Category Archives: China’s Informatization – 中國信息化

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare

Exploring the Evolution of Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare Practices

05/28/2026 admin Leave a comment

探索中國軍事智慧戰爭實踐的演變

現代英語：

Recent local wars and military conflicts around the world demonstrate that modern warfare is gradually evolving towards an information-based and intelligent form. Faced with a new wave of military revolution, in order to fully explore the evolutionary laws of intelligent warfare, it is necessary to further clarify the fundamental support for the evolution of warfare practices, fully assess the technological advantages of warfare practices, and accurately identify the key challenges and difficulties in promoting the current evolution of warfare practices.

The evolution of intelligent warfare practices requires a foundation of social practice as its support.

As an important component of social activities, military activities are closely related to social activities. Similarly, as a specific form of military activity, war practice cannot be examined in isolation from the larger system of social practice.

The level of development of productive forces determines the height of practical evolution. Warfare is a part of human social practice and is always adapted to the level of social production. How humans conduct material production activities often determines how they organize war; the ways humans wage war reflect their modes of production. Engels proposed that the victory of violence is based on the production of weapons, and the production of weapons is based on the entire production process. Therefore, along with the development of productive forces, the means of warfare also continuously evolve. Just as it is impossible to find a weapon of the information age in the era of cold weapons, it is difficult to use typical weapons of the cold weapon era on the battlefield of the information age. Even daggers produced in the information age are different from those of the cold weapon era; from the alloy composition ratio to the forging technology, they embody the technological level of the information age and belong to the weapon of the information age.

Changes in the system of production relations influence the outcome of practical evolution. As a special form of social practice, the development and changes in war practice closely revolve around the direction and speed of social practice evolution. That is to say, behind every transformation in war practice, a similar social transformation is simultaneously underway, and it can only succeed when accompanied by a systemic transformation of the entire production relations. Marx succinctly pointed out that in all social forms, a certain form of production determines the position and influence of all other productions, and therefore its relations also determine the position and influence of all other relations. This is a universal light that obscures all other colors and alters their characteristics. War practice concepts that are too far ahead of their time often fail to succeed due to a lack of hardware and software support that matches the development of contemporary social practice. For example, the concept of joint operations was difficult to emerge in the era of cold weapons; even if military theorists foresaw this idea, it could not be applied in practice. Modern joint operations practice is actually a microcosm of large-scale socialized joint production in the military. Therefore, war design should return to social practice itself, seeking inspiration and reflection from it. Ignoring the overall development level of production relations and prematurely designing war scenarios for the intelligent era may make the scenarios and objectives appear science fiction, gamified, and fictional.

The effectiveness of intelligent warfare practices in achieving victory requires further testing in actual combat.

The evolution of warfare practices always aims to enhance operational superiority and the effectiveness of victory; however, this does not mean that the evolutionary process will naturally lead to this goal. Sometimes, in the early stages of changes in warfare practices, the effectiveness of victory is not obvious, and it is necessary to continuously evaluate the effectiveness of various combat methods during the development process.

First-mover advantage does not guarantee victory on the battlefield. Undoubtedly, whoever masters the latest winning mechanisms of warfare first will gain the initiative on the battlefield through tactical and technological superiority, but this first-mover advantage does not necessarily lead to final victory. While first-mover advantage certainly has a significant impact on winning a war, the history of warfare shows that tactical and technological advantages can be offset by mistakes or disadvantages in other areas. In World War II, the German army, which was the first to master the winning mechanisms of mechanized warfare, gained an advantage in the initial engagements on the Western Front in Europe and the Eastern Front in the Eastern Front. However, this initial advantage was quickly squandered due to strategic errors and overall inferior strength.

First-mover advantage is unlikely to constitute an absolute overwhelming advantage. In the era of globalization, human social practices are closely interconnected, and technological innovations from one country or region are quickly spilled over and spread. Therefore, the technological and tactical advantages in the era of intelligent warfare are often short-term and localized, making it difficult for any country or region to establish a long-term, all-encompassing, monopolistic lead. Currently, the rapid development of network communication technology has brought humanity closer together than ever before. Similarly, in the practice of intelligent warfare, various advanced reconnaissance methods will continuously penetrate the fortifications of both sides in combat. Sometimes, after the emergence of a new weapon, a countermeasure weapon or means will be invented or created very quickly.

The advantage of intelligent technology does not necessarily guarantee the optimal combat situation. Currently, the level of intelligence in warfare has not yet become the decisive factor in determining victory or defeat. Intelligent warfare is still in its nascent stage; the mechanisms of victory require in-depth research, many pieces of equipment need further development and verification, and various experimental pre-war practices need further testing and improvement. In contrast, informationized warfare is relatively mature; various weapons and equipment, along with supporting operational and tactical methods, have become relatively stable, and informationized warfare methods still have significant application potential. Therefore, in the evolution of warfare, while continuously innovating intelligent warfare methods, it is essential to fully develop the operational potential of informationized warfare.

The development and transformation of intelligent warfare practices require the combined efforts of humans and technology.

There are many factors that drive the evolution of intelligent practices. It is necessary to clarify the development support and evaluate the effectiveness of operational methods, comprehensively analyze various contradictions, grasp the key points, distinguish the essentials, and highlight the leading role of people.

Technological change is the most dynamic factor. Science and technology are core combat capabilities. As the most revolutionary factor in the development of warfare, every major technological innovation has a profound impact on the form of warfare. Engels once pointed out that once technological progress can be used for military purposes and has been used for military purposes, it immediately, almost forcibly, and often against the will of commanders, causes changes or even revolutions in the way of warfare. However, equating the intelligent military revolution with the high-tech revolution, and thus overemphasizing intelligent technology and pursuing the development of various intelligent weapons, undoubtedly fails to grasp the evolutionary essence of intelligent warfare. While technology plays an important role, it is not the only decisive factor; culture, politics, and people themselves also play a role. In his book *The History of World Wars*, British historian Jeremy Black repeatedly reminds readers not to fall into the trap of technological determinism and not to simply attribute all major changes in military history to technological innovation.

Institutional innovation is the key challenge. To fully leverage the combat effectiveness of equipment in the evolution of intelligent warfare, it is necessary to integrate all combat elements into a unified system, combining ideology, combat methods, organizational structure, education and training with military technology. The renowned military theorist Dupuy, in his book *The Evolution of Weapons and War*, argued that no matter how much the lethality of weapons increases, the compatibility and unity of new weapons with military tactics and organization is far more important than the invention and adoption of new weapons. The advantages of equipment can only create optimal combat power when integrated into a scientific organizational structure. Historically, Britain was the first country to possess aircraft carriers and tanks, but it was not the country that successfully led the revolution in mechanized warfare. In the transformation of warfare practice, the easiest thing to achieve is the upgrading of weaponry and equipment, but comprehensive innovation in warfare practice requires holistic innovation at the institutional level to create an overall effect. An army that only upgrades equipment without institutional reform will find it difficult to form a sustained and effective combat capability, and will not be able to truly lead a revolution in warfare practice.

The integration of people and weapons is key. People are the main actors in warfare. In the era of intelligent warfare, the decisive role of people in warfare remains unchanged; they are still the driving force behind the evolution of warfare. From the perspective of the two major categories of people and weapons, military technology belongs more to the “weapons” aspect, while other elements in warfare, such as military strategy, organizational structure, tactics, and combat methods, belong more to the “people” aspect. The more advanced the high-tech equipment, the more people are needed to master and utilize it. The era of intelligent warfare requires greater attention to the importance of wisdom and strategy, and greater reliance on people with intelligent-era concepts and thinking for command and design. Therefore, promoting the evolution of warfare requires focusing on people as the decisive element, fully integrating “people” and “weapons,” vigorously developing joint education in the context of intelligent warfare, and concentrating on cultivating scientific and technological personnel and command personnel who meet the requirements of intelligent warfare.

現代國語：

探究智能化戰爭實踐演進規律

■沈文科宋騰淵岳明峰

引言

近年來的世界局部戰爭和軍事沖突表明，現代戰爭實踐正逐步向信息化智能化形態演變。面對新一輪軍事革命浪潮，為充分探究智能化戰爭實踐演進規律，需要進一步釐清戰爭實踐演進的基礎支撐，充分評估戰爭實踐的技術優勢，找准推動當前戰爭實踐演進的重難點。

智能化戰爭實踐的演進需要社會實踐基礎作為支撐

作為社會活動的一個重要組成部分，軍事活動與社會活動有著十分密切的關系。同樣，作為軍事活動的一種具體形式，戰爭實踐也不能離開社會實踐的大系統去孤立地考察。

生產力發展水平決定實踐演進的高度。戰爭實踐是人類社會實踐的一部分，始終與社會生產水平相適應。人類怎樣進行物質生產活動，往往就怎樣組織戰爭，人類從事戰爭的方式，反映了它們的生產方式。恩格斯提出，暴力的勝利是以武器生產為基礎的，而武器的生產又是以整個生產為基礎的。因此，伴隨生產力的發展，戰爭實踐手段也在不斷發展。正如在冷兵器時代無法尋覓到一件信息化時代武器一樣，在信息化時代的戰場上也難以運用典型的冷兵器時代的武器。即使是信息化時代生產的匕首，也已然不同於冷兵器時代的匕首，從合金成分比例到鍛造成型技術，它本身蘊含了信息化時代的工藝水平，屬於信息化時代的武器。

生產關系系統變化影響實踐演進的結果。作為一種特殊形式的社會實踐，戰爭實踐發展變化緊緊圍繞社會實踐演進方向和速度展開。也就是說，一場戰爭實踐變革背後，也在同步進行著相似的社會變革實踐，而且需要伴隨整個生產關系的系統變革完成才能取得成功。馬克思精辟地指出，在一切社會形式中都有一種一定的生產決定其他一切生產的地位和影響，因而它的關系也決定其他一切關系的地位和影響，這是一種普照的光，它掩蓋了一切其他色彩，改變著它們的特點。過於超越時代的戰爭實踐設想，往往會因缺少符合同時代社會實踐發展所匹配的軟硬件支撐而難以成功。比如聯合作戰概念很難在冷兵器時代出現，即便有軍事理論家先驗地預想到這種理念，也無法在實踐中運用。而現代聯合作戰實踐實際上正是社會化聯合大生產在軍事上的縮影。因此，設計戰爭應當回歸社會實踐本身，從中尋找靈感和鏡像。若忽視生產關系的整體發展水平，超前設計智能化時代戰爭場景，將可能使場景目標變得科幻化、游戲化和虛構化。

智能化戰爭實踐的制勝效果需要戰爭的進一步檢驗

戰爭實踐演進的目標總是瞄准提高作戰優勢和制勝效果展開，然而這並不意味著演進過程會自然指向這一目標。有時候在戰爭實踐變革初期，其制勝效果並不明顯，需要在發展的過程中持續評估各種作戰手段的效果。

先發優勢不等於戰場上的必勝之勢。毫無疑問，誰先掌握了最新戰爭制勝機理，誰就能夠憑借技戰術優勢掌握戰場主動權，但這種先發優勢並不會必然導致戰爭最終勝利。先發優勢的確對贏得戰爭有巨大影響，但戰爭實踐發展史表明，技戰術先發優勢會被其他方面的失誤或劣勢抵消。在第二次世界大戰中，率先掌握了機械化戰爭制勝機理的德軍，盡管在西線歐洲戰場以及東線蘇德戰場的最初較量中獲得了優勢，然而這種初始優勢很快因其戰略上的失誤以及總體實力上的劣勢而被消耗殆盡。

先發優勢難以構成絕對的壓倒態勢。全球化時代，人類社會實踐緊密相連，一個國家或地區的技術創新很快會被外溢傳播，所以智能化時代的技戰術優勢往往是短期局域性的，一個國家或一個地區很難形成長期全域性的壟斷式領先。當前，網絡通信技術迅速發展，讓人類空前地彼此接近。同樣，在智能化戰爭實踐中，各類先進偵察手段將不斷洞穿作戰雙方的保密堡壘，有時一種新型武器出現以後，其制衡性武器或手段很快會被發明創造出來。

智能化優勢未必造成最佳作戰局勢。從當前來看，戰爭實踐的智能化含量尚未成為影響戰爭勝負的決定因素。目前，智能化戰爭實踐尚處於不成熟的萌芽期，戰爭制勝機理有待深入研究，許多裝備有待進一步開發驗證，各類試驗性的戰爭預實踐有待進一步檢驗和完善。相較而言，信息化戰爭實踐已相對成熟，各類武器裝備以及配套的戰役戰術手段已趨於穩定，信息化作戰方式仍有很大應用空間。因此在戰爭實踐演進中，要在不斷創新智能化戰爭實踐手段的同時，充分開發信息化戰爭實踐的作戰潛能。

智能化戰爭實踐的發展變革需要人與技術綜合推動

推動智能化實踐演進的因素有很多，需要在釐清發展支撐、評估作戰方式成效的前提下，綜合分析各類矛盾，抓住關鍵、區分要點，突出人的主導作用。

技術變革是最活躍因素。科技是核心戰斗力。作為戰爭實踐發展中最具革命性的因素，每一次重大科技創新都會對戰爭形態產生深遠影響。恩格斯曾指出，一旦技術上的進步可以用於軍事目的並且已經用於軍事目的，它們便立刻幾乎強制地，而且往往是違反指揮官的意志而引起作戰方式上的改變甚至變革。但是，將智能化軍事革命等同於高新技術革命，以至於過於注重對智能化技術的強調，過於追求各類智能化武器的研發，無疑是沒能正確把握智能化戰爭實踐的演進本質。技術雖然發揮重要作用，但並非起決定性的唯一因素，文化、政治以及人本身都在發揮作用。英國歷史學家傑裡米·布萊克在《世界戰爭史》一書中不斷提醒讀者，不要掉進技術決定論的陷阱，不能簡單地把軍事史上所有重大變革都歸因於技術革新。

制度化創新是難點。為充分發揮好智能化戰爭演進中的裝備作戰效能，需要將所有作戰要素凝聚為一個體系，將思想理論、作戰方式、編制體制、教育訓練等與軍事技術融為一體。著名軍事理論家杜普伊在《武器和戰爭的演變》一書中提出，無論兵器的殺傷力有多大提高，新兵器跟軍事戰術和編制的兼容統一，要比新兵器的發明和采用重要得多。裝備的優勢只有融入科學的組織形態，才能創造出最佳戰斗力。從歷史實踐看，英國是第一個擁有航空母艦和坦克的國家，但並不是成功引領機械化戰爭革命的國家。戰爭實踐變革中，最容易實現的是武器裝備的更新換代，但戰爭實踐全面創新需要在制度層面進行整體創新，形成總體效應。只有裝備更新而無制度變革的軍隊，是難以形成持久有效戰斗力的，也無法真正引領戰爭實踐革命。

人與武器結合是關鍵。人是戰爭實踐的主體。在智能化戰爭時代，人對戰爭實踐的決定性作用絲毫沒有改變，仍是推動戰爭實踐演進的主導。從人與武器這兩大范疇看，軍事技術更多屬於“武器”這一方面，而戰爭實踐中的其他要素，如軍事謀略、編制體制、組織結構、戰略戰術、作戰方式等則更多地屬於“人”這一方面。高新技術裝備越先進，越需要有人去掌握運用，智能化戰爭時代需要更多關注智慧和謀略的重要性，需要更多依靠具備智能化時代觀念和思維的人去指揮和設計。因此，推動戰爭實踐演進要聚焦人這一決定性要素，把“人”和“武器”充分結合起來，大力發展智能化戰爭背景下的聯合教育，聚力培養符合智能化戰爭要求的科技人才、指揮人才。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報作者：沈文科宋騰淵岳明峰責任編輯：王一亙

2025-03-13

#Artificial #Intelligence, #cross-domain collaborative operations, #cyber #warfare, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Information Support Force, Mosaic Warfare

A Glimpse into the Chinese Military’s Intelligent Warfare Landscape: A Closer Look at the Mechanisms of Intelligent Operational Coordination

05/28/2026 admin Leave a comment

中國軍隊智慧戰爭格局一瞥：深入探討智慧作戰協調機制

現代英語：

Interconnection refers to the movement or change of one of several related entities, in which the others also move or change accordingly. Interconnection is the underlying logic of a combat system and the focus of its construction. Due to various factors, the degree of interconnection in traditional warfare is not deep or high-level, resulting in mismatched rhythms and unsatisfactory effects. Intelligent warfare is different. Relying on ubiquitous information networks and multiple relationship rules, each combat unit and functional node can maximize the release of system structural forces through multi-point synchronization, multi-domain hinge, multi-path coaxiality, and multi-layer resonant interconnection, using optimal interconnection to ensure optimal movement.

Mesh configuration, multi-point synchronous linkage

In intelligent warfare, various combat units and functional nodes dispersed throughout the battlefield aim to create nonlinear spatiotemporal relationships for combat operations. Relying on a massive battlefield information network that combines high throughput and high speed, low latency and agility, and high reliability and losslessness, these networks autonomously construct numerous fractal networks with similar characteristics through modular grouping and plug-and-play functionality. Based on predetermined joint operation rules, and leveraging “multiple algorithms + powerful computing power + superior data,” they can proactively predict battlefield situations and combat trends. This allows each combat unit and functional node to accurately grasp the timing of joint operations, flexibly adjust joint strategies, and autonomously negotiate joint actions. It transforms combat operations at various points, locations, and times into self-organized and self-coordinated actions anchored to key targets. This fundamentally changes the traditional model of concentrating combat power through the physical concentration of firepower and manpower. Instead, it relies on real-time information perception, on-demand data distribution, high-level situational awareness, and intelligent task assignment to achieve physical dispersion of forces and logical concentration of effectiveness.

Through organic, real-time, and coupled connections at multiple points, the rapid, agile, and efficient movement of the entire operational system is effectively guaranteed, thereby achieving the best systemic counter-offensive effect through mobile synergy. For example, for “window-like” missions with tight deadlines, high value, and high risk, forces at relevant points are concentrated in real time according to the principle of optimization, and actions are taken simultaneously through spatial cross-regional and temporal skipping methods. This multi-point synchronous linkage has transcended the traditional form of combat system energy release. It relies on the battlefield network to flexibly integrate and configure combat units and functional nodes in different spaces throughout the entire battlefield, effectively coordinating combat resources to achieve instantaneous breakthroughs and all-directional assaults on key targets in the main directions. It can form a significant asymmetric advantage over the enemy in a short period of time, leaving the enemy unable to defend, control, or resist, and may even produce a system collapse effect, greatly reducing its combat capabilities, thereby achieving the ideal combat effect.

Full-dimensional deployment, multi-domain articulated linkage

In intelligent warfare, the combat space covers the entire domain, including the physical, information, and social domains, exhibiting distinct characteristics of cross-domain connectivity, multi-domain integration, and mixed-domain combat. Therefore, the construction of an intelligent warfare system involves the aggregation of various resources beyond the military sphere, and the concentration of diverse elements distributed across all dimensions of the battlefield. Through aggregation and concentration, combat functions are progressively superimposed and accumulated to generate systemic combat capabilities. Simultaneously, the outcome of confrontations in any domain and their interactions can have uncertain impacts on the progress and outcome of intelligent warfare. Therefore, it is necessary and only possible to rely on the overall strength of the nation, conducting powerful overall coordination and organization from a strategic, joint, and holistic perspective to continuously generate and improve comprehensive strategic capabilities.

Through precise docking, fine coordination, and accurate dispatching of various military and civilian systems, structural barriers that may exist in cross-military-civilian operations can be gradually eliminated, effectively filling the “gaps” and “gaps” that originally existed in the joint combat system. This will accelerate the transformation from loose cooperation among multiple domains to close cooperation, forming a hinged linkage similar to a metal hinge, in order to generate the greatest degree of integration and cohesion. For example, camouflage has evolved from a combat support measure to a crucial operational activity that all branches of the armed forces must participate in. Its content, target, mission scope, technical means, engineering measures, and tactical requirements are significantly different from traditional camouflage. It has become an important aspect of battlefield confrontation, permeating all stages of intelligent warfare. Commanders at all levels and command organs need to strengthen the overall planning and meticulous deployment of camouflage in peacetime, promote deep cooperation and coordinated actions between military and civilian systems, and truly achieve “hiding deep underground” and “moving high in the sky,” thereby “protecting oneself and achieving complete victory.”

Task-driven, multi-axis coaxial linkage

In intelligent warfare, the opposing sides occupy multiple battlefields, including land, sea, air, space, cyber, and electronic warfare. In particular, intelligent combat platforms break through the physical limits and geographical separation of traditional combat platforms, enabling combat forces to reach extremely far, high, and deep areas. They can achieve real-time online presence, immediate response, and instantaneous action, greatly blurring the spatial and temporal boundaries of the battlefield. Traditional battlefield contact lines, troop concentration points, and front and rear divisions are gradually disappearing. The battlefield is rapidly developing in two directions: “infinitely expanding area” and “highly condensed combat space.” Offensive and defensive operations may no longer have fixed and unchanging “foci,” and the release of combat power is extremely rapid, with extremely frequent battle transitions. The “tentacles” of combat forces will be spread throughout the entire battlefield. As long as there is a mission requirement and a realistic possibility, the “tentacles” can be quickly extended to any tangible or intangible area of the battlefield. Therefore, it is also difficult to clearly define the “areas of responsibility” for the actions of each combat force.

Taking firepower strike operations as an example, once there is an “order” mission, it must come from a multi-dimensional, multi-directional, and multi-path manned/unmanned collaborative strike force. It is no longer confined to the traditional long-term combat loop of “discovery-guidance-strike-evaluation”. Instead, it is based on the empowerment support of intelligent kill networks, giving full play to its own advantages of large scale, high dispersion, and strong saturation, and carrying out “coaxial” linkage energy release. In the “movement”, it selects and determines the strike direction, target, order, method, and intensity of each strike platform in real time, as well as the task allocation, combination form, and path planning among multiple platforms, etc., to achieve the optimal strike capability of “whoever discovers, strikes; whoever is discovered, strikes” on the basis of intelligent interconnection. In this way, combat forces originally belonging to multiple combat spaces need to undergo spatial deconstruction, transfer, or transformation, focusing combat energy into a relatively small spatial area, thereby forming new spatial relationships and combat structures, and decoupling themselves after completing the mission. Therefore, the entire combat space is always in a state of dynamic drift. In addition, if this “coaxial” operation is aimed at multiple targets, it can not only enhance the effectiveness of strikes and make up for the unnecessary consumption of traditional strike methods, but also “dilute” the density of its system defenses, increasing the difficulty of the enemy’s “unpredictable” confrontation, thus taking the art of target selection and strike to its extreme: “achieving the desired effect with the least risk, the least time, and the least resource consumption.”

Bidirectional through-flow, multi-layer resonant linkage

In intelligent warfare, the battlefield situation changes rapidly and the combat process enters the “countdown” era. The time process of battlefield perception, situation analysis, planning, effect evaluation, and feedback adjustment is compressed to the extreme. In addition, the number of combat units and functional nodes is growing exponentially, resulting in a very complicated procedural hierarchy and extremely complex interaction relationships in combat command. Leveraging the evolution and penetration of intelligent technology in the military field, and relying on the integrated intelligent command and control network of “data network + computing network + brain network”, commanders at all levels and command organs can be flexibly authorized to conduct analysis, judgment and decision-making remotely and synchronously. In addition, the development of intelligent technology promotes the accelerated extension of autonomous intelligent decision-making to the tactical terminal of individual soldiers and equipment, making it a reality to achieve a high degree of shared cognition from top to bottom and bottom to top. Simultaneously, relying on a high-capacity, multi-functional battlefield communication network with an integrated trunk communication network as its core, various operational units and functional nodes can communicate vertically, horizontally, and omnidirectionally. Communication is possible not only at the adjacent level but also across several levels, gradually making true information exchange from top to bottom and bottom to top a reality. This enables a highly responsive, almost resonant, response to changes in the battlefield situation, demonstrating formidable combat capabilities.

This restructuring of operational command means relying on intelligent command and control systems to deeply integrate command chains, flexibly implement parallel operations, and drive the transformation from traditional vertical serial to two-way parallel, and from original periodic business processing to online real-time intelligent processing. This significantly eliminates non-value-added tasks in the traditional command process, while making the various types of business activities and their combinations in the new operational command process more rational and seamless. Based on this, commanders at all levels and command organs can proactively take a high-level perspective, comprehensively consider problems, and strategize countermeasures. For example, as a crucial component of the joint operations support system, operational engineering support can explore establishing a command and control approach that combines top-down, multi-dimensional, and hierarchical methods. This ensures that, in any mission scenario, command relationships can be rapidly established vertically among subordinate support units, focusing on support needs at key targets, directions, locations, and times, thus providing timely and efficient engineering support to all operational forces. Simultaneously, engineering support command organizations at all levels can autonomously assess and adjust their operations based on the operational situation and support effectiveness, achieving alignment with the supported targets and cooperating units. This move moves beyond purely top-down command-based control, leveraging self-organization, self-adaptation, and self-coordination to achieve precise and efficient engineering support, ensuring the sustained operational capabilities of key supported targets.

現代國語：

聯動，即若干相關聯的事物，一個運動或變化時，其他的也跟著運動或變化。聯動是作戰體系運轉的底層邏輯，也是作戰體系構建的著眼點。受制於各種因素，傳統作戰中聯動“聯”的程度不深、層次不高，導致“動”的節奏難合拍、效果不理想。智能化作戰則不同，各作戰單元和功能節點依靠泛在的信息網絡和多重的關系規則，通過多點同步、多域鉸合、多路共軸、多層諧振式聯動，能夠最大限度地釋放體系結構力，用最佳的“聯”來保證最優的“動”。

網狀配置，多點同步式聯動

智能化作戰中，分散在戰場全域的各作戰單元和功能節點，著眼創建非線性的作戰行動時空關系，依托高通量與高速率、低時延與敏捷性、高可靠與無損性兼備的超大規模戰場信息網絡，通過模塊編組、即插即用，自主組建具備相似性特征的無數個分形網絡，並依據預定的聯動運行規則，借助“多算法+強算力+優算據”，超前預判戰場態勢和作戰走勢，便於各作戰單元和功能節點精准把握聯動時機、靈活調整聯動策略、自主協商聯動行動，使各點位、各區位、各時位的作戰行動轉變為錨定關鍵目標的自組織自協同行為，從根本上改變傳統靠火力、兵力的物理集中實現戰斗力集中的模式，而是依靠信息實時感知、數據按需分發、態勢高度共享、任務智能指派，實現力量上的物理分散、效能上的邏輯集中。

通過多點位的有機聯、實時聯、耦合聯，有效保證作戰全體系的快速動、靈敏動、高效動，從而達成機動聚優的最佳體系對抗效果。比如，對時限緊、價值高、風險大的“窗口性”任務，按照最優化原則，即時集中相關點位力量，采取空間跨區、時間跳序的方式同步動作。這種多點同步式聯動，已經跳脫出傳統意義上的作戰體系釋能形式，是在戰場全域內，依托戰場網絡靈活集成配置於不同空間的作戰單元和功能節點，有效統合作戰資源，實現對主要方向、要害目標的瞬時突防和全向突擊，可在短時間內形成與敵的顯著不對稱優勢，使敵來不及防、沒辦法控、無能力抗，甚至能夠產生體系崩塌效應，大幅降低其作戰能力，從而實現理想的作戰效果。

全維布勢，多域鉸合式聯動

智能化作戰中，作戰空間覆蓋物理域、信息域、社會域等全域，呈現出跨域連接、多域融合、混域交戰的鮮明特點。因而，智能化作戰體系的構建，是超越了軍事范疇的各類資源的大聚合，是廣布在戰場全維的各種要素的大集中，並通過聚合和集中，實現作戰功能的逐級疊加並累積生成體系作戰能力，同時，任何領域的對抗結果及其相互作用都可能對智能化作戰的進程和結果造成不確定影響。因此，必須也只能依靠國家的整體力量，從戰略高度、聯合層面、全局角度進行強有力的統籌組織，從而不斷生成和提高綜合博弈實力。

可通過軍地各系統的精確對接、精細協調和精准調度，逐步消除跨軍地行動可能存在的結構壁壘等，有效填補彌合作戰體系原本存在的“缺口”和“縫隙”，推動實現多域間的松散協作向緊密協同加速轉變，形成類似於金屬合頁的鉸合式聯動，以產生最大的融合度和黏合力。比如，偽裝已經從過去的戰斗保障措施，上升到目前各軍兵種部隊都須共同參與實施的重要作戰行動，其內容對象、任務空間、技術手段、工程措施以及戰術技術要求，都與傳統的偽裝有著重大區別，已經成為戰場對抗的重要內容，貫穿於智能化作戰的各環節全過程，需要各級指揮員及指揮機關在平時就加強偽裝的統籌規劃和精心布局，推動軍地各系統間的深度配合和協同動作，真正實現“藏於九地之下”“動於九天之上”，從而“自保而全勝也”。

任務牽引，多路共軸式聯動

智能化作戰中，對抗雙方身處的陸、海、空、天、網、電等多維戰場，尤其是智能化作戰平台突破了傳統作戰平台的物理極限和地理分隔，使得作戰力量的觸及范圍極遠、極高、極深，並能夠實現全時在線、即時響應、瞬時行動，致使戰場的時空邊界被大大模糊，傳統的戰場接觸線、兵力集結點及前後方劃分逐步消失，戰場朝著“幅域范圍無限擴大”和“交戰空間高度濃縮”兩個方向急速發展，攻防作戰將可能不再存在固定不變的所謂“焦點”，戰力聚釋極其快速，戰斗轉換極為頻繁。作戰力量的“觸角”將布滿戰場全域，只要有任務需求、具現實可能，就能夠將“觸角”快速遍及戰場任何有形或無形的區位，因此也很難界限分明地劃定各作戰力量行動的“責任區”。

