防禦體系構成巨大威脅,同時也預示,集群式自主作戰必將成為未來智慧化戰場上重要的進攻作戰樣式。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4850888.html?

Chinese Military’s Embrace of Artificial Intelligence: How to Revolutionize Future Warfare

中國軍隊擁抱人工智慧:如何徹底改變未來戰爭

現代英語:

Source: China National Defense News Author: Chen Hanghui Editor-in-charge: Qiao Nannan 2018-01-02 08:29:25

At present, the world is on the eve of the intelligent revolution, and human society is moving from the “Internet +” era to the “Intelligence +” era. In recent years, driven by big data, new algorithms and supercomputing, artificial intelligence is changing and even subverting every industry it touches, and war is no exception. From underwater submersibles to drone swarms, from predictive maintenance software to intelligent decision-making assistants, artificial intelligence is affecting different areas of war with unprecedented breadth and depth, promoting a new round of military reforms, and the form and appearance of war are quietly changing.

Temple planning comes first, war design becomes more sophisticated

“The Art of War” by Sun Tzu says: “He who plans for victory before the battle has made many calculations; he who plans for defeat before the battle has made few calculations.” Looking at the history of human warfare, “He who plans more wins, and he who plans less loses” is an immutable theorem.

Future wars will increasingly rely on “temple calculations”. Artificial intelligence can enhance the effectiveness of war prediction in at least two ways:

First, it can more accurately calculate and predict the outcome of wars. With the support of advanced algorithms and supercomputing capabilities, the calculation and prediction results of artificial intelligence systems are more accurate than those of the human brain. Second, with the help of war game systems, combat plans can be tested and optimized more effectively. For example, war game systems that incorporate artificial intelligence can engage in man-machine confrontation with humans, which helps people find problems and find weaknesses. In particular, after introducing algorithms such as deep learning into war game systems, the behavior of intelligent systems will become profound and varied, which will help break through the established thinking of humans, enhance the confrontation and authenticity of war game simulations, and achieve the purpose of optimizing solutions. In addition, intelligent war game systems can also be used to conduct machine-machine confrontations to improve the efficiency of simulations.

In February 2015, the U.S. Department of Defense issued a memorandum titled “Wargames and Innovation,” proposing to introduce machine learning into wargames. Currently, Rand Corporation and Raytheon have already begun attempts in this regard. Once mature intelligent software is applied to wargames, it will not only improve the level of optimization plans and prediction of war situations, but also more accurately predict the size of the troops involved in the war, ammunition consumption, duration and support requirements, etc., significantly improving the ability to design wars.

Speed ​​is the key to success. The pace of operations has never been faster.

In the information age, wars follow the principle of “the fast eats the slow”. In the several wars since the Gulf War, the key to the US military’s repeated victories is that it always achieves “the fastest move”.

Nowadays, the reaction speed of artificial intelligence has completely “crushed” the human brain. In 2016, in a simulated air battle, the “Alpha” intelligent software developed by the University of Cincinnati in the United States controlled the F-15 fighter and defeated the F-22 fighter piloted by humans. The reason is that the reaction speed of the intelligent software is 250 times that of the human brain! In October this year, the Geospatial Intelligence Center of the University of Missouri in the United States announced a research result showing that the center has developed an algorithm model based on deep learning technology, which can search and identify missile launch sites within nearly 90,000 square kilometers in the southeastern coastal area of ​​a certain country within 42 minutes, which is 85 times faster than human analysts and has an accuracy rate reaching the level of expert image analysts.

For this reason, in recent years, the US, Russian and other militaries have turned their attention to artificial intelligence, intending to use the speed advantage of artificial intelligence to shorten their decision-making cycle on the battlefield and firmly grasp the operational advantage. In July this year, Russian weapons manufacturer Kalashnikov announced that it had developed a fully automatic combat module based on artificial neural networks, which can achieve destruction upon detection. In addition, the US military is developing intelligent tools such as automated data analysis tools, automatic target recognition software, airborne intelligent decision assistants, and digital air combat planners, intending to reduce the burden of intelligence and combat personnel at all stages of the decision-making cycle and improve decision-making efficiency. In November this year, the head of the US Department of Defense’s algorithmic warfare project called for: Any weapon system purchased by the US military in the future should be integrated with artificial intelligence.

It can be predicted that as more and more intelligent weapon systems are deployed on the battlefield, combat response time on the battlefield will become shorter and shorter, combat actions will become unprecedentedly fierce, and will eventually exceed human understanding and response capabilities.

Autonomous confrontation, the combat mode has changed

Since the 20th century, the development of detection technology and the advancement of perception technology under the wave of informatization have promoted the birth of the man-machine collaborative combat chain of “sensor-shooter-weapon platform”.

With the development of artificial intelligence technology, intelligent weapon systems that can automatically identify, lock and strike targets are gradually emerging, and can replace humans to execute simple decision-making commands. Such as the US military’s ship-borne “Aegis” system, the Israeli military’s “Iron Dome” system, the Russian military’s “Arena” active protection system, the French military’s “Shark” system, etc. However, the intelligence level of these systems is not high at present, and the autonomous combat mode is usually the last option.

In the future, with the advancement of intelligent technology groups such as sensor technology, new algorithms, and big data technology, the autonomous action capabilities of weapon systems will be greatly improved, and the situation of autonomous confrontation of weapon systems will become more and more common. In specific combat fields, such as cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum, humans can only rely on intelligent weapon systems for autonomous confrontation. At the same time, with the emergence of hypersonic weapons and cluster warfare, wars will enter the era of “instant kills” and “group fights”, and using intelligent systems to autonomously fight is almost the only way out.

In the future, as the autonomous confrontation of intelligent weapon systems becomes the new normal, the combat mode will gradually change from “man in the loop” to “man on the loop”. The main characteristics of the new mode can be summarized as “in command, out of control”, that is, in most cases, human warriors play the role of supervisors, responsible for inputting target characteristics and setting rules of engagement before the war, observing battlefield engagements, etc. It should be pointed out that in the new mode, humans are still the final decision makers, and human warriors will autonomously enter and exit the combat chain as needed and take necessary intervention measures. The biggest advantage of the new mode is that it can free human warriors from complex decisions and focus on major decisions and key tasks. How to ensure that humans can take over control at any time will be the biggest challenge facing the development of human-machine collaboration technology in the future.

Cluster warfare brings new life to the war of attrition

In the era of cold weapons and mechanized warfare, attrition warfare was the basic way of fighting, and “eating more and eating less” was the basic rule for winning on the battlefield.

Since the 1970s, with the emergence of stealth technology, satellite positioning systems, and precision-guided weapons, the “more, less” war principle has been completely broken. In recent years, with the rapid development of sensor technology, bionics, miniaturization technology, and artificial intelligence technology, the concept of swarm warfare has once again attracted the attention of the military of various countries. The so-called swarm warfare refers to the centralized deployment of hundreds or thousands of intelligent weapons to attack targets from multiple directions. Compared with traditional combat methods, swarm warfare has four major advantages:

First, the miniaturization of a single platform greatly improves battlefield survivability; second, it is decentralized, and the loss of an individual does not affect the overall function; third, it is low-cost, large in quantity, and the combat cost-effectiveness is multiplied; fourth, it can implement saturation attacks and paralyze the enemy’s defense system. It is not difficult to see that cluster warfare can achieve the effect of “quantity is quality”, and therefore, it is considered a war of attrition in the intelligent era.

The U.S. military sees swarm warfare as a game-changer in warfare, and believes that swarm warfare is particularly suitable for dealing with anti-access/area denial threats. Currently, the U.S. Department of Defense is simultaneously targeting underwater, surface, and air, and promoting multiple swarm research and development projects, striving to have multi-dimensional space swarm combat capabilities. In addition, the various branches of the U.S. military are competing to develop swarm combat concepts. For example, the Marine Corps envisions using unmanned combat swarms as landing pioneers to perform tasks such as battlefield perception, mine clearance, and obstacle removal, creating conditions for Marines to rush ashore.

From underwater “wolf packs” to ground “ant swarms” to aerial “bee swarms”, swarm warfare will be prevalent in the future intelligent battlefield. “Human wave tactics” will be re-emerged in a new look, and the balance of the war of attrition will be extremely tilted towards the side with swarm warfare capabilities. The following scene may appear in the future: on one side, there are swarms of intelligent machines covering the sky and the sun, and on the other side, there are panicked, lonely human warriors…

現代國語:

當前,世界正處於智慧革命的前夜,人類社會正從「互聯網+」時代邁入「智能+」時代。近年來,在大數據、新型演算法和超級運算的推動下,人工智慧正在改變乃至顛覆所觸及的每個產業,戰爭也不例外。從水下潛航器到無人機集群,從預測性維修軟件到智慧決策助手,人工智慧正以前所未有的廣度與深度影響著戰爭的不同領域,推動著新一輪軍事變革,戰爭形態和麵貌正悄然被改變。

廟算為先,戰爭設計日益精細

《孫子兵法》曰:「夫未戰而廟算勝者,得算多也;未戰而廟算不勝者,得算少也。」縱觀人類戰爭史,「多算勝,少算不勝」是亙古不變的定理。

未來戰爭對「廟算」的依賴度有增無減,人工智慧至少可以從兩方面增強戰爭預判的有效性:

一是更精確地計算並預測戰爭結果。在先進演算法和超算能力的支撐下,人工智慧系統的計算和預測結果比人腦更加準確。二是藉助兵棋系統能更有效檢驗和優化作戰方案。例如,融入人工智慧的兵棋系統能夠和人開展人機對抗,有助於人們發現問題、找出弱項。特別是將深度學習等演算法引入兵棋系統後,智慧系統的行為將變得深邃多變,有助於突破人類的既定思維,增強兵棋推演的對抗性和真實性,達到優化方案的目的。此外,還可利用智慧兵棋系統開展機機對抗,提升推演的效率。

2015年2月,美國國防部推出了《兵棋推演與創新》備忘錄,並提出將機器學習引入兵棋推演。目前,蘭德公司、雷神公司已經開始這方面的嘗試。一旦將研發成熟的智慧軟件應用於兵棋推演,不僅能提高優化方案和預測戰局的水平,還能更精確地預測戰爭涉及的兵力規模、彈藥消耗、持續時間和保障需求等,顯著提升對戰爭設計的能力。

速度製勝,作戰節奏空前加快

在資訊時代,戰爭遵循「快吃慢」制勝法則,海灣戰爭以來的幾場戰爭中,美軍之所以能夠屢戰屢勝,其關鍵在於始終做到了「棋快一招」。

如今,人工智慧的反應速度已經完全「碾壓」人腦。 2016年,在一次模擬空戰中,美國辛辛那提大學研發的「阿爾法」智慧軟體操控F-15戰機,擊敗了由人駕駛的F-22戰機,原因就在於該智慧軟件的反應速度是人類大腦反應速度的250倍!今年10月,美國密蘇里大學地​​理空間情報中心公佈了一份研究成果顯示,該中心基於深度學習技術開發了一種演算法模型,能夠在42分鐘內搜尋並識別出某國東南沿海地區近9萬平方千米內的導彈發射場,速度比人類分析師快85倍,準確率達到專家級影像分析師水準。

正因如此,近年來,美、俄等軍隊將目光投向了人工智慧,意圖利用人工智慧的速度優勢,縮短己方在戰場上的決策週期,牢牢掌握行動優勢。今年7月,俄羅斯武器製造商卡拉什尼科夫公司宣稱,已開發出基於人工神經網絡的全自動戰鬥模塊,能做到發現即摧毀。另外,美軍則在研發自動化數據分析工具、自動目標識別軟件、機載智慧決策助理、數字化空中作戰規劃員等智慧工具,意圖在決策週期各環節上減輕情報和作戰人員的負擔,提高決策效率。而在今年11月,美國國防部演算法戰項目負責人呼籲:今後美軍採購的任何武器系統都應融入人工智慧。

可以預見,今後隨著越來越多的智慧化武器系統投入戰場,戰場上的作戰反應時間將越來越短,交戰行動將空前激烈,並最終超越人類的理解和應對能力。

自主對抗,作戰模式引發變革

20世紀以來,偵測技術的發展和資訊化浪潮下感知技術的進步,推動了「傳感器-射手-武器平台」這一人機協作式作戰鏈誕生。

隨著人工智慧技術的發展,能夠自動識別、鎖定和打擊目標的智慧化武器系統逐漸出現,並能取代人類執行簡單的決策命令。如美軍的艦載「宙斯盾」系統、以軍的「鐵穹」系統、俄軍的「競技場」主動防護系統、法軍的「鯊魚」系統,等等。不過,這些系統的智慧化程度目前還不高,自主交戰模式通常是最後一個選項。

未來,隨著傳感技術、新型演算法、大數據技術等智慧化技術群的進步,武器系統的自主行動能力將大幅提升,武器系統自主對抗的情況也越來越普遍。而在特定作戰領域,如網路空間和電磁頻譜領域,人類只能依托智慧化武器系統進行自主對抗。與此同時,隨著高超音速武器和集群作戰的出現,戰爭將進入「秒殺」和「群架」時代,利用智慧系統自主迎戰幾乎是唯一出路。

