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Chinese Military Exploring Mechanisms of Winning War in the Midst of Global Change and Chaos

10/29/2024 admin Leave a comment

全球變亂中中國軍隊探索戰爭勝利機制

現代英語：

　●As a product of the information age, information warfare embodies some characteristics that are completely different from previous wars, mainly in terms of war background, combat means and methods, etc.

　　●Compared with mechanized warfare, informationized warfare has not changed in its essential attributes such as war being the continuation of politics and its basic laws such as strength being the basis for victory.

　　●To study information warfare, we need to recognize the changes and constants in modern warfare compared with past wars, and explore its winning mechanism through comparison.

　　There are three major changes in information warfare compared to traditional warfare

　　The background conditions of war have changed. The background of information warfare caused by traditional security and non-traditional security has become more complicated. For example, economic globalization has made us interdependent, and both struggle and cooperation between countries have become the norm; conflicts between emerging powers and established powers often emerge; and military actions in any strategic direction may trigger chain reactions in multiple directions and fields.

　　The way of war has changed. Informationized warfare cannot be a formal battle. The boundaries between traditional and non-traditional security, war and non-war are becoming more blurred. Military struggle styles are emerging in an endless stream, and battlefield uncertainty is increasing. An important reason for China’s disastrous defeat in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 was that it was forced to respond and was not fully prepared. Aiming to win future informationized wars, we must adapt to the requirements of the information age, focus on solving practical problems, take the initiative to design wars, and make full preparations, so as to maintain strategic initiative.

　　The means of warfare have changed dramatically. Informatized warfare has more diverse options for using strategic forces to achieve political and military goals. Military struggles are simultaneously carried out in multi-dimensional battlefield spaces such as land, sea, air, space, and power grids, and the role of the invisible battlefield has become more prominent. Whether it is war operations or non-war military operations, they all require large-scale system support, large-area deployment, and big data security.

　　Compared with traditional warfare, information warfare has three things in common:

　　First, the essence of war as the continuation of politics has not changed. War is a complex social and political phenomenon. It is a way for countries or groups of countries, nations, races and social groups to resolve conflicts by force. As a continuation of politics, war is the last resort to resolve conflicts of interest. There is no repeated war in the world, but the nature of war is consistent. Moreover, with the continuous development of world politics and economy, the political purpose of war will become stronger. Therefore, in order to deal with future information warfare, it is necessary to analyze and study the political nature at a deeper level and enhance the pertinence of military struggle preparation.

　　Secondly, the basic laws of war have not changed. The basic laws of war are the essence and inevitable connection between various elements throughout the entire war process. Whether in information warfare or traditional warfare, strength is the basis for victory, and lagging behind means being beaten; in any war, correct strategic guidance is the key to victory; although weapons are an important factor in winning a war, people are always the decisive factor. It is not the equipment that determines the outcome of the war, but the people. After the informationized weapons and equipment are interconnected, interoperable, and interoperable, a small number of commanders and staff can control a large number of dispersed troops and weapons, thereby greatly improving combat effectiveness and command decision-making speed. This phenomenon does not show a decline in the role of people, but rather shows that information warfare requires higher-quality talents to be competent for command positions.

　　Third, the role of war has not changed. Wars are extremely violent, so they often bring serious disasters to social production and people’s lives, hinder social progress, interrupt a country’s development process, and even cause regression. However, if properly planned, the losses of war can be minimized, and it may bring greater development opportunities and benefits to a country.

　　To win the information war, we must grasp three winning mechanisms

　　Only by being ready to fight can we be invincible in the future information war. If we are prepared, we may not fight, but if we are not prepared, we may be passively beaten. The crisis is not terrible, but the terrible thing is that the crisis comes quietly and we are completely unaware of it. Whether the future war will be fought or not does not entirely depend on us, but we must be prepared for military struggle. In recent years, in the face of frequent “hot spots” in the surrounding areas, we have taken the initiative to respond steadily and achieved strategic goals. In the future, my country will still encounter challenges of one kind or another in the process of development. It is urgent to enrich and expand the active defense military strategic thinking, unify the eyes inward and outward, adhere to the bottom line thinking, prepare for war, and create favorable conditions for the country’s peaceful development.

　　Winning the battlefield depends on the organic combination of “soft” and “hard” means. Informationized warfare is a system confrontation, relying on network information systems. The realization of “fast eating slow” depends on the integrated and orderly rapid operation of reconnaissance, early warning, command and control, firepower strikes, and comprehensive support in a multi-dimensional three-dimensional space. Among them, the role of “software” in system combat capability is more prominent. For example, how to solve the problem of difficult target identification: the lack of electronic fingerprint data of enemy aircraft and ship targets makes it impossible to conduct comparative analysis. Without these data, advanced equipment will not be able to fully play its role; how to solve the problem of difficult data transmission: when target information is transmitted to the weapon platform, if the data link loses information, it will be difficult to meet the launch needs of the weapon platform. For example, how to solve the problem of anti-interference? The guidance method of the naval and air force weapon platform is susceptible to interference. If this problem is not solved, it is difficult to hit accurately. The formation of system combat capability requires not only advanced weapons and equipment, but also long-term combat readiness and training accumulation. Informationized warfare must start with “knowing the enemy”. Through long-term and multi-means preparation, the opponent is thoroughly understood, the opponent is digitized, and the opponent’s main combat weapon information is carded, providing guarantees for system confrontation and defeating the enemy.

　　Winning the information war requires national cohesion. The recent local wars are asymmetric warfare with a huge disparity in strength between the two sides. They can also be said to be typical “fighting” wars, rather than evenly matched “fighting” wars. The wars we will face in the future are likely to be “fighting” wars. It is not feasible to use this “fighting” combat theory to guide future wars. In information warfare, people are still the basis for victory. Potential opponents are not afraid of our technological breakthroughs, but they are afraid of our unity. The development of science and technology and the research and development of advanced weapons and equipment require a process. Improving national cohesion often has immediate results. Innovating and developing the theory of people’s war under the new situation is our correct choice. Mobilizing the masses, relying on the masses, and for the masses can win future wars.

　　Editor’s Notes Zhou Feng

　　Seeing through the fog before Napoleon

　　Although Napoleon, known as the “giant of war” in the West, and Clausewitz, the “military saint”, did not have a face-to-face contest, they had several indirect confrontations. On November 9, 1799, the young general Napoleon became the supreme ruler of France and the representative of the capitalist forces in Europe at that time. Subsequently, in order to fight against the counterattack of the feudal forces in Europe, Napoleon organized troops to fight against the anti-French alliance several times. Among them, in the double battle of Jena-Auerstedt in October 1806, Napoleon defeated the fourth anti-French alliance dominated by Russia and Prussia, forcing Prussia to surrender. This battle was also the first time that Napoleon and Clausewitz fought on a mutually hostile battlefield. Clausewitz, 26 years old at the time, was the adjutant of Prince August, a senior general of the Prussian side, and was in his prime. The ever-changing battlefield fighting, especially his own experience of being captured by the French army, became the “grain” of his brewing of the old wine “On War”.

　　A year later, Clausewitz was released. Three years later, Prussia agreed to ally with France. Clausewitz resigned from the army in anger and defected to Russia to fight against France. Tsar Alexander at the time was one of the few staunch anti-French factions in Europe. He once emphasized: “Even if all the bayonets in Europe were concentrated on the Russian border, it would not shake my determination to fight against France!” In 1812, when Napoleon attacked Russia and began to retreat after his defeat in Moscow, Clausewitz, who participated in the war as a Russian cavalry officer, tried hard to chase him and capture him alive. However, Napoleon, who had experienced many battles, still managed to escape unscathed in a mess.

　　Although Clausewitz did not capture Napoleon, he captured his thoughts and revealed the real Napoleon with his pen: Although Napoleon’s military art was superb, everything he did was to safeguard the interests of France, and politics was his first starting point. As for the old emperors of European countries running around to besiege Napoleon, it was also to defend their own ruling status. Politics is the mother of war, and violence cannot be viewed alone under any circumstances. Compared with the concept of “fog of war” proposed later in “On War”, Clausewitz believed that it was more important to examine the fog before the war, including accurately judging the political situation of all parties, understanding the signs of war, weighing whether to fight or not, etc. But no matter how the fog is solved, it is just to solve the problem of seeing the essence through the phenomenon, and what is needed is a bunch of keys: problem awareness, mastering general or special laws and timely intelligence information.

(Source: Liberation Army Daily )

現代國語：

●資訊戰爭作為資訊時代的產物，體現了一些與以往戰爭完全不同的特點，主要體現在戰爭背景、作戰手段和方法等面向。

●與機械化戰爭相比，資訊化戰爭的戰爭是政治的延續、實力是勝利的基礎等基本屬性沒有改變。

●研究資訊戰，需要認識現代戰爭與以往戰爭相比的變化和不變，透過比較探索其勝利機制。

資訊戰與傳統戰爭相比有三大變化

戰爭的背景條件改變了。傳統安全與非傳統安全引發的資訊戰背景更加複雜。例如，經濟全球化使我們相互依存，國家之間鬥爭與合作成為常態；新興大國與老牌強國之間常出現衝突；任何一個戰略方向的軍事行動都可能引發多個方向、多個領域的連鎖反應。

戰爭的方式已經改變。資訊化戰爭不可能是正式的戰鬥。傳統安全與非傳統安全、戰爭與非戰爭的界線越來越模糊。軍事鬥爭方式層出不窮，戰場不確定性增加。 1894年甲午戰爭，中國慘敗的一個重要原因是被迫應戰，準備不充分。打贏未來資訊化戰爭，必須適應資訊時代要求，著眼解決實際問題，主動設計戰爭，做好充分準備，保持戰略主動。

戰爭手段發生了巨大變化。資訊化戰爭使戰略力量實現政治軍事目標的選擇更加多元。軍事鬥爭在陸、海、空、太空、電網等多維戰場空間同時進行，隱形戰場的角色更為凸顯。無論是戰爭行動或非戰爭軍事行動，都需要大規模系統支撐、大面積部署、大數據安全。

與傳統戰爭相比，資訊戰爭有三個共同點：

首先，戰爭作為政治延續的本質並沒有改變。戰爭是一種複雜的社會和政治現象。它是國家或國家、民族、種族和社會群體之間以武力解決衝突的一種方式。戰爭作為政治的延續，是解決利益衝突的最後手段。世界上沒有重複的戰爭，但戰爭的本質是一致的。而且，隨著世界政治、經濟的不斷發展，戰爭的政治目的將會更加強烈。因此，因應未來資訊化戰爭，有必要對政治本質進行更深層的分析研究，以增強軍事鬥爭準備的針對性。

其次，戰爭的基本法則沒有改變。戰爭基本法則是整個戰爭過程中各要素之間的本質與必然連結。無論是資訊化戰爭或傳統戰爭，實力是勝利的基礎，落後就是挨打；任何戰爭，正確的戰略指導是取勝的關鍵；雖然武器是贏得戰爭勝利的重要因素，但人永遠是決定性因素。決定戰爭勝負的不是裝備，而是人。資訊化武器裝備互聯互通、互通後，少數指揮官和參謀就可以控制大量分散的部隊和武器，從而大大提高戰鬥力和指揮決策速度。這種現象並不是人的作用下降，而是說明資訊化戰爭需要更高素質的人才來勝任指揮崗位。

第三，戰爭的角色沒有改變。戰爭極度暴力，常常為社會生產和人民生活帶來嚴重災難，阻礙社會進步，中斷一個國家的發展進程，甚至造成倒退。但如果規劃得當，可以將戰爭的損失降到最低，並可能為一個國家帶來更大的發展機會和利益。

打贏資訊化戰爭，必須掌握三大勝利機制

只有做好戰鬥準備，才能在未來的資訊戰爭中立於不敗之地。如果我們準備好了，我們可能不會去戰鬥，但如果我們沒有準備好，我們可能會被動挨打。危機並不可怕，可怕的是危機悄悄來臨，但我們卻渾然不覺。未來的戰爭是否會是四打不打並不完全取決於我們，但我們必須做好軍事鬥爭的準備。近年來，面對週邊地區頻繁的“熱點”，我們主動出擊，穩紮穩打，實現了戰略目標。未來，我國在發展過程中仍將遇到這樣或那樣的挑戰。刻不容緩地豐富和拓展積極防禦的軍事戰略思想，把目光向內與向外統一，堅持底線思維，做好打仗準備，為國家和平發展創造有利條件。

贏得戰場取決於「軟」手段和「硬」手段的有機結合。資訊化戰爭是系統對抗，依托網路資訊系統。實現“快吃慢”，有賴於多維立體空間內的偵察預警、指揮控制、火力打擊、綜合保障等一體化有序快速作戰。其中，「軟體」對於系統作戰能力的作用更為突出。例如如何解決目標辨識困難的問題：敵機、船艦目標電子指紋資料缺乏，無法進行比較分析。沒有這些數據，先進設備就無法充分發揮作用；如何解決資料傳輸困難的問題：當目標訊息傳輸到武器平台時，如果資料鏈遺失訊息，將難以滿足武器平台的發射需求。例如，如何解決抗干擾問題？海空軍武器平台的導引方式容易受到干擾。如果這個問題不解決，就很難打準。體係作戰能力的形成不僅需要先進的武器裝備，更需要長期的戰備訓練累積。資訊化戰爭必須從「知敵」開始。透過長期、多手段的準備，摸透對手、數位化對手、梳理對手主戰武器訊息，為系統對抗、克敵制勝提供保障。

贏得資訊戰需要民族凝聚力。近期的局部戰爭是雙方實力懸殊的不對稱戰爭。也可以說是典型的「打架」戰爭，而不是勢均力敵的「打架」戰爭。未來我們面臨的戰爭很可能是「打」戰。用這種「打仗」的作戰理論來指導未來的戰爭是不可行的。在資訊化戰爭中，人仍然是勝利的基礎。潛在的對手並不害怕我們的技術突破，而是害怕我們的團結。科學技術的發展和先進武器裝備的研發需要一個過程。提高民族凝聚力往往會產生立竿見影的效果。新形勢下創新和發展人民戰爭理論是我們的正確選擇。發動群眾、依靠群眾、為了群眾，才能贏得未來戰爭的勝利。

編者按週峰

撥開拿破崙之前的迷霧

被譽為西方「戰爭巨人」的拿破崙與「軍事聖人」克勞塞維茨雖然沒有面對面的較量，但也有過幾次間接的交鋒。 1799年11月9日，年輕的將軍拿破崙成為法國的最高統治者，也是當時歐洲資本主義勢力的代表。隨後，為了對抗歐洲封建勢力的反撲，拿破崙多次組織軍隊與反法聯盟作戰。其中，在1806年10月的耶拿-奧爾施泰特雙重戰役中，拿破崙擊敗了以俄國和普魯士為主的第四次反法同盟，迫使普魯士投降。這場戰役也是拿破崙和克勞塞維茨第一次在相互敵對的戰場上作戰。克勞塞維茨當時26歲，是普魯士一方高級將領奧古斯特親王的副官，正值壯年。瞬息萬變的戰場戰鬥，尤其是他自己被法軍俘虜的經歷，成為他釀造《戰爭論》老酒的「糧」。

一年後，克勞塞維茨被釋放。三年後，普魯士同意與法國結盟。克勞塞維茨一怒之下退伍，投奔俄國與法國作戰。當時的沙皇亞歷山大是歐洲少數幾個堅定的反法派系之一。他曾強調：“即使歐洲所有的刺刀都集中在俄羅斯邊境，也動搖不了我對抗法國的決心！” 1812年，當拿破崙進攻俄羅斯並在莫斯科戰敗後開始撤退時，作為俄羅斯騎兵軍官參戰的克勞塞維茨，盡力追趕他並活捉他。然而，身經百戰的拿破崙仍然在一片狼藉中毫髮無傷地逃脫了。

克勞塞維茨雖然沒有捕捉到拿破崙，但他捕捉到了他的思想，用筆揭示了真實的拿破崙：拿破崙雖然軍事藝術高超，但他所做的一切都是為了維護法國的利益，政治是他的第一出發點。至於歐洲各國的老皇帝四處奔波圍攻拿破崙，也是為了捍衛自己的統治地位。政治是戰爭之母，任何情況下都不能單獨看待暴力。與後來在《戰爭論》中提出的「戰爭迷霧」概念相比，克勞塞維茨認為，在戰前審視迷霧更為重要，包括準確判斷各方政治局勢、了解戰爭徵兆、權衡戰爭迷霧等。

（圖片來源：解放軍報）http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2014-04/01/content_71770.htm

中國原創軍事資源：

#Information Support Force, Asymmetric Warfare, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

China’s Focus on “Controlling Narratives with Intelligence”: The New Frontier of Chinese Cognitive Warfare

10/29/2024 admin Leave a comment

中國聚焦「用情報控制敘事」：中國認知戰新前沿

現代英語：

【Military Academy】

　　Author: Wu Xiaojian (PhD student at the School of Military and Political Basic Education, National University of Defense Technology)

　　At present, the world’s military powers have stepped up cutting-edge research on cognitive domain operations, relying on language to build a narrative discourse system that can win the battlefield, and seek to create asymmetric advantages at the narrative discourse level. Looking to the future, narrative games are playing an increasingly important role in shaping self-interest, conducting cognitive manipulation, and releasing the fog of war. The “weaponization” tendency of its soft power attributes to hard power attributes is becoming increasingly obvious. Against this background, narrative games have become a new frontier for major powers’ cognitive domain operations.