以火力打擊行動為例，一旦有“訂單”任務，必定是來自於多維、多向、多徑的有人/無人協同打擊力量，其不再拘泥於傳統的“發現—引導—打擊—評估”的長時作戰環路，而是基於智能化殺傷網的賦能支撐，充分發揮自身規模大、高分散、強飽和的優勢，進行“共軸式”聯動釋能，並在“動”中實時優選確定各打擊平台的打擊方向、目標、次序、方式、強度，以及多平台之間的任務分配、組合形式、路徑規劃等，實現智能互聯基礎上“誰發現即誰打、發現誰即打誰”的最優打擊能力。這樣，原本分屬於多個作戰空間的作戰力量，就需要進行空間的解構、轉移或變換，將作戰能量聚焦到相對較小的空間區域，並由此形成新的空間關系和作戰結構，完成任務後即自行解耦。因此，整個作戰空間也始終處於動態漂移狀態。此外，如果這種“共軸式”行動是針對多個目標的，則既可以增強打擊實效，彌補傳統打擊方式“得不償失”的無謂消耗，也可以“稀釋”其體系防御密度，增大敵“防不勝防”的對抗難度，從而將“以最小的風險、最少的時間和最少的資源消耗，實現所期望的效果”的目標選擇與打擊藝術演繹到極致。

雙向貫通，多層諧振式聯動

智能化作戰中，戰場態勢瞬息萬變、戰斗進程進入“讀秒”時代，戰場感知、情況分析、計劃制訂、效果評估、反饋調整的時間歷程被極限壓縮，再加上作戰單元和功能節點的數量呈指數級增長，導致作戰指揮的程序層級非常繁瑣、交互關系極為復雜。借力於智能科技在軍事領域的演進滲透，依靠“數網+算網+腦網”一體的智能化指揮控制網絡，可靈活授權各級指揮員及指揮機關異地同步進行分析、判斷和決策，再加上智能技術的發展，推動自主智能決策加速向單兵單裝的戰術末端延伸，使得自上而下和自下而上實現高度的共享認知逐步成為現實。同時，依托以綜合干線通信網為主體的大容量、多功能戰場通信網絡，各作戰單元和功能節點之間既能夠縱向聯絡，也能夠橫向聯系，還能夠全向聯通；不僅鄰近級別可聯系，跨越若干級別還可聯系，使得自上而下和自下而上實現真正的信息互通逐步成為現實。如此，就能夠對戰場態勢各種幅度的變化產生類似於諧振般的極大響應，表現出強大作戰能力。

這種作戰指揮方式的重構，意味著依托智能化指揮控制系統，深度打通指揮鏈路、靈活實施並行作業，撬動傳統的縱向串行向雙向並行轉變、原有的周期性業務處理向在線實時智能處理轉變，使得傳統指揮流程中的非增值業務被大幅剔除，新型的作戰指揮流程中的各類型業務活動及其組合銜接則更為合理順暢。基於此，各級指揮員及指揮機關便能夠主動站上全局高位，通盤考慮問題、整體思謀對策。比如，作戰工程保障作為聯合作戰保障體系的重要組成部分，可探索建立由上到下、多維到端、逐級和越級相結合的工程保障指揮方式，確保在任何任務情境下，都能夠從縱向上對所屬保障單元快速構成指揮關系，鉚住重要目標、方向、地段和時節的保障需求發力，確保為各作戰力量提供及時高效的工程保障。同時，各級工程保障指揮機構還能夠根據作戰態勢和保障效果，自主判斷、臨機調控，實現與保障對象、協同單元的步調一致，不再單純依靠自上而下的指令式控制，而是通過自組織、自適應、自協同的效果來換取工程保障的精准高效，確保重點保障對象的持續作戰能力。

李民來源：中國軍網-解放軍報作者：李民責任編輯：孫智英發布：2025-06-17

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/

#Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force

Chinese Military’s Winning Logic: Wars of Attrition and Wars of Dissipation Present Distinctly Different Characteristics of Modern Conflict

05/28/2026 admin Leave a comment

中國軍隊的勝利邏輯：消耗戰與消耗戰呈現截然不同的現代衝突特徵

現代英語：

From war of attrition to war of dissipation

The Changing Winning Logic Under Intelligent Conditions

■ Chen Yan

Technological advancements are changing the nature of warfare, and different forms of warfare have their corresponding winning logics. In the era of cold weapons, firearms, and mechanized warfare, limited reconnaissance capabilities, insufficient precision in strikes, and inadequate communication, attrition warfare, based on the linear depletion of materials and energy, became the primary method of victory in traditional warfare. The winning logic was that whoever could more sustainably convert material resources into battlefield lethality, and whoever could withstand greater material and energy depletion, would have a greater “weight” on the scales of victory. With the advent of the information and intelligent warfare era, this winning logic has undergone significant changes.

In the latter half of the 20th century, with the widespread application of information technology in the military field, information warfare began to emerge on the historical stage. In information warfare, the specific structure of operational systems, key nodes, and power transmission chains underwent concrete changes, and the winning logic of war changed accordingly: striking nodes was more effective than striking the entire battlefield, and a broken link was more fatal than insufficient firepower. Under these circumstances, the importance of eliminating enemy personnel and destroying enemy equipment in combat operations gradually decreased, while the importance of accurately striking enemy command centers, communication nodes, and information chains became increasingly prominent. Prigogine’s “dissipative structure theory” posits that an open system, once its order is disrupted, will descend into chaos, or “entropy increase.” The emergence of dissipative warfare is precisely the concrete application of “dissipative structure theory” in the military field, supported by information technology.

The difference between attrition warfare and dissipation warfare, though only one word, reveals drastically different winning logics. In terms of objectives, attrition warfare aims to eliminate the enemy’s manpower and deplete their resources; dissipation warfare, on the other hand, aims to disrupt systemic structures and accelerate “entropy increase.” Its goal is no longer simply to eliminate every enemy, but to precisely and efficiently destroy the “orderly structure” of the enemy’s operational system, like removing the fuel supply, rapidly transforming a highly coordinated “living system” into a disorganized “dead system.” In terms of methods, attrition warfare relies on firepower coverage, positional warfare, and large-scale troop assaults; dissipation warfare relies heavily on precision strikes, information attacks, cognitive interference, and unmanned platform harassment. A precision-strike drone can destroy an enemy’s expensive combat equipment, leading to an increasing frequency of new strike tactics such as “skillful strikes” and “precision strikes” appearing in local wars. In terms of the criteria for determining victory or defeat, attrition warfare focuses on annihilating combat personnel and occupying geographical space; while dissipation warfare pays more attention to the recovery time of the system and the integrity of the command and combat chain. In terms of cost, attrition warfare means high casualties, high resource consumption, and a protracted war; dissipation warfare pursues stealth, low cost, and high effectiveness, striving to induce chaos and incapacitation of the enemy’s system at minimal cost.

The ability of dissipation warfare to achieve victory through ingenuity hinges on the continuous development of technology. As Engels pointed out, “Once technological advancements can be used for military purposes and have been used for military purposes, they immediately, almost forcibly, and often against the will of the commander, cause changes or even revolutions in the methods of warfare.” Breakthroughs in reconnaissance and sensing technologies have made the battlefield transparent. Satellites, radar, and drones weave an omnipresent “sky net,” making “detection equals destruction” a reality. The development of precision strike technologies has made “pressure point” destruction possible. Upgrades in network and communication technologies have made system interconnection a combat multiplier, but also a fatal weakness: once communication links are severed, the entire system is paralyzed. The penetration of artificial intelligence and cognitive technologies has enabled decision-making speeds measured in milliseconds. The widespread adoption of unmanned and low-cost combat platforms has fundamentally altered the cost of competition. The superposition of advanced technologies has spurred a fundamental shift in the nature of warfare: from competing on existing resources to competing on structure, from competing on firepower to competing on information, and from competing on hard destruction to competing on soft kill.

The key elements for winning attrition warfare are mainly reflected in the following aspects. First, disrupting command. The command center is the “brain” of the combat system; cutting it off renders the entire system soulless. Precisely striking command posts, paralyzing command networks, and destroying communication relay stations are more efficient than eliminating frontline soldiers. In the informationized and intelligent battlefield, both sides target command nodes as high-value targets, considering long-range firepower for “decapitation” strikes. Second, creating information chaos. Making it difficult for the enemy to see and judge is more lethal than direct destruction. False information, deepfakes, and cognitive interference leave enemy commanders making decisions in a fog, leading to a predicament of “doubting everything.” The other side of battlefield transparency is the superposition of information overload and information pollution. Thirdly, it disrupts coordination. Modern warfare relies heavily on system coordination. If the links between combat units are severed, through electronic suppression, destruction of relay stations, and interference with data links, elite units can be turned into “information islands.” Combat units without coordination are like strong men without limbs—powerful but unable to function. Fourthly, it depletes effectiveness. By employing attrition warfare, the enemy is trapped in an inefficient cycle. Continuous harassment and exhaustion are used to deplete high-value resources at low cost, forcing the enemy to invest heavily in defense, ultimately exhausting their energy in this “inefficient cycle.” These four aspects are intertwined and mutually supportive. Disruption of command leaves the enemy leaderless; information chaos leaves them disoriented; broken cooperation forces them to fight independently; and depleting their energy exhausts their resources, making continued operations unsustainable.

The shift from attrition warfare to dissipation warfare is not about replacement, but rather superposition. In intelligent warfare, whoever can simultaneously create “entropy increase” in both the physical and information domains will gain the initiative on the battlefield. Precise destruction in the physical domain and disruption of information domain chains, combined, can cause the opponent’s system to collapse in a relatively short time. Achieving dissipation warfare requires not only technological support but also a revolution in operational concepts. How to form a closed loop of reconnaissance, strike, and assessment; how to simultaneously create “entropy increase” in multiple battlefields; how to accurately identify the fatal weaknesses of the enemy’s system… these questions ultimately come down to the human factor. Only by deeply integrating human initiative with technological advantages can we truly seize the initiative in informationized and intelligent warfare. In the foreseeable future, through human-machine symbiotic intelligent decision-making systems, the efficiency of algorithms will be further combined with human creativity. This will not only achieve millisecond-level responses in data processing and logical deduction, but also drive a qualitative leap in decision quality and innovation potential through collaborative optimization mechanisms that dynamically adapt to changing environments. Simultaneously, this deep integration will reshape military training and talent development models, propelling combat personnel from traditional skill-based to intelligent collaborative types. Ultimately, the victory in dissipative warfare will belong to those combat forces that can both ride the wave of technological advancements and transcend technological limitations, achieving a dialectical unity of “intelligence” and “strategic advantage” in the interwoven battlefield of virtual and real warfare.

現代國語：

從消耗戰到耗散戰——

智能化條件下制勝邏輯的改變

■陳豔

技術條件改變著戰爭形態，不同的戰爭形態有其相應制勝邏輯。在冷兵器、熱兵器和機械化戰爭時代，受制於偵察手段有限、打擊精度不足、通信聯絡等技術條件的局限性，基於物質與能量線性損耗比拼的消耗戰成為傳統戰爭形態的主要制勝方式，其制勝邏輯是，誰能更加持久地將物質資源轉化為戰場殺傷力，誰能承受更大物質與能量損耗，誰就能在勝利的天平上具備更有分量的“砝碼”。進入信息化智能化戰爭時代，這一制勝邏輯發生了顯著改變。

20世紀下半葉，隨著信息技術在軍事領域廣泛運用，信息化戰爭開始登上歷史舞台。在信息化戰爭中，作戰體系的具體結構、重要節點、力量傳導鏈路等發生了具體變化，戰爭的制勝邏輯隨之發生了相應改變：打擊節點比打擊全局更有效，鏈路斷開比火力不足更致命。在這種情況下，消滅敵方人員、摧毀對手裝備在作戰行動中的重要性不斷降低，而精確打擊敵方指揮中樞、通信節點、信息鏈路等的重要性愈加凸顯。普裡戈金的“耗散結構理論”認為，一個開放系統一旦有序性被破壞，便會走向混亂，即“熵增”。耗散戰的出現，正是在信息技術加持下，“耗散結構理論”在軍事領域的具體應用。

消耗戰和耗散戰，一字之差，制勝邏輯呈現出截然不同的特點。從目標看，消耗戰追求消滅敵方有生力量，耗盡對手資源；耗散戰則追求破壞體系結構、加速“熵增”，它的目標不再是單純消滅每一個敵人，而是精確、高效地破壞敵方作戰體系的“有序結構”，如釜底抽薪一般，讓高度協同的“活系統”迅速退化為一盤散沙的“死系統”。從手段看，消耗戰依賴火力覆蓋、陣地戰、大規模兵力突擊；耗散戰則倚重精確打擊、信息攻擊、認知干擾、無人平台襲擾。一架實施精准打擊的無人機，可以摧毀敵方造價高昂的作戰裝備，這使得“巧打”“精打”等新打擊手段“亮相”局部戰爭的頻率越來越高。從勝負判斷依據看，消耗戰注重殲滅作戰人員、佔領地理空間；耗散戰則更加關注體系的恢復時間、指揮與作戰鏈路的完整程度等。從代價看，消耗戰意味著高傷亡、高物資消耗、漫長的戰爭進程；耗散戰則追求隱蔽、低成本、高效果，力求以最小代價引發敵方體系的混亂與失能。

耗散戰之所以能以巧取勝，前提是技術條件的不斷發展。正如恩格斯所指出的，“一旦技術上的進步可以用於軍事目的並且已經用於軍事目的，它們便立刻幾乎強制地，而且往往是違反指揮官的意志而引起作戰方式上的改變甚至變革”。偵察與感知技術的突破，讓戰場變得透明。衛星、雷達、無人機編織成無處不在的“天網”，讓“發現即摧毀”變為現實。精確打擊技術的發展，讓“點穴式”摧毀成為可能。網絡與通信技術的升級，讓體系互聯成為作戰倍增器，同時也成為致命弱點：一旦通信鏈路被切斷，整個體系便陷入癱瘓。人工智能與認知技術的滲透，讓決策速度以毫秒計算。無人化與低成本作戰平台的普及，徹底改變了博弈成本。高新技術的疊加，催生了戰爭形態的根本轉變：從拼存量到拼結構，從拼火力到拼信息，從拼硬摧毀到拼軟殺傷。

耗散戰的制勝要素，主要體現在以下幾個方面。一是斷指揮。指揮中樞是作戰體系的“大腦”，切斷它，整個體系便失去靈魂。精確打擊指揮所、癱瘓指揮網絡、摧毀通信中繼站，這些手段比消滅前線士兵更高效。信息化智能化戰場上，作戰雙方都將指揮節點鎖定為高價值目標，考慮采用遠程火力實施“斬首”打擊。二是亂信息。讓對手看不清、判不准，比直接摧毀更具殺傷力。虛假信息、深度偽造、認知干擾，使敵方指揮員在“迷霧”中決策，陷入“懷疑一切”的困境。戰場透明化的另一面，是信息過載與信息污染的疊加。三是破協同。現代作戰高度依賴體系協同。如果切斷作戰單元之間的鏈路，通過電子壓制、摧毀中繼站、干擾數據鏈等，能夠讓精銳部隊變成“信息孤島”。沒有協同的作戰單元，如同失去手腳的壯漢，空有力氣卻無法施展。四是耗效能。通過耗散戰使對手陷入低效循環，持續襲擾、疲敝對手，用低成本消耗高價值資源，迫使對方投入大量資源進行防御，最終在“低效循環”中耗盡能量。這四個方面相互交織、互為支撐。斷指揮讓對手群龍無首，亂信息讓對手無所適從，破協同讓對手各自為戰，耗效能讓對手資源窮盡、難以為繼。

從消耗戰到耗散戰，不是取代，而是疊加。在智能化戰爭中，誰能在物理域、信息域同時制造“熵增”，誰就能贏得戰場主動。物理域的精確摧毀，信息域的鏈路阻斷，二者形成合力，能在較短時間內使對手體系崩潰。實現耗散戰，不僅需要技術的支撐，更需要作戰理念的革新。如何將偵察、打擊、評估形成閉環，如何在多域戰場同步制造“熵增”，如何精准識別敵方體系的致命弱點……這些問題最終都要回歸到人的因素。只有將人的能動性與技術優勢深度融合，才能真正掌握信息化智能化戰爭的主動權。在可以預見的將來，通過人機共生的智能決策系統，算法的高效性將與人的創造性進一步結合，這不僅能實現數據處理與邏輯推演的毫秒級響應，更通過動態適應多變環境的協同優化機制，推動決策質量與創新潛力實現質的飛躍。同時，這種深度融合還將重塑軍事訓練與人才培養模式，推動作戰人員從傳統技能型向智能協同型轉變。最終，耗散戰的制勝權將屬於那些既能駕馭技術浪潮，又能超越技術局限，在虛實交織的戰場中實現“智”與“勢”辯證統一的作戰力量。

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報作者：陳豔責任編輯：於雅倩發布：2026-03-31

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/

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Chinese Military From “Cyber Wars” to “Mosaic Wars”

05/28/2026 admin Leave a comment

中國軍隊從“網路戰爭”到“馬賽克戰爭”

現代英語：

Theory guides action. Strengthening innovation in operational concepts and promoting innovation in operational guidance have always been important ways for militaries around the world to cultivate military superiority. In recent years, the U.S. military has successively proposed cutting-edge operational theories such as “cyber warfare” and “mosaic warfare” in order to make the “relationship of production” of operational modes more adaptable to the development of “productivity” of operational capabilities. By comparing and analyzing these two operational theories, the world can gain insight into the changes in the U.S. military’s approach to building operational capabilities, especially to understand the winning mechanism of “mosaic warfare,” and thus find effective countermeasures.

● From threat response to war design—

Actively shape and guide the improvement of combat capabilities

“Threat-based” or “capability-based” are two fundamental approaches to building military combat capabilities. “Threat-based” is driven by needs, focusing on resolving near- and medium-term practical problems, and is a fundamental principle that military combat capability development should follow. “Capability-based” is driven by objectives, targeting future strategic missions and supporting strategic concepts with new combat theories, and is the only way for military combat capabilities to innovate and surpass. The development from “cyber warfare” to “mosaic warfare” reflects the differences and evolution of the inherent laws governing these two approaches, and also reflects the changes in the U.S. military’s approach to combat capability development in recent years.

A New Evolution in Concept Origins. Cyberspace, initially created to address humanity’s communication needs, has gradually evolved into a new operational domain independent of land, sea, air, and space, giving rise to “cyber warfare,” centered on the struggle for control of cyberspace. In contrast, “Mosaic Warfare” is a new operational concept proactively developed by the US military to maintain its strategic advantage, directly targeting competitors. Its formation process reflects a fusion of demand-driven and capability-driven approaches, with a greater emphasis on strategy, initiative, and influence.

A New Approach to Technology Application. “Cyber Warfare” emphasizes developing next-generation technologies to support the transformation and implementation of operational concepts. “Mosaic Warfare,” however, departs from this model. It doesn’t overemphasize the development of next-generation equipment technologies, but rather focuses on the rapid transformation of military-civilian compatible technologies and the incremental iteration of mature technologies. Its basic idea is to leverage existing equipment, following the operational concepts of service platforms such as ride-hailing and crowdfunding development. Through modular upgrades and intelligent transformation, various operational system units are “mosaicized” into functionally singular, flexibly assembled, and easily replaceable “building blocks” or “pixels,” constructing a dynamically coordinated, highly autonomous, and seamlessly integrated operational system, embodying a new technology-driven approach.

A new design for path development. “Cyber warfare,” as a concept accompanying cyberspace, follows the development of cyberspace, generally prioritizing “objective” material conditions before “subjective” conceptual design, resulting in a strong dependence on cyberspace in its path development. “Mosaic warfare,” on the other hand, proceeds from “subjective” to “objective,” developing a force design model with dynamically adjustable functional structures to adapt to different operational needs and battlefield environmental changes.

This demonstrates that, compared to previous operational concepts such as “cyber warfare,” “mosaic warfare” has clearer objectives, more mature technology, and more reliable paths, reflecting a shift in the US military’s proactive approach to shaping its operations.

● From Network Center to Decision Center—

Collective intelligence enables optimal energy release in systems.

Artificial intelligence technology is a key variable in the information age and a core incremental factor in the development of the “Mosaic Warfare” system. While “cyber warfare” emphasizes “network-centricity,” “mosaic warfare” focuses on artificial intelligence technology as its core, shifting the key to victory from “network-centricity” to “decision-making-centricity.” It transforms the operational system architecture from system-level and platform-level collaboration to function-level and element-level integration, aiming to achieve optimal system energy release through collective intelligence technology under the premise of fully leveraging network capabilities, thus giving new meaning to the winning mechanism of warfare in the intelligent era.

Using speed to overcome slowness and seize the initiative in cognition. In future wars, the battlefield situation will change rapidly, and the weight of the time element will continue to rise. “Fast” against “slow” can create a near-dimensional reduction effect in combat. “Mosaic Warfare” utilizes data information technology and artificial intelligence technology to improve the decision-making speed of one’s own “OODA” loop, expand the breadth of parallel decision-making, reduce the granularity of group-loop decision-making, and accelerate the progress of system operations. Overall, it aims to create a “first-mover advantage” situation that is always one step ahead, and firmly control the dominance of battlefield cognitive decision-making.

Using “low” to overcome “high,” accumulating cost advantages. Unlike traditional combat concepts that pursue high-end weapon platforms, “Mosaic Warfare” emphasizes leveraging artificial intelligence technology to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of existing weapon platforms and combat resources. By loading and running intelligent algorithms and specific functional modules on numerous low- and mid-range weapon platforms, it achieves combat performance comparable to high-end weapon platforms, thereby improving the overall cost-effectiveness of weapon platform inputs and outputs, and thus accumulating cost advantages.

By employing a strategy of “dispersion” to counter “concentration,” the aim is to ensure sustainable survival. “Mosaic Warfare” emphasizes a decentralized approach that breaks down large forces into smaller units, utilizing an open system architecture to distribute reconnaissance, location, communication, and strike capabilities across various manned and unmanned platforms, achieving a distributed deployment of forces. Simultaneously, intelligent algorithms enhance the self-organization, self-coordination, and autonomous attack capabilities of each platform, achieving a dispersed yet cohesive force with concentrated firepower. Even after some combat platforms are destroyed, disrupted, or isolated, the entire combat system can still function normally, thereby enhancing the battlefield survivability of the force cluster.

Using “movement” to control “staticity” enhances system flexibility. “Mosaic Warfare” emphasizes further breaking down barriers in various operational domains. By transforming fixed “kill chains” in different operational domains into dynamically reconfigurable “kill networks,” the large “OODA” loop is broken down into smaller loops, and single loops are differentiated into multiple loops. Based on changes in the operational process and requirements, intelligent networking enables the dynamic splitting, deployment, and combination of combat forces. This enhances the flexibility and adaptability of the operational system while also counteracting the node aggregation effect of complex networks, making it difficult for the adversary to find key nodes to breach the system.

“Mosaic warfare” provides a reference prototype for intelligent warfare. However, as an idealized framework for force design and application, “Mosaic warfare” still requires close support from related technologies, doctrines, and policies. There is still a long way to go before it is fully realized, and the situation of coexistence with traditional combat systems will exist for a long time.

● From Element Integration to System Restructuring—

Dynamic structure enhances the flexibility of the combat system.

Structure and relationships often determine function and nature. “Cyber warfare” and “mosaic warfare” are built on the common material foundation of the information age and follow the same evolutionary paradigm, but their system construction principles and effects differ. The system structure formed by “cyber warfare” is statically deconstructable, while “mosaic warfare” dynamically combines functional units according to certain construction rules, forming a flexible system structure with self-organizing and adaptive characteristics, similar to a “dynamic black box,” which is difficult to track and predict using conventional methods. This flexible structure often “emerges” new capabilities, empowering and enhancing the combat system.

The convergence of the network and cloud makes the operational space-time more dynamic and malleable. The network and cloud are the fundamental environment for the operation of information-based combat systems, reshaping the process elements of intelligence, command and control, strike, and support in traditional warfare, while also giving rise to new operational spaces-time. “Cyber warfare” mainly focuses on the cyberspace, and its operational space-time is relatively static. “Mosaic warfare,” on the other hand, is not limited to a single operational space. With the development trend of information infrastructure networks moving with the cloud and cloud-network integration, it can further deeply link tangible and intangible spaces, making the boundaries of operational space-time more flexible, the allocation of operational resources more flexible, and the structure of operational systems more dynamic.

Cross-domain data transfer enables more seamless operational control. In the command and control phase, “cyber warfare” focuses on the joint operations command’s control over operational units, with cross-domain data exchange and transfer mainly concentrated in the theater of operations. “Mosaic warfare” further decentralizes the level of joint operations to the tactical end, enabling the autonomous cross-domain exchange and seamless transfer of data at the tactical level. This allows various data silos to be aggregated into data clusters on demand, generating a significant “spillover” effect. This makes the dynamic, decentralized, agile, and parallel characteristics of the operational command and control loop more pronounced, and is more conducive to enabling on-demand agile connection and efficient coordination among operational units.

Algorithms permeate all dimensions, making system operation more autonomous and efficient. Algorithms are a mapping of human consciousness in cyberspace, forming two basic forms: compiled code transformed from intent and neural networks transformed from knowledge. In the “cyberwar,” compiled code was widely used, while neural networks were only used locally. In the “mosaic war,” algorithms have expanded to include two key functions: shaping rules and providing the engine, demonstrating a greater breadth and depth of application. The rules are primarily based on compiled code, supplemented by neural networks, to construct the process framework and operational logic of the “Mosaic Warfare” system, laying the structural foundation for its uncertainty, adaptability, and capability “emergence.” The engine mainly distributes intelligent algorithm models to edge elements for operation, forming a knowledge diffusion effect, thereby comprehensively enhancing the intelligent autonomous combat capability of the “Mosaic Warfare” system.

The autonomous release of power at the edge enables more flexible and diverse combat styles. The edge is an abstract model of various manned/unmanned combat functional units and the direct source of the “emergence” of system capabilities. In the “Cyber Warfare” system, edge elements are tightly coupled with the command and control processes at higher and lower levels, and are in a state of precise control. In the “Mosaic Warfare” system, the perception, interaction, reasoning, and decision-making capabilities of edge elements are greatly enhanced. Their “OODA” loop does not need to link back to the higher command organization, which is conducive to supporting the formation of a decentralized combat cluster with high and low configurations and a combination of manned and unmanned elements. Edge elements can be given more self-organizing authority, which significantly enhances the battlefield confrontation advantage.

It is evident that if “cyber warfare” is a sophisticated war machine, then “mosaic warfare” can be viewed as a complex “ecosystem” capable of stimulating the dynamic growth of combat capabilities. The new changes generated by the cloud, data, algorithms, and edge computing have fostered the formation of a dynamic and complex “system structure.” This structure, in turn, controls elements, platforms, and systems, constantly generating new capabilities and playing a crucial role in enhancing and evolving combat systems.

● From systemic destruction to complex confrontation——

Distinguish between advantages and disadvantages, and seek effective checks and balances.

“Mosaic warfare” to some extent represents a possible direction for the development of future joint operations. We should fully analyze and grasp the winning mechanism of “mosaic warfare,” shaping the information and communication field as a new domain that breaks through the traditional spatial and temporal boundaries of warfare. We should create a new concept of cloud-enabled warfare, strengthen the support and guarantee capabilities of national defense information infrastructure, emphasize the security and defense capabilities of military information networks, enhance the basic support capabilities for the operation of strategic and operational command institutions, and continuously improve the network information system.

On the other hand, the emergence of the “Mosaic Warfare” theory makes it difficult for traditional combat methods that target and control limited nodes to achieve the system-breaking effect of destroying nodes and disrupting chains. However, it should be noted that every system has its inherent contradictions, and the seemingly “flawless” decentralized structure of “Mosaic Warfare” can still be effectively countered. For example, by grasping the complexity of its system and utilizing its interrelationships and dependencies, we can focus on suppressing the functions of communication networks, constructing a combined network and electronic attack path, and achieving the dismantling and isolation of each unit of the combat system; by grasping the dissipative nature of its structure and utilizing its dependence on external information, we can focus on disguising and misleading information data, prompting the combat system to transform into abnormal states such as information closure and information overload; by grasping the collective autonomy of its group and utilizing its dependence on key technologies, we can focus on countering and reducing the effectiveness of intelligent algorithms, suppressing the intelligent internal drive of each combat unit; by grasping the nonlinear nature of its functions and utilizing its unknown vulnerabilities, we can focus on battlefield differentiated strike assessment, probing and discovering the imbalance points of the combat system with higher efficiency and faster speed, and finding the key weaknesses for system destruction.