未來,隨著智慧化武器系統的自主對抗成為新常態,作戰模式將逐漸從「人在迴路中」轉變為「人在迴路」。新模式的主要特徵可概括為“指揮之中、控制之外”,即在多數情況下,人類戰士扮演監督員的角色,負責在開戰前輸入目標特徵和設定交戰規則,觀察戰場交戰情況等。需要指出的是,在新模式下人依然是最終決策者,人類戰士將根據需要自主進出作戰鏈,採取必要的干預措施。新模式的最大優勢是可以使人類戰士從紛繁複雜的決策中解放出來,聚焦於主要決策和關鍵任務。如何確保人類能夠隨時接管控制權,將是今後一段時期內,人機協同技術發展面臨的最大挑戰。

集群作戰,讓消耗戰重煥生機

在冷兵器和機械化戰爭時代,消耗戰是基本作戰方式,「多吃少」是戰場制勝的基本法則。

自上世紀70年代以來,隨著隱形技術、衛星定位系統、精確制導武器的登場,「多吃少」的戰爭法則被徹底打破。近年來,隨著傳感技術、仿生技術、微型化技術和人工智慧技術取得長足發展,集群式作戰構想再次受到各國軍隊的重視。所謂集群作戰,是指集中部署數百上千個智慧化武器,從多個方向對目標實施攻擊。與傳統作戰方式相比,集群作戰具備四大優勢:

一是單一平台小型化,戰場生存能力大幅提升;二是去中心化,個體的損失不影響整體功能;三是成本低廉,數量龐大,作戰效費比成倍提高;四是可實施飽和攻擊,癱瘓敵防禦體系。不難看出,集群作戰能夠達到「數量即質量」的效果,因此,被認為是智慧時代的消耗戰。

美軍將集群作戰視為戰爭遊戲規則的改變者,認為集群作戰尤其適合應對反介入/區域拒止威脅。當前,美國國防部同時瞄準水下、水面和空中,推進多個集群研發項目,力求具備多維空間集群作戰能力。此外,美軍各軍種正競相開發集群作戰概念,如海軍陸戰隊設想讓無人作戰集群充當登陸先鋒,執行戰場感知、排雷除障等任務,為陸戰隊員搶灘上陸創造條件。

從水下“狼群”到地面“蟻群”再到空中“蜂群”,集群作戰將在未來智慧化戰場上大行其道。 「人海戰術」將改頭換面重新登場,消耗戰的天平將向具備集群作戰能力的一方極度傾斜。未來可能出現這一場景:一邊是遮天蔽日、蜂擁而至的智慧機器,另一邊是驚慌失措、形單影隻的人類戰士…

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4801288.html

Chinese Intelligent Warfare is Accelerating and Advancing

中國智能化戰爭正在加速推進

中國軍網 國防部網. 2022年3月17日 星期四

現代英語:

With the widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field, intelligent warfare has gradually become a hot topic. History has repeatedly proved that the evolution of war forms will lead to profound changes in the winning mechanism. In today’s era when information warfare is developing in depth and intelligent warfare is beginning to emerge, the armies of major countries in the world have made great efforts to promote military intelligence, and many of these trends are worthy of attention.

Strengthen top-level design

Outlining a “roadmap” for intelligent warfare

Driven by a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, intelligent military transformation is developing in depth. The United States, Russia, Japan and other countries have regarded artificial intelligence as a disruptive technology that “changes the rules of the war game” and have made early arrangements, strengthened top-level design and planning guidance, and explored the direction of military application of artificial intelligence.

The U.S. military has detailed the current status and development plan of artificial intelligence in documents such as “Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence”, “National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan”, “Artificial Intelligence and National Security”, “Integrated Roadmap for Unmanned Systems, Fiscal Year 2017-2042”, and “American Artificial Intelligence Initiative: First Annual Report”, and has elevated the development of artificial intelligence to the national strategic level. In 2021, the U.S. military pointed out in its “U.S. Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Posture: Assessment and Improvement Recommendations” that the U.S. military should consider three guiding questions in developing artificial intelligence: what is the current state of artificial intelligence related to the U.S. military; what is the current situation of the U.S. military in artificial intelligence; and what internal actions and potential legislative or regulatory actions may enhance the U.S. military’s artificial intelligence advantage.

Russia has invested a lot of resources to maintain a balance with the United States in the competition for the application of artificial intelligence in the military field. In 2021, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated at the first Defense Ministry meeting of the year that artificial intelligence will greatly promote changes in the military field, and the Russian Federation Armed Forces must accelerate the research and development of artificial intelligence application technologies such as robots, intelligent individual systems, and intelligent weapon modules, so as to form core technical capabilities and battlefield competitive advantages as soon as possible. Documents such as “Special Outline for the Research and Development of Future Military Robot Technology and Equipment before 2025”, “Future Russian Military Robot Application Concept”, and “The Development Status and Application Prospects of Artificial Intelligence in the Military Field” have established a series of mechanisms at the national level for the Russian military to promote the military application of artificial intelligence.

The Japanese government has also issued an “Artificial Intelligence Strategy” to lead the research and development of artificial intelligence technology and industrial development. In the “Robotics and Artificial Intelligence” strategic plan formulated by the United Kingdom, the application of artificial intelligence in battlefield construction is emphasized. In January 2021, the Australian Department of Defense released “Fighting the Artificial Intelligence War: Operational Concepts for Future Intelligent Warfare”, which explores how to apply artificial intelligence to land, sea and air combat.

Innovative combat concepts

Promoting the “Thinking First” Approach to Intelligent Warfare

The innovation of operational concepts has an ideological driving effect on the development of military science and technology and the evolution of war forms. In the past, people’s understanding and grasp of war mainly came from the summary of practical experience, and operational concepts were empirical concepts. In the future era of intelligent warfare, operational concepts are not only empirical concepts, but also the conception, design and foresight of operations.

The U.S. Army has proposed the concept of “multi-domain warfare”, which requires deep integration and close coordination of combat capabilities in various domains such as land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, and network. To this end, the U.S. Army has successively issued white papers such as “Multi-Domain Warfare: The Development of Synthetic Arms in the 21st Century (2025-2040)”, “U.S. Army Multi-Domain Warfare (2028)”, and “Using Robotics and Autonomous Technologies to Support Multi-Domain Warfare”. In March 2021, the U.S. Department of the Army issued the document “Army Multi-Domain Transformation: Preparing to Win in Competition and Conflict”, indicating that “multi-domain warfare” has become a “flag” leading the transformation and development of the U.S. Army. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency proposed the concept of “mosaic warfare”, which aims to create a highly decentralized and highly adaptable “kill net” composed of different combat functional units, based on advanced computer technology and network technology. The U.S. Department of Defense strongly supports the concept of “joint all-domain operations”. In March 2020, the U.S. Air Force took the lead in writing “joint all-domain operations” into the doctrine to explore how the Air Force can play a role in “joint all-domain operations”.

The Russian military proposed the concept of “charge disintegration”. “Disintegration” is one of the most important operational concepts in Russia at present. The Russian electronic warfare forces set the goal of making the enemy’s information, charge, electronic warfare and robot systems ineffective, and believe that this goal will “determine the fate of all military operations”. Disrupting the command and control of enemy forces and weapon systems and reducing the efficiency of enemy reconnaissance and use of weapons are the primary tasks of electronic warfare. At present, the Russian military is considering forming 12 types of electronic warfare forces. The Russian military also proposed the concept of “non-nuclear containment system”, the core of which is to use non-nuclear offensive strategic weapons to contain opponents. The non-nuclear offensive strategic weapons it defines include all ballistic missiles equipped with non-nuclear warheads, as well as strategic bombers and long-range air-based and sea-based cruise missiles. In addition, the Russian military also proposed the concept of “hybrid warfare”, hoping to use artificial intelligence systems to seek battlefield information advantages.

The British Ministry of Defense has proposed the concept of “multi-domain integration” and will develop a new command and control system with intelligent capabilities to achieve comprehensive, persistent, accurate and rapid battlefield perception and force coordination.

Focus on technology research and development

Shaping the Intelligent Warfare Operational Model

The key to the effectiveness of artificial intelligence is the combination with other technologies, which is also described as the “AI stack”. Various technologies interact to produce a combined effect, thereby enhancing the capabilities and effects of each technology. In the intelligent warfare supported by artificial intelligence technology, the collaborative combat mode of “man-machine integration, cloud brain control”, the cluster combat mode of “mixed formation, group intelligence”, and the cognitive combat mode of “intelligence-led, attacking with intelligence first” will constantly update people’s understanding of war.

Focus on the research and development of innovative projects. The US military is vigorously promoting the application of artificial intelligence chips in existing weapons and equipment systems, adding “intelligent brains” to weapons to enable them to have human-like thinking and autonomous interaction capabilities. In October 2021, the US Navy launched the “Beyond Plan”, which is regarded as the “current highest priority”. It aims to accelerate the delivery of artificial intelligence and machine learning tools by building a military Internet of Things for maritime operations, integrating manned and unmanned joint formations, supporting a new intelligent naval architecture, enhancing large-scale firepower killing, and realizing intelligent distributed operations of the navy. In addition, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has also carried out cognitive electronic warfare projects such as “Adaptive Electronic Warfare Behavior Learning”, “Adaptive Radar Countermeasures”, and “Communications under Extreme Radio Frequency Spectrum Conditions”, and developed a prototype of a cognitive radar electronic warfare system. The Russian Ministry of Defense’s Intelligent Technology and Equipment Research and Experimental Center cooperated with the Institute of Control Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences to develop and test autonomous intelligent algorithms including drone swarm command and control, and also jointly developed an object automatic recognition software system based on neural network principles with the National Aviation System Research Institute.

Establish innovative R&D institutions. The continuous emergence of new technologies is an inexhaustible driving force for the vigorous development of military intelligence. High-level military intelligence construction cannot be separated from the technical research and development of professional institutions. Some countries and militaries have established R&D centers, focusing on innovative development from a technical level. The U.S. Department of Defense has established a joint artificial intelligence center, which is planned to be built into a national key laboratory to lead the promotion of hundreds of artificial intelligence-related projects and ensure the efficient use of artificial intelligence-related data and information to maintain the United States’ technological advantage in this field. Russia has established an artificial intelligence and big data alliance, a national artificial intelligence center, and a robotics technology research and experimental center under the Ministry of Defense, mainly conducting theoretical and applied research in the fields of artificial intelligence and information technology. France has established an innovative defense laboratory, the United Kingdom has set up an artificial intelligence laboratory, and India has established an artificial intelligence task force to explore related technologies.

Strengthen equipment research and development and deployment. In recent years, many countries have attached great importance to the research and development of intelligent weapons and equipment, and unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned combat vehicles, unmanned ships, unmanned submarines, etc. have continued to emerge. At present, the US Air Force has begun to practice the combat concept of “man-machine collaboration, man in the loop” on the F-35 fighter. The US XQ-58A “Valkyrie” stealth drone previously mainly carried out man-machine collaborative operations with F-35 and F-22 fighters. In April 2021, the stealth drone successfully launched the ALTIUS-600 small drone system, further enhancing its manned and unmanned collaborative combat capabilities. Russia is focusing on reconnaissance and surveillance, command and decision-making, firepower strikes, combat support and other fields, and is developing and deploying intelligent equipment. It plans to increase the proportion of unmanned combat systems in weapons and equipment to more than 30% by 2025. Russia’s ground unmanned combat weapons, represented by the “Uranus” series and “Platform-M” and “Argo” models, are developing rapidly. Among them, the Nerekhta unmanned combat vehicle can be equipped with remote-controlled machine guns and rocket launchers. In addition to the combat capabilities of ordinary armored vehicles, it also has transportation and reconnaissance functions. In addition, the Japanese Self-Defense Forces plan to officially deploy an unmanned aerial formation with strong combat capabilities in 2035.