　　The “cognitive” nature of narrative

　　Narrative is the narration of a story, which consists of two parts: “narration” and “story”. The former answers the question of “how to tell”, while the latter is related to “what to tell”. Human attention to narrative began in the field of literature, and then expanded to other fields such as film, television, fine arts, music, and news communication. With the continuous advancement of human cognition, the concept of narrative has been extended to the fields of politics, economy, military, culture, and citizens’ personal lives, from which narrative concepts such as national macro-narrative, social meso-narrative, and individual micro-narrative have been derived. While the narrator tells the story, through the artificial arrangement of narrative person, time, perspective, focus and other strategies, the audience is subtly influenced by the values and ideology behind the story while understanding the story. This is the “cognitive nature” of narrative.

　　The connotations of narrative game are very rich. It covers macro-narratives such as a country’s military thought, military concepts, and military terminology, as well as meso-narratives of agenda setting such as military law, rules of engagement, combat standards, regulations, and war ethics. It also involves micro-narratives such as narratives of war progress and heroic figures in military history and war history.

　　Narratives are to cognition what ammunition is to guns. On the eve of the Iraq War, in order to create a cognitive situation of “just cause”, the United States used a small bottle of “white powder” to fabricate the so-called “weapons of mass destruction” and created the “narrative key” for the US invasion of Iraq. In the current Russia-Ukraine conflict, Russia and Western countries have carried out a high-intensity narrative confrontation, each doing its best to shape a self-interested public opinion situation. At present, Western militaries represented by the United States rely on their discourse hegemony to shape narratives into the “main battlefield” of cognitive domain operations. On the one hand, they actively promote ideological output through the Internet and social media, and on the other hand, they influence the formulation of military strategies and the development of national defense forces in other countries by hyping new weapons and equipment and fresh combat concepts.

　　Narrative Game and Great Power Competition

　　Wars obey politics, and strategies obey policies. Narrative games are ultimately tools for achieving the political goals behind wars. In the process of great power competition in different historical periods, narratives generally serve the overall domestic and foreign affairs of a country, and they use strategic thinking, theoretical concepts, laws and regulations, and political declarations within the macro-political framework that obeys and serves national interests. In the 1930s, the United States enacted the Neutrality Act under the influence of its isolationist foreign policy, but as the threat of fascism grew, especially after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, its foreign policy took a major turn, changing its previous narrative discourse system of neutrality and declaring war on Japan, which profoundly affected the fate of the United States and reshaped the world’s political landscape. After entering the new century, the United States, based on the political purpose of enhancing its own political and military status and establishing a unilateral order, launched the narrative logic of the so-called “weapons of mass destruction” agenda to provoke the Iraq War, which to a certain extent achieved its political plot.

　　Faced with a complex external environment, it is a necessary measure for major powers to maintain national security by improving their narrative game capabilities that are in line with their national conditions and commensurate with their military strength. At present, the political nature of great power competition has not been weakened by the evolution of war forms, but has been significantly strengthened. Narrative games must follow the strategic policy of obeying and serving the country and the military as the fundamental principle of operations, defend national sovereignty and development interests as the ultimate mission, value offense and defense as the central task, and cognitive competition as the core goal. In peacetime, they should serve as a “mouthpiece” to shape the image of their own military forces, win support, and convey deterrence. In wartime, they should become a “blade” to cooperate with physical strikes to politically and organizationally divide opponents, shake the enemy, and disintegrate the enemy.

　　In today’s world, the fierce competition between major powers has integrated narrative games into the entire process of military cognitive games. Before the military game between major powers, both sides first frequently declare their respective positions and show their will through various channels, convey the justice and necessity of their military struggle, and shape a self-interested situation at the moral and ethical level to gain broad support from the domestic people and the international community; in the process of the game, both sides convey their new progress and achievements in military strategies and tactics, weapons and equipment, combat readiness training and personnel modernization through various means according to the times and circumstances, shape their own dominant position, and cast cognitive fog to cause hesitation, panic and shaken will of the other side’s domestic military and civilians; once the game comes to an end, the winning side will look back on its game process from a grand narrative perspective, and by shaping the image of a winner with both deterrence and affinity, it will demonstrate the winner’s strength and position, and consolidate the victory of the game.

　　Building a powerful military narrative discourse system is the basis for conducting cognitive offensive and defensive operations. Narrative games under the background of great power competition require actively finding the points of convergence between cognitive warfare, public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, etc. in terms of elements, information and cognition. The fierce competition among great powers in the fields of public opinion, psychology, and brain control has given narrative games a broader interpretation space and strategic significance. The core of public opinion warfare is the struggle for narrative dominance, and behind it is the competition for international communication power; psychological warfare is a deep-level confrontation about core values, and narrative provides it with a “script” for interpreting and conveying different values; brain control warfare is a combat style that deeply integrates brain science and artificial intelligence. Narrative provides a powerful weapon for information implantation in the competition for cognitive space such as reading the brain, imitating the brain, and controlling the brain, which directly targets the brain.

　　“Controlling Narration with Intelligence” is on the agenda

　　With the rapid development of science and technology such as cognitive science, computer science, and brain science, and the accelerated evolution of intelligent warfare with ubiquitous intelligence, interconnectedness, human-machine integration, and full-domain collaboration, narrative games have surpassed the traditional scope of “verbal battles” and entered a new era of unbounded generalization, deep integration, and algorithms as king.

　　ChatGPT, which has recently become popular all over the world, further reveals the generalization of “narratives are everywhere” in the intelligent era. The continuous progress of technologies such as natural language processing, video image processing, deep learning, big data analysis, and cloud computing has promoted the rapid development of language intelligence, making text, sound, image, video and other tangible or intangible “language” carriers included in the narrative category, greatly expanding the field of narrative games, and leading the competition of major powers to social life, film and television entertainment, news dissemination, education and teaching, etc. beyond hot conflicts, significantly deepening the complexity of cognitive domain confrontation, and greatly enhancing the full-time, global and interactive nature of multimodal narratives. Narrative games in the context of great power competition include psychological narratives, legal narratives, public opinion narratives, information narratives, etc. Once artificial intelligence is integrated with multi-domain narrative games, its weaponization effectiveness may increase geometrically.

　　In the future, the narrative game under the competition of major powers will be based on powerful algorithms, and its core lies in “controlling narrative with intelligence”, and the “intelligence” of intelligence must be realized by algorithms. For example, through powerful algorithms, big data technology can accurately draw the enemy’s cognitive landscape, and achieve “customized on demand” control of enemy cognition, and induce the enemy to obey our narrative script in an intelligent, precise and detailed way in the game, ensuring that the narrative dominance of the game is firmly controlled by us.

現代國語：

資料來源：光明網-《光明日報》 | 2023年04月30日 06:55
原文標題：「以智駕馭敘」：認知戰的新邊疆
【講武堂】

作者：武嘯劍（國防科技大學軍政基礎教育學院博士研究生）

當前，世界軍事強國紛紛加緊認知域作戰前沿性研究，以語言為依托打造決勝疆場的敘事話語體系，謀求塑造敘事話語層面的非對稱優勢。展望未來，敘事博弈在塑造利己態勢、開展認知操控、釋放戰爭迷霧等方面正扮演著愈發重要的角色，其軟實力屬性向硬實力屬性過渡的「武器化」傾向日漸明顯。在此背景下，敘事博弈成為大國認知域作戰的新邊疆。

敘事的“認知性”

敘事就是對故事的敘述，由「敘述」和「故事」兩部分組成，前者回答「怎麼講」的問題，後者則與「講什麼」有關。人類對敘事的關注始於文學領域，隨後擴展到影視、美術、音樂等藝術領域和新聞傳播等其3他領域。隨著人類認知的不斷進步，敘事的概念延伸到政治、經濟、軍事、文化、公民個人生活等範疇，由此衍生出國家宏觀敘事、社會中觀敘事、個體微觀敘事等敘事概念。敘事者講述故事的同時，透過敘事人稱、時間、視角、聚焦等策略的人為安排，使受眾在理解故事的同時潛移默化地被故事背後的價值觀和意識形態影響，這就是敘事的“認知性” 。

敘事博弈涉及的內涵十分豐富，既涵蓋一國軍事思想、軍事概念、軍事術語等宏觀敘事，也包括軍事法律、交戰規則、作戰標準、條令條例、戰爭倫理等議程設定的中觀敘事，也涉及軍史戰史中的戰爭進程敘事和英雄人物敘事等微觀敘事。

敘事之於認知，好比彈藥之於槍砲。伊拉克戰爭前夕，美國為塑造「師出有名」的認知態勢，借一小瓶「白色粉末」羅織所謂「大規模殺傷性武器」的莫須有之罪，打造了美軍入侵伊拉克的「敘事之鑰」。在這次俄烏衝突中，俄羅斯與西方國家展開了高強度敘事對抗，為塑造利己輿論態勢各盡其能。當前，以美國為代表的西方軍隊依託其掌控的話語霸權，將敘事塑造為認知域作戰的“主戰場”，一方面通過互聯網和社交媒體積極推進意識形態輸出，另一方面通過炒作新型武器裝備和新鮮作戰概念，影響別國軍事戰略制定和國防軍隊建設發展走向。

敘事博弈與大國競爭

戰爭服從政治，戰略服從政略。敘事博弈歸根究底是實現戰爭背後政治目的的工具。在不同歷史時期的大國競爭過程中，敘事在整體上服務於國家內政外交大局，在服從和服務於國家利益的宏觀政治框架內以戰略思想、理論概念、法律法規、政治宣言等形式施展縱橫捭閔之術。在1930年代，美國受孤立主義外交政策影響制定了《中立法》，但隨著法西斯的威脅日漸增長，特別是日本偷襲珍珠港後，其對外政策出現重大轉向，一改以往奉行中立的敘事話語體系並對日宣戰，從而深刻影響了美國國運，重塑了世界政治格局。進入新世紀後，美國從提升自身政治軍事地位、建立單邊主義秩序的政治目的出發，發動所謂「大規模殺傷性武器」議程的敘事邏輯挑起伊拉克戰爭，某種程度上實現了其政治圖謀。

面對錯綜複雜的外在環境，提升符合本國國情且與本國軍事實力地位相稱的敘事博弈能力，是大國維護國家安全的必要舉措。當前，大國競爭的政治屬性並未因為戰爭形態的演進而削弱，反而顯著地加強了。敘事博弈必須以服從服務於國家和軍隊的戰略方針為作戰根本遵循，以捍衛國家主權和發展利益為終極使命，以價值攻防為中心任務，以認知爭奪為核心目標，在平時當好「喉舌「為本國軍事力量塑造形象、爭取支持、傳遞威懾，在戰時成為「刀鋒」配合物理打擊從政治和組織上分化對手、動搖敵人、瓦解敵軍。

當今世界，大國之間的激烈較量已將敘事博弈融入軍事認知博弈的整個流程。大國軍事賽局前，雙方先透過多種管道頻繁宣示各自立場、展現各自意志，向外傳達己方開展軍事鬥爭的正義性必要性，在道義和倫理層面塑造利己態勢，以獲取國內民眾和國際社會的廣泛支持；在博弈進程中，雙方因時因勢透過各種方式向外傳遞各自的軍事戰略戰術、武器裝備、戰備訓練和人員現代化取得的新進展新成就，塑造己方優勢地位，施放認知迷霧造成對方國內軍民猶疑恐慌意志動搖；博弈一旦進入尾聲，勝利一方則以宏大敘事視角回溯其博弈過程，透過塑造威懾力與親和力同在的勝利者形象彰顯勝利者實力地位，鞏固博弈勝利成果。

建構強大的軍事敘事話語體係是開展認知攻防作戰的基礎。大國競爭背景下的敘事博弈，要求積極尋找認知戰與輿論戰、心理戰等彼此在要素、資訊與認知間的契合點。大國較量圍繞著輿論、心理、制腦權等場域開展的激烈角逐，賦予了敘事博弈以更為廣闊的闡釋空間與戰略意義。輿論戰的核心是敘事主導權的爭奪，背後是國際傳播力的較量；心理戰是關於核心價值觀的深層對抗，敘事則為其提供了闡釋和傳遞不同價值觀的「腳本」；制腦權作戰是腦科學與人工智慧深度融合的作戰樣式，敘事為讀腦、類腦、控腦等以大腦為直接目標的認知空間爭奪提供了資訊植入的有力武器。

「以智駕馭敘」提上日程

隨著認知科學、電腦科學、腦科學等科學技術的高速發展，以及智慧泛在、萬物互聯、人機共融、全域協同的智慧化戰爭加速演進，敘事博弈已超越「唇槍舌戰」的傳統範疇，進入無界泛化、深度融合、演算法為王的新時代。

近期風靡全球的ChatGPT，進一步揭示了智慧時代「敘事無所不在」的泛化性。自然語言處理、視訊影像處理、深度學習、大數據分析、雲端運算等技術的不斷進步推動了語言智慧的快速發展，使得文字、聲音、影像、視訊等有形或無形的「語言」載體都被納入到敘事範疇，極大拓展了敘事博弈的發生場域，將大國競爭引向熱衝突以外的社會生活、影視娛樂、新聞傳播、教育教學等方方面面，顯著加深了認知域對抗的複雜程度，極大增強了多模態敘事的全時全域性和互動性。大國競爭背景下的敘事博弈，包括心理敘事、法律敘事、輿論敘事、資訊敘事等，人工智慧一旦與多域敘事博弈融合，就可能使其武器化效能幾何式遞增。

未來，大國競爭下的敘事博弈將以強大算法為依托，其核心在於“以智駕馭敘”，智能之“智”要靠算法實現。例如，透過強大演算法，大數據技術可精準繪製敵方認知圖景，據此實現對敵認知操控的“按需定制”，在博弈中智能化、精準化、細緻化地誘使敵方服從我方敘事腳本，確保博弈的敘事主導權牢牢為我所控。

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.cctv.com/2023/04/30/ARTITYH9OANialt6AQ2BNLC2230430.shtml

#Information Support Force, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國的情報戰, 中國的耗散戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍事認知域作戰的重點是什麼、重點在哪裡？, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 中國軍隊瞄準未來戰爭打好五場認知戰, 中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點, 元宇宙, 國家網絡空間安全戰略, 國防和軍隊現代化建設, 域作战突出属性, 認知戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Carries Forward Spirit of Socialist Rule of Law Strengthening Construction of Combat Winning Culture

10/18/2024 admin Leave a comment

中國軍隊弘揚社會主義法治精神加強打贏文化建設

現代英語：

Strengthening the construction of military rule of law culture

■Wang Mei

introduction

President Xi stressed that we should carry forward the spirit of socialist rule of law and strive to cultivate socialist rule of law culture. Military rule of law culture, as an important component of socialist rule of law culture, is the spiritual support for the practice of military rule of law construction, and has important functions such as ideological enlightenment, behavior regulation and cultural nourishment. In the new era and new journey, we should regard strengthening the construction of military rule of law culture as a strategic and basic work for building a military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics, and provide a strong ideological guarantee and spiritual motivation for the in-depth implementation of the strategy of ruling the army by law.