(Author’s affiliation: Unit 61001)

現代國語：

理論是行動的先導。加強作戰概念創新、推動作戰指導革新，歷來是世界各國軍隊培塑軍事優勢的重要途徑。近年來，美軍先後提出「賽博戰」「馬賽克戰」等前線作戰理論，以期實現作戰模式這一「生產關系」能夠更加適應作戰能力這一「生產力」的發展。透過對比分析這兩種作戰理論，世人可以一窺美軍作戰能力建設思路的變化，特別是認清「馬賽克戰」的製勝機理，從而有的放矢，找到有效制衡之策。

●從威脅應對到戰爭設計——

主動塑造，牽引作戰能力提升

「基於威脅」或「基於能力」是軍隊作戰能力建設的兩條基本途徑。「基於威脅」體現需求牽引，聚焦解決近中期現實問題，是軍隊作戰能力建設應遵循的基本規律；「基於能力」體現目標牽引，瞄準未來戰略使命，以新作戰理論支撐戰略構想，是軍隊作戰能力創新超越的必由之路。從「賽博戰」向「馬賽克戰」的發展，體現了上述兩種途徑內在規律的差異與演進，也反映出美軍近年來推進作戰能力建設思維理念的變化。

概念發端新變化。網絡空間，最初為解決人類的通訊需求而生，後來逐漸演變為一個獨立於陸、海、空、天之外的新作戰域，由此衍生出以爭奪網絡空間制權為核心的「賽博戰」。與之相比，「馬賽克戰」是美軍為繼續保持戰略優勢地位，直接瞄準競爭對手而主動開發設計的新作戰概念，其形成過程體現了需求牽引與能力牽引的融合，戰略性、主動性、牽引性更加突顯。

技術運用新思路。「賽博戰」強調，透過研發新世代技術支撐作戰概念轉化落地。「馬賽克戰」則跳出這個模式，不過分強調研發新一代裝備技術，更加關注對軍民通用技術的快速轉化，對成熟技術的漸進迭代。其基本想法是立足現有裝備，按照類似網約車、眾籌開發等服務類平台的運用理念，通過模塊升級和智能化改造，將各類作戰系統單元“馬賽克化”為功能單一、靈活拼裝、便於替換的“積木”或“像素”，構建形成動態協調、高度自主、無縫融合的作戰體系，體現了新的技術驅動。

路徑發展新設計。「賽博戰」作為網電空間的伴生概念，網電空間發展到哪裡，「賽博戰」就跟進到哪裡，總體上先考慮「客觀」的物質條件，再進行「主觀」的概念設計，在路徑發展上具有較強的依附性。「馬賽克戰」則先由「主觀」再到「客觀」，透過開發可動態調整功能結構的兵力設計模型，使其能夠適應不同作戰需求及戰場環境變化。

由此可見，「馬賽克戰」相比「賽博戰」等過去作戰概念，其目標更加明確、技術更加成熟、路徑更加可靠，體現出美軍主動塑造的思路轉變。

●從網絡中心到決策中心—

群體智能，實現體系最優釋能

人工智慧技術是資訊時代的關鍵變量，也是「馬賽克戰」體系發展的核心增量。《賽博戰》強調“網絡中心”，“馬賽克戰”則緊緊扭住人工智能技術這一核心，將製勝關鍵從“網絡中心”調整為“決策中心”，將作戰體系架構由系統級、平台級聯合轉變為功能級、要素級融合，謀求在網絡充分聚能的前提下，以群體性智能技術實現體系最優釋能，為勝理的戰爭賦予新涵機時代。

以“快”制“慢”，奪取認知先手。未來戰爭，戰場形勢瞬息萬變，時間要素的權重不斷上升，「快」對「慢」可以形成近似降維的作戰打擊效果。「馬賽克戰」透過運用數據資訊技術與人工智慧技術，提升己方「OODA」環的單環決策速度，拓展並行決策廣度，降低組環決策粒度，加快體係作戰進度，在整體上塑造始終快人一步的「先手棋」態勢，旨在牢牢控制戰場認知決策的主導權。

以“低”制“高”，積累成本優勢。與追求高端武器平台的傳統作戰概念不同，「馬賽克戰」著重於利用人工智慧技術對現有武器平台及作戰資源的挖潛增效。透過在眾多中低階武器平台上加載運行智慧演算法和特定功能模塊，使其達到媲美高端武器平台的作戰性能，整體上提高了武器平台投入產出的效費比，進而積累形成成本優勢。

以“散”制“聚”，謀求持續生存。「馬賽克戰」強調採用化整為零的去中心化思路和非對稱制衡理念，使用開放系統架構，在各類有人/無人平台上分散配置偵察、定位、通信、打擊等各類功能，實現力量的分佈式部署。同時，依托智能演算法提升各平台的自組織、自協同、自主攻擊能力，實現形散神聚、火力集中。當部分作戰平台被消滅、幹擾或剝離後，整個作戰體系仍能正常運轉，從而增強兵力集群的戰場持續生存能力。

以“動”制“靜”，提升體系彈性。「馬賽克戰」強調進一步突破各作戰域壁壘。通過把不同作戰域中固定的“殺傷鏈”變成可動態重構的“殺傷網”，將“OODA”大環拆解為小環，單環分化為多環。根據作戰進程和作戰需求的變化，依托智能組網實現作戰力量的動中拆分、動中調用、動中組合。如此，一方面可增強作戰體系的靈活性、適應性；另一方面還可對沖抵消複雜網絡的節點聚集效應，使對手難以找到破擊己方體系的關鍵節點。

「馬賽克戰」為智慧化作戰提供了一種可藉鑑的參考原型。但同時，作為一種理想化的兵力設計和運用框架，「馬賽克戰」還需要與之緊密相關的技術、條令、政策等配套支持，距離完全實現還有很長的路要走，與傳統作戰體系共存的局面將長期存在。

●從要素整合到體系重組—

動態結構，增強作戰體係彈性

結構和關系往往決定功能和性質。「賽博戰」與「馬賽克戰」建構於資訊時代共同的物質基礎，遵循相同的演進範式，但體系建構的原理和效果有所不同。「賽博戰」形成的體系結構靜態可解構，而「馬賽克戰」則按照一定構建規則動態組合功能單元，形成具有自組織、自適應特徵的彈性體系結構，類似一種“動態黑箱”，常規手段難以跟踪預測。而這一彈性結構常會「湧現」出新的能力，為作戰體系賦能增效。

網雲融合發展，使作戰時空更動態可塑。網和雲是資訊化作戰體系運作的基礎環境，重塑了傳統作戰中情報、指控、打擊、保障的流程要素，同時衍生出新的作戰時空。「賽博戰」主要聚焦網電空間，其作戰時空相對靜態。「馬賽克戰」則不限於單一作戰空間，在資訊基礎設施網隨雲動、雲網一體的發展趨勢下，可進一步深度鉸鏈有形無形空間，作戰時空邊界更有彈性，作戰資源配置更加靈活，作戰體系結構更具動態。

數據跨域流轉，使作戰控制更加無縫協同。在指揮控制環節，「賽博戰」關注的重點是聯合作戰指揮機構對作戰單元的指揮控制，數據跨域交換流轉主要集中在戰區戰場。「馬賽克戰」則進一步將聯合作戰的層級下沉至戰術末端，通過數據在戰術層面的自主跨域交換和無縫流轉，實現各類數據孤島按需集聚為數據集群，進而產生顯著的「溢出」效應，讓作戰指揮控制環路動態、離散、敏捷、並行的特徵更為明顯，更加有利於實現各作戰單元按需銜接、高效協同行動。

演算法全維滲透，使體系運作更加自主高效。演算法是人的意識在網絡空間的映射，形成了由意圖轉化的編譯代碼和由知識轉化的神經網絡兩種基本形態。在「賽博戰」中，編譯代碼大量應用，神經網絡只在局部應用。在「馬賽克戰」中，演算法擴展出塑造規則、提供引擎兩項關鍵職能，運用的廣度深度更加突出。塑造規則以編譯代碼為主，輔以神經網絡，構造「馬賽克戰」體系的流程框架和運行邏輯，為其不確定性、適應性和能力「湧現」性奠定結構基礎；提供引擎則主要將智能演算法模型分發至邊端要素運行，形成知識擴散效應，從而全面提升「馬賽克戰」體系的智能自主作戰能力。

邊端自主釋能，使作戰樣式更靈活多態。邊端是各類有人/無人作戰功能單元的抽像模型，也是體系能力「湧現」的直接來源。「賽博戰」體系中，邊端要素與上下級指控流程緊密耦合，處於精確受控狀態。「馬賽克戰」體系中，邊端要素的感知、交互、推理、決策能力大大提升，其「OODA」環不必回鏈至上級指揮機構，有利於支撐形成高低搭配、有人/無人結合的去中心化作戰集群形態，可以賦予邊端要素更多自組織權限，明顯增強了戰場對抗優勢。

可見，如果稱“賽博戰”為精密的戰爭機器，“馬賽克戰”則可以視為一種能夠激發作戰能力動態生長的復雜“生態”，網雲、數據、算法、邊端所產生的新變化，促進形成了動態復雜的“體系結構”。這一結構又反向調控要素、平台和系統，不斷湧現新的能力，為作戰體系增能、演變發揮重要作用。

●從體系破擊到復合對抗——

辨析優劣，尋求有效制衡之策

「馬賽克戰」某種程度上代表著未來聯合作戰形態發展的可能方向。應當充分研析把握「馬賽克戰」的製勝機理，將資訊通信領域作為打破傳統戰爭時空界限的新質新域加以塑造，打造網雲賦能作戰新概念，建強國防資訊基礎設施支撐保障能力，突顯軍事資訊網絡安全防禦能力，增強戰略戰役指揮機構運行的保底支撐能力，不斷完善網絡資訊體系。

另一方面，「馬賽克戰」理論的出現，使得打擊奪控有限目標節點的傳統作戰手段，難以達成毀點斷鏈的體系破擊效果。但應當看到，任何體係都有其固有矛盾，「馬賽克戰」看似「無懈可擊」的去中心化結構，仍可以找到有效破解的方法路徑。例如，掌握其體系複雜性特徵，利用其關聯關係依賴性，突出針對通信網絡的功能抑制，構建網電復合攻擊路徑，實現對作戰體系各單元的拆解孤立；把握其結構耗散性特徵，利用其外部信息依賴性，突出針對信息數據的偽裝誤導，促使作戰體係向信息封閉、信息過載等非正常狀態轉化；掌握其群體自主性特徵，利用其關鍵技術依賴性，突出針對智能算法的對抗降效，抑制各作戰單元的智能內驅力；把握其功能非線性特徵，利用其未知脆弱性，突出戰場差異化打擊評估，以更高的效率和更快的速度失衡、發現作戰體系擊點，尋找體系破擊的關鍵弱點。

（作者單位：61001部隊）

來源：解放軍報作者：楊存銀責任編輯：劉上靖 2021-09-14

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/

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Chinese Military Accelerating Construction of Advanced Combat Capabilities to Effectively Fulfilling Missions and Tasks

05/13/2026 admin Leave a comment

中國軍隊加快建立先進作戰能力，以有效完成任務

現代英語：

Auspicious snow welcomes spring, and flowers bloom. The Great Hall of the People once again welcomes the grand event of spring.

Delegates and members of the National People’s Congress and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference shouldered heavy responsibilities and gathered together to discuss national affairs. This year marks the beginning of the “15th Five-Year Plan”. Faced with the turbulent international situation and the profoundly evolving war pattern, the proposal put forward at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee “accelerating the construction of advanced combat capabilities” has become an important topic of concern to military representatives and members.

“Advanced combat capability represents the most advantageous combat capability in information-based and intelligent warfare, and is the ‘weather vane’ of military construction and the ‘controlling high ground’ of military competition. Only by accelerating the development of advanced combat capabilities with a sense of urgency and responsibility that is outdated can we seize the strategic initiative on future battlefields and effectively fulfill the mission and tasks of the new era.” This is a strong consensus among the military representatives and commissioners. With their personal practice from the front lines of exercises and training, border outposts, and scientific research positions, they demonstrated the high morale and spirit of the People’s Army to anchor its goals, shift gears and speed up, and move towards world-class status.

★ System integration and iron fist

When interviewing Representative Qi Weiguang, he showed reporters two charts: one was the training plan of each military branch in the past “with chimneys”, with the color blocks split and shaped like “isolated islands”; the other was the joint exercise and training blueprint of today “building blocks put together”, with the modules interlocking and seamlessly integrated.

“1+1=1, this is the essence of joint operations! ” Qi Weiguang represents a broken word.

He used a joint long-sea cruise as an example to explain how the system “weather vane” reshapes the battlefield. During the entire operation, the “10,000-ton large-wheel drive” no longer “fights alone”, but has transformed into a “maritime information hub” and a “firepower fulcrum”, sharing data in real time with the Air Force’s early warning aircraft, the Navy’s observation station, and the Army’s long-range firepower, weaving precision “Skynet”.

“Any advanced platform will become an ‘information island’ if it is separated from the system. The ‘contingent’ we must seize is system integration and cross-border collaboration! ” Representative Qi Weiguang said.

Representative Chen Song from a synthetic brigade of the Army felt the same way: “In the past, during exercises, we often encountered the embarrassment of‘ the airspace not being open ’‘the frequency band not being connected’. Now, ‘United’ is engraved with combat instinct!” As one of the Army’s first digital unit commanders, he has a particularly deep understanding of systems “weather vanes”. He opened a thick, already slightly curled-edge book he had with him and said: “Before the attack was launched, the army and aviation opened up access roads and covered artillery firepower, each doing their job and cooperating closely. It used to be better than ‘running fast, playing accurately’, but now it looks like ‘connecting well, counting fast’. In one exercise, we achieved ‘discovery is destruction’ under the guidance of a drone, which was unimaginable in the past.”

“Advanced combat capabilities are generated through practical training. We must prioritize ‘battle’, focus on combat, and strive for practical combat! ” Many military representatives and deputies said that the training plans of the troops are no longer divided by “year”, but by “mission cycle”; the assessment standards are no longer “meter-second ring”, but “contribution rate” and “damage value”. When “discovery means destruction” becomes the norm, whoever can move one step faster in system integration will take the initiative on the battlefield.

From “a single military branch” to “a global vision”, from “physical superposition” to “chemical reactions”, the system-integrated “weather vane” is leading the three armies to clench their fingers into a fist and forge advanced combat capabilities that are both strong and sharp.

★ Challenge the extreme and sharpen the blade

The computer screensaver of Representative Wang Wenyi from the Air Force is a photo of a flight jacket armband. This badly worn armband silently tells the story of his blue-sky powerhouse’s pursuit of pushing boundaries and flying into battle.

“Future wars will be decided quickly. The flight scale must be pushed from the ‘pass line’ to the ‘limit value’, in line with actual combat standards! ” Representative Wang Wenyi showed reporters the achievements of the past year: high-intensity cross-day and night confrontation along the coast, with the number of daily flight hours per aircraft reaching new highs; in complex electromagnetic environments, the third generation of aircraft successfully completed the verification of the extreme penetration of new weapons..

“At first, some people questioned: Will it be too risky? My answer is: There is no ‘safe’ on the battlefield.” Representative Wang Wenyi recalled a scene of a dawn attack. That day, clouds were low, visibility was extremely low, and ground guidance was severely limited.“‘ In blind flight’, you must rely on instruments to maintain the formation and resist strong electromagnetic interference. If you only dare to draw a route in ‘10,000 meters of clear sky’ in peacetime, you will be hit in ‘low clouds and thick fog’ in wartime and your head will be bloodied!” Representative Wang Wenyi said firmly.

“‘Liftoff is combat, takeoff is assault’—— This is the iron rule we set. Not only do we need to take our fighter jets to new heights, but we also need to hone our combat effectiveness in extreme environments!” Representative Wang Wenyi’s words expressed the common voice of military representatives and deputies: Only by seamlessly connecting the training ground to the battlefield can we transform “the limit” into “the extreme” and truly seize the winning heights of the future battlefield.

“The countdown has begun to achieve the goals of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Liberation Army as scheduled. Time is of the essence and the task is arduous, so we must make every effort to overcome it!” When talking about extreme training, Representative Hou Changling from the Rocket Force has a bright eye.

That year, his unit quickly transitioned to “wartime status” as new and old equipment changed.“ Loading, testing, lighting, everything is done as it should be!” Representative Hou Changling still remembers vividly the scene when he encountered a severe sandstorm for decades during his cross-regional training. That time, they overcame environmental factors and operated accurately, setting a record for shooting accuracy in bad weather!

“Missiles must not only ‘hit out’, but also ‘hit accurately, hit hard, and win’. ” Representative Hou Changling’s tone was sonorous. “Please rest assured, Party and people, the ‘Heavenly Sword’ in our hands can be unsheathed at any time!”

“War does not allow us to choose our opponents, and the battlefield does not allow us to choose the weather and environment. ” Representative Luo Yu from the front line of the border defense told reporters that “Snowland Plateau, the temperature sometimes drops to more than -40 degrees Celsius. In the past, there have been cases of playing in the face of severe cold ‘retreating’ and lowering standards; now, we stipulate that all tactical courses must truly set the battlefield as real, the opponent as strong, the environment as dangerous, and the difficulties as sufficient!”

From “training what to take” to “filling in what is missing”, from “wandering at a low level” to “making new strides every year”, extreme training “weather vane” is forging a strong steel team that can win battles.

★ New domain and new quality plan for breakthroughs

Representative Xu Fengcan from the Army has a wonderful video of an ultra-low-altitude penetration saved on his work computer——

Several attack helicopters used terrain cover to launch raids, launching missiles to accurately destroy the “enemy” armor center, and the group immediately approached the ground and hid in the radar blind spot.

“This is not only a breakthrough in equipment capabilities, but also a breakthrough in the concept of breaking through the flat battlefield and forging ‘three-dimensional iron fist’. ” Representative Xu Fengcan introduced that in the past it was “play whatever you want”, and now it is “develop whatever abilities you play”. In recent years, they have paid close attention to cutting-edge technologies such as drone swarm networks, helicopter laser anti-missile, and manned and unmanned coordination, and have continuously deeply integrated new technologies into the force’s combat system. The goal is to achieve combat effectiveness in ultra-low-altitude penetration, promote the transformation of land and aviation forces from support and support to main combat assault, and ensure that they become a “three-dimensional iron fist” that tears apart the defense line on the future battlefield.

“Silent victory is the submariner’s mission! ” Representative Zhang Hongxing from the Navy’s submarine force gave a vivid picture of his understanding of new-quality combat capabilities.

During a drill, “Blue Army” deployed “dragnet” and “Red Army” submarines, using the thermocline as cover, ghostly crossed the anti-submarine network. At a critical moment, saturation attacks severely damaged “enemy” ship formations..

Representative Zhang Hongxing said: “This drill is an innovation in combat concepts, concealment and damage capabilities. It used to be said ‘to be able to go out and come back’, but now it is even more important ‘to be able to hide, play accurately, and run fast’. Our pursuit is to silently demand combat effectiveness to the limit and make the weapons in our hands become the deep sea ‘the magic needle of the sea’!”

“In modern warfare, whoever masters advanced technology masters the ‘life gate’ on the battlefield. ” A committee member from the Information Support Force and a reporter shared a personal story: a new piece of equipment was once “bottlenecked”. At that time, the Party member commando team “challenged and led” fought day and night and finally broke through the barriers, doubling the performance of the equipment.

“To seize ‘the commanding heights’, one must dare to venture ‘no man’s land’ and be willing to sit ‘cold bench’. Over the years, seeing the new equipment bring back combat power, the joy in my heart is unparalleled!” The Commissioner’s pride is palpable.

As a key force in winning future battlefields, new-quality combat effectiveness is related to the direction of war, construction transformation, and combat victory or defeat. Military representatives and deputies said that in order to seize the commanding heights of new territory and new quality and forge sharp swords to defeat the battlefield in the future, the People’s Army is leading the changes in war with changes in science and technology, and seeking opportunities to win battles with new capabilities, laying a solid foundation for winning the future.

Think about change and prepare for construction

■Guo Fengkuan

At the beginning of the Two Sessions, “accelerating the construction of advanced combat capabilities” became a hot topic among military representatives and deputies. Everyone held discussions and exchanges around the themes of “what will be needed on the battlefield in the future, what will be relied upon to win the war, and what will be practiced based on the current situation”. The construction of advanced combat capabilities plays an important role in changing the winning mechanism of war, enriching combat styles and scenarios, and traction of high-tech weapon manufacturing. To continuously improve the strategic ability to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests, we need to deeply grasp the internal logic of the generation of advanced combat capabilities, systematically sort out the specific methods and paths to accelerate the construction of advanced combat capabilities, and focus on thinking about changes, construction, and preparations for advanced combat capabilities.

In today’s world, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is accelerating breakthroughs, and the world’s new military revolution is accelerating. Strategic high-tech technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, and quantum technology are competing to burst forth. The widespread use of science and technology in the military field has caused profound changes in the form of war and combat methods, and is increasingly becoming an important factor in determining the victory or defeat of war.

At present, the evolution of war forms is showing many new trends, and intelligent features are more prominent. Some new technical equipment has formed a dimensionality reduction strike posture against traditional equipment. New-quality combat forces represented by strategic early warning, information control, algorithmic attack and defense, unmanned intelligence, etc. are increasingly becoming an important factor influencing the trend of modern warfare. Under the guidance of military intelligence, new-quality combat forces continue to give birth to combat types with higher efficiency and better quality. Advanced combat capabilities are increasingly becoming a powerful force driving the world’s new military revolution.

Accelerating the construction of advanced combat capabilities is not only an integral part of promoting high-quality national defense and military modernization, but also an important means to achieve the goals of the centenary of the founding of the People’s Liberation Army as scheduled. Only by adjusting and optimizing the military force system, accelerating the development of new combat forces, increasing the training of new military talents, and solidly promoting practical military training, and focusing all work on being able to fight and win battles, can the vitality of combat effectiveness elements burst forth and promote the construction of advanced combat effectiveness to a new level.

現代國語：

瑞雪迎春，鲜花吐蕊。人民大会堂再次迎来春天的盛会。

参加全国两会的代表委员肩负重托，齐聚一堂，共商国是。今年是“十五五”开局之年，面对风高浪急的国际形势和深刻演变的战争形态，党的二十届四中全会提出的“加快先进战斗力建设”，成为军队代表委员关注的重要课题。

“先进战斗力代表了信息化智能化战争最具优势的作战能力，是军队建设的‘风向标’和军事竞争的‘制高点’。唯有以时不我待的紧迫感责任感，加快先进战斗力建设，才能在未来战场赢得战略主动，有效履行新时代使命任务。”这是军队代表委员的强烈共识。他们以来自演训一线、边防哨所、科研战位的亲身实践，展现出人民军队锚定目标、换挡提速，向世界一流迈进的昂扬斗志和精神风貌。

★体系融合攥铁拳

采访祁伟光代表时，他向记者展示了两张图表：一张是过去各军种“烟囱林立”的训练计划，色块割裂，形同“孤岛”；另一张是如今“积木拼合”的联合演训蓝图，模块咬合，浑然一体。

“1+1=1，这才是联合作战的精髓！”祁伟光代表一语破的。

他以一次远海联合巡航为例，阐释体系“风向标”如何重塑战场形态。在整个行动期间，“万吨大驱”不再“单打独斗”，而是化身为“海上信息枢纽”与“火力支点”，与空军预警机、海军观通站、陆军远程火力实时共享数据，织就精密“天网”。

“任何先进平台，脱离体系即沦为‘信息孤岛’。我们要抢占的‘制高点’，正是体系融合、跨界协同！”祁伟光代表说。

来自陆军某合成旅的陈松代表对此感同身受：“过去演习，常遇到‘空域未开’‘频段不通’的尴尬。如今，‘联合’已刻入战斗本能！”作为陆军首批数字化部队指挥员，他对体系“风向标”的理解尤为深刻。他翻开随身携带、已经有些卷边的一本厚厚资料说：“进攻发起前，陆航开辟通路、炮兵火力覆盖，各司其职、密切配合。过去比‘跑得快、打得准’，现在看‘联得好、算得快’。一次演习中，我们在无人机引导下实现‘发现即摧毁’，这在过去难以想象。”

“先进战斗力是在实战化训练中生成的，要‘战’字当头，一切向打仗聚焦、一切向实战用劲！”很多军队代表委员表示，现在部队的训练计划，不再按“年度”划分，而是按“任务周期”划分；考核标准，不再是“米秒环”，而是“贡献率”和“毁伤值”。当“发现即摧毁”成为常态，谁能在体系融合中快人一步，谁就掌握了战场的主动权。

从“单一军种”到“全域视野”，从“物理叠加”到“化学反应”，体系融合的“风向标”，正引领三军攥指成拳，锻造披坚执锐的先进战斗力。

★挑战极限砺刀锋

来自空军的王文毅代表的电脑屏保，是一张飞行夹克臂章照片。这个磨损严重的臂章无声诉说着他所在的这支蓝天劲旅突破极限、向战而飞的追求。

“未来战争瞬息决胜，飞行标尺须从‘及格线’推向‘极限值’，向实战标准看齐！”王文毅代表向记者展示了过去一年的成绩：沿海高强度跨昼夜对抗，单机日飞行时数屡创新高；复杂电磁环境下，三代机成功完成新型武器极限突防验证……

“刚开始，也有人质疑：会不会太冒险？我的回答是：战场没有‘保险箱’。”王文毅代表忆及一次拂晓出击的场景。那天，云层低垂，能见度极低，地面引导严重受限。“‘盲飞’中，既要靠仪表保持编队，又要抗强电磁干扰。如果平时只敢在‘万米晴空’上画航线，战时就会在‘低云浓雾’里撞得头破血流！”王文毅代表坚定地说。

“‘升空即作战、起飞即突击’——这是我们立的铁规。不仅要让战机飞出新高度，更要锤炼极限环境下的过硬战斗力！”王文毅代表的话，道出军队代表委员的共同心声：训练场无缝对接战场，方能化“极限”为“极致”，真正抢占未来战场的制胜高点。

“如期实现建军一百年奋斗目标，已进入倒计时。时间紧迫、任务艰巨，唯有全力攻坚！”谈起极限训练，来自火箭军的侯长岭代表目光炯炯。

当年，他所在部队在新老装备更替之际快速转入“战时状态”。“装载、测试、点火，一切皆如实战！”回忆跨区驻训遭遇数十年不遇特大沙尘暴的情景，侯长岭代表记忆犹新。那次，他们克服环境因素精准操作，一举创造恶劣天气射击精度纪录！

“导弹不仅要‘打出去’，更要‘打得准、打得狠、打得赢’。”侯长岭代表语气铿锵，“请党和人民放心，我们手中的‘倚天长剑’，随时能听令出鞘！”

“战争不会让我们选择对手，战场也不会让我们选择天气和环境。”来自边防一线的罗宇代表告诉记者，“雪域高原，气温有时低至零下40多摄氏度。曾经，出现过在严寒面前打‘退堂鼓’、降低标准的情况；现在，我们规定，所有战术课目必须真正做到把战场设真、把对手设强，把环境设险、把困难设足！”

从“考什么练什么”到“缺什么补什么”，从“低层次徘徊”到“岁岁新跨越”，极限训练的“风向标”，正锻造出一支支能打胜仗的钢铁劲旅。

★新域新质谋突破

来自陆军的徐枫灿代表的工作电脑上，保存着一段超低空突防的精彩视频——

数架武装直升机凭借地形掩护突袭，发射导弹精准摧毁“敌”装甲中枢，机群旋即贴近地面隐入雷达盲区。

“这不仅是装备能力的突破，更是打破平面战场、锻造‘立体铁拳’的理念突围。”徐枫灿代表介绍，过去是“有什么打什么”，现在是“打什么就发展什么能力”。这几年，他们密切关注无人机蜂群组网、直升机激光反导、有人无人协同等前沿技术，不断将新技术深度融入部队作战体系，目标就是要向超低空突防要战斗力，推动陆航力量从支援保障转向主战突击，确保在未来战场上成为撕开防线的“立体铁拳”。

“决胜无声，是潜艇兵的使命！”来自海军潜艇部队的张洪星代表对新质战斗力的理解生动形象。

在一次演练中，“蓝军”布下“天罗地网”，“红军”潜艇借温跃层掩护，幽灵般穿越反潜网，关键时刻饱和攻击重创“敌”舰艇编队……

张洪星代表说：“这次演练，是作战理念、隐蔽与毁伤能力的革新。过去讲‘出得去、回得来’，现在更要‘藏得住、打得准、跑得快’。我们的追求，就是向极限静默要战斗力，让手中的武器成为深海‘定海神针’！”

“现代战争，谁掌握了先进技术，谁就掌握了战场的‘命门’。”来自信息支援部队的一名委员和记者分享了一个亲身经历的故事：某新装备曾受“卡脖子”之困。当时，党员突击队“揭榜挂帅”，昼夜奋战，终于突破壁垒，装备性能倍增。

“抢占‘制高点’，要敢闯‘无人区’、甘坐‘冷板凳’。这些年，眼见着新装备焕发战力，内心的喜悦无与伦比！”这位委员的自豪感溢于言表。

作为制胜未来战场的关键力量，新质战斗力关乎战争走向、关乎建设转型、关乎作战胜负。军队代表委员表示，抢占新域新质制高点，锻造决胜未来战场的尖刀利刃，人民军队正以科技之变引领战争之变，以能力之新谋取胜战之机，为制胜未来夯实根基。

思变革　抓建设　做准备

■郭丰宽

两会伊始，“加快先进战斗力建设”成为军队代表委员热议的话题。大家围绕“未来战场要什么、打赢战争靠什么、立足当前练什么”主题，开展讨论交流。先进战斗力建设具有改变战争制胜机理、丰富作战样式场景、牵引高新武器制造等重要作用。不断提高捍卫国家主权、安全、发展利益的战略能力，需要深刻把握先进战斗力生成的内在逻辑，系统梳理加快先进战斗力建设的具体方法路径，聚焦先进战斗力思变革、抓建设、做准备。

当今世界，新一轮科技革命和产业变革加速突破，世界新军事革命加速推进，人工智能、大数据、区块链、量子科技等战略高新技术竞相迸发，科学技术在军事领域的广泛运用引起战争形态和作战方式深刻变化，日益成为决定战争胜负的重要因素。

当前，战争形态演变呈现很多新趋势，智能化特征更加突出，一些新的技术装备对传统装备形成降维打击态势，以战略预警、信息控制、算法攻防、无人智能等为代表的新质作战力量愈发成为左右现代战争趋势的重要因素。新质作战力量在军事智能牵引下，不断孕育出效能更高、质态更优的战斗力类型，先进战斗力愈益成为驱动世界新军事革命的强劲力量。

加快推进先进战斗力建设，既是高质量推进国防和军队现代化的题中应有之义，也是如期实现建军一百年奋斗目标的重要抓手。调整优化军事力量体系，加快新型作战力量发展，加大新型军事人才培养力度，扎实推进实战化军事训练，各项工作向能打仗、打胜仗聚焦，方能让战斗力要素的活力竞相迸发，推动先进战斗力建设不断迈上新台阶。

来源：解放军报作者：钱晓虎郭丰宽彭冰洁责任编辑：徐占虎 2026-03-05

解放军报记者　钱晓虎　郭丰宽　彭冰洁

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/

#collaborative warfare, #cross-domain collaborative operations, #cyber #warfare, #Information Support Force, #mosaic #warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Information Support Force, Mosaic Warfare

China’s Contemporary Requirements for Accelerating the Development of Advanced Combat Capabilities

05/11/2026 admin Leave a comment

我國加快發展先進作戰能力的當代要求

現代英語：

Combat effectiveness is the ultimate determining factor in the rise and fall of an army. It not only affects the operational methods and actual effectiveness of armed forces, but also safeguards the survival, security, and long-term stability of a nation and its people. Advanced combat effectiveness is the latest viewpoint on combat effectiveness development put forward by our Party after President Xi Jinping’s profound exposition of the original and iconic concept of “new-type combat effectiveness.” In January 2019, President Xi Jinping pointed out at the Central Military Commission’s military work conference: “We must strengthen the construction of new types of combat forces and increase the proportion of new-type combat effectiveness.” Since then, President Xi has repeatedly discussed this important issue, emphasizing “building a powerful strategic deterrent force system and increasing the proportion of new-type combat forces in new domains” and “promoting the accelerated improvement of new-type combat effectiveness.” It is precisely on the basis of the practical experience of the formation and development of new-type combat effectiveness in our army in the new era that the new idea and new conclusion of “advanced combat effectiveness” has emerged. Advanced combat capability is a higher form of combat capability, led and supported by new-type combat capability. It emphasizes the large-scale, practical, and systematic application of new-type combat capability, focuses on theoretical innovation, intelligent enhancement, system upgrade, intelligence enhancement, and weapon and equipment upgrade. It also includes the upgrading and creative application of traditional combat capability. It is the evolution of the form, capacity expansion, and quality upgrade of new-type combat capability.