(Author’s unit: National University of Defense Technology)

國語中文:

■賈珍珍 丁 寧 陳方舟

隨著人工智慧在軍事領域的廣泛應用,智慧化戰爭逐漸成為備受矚目的焦點話題。歷史多次證明,戰爭形態的演進將引發致勝機理的深刻改變。在資訊化戰爭向縱深發展、智慧化戰爭初露端倪的當今時代,世界主要國家軍隊紛紛下大力推動軍事智慧化,其中的諸多動向值得關注。

加強頂層設計

勾勒智能化戰爭“路線圖”

在新一輪科技革命與產業革命推動下,智慧化軍事變革正向縱深發展。美國、俄羅斯、日本等國紛紛把人工智慧視為「改變戰爭遊戲規則」的顛覆性技術,並事先佈局,加強頂層設計和規劃引領,探索人工智慧的軍事應用方向。

美軍在《為人工智慧的未來做好準備》《國家人工智慧研究與發展戰略計畫》《人工智慧與國家安全》《2017至2042財年無人係統綜合路線圖》《美國人工智慧計畫》:在首個年度報告》等文件中,詳述了人工智慧的發展現狀和發展規劃,並將人工智慧發展提升至國家戰略層面。 2021年,美軍在發布的《美國防部人工智慧態勢:評估與改進建議》中指出,美軍發展人工智慧應考慮三個指導性問題:與美軍相關的人工智慧現處於何種狀態;美軍目前在人工智慧方面的態勢如何;哪些內部行動以及潛在的立法或監管行動可能會增強美軍的人工智慧優勢。

俄羅斯投入大量資源,以維持與美國在人工智慧軍事領域應用競爭的平衡。 2021年,俄總統普丁在年度首場國防部會議上表示,人工智慧將大幅推動軍事領域變革,俄國聯邦武裝力量要加速機器人、智慧單兵系統和武器智慧化模組等人工智慧應用技術的研發工作,早日形成核心技術能力和戰場競爭優勢。 《2025年前未來軍用機器人技術裝備研發專題綱要》《未來俄軍用機器人應用構想》《人工智慧在軍事領域的發展現狀以及應用前景》等文件,從國家層面為俄軍推動人工智慧軍事應用確立了一系列機制。

日本政府也推出了《人工智慧戰略》,旨在引領人工智慧技術研發和產業發展。在英國制定的《機器人與人工智慧》戰略規劃中,強調了人工智慧在戰場建設中的應用。 2021年1月,澳洲國防部發布《打好人工智慧戰爭:未來智慧化戰爭之作戰構想》,這份文件探討如何將人工智慧應用到陸、海、空作戰領域。

創新作戰概念

推動智慧化戰爭“思想先行”

作戰概念創新對軍事科技發展、戰爭形態演變具有思想牽引作用。過去人們對戰爭的認識與掌握,主要源自於對實踐經驗的歸納總結,作戰概念即經驗概念。未來智慧化戰爭時代,作戰概念不僅是經驗概念,更是對作戰的構想、設計與前瞻。

美陸軍提出「多域戰」概念,要求陸、海、空、天、電磁、網路等各域作戰能力深度整合與密切協同。為此,美陸軍先後發布《多域戰:21世紀合成兵種的發展(2025至2040)》《美國陸軍多域戰(2028)》《運用機器人與自主技術支援多域戰》等白皮書。 2021年3月,美陸軍部發布文件《陸軍多域轉型:準備在競爭和衝突中取勝》,顯示「多域戰」已成為引領美陸軍轉型發展的一面「旗幟」。美國防高級研究計畫局提出「馬賽克戰」概念,旨在打造一種由不同作戰功能單元構成的、以先進電腦技術與網路技術為基礎的、高度分散、具有高度適應性的「殺傷網」。美國防部大力支持「聯合全域作戰」概念。 2020年3月,美空軍率先將「聯合全域作戰」寫入條令,探討空軍如何在「聯合全域作戰」中發揮作用。

俄軍提出「指控瓦解」概念。 「瓦解」是當前俄羅斯最重要的作戰概念之一,俄軍電子戰部隊把使敵人的訊息、指控、電子戰和機器人系統失效作為目標,認為這一目標將「決定所有軍事行動的命運」。擾亂敵方部隊和武器系統的指揮和控制,降低敵方偵察和使用武器的效率,是進行電子戰的首要任務。目前,俄軍正在考慮組建12種類型的電子戰部隊。俄軍也提出「非核武遏制體系」概念,核心是使用非核武進攻性戰略武器來遏制對手。其所定義的非核武攻擊性戰略武器既包括所有裝備非核彈頭的彈道飛彈,也包括戰略轟炸機和遠程空基、海基巡航飛彈。此外,俄軍也提出「混合戰爭」概念,希望利用人工智慧系統謀求戰場資訊優勢。

英國防部提出「多域融合」概念,將發展具備智慧化能力的新型指控系統,以實現全面、持久、準確、快速的戰場感知與力量協同。

注重技術研發

塑造智慧化戰爭作戰模式

人工智慧發揮效用的關鍵是與其他多種技術的組合,這種組合也被描述為「人工智慧堆疊」。各種技術透過互動的方式產生組合效應,進而提升每項技術所產生的能力與效果。在人工智慧技術支援的智慧化戰爭中,「人機一體、雲腦控制」的協同作戰模式,「混搭編組、群體智慧」的集群作戰模式,「智慧主導、攻智為上」的認知作戰模式等,將不斷更新人們對戰爭的認知。

聚焦創新專案研發。美軍正在大力推廣人工智慧晶片在現有武器裝備系統中的應用,為武器加上“智慧大腦”,使之具備類人思考和自主互動能力。 2021年10月,美海軍推出被視為“當前最高優先事項”的“超越計劃”,旨在通過構建海上作戰軍事物聯網,整合有人無人聯合編隊,加速交付人工智能和機器學習工具,支撐全新的智慧化海軍架構,提升大規模火力殺傷、實現海軍智慧化分散式作戰。此外,美國防高級研究計畫局也進行了「自適應電子戰行為學習」「自適應雷達對抗」「極端射頻頻譜條件下的通訊」等認知電子戰項目,研發出認知雷達電子戰系統原型機。俄國防部智慧技術裝備科研試驗中心與俄聯邦科學院控制問題研究所合作,開發測試了包括無人機群指揮控制在內的自主智慧演算法,也與國家航空系統科研所共同開發基於神經網路原理的物體自動辨識軟體系統。

組成創新研發機構。新技術的不斷湧現是軍事智慧化蓬勃發展的不竭動力,高水準的軍事智慧化建設離不開專職機構的技術研發。一些國家和軍隊組成研發中心,注重從技術層面創新發展。美國國防部建立了聯合人工智慧中心,計劃將該中心打造成國家級重點實驗室,用於領導數百個與人工智慧相關的項目,確保對人工智慧相關數據資訊的高效利用,以保持美國在該領域的技術優勢。俄羅斯組成了人工智慧和大數據聯盟、國家人工智慧中心和隸屬國防部的機器人技術科研試驗中心,主要進行人工智慧和資訊科技領域的理論和應用研究。法國成立了創新國防實驗室,英國設立了人工智慧實驗室,印度組成了人工智慧特別工作小組,進行相關技術探索。

加強裝備研發列裝。近年來,多國重視研發智慧武器裝備,無人飛行器、無人戰車、無人艦艇、無人潛航器等不斷湧現。目前,美空軍已開始在F-35戰機上實踐「人機協同,人在迴路」的作戰理念。美XQ-58A「女武神」隱身無人機先前主要與F-35和F-22戰機進行人機協同作戰,2021年4月該隱身無人機成功投放ALTIUS-600小型無人機系統,進一步提升了其有人無人協同作戰能力。俄羅斯正聚焦偵察監視、指揮決策、火力打擊、作戰支援等多個領域,展開智慧裝備研發和列裝工作,計畫到2025年將無人作戰系統在武器裝備中的比例提高到30%以上。以“天王星”系列和“平台-M”“阿爾戈”等型號為代表的俄地面無人作戰武器發展迅速。其中,Nerekhta無人戰車可搭載遙控機槍和火箭發射器,除擁有一般裝甲車的戰鬥力外,還兼具運輸和偵察功能。此外,日本自衛隊計劃在2035年正式部署具有較強作戰能力的無人空中編隊。

(作者單位:國防科技大學)

中國軍事資料來源:https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-03/17/content_311555.htm

How Chinese Military Will Achieve Precise Strikes in Cognitive Domain Operations

中國軍隊如何在認知域作戰中實現精準打擊

現代英語:

How to achieve precise strikes in cognitive domain operations

■Bu Jiang Jiang Rilie

introduction

Currently, driven by intelligent technology, cognitive domain operations are showing new characteristics such as precise perception, precise prediction and precise calculation. Studying and grasping the connotation mechanism of precision strikes in cognitive domain operations to ensure clear operational targets, personalized information generation, and precise information delivery will be more conducive to seizing the commanding heights and initiative in future cognitive domain operations.

Accurately establish combat goals

The establishment of operational goals is often the primary issue of concern in cognitive domain operations. With the continuous application of artificial intelligence, big data and other technologies, the party with a technological advantage is often able to quickly and efficiently collect cognitive data of different dimensions, levels and modalities, thereby discovering the weaknesses and sensitivities of the opponent’s cognitive system. point and detonation point.

Massive “data sources” refine target clarity. Today, as the Internet becomes more popular, cognitive data is growing exponentially. With the support of big data, psychometric and other technologies, target portraits are gradually evolving rapidly towards accurate portraits and intelligent portraits. According to foreign statistics, as of July 2022, the global Internet penetration rate reached 69%, and the Internet has become an essential platform for users’ daily lives. With the help of the Internet, both combatants can widely and quickly realize target object cognitive data collection and cognitive situation awareness, providing support for analyzing the target object’s political beliefs, values, national sentiments, public opinion positions, etc. It is reported that in foreign elections in recent years, foreign data analysis companies have captured social media user data, established character analysis models, accurately portrayed voters’ personalities and cognitive characteristics, and on this basis pushed suggestive campaigns to swing voters. advertising, thereby influencing their electoral decisions.

Dynamic “tag pool” improves target recognition rate. Labeling usually refers to the abstract classification and generalization of certain characteristics of a specific group or object. In cognitive domain operations, labeling is an important process to achieve classification and visualization of cognitive data. In the face of massive user data, establishing a mature and reliable label system is a prerequisite for sorting out, analyzing, and making good use of cognitive data. Using the label system to filter useless data and mine potential value information can provide information for presetting combat scenarios in the cognitive domain. Direct frame of reference. The development of the labeling system should be based on the logical starting point of cognitive domain operations, and ultimately comes down to the application of cognitive domain operations. For the target object, the transfer of interests, changes in personality, and changes in emotion are real-time and dynamic. The establishment of a “tag pool” can sense the cognitive dynamics of the target object in real time and accurately improve the target recognition rate.

Intelligent “algorithm library” shows target relevance. If data is compared to the “fuel” of cognitive domain operations, algorithms are the “engine” and an important source of power for cognitive precision strikes. In a certain sense, cognitive domain operations are “confrontation of data or algorithms.” Through intelligent algorithms, we can deeply mine the multi-dimensional correlation data of the target object’s behavior, build an accurate target portrait, and then combine it with machine learning algorithms to build a prediction model to automatically match and associate cognitive information with the target object, at the right time and at the right place. Deliver cognitive information in an appropriate manner to change the target object’s cognition. As analyzed by some foreign research institutions, with 10 likes, the algorithm can know you better than your colleagues; with 150 likes, the algorithm will know you better than your parents; with 300 likes, the algorithm will know you better than your closest partner you.

Accurately generate information “ammunition”

Designing information “ammunition” that conforms to the target’s thinking habits and perception style is the key to improving the cognitive domain killing effect. The development and application of intelligent science and technology provides a convenient means to achieve “private customization” of cognitive information themes, content and forms, making it possible to instantly and forcibly change the decisions and actions of target objects.

Information theme planning based on target value orientation. Cognitive information theme is the central idea represented by the information and the core of the information content. From legal advice, military deterrence, conflict and separation, and emotional summons, to moral guidance, war mobilization, behavioral instructions, and motivational incentives, different information themes exert different influences. Practice shows that the theme of cognitive information must be planned closely around the target object. According to the different value orientations shown by different combat stages and different target objects, the information theme must be optimized in a timely manner so that the information “ammunition” can satisfy the target object to the maximum extent. needs. According to the analysis of foreign research institutions, foreign election campaign advertisements in recent years are often inseparable from the support of big data. Accurately designing different advertising themes for voters with different values ​​​​can resonate with voters’ values.

Information content design based on target mindset. In the Internet era, the life trajectory, geographical location, hobbies, social relationships, etc. of the target object are all recorded on the Internet, making it possible to accurately create an “information cocoon” that caters to the target object’s way of thinking. Driven by big data technology, the interaction trajectories of target objects in the virtual world can also be easily captured, perceived and calculated. With the assistance of multimedia content intelligent generation systems, information similar to the target’s thinking habits can be generated in batches, causing the target to be trapped in an “information cocoon”. The scope of information acceptance narrows, and the perception of the outside world gradually decreases, and then falls into cognitive confusion. Know the trap. In recent years, many “color revolutions” that have occurred around the world are inseparable from the support of cognitive control. Some Western countries use “deep forgery” technology to instill false information in target objects that conforms to their way of thinking, creating anti-intellectual, The information environment stupefies the people, forming cognitive biases and inducing them to deny their own national and cultural values, thereby creating anti-government sentiments.

Information form selection based on target perceptual characteristics. Psychology believes that the formation and change of the cognitive subject’s attitude needs to go through three processes of “attention-understanding-acceptance”. Whether the target object can be affected by the dissemination of information, attracting attention is the first step. Information form is an important carrier to attract the attention of the target audience, and its form design is crucial to improving the acceptance, dissemination and infectivity of information “ammunition”. Through big data technology, we can mine the national emotions, customs and habits, religious beliefs, personal preferences and other characteristics of the target object, and scientifically judge the perceptual characteristics such as information receiving habits. On this basis, we can comprehensively use text, language, video, image and other information carriers to integrate Color, layout and other elements can cause strong stimulation to the target object’s senses. Since 2011, some Syrian anti-war activists have produced a number of anti-war propaganda short films from the perspectives of children and women and spread them on the international Internet, arousing strong responses from international public opinion. This internationally accepted information carrier meets the aesthetic needs of the public, avoids differential interpretation by the audience, and can often achieve unexpected results.

Accurately deliver information

Cognitive information delivery follows the laws of information dissemination. In order to achieve the effect of precise cognitive attack, it is necessary to deal with issues such as delivery objects, delivery channels, and delivery timing.