Fully recognize the status and role of military rule of law culture construction

Culture is the product of human thinking and behavior, and in turn shapes human thinking and behavior. Military rule of law culture is an important component of building a military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics, and is also an important guarantee for mobilizing and stimulating the consciousness of military rule of law subjects.

Military rule of law culture is an important component of building a military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics. The military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics consists of a military legal system, a military rule of law implementation system, a military rule of law supervision system, and a military rule of law guarantee system. The military rule of law guarantee system mainly includes military rule of law organizations, military law governance theory, military legal talent teams, and military rule of law culture, providing organizational guarantees, theoretical support, talent support, and cultural nourishment for the construction of military rule of law. Military rule of law culture is closely related to other subsystems in the military rule of law system, and permeates the contents of these subsystems in the form of people, objects, information and other elements. In addition, the rule of law is not only a way of governing the army, but also a value choice, cultural thought, and spiritual power. The rule of law culture of the people’s army is embedded with the value standards of allocating power and responsibility and balancing rights and obligations. It is a culture that demonstrates the purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly. To comprehensively promote the rule of law in the army, it is necessary to lead and guide all aspects of the military rule of law construction with the core values of socialism and the core values of contemporary revolutionary soldiers, so that it can better reflect the national value goals, social value orientation, citizen value standards, and military personnel value requirements.

Military rule of law culture is an important guarantee for mobilizing and inspiring the consciousness of military rule of law subjects. Culture is created by people, and in turn cultivates, shapes and changes people, playing a vital role in guiding and supporting the all-round development of people. The realization of the rule of law depends on the foundation and power of the rule of law culture, and on the sincere recognition, sincere support and conscious practice of various subjects. Officers and soldiers are the main body of the army. The construction of the rule of law in the army needs officers and soldiers to promote it, and various laws and regulations need to be implemented by officers and soldiers. Strengthening the construction of military rule of law culture, strengthening officers and soldiers’ belief in and thinking of the rule of law, and improving officers and soldiers’ legal literacy and ability to handle affairs in accordance with the law are important aspects of deepening the rule of law in the army and strict management of the army. Strengthening the construction of military rule of law culture can create a good rule of law environment and establish a clear direction throughout the army that laws must be followed, laws must be strictly enforced, and violations must be punished, so that officers and soldiers always maintain awe of laws and regulations and military discipline, firmly establish the concept that legal red lines cannot be touched and legal bottom lines cannot be crossed, cultivate the habit of using rule of law thinking to think about problems, handle matters, and solve problems, and inspire the enthusiasm, initiative, consciousness and creativity of the majority of military personnel to participate in the construction of military rule of law.

Accurately grasp the contemporary requirements of building a military rule of law culture

To strengthen the construction of military rule of law culture, we should accurately grasp and highlight the basic characteristics of military culture construction, such as its political nature, people-oriented nature, moral nature, practical nature, and innovative nature, adhere to the corresponding work principles and requirements, and ensure that the construction of military rule of law culture is comprehensively guided and always followed.

Highlight the political nature of the construction of military rule of law culture. The rule of law is a way to express and distribute the interests of specific interest groups. The distinct political nature of the construction of military rule of law culture is closely related to and organically unified with the party’s nature and the people’s nature. To strengthen the construction of military rule of law culture, we must adhere to the party’s absolute leadership over the people’s army, thoroughly implement Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military, thoroughly implement Xi Jinping’s thoughts on the rule of law and President Xi’s important expositions on ruling the military according to law, deeply understand the decisive significance of the “two establishments”, enhance the “four consciousnesses”, strengthen the “four self-confidences”, and achieve the “two safeguards”, implement the responsibility system of the Chairman of the Military Commission, and ensure that the construction of military rule of law culture is always promoted in the correct political direction.

Highlight the people-oriented nature of the military rule of law culture construction. Military personnel, especially officers and soldiers, are the main body of the military rule of law culture construction. The construction of the military rule of law culture must adhere to the people-centered approach, adhere to the subject status of officers and soldiers, mobilize and stimulate the various cultural needs of officers and soldiers, and provide basic support and create favorable conditions for meeting the needs. By improving the military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics that meets the only fundamental standard of combat effectiveness, we can improve the level of legalization of national defense and military construction, promote the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness and fully release it, and ensure the realization of the fundamental purpose of the people’s army to serve the people wholeheartedly.

Highlight the morality of military rule of law culture construction. “Law brings peace to the world, and virtue nourishes people’s hearts.” A distinctive feature of the rule of law path of socialism with Chinese characteristics is to insist on combining rule of law with rule of virtue, emphasizing that both rule of law and rule of virtue should be grasped with both hands and both hands should be strong. To fully implement the strategy of ruling the military by law, it is necessary to implement moral requirements into the construction of the rule of law, attach importance to the normative role of law, and embody moral concepts through the rule of law; attach importance to the educational role of morality, and nourish the spirit of the rule of law with morality, so as to realize that law and morality complement each other, and rule of law and rule of virtue complement each other.

Highlight the practicality of the construction of military rule of law culture. The process of cultural innovation and development is the process of constantly answering new issues raised by the times and practice. In order to turn the “law on paper” into the real and vivid “law in action” in real life, and to turn the “blueprint” of the construction of military rule of law culture into a real and tangible “high-rise building” in real life, we must pay attention to the unity of knowledge and action, guide and promote through the specific work of the construction of military rule of law culture, and rely on the universal, regular and long-term practice of the construction of military rule of law culture by relevant subjects, so as to guide the majority of military personnel to become loyal advocates, conscious abiders and firm defenders of the military rule of law with Chinese characteristics.

Highlight the innovation of the construction of military rule of law culture. Military rule of law culture is constantly gaining vitality and vigor in the process of evolution, development and continuous innovation. The construction of military rule of law culture should uphold an open and inclusive attitude, fully learn from and absorb the outstanding achievements of human rule of law civilization, and enhance the international influence and voice of the military rule of law culture with Chinese characteristics; adhere to inheritance and development, keep integrity and innovation, rely on the use of new technologies, new platforms, new models and new mechanisms, and continuously develop and prosper, spread and carry forward the military rule of law culture content in China’s excellent traditional military culture and socialist advanced culture, and promote the further creative transformation and innovative development of military rule of law culture.

Ideas and measures to comprehensively strengthen the construction of military rule of law culture

To strengthen the construction of military rule of law culture, we should insist on the coordinated efforts in the construction of military rule of law culture in spiritual form, institutional form, and material form, and effectively adopt ideas and measures that cover both goals and tasks and include implementation paths, and have their own focuses and are mutually integrated.

Strengthen the spiritual form of military rule of law culture. Thought is the forerunner of behavior, and theory is the guide to action. Military law governance theory and military rule of law thinking are both requirements and indicators for the construction of military rule of law culture, and are also important contents of the construction of military rule of law culture. We should strengthen the research on military law governance theory, support it with discipline construction, promote the research and interpretation of the military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics, convince people with thorough theories, and give play to the guiding role of theoretical identification on emotional identification and behavioral identification. We should strengthen the rule of law thinking of military personnel, thoroughly study, publicize and implement Xi Jinping’s thoughts on the rule of law, deepen the rule of law education and training of the entire army, incorporate the goals, objects, system, content and methods of education and training into the track of the rule of law, let the thinking of respecting rules, the thinking of rights and obligations, the thinking of limiting power and governing power, and the thinking of justice and science take root in their minds, and make respecting and practicing the rule of law the way of thinking, working and living of military personnel, especially leading cadres.

Strengthen the military rule of law culture in the form of system. Only by formulating scientific systems and making them run smoothly can the value orientation of the rule of law culture be established and consolidated. We should strengthen the construction of the military legal system, adhere to scientific legislation, democratic legislation, and legislation in accordance with the law, fully reflect the interests of the people and the standards of combat effectiveness in the legal system, establish institutional rules and clear directions that laws must be followed, laws must be strictly enforced, and violations must be investigated, and create a persuasive and credible cultural form. The military legal system should run smoothly, and in the implementation, supervision, and guarantee of military rule of law, we should establish the prestige of the rule of law, cultivate integrity, and lead a new style. We must attach importance to the activities of creating a rule of law military camp and jointly building the rule of law between the military and the local government as an important starting point, take safeguarding national defense and military interests, and the legitimate rights and interests of military personnel and their families in accordance with the law as a breakthrough point, and enhance the military personnel’s experience of the rule of law in laws, regulations, and their operation.

Strengthen the military rule of law culture in material form. Military rule of law cannot be separated from a solid material foundation, and institutional and spiritual culture cannot be separated from solid material conditions. To this end, the construction of military rule of law facilities should be strengthened, including facilities related to all elements and processes of rule of law such as legislation, law enforcement, judicial affairs, legal governance research, education and training, such as venues and items for legal publicity and education. The rule of law information platform should be expanded, and hardware and software construction should be improved. We should enrich cultural products, comprehensively use traditional methods as well as technologies such as artificial intelligence and virtual reality, tell good stories about military rule of law, let military rule of law elements and figurative cultural symbols permeate and permeate the military environment, enable military personnel to always be in the information field and strong atmosphere of military rule of law, be influenced by what they see and hear, and constantly enhance their awareness of respecting, learning, abiding by and using the law.

(Author’s unit: College of Military Management, National Defense University)

現代國語：

加強軍事法治文化建設

■王梅

引言

習主席強調，弘揚社會主義法治精神，努力培養社會主義法治文化。軍事法治文化作為社會主義法治文化的重要組成部分，是軍隊法治建設實踐的精神支撐，具有重要的思想教導、行為調控和文化滋養等功能。新時代新旅程，應當把加強軍事法治文化建設作為建構中國特色軍事法治體系的戰略性、基礎性工作，為深入貫徹依法治軍戰略提供堅強思想保證和強大精神動力。

充分認清軍事法治文化建設的地位作用

文化是人類思維與行為方式的產物，反過來又塑造人類的思維與行為方式。軍事法治文化是建構中國特色軍事法治體系的重要組成，也是調動激發軍事法治主體自覺的重要保障。

軍事法治文化是建構中國特色軍事法治體系的重要組成部分。中國特色軍事法治體係由軍事法規制度、軍事法治實施體系、軍事法治監督體系、軍事法治保障體系構成。軍事法治保障體系主要包括軍事法治組織、軍事法治理論、軍事法律人才隊伍、軍事法治文化等方面，為軍事法治建設提供組織保障、理論支持、人才支持、文化滋養。軍事法治文化與軍事法治體系中其他子系統有著密切關聯，以人、物、資訊等要素的形式，滲透於這些子系統的內容之中。此外，法治是一種治軍方式，更是一種價值選擇、文化思想和精神力量。人民軍隊的法治文化內蘊著配置權力責任、平衡權利義務的價值標準，是彰顯全心為人民服務宗旨的文化。全面推進依法治軍，必須以社會主義核心價值觀和當代革命軍人核心價值觀引領和指導軍事法治建設的各方面全過程，使其更好地體現國家價值目標、社會價值取向和公民價值準則、軍隊人員價值要求。

軍事法治文化是調動激發軍事法治主體自覺的重要保障。文化由人創造，反過來培養人、塑造人、改變人，對人的全面發展發揮至關重要的方向引導與支撐作用。法治的實現，要依靠法治文化的底蘊和偉力，要依靠各種主體的真誠認同、真心擁護和自覺踐行。官兵是部隊主體，部隊法治建設需要官兵推動，各項法規制度要靠官兵落實。加強軍事法治文化建設，強化官兵法治信仰與法治思維，提升官兵法治素養及依法辦事能力，是深入依法治軍從嚴治軍的重要面向。加強軍事法治文化建設，可以營造良好的法治環境，在全軍範圍內立起有法必依、執法必嚴、違法必究的鮮明導向，使官兵始終保持對法律法規和軍規鐵紀的敬畏之心，牢固樹立法律紅線不能觸碰、法律底線不能逾越的觀念，養成運用法治思維想問題、辦事情、解難題的習慣，激發廣大軍隊人員參與軍事法治建設的積極性、主動性、自覺性和創造性。

準確把握軍事法治文化建設的時代要求

加強軍事法治文化建設，應當準確掌握並突顯軍事文化建設的政治性、人民性、道德性、實踐性、創新性等基本特點，堅持相應的工作原則和要求，使軍事法治文化建設全面得到指引，始終有所遵循。

突顯軍事法治文化建設的政治性。法治是特定利益集團利益訴求的表述和分配實現的方式。軍事法治文化建設的鮮明政治性與黨性、人民性是密切關聯和有機統一的。加強軍事法治文化建設，必須堅持黨對人民軍隊的絕對領導，深入貫徹習近平強軍思想，深入貫徹習近平法治思想和習主席關於依法治軍重要論述，深刻領悟「兩個確立」的決定性意義，增強「四個意識」、堅定「四個自信」、做到「兩個維護”，貫徹軍委主席負責制，確保軍事法治文化建設始終沿著正確的政治方向推進。

突顯軍事法治文化建設的人民性。軍隊人員，特別是廣大官兵，是軍事法治文化建設的主體。軍事法治文化建設必須堅持以人民為中心，堅持官兵主體地位，調動激發官兵各種文化需求，並且為滿足需求提供基礎支撐、創造有利條件，通過完善符合戰鬥力這個唯一的根本的標準的中國特色軍事法治體系，提升國防和軍隊建設法治化水平，促進戰鬥力生成提升和充分釋放，確保實現人民軍隊全心全意為人民服務的根本宗旨。

突顯軍事法治文化建設的道德性。「法安天下，德潤人心。」中國特色社會主義法治之路的一個鮮明特點，就是堅持依法治國和以德治國相結合，強調法治和德治兩手抓、兩手都要硬。全面貫徹依法治軍戰略，要把道德要求貫徹到法治建設中，既重視發揮法律的規範作用，以法治體現道德理念；又重視發揮道德的教化作用，以道德滋養法治精神，從而實現法與德相輔相成、法治與德治相得益彰。

突顯軍事法治文化建設的實踐性。文化創新發展的過程，就是不斷回答時代和實踐所提出的新課題的過程。要使“紙面上的法律”變成現實生活中真實生動的“行動中的法律”，使軍事法治文化建設的“藍圖”變成現實生活中真切可感的“高樓大廈”，必須注重知行合一，通過軍事法治文化建設的具體工作牽引促動，以相關主體普遍、經常、持久的軍事法治文化建設實踐為堅實依托，引導廣大軍隊人員成為中國特色軍事法治的忠實崇尚者、自覺遵守者、堅定捍衛者。

突顯軍事法治文化建設的創新性。軍事法治文化是在演進發展、持續創新中不斷獲得生機和活力的。軍事法治文化建設應秉持開放包容的態度，充分藉鑑吸收人類優秀法治文明成果，提升中國特色軍事法治文化的國際影響力和話語權；堅持繼承發展、守正創新，依托運用新技術、新平台、新模式、新機制，不斷發展繁榮、傳播弘揚中華優秀傳統軍事文化、社會主義先進文化中的軍事法治文化內容，促進軍事法治文化進一步被創造性轉化、創新性發展。

全面加強軍事法治文化建設的思路舉措

加強軍事法治文化建設，應當堅持精神形態的軍事法治文化建設、制度形態的軍事法治文化建設、物質形態的軍事法治文化建設協同發力，切實採用既涵蓋目標任務又包括實現路徑、既各有側重又相互交融的思路舉措。