　　Advanced combat capabilities represent the development trend of military transformation, military intelligence, and military combat methods. They are a new growth point for combat power and a commanding height on the future battlefield. The “Suggestions of the CPC Central Committee on Formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development” (hereinafter referred to as the “Suggestions”), adopted at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, is based on the overall strategic situation of China’s modernization. It makes arrangements for achieving the centenary goal of the People’s Liberation Army on schedule and promoting the modernization of national defense and the armed forces with high quality. It proposes “accelerating the construction of advanced combat capabilities,” pointing out the direction and providing a benchmark for achieving the centenary goal of the People’s Liberation Army on schedule and further improving the quality and efficiency of national defense and military modernization from a new starting point. We must thoroughly study and understand the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, deeply comprehend the firm will and far-sighted planning of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core in building a consolidated national defense and a powerful army, and continuously creating a new situation in the cause of building a strong military in the new era. We must profoundly grasp the requirements of the times for accelerating the construction of advanced combat capabilities, actively seize the commanding heights of military struggle, seek new advantages in military competition, focus on advanced combat capabilities to think about reforms, grasp construction, and make preparations, promote the work of preparing for war in the new era to go deeper and more practical, and continuously improve the strategic capability to safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

　　Advanced combat capabilities are proposed based on a profound understanding of global military development trends, the leapfrog development of new-type productive forces, and the laws governing the modernization of the armed forces.

　　President Xi Jinping pointed out: “For a country and a nation to revitalize, it must advance in the logic of historical progress and develop in the trend of the times.” Advanced combat capability is an original and iconic concept of Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military. It is a scientific deployment made by the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, which has keenly grasped the trends of world military development and the laws governing the evolution of warfare, deeply understood the new situation of efficient integration and two-way driving between new-type productive forces and new-type combat capabilities, and scientifically grasped the achievements, historical position, and mission of national defense and military modernization in the new era.

　　The development of the new military revolution and the evolution of warfare are powerfully driving changes in combat capabilities. In today’s world, a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is accelerating, and the new military revolution is progressing rapidly. Strategic high-tech fields such as artificial intelligence, network information, big data, blockchain, quantum technology, biotechnology, and nanomaterials are emerging in rapid succession. The widespread application of science and technology in the military field has profoundly changed the nature of warfare and combat methods, increasingly becoming a crucial factor in determining victory or defeat. The evolution of warfare is showing many new trends, with increasingly prominent intelligent characteristics. Some new technologies and equipment are creating a disruptive advantage over traditional equipment. New types of combat forces, represented by strategic early warning, information control, algorithmic attack and defense, and unmanned intelligence, are increasingly becoming important forces shaping the modern battlefield. Thanks to the rapid advancements in technologies such as artificial intelligence and military robots, the “autonomous capabilities” of weapons and equipment—including autonomous battlefield perception, autonomous combat decision-making, autonomous planning, and autonomous action—are becoming increasingly stronger, elevating them from “execution tools” to “intelligent nodes.” The deep integration of drones and artificial intelligence recognition technology has resulted in a “long-range pursuit” deterrent effect. The coordinated use of firepower strikes and cyberattacks is creating an integrated hardware and software offensive system with full-domain coverage. Driven by military intelligence, new types of combat capabilities are constantly emerging, with higher efficiency and superior quality. Advanced combat capabilities are increasingly becoming a powerful force driving the new military revolution in the world.

　　The vigorous development of new-type productive forces is driving the upgrading and improvement of combat capabilities. The generation and upgrading of any combat capability is the application and extension of productive forces in the military field under a certain social structure. New-type productive forces are advanced productive forces characterized by high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, with innovation playing a leading role. They represent the most active, technologically advanced, promising, and influential productive force in contemporary society. The rapid development of new-type productive forces provides advanced science and technology and a solid material foundation for the generation of new-type combat capabilities, while also providing the driving force and support for their upgrading and transformation, becoming a key variable in reshaping the form of warfare, reconstructing combat systems, and reorganizing command elements. New-type combat capabilities originate from breakthroughs in key common technologies, cutting-edge leading technologies, and disruptive technologies. They rely on emerging technological means and advanced combat concepts, fully embedding information technology genes and integrating into networked systems. Utilizing new technologies, new equipment, and new tactics, they enable military systems to exhibit new advantages such as strategic guidance, information empowerment, network aggregation, technological strength, and systemic energy release. With the rapid development and widespread application of new-type combat capabilities, the advanced combat capability form they dominate will inevitably emerge, becoming a powerful engine for promoting the transformation and development of modern military systems.

　　The significant achievements in national defense and military modernization in the new era have laid a solid foundation for advanced combat capabilities. Since the beginning of the new era, President Xi Jinping, based on the overall strategic situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the unprecedented changes in the world, has used the goal of building a strong military to examine and guide the construction of combat capabilities, promoting the vigorous development of all elements of combat capabilities. The reform of national defense and the military has been deepened, forming a new pattern of overall command by the Central Military Commission, combat command by the theater commands, and development by the services. New combat force systems, such as the military aerospace force, cyberspace force, and information support force, have been established and adjusted, achieving a holistic and revolutionary reshaping of the organizational structure and force system. The development of strategic emerging industries and new combat forces has been promoted in a coordinated manner, yielding a series of significant results. The modernization of weaponry has been accelerated, with new fourth-generation equipment, represented by new tanks, carrier-based aircraft, and fighter jets, being deployed to the troops. Major national weapons, represented by the “Dongfeng-5C” liquid-fueled intercontinental strategic nuclear missile, have been showcased at military parades. The first electromagnetic catapult-equipped aircraft carrier, the Fujian, has officially entered service. The strategy of strengthening the military through talent has been implemented in depth, and high-quality, professional, and new-type military personnel are rapidly growing. These revolutionary advancements and historic achievements in the new era have enabled new combat capabilities to continuously accumulate momentum and be optimized and upgraded from concept to planning to practice, providing a solid fertile ground for the birth of advanced combat capabilities through military practice.

　　Advanced combat capabilities possess distinct characteristics of the times, innovation, and dialectical nature.

　　President Xi Jinping pointed out: “The military must be prepared to fight, and all work must adhere to the standard of combat effectiveness, focusing on the ability to fight and win wars.” Looking back on history, our military has grown from small to large, from weak to strong, and has continuously moved from victory to victory. A crucial lesson learned is the consistent emphasis on combat effectiveness development, the dynamic upgrading of combat capabilities, and the measurement of development effectiveness using actual combat standards. With technological progress and the development of the times, the form of warfare is rapidly evolving, and the connotation, elements, and characteristics of combat effectiveness are constantly undergoing new changes. Only by actively adapting to the development trend of the military revolution and keenly grasping the pulse of the times and the strong demands of combat effectiveness evolution can we clarify what kind of wars we will fight and how we will fight them, anchor the logical basis of war preparation, and accurately identify the direction of the military’s combat effectiveness development. Advanced combat effectiveness is an important concept proposed by President Xi Jinping in leading the modernization of national defense and the military, based on building a new type of military force system, accelerating the construction of new-quality combat effectiveness, improving the quality and efficiency of winning battles, and fulfilling missions and tasks to a high standard. It possesses distinct characteristics of timeliness, innovation, and dialectical thinking.

　　Advanced combat capabilities embody the development direction of military intelligence. Currently, adhering to the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence, with mechanization as the foundation, informatization as the support, and intelligence as the guide, is an important path for our military to advance modernization. Traditional combat capabilities are based on mechanical and chemical energy, emphasizing the superposition of personnel, weapons, and forces, and focusing on the struggle for physical space such as land, sea, air, and space. New-type combat capabilities, based on traditional combat capabilities, rely more on new energy sources such as data, algorithms, and computing power, emphasizing the implantation of data elements, algorithmic elements, and cross-domain elements, and focusing on defeating the enemy in emerging fields such as the network domain, information domain, and cognitive domain. Advanced combat capabilities adapt to the new trend of future warfare leaping from “energy-dominated” to “information-dominated” and then to “intelligence-dominated.” They not only focus on the “new quality” composition of combat capabilities and emphasize the leading role of new-type combat capabilities, but also focus on the “superiority” of the application effectiveness of new-type combat capabilities, giving full play to their scale, combat realism, and systemic effects, and emphasizing the use of military intelligence to transform the combat capability generation structure and continuously improve the intelligence level of combat capabilities.

　　Advanced combat capability signifies a comprehensive iterative upgrade of all elements of combat capability. Essentially, advanced combat capability is high-quality combat capability, driven by innovation, empowered by technology, and enhanced by intelligence, exhibiting prominent characteristics such as high intelligence, high technology, high quality, and high integration. On the one hand, advanced combat capability requires a comprehensive iterative upgrade of all constituent elements of combat capability, ensuring that the soul of military theory, the structure of organizational form, the core of military personnel, and the support of weaponry fully implement the principles of quality first and efficiency priority, promoting quality transformation, efficiency transformation, and power transformation, and driving the widespread penetration and deep empowerment of intelligent technology into people, weapons, and their integration methods, thereby generating advanced combat capability through comprehensive element optimization. On the other hand, advanced combat capability relies more heavily on the integrated linkage of the entire military system, transforming the way combat capability is released from “points” to “areas,” the presentation of effectiveness from fragmented to aggregated, and the human-machine relationship from “master-slave cooperation” to “intelligent symbiosis,” optimizing the entire military system’s output and release efficiency of combat capability, and using the “superiority” of the system structure to generate “strength” in combat capability.

　　Advanced combat capabilities embody a materialist dialectical approach to military thinking. Advanced combat capabilities are not fixed, static, or passive. They are relative, representing a lead over stronger adversaries, possessing a clear advantage of being one step ahead, one point ahead, and one unit faster than the enemy. Advanced combat capabilities are dynamic; all “advanced” capabilities are evolving, a process of advanced technology leading tradition and new technologies transforming old ones. Today’s advancement does not guarantee tomorrow’s, and temporary advancement does not guarantee permanent advancement. From the perspective of ultimate operational effectiveness, “advanced” capabilities necessarily mean high efficiency defeating low efficiency, high quality crushing low quality, and strong military intelligence surpassing weak military intelligence. Advanced combat capabilities possess agency, exhibiting initiative that is not subject to external control, the ability to leverage strengths and avoid weaknesses, and the flexibility, resilience, and dynamism to adapt to the latest military developments and changes in the war environment. The original and iconic concept of advanced combat capability creatively reveals the dialectical unity of advanced and backward, quality and scale, and initiative and passivity in the generation of military capabilities. It profoundly reveals the general laws of combat capability generation, development and leap, expands the new vision of military theory, deepens the new understanding of military theory, realizes the innovative transformation and systematic reform of the constituent elements of combat capability, and opens up a new path for liberating and developing combat capability.

　　The concept of advanced combat capability represents a breakthrough in multiple aspects of the history of military theory development.

　　Standing at the forefront of the times, President Xi has profoundly grasped the laws governing the military transformation and the evolution of modern warfare in the new era. He has made theoretical innovations in combat capability building, enriched and developed the Marxist theoretical system on combat capability building, promoted the theoretical innovation and transformation of the Party’s combat capability form, transcended the logical limitations of Western theories on combat capability generation, and achieved multiple strategic value breakthroughs in the history of military thought and the history of military theory development.

　　This has enriched and developed the Marxist theoretical system on combat capability building. Marx and Engels profoundly understood the intrinsic connection between military and political, economic, and other social factors, scientifically grasped the essence and laws of military activities, and emphasized that “the nature and type of armed forces, as well as their characteristics, equipment, and tactics, and the organization and training methods of the troops, depend on the level of development of productive forces, on the social system, and on the class structure of society.” They formed a theoretical understanding of the constituent elements of military combat capability and the laws governing their generation and development, providing scientific guidance for the proletarian party to build its own armed forces and improve its combat capability. President Xi Jinping adheres to the Marxist military view and methodology, based on the new characteristics of the times and the new realities of the PLA’s development, and has put forward a series of concepts and propositions such as “science and technology are the core combat capability of modern warfare,” “scientific military theory is combat capability,” and “new-quality combat capability.” He scientifically revealed the generation mode and evolution law of combat capability under the conditions of the information and intelligent era, leading the PLA’s combat capability to achieve a new leap forward and enriching and developing the Marxist military theoretical conceptual system.

　　This has driven the innovation and transformation of the Party’s theory on combat effectiveness. Throughout the history of building and strengthening the People’s Liberation Army, our Party has always attached great importance to improving the army’s combat effectiveness. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, our Party raised the issue of “improving the combat effectiveness of the main force,” and in practice, maintained strong combat effectiveness through extremely insightful strategic guidance, flexible strategies and tactics, rigorous training, and courageous spirit. On the eve of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, Comrade Mao Zedong clearly pointed out: “The People’s Liberation Army will always be a fighting force.” In the new era of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out that “the army must improve its combat effectiveness,” leading our army to continuously develop its combat effectiveness through streamlining, reorganization, reform, and strengthened training. With the continuous liberation and development of productive forces, our Party emphasized “using science and technology to promote training” and “using science and technology to train troops,” promoting new improvements in combat effectiveness. Entering the new era, President Xi Jinping scientifically grasped the trend of implementing the new development philosophy and developing new-quality productive forces, focusing on achieving the Party’s goal of building a strong military in the new era. Based on emphasizing firmly establishing combat effectiveness as the sole fundamental standard, he put forward scientific conclusions such as “strengthening the construction of new types of combat forces” and “fully liberating and developing new-quality combat effectiveness,” providing important guidance for the iterative upgrading of our army’s combat effectiveness. “Advanced combat capability” is a condensation, sublimation, and innovative development of the Party’s historical experience in building combat capability. It enriches the scientific theory of the Party’s military combat capability in the new era and has become a new concept and category with great guiding significance and ideological power in Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military. It lays a solid foundation for the systematization, physics, and chemistry of the Party’s military theory in the new era.

　　This transcends the logical limitations of Western theories of combat power generation. Engels profoundly pointed out that “the entire organization and mode of warfare of an army, and the outcome of battles related to it, depend on material, i.e., economic conditions,” which laid the historical materialist methodological foundation for combat power research. However, for a long time, technology worship and the “weaponry determinism” were prevalent in the issue of combat power construction, leading to the misconception that combat power was only about “things” and not “people.” For example, the US military once used technological superiority to completely defeat many weaker adversaries, but its “military transformation” frequently fell into the logic of “replacing combat platforms” with old weapons. The concept of advanced combat capability, starting from the foundation of new-type combat capability, uses “new” to identify technological breakthroughs, “quality” to characterize qualitative changes in combat capability structure, and “combat effectiveness” to measure the effectiveness of combat capability construction and application. It strengthens the ecosystem of combat capability generation, integrates theory, data, algorithms, talent, and organization into the productivity and combat capability fusion system, shifts the focus of combat capability from weapons competition to system confrontation, reshapes the underlying logic of combat capability generation, and forms a combat capability generation theory with Chinese characteristics. It effectively gets rid of the misconceptions of combat capability generation such as over-reliance on technology and materials, and the separation of political goals from military means, and lays a solid foundation for building China’s independent military knowledge system.

　　Scientifically construct an advanced combat capability generation, development, and maintenance system

　　President Xi Jinping emphasized: “Improving the operational efficiency of the military system and promoting the high-quality development of our armed forces.” The theme of my country’s economic and social development during the 15th Five-Year Plan period is promoting high-quality development. This is not only an inevitable choice for developing new productive forces on the new journey, but also an inevitable principle for strengthening advanced combat capabilities. We must thoroughly implement Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military, deeply understand the deployment requirements of the “Suggestions,” accurately grasp the phased characteristics of the next five years and even longer, highlight the theme of promoting high-quality development, consistently uphold and strengthen the Party’s absolute leadership over the military, advance political building of the military, reform and strengthening of the military, technological strengthening of the military, talent strengthening of the military, and rule of law in the military, uphold principles and innovate in the overall planning of advanced combat capability building, construct a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics, continuously improve combat capabilities, and enhance the strategic capability to safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

　　We must persist in promoting the high-quality development of all elements of combat capability. In future warfare, with the continuous strengthening of new domain and new quality forces and the rapid development of technologies such as unmanned and intelligent systems, combat capability generation will exhibit a trend of comprehensive upgrading, presenting new characteristics such as three-dimensional, mobile, and efficiency-oriented optimization. We must focus on the new trends in the development of warfare, accelerate the modernization of military theory, earnestly implement President Xi Jinping’s important expositions on combat capability building, analyze the winning mechanisms of informationized and intelligent warfare, and promote the flourishing development of core combat capability theories such as military strategy, operational thinking, and military modernization. Adapting to the significantly enhanced overall, coordinated, and complex nature of military system operations, we must ensure the implementation of reform tasks, continuously optimize the military force system, and do a good job in modernizing military governance to improve the efficiency of combat capability extraction and aggregation. We must combine investment in materials with investment in people, adhere to the principle of cultivating, evaluating, and utilizing talent from a political perspective, build a military talent pool adapted to the requirements of intelligent warfare, further accelerate the development of advanced weaponry and equipment, improve the intelligence level of weaponry and equipment, implement major national defense development projects, expedite national defense science and technology innovation and the transformation of advanced technologies, and develop and build more “killer” weapons and equipment capable of defeating the enemy.

　　Make good use of military intelligence as a powerful engine for upgrading combat capabilities. With breakthroughs in artificial intelligence, the trend of human society moving from informatization to intelligence is also reflected in the military field. The “mast” of military intelligence has appeared on the “sea level” of the evolution of warfare, and information warfare with intelligent characteristics is beginning to take shape. It is imperative to accelerate the coordinated construction and application of network information systems. Networks are the carriers and channels of information and intelligence; under modern warfare conditions, network information systems have become a core support. We must coordinate the construction and application of network information systems, strengthen the development and utilization of data resources, achieve interconnection and interoperability between combat units and various weapon systems, build a distributed, reconfigurable, and resilient combat network, and accelerate the improvement of network information system construction and service support capabilities for combat readiness. It is also imperative to build an intelligent military system, accelerate the transformation and application of cutting-edge technologies in the field of artificial intelligence to the military, accelerate the construction of unmanned intelligent combat forces and countermeasure capabilities, and enable military intelligence to better and faster integrate into, drive, and empower the system.

　　Cultivating the integrated development of new-type productive forces is the lifeblood of combat capability building. In today’s world, the technological revolution, industrial transformation, and military revolution are accelerating, and national strategic competitiveness, social productivity, and military combat capability are becoming increasingly interconnected, mutually influential, and mutually supportive. Promoting the efficient integration and two-way synergy between new-type productive forces and new-type combat capabilities is a fundamental requirement for achieving the unity of a prosperous nation and a strong military, and it is the lifeblood of accelerating the development of advanced combat capabilities. We must innovate the models of combat capability building and application, actively guide the direction of new-type productive forces and new-type combat capabilities according to the needs of military struggle, improve and perfect institutional mechanisms for demand alignment, planning coordination, and resource sharing, highlight the top priority of promoting strategic capabilities in emerging fields, vigorously promote the development and integrated application of new types of military talent, new types of combat equipment, new organizational forms, and new tactics, continuously consolidate the material foundation for social production to serve future warfare, accelerate the supply of new-type combat capabilities, and ensure that wartime military combat capabilities and social productivity are effectively focused and precisely released on the battlefield, so as to win future wars with a strong and sustainable overall national strength.

　　Emphasizing realistic combat training as a crucial lever for catalyzing combat effectiveness is essential. Realistic combat training serves as a bridge and means to achieve efficient integration of personnel, weaponry, and organizational systems. It possesses a strong capacity for integrating and transforming various resources and elements involved in combat capability generation, and is a vital pathway for generating, developing, and strengthening advanced combat capabilities. President Xi Jinping, with profound insight into the key to developing advanced combat capabilities, has called for “strengthening the consistency between combat and training, adhering to the principle of training guided by combat and promoting combat through training, ensuring training according to actual combat requirements, and achieving the integration of operations and training,” and “improving the level of full-cycle, refined training management,” thus pointing out the “realistic” path for generating advanced combat capabilities. It is necessary to deepen strategic and operational planning, solidly advance realistic combat military training, strengthen the integration of combat capability systems, innovate combat capability construction and application models, vigorously carry out modern training in conjunction with combat readiness building, joint exercises and training, and the application of diversified military forces, strengthen targeted and confrontational training, and continuously improve the combat capabilities of the troops.

　　(The author is a researcher at the Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era Research Center of the National Defense University.)

　　People’s Daily (November 17, 2025, Page 9)

現代國語：

戰鬥力是一支軍隊興衰成敗的最終決定力量，不僅影響武裝力量的作戰方式和實際效能，更維繫著一個國家和一個民族的生存安全和長治久安。先進戰鬥力，是習主席深刻論述「新質戰鬥力」這個原創性概念標識性概念之後，我們黨提出的關於戰鬥力建設的最新觀點。 2019年1月，習主席在中央軍委會軍事工作會議中指出：「要加強新型作戰力量建設，增加新質戰鬥力比重。」此後，習主席多次論述這一重要問題，強調「打造強大戰略威懾力量體系，增加新域新質作戰力量比重」「推動新質戰鬥力加速提升」等。正是在新時代我軍新質戰鬥力形成發展的實踐基礎上，「先進戰鬥力」這個新思想新論斷應運而生。先進戰鬥力是更高級形態的戰鬥力，以新質戰鬥力為引領和支撐，強調新質戰鬥力的規模化、實戰化、體系化運用，注重理論創新、智能加持、體系升級、才智升維、武器裝備升級，同時還包括對傳統戰鬥力的升級改造和創造性運用，是新質戰鬥力的形態升級和容量、質量升級。

先進戰力代表軍事變革、軍事智慧和軍事作戰方式的發展趨勢，是戰鬥力的新增長點、未來戰場的製高點。黨的二十屆四中全會通過的《中共中央關於製定國民經濟和社會發展第十五個五年規劃的建議》（以下簡稱《建議》），立足中國式現代化戰略全局，對如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標、高質量推進國防和軍隊現代化作出部署，提出“加快建設戰力建設目標”，為在新世界建設方向上提供了現代優勢、標準建設目標、建設發展能力建設目標、建設發展了一百年總發展在新軍隊起點。我們要深入學習領會黨的二十屆四中全會精神，深刻領悟以習近平同志為核心的黨中央建設鞏固國防和強大軍隊、不斷開創新時代強軍事業新局面的堅定意志和深謀遠慮，深刻把握加快先進戰鬥力建設的時代要求，積極搶佔軍事鬥爭制高點、謀取軍事競爭發展新優勢，聚焦先進戰鬥力思變革、抓建設、做準備，推動新時代備戰打仗工作走深走實，不斷提高捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益戰略能力。

先進戰力是深刻洞察世界軍事發展趨勢、新質生產力躍升態勢和軍隊現代化發展規律提出的

習主席指出：「一個國家、一個民族要振興，就必須在歷史前進的邏輯中前進、在時代發展的潮流中發展。」先進戰鬥力，是習近平強軍思想的原創性概念標識性概念，是以習近平同志為核心的黨中央敏銳掌握世界軍事發展趨勢與戰爭形態演變規律，深刻洞察新質生產力與新質戰鬥力高效融合、雙向拉動嶄新態勢，科學掌握新時代國防與軍隊現代化發展成就、歷史方位與使命任務所作的科學部署。

世界新軍事革命發展與戰爭形態演變強勁推動戰鬥力形態變革。當今世界，新一輪科技革命和產業變革加速突破，世界新軍事革命加速推進，人工智慧、網路資訊、大數據、區塊鏈、量子科技、生物交叉、奈米材料等戰略高新技術群體迸發，科學技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用引起了戰爭形態和作戰方式深刻變化，日益成為決定戰爭勝負的重要因素。戰爭形態演變呈現許多新趨勢，智能化特徵更加突出，一些新的技術裝備對傳統裝備形成降維打擊態勢，以戰略預警、資訊控制、演算法攻防、無人智能等為代表的新質作戰力量愈發成為左右現代戰場的重要力量。憑藉著人工智慧和軍用機器人等技術的快速進步，武器裝備的自主戰場感知、自主作戰決策、自主規劃計畫、自主採取行動等「自主能力」越來越強，從「執行工具」升維成「智慧節點」。無人機與人工智慧辨識技術深度融合，出現「千里追殺」震懾效果。火力打擊與網電攻擊有序配合，打造出軟硬一體、全域覆蓋的進攻體系。新質戰鬥力在軍事智慧牽引下，不斷孕育效能更高、質態更優的戰鬥力類型，先進戰鬥力癒益成為驅動世界新軍事革命的強勁力量。

新質生產力的蓬勃發展連動拉升戰鬥力建設提質升級。任何戰鬥力的生成、升級，都是一定社會形態下生產力在軍事領域的運用與延伸。新質生產力是創新起主導作用，具有高科技、高效、高品質特徵的先進生產力質態，是當今社會創新最活躍、技術最前沿、前景最廣闊、影響最廣泛的生產力構成。新質生產力的快速發展，既為新質戰鬥力生成提供了先進科學技術和雄厚物質基礎，也為其提供了升級換代的牽引力、支撐力，成為重塑戰爭形態、重建作戰體系、重組指揮要素的關鍵變數。新質戰鬥力源自關鍵共通技術、前沿引領技術與顛覆性技術創新突破，依托新興科技手段與先進作戰理念，全要素植入資訊化基因、融進網路化體系，運用新科技、新裝備、新戰法，使軍事體系呈現出謀略導能、資訊賦能、網路聚能、科技強能、體系釋能等新優勢。隨著新質戰鬥力的快速發展和廣泛運用，由其主導的先進戰鬥力形態必然顯現出來，成為推動現代軍事體系變革發展的有力引擎。

新時代國防與軍隊現代化重大成就奠定先進戰鬥力厚實基礎。新時代以來，習主席立足中華民族偉大復興戰略全局和世界百年未有之大變局，用強軍目標審視和牽引戰鬥力建設，推動戰力各要素的活力競相迸發。深化國防與軍事改革，形成軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建新格局，先後組成調整軍事太空部隊、網路太空部隊、資訊支援部隊等新型作戰力量體系，實現了組織架構和力量體系整體性、革命性重塑。統籌推動戰略性新興產業和新型作戰力量發展，取得一系列重大成果。加速武器裝備更新換代，以新型戰車、艦載機、殲擊機等為代表的新型四代裝備列裝部隊，以「東風—5C」液體洲際戰略核子飛彈等為代表的大國重器亮相閱兵場，首艘電磁彈射型航母福建艦正式入列。人才強軍戰略深入實施，高素質專業化新型軍事人才加速成長。新時代這些革命性進展和歷史性成就，使新質戰鬥力由概念到規劃、到實踐，不斷累積成勢、優化升級，為先進戰鬥力誕生提供了堅實的軍事實踐沃土。