Extract cognitive features and filter information delivery objects. The profiling technology supported by big data makes it possible to extract the cognitive characteristics of target objects. Through the cognitive characteristic library, objects with similar characteristics can be screened out from groups of different races, different parties, different occupations, etc., thereby upgrading the traditional extensive screening method. , so that the information “ammunition” is more closely matched with the target object, thereby improving the pertinence and accuracy of cognitive attacks. In recent years, Cambridge Analytica has used machine learning methods to classify Facebook users according to five personality types: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and emotional instability, and established a linear regression of the five personality traits. model to establish a “target” for precise delivery of campaign advertisements. This move has many implications for the world. In the future, cognitive domain operations, based on the extensive collection of users’ cognitive characteristics, will place more emphasis on accurately dividing groups, and carry out targeted campaigns based on the differences in values ​​and behavioral habits of different groups. information delivery and behavior prediction.

Follow social habits and match information delivery channels. The deep popularization of the Internet has brought about tremendous changes in the way information is disseminated, and the ways in which people receive information are becoming more diversified and diversified. According to data from foreign research institutions, there are currently more than 4.62 billion social media users worldwide, and social media platforms have become the main battlefield in the cognitive domain. In the many “color revolutions” that have occurred in recent years, social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, controlled by Western countries, have played an important role in spreading public opinion, organizing protests, and mobilizing the public. It is reported that in similar operations, Facebook is often used to determine the schedule, Twitter is used to coordinate actions, and YouTube is used to spread the word widely. Future operations in the cognitive domain will place great emphasis on focusing on the target’s social habits and characteristics, fully understanding the target’s social circle and life circle, and selecting information delivery methods from multiple channels, including online and offline, military and civilian, to ensure the effectiveness of cognitive information. Delivery rate.

Track cognitive dynamics and accurately deliver information at the right time. Changes in cognition do not happen overnight. Blindly pursuing high rhythm and achieving goals in an instant will have the opposite effect. Therefore, cognitive domain operations must grasp the rhythm and intensity of “time immersion”, select the correct delivery time based on the cognitive dynamics of the target object, and gradually seek to expand the effect advantage. Before the target object has formed a preliminary understanding of a certain event, it is necessary to actively seize the priority of information release, carry out information “bombing” as soon as possible, and strive to “preemptively strike first.” In addition, during the public opinion fermentation stage of the incident, the subject’s cognition has not yet been completely solidified. At this time, by repeatedly disseminating a specific information, the purpose of subtly reconstructing the subject’s cognition can also be achieved.

(Author’s unit: National University of Defense Technology)

國語中文:

如何實現認知域作戰精準打擊

■卜江 蔣日烈

引言

目前,在智慧化技術的推動下,認知域作戰正呈現出精確感知、精確預測和精確計算等全新特徵。研究掌握好認知域作戰精準打擊的內涵機理,從而確保作戰目標清晰化、資訊生成個性化、資訊投射精準化,將更有利於奪取未來認知域作戰制高點和主動權。

精準確立戰目標

作戰目標的確立往往是認知域作戰關注的首要問題。隨著人工智慧、大數據等技術的不斷應用,佔據技術優勢的一方往往能夠快速、有效率地採集不同維度、不同層級、不同模態的認知數據,進而發現對手認知體系的薄弱點、敏感點和爆燃點。

海量「資料來源」細化目標清晰度。在網路深入普及的今天,認知數據正呈指數級增長,目標畫像在大數據、心理測量等技術的支撐下,正逐漸朝著精準畫像、智慧畫像的方向快速演進。根據國外統計數據顯示,截至2022年7月,全球互聯網滲透率達69%,互聯網已成為用戶日常生活的必備平台。借助互聯網,作戰雙方能夠廣泛快速地實現目標對象認知數據收集和認知態勢感知,為分析目標對象的政治信念、價值觀念、民族情感、輿論立場等提供支撐。據悉,在近年的國外大選中,國外數據分析公司就曾透過抓取社群媒體用戶數據,建立人物分析模型,精準刻畫選民性格、認知特徵,在此基礎上對搖擺選民推送暗示性競選廣告,從而影響其選舉決策。

動態「標簽池」提升目標辨識率。貼標簽通常是指對某一類特定群體或物件的某項特徵進行的抽象分類和概括。在認知域作戰中,貼標簽是實現認知資料分類與可視化的重要過程。面對海量的用戶數據,建立一套成熟可靠的標簽體係是梳理分析、用活用好認知數據的前提,利用標簽體系過濾無用數據,挖掘潛在價值信息,能夠為認知域作戰場景預設提供直接參考框架。標簽體系的開發要基於認知域作戰這個邏輯起點,最終歸結於認知域作戰應用。對於目標對象來講,興趣的遷移、性格的改變、情感的變化是即時動態的,建立「標簽池」能夠即時感知目標對象的認知動態,精準提升目標辨識率。

智慧“演算法庫”顯現目標關聯性。如果將數據比作認知域作戰的“燃料”,演算法則是“引擎”,是認知精準打擊的重要動力源。從一定意義上講,認知域作戰是「數據或演算法的對抗」。透過智慧演算法,可以深度挖掘目標對象行為的多維關聯數據,構建精準目標畫像,再結合機器學習演算法構建預測模型,將認知資訊與目標對象進行自動匹配關聯,在合適的時間、合適的地點,以合適的方式投送認知訊息,從而改變目標對象認知。正如國外一些研究機構分析發現,透過10個點贊,演算法可以比同事更了解你;150個點贊,演算法將比你父母更了解你;300個點贊,演算法將比最親密的伴侶更了解你。

精準生成資訊“彈藥”

設計符合目標對象思維習慣和感知風格的訊息“彈藥”,是提升認知域殺傷效果的關鍵所在。智慧科學技術的發展運用,為實現認知資訊主題、內容和形式的「私人客製化」提供了便捷手段,即時、強制地改變目標對象決策和行動成為可能。

基於目標價值取向的資訊主題策劃。認知資訊主題是資訊所表現的中心思想,是資訊內容的核心。從法理勸告、軍事威懾、矛盾離間、情感召喚,到義理引導、戰爭動員、行為指示、動機激勵,不同的訊息主題發揮不同的影響作用。實踐表明,認知訊息的主題必須緊緊圍繞目標對像做策劃,針對不同作戰階段、不同目標對象所表現出來的不同價值取向,及時優化信息主題,才能使信息“彈藥”最大限度地滿足目標對象的需求。根據國外研究機構分析,近年來的國外大選競選廣告背後往往離不開大數據的支撐,針對不同價值觀的選民精準設計不同廣告主題,可以引起選民價值共鳴。

基於目標思維方式的資訊內容設計。在互聯網時代,目標對象的生活軌跡、地理位置、興趣愛好、社交關係等都被網絡所記錄,精準打造迎合目標對象思維方式的「資訊繭房」成為可能。在大數據技術驅動下,目標對像在虛擬世界中的互動軌跡也很容易被捕捉、被感知和被計算。在多媒體內容智慧生成系統等輔助下,可大量產生與目標對象思維習慣類似的訊息,致使其陷於「訊息繭房」之中,訊息接受範圍變窄,對外界的感知度逐漸降低,進而陷入認知陷阱。近年來,全球發生的多起「顏色革命」背後都離不開認知控制的支撐,一些西方國家利用「深度偽造」技術,向目標對象灌輸符合其思維方式的虛假信息,製造反智化、愚民化資訊環境,形成認知偏差,誘導其否定自身民族文化價值理念,進而產生反政府情緒。

基於目標感知特性的資訊形式選擇。心理學認為,認知主體的態度的形成與改變需經過「注意力-了解-接受」三個過程,目標對象能否受到訊息傳播的影響,吸引註意是第一步。資訊形式作為引起目標對象注意的重要載體,其形式設計對提高訊息「彈藥」的接受度、傳播力、感染性至關重要。透過大數據技術可以挖掘目標對象民族情感、風俗習慣、宗教信仰、個人喜好等特徵,科學判斷訊息接受習慣等感知特性,在此基礎上綜合運用文本、語言、視頻、圖像等資訊載體,加以融入色彩、佈局等元素,可以給目標感官造成強烈刺激。自2011年以來,一些敘利亞反戰人士以兒童、婦女等視角,製作出多部反戰宣傳短片在國際互聯網上傳播,引起國際社會輿論強烈反響。這種國際通用的資訊載體,符合大眾審美需求,避免了受眾差異性解讀,往往能達到意想不到的效果。

精準實現資訊投送

認知訊息投送遵循資訊傳播規律,要達到認知精準打擊效果,需要處理好投送對象、投送管道、投送時機等問題。

提取認知特徵,篩選訊息傳遞對象。大數據支撐的畫像技術使提取目標對象認知特徵成為可能,透過認知特徵庫,可以從不同種族、不同黨派、不同職業等群體中篩選出具有相似特徵的對象,從而升級傳統的粗放篩選方式,讓資訊「彈藥」與目標對象更加匹配,從而提高認知攻擊的針對性和精準性。近年來,劍橋分析公司曾使用機器學習方法,依照經驗開放型、盡責型、外向型、親和型、情緒不穩定型五類人格對臉書用戶進行分類,建立了五種人格特質的線性回歸模型,為精準投送競選廣告立起「標靶」。此舉對世人的啟示是多方面的,未來認知域作戰,在廣泛蒐集用戶認知特徵的基礎上,將更加強調精準劃分群體,依據不同群體的價值觀念和行動習慣的差異,進行有目的地信息投送和行為預測。

遵循社交習慣,匹配資訊投送管道。互聯網的深度普及使資訊的傳播方式正發生巨大變革,人們接受資訊的方式更加多樣化、多元化。根據國外調研機構數據顯示,目前全球社群媒體用戶超過46.2億,社群媒體平台成為認知域作戰主戰場。在近年來發生的多起「顏色革命」中,臉書、推特、優兔等社群媒體在西方國家操縱下,在輿論傳播、組織抗議、動員民眾等方面發揮了重要作用。據悉,在類似行動中臉書往往用來確定日程,推特用來協調行動,優兔用來廣泛傳播。未來的認知域作戰,十分強調著眼目標對象社交習慣和特點,充分掌握目標對象的社交圈、生活圈,從線上線下、軍用民用等多渠道選擇信息投送方式,從而確保認知信息的送達率。

追蹤認知動態,把準資訊投送時機。認知的改變,並非一蹴而就,一味地追求高節奏、瞬間達成目的反而會起到反面效果。因此,認知域作戰要掌握好「時間沉浸」的節奏與力度,根據目標對象認知動態選準投送時間,逐步漸進地謀求擴大效果優勢。在目標對像對某一事件還未形成初步認知前,要積極搶佔信息的發布優先權,第一時間進行信息“轟炸”,力求“先發製人、先入為主”。此外,在事件的輿論發酵階段,主體的認知還未徹底固化,此時透過不斷重復傳播某個特定訊息,也可以達到潛移默化地重構主體認知的目的。

(作者單位:國防科技大學)

中國軍事資料來源:https://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16209631.html

China’s Military Metaverse: A New Frontier for Future Cognitive Warfare

中國軍事元宇宙:未來認知戰爭的新領域

現代英語:

 ●The essence of the metaverse is a highly developed virtual world that exists in parallel with the real world but also reacts to the real world.

  ●Parallel with the real world, reaction to the real world, and integration of multiple high technologies are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse.

  ●The metaverse provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behaviors, states and laws of complex real systems, as well as a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society.

  ● Strengthening the follow-up research on the role of the metaverse in cognitive warfare and highlighting the exploration of the mechanism of the role of the metaverse in cognitive warfare will help enrich and promote the construction of cognitive warfare theory.

  The essence of the metaverse is a highly developed virtual world that exists in parallel with the real world but reacts to the real world. When virtual technologies such as digital, Internet, augmented reality and modern communications, blockchain, artificial intelligence and other technologies develop to a certain stage, the metaverse will emerge. Being parallel to the real world, reacting to the real world, and integrating multiple high technologies are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse. The operation of the metaverse conforms to the natural law of human understanding and transformation of the world. It directly acts on human thinking and cognition but is not bound by the essential attributes of thinking and cognition, which determines that it carries the operating laws of the real world, provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state and laws of complex systems in reality, and a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. At the same time, it is itself a complex cognitive body, so it has immeasurable cognitive warfare application value.

  The basic mechanism of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

  The difference between the metaverse and other technologies is that it builds a complete digital world. Its operation is not supported by a single or a few technologies, but by a complex high-tech complex. This complex is built by humans, is a product of cognition, and continues to develop and evolve with the development of human cognitive practice. Its cognitive application has a unique regular mechanism.

  System enhancement mechanism. The digital world constructed by the metaverse is itself a highly developed cognitive world. In this special cognitive world, technology not only exists as an additional role such as support and guarantee, but also directly participates in the shaping of cognition itself as a basic element of cognition. In other words, the technology that constitutes the metaverse itself has a distinct cognitive background, which not only supports the operation of cognition but also realizes the self-construction, revolution and transcendence of cognition; it not only provides a series of necessary technical services, but also creates a holographic technical soil for human cognition to operate independently and fight independently. The effect of the metaverse on cognition is not one-dimensional, but full-dimensional; not single-line, but full-system; not independent, but immersive; not fragmentary, but continuous; not cyclical, but full-life process. How far the thinking cognition develops, how far the metaverse develops, and thus it can shape people’s thinking cognition more comprehensively, deeply and lastingly. Therefore, humans have used high technology to create a complex system combining man and machine called “Avatar”, and have also created a life form on “Pandora” that can think independently, recognize itself, and think and act on its own. This life form, which was created by humans and is independent of humans, has achieved self-improvement and development in the new universe.