建強精神形態的軍事法治文化。思想是行為的先導，理論是行動的指南。軍事法治理論與軍事法治思維，既是軍事法治文化建設的要求與指標，也是軍事法治文化建設的重要內容。應當加強軍事法治理論研究，以學科建設為支撐，推進中國特色軍事法治體系化學理化研究闡釋，用透徹的理論說服人，發揮理論認同對情感認同、行為認同的牽引作用。應當強化軍隊人員法治思維，深入學習宣傳貫徹習近平法治思想，深化全軍法治教育訓練，將教育訓練目標、對象、體制、內容和方式等納入法治軌道，讓尊重規則思維、權利義務思維、限權治權思維、正義科學思維等紮根頭腦，使尊崇和踐行法治成為軍隊人員尤其是領導幹部的思維方式、工作方式、生活方式。

建強權形態的軍事法治文化。只有製定科學的製度並使之順暢運行，法治文化的價值取向才能確立和鞏固。應當加強軍事法規制度體系建設，堅持科學立法、民主立法、依法立法，在法規制度中充分體現人民利益和戰鬥力標準，立起有法必依、執法必嚴、違法必究的製度規矩和鮮明導向，塑造具有說服力、可信度的文化形態。應當順暢軍事法規制度運行，在軍事法治實施、監督、保障實踐中樹立法治威信、培植正氣、引領新風。重視以法治軍營創建活動、軍地法治共建活動為重要抓手，將依法維護國防和軍事利益、軍隊人員及其親屬合法權益作為突破口，增進軍隊人員對法規制度及其運行的法治體驗。

建強物質形態的軍事法治文化。軍事法治離不開堅實的物質基礎，制度形態、精神形態的文化離不開堅實的物質條件。為此，應加強軍事法治設施建設，包括與立法、執法、司法、法治理論研究、教育訓練等所有法治要素和流程相關的設施，例如承載法治宣傳教育的場館物品等。應當拓展法治資訊平台，搞好硬體建設和軟件建設。應當豐富文化產品，綜合運用傳統方式及人工智慧、虛擬現實等技術，講好軍事法治故事，讓軍事法治元素和形象化的文化符號滲透充盈於軍營環境，使軍隊人員隨時置身軍事法治的資訊場域和濃厚氛圍，在耳濡目染中受到薰陶，不斷增強尊法學法守法用法的自覺性。

（作者單位：國防大學軍事管理學院）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/163106888.html

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Enhancing and Influencing the Chinese Military Innovation Culture

10/18/2024 admin Leave a comment

弘揚及影響中國軍事創新文化 //2016年01月12日08:XX 来源：解放军报

現代英語：

At the Central Military Commission’s reform work conference, President Xi Jinping emphasized, “We must focus on seizing the strategic commanding heights of future military competition, give full play to the role of innovation-driven development, and cultivate new growth points for combat effectiveness.” This important statement profoundly reveals the important position of military innovation in the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military.

　　History has repeatedly shown that in the process of military competition, whoever occupies the commanding heights of military culture may lead the trend of military innovation, stay ahead of the war and win strategic advantages in advance.

　　The deepening of national defense and military reforms currently underway is closely linked to the new world military revolution. “In this tide of the new world military revolution, whoever is conservative and complacent will miss precious opportunities and fall into strategic passivity.” President Xi’s words are deafening and thought-provoking. In the process of reforming and strengthening the military, every soldier is not a bystander, but a factor of innovation. In the face of reform, can we accurately grasp the latest trends in the development of world military theory and military technology? Can we adapt to the latest changes in the form of war? Can we find the right path and method for innovation? These should be questions that we should think about.

　　Culture senses the changes in the world, stands at the forefront of reform, and is the forerunner of the times. We build a strong military culture by leveraging the unique advantages of culture, breaking the conservative and rigid thinking pattern in the context of thousands of ships competing and hundreds of boats vying for the current, stimulating the vitality of military innovation, and allowing the latest achievements of military cultural innovation to continue to extend to reform.

　　Rocks are flying through the sky, waves are crashing against the shore, in the rolling tide of the new world military revolution, who has awakened and who is still sleeping?

　　–editor

　　The curtain has been raised on deepening the reform of national defense and the military. This reform is carried out against the backdrop of the surging tide of the world’s military revolution and is another milestone in the history of our military development. From “changing chess pieces” to “changing the chessboard”, institutional reform inevitably requires changes in the “rules of the game” and the military system; it requires accelerating the pace of building an informationized army based on a new organizational structure.

　　The new military revolution is a process of continuous innovation, and the informationized army is essentially an innovative army. We need to continuously cultivate a military innovation culture, enhance the vitality of reform, and promote the realization of the strategy of reform and strengthening the army.

　　(one)

　　The new trend of the development of world military culture requires us to strengthen cultural cultivation in the process of change and change the thinking logic of military innovation.

　　In a sense, the so-called strategic vision is the vision of understanding the future. Associated with the change in the field of observation, the “paradigm” of innovative thinking has changed accordingly: in the past, it was: practice-technology-theory. Now it is: theory-technology-practice. Associated with the change in the “paradigm” of thinking, since the 1980s, military innovation has gradually changed from the previous combat demand-driven model to the “theory-driven” model. Theoretical works such as “The Third Wave” and “Future Wars” by the famous American futurist Alvin Toffler have played a great role in the development of information society, information warfare and related technologies. As a result, the logic of military innovation has also changed accordingly. The previous order of innovation development was: scientific and technological progress-weapons and equipment-military theory-combat formation. The current development order is: military theory-scientific and technological progress-weapons and equipment-combat formation. The military culture of the information age has made combat commanders and military theory experts the leaders of military technology innovation.

　　Military theory experts and military technology experts have found that in developed Western countries, the evolution of modern military culture has gone through three stages:

　　Throughout the 19th century and before, most soldiers had not yet realized the huge role of scientific and technological progress in promoting the development of military power. Even a highly innovative military commander like Napoleon easily rejected the suggestion of American scientist Fulton to develop sailless warships. From the beginning of the 19th century to the First World War, although the Industrial Revolution had already affected other areas of society, most soldiers did not think about the role of new technologies in war. They only emphasized the use of existing equipment in their hands and would not think about improving and innovating equipment. This period is called the stage of soldiers “waiting for technology.”

　　At the beginning of the 20th century, the highly developed mechanical industry gradually changed the soldiers’ simple martial concept. On August 8, 1918, in the Battle of Emins, the assault power of the Allied “star” tanks and the bombing power of 300 British aircraft awakened the soldiers from their trenches. In the following 20 years, history has created a large number of new military strategists in the era of mechanized warfare, such as Fuller, Douhet, Guderian, Rommel, Montgomery, de Gaulle, Eisenhower, Zhukov, and Vasilevsky. They are not only proficient in military affairs, but also know the performance characteristics of tanks, aircraft, and other new technological weapons at the time. They regard science and technology as their second major and engineers as their close friends, thus making one innovation after another in the development of tactics. Guderian invented the armored blitzkrieg, Roosevelt accepted Einstein’s suggestion to make the atomic bomb, and Stalin treated a large number of aircraft designers as guests of honor. Because of this, during and after World War II, the military technology and military academic level of these countries have achieved unprecedented and substantial development. This period can be called the stage of “marriage between soldiers and technology”.

　　Since the 1960s and 1970s, due to the rapid development of new technologies such as microelectronics, artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, space, ocean development, new materials, and new energy, the wave of new technological revolution has enabled many far-sighted military strategists to further break the original thinking mode and propose that soldiers should stand at the forefront of scientific and technological development to envision future combat styles, and based on these ideas, in turn propose the goals and directions of military technology innovation. Military defense experts look forward to the development trends in the next 20 to 30 years, design new combat concepts, and innovate combat theories to propose the necessary technical support, and then scientific researchers will meet the new military needs from a technical perspective. Under the organization and guidance of soldiers, military technology has reduced the blindness of development, thereby obtaining faster and more military economic benefits. This period can be said to be the stage of soldiers “leading technology”.

　　The change from soldiers “waiting for technology” and “marrying technology” to “leading technology” reflects the objective trend of the increasingly close relationship between the development of military science and science and technology. This trend forces soldiers to change from being bystanders of technological development to being leaders of technological development.

　　In my country, due to the loss of the opportunity of the first industrial revolution, military culture is still in the stage of “waiting for technology” and “marrying technology”. The military concept that emphasizes history and neglects the future is used to designing our army’s tomorrow according to the opponent’s today; it is used to thinking about our army of tomorrow and fighting against today’s opponent.

　　On the journey of reform, many comrades’ ideas are still stuck in the Gulf War, Kosovo War, Afghanistan War, and Iraq War, which have been 15 or 20 years. The US military proposed the third “offset strategy” to select disruptive new technologies and create new “asymmetric military advantages.” The new military revolution will thus see a turning point: a new form of warfare – light warfare based on autonomous systems is slowly coming. In order to fulfill the historical mission of military reform and meet new challenges, we must strengthen cultural cultivation and transform the thinking logic of military innovation.

　　(two)

　　The cultural core of an army is deeply hidden in its military philosophy. In the process of implementing the strategy of reforming and strengthening the army, we should use modern scientific methods to carry out military innovation.

　　In human history, every great era not only gives people great tasks, but also provides people with new methods. Only those who have clearly defined the great tasks and mastered the new methods can lead the trend of the times.

　　The history of scientific development shows that many major scientific and technological innovations, as well as the raising and solving of major scientific problems, are often the result of certain breakthroughs in scientific methods. Galileo’s discovery of the laws of falling motion and the law of inertia is inseparable from his systematic use of experimental and mathematical methods; Darwin’s creation of the theory of biological evolution benefited from the scientific observation method and the historical comparison method; the theoretical experimental method played an important role in the emergence of Einstein’s theory of relativity; Marx’s “Capital” was able to deeply analyze the complex capitalist society and achieve great success. One of the important reasons is that he cleverly applied the method of unity of logic and history, as well as the method of scientific abstraction, taking the “simplest, most common, and most basic things” – commodities, as the logical and historical starting point of scientific research, rising from the concreteness of perception to the abstract provisions, and then from the abstract provisions to the concreteness of thinking.

　　Similarly, innovation in military theory also first relies on the new methods of the times. The Art of War was published in China in the late Spring and Autumn Period because the ancient system theory represented by “yin and yang” and “five elements” had matured and been complete by then; Clausewitz wrote On War because Newton’s mechanics and Hegel’s dialectics provided him with weapons to study war; Mao Zedong’s military thought is the result of Comrade Mao Zedong’s use of Marxist philosophical methods to study the practice of China’s revolutionary war.

　　The scientific and technological revolution has promoted the improvement of social productivity and military combat effectiveness, and also prompted the development of philosophical thought.

　　The “three major discoveries” of the 19th century (evolution, cytology, and conservation and transformation of energy) led to the end of German classical philosophy and the emergence of Marxist philosophy.

　　In the 20th century, the emergence of relativity, quantum mechanics and life sciences, the development of information technology, biotechnology, nanotechnology, new materials technology, and Internet technology have changed and are continuing to change the world’s landscape. In the 1960s and 1970s, along with the wave of new technological revolution, the revolution of scientific methods reached an unprecedented high, showing the trend of natural science research methods, methods, models and concepts penetrating and blending into the field of social sciences. New scientific methodologies have emerged one after another: system theory, control theory, synergy theory, mutation theory, information theory, discrete theory, functional theory, intelligence theory, optimization theory, reaction theory, fuzzy theory, art theory, as well as “chaos” and “fractals”. From a philosophical perspective, the methods proposed by these cross-disciplinary disciplines can be summarized as system methods and complex system methods.

　　In 1958, after the U.S. military implemented the separation of military administration and military command, it did not quickly regain vitality. The Pentagon’s resource management was in chaos and was still in a precarious situation. In 1960, McConamara took over the Ministry of Defense. In response to the chaotic situation in which the three armed forces acted independently in the use of national defense resources, he proposed the management principle of “combining centralized guidance with decentralized implementation” in 1962, adopted the system engineering method, coordinated the planning of national defense and weapons and equipment construction, and proposed a “Planning, Programming and Budgeting System (PPBS)”, which straightened out the relationship for the construction of the U.S. military and saved resources.

　　In 1986, the U.S. military implemented the Department of Defense Reform Act, which centralized the power of the Department of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff and established a new set of regulations that unified centralization and authorization. This ensured the smooth implementation of joint operations and laid the foundation for future integrated joint operations.

　　At the beginning of the 21st century, when Donald Rumsfeld was the Secretary of Defense, according to the development of the new military revolution, the U.S. military changed the PPBS system’s management habits based on target tasks and proposed a PPBE system based on capability requirements, namely “Planning, Programming, Budgeting and Execution System”.

　　The PPBS system and the PPBE system are both typical applications of the system science method in national defense management. From a methodological perspective, the characteristics of these systems are: grasping the reality from the future, determining capabilities based on missions and tasks, and driving technology creation and selecting combat formations based on capability requirements. In short, the “upstream” determines the “downstream”, the “top” determines the “bottom”, and the “front end” determines the “back end”.

　　The ideas of system theory and complexity methods have been deeply applied in the transformation of the US military. They believe that previous military theories, namely the theories of famous scholars such as Clausewitz and Jomini, are all based on Newtonian mechanics. In today’s operations, the enemy’s military organization and combat operations must be regarded as a system. In this way, only complexity theory, which Newtonian methods cannot do at all, can be used to describe, predict, and select corresponding confrontational actions. For example, the concept of “friction” often used by Clausewitz in “On War” originated from Newtonian mechanics. It can be said to be a concept of physical war, reflecting the characteristics of war in the pre-industrial era. No matter how tightly organized the army was at that time, it was inevitable to face shocks and hysteresis, frontier confrontation and confrontation. Therefore, Clausewitz used Newtonian mechanics as the main method to understand, study, and guide war. In today’s information warfare, the purpose of war has changed from “destroying the enemy and preserving oneself” to “controlling the enemy and realizing interests.” Therefore, a major change in the confrontation method is from large-scale destruction to increasing the “entropy value” within the enemy organization and increasing the “negative entropy value” within one’s own organization (“entropy” is a description of the disorder within the organization). The more information-based, integrated, and sophisticated a military is, the more vulnerable it becomes. An important principle in modern military construction is to minimize the vulnerability of its own disintegration and collapse; an important principle in war guidance is to actively create and exploit the vulnerability within the enemy.

　　Today, when evaluating a military system, we cannot only look at the amount of matter, energy and information it possesses, but also its anti-destruction ability, stability, and the possible “entropy value”.

　　(three)

　　Informatization and networking have broken through the traditional space boundaries and time barriers. The “pre-practice” of virtual technology has created a new military culture.

　　While causing a revolution in philosophical methodology, the science of complex systems has also triggered a revolution in philosophical epistemology when combined with multimedia technology, virtual reality technology, artificial intelligence technology, high-performance computing technology and simulation technology – there have been some changes in the way humans understand the world.

　　First, the understanding of the unity of the world is richer. In the past, when we talked about the unity of the world, we only emphasized the “primacy of matter”. From today’s perspective, the unity of the world contains three basic elements, namely the unity of matter, energy, and information. In man-made technical systems, it is the unity of materials, energy, and information; in social and economic systems, it is the unity of material flow, energy flow, and information flow. Abstracting the unity of these three aspects to the philosophical level, it colorfully embodies the “unity of matter, movement, and information.”

　　Secondly, the cognitive process has changed from the past “part-whole-part” to today’s “whole-part-whole”. In connection with this, the research method has changed from the past “analysis-synthesis-analysis” to today’s “synthesis-analysis-synthesis”.

　　Informatization and networking have broken through the traditional space boundaries and time barriers. People’s focus on observing problems has shifted from “object-centered” to “system-centered”, and the key to epistemology is no longer “concrete analysis” but “system integration”.

　　This new philosophical epistemology marks a major change in the structure of scientific thinking. Scientific research has shifted from the analytical advantage of the past to the overall comprehensive advantage of today; the static cognition that mainly studied “existence” in the past has shifted to the dynamic cognition that mainly studies systems today.