先進戰鬥力具有鮮明的時代性、創新性、辯證性

習主席指出：「軍隊是要準備打仗的，一切工作都必須堅持戰鬥力標準，向能打仗、打勝仗聚焦。」回顧歷史，我軍從小到大、由弱到強，不斷從勝利走向勝利，一條重要經驗，就是始終注重戰鬥力建設，推進作戰能力動態衡量，用實戰標準建設成效。隨著科技進步和時代發展，戰爭形態加速演變，戰鬥力內涵、要素和特徵不斷發生新的變化。只有積極適應軍事革命發展趨勢，敏銳掌握戰鬥力演變的時代脈動和強勁需求，才能明晰未來打什麼仗、怎麼打仗，錨定戰爭準備的邏輯基點，找準軍隊戰鬥力發展方向。先進戰鬥力，就是習主席在領導國防和軍隊現代化的時代征程中，基於打造新型軍事力量體系、加速新質戰鬥力建設、提高勝戰能力質效、高標準履行使命任務提出的重要概念，具有鮮明的時代性、創新性、辯證性等特徵。

先進戰力體現軍事智慧化的發展方向。目前，堅持機械化資訊化智能化融合發展，以機械化為基礎，以資訊化為支撐，以智能化為引領，是我軍推進現代化的重要路徑。傳統戰鬥力以機械能、化學能為基底，注重人員、武器、力量疊加，聚焦陸海空天等實體空間爭奪。新質戰鬥力在傳統戰力基礎上，更依托數據、演算法、算力等新型能量，注重資料要素、演算法要素、跨域要素植入，聚焦網路域、資訊域、認知域等新興領域制敵謀勝。先進戰鬥力順應未來戰爭將從「能量主導」向「資訊主導」再向「智慧主導」躍遷的新趨勢，不僅關注戰鬥力的「新質」構成，強調新質戰鬥力發揮主導地位，更關注新質戰鬥力的應用效能之“優”，發揮其規模化、實戰化、體系化戰力提升

先進戰鬥力意味著戰鬥力全要素迭代升級。先進戰鬥力本質上是高品質戰鬥力，依靠創新驅動、科技賦能、智能加持，具有高智能、高科技、高品質、高度整合等突出特徵。一方面，先進戰鬥力要求戰鬥力構成諸要素全面迭代升級，使軍事理論這個靈魂、組織形態這個結構、軍事人員這個核心、武器裝備這個支撐全面貫徹質量第一、質效優先導向，推動質量變革、效率變革、動力變革，推動智能技術對人、武器及其結合方式廣泛滲透和深度賦能，以全要素優化生成先進戰鬥力。另一方面，先進戰鬥力更依託於整個軍事體系一體聯動，使戰鬥力釋放方式由「點」向「面」轉變，效能呈現由條塊化向聚合化轉變，人機關係從「主從配合」向「智慧共生」變革，使整個軍事系統對戰鬥力的產出最優、釋放效能最佳，以體系結構之「優異」化。

先進戰鬥力蘊含著唯物辯證的軍事思維方法。先進戰鬥力不是固化的、靜止的、被動的。先進戰鬥力具有相對性，是相對強敵對手的領先性，有著先敵一步、勝敵一籌、快敵一分的明顯優勢。先進戰鬥力具有動態性，所有的「先進」都是發展著的，是先進引領傳統、新質改造舊質的過程，今天的先進不等於明天的先進，一時先進不等於永遠先進；「先進」從作戰的最終能效上講，必然是高效能戰勝低效能，高質量碾壓低質量，強軍事智能化勝過弱軍事智能化。先進戰鬥力具有主體性，既有不受制於人的主動性，又有善於揚長避短、積極進取的主動性，以及適應軍事最新發展、戰爭環境變化的彈性、堅韌、活力等特徵。先進戰鬥力這個原創性概念標識性概念的提出，創造性揭示了軍事能力生成中先進與落後、質量與規模、主動與被動等辯證統一關係，深刻揭示了戰鬥力生成、發展和躍升的一般規律，拓展了軍事理論新視域，深化了對軍事理論的新認識，實現了對戰鬥力構成要素的創新變革和系統發展，新解放和解放路徑。

先進戰力概念在軍事理論發展史上實現多重突破

習主席站在時代前沿，深刻把握新時代軍事變革和現代戰爭形態演變規律，對戰鬥力構建進行理論創新，豐富發展了馬克思主義關於戰鬥力構建理論體系，推動了黨的戰鬥力形態理論創新變革，超越了西方戰鬥力生成理論的邏輯局限，在軍事思想史、軍事理論發展史中實現多重戰略價值突破史中實現多重戰略價值。

豐富發展了馬克思主義關於戰鬥力建構理論體系。馬克思、恩格斯深刻洞察軍事與政治、經濟等社會因素的內在聯繫，科學把握軍事活動的本質和規律，強調“武裝力量的性質和類型以及它們的特點、裝備和戰術，部隊的編制和訓練方法，取決於生產力發展的水平，取決於社會制度和社會的階級結構”，並形成軍隊戰鬥力構成了黨及其生成發展規律的理論。習主席堅持馬克思主義軍事觀和方法論，立足新的時代特徵和我軍發展的新實際，提出「科技是現代戰爭的核心戰鬥力」「科學的軍事理論就是戰鬥力」「新質戰力」等一系列概念和命題，科學揭示了資訊性智能化時代條件下戰力生成模式及新質戰力」等一系列概念和命題，科學揭示了資訊化智能化時代條件下戰力生成模式及新質戰力」等一系列概念和命題，科學揭示了資訊化智能化時代條件下戰力生成模式及新質戰力道變新法力道學概念。

推動了黨的戰鬥力形態理論創新變革。在人民軍建軍強軍的歷程中，我們黨始終十分注重提升軍隊戰鬥力。在新民主主義革命時期，我們黨提出「提高主力軍的戰鬥力」問題，並在實踐中以極為高明的戰略指導、機動靈活的戰略戰術、刻苦訓練和勇敢精神，保持了強大戰鬥力。毛澤東同志在新中國成立前夕明確指出：“人民解放軍永遠是一個戰鬥隊。”在改革開放和社會主義現代化建設新時期，鄧小平同志指出“軍隊要提高戰鬥力”，領導我軍通過精簡、整頓、改革和強化訓練等不斷發展戰鬥力。隨著不斷解放和發展生產力，我們黨強調“科技興訓”“科技練兵”，推動戰鬥力建設有了新的提高。進入新時代，習主席科學把握貫徹新發展理念、發展新質生產力的時代大勢，著眼實現黨在新時代的強軍目標，在強調牢固樹立戰鬥力這個唯一的根本的標準基礎上，提出“加強新型作戰力量建設”“充分解放和發展新質戰鬥力”等科學論斷，為我軍戰鬥力迭代升級提供重要引領。「先進戰鬥力」是對黨的戰鬥力建設歷史經驗的凝練昇華和創新發展，豐富了新時代黨的軍事戰鬥力形態科學理論，成為習近平強軍思想中極具引領性和思想力的新概念新範疇，為新時代黨的軍事理論的體系化學理化奠定堅實基礎。

超越了西方戰鬥力生成理論的邏輯限制。恩格斯深刻指出“軍隊的全部組織和作戰方式以及與之有關的勝負，取決於物質的即經濟的條件”，這為戰鬥力研究奠定了歷史唯物主義方法論基礎。但在戰鬥力建構問題上，很長一段時間，技術崇拜、「武器裝備決定論」等很有市場，出現了論戰鬥力只見「物」不見「人」的誤解。例如，美軍曾以技術代差，完敗很多弱小對手，其「軍事轉型」卻頻繁陷入從舊武器到新武器的「作戰平台替換」邏輯。先進戰鬥力概念，堅持從新質戰鬥力的基點出發，以「新」標識技術突變，以「質」表徵戰鬥力結構質變，以「作戰質效」衡量戰鬥力建設運用效果，強化戰鬥力生成的生態體系，將理論、數據、演算法、人才、組織納入生產力、戰鬥力融合拉動體系，把戰鬥力重心從武器比拼轉向體系對抗，重塑了戰鬥力生成底層邏輯，形成了具有中國特色的戰鬥力生成理論，有效擺脫那些過度依賴技術與物質、政治目標與軍事手段相脫離等戰鬥力生成的誤區，為構建中國自主的軍事知識體系打下堅實的軍事知識體系。

科學建構先進戰鬥力生成、建構與維護體系

習主席強調：「提升軍事系統運作效能，推動我軍高品質發展。」「十五五」時期我國經濟社會發展的主題是推動高品質發展，這不僅是新旅程發展新質生產力的必然選擇，也是加強先進戰鬥力建設的必然遵循。我們要深入貫徹習近平強軍思想，深刻領會《建議》部署要求，把準未來五年乃至更長時間階段性特徵，突出推動高品質發展這個主題，一以貫之堅持並加強黨對軍隊的絕對領導，推進政治建軍、改革強軍、科技強軍、人才強軍、依法治作戰，守正創新籌資先進戰力強化為強國作戰能力、建構安全性強軍；

堅持推進戰鬥力構成的全要素高品質發展。未來作戰，隨著新域新質力量不斷加強和無人智能等技術快速發展，戰鬥力生成將出現全要素升級的態勢，呈現立體聚優、動中聚優、效能聚優等新特徵。要著眼戰爭形態發展新趨勢，加速軍事理論現代化步伐，認真貫徹實習主席關於戰鬥力建設重要論述，研析資訊化智能化戰爭制勝機理，推動軍事戰略、作戰思想、軍隊現代化建設等戰力主幹理論繁榮發展。適應軍事系統運作整體性、協同性、複雜性顯著提升的實際，抓好改革任務落地，持續優化軍事力量體系，做好軍事治理現代化這篇大文章，提升戰鬥力萃取和聚合效能。把投資於物與投資於人結合起來，堅持從政治上培養、考察、使用人才，打造適應智能化戰爭要求的軍事人才方陣，進一步加快先進武器裝備發展，提升武器裝備智能化程度，實施國防發展重大工程，加緊國防科技創新和先進技術轉化，研發建造更多製強勝強的「殺手鐧」武器裝備。

用好軍事智慧化這個戰鬥力質態升級的強勁引擎。隨著人工智慧領域技術的突破，人類社會由資訊化向智慧化的發展趨勢也反映在軍事領域，軍事智慧化的「桅杆」已經出現在戰爭形態發展演進的「海平面」上，具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭顯露雛形。必須加快統籌網路資訊體系建置運用。網路是資訊和智慧的載體和通道，在現代戰爭條件下，網路資訊體系成為核心支撐。要統籌網路資訊體系建置運用，加強資料資源開發利用，實現作戰單元、各類武器系統之間的互聯互通，建構分散式、可重構、強韌性的作戰網絡，加快把網路資訊體系建構和服務支撐備戰打仗能力搞上去。必須建構智慧化軍事體系，加速人工智慧領域前沿技術成果向軍事領域的轉換應用，加速無人智慧作戰力量及反制能力建設，使軍事智慧更好更快融入體系、驅動體系、賦能體系。

涵養一體融合這個戰鬥力建設的源頭活水。當今世界，科技革命、產業變革、軍事革命加速發展，國家戰略競爭力、社會生產力、軍隊戰鬥力三者相互關聯、相互影響、相互支撐越來越緊密。推動新質生產力同新質戰鬥力高效融合、雙向拉動，是實現富國與強軍相統一的根本要求，是加速先進戰鬥力建設的源頭活水。要創新戰鬥力建設與運用模式，根據軍事鬥爭需要積極牽引新質生產力、新質戰鬥力前進方向，健全完善需求對接、規劃銜接、資源共享等製度機制，突顯推進新興領域戰略能力建設這個重中之重，大力推動新型軍事人才、新型作戰裝備、新型組織形態、新型戰法建設發展和融合運用，持續打牢社會生產服務未來戰爭的物質基礎，加速新質戰鬥力供給，確保戰時軍隊戰鬥力和社會生產力在戰場上有效聚焦、精準釋能，以強大持續的國家整體力量打贏未來戰爭。

突顯實戰化訓練這個戰鬥力催化的重要抓手。實戰化訓練，是實現人與武器裝備、組織體系高效融合的橋樑和手段，對戰鬥力生成的各種資源和要素具有很強的整合轉化功能，是生成、發展和強化先進戰鬥力的重要途徑。習主席深刻洞察發展先進戰鬥力的要害所在，要求“強化戰訓一致，堅持以戰領訓、以訓促戰，做到按實戰要求訓練，實現作戰和訓練一體化”“提高全週期、精細化訓練管理水平”，為先進戰鬥力指明了“實戰化”生成路徑。要深化戰略和作戰籌劃，紮實推進實戰化軍事訓練，加強作戰能力體系集成，創新戰鬥力建設和運用模式，結合鬥爭塑勢、聯演聯訓和多樣化軍事力量運用大力開展現代化練兵，加強針對性對抗性訓練，推動部隊實戰能力不斷提升。

（作者為國防大學習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想研究中心研究員）

《人民日報》（ 2025年11月17日 09 版）

汤俊峰

2025年11月17日08:37 来源：人民网－人民日报

中國原創軍事資源：https://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2025/

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Chinese Military Joint Oprations, China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀

Chinese Military Innovating Training Concepts, Upgrading Training Methods, Reshaping the Combat Training Landscape

05/11/2026 admin Leave a comment

中國軍隊創新訓練理念，升級訓練方式，重塑作戰訓練格局

現代英語：

China Military Network and Ministry of National Defense Network

Sunday, May 10, 2026

This newspaper reports (by reporter Fan Enda and special correspondent Qi Xucong): New artillery pieces sharpen the plateau, drones patrol the skies, data links are connected across the entire region, and fire units precisely lock onto the “enemy”… Not long ago, on the plateau training ground, a brigade of the Tibet Military Region focused on generating new combat capabilities and carried out various training exercises in an orderly manner.

New forces are rapidly joining the ranks, new equipment is constantly being deployed, and new tactics are being implemented continuously. In recent days, reporters visited several training grounds on the plateau front and saw that various units are focusing on actual combat needs, continuously innovating training concepts, upgrading training methods, and reshaping the training landscape. A vibrant picture of military training and preparation is unfolding, and new combat capabilities are rapidly accumulating and being generated on the plateau front.

From “waiting for instructions” to “seizing the opportunity,” officers and soldiers of the 1st Battalion of a Rocket Force brigade abandoned traditional training methods and conducted more than 10 combat-oriented training courses in a continuous, track-like manner, consciously pursuing and practicing the spirit of the plateau rocket troops with the belief that “every second faster means a greater chance of victory.” From “passive adaptation” to “active adaptation,” an Air Force unit, in combination with the special plateau environment, specifically modified the key systems of its fighter jets, accurately matching the characteristics of the plateau and the actual mission, and focusing on refining courses such as extreme maneuverability, low-altitude penetration, and ground attack, maximizing the combat potential of the equipment.

Upgrading training methods and leveraging technology to activate a “new engine” for combat effectiveness. Inside a simulated training chamber, soldiers of a regiment of the Xinjiang Military Region “drive” equipment vehicles across the high plateau, with weather, time of day, and road conditions changing randomly, immersing themselves in honing their combat skills. On the training ground of a detachment of the Tibet Armed Police Corps, infrared drones conduct aerial reconnaissance and precise positioning, while intelligent robot dogs launch assaults. Unmanned equipment is deeply integrated with individual combat, building a solid and efficient security barrier through intelligent training. Various units are exploring new paths to generate new combat capabilities, continuously promoting the new “intelligent+” training model, and pushing plateau training towards intelligent and refined training.

At a certain location, the Gambala radar station of an air force unit utilized technological means to achieve a remote, controlled duty mode, with soldiers’ positions lowered more than a thousand meters. No longer distracted by harsh environments, they can devote more energy to combat readiness and combat capability enhancement, routinely conducting network-based combat exercises and live-fire training, resulting in a significant improvement in the unit’s rapid mobility and early warning capabilities.

Reshaping the training landscape and fostering systemic collaboration to generate new momentum for victory. An air force unit actively integrated into the system, engaging in confrontations with visiting fighter jet units and sparring with various types of drones. They honed their anti-interference skills through electromagnetic warfare and continuously improved their combat capabilities through repeated realistic training exercises. A brigade of the Xinjiang Military Region regularly conducted joint exercises and training with neighboring air force units, streamlining command and control, sharing air situation data, and achieving full-element coordinated firepower strikes and integrated counterattacks. All units abandoned the concept and practice of “fighting alone,” proactively breaking down barriers between services and removing obstacles to collaboration, thus promoting overall quality improvement and comprehensive efficiency enhancement in the generation of new combat capabilities.

Once, this snowy plateau was a daunting “forbidden zone of life”; now, it has become a “training ground” for troops to deepen and solidify their training and combat readiness. Through numerous exercises and assaults, the troops stationed on the plateau are targeting the laws governing the generation of new combat capabilities, constantly breaking down conventional thinking, and making solid efforts towards innovation and strength, exploring methods and paths to liberate and develop new combat capabilities. “Although it’s high-altitude, oxygen-deficient, and the environment is harsh here, our confidence in winning battles is growing stronger!” said a plateau soldier.

現代國語：

中國軍網國防部網

2026年5月10日星期日

本報訊記者范恩達、特約記者齊旭聰報道：新型火炮礪劍高原，無人機巡弋長空，數據鏈路全域貫通，火力單元精准鎖“敵”……前不久，高原練兵場上，西藏軍區某旅聚焦新質戰斗力生成，有序開展各項訓練。

新力量加速入列，新裝備不斷列裝，新戰法持續落地……連日來，記者踏訪高原一線多個演訓場看到，各部隊聚焦實戰需求，持續革新訓練理念、升級訓練手段、重塑訓練格局，一幅火熱的練兵備戰圖景鋪展開來，新質戰斗力在高原一線加速集聚生成。

從“等指令”到“搶時機”，火箭軍某旅一營官兵摒棄傳統訓法，以賽道式連貫展開10余個實戰化課目訓練，用“速度快一秒、勝算多一分”的自覺追求踐行高原火箭兵精神；從“被動適應”到“主動適配”，空軍某部結合高原特殊環境，針對性改裝戰機關鍵系統，精准匹配高原特點和任務實際，專攻精練極限機動、低空突防、對地打擊等課目，最大限度挖掘裝備作戰潛能。

升級訓練手段，科技賦能激活戰力“新引擎”。模擬訓練艙內，新疆軍區某團官兵“駕駛”裝備車輛翻越高原達阪，天候、時段、路況隨機切換，沉浸式錘煉打贏本領；武警西藏總隊某支隊訓練場上，紅外無人機臨空偵察、精准定位，智能機器狗沖鋒突擊，無人裝備與單兵作戰深度耦合，以智能化練兵構築起堅固高效的安全屏障……各部隊探索新質戰斗力生成路徑，持續推開“智能+”練兵新模式，推動高原訓練向智能精訓跨越。

某點位上，空軍某部甘巴拉雷達站運用科技手段實現異地遠程遙控值勤模式，官兵戰位下沉千余米。不再為對抗惡劣環境分心，他們把更多精力投入戰備值勤和戰斗力提升上，常態開展聯網對抗、實裝實訓，部隊快速機動能力和預警能力明顯提升。

重塑訓練格局，體系聯動凝聚勝戰“新動能”。空軍某部主動融入體系，與前來駐訓的殲擊機部隊互為對手展開對抗，與各型無人機過招較量，在電磁攻防中不斷錘煉反干擾硬功，在一次次實戰化訓練中持續提升實戰能力；新疆軍區某旅攜手空軍友鄰部隊常態開展聯演聯訓，打通指揮鏈路、共享空情態勢，實現火力打擊全要素聯動、一體化抗擊……各部隊摒棄“各自為戰、單打獨斗”的觀念做法，主動打破軍兵種壁壘、打通協同堵點，推動新質戰斗力生成整體提質、全面增效。

曾經，這片雪域高原是令人望而生畏的“生命禁區”；如今，這裡已成為牽引部隊練兵備戰走深走實的“礪兵高地”。在一場場演訓、一次次沖鋒中，駐高原各部隊瞄准新質戰斗力生成規律，不斷打破思維定式，向新向強扎實用力，探尋解放和發展新質戰斗力的方法路徑。“這裡雖然高寒缺氧、環境艱苦，但我們的勝戰底氣越來越足！”一名高原戰士說。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Chinese #Quantum #technology, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #quantum computing warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, quantum computing warfare, 量子計算戰爭

Fundamentals of Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare

02/13/2026 admin Leave a comment

中國軍事情報戰基礎

現代英語：

[Abstract] Modern warfare is rapidly evolving into information warfare, and the emergence of intelligent warfare is beginning. Intelligent combat systems are becoming the main force form in intelligent warfare, giving rise to new combat styles such as adaptive warfare, cluster attrition warfare, and simultaneous parallel warfare. “Intelligence control” has become a new high ground for control in warfare. In the future, intelligent warfare will exhibit a phased and accelerated evolution. The development of intelligent technology will determine the direction of intelligent warfare, profoundly transforming the contradictory laws of war, and continuously strengthening war ethics and legal regulations. To meet the challenges of intelligent warfare, we must proactively design intelligent warfare, accelerate the development of intelligent equipment, shape intelligent organizational forms, and strengthen intelligent strategic management.

[Keywords] Intelligent warfare, Information warfare, Evolution of form of warfare, Strategic measures

[Chinese Library Classification Number] E0 [Document Identification Code] A

【DOI】10.16619/j.cnki.rmltxsqy.2021.10.002

Guo Ming is the Vice President, Researcher, and Doctoral Supervisor of the Institute of War Studies at the Academy of Military Sciences of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army. His research focuses on military command. His major works include *Tactics of War* (chief editor) and *A Course in Special Operations* (chief editor).

In recent years, driven by a new round of technological, industrial, and military revolutions, the form of warfare is rapidly evolving towards information warfare, and intelligent warfare is on the verge of emerging. As a new form of future warfare, intelligent warfare is not only revolutionizing people’s understanding of war and military affairs, but is also increasingly attracting the attention of countries around the world. Exploring and mastering the characteristics and laws of intelligent warfare and accelerating the development of military intelligence are contemporary challenges for safeguarding the overall strategic situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

A deep understanding of the driving forces behind the evolution of intelligent warfare

The form of war is the historical stage of war, characterized by the technical attributes of the main weapons, and is the manifestation of human society’s mode of production and movement in the military field. [1] Historically, the form of war has undergone several evolutions from cold weapon war, hot weapon war, mechanized war to information warfare, and is currently evolving towards intelligent warfare. This is the result of the combined effects of multiple factors such as politics, economy, military, science and technology, and culture.

The new round of technological revolution is the fundamental driving force behind the evolution of intelligent warfare. Science and technology are the primary productive forces and the core combat power of modern warfare. Major breakthroughs in military technology and landmark developments in dominant weaponry have triggered entirely new changes in military organization, combat methods, and operational theories, leading to a holistic transformation of warfare and the emergence of new forms of conflict. Since the beginning of the 21st century, new technologies characterized by “intelligence, ubiquity, and greenness” have emerged in rapid succession. In particular, artificial intelligence, driven by new technologies and theories such as mobile internet, big data, supercomputing, and brain science, exhibits new characteristics such as deep learning, cross-disciplinary integration, human-machine collaboration, collective intelligence development, and autonomous control. This has triggered a chain of breakthroughs in the military field, significantly changing the way people, weapons, and the ways in which people and weapons, and weapons and weapons, are combined. Various intelligent equipment projects have emerged, including “multi-purpose unmanned tactical transport” ground vehicles, “loyal wingman” drones, “Stingray” shipborne unmanned refueling aircraft, “Sea Hunter” anti-submarine unmanned surface vessels, satellite robots, “cyberspace vehicles,” “adaptive radar countermeasures,” and the “Alpha” beyond-visual-range air combat system. Human-machine hybrid formations, unmanned swarm warfare, and system-based cognitive deception will become possible. Systemic major innovations have emerged in various fields such as combat methods, command and control, organizational structure, logistics support, and military training. Intelligent warfare, which “uses intelligence to control capabilities,” has begun to emerge.

Strategic competition among major powers is the driving force behind the evolution of intelligent warfare. Military affairs are subordinate to politics, and strategy is subordinate to political strategy. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that war is “the highest form of struggle used to resolve contradictions between classes, nations, states, and political groups at a certain stage of development.” [2] Strategic competition among major powers and the resulting military demands are key factors driving the evolution of warfare. During World War II, although the armies of Britain, France, Germany, the United States, and the Soviet Union all possessed tanks, aircraft, and radio communication equipment, only Germany successfully implemented “blitzkrieg.” One very important reason was that Germany attempted to use this to break the strategic dilemma of fighting on two fronts. Currently, the world is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century, and the international balance of power is undergoing the most revolutionary changes since modern times, with profound adjustments taking place in the international political and economic landscape. Out of strategic considerations to maintain its world hegemony, the United States proposed the “Third Offset Strategy,” which clearly prioritizes artificial intelligence and autonomy as the technological pillars for development. It accelerates the development of military intelligence from aspects such as war design, operational concept development, technology research and development, and military spending, actively seizing the initiative in the military intelligence revolution and seeking to gain strategic initiative with new technological advantages. Russia insists on investing its limited scientific and technological resources in areas with high strategic value, cutting-edge technology, and great practicality, and regards intelligence as the key to the modernization of weapons and equipment. It has clearly proposed to increase the proportion of unmanned combat systems to 30% by 2025. [3] Other major powers such as Britain, France, India, and Japan are not to be outdone and have increased their investment and deployment in military intelligence. The fierce international strategic competition not only affects the strategic focus of military intelligence development in various countries, but also promotes the evolution and development of intelligent warfare.

Military theoretical innovation is the ideological precursor driving the evolution of intelligent warfare. It plays a significant guiding role in the development of military technology and the evolution of warfare. Human warfare history shows that for cutting-edge technologies and their materialized weaponry to truly achieve combat capability, they must be guided by advanced military theory. There are numerous examples of clinging to existing military theories and missing opportunities to build and utilize new combat capabilities. The US military has always emphasized designing warfare from a technological perspective, using the development of new operational concepts to drive innovation and leaps in defense technology, weaponry, and combat capabilities. The new operational concepts proposed by the US military in recent years all revolve around the top-level operational concept of “cross-domain collaboration.” For example, the US Air Force’s “distributed operations” decouples capabilities through “distribution” and then aggregates them through “collaboration,” thereby constructing a complete operational system. Reflected in force allocation and application, this means a small number of manned aircraft collaborating with a large number of intelligent unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with decomposed functions to form an operational system. In August 2020, the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) organized the third human-machine air combat concept demonstration. In the final virtual duel, the artificial intelligence team decisively defeated the human pilot team. Russia has clearly identified military robots as a key direction for the development of military intelligence. In April of this year, Russian media disclosed that its Aerospace Forces’ “Lightning” multi-functional unmanned system has completed group deployment tests and is capable of achieving the Russian military’s “swarm” combat concept attack mission. [4] The core of these combat concepts that already have certain intelligent characteristics is to explore how intelligent warfare can coordinate the use of various military forces through the improvement of “intelligence” to defeat the opponent and achieve a complete victory with cross-domain asymmetric advantages. The formation of intelligent warfare depends on a deep understanding of intelligent technology, keen insight into its military application potential, and a high degree of integration of the art of war with intelligent technology innovation and development of intelligent military theory.

Exploring practical warfare is the primary means of driving the evolution of intelligent warfare. The evolution of warfare is a dynamic process; each form of warfare undergoes a process of quantitative change leading to qualitative change, and gradual change leading to sudden change. Compared to the rise of information warfare, intelligent warfare currently lacks a complete and typical practical example like the Gulf War. However, experiments and practices in intelligent warfare are propelling intelligent warfare from its inception to its nascent stage, and from its early stages to its advanced levels. In 2015, Russia, in the Syrian war, for the first time deployed four tracked Platform-M combat robots and two wheeled Argo combat robots in a structured manner, along with unmanned reconnaissance aircraft and the Andromeda-D automated command system, pioneering ground combat operations primarily based on combat robots. In January 2018, the Russian military, for the first time in the Syrian theater, used anti-intelligent equipment to destroy, jam, and capture 13 incoming drones. In September 2019, more than a dozen drones attacked two Saudi oil facilities, halving their oil production. In the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, during the Azerbaijani army’s attack on the Armenian army, unmanned combat platforms exceeded manned platforms for the first time, reaching more than 75%. The number, frequency, and intensity of drone use were all the highest in the history of human warfare. [5] These practical explorations in intelligent warfare will not only promote the application of intelligent equipment on the battlefield to a wider range, a larger number of deployments, and more complex combat scenarios, but will also promote the gradual upgrading of intelligent warfare methods and anti-intelligent warfare methods in the confrontation, thereby accelerating the profound evolution of intelligent warfare.

Accurately grasp the essential characteristics of intelligent warfare

The mechanized era, represented by steam engines and internal combustion engines, greatly expanded human physical capabilities; the information age, represented by the internet and precision-guided systems, achieved an unprecedented leap in human perception; and the rapid development of intelligent technologies, represented by deep learning and autonomous decision-making, is accumulating the material and capability foundation for the intelligent era of “intelligent control of energy.” From a military perspective, the new combat forces composed of intelligent payloads, intelligent platforms, and intelligent systems will give rise to new combat styles such as unmanned swarm warfare, cognitive control warfare, and intelligent algorithm warfare. Seizing “intellectual control” will become a new commanding height in warfare.