  The mechanism of mutual construction of technology and knowledge. Unlike the one-way effect of individual technologies such as artificial intelligence and information networks on thinking and cognition, the metaverse provides a space for mutual construction of technology and cognition, and the effect and counter-effect. In this space, we can simulate, demonstrate, simulate, and verify the process and results of this two-way mutual construction and promotion, so as to understand cognition more accurately and efficiently, improve cognitive warfare methods, and directly engage in real cognitive confrontation. The metaverse provides a parallel cognitive space that digitally twins real combat scenes, where cognitive warfare can be promoted efficiently, enhanced at a fast pace, and presented in a panoramic manner. It is reported that the US military uses virtual technology to verify the performance of new weapons and equipment, test the effectiveness of the use of new tactics, and conduct combat simulation training, relying on the deployment of troops, combat terrain, human characteristics, and other scenes similar to actual combat constructed in virtual spaces such as the metaverse. At the same time, more and more countries and armies are conducting direct cognitive attacks and defenses with their opponents through virtual spaces, confusing their minds, misleading their directions, and eroding their will.

  Active reflection mechanism. As a virtual existence parallel to the real world, the metaverse is not a simple digital copy of the three-dimensional space, but has its own operating rules and can actively act on the real world. This active action is the focus of the cognitive application of the metaverse. The metaverse space game reflects the characteristics of cognitive warfare. The war results deduced in the metaverse through virtual simulation may directly affect the real world, extending to the conscious cognitive game through sensory touch, thereby winning the dominant position in cognitive warfare. In the cognitive perspective, the metaverse is both a new cognitive space and the main battlefield of cognition, as well as an extended domain of cognition and a new cognitive component. At present, the military of many countries uses sandbox operations, war games and even computer simulations to formulate and test strategies and tactics, revise the application of tactics, improve training methods, and improve weapons and equipment. This is a typical example of the virtual world reacting to reality. With the continuous development and integration of the metaverse technology group, cognitive confrontation will inevitably shift more and faster from the real world to a hybrid world combining virtuality and reality.

  The basic characteristics of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

  Existence determines consciousness, and technology drives creation. The metaverse has many characteristics, such as parallelism with the real world, initiative in the real world, and comprehensiveness that integrates multiple technologies. These prominent characteristics determine the different characteristics and laws of its effects on thinking and cognition.

  Cross-domain construction. The formation, development and evolution of cognition are rarely determined by a single factor, but are often the result of the combined effect of multiple factors. The metaverse originates from the real world and is presented in the virtual space. It has the characteristics of multi-domain interconnection that runs through the real and virtual worlds. As the saying goes, “a lot of gossip can melt gold, and accumulated criticism can destroy bones.” This cross-domain characteristic that spans different fields and opens up related spaces can best influence and shape people’s thinking and cognition from different angles. The most typical case is that game developers are increasingly focusing on using virtual stories based on historical facts and real feelings to attract and infect people. The United States has used this cross-domain shaped surreal “real” experience to spread values. At present, the most representative “metaverse” themed science fiction work is “Ready Player One” directed by Spielberg. The play focuses on depicting the era background of the birth of the “metaverse” and the huge contrast between the real status and virtual status of the protagonist. Through the plot and special effects shots, it delicately portrays the real sense of human participation, thereby spreading the American ideology, especially the values, that wealth, status, love and friendship can be obtained through “bloodless” struggle in the virtual world.

  Integrated influence. The important fulcrums of cognitive warfare are strategy and technology. With the development of science and technology and the progress of society, the proportion of technology in cognitive warfare is increasing and its role is becoming more and more prominent. It can be said that cognitive warfare without scientific and technological support is a cognitive warfare without power, and cognitive warfare with advanced technology is more likely to win. As a complex system integrating multiple cutting-edge technologies, the metaverse has a natural advantage in the use of cognitive warfare. Many people, including adults, are deeply trapped in the virtual world and indulge in online games. It is very important that the virtual space gives game operators a super-time and space experience and a sense of achievement. If martial arts novels are fairy tales for adults, then the metaverse, which can be “as one pleases”, creates a super fairy tale world, which has an immeasurable impact on people’s thinking, cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotional will, and behavior patterns.

  Compromising influence. A big difference between the metaverse and other technical means is that it constructs a virtual world that originates from the real world but reacts to the real world. In this complex domain space, people’s thinking and cognition go back and forth between the real world and the virtual space, verify each other, repeatedly confirm, and constantly correct, thereby generating new thinking and cognition, and exerting a dynamic influence on both worlds. This two-way interactive compromising influence, on the one hand, is conducive to the formation and development of correct thinking and cognition, making the cognition of the real world more imaginative with the wings of the virtual world’s thoughts, and at the same time, it also makes the cognition of the virtual space find the material support of the real world and become more scientific. On the other hand, if it is not operated properly, it is likely to cause great safety hazards and ethical problems. In recent years, the U.S. military has relied on artificial intelligence and virtual technology to remotely control drones to attack opponents, which is a typical example of the virtual world reacting to the real world. This attack is far away from the tragic scene of face-to-face fighting, which greatly dilutes the drone operator’s awe of life and lowers the threshold for remotely controlling the opponent. At the same time, due to the imperfect reconnaissance and identification technology, incidents of accidental shooting, injury, and killing of civilians, friendly forces, and even their own troops often occur.

  The basic style of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

  Metaverse cognitive warfare is based on reality and leads future development. It involves both the virtual and real worlds, penetrates multiple fields, and covers a variety of technologies. There are many different combat styles, and there is great uncertainty, but there are rules to follow. Comprehensive analysis shows that there are three basic styles.

  Platform confrontation. In terms of its relationship with human thinking and cognition, the metaverse itself is a complex cognitive actor, a derivative of human thinking and cognition, and an important component and platform of cognitive warfare. When hostile countries and armies regard the metaverse as an important position for cognitive warfare, cognitive offensive and defensive operations between different camps within the metaverse exist in reality. On this platform, all technologies, resources and forces of the metaverse are integrated and operated with thinking and cognition as the center. Metaverse operations are prominently manifested as cognitive offensive and defensive operations aimed at disrupting, delaying, blocking, destroying and eliminating the existence and operation of the opponent’s metaverse. In this field, whoever has higher-end strategic planning, more flexible tactical application, more advanced technical force and more solid material support will be able to gain the initiative in metaverse cognitive warfare.

  System attack. The metaverse is a cognitive system composed of a series of cutting-edge technologies, and systemicity is its inherent attribute and vitality guarantee. Advanced technologies such as digital foundation, efficient communication, blockchain identity authentication, holographic AR imaging, artificial intelligence, and high-performance Internet constitute a unified body with tight structure, functional coupling, and complete system. The components are indispensable for the formation and development of thinking cognition and offensive and defensive confrontation. It is difficult to imagine that the metaverse still has the possibility of existence without the support of advanced technology groups such as high-level digitization, high-quality communication, and high-speed computing. Using superior forces to force or use asymmetric tactics to attack and block the key nodes and technological operation chains of the opponent’s metaverse system, hinder its operation, suppress its functions, and destroy its existence is an important style and efficient path of metaverse cognitive warfare.

  Divert the flow. An important value and significance of the existence and development of the metaverse lies in serving and supporting the related activities of the real world. Under normal circumstances, the metaverse can demonstrate, display, review and predict the related activities of the real world in a digital form. Once the communication between the virtual and real worlds is disturbed or the self-operation of the metaverse is disordered, it is easy to cause the situation reflected to be untrue, the information analyzed to be distorted, the conclusions derived to be invalid, and the suggestions provided to be wrong, causing the related activities of the real world to deviate. It is based on this that we can concentrate our efforts on inducing attacks on the internal operation of the opponent’s metaverse or the communication technology devices of the two worlds, and use extremely confusing and deceptive information and scenes to divert the flow, confuse their cognition, interfere with their judgment, and mislead their decision-making. Therefore, we should strengthen the tracking research on the cognitive warfare of the role of the metaverse, highlight the exploration of the cognitive warfare mechanism of the role of the metaverse, and strengthen and promote the construction of cognitive warfare theory.

  (Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences)

國語中文:

●元宇宙本質是與現實世界平行存在但又反作用於現實世界的高度發展的虛擬世界。

●與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合,是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。

●元宇宙提供了理解和發現現實複雜系統運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式,以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段。

●加強元宇宙作用認知戰追蹤研究,突顯元宇宙作用認知戰機理探索,將有助於豐富及促進認知戰理論建構。

元宇宙本質是與現實世界平行存在但又反作用於現實世界的高度發達的虛擬世界。當數位、網路、擴增實境等虛擬技術和現代通訊、區塊鏈、人工智慧等技術發展到一定階段,元宇宙就橫空出世。與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合,是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。元宇宙運作符合人類認識世界、改造世界的自然規律,其直接作用於人的思維認知但又不拘泥於思維認知的本質屬性,決定其本身承載了現實世界的運作規律,提供了理解和發現現實複雜系統運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式和探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段,同時它本身就是一個複雜的認知體,因而具有不可估量的認知戰應用價值。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本機理

元宇宙相對於其他技術的不同在於構築了一個完整的數位世界,支撐其運作的不是單一或幾個技術,而是一個複雜的高科技複合體。這個複合體是人構築的,是認知的產物並隨人類認知實踐的發展不斷發展演變,其認知運用具有獨特的規律機制。

體系增強機制。元宇宙構築的數位世界本身就是一個高度發展的認知世界,在這個特殊的認知世界裡,科技不僅以支撐和保障等附加角色存在,也直接作為認知的基本元素參與認知本身的塑造。也就是說構成元宇宙的技術本身俱有鮮明的認知底色,既支撐了認知的運作又實現了認知的自我建構、革命與超越;既提供了一系列必要的技術服務,又打造了一個人類認知自我運作、獨立作戰的全息技術土壤。元宇宙對認知的作用不是單向度的,而是全維度的;不是單線的,而是全系統的;不是獨立式的,而是沉浸型的;不是片段的,而是持續型的;不是周期階段型的,而是全壽命流程的。思維認知發展有多遠,元宇宙發展就有多遠,因而能夠更全面更深入、更持久地塑造人的思維認知。於是,人類既用高科技打造了「阿凡達」這個人機結合的複雜系統,同時也打造了一個在「潘朵拉星球」上能夠自主思維、自我認知、自行思想與行動的生命體,這個產生於人又獨立於人的生命體在新的宇宙空間中實現了自我完善與發展。

技知互構機理。與人工智慧、資訊網路等單一技術對思考認知的單向作用不同,元宇宙提供了一個技術與認知作用與反作用、影響與反影響的互構空間。在這個空間裡,我們能夠模擬、展示、模擬、驗證這種雙向互構共促的過程與結果,進而更加精準高效地認識認知、改進認知戰方式,同時也可以直接進行真刀真槍的認知對抗。元宇宙提供了一個將現實作戰場景數位孿生的平行認知空間,在這裡認知戰得以高效率推進、快節奏增強、全景式呈現。據悉,美軍將虛擬技術運用於新武器裝備性能驗證、新戰法運用效果檢驗及作戰模擬訓練等,依託的就是在元宇宙等虛擬空間中構建的兵力佈置、作戰地形、人文特徵等近似實戰的場景。同時,也有越來越多的國家和軍隊透過虛擬空間與對手進行直接的認知攻防,迷茫其心智,誤導其方向,銷蝕其意志。

能動反射機理。元宇宙作為與現實世界平行的虛擬存在,不是簡單地將三維空間數位化複製,而有著自身運行規則並能動作用於現實世界,這種能動作用即是元宇宙認知運用的著力點。元宇宙空間博弈體現認知戰特點,透過虛擬模擬在元宇宙中推演出的戰爭結果,可能直接作用於現實世界,透過感官觸覺延伸到意識認知的爭奪博弈,從而贏得認知戰主導權。在認知視域下,元宇宙既是認知的新空間也是認知的主戰場,既是認知的延伸域也是認知的新構件。目前,不少國家軍隊透過沙盤作業、兵棋推演甚至電腦模擬模擬來發展和檢驗戰略戰術、修訂戰法運用、完善訓練方法、改進武器裝備,就是虛擬世界反作用於現實的典型案例。隨著元宇宙技術群不斷發展融合,認知對抗必將更多、更快由現實世界向虛實結合的混合世界發展轉進。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本特徵

存在決定意識,技術驅動創造。元宇宙具有與現實世界的平行性、對現實世界的能動性、融多種技術於一體的綜合性等諸多特徵。這些突出特徵,決定其作用於思考認知的不同特徵規律。

跨領域構塑。認知的形成發展演變很少由單一因素決定,往往是多種因素綜合作用的結果。元宇宙源自現實世界、呈現於虛擬空間,具有貫穿現實與虛擬的多域連結特徵。所謂“眾口鑠金,積毀銷骨”,這種跨越不同領域、打通關聯空間的跨域特質,最能從不同角度影響和塑造人的思維認知。最典型的案例就是遊戲開發商越來越注重用建立在歷史事實和現實感受基礎上的虛擬故事吸引人感染人。美國已將這種跨領域塑造的超現實「真實」體驗用於價值觀的傳播。目前最具代表性的「元宇宙」主題科幻作品是史匹柏導演的《頭號玩家》,該劇聚焦於描繪「元宇宙」誕生的時代背景及主角的現實地位與虛擬地位之間的巨大反差,透過故事情節和特效鏡頭細膩地刻畫人類的真實參與感,從而傳播在虛擬世界裡透過「不流血」的鬥爭也能獲得財富、地位、愛情和友誼的美式意識形態特別是價值觀。