　　The significance of practice is no longer limited to the framework of history and reality, but also includes the future. After the Gulf War, developed countries established the innovative idea of ”proposing theory – combat experiment – actual military exercise – actual combat test”, stepped up the establishment of “combat laboratory”, and made new breakthroughs in military theory research methods.

　　Scholars such as Zhang Yi, the author of Virtual Epistemology, pointed out: “Virtual technology has profoundly changed the way humans perceive the world and created a completely new way of human practice. Virtual technology is not just a way of understanding and interpreting the world, it is itself a way of human practice.”

　　The “pre-practice” of virtual technology creates a new military culture. Thus, the military construction has developed from the past “contemporaneity” to today’s “synchronicity”. “Contemporaneous” development means finishing today and then moving on to tomorrow. “Synchronic” development means that things today, tomorrow and the day after tomorrow can be done at the same time. In this process, based on the repeatability, modifiability and embeddability of virtual technology, the war scenarios that are happening and will happen in the world, as well as the pre-designed war scenarios in the mind, are created into virtual environments to test and correct the military capabilities that should be in different stages.

　　Compared with natural science, military science is relatively weak in analytical reasoning and quantitative analysis. Summarizing the experience of wars that have already occurred and “learning war from war” have always been the traditional way for soldiers to create theories. With the development of information technology, modeling/simulation and computer networks have provided people with a third important method to understand the world, promoting the expansion of military practice from “experience induction” to “virtual simulation”, “learning war in the laboratory” and “learning war from future wars”, which greatly improves the soldiers’ advanced cognitive ability.

　　In short, to advance the reform of our army in the face of the new wave of military revolution, we need to establish a new philosophy, innovate military theories, and let the light of military innovation illuminate the path to the future.

現代國語：

習近平主席在中央軍委改革工作會議上強調，“要著力搶佔未來軍事競爭戰略制高點，充分發揮創新驅動發展作用，培育新的戰鬥力增長點。 ”這項重要論述深刻揭示了軍事創新在改革強軍戰略中的重要地位。

歷史一再證明，在軍事競爭過程中，誰佔據了軍事文化的製高點，誰就能引領軍事創新潮流，領先於戰爭，提前贏得戰略優勢。

當前深化國防和軍事改革與新世界軍事革命密切相關。 “在這場新世界軍事革命的浪潮中，誰保守、自滿，誰就會錯失寶貴機遇，陷入戰略被動。”習主席的話震耳欲聾，引人深思。在改革強軍過程中，每位戰士都不是旁觀者，而是創新者。面對改革，我們能否準確掌握世界軍事理論和軍事技術發展的最新動態？我們能否適應戰爭形式的最新變化？我們能否找到正確的創新路徑和方法？這些都應該是我們應該思考的問題。

文化感知世界變遷，站在改革前沿，走在時代先驅。發揮文化獨特優勢，打破千軍萬馬、百舸爭流的保守僵化思維模式，激發軍事創新活力，讓最新成果不斷湧現，打造強軍文化。

亂石飛天，海浪拍岸，在新世界軍事革命的滾滾浪潮中，誰已經甦醒，誰還在沉睡？

編輯

深化國防和軍事改革拉開了序幕。這次改革是在世界軍事革命浪潮洶湧澎湃的背景下進行的，是我軍發展史上的另一個里程碑。從“換棋子”到“換棋盤”，機構改革必然需要“遊戲規則”和軍事體制的改變；要求加快新組織架構的資訊化軍隊建設步伐。

新軍事革命是一個不斷創新的過程，資訊化軍隊本質上是一支創新軍隊。我們要不斷培養軍隊創新文化，增強改革活力，推動改革強軍戰略實現。

（一）

世界軍事文化發展的新趨勢要求我們在改變過程中加強文化修養，轉變軍事創新思維邏輯。

從某種意義上來說，所謂戰略願景就是認識未來的願景。伴隨著觀察領域的變化，創新思維的「典範」也隨之改變了：過去是：實務-技術-理論。現在是：理論-技術-實務。與思維「範式」的轉變相聯繫，1980年代以來，軍事創新逐漸從先前的作戰需求驅動模式轉變為「理論驅動」模式。美國著名未來學家阿爾文‧托夫勒的《第三波》、《未來戰爭》等理論著作對資訊社會、資訊戰爭及相關科技的發展發揮了巨大作用。由此，軍事創新的邏輯也發生了相對應的改變。以往的創新發展順序是：科技進步──武器裝備──軍事理論──作戰形成。目前的發展順序是：軍事理論——科技進步——武器裝備——作戰編隊。資訊時代的軍事文化使作戰指揮官和軍事理論專家成為軍事技術創新的領導者。

軍事理論專家和軍事技術專家研究發現，在西方已開發國家，現代軍事文化的演變經歷了三個階段：

在整個19世紀及以前，大多數軍人還沒有認識到科技進步對軍事力量發展的巨大推動作用。即使是像拿破崙這樣極富創新精神的軍事統帥，也輕易地拒絕了美國科學家富爾頓研發無帆戰艦的建議。從十九世紀初到第一次世界大戰，雖然工業革命革命已經影響社會的其他領域，大多數士兵沒有考慮新技術在戰爭中的作用。他們只強調使用手中現有的設備，不會考慮設備的改良和創新。這個時期被稱為士兵「等待技術」的階段。

20世紀初，高度發展的機械工業逐漸改變了士兵單純的軍事觀念。 1918年8月8日，在埃明斯戰役中，盟軍「明星」坦克的突擊威力和300架英國飛機的轟炸威力喚醒了戰壕裡的士兵。此後20年，歷史創造了一大批機械化戰爭時代的新軍事家，如富勒、杜黑、古德里安、隆美爾、蒙哥馬利、戴高樂、艾森豪威爾、朱可夫、華西列夫斯基等。他們不僅精通軍事，也了解當時坦克、飛機等新技術武器的性能特徵。他們視科學技術為第二專業，視工程師為親密朋友，在戰術發展上進行了一次又一次的創新。古德里安發明了裝甲閃電戰，羅斯福接受了愛因斯坦的建議製造原子彈，史達林則把一大批飛機設計師當作貴賓。正因為如此，二戰期間和戰後，這些國家的軍事技術和軍事學術水準都獲得了前所未有的長足發展。這段時期堪稱「軍人與科技聯姻」的階段。

自1960、70年代以來，由於微電子、人工智慧、基因工程、太空、海洋開發、新材料、新能源等新技術的快速發展，新技術革命的浪潮使許多有遠見的軍事家進一步打破原有的思維模式，提出軍人應該站在科技發展的最前沿暢想未來的作戰樣式，並基於這些設想進而提出軍事技術創新的目標和方向。軍事國防專家展望未來20至30年的發展趨勢，設計新的作戰概念，創新作戰理論，提出必要的技術支撐，然後科學研究人員從技術角度滿足新的軍事需求。軍事技術在士兵的組織和指導下，減少了發展的盲目性，從而獲得更快、更多的軍事經濟效益。這段時期可以說是軍人「技術領先」的階段。

士兵從「等技術」、「嫁技術」到「領先技術」的轉變，體現了軍事科學與科技發展關係日益密切的客觀趨勢。這種趨勢迫使士兵從技術發展的旁觀者轉變為技術發展的領導者。

在我國，由於失去了第一次工業革命的機遇，軍事文化仍處於「等待科技」和「嫁給科技」的階段。重歷史、輕未來的軍事理念，用來根據對手的今天來設計我軍的明天；它習慣於思考我們的明天的軍隊，並與今天的對手作戰。

在改革的旅程上，許多同志的思想還停留在海灣戰爭、科索沃戰爭、阿富汗戰爭、伊拉克戰爭，已經十五年、二十年了。美軍提出第三個“抵消戰略”，選擇顛覆性新技術，打造新的“非對稱軍事優勢”。新軍事革命將迎來轉捩點：一種新的戰爭形式——基於自主系統的輕型戰爭正在慢慢來臨。履行軍隊改革歷史使命、迎接新挑戰，必須加強文化修養，轉變軍事創新思維邏輯。

（二）

軍隊的文化內核，深蘊藏在軍事理念之中。在實施改革強軍戰略過程中，要運用現代科學方法進行軍事創新。

人類歷史上的每一個偉大時代，不僅賦予人們偉大的任務，也提供人們新的方法。只有明確了偉大任務、掌握了新方法，才能引領時代潮流。

科學發展史表明，許多重大科技創新以及重大科學問題的提出和解決，往往都是科學方法取得一定突破的結果。伽利略發現落體運動定律和慣性定律與他系統性地運用前驅定律是分不開的。

實驗和數學方法；達爾文創立生物演化論得益於科學觀察方法和歷史比較方法；理論實驗方法對愛因斯坦相對論的產生發揮了重要作用；馬克思的《資本論》能夠深入分析複雜的資本主義社會並取得巨大成功。其中一個重要原因是他巧妙地運用了邏輯與歷史相統一的方法以及科學抽象的方法，以「最簡單、最普遍、最基本的東西」——商品，作為邏輯和歷史的起點。著眼點，從感知的具體上升到抽象的規定，再從抽象的規定上升到思考的具體。

同樣，軍事理論的創新也首先依賴時代的新方法。中國春秋末年出版《孫子兵法》，是因為當時以「陰陽」、「五行」為代表的古代體系理論已經成熟、完整；克勞塞維茨寫《論戰爭》，是因為牛頓的力學和黑格爾的辯證法為他提供了研究戰爭的武器；毛澤東軍事思想是毛澤東同志運用馬克思主義哲學方法研究中國革命戰爭實踐的成果。

科技革命促進了社會生產力和軍事戰鬥力的提高，也促進了哲學思想的發展。

19世紀的「三大發現」（進化論、細胞學、能量守恆與轉化）導致了德國古典哲學的終結和馬克思主義哲學的出現。

20世紀，相對論、量子力學與生命科學的出現，資訊科技、生物科技、奈米科技、新材料科技、網路科技的發展，已經並將持續改變世界面貌。 1960、70年代，伴隨著新科技革命浪潮，科學方法革命達到了前所未有的高度，呈現出自然科學研究方法、方法、模型和理念向社會科學領域滲透、融合的趨勢。新的科學方法論相繼出現：系統論、控制論、協同論、突變論、資訊理論、離散論、泛函論、智能論、最優化論、反應論、模糊論、藝術論，以及「混沌論」。」和「分形」。從哲學的角度來看，這些跨學科學科所提出的方法可以歸納為系統方法和複雜系統方法。

1958年，美軍實行軍政軍指揮分離後，並沒有很快恢復活力。五角大廈的資源管理一片混亂，仍處於岌岌可危的境地。 1960年，麥科納馬拉接管國防部。針對三軍獨立使用國防資源的混亂局面，他於1962年提出「集中指導與分散實施相結合」的管理原則，採用系統工程方法，統籌規劃國家國防資源。規劃和預算系統（PPBS）”，理順了美軍建設的關係，節省了資源。

1986年，美軍實施了《國防部改革法案》，將國防部和參謀長聯席會議的權力集中起來，建立了一套集權與授權相統一的新法規。這保證了聯合作戰的順利實施，為今後一體化聯合作戰奠定了基礎。

21世紀初，拉姆斯菲爾德擔任國防部長時，根據新軍事革命的發展，美軍改變了PPBS系統基於目標任務的管理習慣，提出了基於能力需求的PPBE系統，即「規劃、規劃、預算和執行系統」。

PPBS體系和PPBE體係都是系統科學方法在國防管理的典型應用。從方法論來看，這些體系的特點是：從未來掌握現實，根據任務任務確定能力，根據能力需求驅動技術創新和選擇作戰編隊。簡而言之，“上游”決定“下游”，“頂部”決定“底部”，“前端”決定“後端”。

系統論和複雜性方法的想法已經深入人心應用於美軍轉型。他們認為，以往的軍事理論，即克勞塞維茨、約米尼等著名學者的理論，都是以牛頓力學為基礎的。在今天的作戰中，必須把敵方的軍事組織和作戰行動視為一個系統。這樣，就只能用牛頓方法根本無法做到的複雜性理論來描述、預測和選擇相應的對抗動作。例如，克勞塞維茨在《戰爭論》中經常使用的「摩擦」概念就源自於牛頓力學。可以說是物理戰爭的概念，反映了前工業時代戰爭的特徵。無論當時的軍隊組織得多麼嚴密，都不可避免地要面臨衝擊和滯後、邊疆對峙和對抗。因此，克勞塞維茨以牛頓力學為主要方法來認識、研究和指導戰爭。當今資訊化戰爭，戰爭目的已從「消滅敵人、保存自己」轉變為「制敵、實現利益」。因此，對抗方式的一個重大變化就是從大規模破壞，轉向增加敵方組織內部的「熵值」和增加己方組織內部的「負熵值」（「熵」是對組織內部混亂的描述）。）。軍隊越是資訊化、一體化和複雜化，它就越容易受到攻擊。現代軍事建設的一個重要原則就是盡量減少自身瓦解和崩潰的脆弱性；戰爭指導的一個重要原則是積極創造和利用敵人內部的弱點。

今天，評價一個軍事系統，不僅要看它所擁有的物質、能量和資訊的多少，還要看它的抗破壞能力、穩定性以及可能存在的「熵值」。

（三）

資訊化、網路化突破了傳統的空間界限和時間障礙。虛擬技術的「預實踐」創造了新的軍事文化。

複雜系統科學在引發哲學方法論革命的同時，與多媒體技術、虛擬實境技術、人工智慧技術、高效能運算技術、模擬技術結合，也引發了哲學知識論的革命——在知識論上發生了一些變化。人類理解世界的方式。

一是對世界統一的認識更加豐富。過去，我們在談論世界的統一性時，只強調「物質的首要性」。從今天的角度來看，世界的統一包含三個基本要素，即物質、能量、資訊的統一。在人造技術系統中，它是物質、能量和資訊的統一體；在社會經濟系統中，它是物質流、能量流、資訊流的統一。將這三方面的統一抽像到哲學層面，豐富多彩地體現了「物質、運動、資訊的統一」。

其次，認知過程從過去的「部分-整體-部分」轉變為今天的「整體-部分-整體」。與此相聯繫，研究方法也從過去的「分析-綜合-分析」轉變為今天的「綜合-分析-綜合」。

資訊化、網路化突破了傳統的空間界限和時間障礙。人們觀察問題的焦點從“以物件為中心”轉向“以系統為中心”，認識論的關鍵不再是“具體分析”而是“系統整合”。

這種新的哲學認識論標誌著科學思維結構的重大變化。科學研究從過去的分析優勢轉向今天的整體綜合優勢；過去主要研究「存在」的靜態認知已經轉向今天主要研究系統的動態認知。

實踐的意義不再侷限於歷史和現實的框架，也包括未來。海灣戰爭後，已開發國家確立了“提出理論——實戰實驗——實戰演練——實戰檢驗”的創新思路，加緊建立“實戰實驗室”，軍事理論研究方法取得新突破。

《虛擬知識論》一書作者張毅等學者指出：「虛擬技術深刻改變了人類感知世界的方式，創造了人類全新的實踐方式。虛擬技術不僅僅是一種理解和解釋世界的方式，它本身就是人類實踐的一種方式。

虛擬技術的「預實踐」創造了新的軍事文化。由此，軍隊建設從過去的“同時性”發展到今天的“同步性”「同步」開發是指完成今天，然後走向明天。嵌入性，將世界上正在發生和將要發生的戰爭場景，以及腦海中預先設計的戰爭場景，創建到虛擬環境中，以測試和修正不同階段應有的軍事能力。

與自然科學相比，軍事科學在分析推理和定量分析方面相對較弱。總結已經發生的戰爭經驗，“從戰爭中學習戰爭”，一直是軍人創造理論的傳統方式。隨著資訊科技的發展，建模/模擬和電腦網路為人們提供了認識世界的第三種重要方法，推動軍事實踐從「經驗歸納」向「虛擬模擬」、「在實驗室學習戰爭」拓展「從未來戰爭中學習戰爭”，大大提高了士兵的高級認知能力。

總之，面對新一輪軍事革命浪潮，推進我軍改革，需要建立新理念，創新軍事理論，讓軍事創新之光照亮未來之路。

中國原創軍事資源：http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0112/c49150-28040888.html

#Information Support Force, #新興戰爭技術, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國的情報戰, 中國的耗散戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍事認知域作戰的重點是什麼、重點在哪裡？, 認知戰

Truly Integrating Chinese Military Combat Preparation into Current Adversarial Defeat Operations

10/18/2024 admin Leave a comment

將中國軍事備戰真正融入當前抗擊作戰

現代英語：

Key points

　　● Our military’s preparations for military struggle are being carried out under the special background of dramatic changes in world military affairs. If we lack a strong awareness of keeping pace with the times and theoretical preparations for pioneering and innovation, we will not be able to carry the spirit of the times throughout the entire process of military struggle preparations.