Intelligent combat systems have become the primary form of force. The core essence of intelligent combat systems lies in “human command, machine autonomy, and network support,” a key difference from the mechanized and information-based eras. Intelligence is not unmanned; intelligent combat systems are “unmanned platforms, manned systems”—weapons in the foreground, personnel in the background. Intelligence is not about weapons becoming human, but rather the transplantation of human intelligence into weapons, achieving a high degree of integration between humans and weapons. While current artificial intelligence technology is developing rapidly, it is still human-led and human-mediated, essentially reflecting progress in human understanding of intelligence. Regardless of breakthroughs in intelligent technology, humans will remain the initiators, designers, and ultimate decision-makers of warfare. Human operational thinking is materialized into intelligent weapons in the form of rules, algorithms, software, and data. In war, intelligent weapons implement human operational intentions and achieve predetermined operational objectives. Behind the autonomous operation of intelligent weapons remains a contest of human operational methods, command styles, and willpower. Autonomy is the core attribute of military intelligence and the essential characteristic of intelligent combat forces. In other words, weaponry possesses some of the intellectual attributes of humans, enabling it to adapt to the battlefield environment, self-coordinate complex actions, and self-organize force formations under human decision-making and control. Therefore, all the advantages of intelligent combat forces derive from this characteristic of autonomy. Intelligent combat forces also possess speed; as combat operations are increasingly autonomous, the cycle time of “observation-judgment-decision-strike” will be shortened to near-instantaneous response, thus achieving a generational leap in action speed and combat rhythm. Network technology has spurred the iterative development of the Internet, the Internet of Things, and the Internet of Intelligence, forming the foundation for improving mechanization, achieving informatization, and supporting intelligence. The rapid development of new network technologies such as the Internet of Everything and human-machine interaction is leading combat formations towards a hybrid “manned/unmanned” approach, supporting intelligent combat forces through efficient collaborative networks, enabling mission customization, autonomous formation, and flexible collaboration. Once the network environment on which intelligent combat systems heavily rely is disrupted or the links are broken, their combat functions will suffer significant damage or even paralysis. This has prompted countries worldwide to pay close attention to the resilience of intelligent combat systems against interference and attacks.

Autonomous warfare has become the primary mode of combat. With the widespread application of intelligent combat systems to the armed forces and their gradual emergence as the main combat force on the battlefield, autonomous warfare has risen to become the primary mode of combat, profoundly changing combat styles in terms of autonomy, scale, flexibility, and cognition. Based on the current development trend of military intelligence, it can be predicted that the following combat styles will emerge in the future. First, adaptive warfare. This relies on the autonomous learning capabilities of intelligent weapons to react quickly to complex battlefield environments, achieving autonomous judgment, decision-making, and execution of combat actions, maximizing combat effectiveness. Specific applications include “rapid pinpoint warfare,” “intelligent network paralysis warfare,” and “bionic special operations warfare.” The main advantage of this combat style is that it can greatly overcome inherent weaknesses such as human psychological limitations, combat time limitations, and combat mobility limitations, making it particularly suitable for carrying out combat missions deep into enemy-occupied areas, nuclear radiation zones, and other high-risk areas. Simultaneously, leveraging the agility of intelligent weapons, the rapid pace of attack prevents the enemy from organizing an effective response, thus elevating the use of speed to a new level. Second, cluster attrition warfare. This refers to a combat style that primarily utilizes intelligent unmanned swarms, supplemented by a small number of manned combat systems. It mimics the “collective intelligence” exhibited by animal groups in nature, executing combat missions through a group-based autonomous and collaborative model. Specific applications include “swarm” warfare, “fish school” warfare, and “wolf pack” warfare. The main advantage of this style is the use of low-cost, small intelligent weapons to destroy high-value enemy targets through saturation or suicide attacks, transforming numerical superiority into an asymmetric system advantage over traditional large main battle platforms. Thirdly, there is synchronous parallel warfare. This involves decomposing combat functions into multiple heterogeneous small manned and unmanned combat platforms deployed across the entire domain. By establishing a distributed communication network among these platforms, synchronization is achieved in combat time, space, and hierarchy, enabling a systematic approach to completing combat missions. The main advantage of this style is the use of intelligent networks extending to widely distributed intelligent sensors, combat platforms, and individual soldier systems to conduct synchronous and parallel strikes, seizing combat superiority.

“Intelligence dominance” has become the core of warfare. The development of warfare dominance aligns with the evolution of warfare itself. Firepower and mobility are the dominant factors for victory in mechanized warfare, with land, sea, and air dominance becoming the core of the struggle for dominance. Information power is the dominant factor for victory in informationized warfare, with space and information dominance becoming the core of the struggle for dominance. Intelligent superiority is the dominant factor for victory in intelligent warfare, with “intelligence dominance” becoming the core of the struggle for dominance. Intelligent dominance, autonomous energy control, and winning through intelligence will become the fundamental principles of intelligent warfare. The struggle for “intelligence dominance” is essentially a comprehensive contest of “algorithms + data + cognition.” Algorithms are the core of intelligent technology; “algorithms as tactics, software-defined warfare” have become distinctive features of intelligent warfare. The core of algorithm construction is creating abstract models based on problems and selecting different methods to complete the algorithm design according to the target problem. The side with algorithmic advantage can accurately simulate combat scenarios, precisely estimate combat results, and maximize the deduction of optimal combat plans, providing a powerful means to achieve victory before the battle even begins. “Whoever has the most advanced algorithm will gain the upper hand” has become a new law of warfare. Data is a core resource for many disruptive technologies in the era of intelligence. Mastering, analyzing, and competing for data, and applying it to warfare, has become crucial to victory in intelligent warfare. Intelligent weapons possess some human intellectual characteristics, making the cognitive domain a focal point of conflict. Targeting cognitive loops, relying on intelligent technology to limit the enemy’s acquisition of effective information, force them to use incorrect information, delay cognitive speed, induce cognitive patterns, and block cognitive output, can disrupt enemy command and decision-making, undermine their morale, and achieve customizable and controllable application of the ancient war rule of “winning hearts and minds.” In information warfare, the side that loses information control, although its personnel and platforms may not be destroyed, loses smooth communication and cannot form an organic whole. In intelligent warfare, without intelligent advantage, even with information and energy superiority, the loss of human-machine coordination and autonomous decision-making failures will lead to a significant reduction in overall combat effectiveness.

Intelligentization has not changed the essential nature of war. Marshal Ye Jianying pointed out that “war is fought in two ways: first, politics, and second, technology. Politics determines the nature of war, and technology determines the style of war”[6]. Intelligent warfare has not overturned the basic principles of Marxist war theory, but many new developments and changes will occur in its basic scope. On the one hand, the political determinism of intelligent warfare has not changed, and it is still a tool of politics. Politics determines the motivation, purpose and nature of war. Without the purpose of war determined by politics, war becomes blind killing, and war has no soul. In the present era, hegemonism and power politics are still the main sources of war. Ethnic and religious contradictions, energy resource competition, territorial sovereignty and maritime rights disputes will still be the direct causes of war. The widespread use of unmanned autonomous systems has blurred the boundary between war and non-war. The reduction of strategic and military risks may lead to a reduction in the threshold of future wars. In particular, the dual-use nature of intelligent technologies and the widespread adoption of “open source sharing” models such as crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, and maker initiatives have made the acquisition of equipment and technologies increasingly commercialized. This will profoundly change the main actors in warfare in the intelligent era, leading to a more diversified landscape of war actors, primarily non-state actors. On the other hand, the political factors determining victory in intelligent warfare remain unchanged, still determined by the nature of war itself. Wars that promote historical progress and reflect the political goals of the majority of society are just wars; conversely, those that do not are unjust wars. The principle that just wars will inevitably win, and that the people are the foundation of victory, will remain the ironclad rule for victory in the era of intelligent warfare. However, as intelligent technologies give rise to intelligent societies, the role and status of the public in intelligent warfare will be redefined, significantly expanding the breadth and depth of public participation. The public will increasingly become the direct targets of attack, the main body of defense, and a strong support in intelligent warfare. Therefore, it is essential to examine intelligent warfare dialectically and comprehensively, avoiding purely military or technological perspectives, recognizing the “changes” and “unchanging aspects” of intelligent warfare, and thus exploring the path to victory in intelligent warfare.

Scientific prediction of the development trend of intelligent warfare

At present, intelligent warfare is still in its infancy. Predicting the development trend of intelligent warfare is both necessary and challenging. Some scholars have pointed out that although we can roughly judge the future development trends of technologies such as machine learning, industrial robots, and materials science, we cannot accurately predict how these technologies will be combined and what specific impact they will have on future warfare. [7] This requires us to break away from the mindset of starting from individual technologies and focus on understanding the possible development trends of intelligent warfare as a whole.

Intelligent warfare will evolve in stages. With the exponential, combined, and data-driven progress of modern science and technology, as well as the accelerated transformation and application in the military field, the process of weapon and equipment transformation is constantly shortening. In addition, the world is currently in a period of great development, great change, and great adjustment. Regional turmoil and local wars will become the norm, and the exploration of intelligent combat practices will become more frequent. All of these will promote the accelerated development of intelligent warfare. At the same time, due to the limitations of subjective and objective conditions such as the development of intelligent technology, the integration of intelligent forces into the combat system, and the updating of military viewpoints, the evolution of intelligent warfare will show obvious stages. Some scholars have proposed that in order to truly enter intelligent warfare, artificial intelligence technology needs to reach four levels, namely computational intelligence, perceptual intelligence, cognitive intelligence, and human-machine integrated enhanced intelligence. When artificial intelligence technology reaches the second level, intelligent warfare will begin. When it reaches the fourth level, the era of intelligent warfare will be fully opened. [8] Based on this, it can be preliminarily judged that a relatively typical intelligent warfare will appear in the next 15 years or so, and intelligent warfare may become the basic form of warfare in the next 30 years. Practice shows that every change in the military field and every evolution of the form of warfare originates from the rise of new-type combat forces. New-type combat forces, due to their unique and advanced military technologies, possess a “trump card” nature, often disrupting the balance of power on the battlefield and becoming key forces for victory. Once these new-type combat forces are integrated into the combat system and deployed on a large scale in actual warfare, it signifies a fundamental change in the nature of warfare. The true emergence of intelligent warfare will inevitably be the result of the development and expansion of new combat forces such as intelligent unmanned combat platforms and intelligent unmanned combat swarms, integrating them into the existing combat system. This is a gradual and deepening long-term process, and achieving deep integration from initial integration will not be accomplished overnight.

The development of intelligent technology will determine the direction of intelligent warfare. Intelligent technology is a science and technology that comprehensively develops and utilizes cutting-edge technologies such as brain and cognition, biological intersection, advanced computing, big data, and micro-nano technology to study the mechanisms of intelligent behavior and its realization. As the fundamental driving force and material basis for the evolution of intelligent warfare, the development trend, industrial foundation, technological maturity, and depth and breadth of its application in the military field directly determine the future direction of intelligent warfare. In its more than 60 years of development, artificial intelligence technology has experienced three rises and two falls. Currently, the development of artificial intelligence is still in the early stages of statistical learning and may remain in the stage of weak artificial intelligence for a long time. Strong artificial intelligence, which can evolve independently of humans, is difficult to achieve in the short term. The development and breakthroughs of intelligent technology directly determine whether intelligentization is a higher stage of informatization or a stage even higher than informatization. Currently, the driving force of intelligent technology development on intelligent warfare is concentrated in the following aspects: First, intelligent technology empowers existing weapons and equipment. Although current development primarily focuses on dedicated intelligent systems for specific application scenarios, it has already continuously improved the combat effectiveness of traditional main combat platforms such as aircraft carriers and aircraft, gradually evolving from direct human control to the ability to autonomously complete specific combat missions. Secondly, intelligent technology is transforming future combat command models. The integration and transformation of command and control systems by intelligent technology will promote the hybridization of command entities, the flexibility of command structures, and the agility of command models. Competition for adaptive, self-organizing, and self-coordinating command advantages at the operational level will intensify. Thirdly, intelligent technology is updating future combat processes. Intelligent technology will converge and integrate multiple kill chains across land, sea, air, and space combat domains into a cross-domain kill network, fundamentally changing the traditional single-process combat “from sensor to shooter.”

The laws of contradiction in intelligent warfare will undergo profound changes. Applying the laws of contradiction in warfare is a primary means of understanding its laws, and the confrontation between opposing sides is the fundamental contradiction in war. For intelligent warfare, these fundamental contradictions will manifest as competitive relationships such as concealment versus detection, cognition versus deception, network resilience versus network incapacity, attack versus interception, speed of action versus speed of decision-making, winning popular support versus undermining morale, attrition versus effectiveness, and delivery versus denial. With the accelerated development of intelligent technology, these core combat confrontations will become increasingly intense, and the exchange of advantages will become more frequent, thus driving intelligent warfare towards maturity. The confrontation between concealment and detection on the future battlefield will evolve towards greater intelligence, faster response, smaller size, and lower cost. Intelligent technology, as a strategic high ground technology for wielding the “double-edged sword” of information explosion, will intensify the confrontation of enhancing one’s own battlefield situational awareness and misleading, deceiving, and confusing the enemy. Intelligent network information system design and dynamic target defense technologies provide new ideas for network construction in future warfare, while cognitive electromagnetic manipulation and electromagnetic spectrum warfare, and intelligent cyberspace confrontation technologies provide new ways to attack enemy networks. The development of autonomous unmanned systems and smart munitions is expected to optimize attack methods and enhance offensive power in future warfare. The development of autonomous homing weapons and ultra-short-range interception and active protection capabilities will significantly improve the ability to defend against new threats. Autonomous unmanned systems and swarm collaboration technologies will significantly improve operational speed, while intelligent decision-making assistance and swarm intelligence operating systems can greatly improve decision-making speed. The ubiquitous network, social media, and smart terminals are deeply integrated into human life, unprecedentedly increasing the speed, scope, and accuracy of information dissemination. With the emergence of low-cost swarm drones and missiles, future warfare may well overwhelm enemy defenses with low-cost combat platforms, forcing the enemy into a war they cannot defend against or afford.

The ethical and legal regulations governing intelligent warfare will continue to strengthen. Intelligent technology is a double-edged sword; while driving the evolution of warfare towards intelligent warfare, it also brings a series of new ethical issues and legal dilemmas. For example, is it ethical to entrust machines with the power to decide human life and death? When machines possess the power to control human life and death, humanity may not be facing a brighter future, but rather a bottomless abyss of darkness. Another example is who should be held accountable for war crimes committed by intelligent weapons? This may involve the weapons themselves, users, designers, and manufacturers, and a series of resulting dilemmas regarding responsibility and rights. In recent years, the international community has increasingly emphasized the legal regulation of intelligent weapons, conducting international dialogues through international conferences, establishing relevant institutions to study legal regulatory principles, and issuing ethical guidelines for artificial intelligence, among other things. In July 2017, the Chinese government released the “New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan,” proposing at the national strategic level to “initially establish a legal, ethical, and policy system for artificial intelligence” and “ensure the safe, reliable, and controllable development of artificial intelligence.” In April 2019, the European Commission released ethical guidelines for artificial intelligence, proposing seven conditions including transparency, fairness, safety, and human oversight. In October 2019, the U.S. Defense Innovation Board proposed five principles for the application of military artificial intelligence: responsibility, fairness, traceability, reliability, and controllability. Looking to the future, there is an urgent need for the international community to prioritize security and reliability as a key development direction for intelligent technologies. Strategic dialogue is crucial in areas such as the explainability and transparency of military intelligence, preventing the security risks of “instantaneous collapse” of autonomous weapon systems, and the design of new rules of engagement. This dialogue aims to promote the establishment of international rules for the military application of artificial intelligence and jointly address the global challenges that intelligent warfare may bring.

Strategic initiatives to meet the challenges of intelligent warfare

The advent of intelligent warfare may create a new military generation gap, militarily impacting the balance of power between nations and even triggering a new round of great power rise and fall. Intelligent warfare presents both new and unprecedented challenges to national security and a rare strategic opportunity for our military to achieve a leapfrog development. Faced with these opportunities and challenges, there is an urgent need for forward-looking planning, strategic deployment, and comprehensive measures to seize the strategic high ground in future military competition and firmly grasp the strategic initiative in safeguarding national security and winning intelligent warfare.

Proactively design intelligent warfare. First-rate armies design warfare, second-rate armies respond to warfare, and third-rate armies follow warfare. Facing the impending intelligent warfare, we must anticipate and proactively design warfare as early as possible, aiming to transform from following, keeping pace, to leading, and strive to become visionaries and rule-makers of future warfare. First, we must focus on designing intelligent warfare from a technological perspective, enhancing our understanding of cutting-edge technologies, keenly grasping new trends in technological development, and identifying key areas, directions, and technologies that can trigger the evolution of warfare. We must design the initiative of warfare through technological advancement, the flexibility of warfare through technological integration, and the asymmetry of warfare through technological disruption. Second, we must focus on strengthening the development of new intelligent combat concepts, considering the future security threats facing my country and the missions undertaken by our military. Based on the development, application, and impact of military intelligence, we must focus on how to leverage intelligent warfare to overcome the war threats and strategic dilemmas facing my country. Around various strategic directions and new security fields, we must systematically envision the intelligent combat scenarios that may be faced in the future, vigorously promote innovation in intelligent combat theory, and accelerate the construction of an intelligent combat theory system with Chinese characteristics. Third, we should focus on strengthening the demand-driven development of intelligent warfare, focusing on new intelligent warfare styles, systematically describing the required capabilities, systems, and equipment, and using operational needs to drive the development of military intelligence, ensuring that operational needs are implemented in all aspects and throughout the entire process of military intelligence development, and comprehensively improving the combat effectiveness of military intelligence development.

Developing intelligent weaponry and equipment. Intelligent weaponry and equipment are the material foundation of intelligent warfare and an important symbol of an intelligent military. First, we must adhere to system construction. Information warfare is about systems, and intelligent warfare is even more about systems. Currently, intelligent weaponry and equipment, represented by intelligent command and control systems, intelligent drones, intelligent tanks, intelligent missiles, and intelligent landmines, are still in a stage of fragmented development and far from forming a systematic development. How to build an intelligent weaponry and equipment system, especially an intelligent network information system, has become a major strategic issue facing us. Second, we must adhere to a balanced approach of offense and defense. Where there is a spear, there will inevitably be a shield; where there is intelligent weaponry and equipment, there will inevitably be anti-intelligent weaponry and equipment. We must coordinate the development of offensive and defensive intelligent weaponry and equipment. For intelligent weaponry and equipment, once the enemy obtains the source code, it is equivalent to gaining the right to use the weapon. This places new and higher demands on the construction of intelligent weaponry and equipment that combines offense and defense. Third, we must coordinate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence. We must adhere to the principle of supporting intelligence with mechanization and informatization, and driving mechanization and informatization with intelligence. Through the coupling, proportional optimization, and system integration of elements of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence, we can accelerate the transformation, upgrading, and efficiency improvement of intelligent weaponry and equipment construction.

Shaping an intelligent organizational structure. Without the modernization of the military’s organizational structure, there can be no modernization of national defense and the armed forces. The fundamental function of the military’s organizational system is to ensure the effective integration of personnel and equipment, enabling the formation and continuous improvement of the military’s overall combat capability. To win intelligent wars and build an intelligent military, it is essential to establish an intelligent organizational system and construct an intelligent military force system. An intelligent military force system is an organic whole comprised of combat forces with intelligent weapon platforms as its backbone, organized according to human-machine collaboration and machine self-organization collaboration, conducting combat operations under authorized control or supervision by humans, as well as combat support forces providing reconnaissance, intelligence, communication, and algorithm design, and logistics and equipment support forces. Following the principles of “emphasizing coordinated development, focusing on competitive advantages, and promoting system integration,” and centering on expanding the scale and optimizing troop composition, while inheriting the traditional tree-like structure and service branch structure organizational models, a dual organizational system balancing stability and innovation should be established. Efforts should be made to construct a command system with a virtualized center of gravity, explore and innovate new organizational methods such as cross-domain mixed forces and manned/unmanned mixed formations, and strive to achieve the flexible, organic, and efficient operation of the intelligent military force system.

Strengthening Strategic Management of Intelligentization. The evolution of intelligent warfare begins with technology and is perfected through management. To meet the challenges of intelligent warfare and accelerate the development of military intelligence, we must prioritize strategic management, focusing on improving the quality and efficiency of military intelligence development and the operational efficiency of intelligent military systems. From a holistic perspective, we must strengthen overall planning, system design, centralized management, and categorized guidance, forging a path of intensive and efficient intelligent development. Adapting to the rapid response capabilities required by intelligent warfare, we must optimize management systems and mechanisms, adopting networked and autonomous management models. We must improve the planning and implementation of cutting-edge intelligent technology research and development and the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements, increasing R&D investment and support to ensure that technological innovation remains at the forefront of the times. We must strengthen the construction of a military standard system for artificial intelligence, promptly promulgate relevant laws, regulations, and rules concerning intelligent facilities, intelligent systems, intelligent weaponry, intelligent personnel, and intelligent warfare, and continuously improve key policies and systems supporting the development of military intelligence. Given the ubiquitous and easily disseminated nature of artificial intelligence technology, and the high degree of coupling between national strategic capabilities, social productivity, and military combat effectiveness, we must further optimize the open and integrated layout of intelligentization construction, streamline organizational leadership mechanisms, build a favorable development environment, and promote the organic unity of national prosperity and military strength.

現代國語：

【摘要】現代戰爭正迅速向資訊戰演進，智能戰的興起已然開始。智慧作戰系統正成為智慧戰的主力運動形態，催生出適應性戰爭、集群消耗戰、同步並行戰等新型作戰方式。「智慧控制」已成為戰爭控制的新制高點。未來，智能戰將呈現階段性、加速演進的趨勢。智慧科技的發展將決定智慧戰的方向，深刻變革戰爭中相互矛盾的規律，並不斷強化戰爭倫理和法律規範。為因應智慧戰的挑戰，必須積極主動地進行智慧戰設計，加速智慧裝備的研發，塑造智慧化的組織形態，並加強智慧化的策略管理。

【關鍵字】智能戰，資訊戰，戰爭形式演變，戰略措施

【中國圖書館分類號】E0 【文獻識別碼】A

【DOI】10.16619/j.cnki.rmltxsqy.2021.10.002

郭明，中國人民解放軍軍事科學學院戰爭研究所副所長、研究員、博士生導師。研究方向為軍事指揮。主要著作包括《戰爭戰術》（編）和《特種作戰教程》（編）。

近年來，在新一輪技術、工業和軍事革命的推動下，戰爭形式正迅速向資訊戰演變，智慧戰即將興起。作為一種新型的未來戰爭形式，智能戰不僅正在革新人們對戰爭和軍事事務的理解，也日益受到世界各國的關注。探索和掌握智慧戰爭的特徵和規律，加速軍事情報發展，是維護中華民族偉大復興整體戰略情勢的當代挑戰。

深入理解智慧戰爭演進的驅動力

戰爭形式是戰爭的歷史階段，以主要武器的技術屬性為特徵，是人類社會在軍事領域的生產和運動方式的體現。 [1] 從歷史上看，戰爭形式經歷了冷戰、熱戰、機械化戰爭、資訊戰等多次演進，目前正朝著智慧戰爭演進。這是政治、經濟、軍事、科技、文化等多種因素共同作用的結果。

新一輪科技革命是智慧戰爭演進的根本驅動力。科技是現代戰爭的主要生產力和核心戰鬥力。軍事技術的重大突破和主導武器裝備的里程碑式發展，引發了軍事組織、作戰方式和作戰理論的徹底變革，導致戰爭的全面轉型和新型衝突形式的出現。自21世紀初以來，以「智慧化、普及化、綠色化」為特徵的新技術層出不窮。特別是人工智慧，在行動互聯網、大數據、超級運算、腦科學等新技術和理論的驅動下，展現出深度學習、跨學科融合、人機協作、集體智慧發展和自主控制等新特徵。這引發了軍事領域的一系列突破，顯著改變了人員、武器以及人員與武器、武器與武器的結合方式。各種智慧裝備計畫相繼湧現，包括「多用途無人戰術運輸」地面車輛、「忠誠僚機」無人機、「魟魚」艦載無人加油機、「海上獵人」反潛無人水面艦艇、衛星機器人、「網路空間車輛」、「自適應雷達對抗」以及「阿爾法」超視距空戰系統。人機混合編隊、無人群聚作戰和基於系統的認知欺騙將成為可能。作戰方式、指揮控制、組織結構、後勤支援、軍事訓練等各領域都出現了系統性的重大創新。「以情報控制能力」的智慧戰爭開始出現。

大國間的戰略競爭是智慧戰爭演進的驅動力。軍事從屬於政治，戰略從屬於政治戰略。毛澤東同志指出戰爭是「在特定發展階段，為解決階級、民族、國家和政治團體之間矛盾而採取的最高形式的鬥爭」。 [2] 大國間的戰略競爭及其所產生的軍事需求是推動戰爭演變的關鍵因素。二戰期間，儘管英國、法國、德國、美國和蘇聯的軍隊都擁有坦克、飛機和無線電通訊設備，但只有德國成功實施了「閃電戰」。一個非常重要的原因是，德國試圖利用閃電戰來打破兩線作戰的戰略困境。目前，世界正經歷百年未有之大變局，國際力量平衡正經歷近代以來最劇烈的變革，國際政治經濟格局正在發生深刻的調整。出於維護其世界霸權的戰略考量，美國提出了“第三次抵消戰略”，該戰略明確將人工智慧和自主性作為發展的兩大技術支柱。它從戰爭設計、作戰概念發展、技術研發和軍費開支等各方面加速軍事情報的發展，積極在軍事情報革命中搶佔先機，力求憑藉新的技術優勢獲得戰略主動權。俄羅斯堅持將有限的科技資源投入到具有高戰略價值、尖端技術和實用性的領域，並將情報視為武器裝備現代化的關鍵。俄羅斯已明確提出2025年將無人作戰系統的比例提高到30%。 [3] 英國、法國、印度和日本等其他大國也不甘示弱，紛紛加大對軍事情報的投入與部署。激烈的國際戰略競爭不僅影響各國軍事情報發展的戰略重點，也推動智慧戰的演進與發展。

軍事理論創新是推動智慧戰演進的思想先導，在軍事技術發展和戰爭演進中扮演重要的指導角色。人類戰爭史表明，尖端技術及其物質化武器要真正發揮作戰能力，必須以先進的軍事理論為指導。固守現有軍事理論而錯失建構和運用新型作戰能力的案例不勝枚舉。美軍始終強調從技術角度設計戰爭，透過發展新的作戰概念來推動國防技術、武器裝備和作戰能力的創新與飛躍。近年來美軍提出的新作戰概念均圍繞著「跨域協同」這一最高作戰概念。例如，美軍的「分散式作戰」透過「分散式」將各項能力解耦，再透過「協同」將其聚合，從而建構一個完整的作戰系統。這體現在兵力部署和運用上，意味著少量有人駕駛飛機與大量功能分解的智慧無人機協同作戰，形成一個完整的作戰系統。 2020年8月，美國國防高級研究計畫局（DARPA）組織了第三次人機空戰概念展示。在最終的虛擬對決中，人工智慧團隊取得了決定性的勝利。俄羅斯已明確將軍用機器人視為軍事情報發展的關鍵方向。今年4月，俄羅斯媒體揭露，其空天軍「閃電」多功能無人系統已完成集群部署測試，能夠執行俄軍「集群」作戰概念的攻擊任務。 [4] 這些已具備一定智慧特質的作戰概念的核心在於探索如何透過提升「智慧」來協調各軍事力量的運用，從而憑藉跨域非對稱優勢擊敗對手並取得全面勝利。智慧戰的形成依賴於對智慧技術的深刻理解、對其軍事應用潛力的敏銳洞察，以及戰爭藝術與智慧技術創新和智慧軍事理論發展的高度融合。

探索實戰是推動智能戰演進的首要途徑。戰爭的演變是一個動態過程；每一種戰爭形式都會經歷一個從數量變化到質量變化的過程。漸進式變革最終會導致突發式變革。與資訊戰的興起相比，智能戰目前尚缺乏像海灣戰爭那樣完整且典型的實戰案例。然而，智慧戰領域的實驗和實踐正推動智慧戰從萌芽階段發展到雛形階段，再從早期階段邁向高階階段。 2015年，俄羅斯在敘利亞戰爭中首次系統性地部署了四台履帶式「平台-M」戰鬥機器人和兩台輪式「阿爾戈」戰鬥機器人，並配合無人偵察機和「仙女座-D」自動化指揮系統，開創了以戰鬥機器人為主的地面作戰先河。 2018年1月，俄羅斯軍隊首次在敘利亞戰場使用反情報設備，摧毀、幹擾並捕獲了13架來襲無人機。 2019年9月，十幾架無人機襲擊了沙烏地阿拉伯的兩處石油設施，導致其石油產量減半。在2020年納戈爾諾-卡拉巴赫衝突中，阿塞拜疆軍隊進攻亞美尼亞軍隊期間，無人作戰平台的使用率首次超過有人作戰平台，達到75%以上。無人機的使用數量、頻率和強度均創人類戰爭史新高。 [5] 這些在智慧戰領域的實踐探索，不僅將推動智慧裝備在戰場上更廣泛地應用、部署更多種類、應對更複雜的作戰場景，還將促進對抗中智能戰方法和反智能戰方法的逐步升級，從而加速智能戰的深刻演進。