融合式影響。認知戰運作依託的重要支點是謀略和技術,隨著科技的發展和社會的進步,技術之於認知戰構成所佔比重越來越大、作用越來越突出。可以說,缺乏科技支撐的認知戰是缺乏力量的認知戰,有先進科技加持的認知戰獲勝的可能性更大。元宇宙作為融多種前沿科技於一體的複雜系統,在認知戰運用上具有天然優勢。不少人包括成年人深陷虛擬世界、沉湎網路遊戲,很重要的是虛擬空間賦予遊戲操盤手的超時空體驗和成就快感。如果說武俠小說是成人的童話,那麼可以「隨心所欲」縱橫馳騁的元宇宙,則打造了一個超級童話世界,其對人的思維認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等的影響不可限量。

折衝性浸染。元宇宙與其他技術手段的一個很大不同,在於其建構的是一個源自現實世界但又反作用於現實世界母體的虛擬世界。在這個複雜領域空間中,人的思維認知在現實世界與虛擬空間之間往來折衝、相互印證、反覆確認、不斷修正進而產生新的思考認知,並對兩個世界都產生施動性影響。這種雙向互動的折衝性浸染,一方面有利於正確思維認知的形成與發展,使現實世界的認知插上虛擬世界思想放飛的翅膀而更富想像力,同時也使虛擬空間的認知找到現實世界的物質支撐而更科學。另一方面如果操作不當,很可能產生極大的安全隱患和倫理問題。這些年美軍依賴人工智慧和虛擬技術遙控的無人機攻擊對手,就是虛擬世界反作用於現實世界的典型案例。這種攻擊因遠離面對面搏殺的慘烈現場,極大淡化了無人機操作員對生命的敬畏,降低了其遙控攻擊對手的門檻。同時,由於偵察辨識技術不完善,誤擊誤傷誤殺平民、友軍甚至自己軍隊的事時有發生。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本樣式

元宇宙作用認知戰基於現實基礎、引領未來發展,涉及虛實兩界、貫通多個領域、涵蓋多種技術,作戰樣式多種多樣,有很大的不確定性,但並非無規律可循。綜合分析,基本樣式有以下三種。

平台對抗。元宇宙就其與人的思維認知的關係而言,本身就是一個複雜的認知行為體,是人類思維認知的衍生品,也是認知戰的重要構件和平台。當敵對國家和軍隊都將元宇宙視為認知戰的重要陣地時,元宇宙內部不同陣營間的認知攻防作戰就會現​​實存在。在這個平台上,元宇宙的一切技術、資源和力量都以思維認知為中心來整合運作。元宇宙作戰突顯為以擾亂、遲滯、阻擋、摧毀、消滅對手元宇宙存在和運作為目的的認知攻防作戰。在這個領域中,誰的戰略運籌更高端、戰術運用更靈活、技術力量更先進、物質支撐更堅實,誰就能取得元宇宙認知戰主動權。

體系破襲。元宇宙是由一系列前沿技術所構成的認知系統,而體系性則是其固有屬性和活力保證。數位基礎、高效通訊、區塊鏈身分認證、全像AR成像、人工智慧、高效能互聯網等先進科技,構成結構緊密、功能耦合、體系完整的統一體,其中構件對思維認知的形成發展與攻防對抗缺一不可。很難想像缺乏高階階數位化、高品質通聯、高速度計算等先進技術群的支撐,元宇宙還有存在的可能性。運用優勢力量高壓強製或以非對稱戰法攻擊和阻斷對手元宇宙體系的關鍵節點和科技運行鏈條,阻遏其運作、壓制其功能、摧毀其存在,是元宇宙認知戰的重要樣式和高效路徑。

曲嚮導流。元宇宙存在發展的一個重要價值和意義在於服務支持現實世界關聯活動。正常情況下,元宇宙能夠以數位形式全景展示、展示、複盤和預測現實世界的相關活動。一旦虛實兩個世界的通聯受擾受阻或元宇宙內部自運行失序,很容易導致其反映的情況失實、分析的信息失真、推導的結論失效、提供的建議失策,使現實世界的關聯活動跑偏走向。正是基於此,可集中力量對對手元宇宙內部運作或兩個世界的通聯技術裝置進行誘導攻擊,用極具迷惑性欺騙性的信息和場景曲嚮導流,迷茫其認知,幹擾其判斷,誤導其決策。因此,應加強元宇宙作用認知戰追蹤研究,突顯元宇宙作用認知戰機制探索,強化促進認知戰理論建構。

(作者單位:軍事科學院軍事政治工作研究院)

中國原創軍事資源:https://appapi.81.cn/v5/public/jfjbshare/?itemid=284_416888&type=3

Metaverse-enabled military training is on the rise for China’s People’s Liberation Army

中國人民解放軍元宇宙軍事訓練正在興起

現代英語:

The metaverse is an artificial online virtual world that is born out of, parallel to, and independent of the real world. It is parallel to the real world, reacts to the real world, and integrates a variety of high technologies. These are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse. The operation of the metaverse conforms to the natural laws of human understanding and transformation of the world, providing a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operation behavior, state, and laws of complex real systems, as well as a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. Researching the application of the metaverse in the field of foreign military training and analyzing the opportunities and challenges that the metaverse brings to the field of military training have important theoretical and practical value in solving the key problems that need to be solved in military training in the intelligent era, promoting scientific and technological training, and promoting the innovative development of military training models.

Background of cognitive metaverse empowering military training

The scientific and technological revolution has given rise to a new ecosystem for military training. Driven by the new scientific and technological revolution and the industrial revolution, cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things are accelerating their development. Technology giants are laying out the metaverse, and human real life is migrating to the virtual world more rapidly. The metaverse integrates a variety of emerging technologies, thus generating new Internet applications and new social forms that integrate the virtual and the real. Perception technology supports the integration of the virtual and the real in the metaverse, “AI+” technology supports the social nature of the metaverse, data transmission technology supports the real-time nature of the metaverse, electronic game technology supports the diversity of the metaverse, digital twin technology supports the sustainability of the metaverse, and blockchain technology supports the security of the metaverse. The future metaverse, where virtuality and reality are highly interconnected, is born out of, parallel to, and independent of the real world. It integrates all elements such as the Internet, virtual reality, immersive experience, blockchain, and digital twins to build a new basic ecology for intelligent military training.

The evolution of war dominates the transformation and upgrading of military training. With the advent of the intelligent era, the war form is accelerating its evolution towards informationization and intelligence. The informationized warfare system with “information acquisition and utilization as the core” will gradually transition to an intelligent warfare system with “intelligent simulation and expansion as the core”. The trend of long-range precision, intelligence, stealth, and unmanned weapons and equipment is more obvious, and intelligent warfare has surfaced. At the same time, combat elements represented by artificial intelligence such as “AI, cloud, network, group, and terminal” and their diversified combinations have formed a new battlefield ecology. The metaverse has built a new battlefield space where virtual and real are integrated and parallel and interactive. The traditional war winning mechanism is being profoundly changed. The development and change of intelligent warfare has compulsorily driven the transformation and reshaping of the military’s thinking and concepts, requiring the acceleration of the transformation and upgrading of military training, paying more attention to the impact of technological development and changes on war, and using the “new engine” of training and war to run out of the “acceleration” of preparation.

Foreign militaries explore breakthroughs in military training models. In order to seize the strategic commanding heights of military intelligence, the world’s military powers attach great importance to the innovation of military training models, and some countries have begun to try to apply the metaverse and related technologies in military training. For example, the United States has successively released the “National Security Strategy”, “National Defense Strategy” and “Department of Defense Transformation Plan”, focusing on building an “all-round army” and forming a “full spectrum advantage”. At the same time, it has formulated the “Training Transformation Strategic Plan” and “Training Transformation Implementation Plan”, and proposed the concept of comprehensive training environment (STE), the core of which is immersive and integrated virtual training, which intends to integrate real-time, virtual, constructive and game environments into a comprehensive training environment. Russia also attaches great importance to the development of virtual training systems. Almost all of its advanced weapons and equipment are equipped with corresponding virtual training systems, and are developing in the direction of universalization and embedding. The United Kingdom, Germany, South Korea, etc. are also actively developing various professional military training virtual environments. Intelligent training supported by technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality and augmented reality is gradually becoming the mainstream of military training research in powerful countries.

Clarify the advantages of metaverse-enabled military training

Sprouting new concepts of military training. Only by leading opponents in thought can we gain the upper hand in action. The emergence of disruptive technologies will inevitably rewrite the current military training rules and systems, and will also innovate the existing military training thinking concepts. On the one hand, the metaverse has set off a hurricane-like “brainstorm”, and the training thinking led by “intelligence” will organically connect training with actual combat, and upgrade to intelligent military training thinking. On the other hand, new technologies and new means represented by the metaverse empower military training, strengthen the concept of winning by science and technology and intelligent driving, and greatly improve the scientific and technological content of military training, in order to control the initiative in future wars. The future metaverse will create more impossible possibilities by constructing a virtual battlefield space, designing wars and evolving wars.

Innovate new theories of military training. War is the area that needs innovation the most. Military training must adapt to the development of intelligent warfare, and theoretical innovation and training practice must be driven by two wheels. Training transformation will not happen automatically. It requires not only a sharp and profound foresight to grasp the general trend, but also a scientific and powerful solid theory to drive forward. On the one hand, by keeping up with the development of the times and starting from new concepts and new cognitions, we can build a scientific theoretical system for metaverse-enabled military training. On the other hand, by following the laws of combat-training coupling, we can establish an intelligent military training theory innovation model with the characteristics of the times, so that the metaverse can empower and improve the efficiency of promoting the iterative development of military training transformation.

Transform the new model of military training. The combat style determines the training mode. Intelligent warfare changes the “rules of the game”. Military training for the next war must adapt to the requirements of future wars by changing the training mode. The first is to be able to build an intelligent blue army with “both form and spirit”. With the help of optimized AI technology, powerful computing support, and realistic performance simulation, the Metaverse follows the evolutionary process of “knowing the enemy, imitating the enemy, surpassing the enemy, and defeating the enemy” to create an intelligent blue army with platform support and data empowerment, and carry out “real” confrontation training and effect evaluation in the Metaverse space. The second is to be able to carry out new domain and new quality combat training. The metaverse expands the practical application path with new domains and new types of combat forces as the leading elements, highlights the research and development of training methods and tactics that are compatible with advanced combat concepts and winning mechanisms, and creates new types of training such as unmanned and seamless human-machine collaboration, becoming a new point of combat power growth. Third, it can cultivate new military talents. At present, the educational metaverse has led the intelligent transformation of education. In the future, the military metaverse will accelerate the realization of intelligent interaction between people and equipment, deep integration between people and systems, and adaptive evolution between people and the environment, and promote the integrated development of “commanders” and “fighters” to “scientists” and “technicians”.

Reshape the new ecology of military training. The multi-dimensional perception, virtual-real integration, free creativity, and open development of the metaverse will make the future metaverse a fully immersive, time-transcending, self-creating and developing space. First, create a digital twin “battlefield metaverse”. The “battlefield metaverse” will be a typical manifestation of the metaverse in the military field, with stricter security and confidentiality standards, stronger simulation computing capabilities, and more real-time and detailed interaction requirements. Secondly, create a full-dimensional three-dimensional metaverse training environment. The metaverse uses technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality to create an immersive and complex scene environment; using powerful data and network support, it builds a full-dimensional space such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. Furthermore, build a metaverse verification platform for weapons and equipment. The platform will have functions such as new weapon equipment design demonstration, weapon equipment performance test, weapon equipment compatibility test, and weapon system combat effectiveness test. In the future, the metaverse will greatly shorten the timeline of weapons and equipment from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence”, and realize the intelligent multiplication effect of weapons and equipment.

Grasp the key points of metaverse empowered military training

Focus on top-level design. From the perspective of the development of things, the metaverse, as a new thing, has yet to be verified to mature. Intelligent military training is also a complex, arduous and long-term system engineering, which requires strengthening strategic planning and top-level layout. We should pay close attention to the development and technological trends of the metaverse, scientifically formulate the development plan of the “training metaverse”, and give full play to the outstanding advantages of the metaverse in allowing trainees to immerse themselves in experiential training under the realistic background of the integration of intelligence, informatization, and mechanization, so that the metaverse can not only be a display platform for virtual technology, but also a practical platform for improving the effectiveness of military training.

Strengthen technology research and development. From a technical perspective, the metaverse re-integrates the existing technologies in the information and intelligent technology group, puts forward an overall innovative concept, and provides a comprehensive application scenario, thereby giving birth to new vitality. To accelerate the development of the “training metaverse”, we must speed up the research on basic software and hardware technologies such as algorithm engines and network communications, strengthen the research and development capabilities of core technologies such as artificial intelligence, digital twins, blockchain, and the Internet of Things, and at the same time strengthen the overall technical design and development of the metaverse, such as immersion, sociality, openness, collaboration, and decentralization.

Create training types. From the perspective of time and space, the metaverse may construct an extremely large virtual war space, reproduce the war environment, present the war process, and virtualize the future of war. An intelligent military training operation system based on the metaverse should be constructed, the military training thinking concept should be updated in a timely manner, and innovations in military training models, management guarantees, and legal mechanisms should be deepened. Construct a dynamic and high-level combat-oriented military training environment based on the metaverse to fully support strategic, campaign and tactical training and war games. At the same time, in the process of “intelligent adaptation” of military training, realize the expansion of wisdom and intelligent evolution towards the unknown space of military training with “innovation, openness, multiple iterations, and new intelligent ecology”.