　　● The many stages of military transformation and their possible changes are uncertain, which leads to different value judgments and behavioral norms. The only way to decide on these judgments and norms is to put them into the “general coordinates” of military transformation.

　　● Keeping pace with the times does not mean following the trend or following a routine. Leapfrog development is an inherent requirement of keeping pace with the times. The new historical mission requires us to shorten or even surpass certain development stages and take a road of military struggle preparation with distinctive characteristics.

　　The era of rapid change gave birth to great ideas. In his speech on May 31, General Secretary Jiang Zemin pointed out: “To implement the requirements of the ‘Three Represents’, the whole party must always maintain a spirit of keeping pace with the times and constantly open up new horizons for the development of Marxist theory…” The idea of keeping pace with the times proposed by Chairman Jiang is a high-level summary of the spirit of the times and a lasting spiritual driving force for promoting military innovation. It will surely have a profound impact on military struggle preparations. Guided by the important thought of “Three Represents”, we must vigorously promote the spirit of keeping pace with the times, open up the work situation with pioneering and innovation, and enhance combat effectiveness with emancipated minds, so as to put “winning” into practice.

　　The most prominent background of military struggle preparation is the new military transformation

　　The important thought of “Three Represents” is the result of the Chinese Communists observing and thinking about the changes in the world and China today, and adhering to and developing Marxism in new practices. Keeping pace with the times is a concept that reflects the essential characteristics of the times. To examine military struggle preparations with this concept, we should first look at what kind of changes have taken place in the background of our times.

　　There are many factors that affect the preparation for military struggle: the development of the international situation, the evolution of the strategic pattern, the judgment of security threats… However, the most direct, profound and extensive influence is the new round of military revolution that emerged at the end of the last century.

　　———A revolution in combat elements: simultaneous improvement in strike, defense, and mobility. For thousands of years, no military revolution has achieved simultaneous development of strike, defense, and mobility in a short period of time. The military revolution taking place today is turning the ideal model of simultaneous improvement of the three combat capabilities into reality.

　　The improvement of strike capability is mainly due to precision-guided weapons. The accuracy of traditional unguided weapons is generally in a stable inverse relationship with the strike distance, but precision-guided weapons are changing the “range-accuracy” law. The accuracy does not decrease with the increase of range. This change has a strong impact on the time, space and effectiveness concepts formed in the previous generation of wars, and new tactics such as “non-contact combat” and “out-of-area strike” have emerged.

　　In all previous military reforms, the transformation of defense capabilities has always been “half a beat slower”, and the battlefield strictly follows the iron rule of “saving oneself by destroying the enemy”. Some people even believe that the armor revolution in the 20th century was just an extension of the idea of ”blocking and offsetting the opponent’s attack power” in the cold weapon era, and it is not really a defense revolution. Today, a real defense revolution has quietly arrived. The representative technology is stealth technology, known as “low detectability technology”. It breaks through the traditional routine that has been followed for thousands of years, “saves itself” by reducing the probability of the target being discovered, and at the same time creates conditions for achieving the suddenness of the attack. It can be called an offensive defense method of “saving oneself” first and then “destroying the enemy”, and its development prospects are unlimited.

　　Mobility is shifting to “air”, and military mobility is showing multi-dimensional and three-dimensional characteristics. With the cross-generational improvement of intelligence support, command and control, and mobility tools, air mobility has leapt from the tactical level to the campaign level. At present, the number of helicopters in the main forces of the military of some developed countries is roughly equal to that of tanks, with an average of one helicopter for every 100 soldiers. Once the ground is no longer an obstacle, what new landscape will appear on the battlefield?

　　———Revolution in the military structure: integration of all services. Integration is a prominent manifestation of the achievements of the new military revolution in the field of command and coordination. Since the establishment of services, the military has believed in the idea of integrated operations, but the difficulty of “horizontal flow” of information has restricted the improvement of the overall combat capability of the military. Since the 1980s, digital communication equipment, friend-or-foe identification systems, global positioning systems, and computer networks have successively entered the battlefield. For the first time, troops of different types, levels, and spaces have the ability to “horizontally flow” information, creating conditions for integrated operations. Reflecting this trend is the concept of “action-centered warfare” proposed by the US military in recent years. Based on the development of sensor technology, computer network technology and rapid response capabilities, the US military has transformed “plan-centered warfare” into “action-centered warfare”, which will be a profound change in the field of military command and coordination, and the integrated operations of all services will reach a new level.

　　Integration is also reflected in the formation of the army. First, the boundaries between the services are weakened. Since World War II, the power of the services has usually been directly controlled by the strategic command, forming a clear boundary between the services. In future joint operations, the traditional command system can no longer adapt to the special requirements of timeliness. It is necessary to break the original boundaries between the services and form an integrated force. At present, the establishment of a “joint task force” composed of an army brigade task force, an air force fighter squadron, a naval ship unit and a marine expeditionary unit is a new attempt by the military of developed countries to seek integration. Secondly, the boundaries between the services are weakened. The military of developed countries has formed mixed-service synthetic forces. For example, the US Air Force will establish 10 expeditionary aerospace forces by 2003 based on the “mixed wing” experiment in the past few years; the United Kingdom has mixed the Navy’s “Sea Harrier” aircraft with the Air Force’s “Harrier” fighter since 2000. It can be foreseen that in the near future, a new pattern will emerge in the relatively stable military structure formed in the era of mechanized warfare. Some scholars call it a “revolution of relationships” and a “revolution of structure”, which is indeed a vision.

　　———Revolution of combat systems: transformation from mechanized army to informationized army. Human society is facing the third major transformation in history, and the wave of information revolution continues. A few years ago, the concept of informationization as “intelligent” warfare was still beyond people’s vision, but today few people doubt its emergence.

　　Since the advent of the industrial age, war has shown an accelerating development trend, especially in the half century after World War II. Mechanization, as the mainstream of war, has reached its peak, but it has also fallen into a dilemma: the physical performance of weapons and equipment has reached its limit, and the return on investment is very small; the catastrophic consequences of nuclear weapons make it increasingly difficult to play a role in war; the harm to innocent people and the pollution to the environment caused by weapons of mass destruction have led to ecological deterioration… There is almost no way to continue to develop within the framework of mechanization. People began to seek new ways, that is, to solve the problems of strike efficiency and combat effectiveness from a deeper level, and strive to achieve precision, controllability and intelligence, and this is informatization. At present, the armies of many countries are working hard to open up a path of change to break out of the dilemma of mechanized warfare. The trend of mechanized warfare giving way to information warfare is irreversible. President Jiang has a keen insight into the major changes in the world’s military field and pointed out that the essence of the new military revolution is the information revolution, which has pointed out the direction for our army to meet the challenges of the new military revolution in the world.

　　At present, the armed forces of developed countries are vigorously promoting the informatization of weapons and equipment. While actively developing C4I systems, precision-guided munitions, smart weapons, and digital individual equipment, they also focus on doing a good job in top-level design, integrating target reconnaissance and surveillance, target information processing and transmission, precision strikes, and damage assessment to form a “military system”. In this way, the combat system of the industrial age, which is suitable for exerting the potential of firepower and mobility, has been gradually transformed into a combat system of the information age, which is suitable for the rapid flow and use of information.

　　Our military’s preparations for military struggle coincide with the real upheaval in the world’s military field. Having experienced this revolution, we should have a stronger sense of the times and urgency than ever before. When we are preparing for real threats, we must not ignore or forget that we are in a new era, and we must not be busy responding and indifferent to the general trend. Not being attached to things we are already familiar with, keenly absorbing the new things shown to us by the historical trend, taking advantage of the trend, and taking a bigger step, this is the powerful response of the idea of keeping pace with the times to the challenges of the times.

　　Designing the “general coordinates” of military struggle preparation in accordance with the general trend of military transformation

　　In his “May 31” speech, General Secretary Jiang pointed out: “Adhering to the ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts and promoting the spirit of keeping pace with the times are decisive factors in the Party’s maintaining its advanced nature and creativity under the conditions of long-term governance. Whether our Party can always do this will determine China’s development prospects and destiny.” If we understand keeping pace with the times from the perspective of “determining destiny,” military struggle preparations will be able to find reference in a broader context.

　　———Inspiration from history: Those who follow the trend will prosper, and those who go against the trend will perish. Those who follow the historical trend are destined to be favored by history, and those who seize the initiative are often those armies that are extremely sensitive to the historical trend. In the mid-19th century, Prussia was earlier than other countries to realize the challenges brought by the Industrial Revolution to the military field, and took the lead in realizing the transition of the military system to mechanized warfare, which gave it a decisive advantage over those European armies with more troops and higher technological levels in the following decades.

　　On the contrary, there is a clear gap between the huge military investment and the results achieved, and the reason is probably the lack of a keen sense of smell to seize the opportunity. From the mid-17th century to the end of the 18th century, Chinese society developed to the extreme under the original system framework, and the military was also in the heyday of the cold weapon era. Almost at the same time, a series of earth-shaking changes took place in the world: the gunpowder revolution was in full swing, and the mechanization revolution followed. Faced with the impact of military changes, the Qing army clung to the pedantic idea that “riding and shooting are the foundation of Manchuria”, calling inventions and creations “strange skills and tricks” and viewing strong ships and powerful guns as sorcery. The Qing Dynasty was eventually passively beaten and lost its power and humiliated the country.

　　History has striking similarities, but the choices of historical paths have their merits and demerits. Today, the world’s military is once again facing major changes, major developments, and major turning points. After the Gulf War, the Central Military Commission was keenly aware that the world’s military field was undergoing extensive and profound changes, and promptly formulated a military strategic policy for the new era, requiring that the basis of military struggle preparation be placed on winning local wars under modern technology, especially high-tech conditions; in 1996, under the guidance of this strategic policy, it was proposed that the guiding ideology of military construction must achieve two fundamental changes from quantity and scale to quality and efficiency, and from manpower-intensive to technology-intensive; in 1997, with great wisdom and extraordinary courage, the “three-step” strategy for the cross-century development of the military was determined… These major measures fully reflect the forward-looking vision of keeping pace with the times. Over the past decade, the reason why our military’s preparation for military struggle in the new era has been able to make continuous progress and breakthroughs is because the spirit of the times that keeps pace with the times has been integrated into it.

　　———Useful experience: Take reform as the focus of military struggle preparation. After the Cold War, the international situation changed, and the armies of various countries began to redesign their development blueprints. The general practice is to attach great importance to the impact of new military changes, emphasize the historical opportunity of war transformation, and promote military reform in accordance with the requirements of the times. Waves of reforms have emerged one after another, and finally formed a reform trend that swept the world.

　　According to the “2001-2002 Strategic Assessment Report” recently published by the London International Institute for Strategic Studies, after the “9.11” incident, the US military proposed a new round of military reform plans, which included six important components, the first of which was “concepts on future wars.” With a new view on future wars, the war machine must be remodeled. In fact, the former Soviet army was the first to realize the current military revolution, but the US military came later. When many mechanized armies were still arguing about whether informatization would come, the US military quietly began the informatization reform and established the “Senior Steering Committee for Military Revolution Research” in 1994 as the organizational leadership of military reform. Each branch of the military has also established corresponding institutions, such as the Army Digitalization Office and Ground Information Warfare Center, the Navy New Operational Concept Committee and Fleet Information Warfare Center, and the Air Force Information Warfare Center. After years of accumulation, a large number of beneficial results have been achieved, providing coordinates for the military’s informatization transformation.

　　The deeper the reform, the more difficult it is to operate. The armies of many countries have seen that the military system that has been perfected in the mechanized era has little room for transformation, and must vigorously promote the new military revolution. The US Department of Defense has set up five working groups to focus on how to use information technology to completely transform the US military, and has established six combat laboratories dedicated to studying information warfare. The US military believes that it is currently unable to effectively cope with various complex new security challenges, and needs to carry out military reforms with the goal of rapid, flexible, and effective joint operations of all arms, including the establishment of a standing joint task force, the development of required leapfrog technologies, the enhancement of the flexibility of command organizations, the reform of procurement strategies, the abandonment of old military systems to free up funds for new systems, and so on. Although the conditions for promoting the new military revolution in Russia, Britain, France, Japan and other countries are not as complete as those in the United States, they have also formulated long-term national defense development strategies and military construction plans, and accelerated the pace of their own military reforms to meet the challenges of the new military revolution. These reform measures reflect the general direction and are worth learning from for our army.

　　———The call of mission: Unify military struggle preparation and building a first-class army. The tasks of our army’s military struggle preparation are determined, but the reference system of army building is not solidified. The changing international environment, the uncertain strategic pattern and the complex surrounding security situation faced by our country have determined that once a war breaks out, our combat opponents and combat directions may not be single, and the main strategic direction is also relative and variable. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, almost none of the several local wars we have fought were carried out in the strategic direction we have prepared. If we only target one opponent and imagine one situation, it is undoubtedly a strategic shortsightedness.

　　In the face of this situation, how can we prepare for military struggle? The answer is: improve the starting point of military struggle preparation and build a first-class army. In a reality full of uncertainty and unpredictability, the most important thing is to have the “ability” to cope with various situations. This is like participating in a large-scale international competition. It is not enough to just defeat one opponent. Only by defeating a series of opponents can you win the championship, which requires comprehensive strength. Therefore, military struggle preparation should be planned for the long term, not overly focusing on recent threats and ignoring long-term construction. While highlighting the key points, we should focus on developing the ability of the entire army to cope with challenges and unexpected events. This ability can only be obtained by strengthening quality construction and catching up with the world’s military powers. Take advantage of our “latecomer advantage”, draw nourishment from the history of military development in developed countries, accelerate the process of catching up with advanced technology, advanced systems, and advanced ideas, avoid the detours they have taken, and finally form our own advantages. In this way, we can prepare for recent threats while also taking care of the future.

　　The military revolution is global, but it will not automatically visit every country. Although it has made it possible for the armies of developing countries to catch up, opportunities only come to those who respond correctly. We have unified the two strategic tasks of preparing for real military struggles and strengthening the quality of military construction, preparing while building, using preparation to drive construction and construction to promote preparation. This is undoubtedly the right choice.

　　Taking a Distinctive Path of Military Struggle Preparation in the Trend of Change

　　Due to different starting points, the military of different countries has shown diversity in the choice of development path. A foreign scholar once asserted: “What aspects of an army lag behind and how much it lags behind completely determines the pattern of historical change.” In the field of economics, this phenomenon is called “path dependence.” If the path of change of the world’s military powers is regarded as the only model and applied to oneself without thinking, then it will inevitably lead to a serious misalignment of the starting point, path and goal.

　　———Establish a brand-new development strategy. In the 21st century, the war will inevitably enter the informationization stage. In this transition, the armies of countries around the world may undergo new differentiation, resulting in major differences and imbalances in combat capabilities. To avoid being left behind in the new competition, conventional strategies will not work. We must find a way to catch up quickly.