準確掌握智能戰的本質特徵

以蒸汽機和內燃機為代表的機械化時代極大地拓展了人類的體能；以互聯網和精確導引系統為代表的資訊時代，使人類的感知能力實現了前所未有的飛躍；以深度學習和自主決策為代表的智能技術的快速發展，正在為“智能能源控制”的智能時代積累物質和能力基礎。從軍事角度來看，由智慧載荷、智慧平台和智慧系統構成的新型作戰力量將催生無人集群戰、認知控制戰和智慧演算法戰等新型作戰方式。「智慧控制」將成為戰爭的新制高點。

智慧作戰系統已成為主要作戰形式。智慧作戰系統的核心在於“人指揮、機器自主、網路支援”，這與機械化和資訊時代有著關鍵區別。智慧並非無人化；智慧作戰系統是「無人平台、有人系統」──武器在前，人員在後。智慧並非武器人性化，而是將人類智慧移植到武器中，實現人與武器的高度融合。儘管目前的人工智慧技術發展迅速，但它仍然是由人主導和人類操控的，本質上反映了人類對智慧理解的進步。無論智慧科技如何突破，人類仍將是戰爭的發起者、設計者和最終決策者。人類的作戰思維以規則、演算法、軟體和資料的形式物化為智慧武器。在戰爭中，智慧武器執行人類的作戰意圖並實現預定的作戰目標。智慧武器的自主運作背後，仍是人類作戰方法、指揮風格和意志力的較量。自主性是軍事智慧的核心屬性，也是智慧作戰部隊的本質特徵。換句話說，武器具備人類的部分智慧屬性，使其能夠在人類的決策和控制下適應戰場環境、自主協調複雜行動並自主組織部隊陣型。因此，智慧作戰部隊的所有優勢都源自於自主性這項特質。智慧作戰部隊也具備速度優勢；隨著作戰行動日益自主化，「觀察-判斷-決策-打擊」的周期將縮短至近乎瞬時響應，從而實現行動速度和作戰節奏的代際飛躍。網路技術推動了互聯網、物聯網和智慧互聯網的迭代發展，為提升機械化水平、實現資訊化和支援情報化奠定了基礎。萬物互聯、人機互動等新型網路技術的快速發展正引領作戰編隊向著作為一種混合「有人/無人」模式，智慧作戰系統透過高效的協同網路支援智慧作戰力量，實現任務客製化、自主編隊和靈活協同。一旦智慧作戰系統高度依賴的網路環境遭到破壞或連結中斷，其作戰功能將遭受重大損害甚至癱瘓。這促使世界各國高度重視智慧作戰系統抵禦幹擾和攻擊的能力。

自主作戰已成為主要作戰模式。隨著智慧作戰系統在軍隊中的廣泛應用及其逐漸成為戰場主力，自主作戰已成為主要作戰模式，從自主性、規模、靈活性和認知等方面深刻改變了作戰方式。基於當前軍事智慧的發展趨勢，可以預測未來將出現以下幾種作戰模式。首先是自適應作戰。這種作戰模式依賴智慧武器的自主學習能力，快速回應複雜的戰場環境，實現自主判斷、決策和作戰行動執行，以最大限度地提高作戰效能。具體應用包括「快速精確打擊」、「智慧網路癱瘓戰」和「仿生特種作戰」。這種作戰方式的主要優勢在於能夠大幅克服人類心理、作戰時間、作戰機動性等方面的固有弱點，使其特別適用於深入敵佔區、核輻射區等高風險區域執行作戰任務。同時，憑藉著智慧武器的敏捷性，快速的攻擊節奏能夠阻止敵人組織有效的應對措施，從而將速度的運用提升到一個新的水平。其次是集群消耗戰。這種作戰方式主要利用智慧無人集群，輔以少量有人作戰系統。它模仿自然界動物群體所展現的“集體智慧”，透過基於群體的自主協作模式執行作戰任務。具體應用包括「蜂群戰」、「魚群戰」和「狼群戰」。這種作戰方式的主要優勢在於利用低成本、小型智慧武器，透過飽和攻擊或自殺式攻擊摧毀高價值敵方目標，從而將數量優勢轉化為對傳統大型主戰平台的不對稱系統優勢。第三種是同步並行作戰。這種作戰方式將作戰功能分解為部署在整個作戰域的多個異質小型有人和無人作戰平台。透過在這些平台之間建立分散式通訊網絡，實現作戰在時間、空間和層級上的同步，從而能夠系統地完成作戰任務。這種作戰方式的主要優點在於利用智慧網絡，將智慧感測器、作戰平台和單兵系統廣泛分佈，進行同步並行打擊，奪取作戰優勢。

「情報優勢」已成為戰爭的核心。戰爭優勢的發展與戰爭本身的演變一致。火力和機動性是機械化戰爭中取得勝利的關鍵因素，陸海空優勢成為爭奪優勢的核心。資訊力量是資訊化戰爭中致勝的關鍵因素，空間和資訊優勢成為爭奪主導權的核心。智慧優勢是智慧戰爭中致勝的關鍵因素，「智能主導」成為爭奪主導權的核心。智慧主導、自主能源控制和以智慧取勝將成為智慧戰爭的基本原則。「智能主導」的爭奪本質上是「演算法+資料+認知」的綜合較量。演算法是智慧技術的核心；「演算法即戰術，軟體定義戰爭」已成為智慧戰爭的顯著特徵。演算法建構的核心是基於問題創建抽像模型，並根據目標問題選擇不同的方法完成演算法設計。擁有演算法優勢的一方可以精確模擬作戰場景，準確評估作戰結果，並最大限度地推導出最優作戰方案，從而在戰鬥開始前就擁有製勝的強大手段。「誰擁有最先進的演算法誰就佔優勢」已成為新的戰爭法則。在智慧時代，數據是許多顛覆性技術的核心資源。在智慧戰爭中，掌握、分析和爭奪數據並將其應用於戰爭，已成為取得勝利的關鍵。智慧武器具備某些人類智力特徵，使得認知領域成為衝突的焦點。透過智慧技術，針對認知迴路，限制敵方獲取有效訊息，迫使其使用錯誤訊息，延緩其認知速度，誘導其認知模式，並阻斷其認知輸出，可以擾亂敵方的指揮和決策，打擊其士氣，從而實現對「贏得民心」這一古老戰爭法則的可定制化和可控應用。在資訊戰中，失去資訊控制的一方，即使其人員和平台可能未被摧毀，也會失去順暢的溝通，無法形成一個有機的整體。在智慧戰爭中，即使擁有資訊和能源優勢，如果沒有智慧優勢，人機協調的喪失和自主決策的失敗也會導致整體作戰效能的顯著下降。

智能化並未改變戰爭的本質。葉劍英元帥指出，「戰爭有兩種方式：一是政治，二是技術。政治決定戰爭的本質，技術決定戰爭的方式」[6]。智慧戰爭並未顛覆馬克思主義戰爭理論的基本原則，但其基本範圍將出現許多新的發展和變化。一方面，智慧戰爭的政治決定性並未改變，它仍是政治的工具。政治決定戰爭的動機、目的和本質。如果戰爭的目的沒有政治的確定，戰爭就變成了盲目的殺戮，戰爭失去了靈魂。在當今時代，霸權主義和強權政治仍然是戰爭的主要根源。民族和宗教矛盾、能源資源競爭、領土主權和海洋權益爭端仍將是戰爭的直接原因。無人自主系統的廣泛應用模糊了戰爭與非戰爭的界線。戰略和軍事風險的降低可能導致未來戰爭門檻的降低。尤其值得注意的是，智慧科技的雙重用途特性以及眾包、眾籌、創客計畫等「開源共享」模式的廣泛應用，使得裝備和技術的獲取日益商業化。這將深刻改變智慧時代戰爭的主要參與者，導致戰爭行為體更加多元化，其中非國家行為者特別突出。另一方面，決定智慧戰爭勝負的政治因素依然不變，仍取決於戰爭本身的本質。促進歷史進步並反映社會大多數人政治目標的戰爭是正義戰爭；反之，則為非正義戰爭。正義戰爭必勝、人民是勝利基石的原則，仍將是智慧戰爭時代勝利的鐵律。然而，隨著智慧科技催生智慧社會，公眾在智慧戰爭中的角色和地位將被重新定義，公眾參與的廣度和深度將顯著提升。公眾將日益成為攻擊的直接目標、防禦的主力軍以及智慧戰爭的強大後盾。因此，必須辯證、全面地審視智能戰，避免純粹的軍事或技術視角，認識到智能戰的“變化”與“不變”，從而探索智能戰的製勝之道。

智慧戰發展趨勢的科學預測

目前，智能戰仍處於起步階段。預測智能戰的發展趨勢既必要又具有挑戰性。一些學者指出，雖然我們可以大致判斷機器學習、工業機器人、材料科學等技術的未來發展趨勢，但我們無法準確預測這些技術將如何融合，以及它們將對未來戰爭產生何種具體影響。 [7] 這就要求我們摒棄從單一技術出發的思維模式，並著眼於理解智能戰整體可能的發展趨勢。

智能戰將分階段演進。隨著現代科技呈指數級、整合式和數據驅動式發展，以及在軍事領域的加速轉型應用，武器裝備的轉型升級進程也不斷縮短。此外，世界目前正處於大發展、大變革和大調整時期。區域動盪和局部戰爭將成為常態，情報探索也將日益頻繁。智慧作戰實踐將日益頻繁，所有這些都將促進智慧戰爭的加速發展。同時，由於智慧科技發展、智慧力量融入作戰體系、軍事觀點更新等主客觀條件的限制，智慧戰爭的演進將呈現明顯的階段性。一些學者提出，要真正進入智慧戰爭階段，人工智慧技術需要達到四個層次，即計算智能、感知智能、認知智能和人機融合增強智能。當人工智慧技術達到第二層次時，智慧戰爭將開始；當達到第四層次時，智慧戰爭時代將全面開啟。 [8] 基於此，可以初步判斷，未來15年左右將出現較為典型的智慧戰爭，未來30年內智能戰爭可能成為戰爭的基本形式。實踐表明，軍事領域的每一次變革和戰爭形式的每一次演進都源於新型作戰力量的出現。新型作戰力量憑藉著獨特而先進的軍事技術，具有「王牌」性質，往往能夠打破戰場上的力量平衡，成為決定勝負的關鍵力量。一旦這些新型作戰力量融入作戰體系並在實戰中大規模部署，就標誌著戰爭性質的根本性轉變。智慧戰爭的真正出現，必然是智慧無人作戰平台、智慧無人作戰集群等新型作戰力量發展壯大並融入現有作戰體系的結果。這是一個循序漸進、不斷深化的長期過程，從初步融合到深度融合並非一朝一夕之功。

智慧技術的發展將決定智慧戰爭的方向。智慧技術是一門綜合發展與運用腦與認知、生物交叉、先進計算、大數據、微納技術等尖端技術，研究智慧行為機制及其實現方式的科學技術。作為智慧戰爭演進的根本驅動力和物質基礎，人工智慧的發展趨勢、產業基礎、技術成熟度以及在軍事領域的應用深度和廣度直接決定智慧戰爭的未來發展方向。人工智慧技術在60多年的發展歷程中經歷了三次崛起和兩次衰落。目前，人工智慧的發展仍處於統計學習的早期階段，並且可能在很長一段時間內都停留在弱人工智慧階段。能夠獨立於人類演進的強人工智慧，短期內難以實現。智慧科技的發展與突破直接決定智慧化是資訊化的更高階段，還是超越資訊化的更高階段。目前，智慧科技發展對智慧戰爭的驅動力主要集中在以下幾個面向：首先，智慧科技賦能現有武器裝備。雖然目前發展主要集中於針對特定應用場景的專用智慧系統，但它已經不斷提升了航空母艦、飛機等傳統主戰平台的作戰效能，逐步從直接由人類操控發展到能夠自主完成特定作戰任務。其次，智慧技術正在改變未來的作戰指揮模式。智慧技術對指揮控制系統的整合與改造將促進指揮實體的混合化、指揮結構的彈性與指揮模式的敏捷性。作戰層面上對適應性、自組織性和自協調性指揮優勢的競爭將更加激烈。第三，智慧科技正在更新未來的作戰流程。智慧技術將陸、海、空、天等多個作戰領域的多條殺傷鏈融合整合為跨域殺傷網絡，從根本上改變傳統的「從感測器到射手」的單一作戰流程。

智慧戰爭中的矛盾規律將會發生深刻變化。運用戰爭中的矛盾規律是理解戰爭規律的主要途徑，而交戰雙方的對抗是戰爭的根本矛盾。對於智慧戰爭而言，這些根本矛盾將表現為競爭關係。諸如隱藏與偵測、認知與欺騙、網路韌性與網路癱瘓、攻擊與攔截、行動速度與決策速度、贏得民眾支持與打擊士氣、消耗戰與實效、投送與拒止等核心對抗手段，隨著智慧科技的加速發展，這些核心對抗將愈發激烈，優勢交換也將更加頻繁，從而推動智慧戰爭走向成熟。未來戰場上隱蔽與偵測的對抗將朝著更高智慧化、更快反應速度、更小規模和更低成本的方向發展。智慧技術作為運用資訊爆炸這把「雙面刃」的戰略制高點技術，將加劇提升自身戰場態勢感知能力與誤導、欺騙、迷惑敵方之間的對抗。智慧網路資訊系統設計和動態目標防禦技術為未來戰爭中的網路建設提供了新的思路，而認知電磁操控、電磁頻譜戰以及智慧網路空間對抗技術則為攻擊敵方網路提供了新的途徑。自主無人系統和智慧彈藥的發展有望優化未來戰爭的攻擊方式，並增強進攻能力。自主導引武器、超短程攔截和主動防護能力的提升將顯著增強防禦新型威脅的能力。自主無人系統和叢集協同技術將顯著提升作戰速度，而智慧決策輔助和叢集智慧作業系統則能大幅提升決策速度。無所不在的網路、社群媒體和智慧終端已深度融入人類生活，以前所未有的速度、範圍和準確性提升了資訊傳播。隨著低成本集群無人機和飛彈的出現，未來戰爭很可能憑藉低成本作戰平台壓倒敵方防禦，迫使敵方陷入一場既無力抵抗也無法承擔的戰爭。

有關智慧戰爭的倫理和法律規範將不斷完善。智慧科技是一把雙面刃；在推動戰爭向智慧戰爭演進的同時，也帶來了一系列新的倫理問題和法律困境。例如，將決定人類生死的權力賦予機器是否合乎倫理？當機器擁有掌控人類生死的權力時，人類面臨的可能並非更光明的未來，而是無底的黑暗深淵。另一個例子是，誰應該為智慧武器所犯下的戰爭罪行負責？這可能涉及武器本身、使用者、設計者和製造商，以及由此產生的一系列關於責任和權利的難題。近年來，國際社會日益重視智慧武器的法律監管，透過國際會議進行國際對話，建立相關機構研究法律監管原則，並發佈人工智慧倫理準則等。 2017年7月，中國政府發布了《新一代人工智慧發展規劃》，在國家戰略層面提出“初步建立人工智慧的法律、倫理和政策體系”，並“確保人工智慧安全、可靠、可控發展”。 2019年4月，歐盟委員會發布了人工智慧倫理準則，提出了包括透明度、公平性、安全性和人工監督在內的七項條件。同年10月，美國國防創新委員會提出了軍事人工智慧應用的五個原則：責任性、公平性、可追溯性、可靠性和可控制性。展望未來，國際社會迫切需要將安全性和可靠性作為智慧技術發展的關鍵方向。在軍事情報的可解釋性和透明度、防止自主武器系統「瞬間崩潰」帶來的安全風險以及製定新的交戰規則等領域，戰略對話至關重要。此次對話旨在促進制定人工智慧軍事應用的國際規則，並共同應對智慧戰爭可能帶來的全球性挑戰。

因應智慧戰爭挑戰的戰略舉措

智慧戰爭的出現可能會造成新的軍事世代差距，對國家間的軍事力量平衡產生影響，甚至引發新一輪的大國興衰。智慧戰爭既為國家安全帶來了前所未有的新挑戰，也為我軍實現跨越式發展提供了難得的戰略機會。面對這些機會和挑戰，亟需進行前瞻性規劃、戰略部署和綜合措施，在未來的軍事競爭中佔據戰略制高點，牢牢掌握維護國家安全和贏得智慧戰爭的戰略主動權。

主動設計智慧戰爭。一流軍隊設計戰爭，二流軍隊應對戰爭，三流軍隊跟隨戰爭。面對即將到來的智慧戰爭，我們必須儘早預判並主動設計戰爭，力爭從跟隨、並駕齊驅轉變為引領，努力成為未來戰爭的先行者和規則制定者。首先，我們必須從技術角度出發，著力設計智慧戰爭，加深對尖端技術的理解，敏銳掌握技術發展的新趨勢，辨識能夠引發戰爭演進的關鍵領域、方向和技術。我們必須透過科技進步來設計戰爭的主動性，透過科技融合來設計戰爭的彈性，透過科技顛覆來設計戰爭的非對稱性。其次，我們必須著重加強新型智慧作戰概念的研發，結合我國未來面臨的安全威脅和軍隊的任務，在軍事情報發展、應用和影響的基礎上，重點研究如何利用智慧作戰來應對我國面臨的戰爭威脅和戰略困境。圍繞著不同的戰略方向和新的安全領域，我們必須有系統地構想未來可能面臨的智慧作戰場景，大力推動智慧作戰理論創新，加速建構具有中國特色的智慧作戰理論體系。第三，我們應該著重加強智慧作戰需求驅動型發展，聚焦新型智慧作戰模式，系統地描述所需的能力、系統和裝備，以作戰需求為導向，推動軍事情報發展，確保作戰需求在軍事情報發展的各個面向和整個過程中得到貫徹落實，全面提升軍事情報發展的作戰效能。

研發智慧武器裝備。智慧武器裝備是智慧戰爭的物質基礎，也是智慧軍隊的重要像徵。首先，必須堅持系統化建設。資訊戰的核心在於系統，而智慧戰爭更是如此。目前，以智慧指揮控制系統、智慧無人機、智慧坦克、智慧飛彈、智慧地雷等為代表的智慧武器裝備仍處於分散發展階段，距離系統化發展還很遠。如何建構智慧武器裝備系統，特別是智慧網路資訊系統，已成為我們面臨的重大戰略問題。其次，必須堅持攻守平衡發展。有矛必有盾，有智慧武器裝備必有反智能武器裝備。必須協調發展攻防兼備的智慧武器裝備。對於智慧武器裝備而言，一旦敵方取得了原始碼，就相當於獲得了使用該武器的權利。這就對攻防兼備的智慧武器裝備建設提出了新的更高要求。第三，要協調機械化、資訊化和智慧化的一體化發展。要堅持以機械化和資訊化支撐智能化，以智慧化驅動機械化和資訊化的原則。透過機械化、資訊化和智慧化各要素的耦合、比例優化和系統集成，可以加速智慧武器裝備建設的轉型升級和效率提升。

建構智能化的組織結構。沒有軍隊組織結構的現代化，就沒有國防和軍隊的現代化。軍隊組織體系的根本功能是確保人員和裝備的有效整合，從而形成和不斷提升軍隊的整體作戰能力。打贏智慧戰爭，建構智慧化的軍隊。對於精銳軍隊而言，建立智慧組織體系、建構智慧化軍事力量體系至關重要。智慧化軍事力量體係是一個有機整體，由以智慧武器平台為骨幹的作戰力量、按照人機協同和機器自組織協同原則組織起來的作戰力量、在人類授權控製或監督下開展作戰行動的作戰支援力量以及提供偵察、情報、通信和演算法設計的作戰支援力量和後勤裝備支援力量組成。應遵循「強調協同發展、聚焦競爭優勢、推進系統整合」的原則，以擴大規模、優化部隊構成為核心，在繼承傳統樹狀結構和兵種結構組織模式的基礎上，建構穩中創新並重的雙軌組織體系。應努力建構重心虛擬化的指揮體系，探索創新跨域混合部隊、有人/無人混合編隊等新型組織方式，力求實現智慧化軍事力量體系的靈活、有機、高效運作。

加強智能化策略管理。智能戰的演進始於技術，終於管理。為因應智慧戰的挑戰，加速軍事情報發展，必須優先發展戰略管理，並專注於提升軍事情報發展的品質和效率，以及智慧軍事系統的作戰效能。若要從整體加強統籌規劃、系統設計、集中管理和分類指導，打造密集、高效的智慧發展道路。要適應智慧戰對快速反應能力的要求，優化管理體系和機制，採用網路化、自主化的管理模式。要完善前沿智慧技術研發與科技成果轉換應用的規劃與實施，加大研發投入與支持力度，確保技術創新始終處於時代前沿。要加強人工智慧軍事標準體系建設，及時頒布智慧設施、智慧系統、智慧武器、智慧人員和智慧戰的法律法規，不斷完善支持軍事情報發展的關鍵政策和製度。鑑於人工智慧技術的普及性和易傳播性，以及國家戰略能力、社會生產力和軍事作戰效能之間的高度耦合性，我們必須進一步優化智能化建設的開放一體化佈局，精簡組織領導機制，營造良好的發展環境，促進國家繁榮與軍事實力的有機統一。

注释

[1]《中国军事百科全书·战略》（第二版），北京：中国大百科全书出版社，2014年，第506页。

[2]《毛泽东选集》第1卷，北京：人民出版社，1991年，第171页。

[3]赵林：《从空中、地面到水下无人作战系统——无人作战，俄军走了多远》，《解放军报》，2019年1月31日第11版。

[4]陈梓毅、饶雨峰、马建光：《“闪电”无人机或成俄空天军未来作战新秀》，2020年4月16日，人民网，http://military.people.com.cn/n1/2021/0416/c1011-32079848.html。

[5]兰顺正：《纳卡冲突中的现代武器及战术比拼》，《世界知识》，2020年第24期。

[6]《叶剑英军事文选》，北京：解放军出版社，1996年，第250页。

[7]傅莹：《看世界2》，北京：中信出版社，2021年，第292页。

[8]李始江、杨子明、陈分有：《以新理念迎接智能化战争挑战》，《解放军报》，2018年7月26日，第7版。

2021-08-11 15:xx 来源：《人民论坛·学术前沿》2021年5月下作者：郭明

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.rmlt.com.cn/2021/0811/68281848089.shtml

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Chinese #Quantum #technology, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #quantum computing warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, quantum computing warfare, 量子計算戰爭

A Look at Chinese Intelligent Warfare: Reflections on Warfare Brought by AGI

02/13/2026 admin Leave a comment

檢視中國智能戰：對通用人工智慧帶來的戰爭的反思

現代英語：

AGI and its implications for warfare

Editor’s Note

Technology and war are inextricably intertwined. While technological innovation continuously alters the face of warfare, it hasn’t changed the violent nature and coercive purpose of war. In recent years, with the rapid development and application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, the debate about its impact on warfare has never ceased. Compared to artificial intelligence (AI), artificial general intelligence (AGI) possesses a higher level of intelligence and is considered a form of intelligence comparable to human intelligence. How will the emergence of AGI affect warfare? Will it change the violent and coercive nature of war? This article will explore this question with a series of reflections.

Is AGI merely an enabling technology?

Many believe that while large-scale models and generative artificial intelligence demonstrate the powerful military application potential of AGI, they are ultimately just enabling technologies. They can only enhance and optimize weapons and equipment, making existing equipment smarter and improving combat efficiency, but they are unlikely to bring about a true military revolution. Just as “cyber warfare weapons” were once highly anticipated by many countries when they first appeared, but now it seems that these expectations were somewhat exaggerated.

The disruptive nature of AGI is entirely different. It brings profound changes to the battlefield with reaction speeds and knowledge far exceeding those of humans. More importantly, it fosters rapid technological advancement, resulting in massive disruptive outcomes. On the future battlefield, autonomous weapons will be endowed with advanced intelligence by AGI, their performance will be universally enhanced, and they will become “strong in offense and difficult in defense” due to their speed and swarm advantages. At that time, the highly intelligent autonomous weapons predicted by some scientists will become a reality, with AGI playing a crucial role. Currently, the military applications of artificial intelligence include autonomous weapons, intelligence analysis, intelligent decision-making, intelligent training, and intelligent support, applications that are difficult to summarize simply as “empowerment.” Moreover, AGI develops rapidly, with short iteration cycles, and is constantly evolving. Future warfare requires prioritizing AGI and paying close attention to its potential changes.

Will AGI make wars disappear?

Historian Jeffrey Blainey argues that “wars always occur because of misjudgments of each other’s strength or will,” and that with the application of AGI in the military field, misjudgments will become increasingly rare. Therefore, some scholars speculate that wars will decrease or even disappear. Indeed, relying on AGI can significantly reduce misjudgments, but even so, it’s impossible to eliminate all uncertainty, as uncertainty is a defining characteristic of war. Moreover, not all wars arise from misjudgments, and the inherent unpredictability and unexplainability of AGI, along with the lack of experience in using AGI, will introduce new uncertainties, plunging people into an even deeper “fog of artificial intelligence.”

AGI algorithms also present rational challenges. Some scholars believe that AGI’s ability to mine and accurately predict crucial intelligence has a dual impact. In practice, AGI does indeed make fewer mistakes than humans, improving intelligence accuracy and reducing misjudgments; however, it can sometimes lead to overconfidence and encourage reckless actions. The offensive advantage brought by AGI results in the optimal defensive strategy being “preemptive strike,” disrupting the balance between offense and defense, triggering a new security dilemma, and ultimately increasing the risk of war.

AGI (Automatic Generative Technology) is highly versatile and easily integrated into weaponry. Unlike nuclear, biological, and chemical technologies, it has a low barrier to entry and is particularly prone to proliferation. Due to technological gaps between countries, immature AGI weapons could potentially be deployed on the battlefield, posing significant risks. For example, the application of drones in recent local wars has spurred many small and medium-sized countries to begin large-scale drone procurement. The low-cost equipment and technologies offered by AGI could very well trigger a new arms race.

Will AGI be the ultimate deterrent?

Deterrence is maintaining a capability to intimidate an adversary from taking actions that exceed one’s own interests. Ultimate deterrence is when it becomes so powerful as to be unusable, such as nuclear deterrence that ensures mutual destruction. But ultimately, however, it is “human nature” that determines the outcome—a crucial element that will never be absent from war.

Without the considerations of “humanity,” will AGI become a formidable deterrent? AGI is fast but lacks empathy; its execution is resolute, severely compressing the space for strategic maneuvering. AGI is a key factor on the future battlefield, but due to a lack of practical experience, accurate assessment is difficult, easily leading to overestimation of the opponent’s capabilities. Furthermore, regarding autonomous weapon control, whether to have humans on-site, providing full supervision, or to have humans off-site, completely relinquishing control, undoubtedly requires careful consideration. Can the firing control of intelligent weapons be handed over to AGI? If not, the deterrent effect will be greatly diminished; if so, can human life and death truly be decided by machines unrelated to them? Research at Cornell University shows that large-scale wargaming models frequently escalate wars with a “sudden nuclear attack,” even when in a neutral state.

Perhaps one day in the future, AGI will surpass human capabilities, rendering us unable to regulate and control it. Jeffrey Hinton, who coined the term “deep learning,” says he has never seen a case where something with a higher level of intelligence was controlled by something with a lower level of intelligence. Some research teams believe that humans may not be able to supervise super-intelligent AI. Faced with powerful AGI in the future, will we truly be able to control them? This is a question worth pondering.

Will AGI change the nature of warfare?

With the widespread use of AGI, will battlefields filled with violence and bloodshed disappear? Some argue that AI warfare far exceeds human capabilities, potentially pushing humanity out of the fray. When AI transforms warfare into a conflict entirely between autonomous robots, will it still be a “violent and bloody war”? When adversaries with unequal capabilities clash, the weaker party may not even have a chance to act. Can war be ended before it even begins through war games? Will AGI fundamentally alter the nature of warfare? Is a “war” without human intervention still a war?

Yuval Noah Harari, author of *Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind*, states that all human behavior is mediated by language and influences our history. The Large Language Model (AGI) is a typical example of AGI, differing from other inventions in its ability to create entirely new ideas and cultures. “Artificial intelligence that can tell stories will change the course of human history.” When AGI gains control over language, the entire system of civilization built by humanity could be overturned, without even requiring AGI to develop consciousness. Like Plato’s Allegory of the Cave, will humanity worship AGI as a new “god”?

AGI (Artificial Intelligence Generative Devices) establishes a close relationship with humans through human language and alters their perceptions, making them difficult to discern and identify. This poses a risk that the will to fight could be controlled by those with ulterior motives. Harari stated that computers don’t need to deploy killer robots; if necessary, they will allow humans to pull the trigger themselves. AGI precisely manufactures and refines situational information, controlling battlefield perception through deepfakes. This can be achieved through drones faking battlefield situations and pre-war propaganda, as evidenced in recent local wars. The cost of war would thus decrease significantly, leading to new forms of warfare. Would small and weak nations still have a chance? Can the will to fight be changed without bloodshed? Is “force” no longer a necessary condition for the definition of war?

The form of war may change, but its essence remains. Regardless of how “bloody” war is, it will still force the enemy to submit to its will and inflict significant “collateral damage,” only the methods of confrontation may be entirely different. The essence of war lies in the deep-seated “human nature,” which is determined by culture, history, behavior, and values. It is difficult to completely replicate using any artificial intelligence technology. Therefore, we cannot outsource all ethical, political, and decision-making issues to artificial intelligence, nor can we expect it to automatically generate “human nature.” Artificial intelligence technology may be abused due to impulsive passions, so it must be under human control. Since artificial intelligence is trained by humans, it will never be without bias, so it cannot be completely free from human supervision. In the future, artificial intelligence can become a creative tool or partner, enhancing “tactical imagination,” but it must be “aligned” with human values. These issues require continuous reflection and understanding in practice.