Pay attention to risk prevention and control. From the perspective of safety and controllability, the concept and technology of the metaverse bring innovative opportunities for intelligent military training, but what cannot be ignored is the potential risks associated with the technology itself. The Metaverse is a huge technology complex, and its system architecture, key technologies, and application environment are still in the development and implementation stage. The supporting protection system, safety technology, and management standards will bring security risks. In addition, the integrated application of multiple emerging technologies during the construction process, as well as the complexity and confidentiality of the application process, will be unknown factors that will be the key prevention and risk challenges of the Metaverse in military training.

繁體中文:

元宇宙是脫胎於、平行、獨立於現實世界的人造線上虛擬世界,與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合,是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。元宇宙運行符合人類認識世界、改造世界的自然規律,提供了理解和發現現實復雜系統運行行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式和探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段。研究元宇宙在外軍軍事訓練領域的運用,剖析元宇宙在軍事訓練領域帶來的機遇與挑戰,對破解智能化時代軍事訓練亟待解決的關鍵問題,推動科技強訓,促進軍事訓練模式創新發展,具有重要理論和實踐價值。

認知元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的背景

科技革命催生軍事訓練嶄新生態。在新科技革命和產業革命推動下,人工智慧、大數據、雲端計算、物聯網等前沿科技加速發展,科技巨頭紛紛佈局元宇宙,人類現實生活更快速向虛擬世界遷移。元宇宙整合多種新興技術,從而產生出虛實相融的互聯網新應用與社會新形態。感知技術支撐元宇宙的虛實相融性,「AI+」技術支撐元宇宙的社會性,數據傳輸技術支撐元宇宙的實時性,電子遊戲技術支撐元宇宙的多樣性,數字孿生技術支撐元宇宙的永續性,區塊鏈技術支撐元宇宙的安全性。虛擬與現實高度互通的未來元宇宙,脫胎於、平行於、獨立於現實世界,將互聯網、虛擬現實、沉浸式體驗、區塊鍊及數字孿生等全要素融合,為智能化軍事訓練構建起全新基礎生態。

戰爭演進主導軍事訓練轉型升級。智能化時代到來,戰爭形態加速向資訊化智能化演變,以「資訊獲取利用為內核」的資訊化戰爭體系,將逐漸過渡至以「智慧模擬與拓展為內核」的智能化戰爭體系,武器裝備遠程精確化、智慧化、隱身化、無人化趨勢更明顯,智慧化作戰浮現。同時,以「AI、雲、網、群、端」等人工智慧為代表的作戰要素及其多樣化組合,構成了新的戰場生態,元宇宙構建出虛實融生、平行互動的戰場新空間,傳統的戰爭制勝機理正被深刻改變。智慧化戰爭形態發展變化,強制性驅動軍隊思維理念的變革重塑,要求加快實現軍事訓練轉型升級,更加重視科技發展變化對戰爭的影響,以練戰「新引擎」跑出備戰「加速」。

外軍探索開啟軍事訓練模式突破。為搶佔軍事智慧化戰略制高點,世界軍事強國高度重視軍事訓練模式創新,有的國家開始嘗試應用元宇宙及相關技術運用在軍事訓練方面。如美國先後發布《國家安全戰略》《國家防務戰略》和《國防部轉型計劃》,圍繞打造“全能型軍隊”、形成“全頻譜優勢”,同步製定了《訓練轉型戰略計劃》和《訓練轉型實施計劃》,並提出了綜合訓練環境(STE)理念,其內核是沉浸式、集成虛擬訓練,擬將實時、虛擬、建設性和遊戲環境整合到綜合培訓環境中。俄羅斯也高度重視虛擬訓練系統開發,其先進武器裝備幾乎都配有相應虛擬訓練系統,並且正朝著通用化和嵌入化方向發展。英國、德國、韓國等也都積極發展各種專業軍事訓練虛擬環境。以人工智慧、虛擬現實與增強現實等技術為支撐的智慧化訓練,正逐漸成為強國軍隊訓練研究的主流。

明晰元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的優勢

萌發軍事訓練新理念。在思想上領先對手,才能在行動上贏得先機。顛覆性技術的出現必將改寫現行的軍事訓練規則制度,也必將革新現有的軍事訓練思維理念。一方面,元宇宙掀動颶風式的“頭腦風暴”,以“智”引領的練兵思維將訓練與實戰有機銜接起來,升級成智能化軍事訓練思維。另一方面,以元宇宙為代表的新技術新手段賦能軍事訓練,強化科技制勝、智慧驅動理念,大幅提升軍事訓練科技含量,以期掌控未來戰爭主動權。未來元宇宙透過構設虛擬戰場空間,設計戰爭並演化戰爭,將創造出更多不可能的可能性。

創新軍事訓練新論。戰爭是最需要創新的領域。軍事訓練要順應智慧化戰爭發展,理論創新與訓練實踐必須雙輪驅動。訓練轉型不會自動發生,既需要敏銳而深邃的前瞻性眼光把握大勢,更需要科學而強大的堅實理論驅動前行。一方面,緊跟時代發展,從新觀念新認知出發,可以建構元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的科學理論體系。另一方面,遵循戰訓耦合規律,可以建立具有時代特色的智慧化軍事訓練理論創新模式,讓元宇宙為推進軍事訓練轉型迭代發展賦能提效。

變革軍事訓練新模式。作戰樣式決定著訓練模式,智慧化戰爭改變著“遊戲規則”,預演下一場戰爭的軍事訓練必須通過變革訓練模式,來適應未來戰爭要求。一是能夠建造「形神兼備」的智慧藍軍。元宇宙藉由優化的AI技術、強大的算力支撐、逼真的效能仿真,依照「知敵、像敵、超敵、勝敵」的演化進程,打造以平台支撐、數據賦能等綜合整合的智能藍軍,並在元宇宙空間進行「真實」的對抗訓練和效果評估。二是能夠開展新域新質作戰研練。元宇宙拓展新域新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化運用路徑,突顯與先進作戰概念、制勝機理相適應的訓法戰法的研練,開創無人化、人機無縫協同等新樣式訓練,成為新的戰鬥力增長點。第三是能夠培養新型軍事人才。當前,教育元宇宙已經引領了教育智慧化變革。未來軍事元宇宙將加速實現人與裝備智慧互動、人與體系深度融合、人與環境適應進化,推動「指揮者」「戰鬥員」向「科學家」與「技術家」融合發展。

重塑軍事訓練新生態。元宇宙的多維感知性、虛實融合性、自由創造性、開放發展性等特點,使未來元宇宙將成為完全沉浸式的、超越時空的、自我創造發展的空間。首先,打造數字孿生的「戰場元宇宙」。 「戰場元宇宙」將是元宇宙在軍事領域的典型表現形態,具有更嚴格的安全保密標準、更強大的仿真計算能力、更實時的精細交互要求。其次,創造全維立體的元宇宙訓練環境。元宇宙運用虛擬現實、增強現實以及混合現實等技術,創造沉浸複雜的場景環境;利用強大的數據、網絡支撐,搭建起陸、海、空、天、電、網等全維空間。再者,建造武器裝備的元宇宙驗證平台。該平台將具備新型武器裝備設計論證、武器裝備性能試驗、武器裝備相容性試驗、武器系統體係作戰效能檢驗等功能。未來元宇宙將大幅縮短武器裝備從「弱智」到「強智」再到「超智」的時間軸,以實現武器裝備的智慧倍增效應。

掌握元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的重點

著重頂層設計。從事物發展上看,元宇宙作為新生事物,發展成熟尚待驗證。智慧化軍事訓練又是一項複雜、艱巨且長期的系統工程,需要加強戰略籌劃與頂層佈局。應密切關注元宇宙發展動向與技術趨勢,科學制定「訓練元宇宙」的發展規劃,在智慧化、資訊化、機械化「三化」融合的現實背景下,充分發揮元宇宙能讓受訓者沉浸式體驗式訓練等突顯優勢,讓元宇宙不能只是虛擬技術的展示平台,而應成為提升軍事訓練效益的實踐平台。

加強技術研發。從技術意義上看,元宇宙把資訊化智能化技術群中已有的技術重新整合到了一起,提出了整體性創新性概念,給出了綜合性的應用場景,從而煥發出了新的生命力。加速「訓練元宇宙」的發展,要加速演算法引擎、網路通訊等基礎軟硬體技術研究,強化人工智慧、數字孿生、區塊鏈、物聯網等核心技術的研發能力,同時也要加強沉浸性、社交性、開放性、協作性、去中心化等元宇宙整體性技術設計與研發。

創設訓練種類。從時空視角來看,元宇宙可能構造出龐大無比的虛擬戰爭空間,重現戰爭環境,呈現戰爭進程,虛擬戰爭未來。應建構基於元宇宙的智慧化軍訓運行體系,及時更新軍事訓練思維理念,深化軍事訓練模式、管理保障、法規機制等創新。建構基於元宇宙的動態高階的實戰化軍事訓練環境,全面支持戰略、戰役和戰術訓練以及戰爭推演。同時,在軍事訓練「智適應」運作過程中,實現拓展生慧,向「創新開放、多元迭代、新智生態」的軍事訓練未知空間智能演進。

重視風險防控。從安全可控上看,元宇宙概念與技術為智慧化軍事訓練帶來創新機遇,但不容忽視的是技術本身伴生的潛在風險。元宇宙龐大的技術群,其體系架構、關鍵技術和應用環境等尚處於開發落地階段,配套防護體系、安全技術、管理標準等都會帶來安全風險,加上建設過程中多種新興技術的整合運用,運用過程中的複雜性與保密性,都將是軍事訓練元宇宙重點防範與風險挑戰的未知數。

來源:中國軍網-解放軍報 作者:侯春牧 王勇 責任編輯:於雅倩 發布:2024-01-16

中國軍事資料來源:https://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16280588.html

China’s Military Unveils the Metaverse

中國軍隊推出虛擬宇宙

現代英語翻譯:

As if overnight, “metaverse” suddenly became a hot word, and related concepts formed many hot topics.

With the development of technologies such as extended reality, digital twins, 3D rendering, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, high-speed networks, blockchain, and the iteration of terminal equipment, the construction and evolution of the “metaverse” may far exceed people’s expectations, and a new Internet form of multi-dimensional, full-sensory, immersive human-computer interaction will hopefully become a reality.

What is the Metaverse?

“Metaverse” is a term that comes from the 1992 science fiction novel Snow Crash. In the novel, humans live in a virtual three-dimensional world through “Avatar” (digital virtual avatar), and the author calls this space “Metaverse”.

From science fiction to reality, people have not yet reached an absolute consensus on “what is the metaverse”. Due to the evolution of the times and technological changes, the “metaverse” is still an evolving concept. “There are a thousand Hamlets in the eyes of a thousand people”. Different participants are constantly enriching its definition in their own way, and the possibilities of the characteristics and forms of the “metaverse” are also constantly changing. However, we can explore a little through the existing presentation of the “metaverse”.

At present, “Metaverse” concept products are mainly concentrated in online games, VR/AR, social networking and other fields.

Online games are generally considered by the industry to be the most likely field to realize the “metaverse” because they have virtual scenes and players’ virtual avatars. Today, game functions have gone beyond the game itself, and the boundaries of games are expanding, and they are no longer just games.

A well-known singer held a virtual concert with his virtual image in the game “Fortnite”, which attracted more than 12 million players from all over the world to participate, breaking the boundary between entertainment and games; due to the impact of the epidemic, the University of California, Berkeley and the School of Animation and Digital Studies of Communication University of China coincidentally rebuilt their campuses in the sandbox game “Minecraft”. Students gathered together with virtual avatars to complete the “cloud graduation ceremony”, realizing the integration of virtual games and real social interactions.

The new generation of “VR social (virtual offline social)” has gradually developed and become popular. It is a fusion of offline social (face-to-face in reality) and online social (through social software such as WeChat). Some well-known VR social platforms provide a free community environment, which not only becomes a place for players’ online activities and virtual face-to-face gatherings, but also becomes a social and cultural phenomenon closely related to the current concept of “metaverse”.

The above-mentioned “metaverse slices” are all important explorations into the construction of the “metaverse”, and they explain in a variety of visible and tangible ways how the “metaverse” will change our real life.

In common research, the following consensus has been formed: “Metaverse” is a new type of Internet application and social form that integrates multiple new technologies and integrates virtual and real. It provides immersive experience based on extended reality technology, generates virtual and real scenes based on digital twins and 3D rendering technology, builds basic software and hardware services based on cloud computing, artificial intelligence and high-speed networks, and builds an economic system based on blockchain technology, closely integrating the virtual world with the real world in economic system, social system and identity system. At the same time, it allows each user to produce and edit content, and has complete self-driving and iteration capabilities.

The development direction of the “metaverse”

Today’s mobile Internet is actually still in a flat information interaction state, presented on mobile terminals through text, sound, pictures, and videos. Although news information, e-commerce, social chat, live video, etc. meet people’s needs for using the Internet, it is obviously impossible to achieve the effect of face-to-face communication and full sensory experience in real life through the mobile phone screen. With the development of society, people need more original and rich experience and interaction.