　　Mechanization is the path to development for Western armies. This is because the historical background at that time provided them with special conditions. It is impossible for our army to have these historical conditions again and to achieve the same level of development in the form of mechanized warfare. Therefore, we should seriously reflect on whether we can really catch up with the armies of developed countries in the framework of mechanization.

　　Information warfare is a great leap forward in the form of warfare. In fact, the development from the old form to the new form is achieved through a series of huge changes within the combat system. This transformation is not a linear transition from the old form to the new form, but a “transfer development”. Just as “steamboats are not evolutionary sailboats; cars are not evolutionary improvements on horses and carriages; transistors are not better vacuum tubes”, “transfer development” is a change in the nature and direction of combat means. Its prominent features are its transition, nonlinearity, discontinuity and innovation. Looking forward from the perspective of the old form in a straight line, you cannot see the new form.

　　Our army is still in the process of mechanization. The limitations of mechanization are rapidly emerging but have not yet been fully exposed. In some areas of information technology, our army has gradually entered the new military revolution, and even in some parts and to some extent, it is not behind many Western countries’ armies. This shows a fact that mechanization and informatization are not completely connected in a straight line. Under certain conditions, it is possible to achieve leapfrog development. The agricultural civilization of ancient Egypt was not built on the basis of the world’s most developed hunting and gathering civilization, and the British pioneering industrial civilization did not have the world’s most developed agricultural civilization.

　　The discontinuity and transition of the new war form often provide a historical opportunity for the army that was not advanced to catch up. The information revolution provides an opportunity for our army to achieve leapfrog development without fully developed mechanization.

　　———Use informatization to drive mechanization. The “generational” development of weapons and equipment is not only an important part of the new military revolution, but also its origin. A fundamental question is: for which generation of war are the weapons systems being developed or introduced preparing? If we use yesterday’s equipment to meet tomorrow’s war, we will inevitably run into a wall. Let’s take an example. The radar system used by the vast majority of early warning aircraft currently in service is an active radiation radar, which will basically have no survivability in the next generation of war. If we blindly introduce such early warning aircraft, is it a strategic miscalculation? Obviously, forward-looking awareness is particularly important for equipment development.

　　The so-called advanced consciousness, for our army at this stage, is to establish the development concept of “using informatization to drive mechanization”. The information revolution has provided opportunities for our army to develop by leaps and bounds, but it is impossible to completely leapfrog the mechanization stage. The mechanization level of our army’s weapons and equipment is still not high, and some are even only semi-mechanized. Using informatization to drive mechanization means moderately developing mechanization, but not pursuing the most advanced mechanization, not affecting the capital investment in informatization transformation, not over-performing the mechanized command system and mechanism, and ensuring the smooth progress of informatization transformation while maintaining the mechanized combat mode. Combine moderate development of mechanization with informatization, and while maintaining the former, focus on the latter.

　　———Deepen reform while inheriting. As early as 1996, President Jiang pointed out: “From the current trend of world military development, the problem of unreasonable organizational system of our army is also quite prominent. The adjustment and reform of organizational system should continue to be carried out actively and steadily.” Any army is following the organizational tradition that has been tested by practice and reflects its own characteristics. For example, Sweden has adopted the organizational system of integrating soldiers with civilians for hundreds of years, and the organizational system of the Indian Army still retains the “wing system” tradition of the British Indian period… However, the impact point of military reform is often aimed at the organizational system first. The “hub” position of the organizational system makes it the focus of any army that wants to make a difference.

　　As the military revolution develops in depth, a series of innovative achievements in weapons and equipment, personnel quality and combat theory will eventually need to be materialized in a smooth system, and scientific mechanisms will be used to express and reflect them, so that they can release energy most quickly and effectively. The adjustment of the organizational system of our army should break through the accumulated problems, transcend tradition, create enough space to promote institutional reform, and unswervingly work towards the direction of “appropriate scale, reasonable structure, and flexible command” required by Chairman Jiang. The so-called keeping pace with the times means that we should boldly reform the focus and difficulties of these top-level designs, and should not be burdened by the details in front of us.

　　———Using science and technology as the driving force. In the process of new military transformation, our army’s scientific spirit and scientific and technological awareness are keeping pace with the times. The whole army has carried out extensive, in-depth and long-term scientific and technological training activities, and has embarked on a new training development path driven by science and technology.

　　Historically, armies that reject science and technology have always been doomed. During World War II, the Japanese Kwantung Army believed that “belief rather than knowledge is the factor in completing the mission”, and its combat regulations insisted on “hand-to-hand combat”. In the “Zhanggufeng Incident” in 1938, although the casualties in hand-to-hand combat only accounted for 2.8% of the total casualties, the Kwantung Army’s combat regulations in 1941 still emphasized “hand-to-hand combat” and lacked training to deal with tanks and aircraft. After the war, the Japanese army admitted that the Kwantung Army “had almost zero modern combat training”. Western armies have a tradition of advocating science, and they attach great importance to timely revising training regulations and adjusting training content according to the development of military technology. It is reported that the US Air Force no longer conducts training in close-range air combat projects, but focuses on controlling missile flight.

　　In recent years, the whole army has carried out a comprehensive reform of the content of education and training in accordance with the requirements of the military strategic policy of the new era, and has achieved phased results. However, the reform that has been carried out is preliminary, and there is still a long way to go. The innovation of education and training content should focus on the requirements of the next generation of war on personnel quality and combat capability, and make a good overall design from top to bottom. In recent years, our army has built a military training information network for the whole army and campus networks of various colleges and universities, established a large number of modern teaching venues and training grounds, developed and distributed a large number of training simulation equipment that matches new equipment, and realized the interconnection and interoperability of campaign and tactical training simulation systems… We will hold high the torch of the spirit of the times, keep pace with the times, and rely closely on scientific and technological progress to continuously push education and training to a new level.

現代國語：

柴宇球、曾蘇南、本報記者張國育

內容提要

●我軍軍事鬥爭準備是在世界軍事真正發生劇變的特殊背景下進行的。如果缺乏與時俱進的強烈意識和開拓創新的理論準備，就無法把時代精神貫穿軍事鬥爭準備的整個過程

●軍事變革的許多階段及其可能變化具有不確定性，因此產生了不同的價值判斷和行為準則。決定這些判斷和準則的取捨，只能把它們放到軍事變革的「總座標」中去考慮

●與時俱進不是隨波逐流，不是按部就班，跨越式發展是與時俱進的題中應有之義。新的歷史使命要求我們縮短甚至超越某些發展階段，走具有鮮明特色的軍事鬥爭準備之路

激變時代催生偉大思想。江澤民總書記在「5·31」演講中指出：「貫徹好『三個代表』要求，必須使全黨始終保持與時俱進的精神狀態，不斷開拓馬克思主義理論發展的新境界…」。江主席提出的與時俱進思想，是時代精神的高度概括，也是推動軍事創新的持久的精神動力，它必將對軍事鬥爭準備產生深遠影響。以「三個代表」重要想法為指導，大力弘揚與時俱進的精神，用開拓創新打開工作局面，用解放思想提升戰鬥力，才能把「打得贏」落實。

軍事鬥爭準備最突出的時代背景是新軍事變革

「三個代表」重要思想是中國共產黨人觀察、思考當今世界和中國的變化，在新的實踐中堅持與發展馬克思主義的結果。與時俱進，則是反映了時代本質特徵的觀念。用這個觀念來檢視軍事鬥爭準備，首先應當看我們所處的時代背景究竟發生了什麼樣的改變。

影響軍事鬥爭準備的因素很多：國際情勢的發展，戰略格局的演變，對安全威脅的判斷……但是，影響最直接、最深刻、最廣泛的，當首推上世紀末期興起的新一輪軍事革命。

———戰鬥要素的革命：打擊力、防護力、機動力同步提升。千百年來，還沒有哪一次軍事變革在短時間內使打擊、防護、機動能力獲得同步發展。而當今發生的這場軍事變革，正把三種作戰能力同時提升的理想模式變成現實。

打擊能力的提升主要得益於精確導引武器。傳統非導引武器的命中精準度一般與打擊距離構成穩定的反比關係，而精確導引武器卻在改變「射程-精準度」規律，它不因射程的增大而降低精準度。這項變革猛烈衝擊著上一代戰爭中形成的時間觀、空間觀和效能觀，「非接觸作戰」、「防區外打擊」等新戰法應運而生。

在歷次軍事變革中，防護能力的變革總是“慢半拍”，戰場嚴格遵循“靠消滅敵人來保存自己”的鐵律。甚至有人認為，20世紀的裝甲革命只是冷兵器時代「阻隔與抵消對方打擊威力」的思路的延伸，實在算不上是一次防護革命。今天，一場真正意義上的防護革命悄然而至，代表性的技術是被稱為「低可探測性技術」的隱身技術，它突破了沿襲數千年的傳統套路，透過降低目標被發現的機率來“保存自己”，同時又為達成攻擊的突然性創造了條件，堪稱先“保存自己”再“消滅敵人”的進攻性防護手段，其發展前景不可限量。

機動力正向「空中化」轉移，軍隊機動呈現多維立體的特徵。隨著情報保障、指揮控制、機動工具的跨代式改善，空中機動能力從戰術級躍升到了戰役級。目前，有些已開發國家軍隊主力部隊的直升機數量與坦克大致相等，平均每100名士兵就有一架直升機。一旦地面不再成為障礙物時，戰場將出現什麼新景觀？

———軍隊結構的革命：諸軍兵種一體化。一體化是新軍事變革的成果在指揮協同領域的突出體現。自從有了軍兵種，軍隊就信奉整體作戰思想，但由於資訊的「橫向流動」比較困難，制約了軍隊整體作戰能力的提升。自1980年代以來，數位化通訊設備、敵我識別系統、全球定位系統、電腦網路相繼躋身戰場，不同類型、不同層級、不同空間的部隊第一次具備了資訊「橫向流動」的能力，為一體化作戰創造了條件。反映這一趨勢的是近年來美軍提出的「行動中心戰」概念。基於感測器技術、電腦網路技術及快速反應能力的發展，美軍把“計劃中心戰”轉變為“行動中心戰”，這將是軍隊指揮協同領域的一次深刻變革，諸軍兵種一體化作戰將由此達到一個新水平。

一體化也體現在軍隊編成上。首先是軍種界限的弱化。二次大戰以來，軍種力量通常由戰略統帥部直接掌握，形成了涇渭分明的軍種界限。未來聯合作戰，傳統的指揮體制已無法適應對時效性的特殊要求，必須打破原有的軍種界限，組成一體化部隊。目前，建立由陸軍旅特遣隊、空軍戰鬥機中隊、海軍艦艇部隊和陸戰隊遠徵分隊組成的“聯合特遣部隊”，就是發達國家軍隊謀求一體化的新嘗試。其次是兵種界線的弱化。已開發國家軍隊紛紛組成兵種混編合成部隊，如美國空軍在前幾年「混編聯隊」試驗的基礎之上，將在2003年前建立10支遠徵型航空航天部隊；英國從2000年開始將海軍的「海鷂」飛機與空軍的「鷂」式戰鬥機混合編組。可以預見，在不遠的將來，機械化戰爭時代所形成的相對穩定的軍隊結構將出現新格局。有些學者稱之為“關係的革命”、“結構的革命”，不失為一種遠見。

———作戰體系的革命：機械化軍隊轉變為資訊化軍隊。人類社會正面臨歷史上第三次大轉型，資訊革命的浪潮持續不斷。幾年前，作為「智慧化」戰爭的資訊化概念尚在人們的視野之外，而今天沒有多少人再懷疑它的出現。

戰爭自進入工業時代以來，呈現出加速度發展趨勢，尤其是第二次世界大戰後的半個世紀，機械化作為戰爭形態的主流已經達到它的巔峰，但同時也陷入了困境：武器裝備的物理性能達到極限，大量的投入回報甚微；核武的災難性後果，使其越來越難以在戰爭中發揮作用；大規模殺傷性武器造成的對無辜人民的傷害和對環境造成的污染，導致生態惡化……在機械化的框架中繼續發展幾乎沒有出路，人們開始尋求新的方式，即從更深層面上解決打擊效率和作戰效果問題，努力實現精確化、可控化和智能化，而這就是信息化。目前，許多國家軍隊都在努力開拓跳出機械化戰爭困境的變革之路，機械化戰爭讓位給資訊化戰爭的趨勢不可逆轉。江主席敏銳洞察世界軍事領域發生的重大變化，精闢指出了新軍事變革的本質是資訊化革命，為我軍迎接世界新軍事變革的挑戰指明了方向。

目前，已開發國家軍隊都在大力推進武器裝備的資訊化建設，在積極發展C4 I系統、精確制導彈藥、靈巧武器、數位化單兵裝備的同時，注重搞好頂層設計，使目標偵察與監視、目標資訊處理與傳輸、精確打擊與毀傷評估實現一體化，形成「軍事大系統」。這樣，就把工業時代的適於發揮火力和機動力潛能的作戰體系，逐步改造成了資訊時代的適於資訊快速流動和使用的作戰體系。

我軍軍事鬥爭準備恰逢世界軍事領域正發生著真正的劇變，親歷了這場革命，我們應有比以往更強烈的時代感和緊迫感。當我們針對現實威脅認真準備的時候，我們一定不可以忽略或忘記我們正置身一個新的時代，一定不可以忙於應對而淡漠大勢。不眷戀我們已經熟悉了的東西，敏銳吸納歷史潮流為我們展示的新鮮事物，乘勢而上，把步子邁得更大一點，這就是與時俱進思想對時代挑戰的有力回應。

按照軍事變革大趨勢設計軍事鬥爭準備“總坐標”

江總書記在「5·31」演講中指出：「堅持解放思想、實事求是的思想路線，弘揚與時俱進的精神，是黨在長期執政條件下保持先進性和創造力的決定性因素。我們黨能否始終做到這一點，決定著中國的發展前途和命運。

———歷史的啟蒙：順應趨勢者昌，逆趨勢而動者亡。順應歷史潮流注定得到歷史的青睞，搶先者往往是那些對歷史潮流異常敏感的軍隊。 19世紀中葉，普魯士比其他國家更早察覺到工業革命對軍事領域帶來的挑戰，率先實現了軍事體係向機械化戰爭的過渡，從而使它在後來數十年間比那些兵力更多、科技水平更高的歐洲軍隊都佔有決定性優勢。

相反的情形是，軍事上的巨額投入與所取得的成果之間存在明顯落差，其原因恐怕也是缺乏乘勢而動的靈敏嗅覺。 17世紀中葉至18世紀末，中國社會在原有的體系框架下發展到了極致，軍事上也處於冷兵器時代的鼎盛期。幾乎在同一時間，世界發生了一系列改天換地的變革：火藥革命方興未艾，機械化革命接踵而至。面對軍事變革的衝擊，滿清軍隊卻死抱著“騎射乃滿洲根本”的迂腐觀念，把發明創造稱為“奇技淫巧”，把堅船利炮看成妖術。大清王朝最終被動挨打，喪權辱國。

歷史有著驚人的相似之處，歷史道路的選擇卻有高下優劣之分。當今，世界軍事又面臨大變動、大發展、大轉折。海灣戰爭以後，中央軍委敏銳察覺到世界軍事領域正在發生廣泛而深刻的變革，及時制定了新時期軍事戰略方針，要求把軍事鬥爭準備的基點放在打贏現代技術特別是高技術條件下的局部戰爭上；19 96年，在這一戰略方針的指導下，提出軍隊建設的指導思想必須實現由數量規模型向質量效能型、由人力密集型向科技密集型的兩個根本性轉變；1997年，又以高度的智慧和過人的膽魄，確定了軍隊跨世紀發展“三步走”戰略……這些重大舉措，充分體現了與時俱進的前瞻性視野。十多年來，我軍新時期軍事鬥爭準備之所以能夠不斷取得進展與突破，就是因為把與時俱進的時代精神融入其中。