Will AGI revolutionize war theory?

Most academic knowledge is expressed in natural language. A comprehensive language model, encompassing the vast body of human writing, can connect seemingly incompatible linguistic works with scientific research. For example, some have input classical works, and even works from philosophy, history, political science, and economics, into a comprehensive language model for analysis and reconstruction. They’ve found that it can comprehensively analyze all scholars’ viewpoints and also offer its own “insights,” without sacrificing originality. Therefore, some have suggested that AGI could also be used to re-analyze and interpret war theory, stimulating human innovation and driving significant evolution and reconstruction of war theory and its systems. Perhaps theoretically, this could indeed lead to some improvements and developments, but war science is not only theoretical but also practical, and practicality and realism are fundamentally beyond AGI’s capabilities. Can classical war theory truly be reinterpreted? If so, what is the significance of the theory?

In short, AGI’s disruptive impact on the concept of warfare will far exceed “mechanization” and “informatization.” We must embrace AGI boldly, yet remain cautious. Understanding the concept prevents ignorance; in-depth research prevents falling behind; and strengthened oversight prevents oversight. How to cooperate with AGI and guard against adversaries’ AGI technological surprise attacks is our primary concern for the future. (Rong Ming, Hu Xiaofeng)

Postscript

Think ahead and envision the future with an open mind

Futurist Roy Amara famously asserted that people tend to overestimate the short-term benefits of a technology while underestimating its long-term impact, a principle known as “Amara’s Law.” This law emphasizes the non-linear nature of technological development, meaning that the actual impact of technology often only becomes fully apparent over a longer timescale. It reflects the pulse and trends of technological development, and embodies humanity’s acceptance and aspirations towards technology.

Currently, in the development of artificial intelligence from weak AI to strong AI, and from specialized AI to general AI, every time people think they have completed 90% of the process, looking back, they may have only completed less than 10%. The driving role of technological revolution in military revolution is becoming increasingly prominent, especially as high-tech, represented by AI, penetrates the military field in multiple ways, profoundly changing the mechanisms, elements, and methods of winning wars.

In the foreseeable future, intelligent technologies such as AGI will continue to iterate, and the cross-evolution of intelligent technologies and their empowering applications in the military field will become increasingly diversified, perhaps even transcending the boundaries of humanity’s current understanding of warfare. The development of technology is unstoppable, and no one can halt it. Whoever can use keen insight and a clear mind to see the trends and future of technology, to recognize its potential and power, and to penetrate the “fog of war,” is more likely to seize the initiative and gain the upper hand.

This reminds us that exploring the future forms of warfare requires a broader perspective and more nuanced thinking to get closer to the underestimated reality. Where is AGI headed? Where is intelligent warfare headed? These questions test human wisdom. (Ye Chaoyang)

現代國語：

通用人工智慧及其對戰爭的影響

編按

科技與戰爭密不可分。科技創新不斷改變戰爭的面貌，卻並未改變戰爭的暴力本質與脅迫目的。近年來，隨著人工智慧（AI）技術的快速發展和應用，關於其對戰爭影響的爭論從未停止。與人工智慧（AI）相比，通用人工智慧（AGI）擁有更高層次的智能，被認為是一種可與人類智能相媲美的智能形式。 AGI的出現將如何影響戰爭？它會改變戰爭的暴力和脅迫本質嗎？本文將透過一系列思考來探討這個問題。

AGI只是一種賦能技術嗎？

許多人認為，儘管大規模模型和生成式人工智慧展現了AGI強大的軍事應用潛力，但它們最終只是賦能技術。它們只能增強和優化武器裝備，使現有裝備更加智能，提高作戰效率，但不太可能帶來真正的軍事革命。正如「網路戰武器」最初出現時曾被許多國家寄予厚望，但現在看來，這些期望有些過高。

通用人工智慧（AGI）的顛覆性本質則截然不同。它以遠超人類的反應速度和知識水平，為戰場帶來深刻變化。更重要的是，它促進了技術的快速發展，從而產生巨大的顛覆性影響。在未來的戰場上，AGI將賦予自主武器先進的智能，使其性能全面提升，並憑藉其速度和集群優勢，成為「攻守難攻」的武器。屆時，一些科學家預測的高智慧自主武器將成為現實，而AGI將在其中扮演至關重要的角色。目前，人工智慧的軍事應用包括自主武器、情報分析、智慧決策、智慧訓練和智慧支援等，這些應用很難簡單地用「賦能」來概括。此外，通用人工智慧（AGI）發展迅速，迭代周期短，並且不斷演進。未來的戰爭需要優先考慮AGI，並密切關注其潛在的變化。

AGI會讓戰爭消失嗎？

歷史學家杰弗裡·布萊尼認為，“戰爭總是由於對彼此實力或意志的誤判而發生的”，而隨著AGI在軍事領域的應用，誤判將變得越來越少見。因此，一些學者推測戰爭將會減少甚至消失。的確，依賴AGI可以顯著減少誤判，但即便如此，也無法完全消除不確定性，因為不確定性是戰爭的本質特徵。此外，並非所有戰爭都源自於誤判，AGI固有的不可預測性和不可解釋性，以及缺乏使用AGI的經驗，將會帶來新的不確定性，使人們陷入更深的「人工智慧迷霧」。

通用人工智慧（AGI）演算法也帶來了理性方面的挑戰。一些學者認為，AGI挖掘和準確預測關鍵情報的能力具有雙重影響力。在實踐中，AGI確實比人類犯錯更少，提高了情報準確性並減少了誤判；然而，它有時會導致過度自信，並助長魯莽行動。 AGI帶來的進攻優勢使得最佳防禦策略成為“先發製人”，打破了攻防平衡，引發了新的安全困境，並最終增加了戰爭風險。

AGI（自動生成技術）用途廣泛，易於整合到武器系統中。與核武、生物武器和化學武器不同，AGI的進入門檻低，且極易擴散。由於各國之間存在技術差距，不成熟的AGI武器有可能部署到戰場上，造成重大風險。例如，無人機在近期局部戰爭中的應用促使許多中小國家開始大規模採購無人機。通用人工智慧（AGI）提供的低成本裝備和技術很可能引發一場新的軍備競賽。

通用人工智慧會成為終極威懾力量嗎？

威懾是指維持一種能力，使對手不敢採取超越自身利益的行動。終極威懾是指威懾力強大到無法使用，例如確保相互毀滅的核威懾。但最終，決定戰爭結果的是「人性」——這是戰爭中永遠不可或缺的關鍵因素。

如果忽略「人性」因素，通用人工智慧會成為強大的威懾力量嗎？通用人工智慧速度很快，但缺乏同理心。其執行果斷，嚴重壓縮了戰略迴旋空間。通用人工智慧（AGI）是未來戰場上的關鍵因素，但由於缺乏實戰經驗，準確評估其能力十分困難，容易導致高估對手實力。此外，關於自主武器控制，究竟是安排人員在現場進行全面監督，還是安排人員遠端操控，完全放權，無疑需要慎重考慮。智慧武器的發射控制權能否移交給AGI？如果不能，威懾效果將大大降低；如果可以，人類的生死真的能由與他們無關的機器來決定嗎？康乃爾大學的研究表明，即使在中立國，大規模兵棋推演模型也經常會透過「突然的核攻擊」來升級戰爭。

或許在未來的某一天，AGI的能力將超越人類，使我們無法對其進行監管和控制。「深度學習」一詞的創造者傑弗裡·辛頓表示，他從未見過智能水平更高的系統被智能水平較低的系統控制的情況。一些研究團隊認為，人類或許無法監管超級人工智慧。未來，面對強大的通用人工智慧（AGI），我們真的能夠控制它們嗎？這是一個值得深思的問題。

通用人工智慧會改變戰爭的本質嗎？

隨著通用人工智慧的廣泛應用，充滿暴力和血腥的戰場會消失嗎？有人認為，人工智慧戰爭的能力遠遠超過人類，甚至可能將人類擠出戰場。當人工智慧將戰爭完全轉變為自主機器人之間的衝突時，它還會是「暴力和血腥的戰爭」嗎？當能力懸殊的對手對抗時，較弱的一方可能根本沒有機會採取行動。戰爭能否透過兵棋推演在爆發前就結束？通用人工智慧會從根本改變戰爭的本質嗎？一場無人幹預的「戰爭」還能稱之為戰爭嗎？

《人類簡史》的作者尤瓦爾·赫拉利指出，所有人類行為都受語言影響，並影響我們的歷史。通用人工智慧（AGI）是AGI的典型例子，它與其他發明不同之處在於能夠創造全新的想法和文化。「能夠講述故事的人工智慧將改變人類歷史的進程。」當AGI掌控語言時，人類建立的整個文明體係都可能被顛覆，甚至無需AGI發展出意識。就像柏拉圖的洞穴寓言一樣，人類會把AGI當成新的「神」嗎？

AGI（人工智慧生成設備）透過人類語言與人類建立密切聯繫，並改變人類的感知，使其難以辨認和識別。這帶來了一個風險：人類的戰鬥意志可能被別有用心之人所操控。哈拉里指出，電腦無需部署殺手機器人；如有必要，它們將允許人類自行扣動扳機。通用人工智慧（AGI）能夠精確地製造和完善態勢訊息，並透過深度偽造技術控制戰場感知。正如近期局部戰爭所證明的那樣，無人機可以透過偽造戰場態勢和戰前宣傳來實現這一點。戰爭成本將因此大幅降低，進而催生新的戰爭形式。弱小國還有勝算？能否在不流血的情況下改變人們的戰鬥意志？「武力」是否不再是戰爭定義的必要條件？

戰爭的形式或許會改變，但本質不變。無論戰爭多麼“血腥”，它仍然會迫使敵人屈服於其意志，並造成重大的“附帶損害”，只是對抗的方式可能截然不同。戰爭的本質在於根深蒂固的“人性”，而人性又由文化、歷史、行為和價值觀所決定。任何人工智慧技術都難以完全複製人性。因此，我們不能將所有倫理、政治和決策問題都外包給人工智慧，也不能指望它會自動產生「人性」。人工智慧技術可能因衝動而濫用，因此必須受到人類的控制。由於人工智慧是由人類訓練的，它永遠無法完全消除偏見，因此也無法完全脫離人類監督。未來，人工智慧可以成為一種創造性的工具或夥伴，增強“戰術想像”，但它必須與人類價值觀“保持一致”。這些問題需要在實踐中不斷反思和理解。

通用人工智慧（AGI）會徹底改變戰爭理論嗎？

大多數的學術知識都是用自然語言表達。一個涵蓋人類浩瀚文字的綜合語言模型，可以將看似不相容的語言作品與科學研究連結起來。例如，一些研究以古典著作為輸入，甚至以…為輸入。從哲學、歷史、政治學和經濟學等領域汲取靈感，建構出一個用於分析和重構的綜合語言模型。研究發現，該模型能夠全面分析所有學者的觀點，並提出自身的“洞見”，同時又不失原創性。因此，有人提出，通用人工智慧（AGI）也可用於重新分析和詮釋戰爭理論，從而激發人類創新，推動戰爭理論及其體系的重大演進和重構。理論上，這或許確實能夠帶來一些改進和發展，但戰爭科學不僅是理論性的，也是實踐性的，而實踐性和現實性從根本上來說超出了AGI的能力範圍。經典戰爭理論真的可以被重新詮釋嗎？如果可以，那麼該理論的意義何在？

簡而言之，AGI對戰爭概念的顛覆性影響將遠遠超越「機械化」和「資訊化」。我們必須大膽擁抱AGI，但也要保持謹慎。理解概念可以避免無知；深入研究可以避免落後；加強監督可以避免監督的缺失。如何與通用人工智慧（AGI）合作，並防範對手利用AGI發動的技術突襲，是我們未來面臨的首要問題。（榮明，胡曉峰）

後記

以開放的心態展望未來

未來學家羅伊·阿馬拉曾提出一個著名的論點：人們往往高估一項技術的短期收益，而低估其長期影響，這一原則被稱為「阿馬拉定律」。該定律強調了技術發展的非線性特徵，這意味著技術的實際影響往往需要更長的時間才能完全顯現。它反映了技術發展的脈動和趨勢，反映了人類對科技的接受度和期望。

目前，在人工智慧從弱人工智慧向強人工智慧、從專用人工智慧發展到通用人工智慧的過程中，每當人們認為自己已經完成了90%的工作時，回頭來看，他們可能只完成了不到10%。科技革命在軍事革命中的驅動作用日益凸顯，尤其是在人工智慧（AI）等高科技以多種方式滲透軍事領域，深刻改變戰爭的機制、要素和製勝方法的情況下。

在可預見的未來，通用人工智慧（AGI）等智慧技術將不斷迭代，智慧技術的交叉演進及其在軍事領域的賦能應用將日益多元化，甚至可能超越人類目前對戰爭的認知邊界。技術發展勢不可擋，無人能阻擋。誰能以敏銳的洞察力和清晰的思維洞察技術的趨勢和未來，認識到其潛力和力量，並撥開“戰爭迷霧”，誰就更有可能搶佔先機，取得優勢。

這提醒我們，探索未來戰爭形態需要更廣闊的視野和更細緻的思考，才能更接近被低估的現實。通用人工智慧將走向何方？智慧戰爭將走向何方？這些問題考驗的是人類的智慧。（葉朝陽）

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.news.cn/milpro/20250121/18eb7781b268d26489286b08c2d23d12084f0f/c.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #quantum computing warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, quantum computing warfare, 量子計算戰爭

Chinese Military Forum | Artificial Intelligence Empowers Synthetic Training Improving Quality & Efficiency

02/13/2026 admin Leave a comment

中國軍事論壇 | 人工智慧賦能合成訓練，提升品質與效率

現代英語：

The form of warfare determines the form of training. Currently, the widespread application of artificial intelligence technology will reshape the form of warfare and combat patterns, and trigger profound changes in military training. As an important part of the organizational structure of the new military training system, combined arms training urgently needs to be infused with an “intelligent core” of artificial intelligence, so as to better play its pivotal role in the new military training system, realize the transformation from “formal integration” to “spiritual integration,” and from “elemental coordination” to “intelligent leadership,” and promote the continuous advancement of combined arms training in the new era to higher quality and higher level.

Breaking the deadlock: Driving a change in training logic

Artificial intelligence empowers synthetic training not only as an “efficiency enhancement tool” to improve training effectiveness, but also leads to changes in the connotation, extension, mechanism, and standard requirements of synthetic training.

Achieving intelligent coupling involves a shift in the logic of convergence. Overcoming division through unity and disunity through cohesion are crucial battlefield principles. The key to combined arms training is “unity.” Artificial intelligence empowers combined arms training to better adapt to the collaborative needs of intelligent warfare, making it crucial for creating a “chemical reaction” in operational coordination. The training focuses on deeply integrating human creativity and value judgment with the computing power and intelligence of machines, forming a cognitive advantage at a higher dimension, and achieving a highly integrated, flexible, and intelligently coupled training system. Manned-unmanned collaborative training is a typical example of deeply integrating manned combat forces with unmanned combat systems possessing “intelligent brains,” pursuing minimal casualties and maximum operational efficiency.

Achieving an iterative logical transformation into a closed-loop system. Traditional training is limited by physical conditions, resulting in high trial-and-error costs and long iteration cycles. By leveraging artificial intelligence to create a “digital twin” training environment, through virtual-real interaction and iterative feedback in parallel systems, synthetic training can shift towards a process of continuous exploration, trial-and-error optimization, forming a new training closed loop. Training at different levels can be implemented simultaneously, and thousands of tactics can be tested and optimized in parallel in virtual space at low cost and high speed. The various elements of overall combat capability can be generated almost independently without regard to sequence. At the same time, the generation of combat capabilities exhibits certain characteristics of distribution, synchronicity, integration, and nonlinearity, significantly compressing the traditional training cycle, accelerating the synchronous generation of combat capabilities across levels, and further expanding the iteration of combat capabilities to “intra-domain foundation, cross-domain collaboration, and full-domain integration”.

Extending the value logic of intelligent emergence. Traditional training cannot pre-plan all possible interactions, nor can it easily generate new tactics and collaborative modes that go beyond pre-set plans. This dilemma is difficult to overcome when facing the demands of intelligent warfare. However, artificial intelligence is quietly changing this model, transforming the value of the training ground from simulating past wars to exploring the possibilities of future wars. Artificial intelligence empowers synthetic training, injecting it with the underlying driving force to generate “intelligent emergence.” For example, game-like confrontations with intelligent opposing forces force trainees to break out of conventional thinking frameworks, potentially leading to previously unthinkable, counterintuitive tactical combinations. The purpose of synthetic training is not only to execute known tactics, but also to hone the ability to innovate methods and update strategies in adversarial environments.

Reconstruction: Shaping Synthetic Training Patterns

Synthetic training incorporating artificial intelligence is gradually evolving into a new training model that emphasizes combat-oriented organization, focuses on enhancing intelligence and integration, shifts towards distributed autonomy, and is geared towards dynamic battlefields.

The training focuses on combat-oriented grouping. Today’s combined arms training features more diverse training subjects, more varied force compositions, and higher capability requirements. The training emphasizes combat-oriented grouping, focusing on mission-driven consistency between training and combat, and is characterized by modularity, innovation, and scalability. Artificial intelligence, acting as a “dispatch center,” can assess the status of combat units based on the battlefield situation, quickly generate optimal force grouping plans, allocate relevant elements as needed, integrate new domain and new quality forces, and practice how to quickly aggregate and disperse forces to form flexible “mission-customized” combined arms groups. This provides the system with plug-and-play capability modules that can be dynamically reconstructed, efficiently linked, and adaptively adjusted like building blocks.

Training content leans towards enhancing intelligence and integration. Traditional training focuses more on assessing whether coordinated actions are completed according to plan, time limits, and standards. In intelligent warfare, humans and intelligent systems together form the basic combat components, exerting combat effectiveness through their functional division and deep integration. Therefore, the focus of new-era integrated training should also pay more attention to improving human-machine integration capabilities. In the past, training content based on human-to-human collaboration—including technology upgrades, experience-based training, and self-awareness training—has become less effective. Training content that enhances intelligence and integration is gradually becoming the key to integrated training. In tactical coordination training, trainees need to master how to collaborate and interact efficiently with artificial intelligence systems, how to use artificial intelligence to reorganize collaborative relationships, close the kill chain, coordinate joint troop actions, and achieve “combined punches”.

Training methods are shifting towards distributed and autonomous approaches. The changes brought about by artificial intelligence to combined arms training are primarily reflected in training methods. This involves not only mastering coordinated operations and solidifying the foundation of collaboration, but also in how to innovatively lead the evolution of combat systems. Distributed training, relying on AI technology, supports simultaneous, remote joint training between different combat units under the same combat background, scenario, and battlefield situation, improving training effectiveness. Autonomous training, employing a “human-outside-the-loop” approach, hones trainees’ ability to handle contingencies and act autonomously. Through feedback and self-adjustment, it promotes autonomous iterative upgrades. Conducting adversarial training breaks through the limitations of learning to fight from experience in the past. It introduces an AI-powered “blue team” to “learn” to fight in a simulated complex battlefield environment, adding random, extreme, and highly harassed scenarios.

Training scenarios are geared towards dynamic battlefields. Traditional training scenarios are mostly “pre-set scripts” designed around “established capabilities” and “known threats,” unable to break free from limited cognition and established thinking patterns. Artificial intelligence empowers synthetic training, transforming it into a “dynamic game system” targeting “unknown capabilities” and “emerging threats,” making it more “imaginative.” Based on training objectives, artificial intelligence autonomously generates logical, multi-domain, and multi-dimensional virtual combat scenarios. Through repeated practice in such highly complex and uncertain environments, trainees are more likely to develop new understandings of the future battlefield.

Exploration: Prospective Synthetic Training Path

Artificial intelligence-enabled synthetic training is an iterative evolutionary process. Looking ahead at its development path, the aim is to transcend developmental limitations and narrow-minded thinking, directly addressing “multi-agent game theory” and “digital twin training grounds,” thereby achieving multi-dimensional and systematic advancement.

Build a comprehensive training foundation. Based on digital twins and intelligent technologies, create a comprehensive training environment to achieve intelligent interaction between people, equipment, and environment. This will enable all training combat units to become dynamically adjustable “intelligent agents,” conduct cross-domain training, improve the command, decision-making, and adaptive coordination capabilities of human-machine hybrid intelligence, and incubate new tactics and formation patterns in a realistic battlefield environment.

Deploy an intelligent blue force system. Build an algorithmic adversary with autonomous evolution capabilities and dynamic game theory thinking, shifting training from “adapting to the known” to “coping with the unknown.” Through deep reinforcement learning and game theory models, the intelligent blue force can not only learn known tactical experiences but also autonomously generate diverse tactics based on real-time situations. Furthermore, it can gain insights into the opponent’s behavioral patterns during interactions, prompting the development of real and effective strategies in dynamic confrontations, and honing the unit’s tactical innovation and human-machine collaboration capabilities through continuous high-intelligence confrontations.

Innovate integrated training models. New-era combined arms training demands innovation-driven, technology-enabled approaches, requiring bold exploration and willingness to experiment. This necessitates seamlessly integrating testing grounds, training grounds, and battlefields, and innovating an integrated training model encompassing operational testing institutions, training institutions, and troops. Trainers are not merely simple technology providers and supporters, but rather embedded as training designers, process analysts, and evaluators within the training process. This allows for a better understanding and methodological revolution in training, validating new technologies, tactics, and formations in combined arms training, exploring future combat winning mechanisms, and simultaneously using data from real-world training to optimize artificial intelligence models, forming an integrated and interactive closed loop that truly integrates training with real-world application.

現代國語：

戰爭形式決定訓練形式。目前，人工智慧技術的廣泛應用將重塑戰爭形式和作戰模式，並引發軍事訓練的深刻變革。作為新軍事訓練體系組織結構的重要組成部分，諸兵種合成訓練亟需注入人工智能的“智能核心”，以更好地發揮其在新軍事訓練體系中的關鍵作用，實現從“形式融合”到“精神融合”、“要素協調”到“智能領導”的轉變，推動新時代諸兵種合成訓練不斷邁向更高水平、更高質量的發展。

打破僵局：驅動訓練邏輯的變革

人工智慧賦予合成訓練的權力不僅在於將其作為提升訓練效果的“效率增強工具”，更在於引發合成訓練在內涵、延伸、機制和標準要求等方面的變革。

實現智慧耦合意味著融合邏輯的轉變。以團結化解分裂，以凝聚力化解紛爭，是戰場上至關重要的原則。聯合兵種訓練的關鍵在於「團結」。人工智慧賦能聯合兵種訓練，使其更適應智慧戰爭的協同作戰需求，從而在作戰協調中產生「化學反應」。該訓練著重於將人類的創造力和價值判斷與機器的運算能力和智慧深度融合，形成更高維度的認知優勢，並建構高度整合、靈活且智慧耦合的訓練體系。有人-無人協同訓練是將有人作戰部隊與擁有「智慧大腦」的無人作戰系統深度融合的典型例證，旨在最大限度地減少傷亡並提高作戰效率。

實現迭代邏輯轉換，形成閉環系統。傳統訓練受限於物理條件，導致試誤成本高且迭代週期長。透過利用人工智慧創造「數位孿生」訓練環境，在平行系統中實現虛擬實境互動和迭代回饋，合成訓練可以轉向持續探索、試誤優化的過程，形成新的訓練閉環。不同層級的訓練可以同時進行，數千種戰術可以在虛擬空間中以低成本、高速度並行測試和最佳化。整體作戰能力的各要素幾乎可以獨立生成，無需考慮順序。同時，作戰能力的生成呈現出一定的分佈性、同步性、整合性和非線性特徵，顯著壓縮了傳統訓練週期，加速了跨層級作戰能力的同步生成，並將作戰能力的迭代進一步擴展至「域內基礎、跨域協同、全局融合」。

拓展智能湧現的價值邏輯。傳統訓練無法預先規劃所有可能的交互，也難以產生超越預設計劃的新戰術和協同模式。面對智慧戰爭的需求，這一困境難以克服。然而，人工智慧正在悄悄改變這個模式，將訓練場的價值從模擬過去的戰爭轉變為探索未來戰爭的可能性。人工智慧賦能合成訓練，為其註入了產生「智慧湧現」的內在驅動力。例如，與智慧敵軍進行遊戲式的對抗，迫使受訓人員打破傳統的思維框架，可能催生出以前難以想像、違反直覺的戰術組合。合成訓練的目的不僅在於執行已知的戰術，更在於磨練在對抗環境中創新方法和更新策略的能力。

重構：塑造合成訓練模式

融合人工智慧的合成訓練正逐步演變為一種新的訓練模式，強調以作戰為導向的組織，專注於提升情報和協同作戰能力，轉向分散式自主作戰，並適應動態戰場環境。

訓練重點在於以作戰為導向的編隊。如今的聯合兵種訓練具有更多樣化的訓練科目、更豐富的兵力構成以及更高的能力要求。此訓練強調以戰鬥為導向的分組，專注於訓練與實戰之間任務驅動的一致性，並以模組化、創新性和可擴展性為特點。人工智慧作為「調度器」發揮作用。「指揮中心」能夠根據戰場態勢評估作戰單位的狀態，快速生成最優兵力編組方案，根據需要調配相關要素，整合新領域和新素質的部隊，並演練如何快速集結和分散兵力，形成靈活的「任務定制」合成兵種群。這為系統提供了即插即用的能力模組，可以像積木一樣動態重構、高效連接和自適應調整。

訓練內容傾向於增強智慧化和一體化能力。傳統訓練更著重於評估協同行動是否按計劃、按時、按標準完成。在智慧戰中，人和智慧系統共同構成基本的作戰要素，透過功能分工和深度融合發揮作戰效能。因此，新時代一體化訓練的重點也應更重視提升人機融合能力。過去基於人際協作的訓練內容——包括技術升級、經驗訓練和自我意識訓練——效果已下降。增強智慧化和一體化能力的訓練內容正逐漸成為一體化訓練的關鍵。在戰術協調方面，在訓練中，受訓人員需要掌握如何與人工智慧系統高效協作和互動，如何利用人工智慧重組協作關係，完善殺傷鏈，協調聯合部隊行動，並實現「組合打擊」。

訓練方法正朝著分散式和自主化方向發展。人工智慧為聯合兵種訓練帶來的變革主要體現在訓練方法上。這不僅包括掌握協同作戰和鞏固協作基礎，還包括如何創新地引領作戰系統演進。分散式訓練依賴人工智慧技術，支援不同作戰單位在相同作戰背景、場景和戰場情勢下進行同步遠程聯合訓練，進而提高訓練效率。自主訓練採用「人外環」的方式，磨練受訓人員處理突發事件和自主行動的能力。透過回饋和自我調整，促進自主迭代升級。對抗訓練突破了以往從經驗中學習作戰的局限性，引入人工智慧驅動的「藍隊」進行「學習」。在模擬的複雜戰場環境中作戰，並加入隨機、極端和高度騷擾的場景。

訓練場景面向動態戰場。傳統的訓練場景大多是圍繞著“既有能力”和“已知威脅”設計的“預設腳本”，無法突破認知限制和既定思維模式的束縛。人工智慧賦能合成訓練，將其轉變為針對“未知能力”和“新興威脅”的“動態博弈系統”，使其更具“想像力”。基於訓練目標，人工智慧自主產生邏輯嚴密、多域、多維度的虛擬作戰場景。透過在高度複雜和不確定的環境中反覆練習，受訓人員更有可能對未來的戰場形成新的理解。

探索：合成訓練的未來路徑

人工智慧賦能的合成訓練是一個迭代演進的過程。展望其發展路徑，目標是超越發展局限和狹隘思維，直接面向“多智能體博弈論”和“數位孿生訓練場”，從而實現…多維度、系統性推進。

建構綜合訓練基礎。基於數位孿生與智慧技術，創造綜合訓練環境，實現人、裝備、環境的智慧互動。這將使所有訓練作戰單位成為動態可調的“智能體”，開展跨域訓練，提升人機混合智能的指揮、決策和自適應協調能力，並在真實戰場環境下孵化新的戰術和陣型。

部署智慧藍軍系統。建構具備自主演化能力和動態博弈論思維的演算法對手，將訓練重心從「適應已知」轉向「應對未知」。透過深度強化學習和賽局理論模型，智慧藍軍不僅能夠學習已知的戰術經驗，還能根據即時情況自主生成多樣化的戰術。此外，它還能洞察對手在互動中的行為模式，進而促進戰術的演進。在動態對抗中製定切實有效的戰略，並透過持續的高智慧對抗來磨練部隊的戰術創新能力和人機協作能力。

創新一體化訓練模式。新時代的聯合兵種訓練需要創新驅動、技術賦能的方法，需要大膽探索和勇於嘗試。這就要求無縫整合試驗場、訓練場和戰場，並創新涵蓋作戰測試機構、訓練機構和部隊的一體化訓練模式。教官不再只是技術提供者和支持者，而是作為訓練設計者、流程分析師和評估者融入訓練過程中。這有助於更好地理解訓練方法並進行方法論上的革新，驗證聯合兵種訓練中的新技術、戰術和陣型，探索未來作戰的製勝機制，並同時利用來自真實世界訓練的數據來優化人工智慧模型，從而形成一個真正將訓練與實際應用相結合的整合式互動式閉環。

來源：解放軍報作者：聶曉麗趙澤夏責任編輯：王一亙 2026-01-13 07:xx:xx

聶曉麗趙澤夏

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/164838781898.html

Red Dragon 1949 / 紅龍1949

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