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced people to move their daily lives from offline to online. This forced transformation has led to more thinking, discussion and attention on the “metaverse”. In particular, the core feature of the “metaverse” is the immersive experience, which can turn a plane into a three-dimensional, multi-dimensional, real-time interactive space, greatly enriching and restoring the real physical world and various human relationships. Therefore, people have high hopes for the “metaverse”.

Looking back at the development of information technology and media, humans have continuously changed the way they perceive the world, and later began to consciously transform and reshape the world. From the newspaper era, the radio and television era, to the Internet era, and the mobile Internet era, the tools and platforms under the concept of “metaverse” are becoming increasingly complete, and the path to the “metaverse” is gradually becoming clearer.

Since 2020, Internet giants in various countries have been closely deploying cutting-edge technologies such as extended reality, digital twins, 3D rendering, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, high-speed networks and blockchain, and the door to the ultimate closed-loop ecosystem of the “metaverse” has been opened little by little. Today, when the “bonus” of mobile Internet users has peaked, many experts and scholars have stated that the “metaverse” will be the ultimate form of the next generation of the Internet.

Just as it was difficult to accurately predict the development of the Internet 20 years ago, people cannot accurately predict the future form of the “metaverse”. However, combined with the development trends of related industries today, we can see that: the Internet has changed human life and digitized communication between people, and the “metaverse” will digitize the relationship between people and society; the technologies related to the “metaverse” will show gradual development, single-point technological innovations will continue to appear and merge, and all aspects of the industry will move closer to the ultimate form of the “metaverse”; the “metaverse” will emerge with a large amount of user-generated content, and at the same time, the value of digital assets will be revealed.

In general, the “metaverse” will profoundly change the organization and operation of the existing society through the integration of the virtual and the real, form a new lifestyle with both virtual and real poles, give birth to a new social relationship that integrates online and offline, and give new vitality to the real economy from the virtual dimension.

The future physical “metaverse” will be similar to the scene described in the science fiction movie “Ready Player One”: one day in the future, people can switch identities anytime and anywhere, freely shuttle between the real world and the virtual world, and study, work, make friends, shop, travel, etc. in the “metaverse”. Through immersive experience, the virtual world will be closer to and integrated into the real world.

In this virtual world, there will be self-evolving content and economic systems that will always remain safe and stable to meet the social needs of individuals.

The mediating role of the “metaverse”

“Imagine the ‘metaverse’ as a physical Internet, where you are not just watching content, but you are fully immersed in it.” This is a vivid description. However, as far as the current situation is concerned, the content of these “metaverses” that allow “full immersion” is relatively scarce. It needs more content that can be independently written, self-iterated, and multi-dimensionally attract users to participate in the experience and even participate in the creation.

The “metaverse” is bound to become a brand-new platform for media content production. Content producers can transform the “small universe” into the “big universe” through rich content production. In the short term, the breakthrough of the “metaverse” is immersive content. With the development and penetration of the concept of “metaverse”, the integration of immersive virtual content (such as games, cartoons, etc.) and immersive physical content (such as media, social networking, film and television, etc.) will become higher and higher. In other words, the “metaverse” will play a greater role as a medium.

In September this year, Yu Guoming, a professor at the School of Journalism and Communication of Beijing Normal University, pointed out at the release conference of the “2020-2021 “Metaverse” Development Research Report”: “Today, the role of the media is generally to provide cognitive information, but the role of the media is completing a process from providing cognition to providing experience. The entire media and technology has undergone a huge transformation from cognitive development to experience. Once the goal of “Metaverse” is established, it will play a directional role in communication technology, communication forms, communication methods and even communication effects.” If the “Metaverse” is the ultimate form of the next generation of the Internet, then it is a super media channel that will show the ultimate form of media convergence and provide the best immersive experience.

Theoretically, the best communication experience must be based on real scenes. For example, when watching a football game, the ideal situation is to watch it in person on the field. In the “metaverse”, with the development of display interaction, high-speed communication and computing technology, it will become a reality to construct a communication scene that is infinitely close to reality. Users can become “witnesses” and “on-site observers” of news events in a three-dimensional, multi-sensory reception situation.

Therefore, the “metaverse” media can achieve true “multimedia”, and various human senses such as vision, smell, hearing, taste, touch, etc. can play a role, and even fully unfold and cooperate with each other to achieve “immersive” media applications.

Today’s media content is constantly evolving and innovating, and its development trend seems to be moving closer to the concept of “metaverse”. Media content will no longer be limited to flat presentation methods such as TV, computer, and mobile phone screens. Media content production will consider holographic presentation more, pay attention to creating an on-site environment atmosphere, and make users feel immersive. Social interaction will no longer be limited to text messages and comments. Feelings can be expressed instantly with voice and body movements, and face-to-face communication can be virtualized on the spot.

Imagine if news reports could restore the war scene and create a “battlefield metaverse”, making people feel as if they were there and feel in real time the tremendous trauma that war has caused to human civilization. This shock would further stimulate human society’s desire and yearning for peace, and media content would have a stronger influence and dissemination power.

現代國語:

彷彿在一夜之間,「元宇宙」突然成為熱詞,相關概念形成許多熱門話題。

隨著擴展現實、數位孿生、3D渲染、雲端運算、人工智慧、高速網路、區塊鏈等技術的發展及終端設備的迭代,「元宇宙」建設和演變可能遠超人們的預期,多維度、全感官、沉浸式的人機互動新網路形態,將有望成為現實。

何為“元宇宙”

“元宇宙”,英文為“Metaverse”。此字出自1992年的科幻小說《雪崩》。小說中,人類透過“Avatar”(數位虛擬化身),在一個虛擬三維世界中生活,作者稱這個空間為“Metaverse”,即“元宇宙”。

從科幻走進現實,人們對「元宇宙是什麼」還未能達成一個絕對標準的共識。因為時代的演變、技術的變革,“元宇宙”仍是一個不斷發展的概念,“一千個人眼中就有一千個哈姆雷特”,不同參與者以自己的方式不斷豐富著它的定義,“元宇宙」特徵和形態的可能性也在不斷變化。不過,我們可透過「元宇宙」現有的呈現形態來探討一二。

目前,「元宇宙」概念產品主要集中在網路遊戲、VR/AR、社交等領域。

網路遊戲被業界普遍認為是最有可能實現「元宇宙」的領域,因為它本身就具有虛擬場景和玩家的虛擬化身。如今,遊戲功能已超越遊戲本身,遊戲邊界正在擴展,甚至不只是遊戲了。

知名歌手在遊戲《要塞英雄》中,以虛擬形象舉辦一場虛擬演唱會,吸引了全球超過1200萬玩家參與其中,打破了娛樂與遊戲的邊界;因為疫情影響,美國加州大學柏克萊分校、中國傳媒大學動畫與數位學院不約而同地在沙盤遊戲《我的世界》裡重建校園,學生們以虛擬化身齊聚一堂,完成“雲畢業典禮”,實現了虛擬遊戲和現實社交的融合。

新一代「VR社交(虛擬線下社交)」已在逐漸發展和流行。它是線下社交(現實面對面)、線上社交(透過微信等社群軟體)的融合產物。一些知名VR社交平台,提供自由的社區環境,不僅成為玩家線上活動與虛擬面對面聚會的場所,也成了一種與目前「元宇宙」概念密切相關的社會文化現象。

以上這些“元宇宙切片”,都是對建構“元宇宙”的重要探索,用多種看得見、摸得著的方式,詮釋了“元宇宙”將會如何改變我們的現實生活。

在通常研究中,一般形成了這樣的共識:「元宇宙」是整合多種新技術而產生的新型虛實融合的網路應用和社會形態。它基於擴展現實技術提供沉浸式體驗,基於數位孿生和3D渲染技術生成虛實場景,基於雲端運算、人工智慧和高速網路建立基礎軟體硬體服務,基於區塊鏈技術建立經濟體系,將虛擬世界與現實世界在經濟系統、社交系統、身分系統上密切融合。同時,允許每個使用者進行內容生產和編輯,具備完整的自我驅動和迭代能力。

「元宇宙」發展走向

現今的行動互聯網,其實仍是平面資訊互動狀態,透過文字、聲音、圖片、視訊方式在行動終端進行呈現。新聞資訊、電子商務、社群聊天、視訊直播等型態,雖然滿足了人們使用網路的需求,但隔著手機螢幕,顯然無法達到現實生活中面對面交流、全感官體驗所能達到的效果。隨著社會發展,人們需要更原生、更豐富的體驗與互動。

新冠疫情讓人們生活場景從線下更多地移到線上。這種被迫的轉變,讓大家對「元宇宙」有了更多思考、討論和關注。特別是「元宇宙」最核心的特徵,在於沉浸式體驗,它可將一個平面變成一個立體、多維、即時的互動空間,極大地豐富、還原真實物理世界和人類各種關係。因此,「元宇宙」被人們寄予厚望。

縱觀過往資訊科技和媒介的發展歷程,人類不斷改變認知世界的方法,乃至於後來開始有意識地改造和重塑世界。從報業時代、廣播電視時代,到網路時代、行動網路時代,「元宇宙」概念下的工具和平台日益完備,通往「元宇宙」的路徑逐漸清晰。

自2020年以來,各國網路大廠圍繞著擴展實境、數位孿生、3D渲染、雲端運算、人工智慧、高速網路和區塊鏈等前沿科技,展開緊密佈局,通往「元宇宙」終極閉環生態的大門被一點點打開。在行動網路用戶「紅利」已經見頂的今天,不少專家學者表示,「元宇宙」將是下一代網路的終極形態。

如同20年前難以精準預測網路的發展一樣,人們也無法精準預判未來「元宇宙」的形態。但是,結合當今相關產業發展趨勢可以看到:互聯網改變人類生活,將人與人交流數位化,而「元宇宙」將把人與社會關係數位化;「元宇宙」相關技術將呈現漸進式發展,單點技術創新將不斷出現與融合,從產業各方面向「元宇宙」終極形態靠近;「元宇宙」將湧現海量用戶創作內容,同時顯現數位資產價值問題。

概括地說,「元宇宙」將以虛實融合的方式,深刻改變現有社會的組織與運作,形成虛、實兩極的新型生活方式,催生線上、線下一體的新型社會關係,並從虛擬維度賦予實體經濟新的活力。

未來實體化的“元宇宙”,將類似於科幻電影《頭號玩家》裡描述的場景:在未來的某一天,人們可隨時隨地切換身份,自由穿梭於現實世界和虛擬世界,在“元宇宙”中學習、工作、交友、購物、旅遊等。透過沉浸式體驗,讓虛擬世界進一步接近並融入現實世界。

在這個虛擬世界裡,將有自我不斷發展的內容和經濟系統,並且始終保持安全穩定運行,滿足個體的社會需求。

「元宇宙」的媒介作用

「把『元宇宙』想像為一個實體互聯網,你在那裡不只是觀看內容,整個人都身在其中。」這是一個圖像描述。可就現狀而言,這些能讓“整個人都身在其中”的“元宇宙”,內容是相對匱乏的。它需要更多可以獨立成篇、自我迭代、多維立體地吸引使用者參與體驗甚至參與創作的內容。

「元宇宙」勢必成為媒體內容生產的嶄新平台。內容生產者透過豐富的內容生產,可將「小宇宙」演變成「大宇宙」。短期內,「元宇宙」的突破口是沉浸式內容。隨著「元宇宙」概念的發展與滲透,沉浸式虛擬內容(如遊戲、卡通等)與沉浸式實體內容(如媒體、社交、影視等)的融合程度將會越來越高。換句話說,「元宇宙」將發揮更大的媒介作用。

今年9月,北京師範大學新聞與傳播學院教授喻國明在《2020-2021年「元宇宙」發展研究報告》發布會議上指出:「如今媒介所扮演的角色大體上都是認知方面的訊息給予,但媒介的角色正在完成一個從給予認知到給予體驗的過程。甚至傳播效果,都能起到一個定向作用。體驗。

從理論上講,最好的傳播體驗必然是基於真實場景。如看球賽,理想情形是在球場上親身觀看。在「元宇宙」裡,隨著顯示互動、高速通訊和運算技術的發展,建構無限逼近真實的傳播場景將成為現實,使用者能在立體化、多感官接收情境中,成為新聞事件的「目擊者」和「實地觀察者」。

因而,“元宇宙”媒體可實現真正的“多媒體化”,人類的各種感官如視覺、嗅覺、聽覺、味覺、觸覺等,都能發揮作用,甚至完全展開、相互配合,實現“沉浸式”的媒體應用。

當今媒體內容不斷進化和創​​新,其發展趨勢也似乎正在向「元宇宙」概念靠攏。媒體內容將不再侷限於電視、電腦、手機螢幕等平面式的呈現方式,媒體內容製作將更考慮全像化呈現,重視營造現場環境氛圍,使用戶有身臨其境之感。社交也將不再侷限於文字留言評論,可即時用語音、肢體動作來抒發感受,現場虛擬化面對面交流。

設想一下,如果新聞報道能還原戰爭現場,打造“戰場元宇宙”,使人如身臨其境,實時感受到戰爭對於人類文明造成的巨大創傷,這份震撼會更能刺激人類社會對於和平的渴望與嚮往,媒體內容將具備更強大的影響力與傳播力。

中國軍事資料來源:https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-11/26/content_303888.htm