———有益的經驗：把改革當作軍事鬥爭準備的著力點。冷戰後，國際局勢起了變化，各國軍隊開始重新設計發展藍圖。普遍的做法是，高度重視新軍事變革的影響，強調掌握戰爭形態轉型的歷史機遇，並依照時代要求推動軍事改革。一個波次接一個波次的改革浪潮此起彼伏，最終形成了席捲全球的改革之勢。

根據倫敦國際戰略研究所最近發表的《2001-2002年度戰略評估報告》稱，「9·11」事件以後，美軍提出了新一輪的軍事改革計劃，其中包括六個重要組成部分，首要部分是「關於未來戰爭的設想」。對未來戰爭有了新看法，必然對戰爭機器進行新的改造。其實，最早意識到當今這場軍事變革的是前蘇軍，但美軍後來居上，當許多機械化為主的軍隊還在爭論資訊化是否會到來時，美軍不動聲色地開始了資訊化改革，於1994年成立了“軍事革命研究高級指導委員會”，作為軍事改革的組織領導機構。各軍種也成立了相應的機構，如陸軍數位化辦公室和地面資訊戰中心、海軍新作戰概念委員會和艦隊資訊戰中心、空軍資訊戰中心等。經過多年積累，取得了大量有益成果，為軍隊資訊化改造提供了座標。

改革越深入，操作的難度就越高。許多國家的軍隊已經看到，在機械化時代日臻完善的軍事體系已經沒有太大的改造空間，必須大刀闊斧地推進新軍事革命。美國國防部專門成立了5個工作小組，集中探討如何使用資訊科技徹底改造美軍，並且建立了6個專門研究資訊戰的戰鬥實驗室。美軍認為，目前還不能有效地應付各種複雜的新安全挑戰，需要以迅速、靈活、各兵種有效聯合行動為目標進行軍事改革，包括設立一支常備聯合特遣部隊，開發需要的躍進技術，增強指揮機構的彈性，改革採購策略，放棄舊的軍事系統以便為新系統騰出經費，等等。俄、英、法、日等國推行新軍事革命的條件雖然不如美國完備，但它們也紛紛制定面向長遠的國防發展戰略與軍隊建設規劃，加快本國軍事改革的步伐，以迎接新軍事革命的挑戰。這些反映了大方向的改革舉措，值得我軍借鏡。

———使命的呼喚：把軍事鬥爭準備和建設一流軍隊統一起來。我軍軍事鬥爭準備的任務是確定的，而軍隊建設的參考係卻不是凝固的。多變的國際環境、未定的戰略格局以及我國所面臨的複雜的周邊安全形勢，這些都決定了一旦發生戰事，我們的作戰對手和作戰方向可能都不是單一的，主要戰略方向也具有相對性和可變性。建國後，我們所進行的幾場局部戰爭，幾乎沒有一場是在我們準備好了的戰略方向進行的。如果僅僅瞄準一個對手，設想一種情況，無疑是一種戰略短視。

面對這種局面，如何做好軍事鬥爭準備？答案是：提高軍事鬥爭準備的起點，建立一支一流軍隊。在充滿不確定性和不可測性的現實中，具備應付各種情況的「能力」才是最重要的。這如同參加大型國際賽，光是戰勝一個對手不行，只有戰勝一系列對手才能奪冠，這就需要綜合實力。所以，軍事鬥爭準備要從長計議，不過度專注近期威脅而忽略長遠建設，在突出重點的同時，著力去開發整個軍隊應付挑戰和不測事件的能力。這種能力只有透過加強品質建設，在追趕世界軍事強國的過程中獲得。利用我們的“後發優勢”，從發達國家軍隊發展的歷史中汲取營養，加速對先進技術、先進體制、先進思想的追趕過程，避免他們走過的彎路，最終形成自己的優勢。這樣，我們才能在為近期威脅作好準備的同時，也關照好未來。

軍事革命是全球性的，但它不會自動光顧每一個國家，它雖然使後發國家軍隊有了奮起追趕的可能性，但機運只為那些正確應對者而來。我們把現實軍事鬥爭準備和加強軍隊質量建設兩大戰略任務統一起來，邊準備，邊建設，以準備牽引建設，以建設促進準備，這無疑是正確的抉擇。

在變革潮流中走具有特色的軍事鬥爭準備之路

不同國家軍隊由於起點不同，對發展道路的選擇呈現出多樣性。國外某學者曾斷言：「一支軍隊什麼方面落後、落後多少完全規定了歷史的變化模式。」經濟學領域稱這種現象為「路徑依賴」。如果把世界軍事強國的變革之路視為唯一模式，不假思索地套於自身，那麼，必然導致起點、途徑與目標的嚴重錯置。

———確立嶄新的發展思路。戰爭形態在21世紀必定跨入資訊化階段，世界各國軍隊有可能在這場過渡中發生新的分化，形成作戰水準的重大差異與不平衡。要避免在新的角逐中落伍，常規的思路肯定不行，必須找到一條快速追趕的路徑。

機械化是西方軍隊的發達之路，這是由於當時的歷史背景給西方軍隊提供了特殊條件，而我軍不可能重新具備這些歷史條件，不可能在機械化戰爭形態中獲得同等發達水平。因此，我們應該認真反思在機械化框架中能否真正趕上已開發國家軍隊的問題。

資訊化戰爭是戰爭形態的大飛躍。其實，從舊形態轉向新形態的發展是透過作戰系統內部一系列巨大轉變來實現的，這種轉變不是舊形態向新形態的直線推移，而是一種「轉移式發展」。正如「蒸氣船不是進化發展的帆船；汽車不是馬和馬車的進化型改進；晶體管不是一種較好的真空管」一樣，「轉移式發展」是作戰手段的本質、方向的改變，其突出特徵是它的轉折性、非線性、間斷性和創新性，從舊型態的視角向前直線展望是看不到新型態的。

我軍目前尚處在機械化進程中，機械化的局限性正在快速顯現但尚未完全暴露，而我軍在資訊科技某些領域已逐漸涉足新軍事革命，甚至在某些局部某種程度上並不比許多西方國家軍隊落後。這顯示了一個事實，機械化與資訊化並不完全是直線相接的，在具備一定的條件下，有可能實現跨越式發展。古埃及的農業文明並不是建立在世界最發達的採獵文明基礎上，英國開拓工業文明也不是擁有世界最發達的農業文明。

新戰爭形態的間斷性、轉折性往往會給原本並不先進的軍隊提供一個後來居上的歷史機會。資訊革命為我軍在不擁有充分發展的機械化的基礎上實現跨越式發展提供了機會。

———用資訊化牽引機械化。武器裝備的「斷代性」發展，既是新軍事變革的重要內容，也是它的始因。一個帶根本性的問題是：正在研發或引進的武器系統是為哪一代戰爭做準備？如果用昨天的裝備迎接明天的戰爭，難免會碰壁。試舉一例。現在正在服役的絕大多數預警機，採用的雷達系統是主動式輻射雷達，這在下一代戰爭中將基本沒有生存能力，如果盲目引進此類預警機，是不是一種戰略失算？顯然，超前意識對裝備發展來說尤其重要。

所謂超前意識，對現階段的我軍來說，就是確立「用資訊化牽引機械化」的發展觀。資訊革命為我軍跨越式發展提供了機遇，但機械化階段不可能完全跨越，我軍武器裝備的機械化水準還不高，有些甚至只是半機械化。用資訊化牽引機械化，就是適度發展機械化，但不追求最發達的機械化，不影響資訊化改造的資金投入，不過度完善機械化指揮體系和機制，在維持機械化作戰方式的同時，保證資訊化改造順利進行。把適度發展機械化與資訊化結合起來，在維持前者的同時，重心向後者傾斜。

———在繼承中深化改革。江主席早在1996年就指出：「從當前世界軍事發展的動向看，我軍的編制體制不合理的問題也比較突出，編制體制的調整改革要繼續積極穩妥地進行。」任何軍隊都在沿襲著經過實踐檢驗、體現自身特色的編制傳統，如瑞典幾百年來一直採取了寓兵於民的組織體制，印度陸軍的編制體制仍然保留著英印時期的「聯隊制」傳統……但是，軍事變革的衝擊點往往先瞄準編制體制。編制體制所處的「樞紐」地位，使它成為任何一支有所作為的軍隊所關注的焦點。

隨著軍事革命向縱深發展，武器裝備、人員素質和作戰理論的一系列革新成果，最終都需要物化於一種順暢的體制內，用科學的機制去表現它、反映它，使其最迅速、最有效地釋放能量。我軍的編制體制調整應當衝破積弊，超越傳統，創造足夠的空間促進機構改革，堅定不移地朝著江主席所要求的「規模適度、結構合理、指揮靈便」的方向努力。所謂與時俱進，就應當在這些頂層設計的焦點、難點上大膽改革，而不應為眼前的細節所累。

———以科學技術為推動力。在新軍事變革的過程中，我軍的科學精神、科技意識都在與時俱進，全軍廣泛、深入、持久地開展科技練兵活動，走出了一條以科學技術為推動力的新的訓練發展道路。

歷史上，拒絕科學技術的軍隊均難逃厄運。在二次大戰中，日本關東軍信奉“完成任務的因素，是信念而不是知識”，戰鬥條令一味主張“白刃主義”。到了1938年“張鼓鋒事件”，儘管白刃戰傷亡僅佔總傷亡的千分之二點八，但關東軍1941年的戰鬥條令仍然強調“白刃主義”，缺少對付坦克和飛機的訓練。日軍戰後承認，關東軍「在近代作戰訓練方面幾乎等於零」。而西方軍隊則具有崇尚科學的傳統，他們十分重視根據軍事科技的發展及時修改訓練條例，調整訓練內容。據報道，美空軍已不再進行空中近距格鬥項目的訓練，而把訓練重點放在控制飛彈飛行上。

近年來，全軍按照新時期軍事戰略方針的要求，對教育訓練內容進行了全面改革，取得了階段性成果。但已經進行的改革是初步的，今後的路還很長。教育訓練內容創新，應緊緊圍繞下一代戰爭對人員素質和作戰能力提出的要求，由上至下搞好整體設計。近年來，我軍建成了全軍軍事訓練資訊網和各院校校園網，建立了一大批現代化教學場館和訓練場地，研製配發了一大批與新裝備配套的訓練模擬器材，實現了戰役戰術訓練模擬系統的互連互通……我們將高擎與時俱進這把時代精神的火炬，緊緊依靠科技進步，把教育訓練不斷推向新境界。

http://jczs.sina.com.cn 2002年7月16日 07:51 解放军报

中國原創軍事資源：https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2002-07-16/7489888.html?from=wap

#Information Support Force, #Russia #Ukraine, Asymmetric Warfare, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Combat Planning, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, National Defense and Military Modernization, Russia Network Forces, Russian Cyber Warfare

Chinese Military in-depth Analysis of the Latest “Cognitive Warfare” Case in the Russia-Ukraine Conflict

09/27/2024 admin Leave a comment

中國軍方深入解析俄烏衝突最新「認知戰」案例

2023-10-07 09:00　來源: 述策

現代英語：

It is said that on September 22, the Ukrainian Air Force used the “Storm Shadow” cruise missile to attack the Black Sea Fleet Command in Sevastopol. Since then, the life and death of Admiral Victor Sokolov, commander of the Black Sea Fleet, has been a topic of concern to the outside world. After a few days of undercurrents, on September 25, the Ukrainian Special Operations Command (SOF) announced that they had successfully “killed” Admiral Sokolov, commander of the Black Sea Fleet, and dozens of officers below him. Even Admiral Romanchuk, commander of the Russian Zaporizhia Cluster, was injured by the Ukrainian army.

Unexpectedly, Ukraine’s news was “slapped in the face” less than a day after it was released-on September 26, the Russian Ministry of Defense held a meeting of the National Defense Committee. Senior leaders of the Ministry of Defense, commanders of various military regions, and commanders of various military services attended the meeting in person or via video. At the meeting, Admiral Sokolov, commander of the Black Sea Fleet, who was declared “killed” by Ukrainian officers, appeared. After the news was released, the Ukrainian side was extremely embarrassed and had to announce that they wanted to collect more information. But then someone claimed that Admiral Sokolov, who attended the meeting, was “just a photo” and not a real person.

Nevertheless, the battle between the Russian and Ukrainian armies over the life and death of General Sokolov can be seen as a classic case of cognitive warfare in the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict. It is worthwhile for us to analyze this case specifically, and it is even more worthwhile for us to “talk about” this case and talk about the battle between the Russian and Ukrainian armies in the field of cognitive warfare in the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict.

Is the “beheading” of General Sokolov not an isolated case?

It is not the first time that the Ukrainian propaganda department has fallen into the trap of “beheading” Russian generals. For example, in mid-June this year, the Ukrainian army spread rumors that the Vice President of Chechnya, Lieutenant General of the Chechen National Guard, and Kadyrov Jr.’s right-hand man, Drimkhanov, was “killed” by the Ukrainian army’s HIMARS rocket launcher.

From the perspective of the implementation process of the entire cognitive warfare, whether it was the “beheading” of Drimkhanov in June or the “beheading” of General Sokolov this time, the whole process was similar:

The first step: The Ukrainian propaganda department deliberately “created topics”. The so-called “creating topics” can be regarded as a “primer” in cognitive warfare, which serves to trigger heated public discussion. This kind of “primer” is often not necessarily released by the official, but may be released by some semi-official channels or channels with close ties to the official. For example, the fact that Lieutenant General Drimkhanov was “killed” by the Ukrainian army’s “HIMARS” rocket launcher was first said to have been released from a telegram group of the Ukrainian armed forces, and the statement was ambiguous. The earliest source of the news that Admiral Sokolov was “beheaded” this time was traced back to a telegram group in Russia. The news in this telegram group is mixed, some of which are of low credibility, but some are surprisingly accurate. In a sense, releasing the “primer” of cognitive warfare through these groups is even more likely to arouse public attention and discussion than official news.

The second step can be regarded as “reinforcement” of public opinion. The first step of cognitive warfare, namely “primer information”, often lacks details for a complete news, but it doesn’t matter. Judging from the efficiency and characteristics of information dissemination in the current society, a “lead information” that lacks details but is easy to arouse everyone’s interest, but has information barriers due to some factors, will naturally be “supplemented with details” during the dissemination process. This is true whether Admiral Sokolov was “shot dead” or Drimkhanov was “beheaded”. Information lacks details, but it is very important “Breaking News” for the media. At the same time, due to military secrets, it is impossible to cross the information barrier to obtain more information in time. Therefore, this will inevitably lead the media to a result – public opinion “reinforcement”, and everyone will do it together, and in the process of word of mouth, a lead information will be constantly detailed and “real”. For example, in the process of dissemination, Drimkhanov was “beheaded”, and the “time” and “place” of his beheading were supplemented one after another (even due to different dissemination channels, these time and place elements are also different), sometimes appearing in Kremenaya and sometimes in Gorlovka. The same is true for Admiral Sokolov’s “killing”. During the process of information dissemination, people have come up with a whole set of details such as “The Black Sea Fleet held a regular meeting on Friday, and the Ukrainian army seized the opportunity to launch a strike”, “Two missiles hit the headquarters office, and the other missile launched a supplementary strike when the rescuers went in to rescue people”. It is precisely in this “decentralized” word of mouth that the “fact” that these two senior generals were “beheaded” has been continuously strengthened, and the lack of information sources is even more conducive to the cognitive shaping of ordinary information recipients.

After several days of fermentation, the cognitive war has come to the third step – “the final word”. The Ukrainian official did not “finally decide” the “beheading” of Drimkhanov. Kadyrov Jr. couldn’t sit still first, and soon released a video of himself and Drimkhanov sitting together for a meal and picnic, and even took out his mobile phone on the spot to show the shooting time, “slapping his face”. Admiral Sokolov was “finally decided” by large departments such as the Ukrainian Special Operations Command and the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. According to the process of cognitive warfare, this kind of official media “final word” should play the role of completing the cognitive shaping process in the field of cognitive warfare, that is, completing a complete logical closed loop from releasing “primers” to “speculation reinforcement” by the outside world, and finally “stamping and confirming” by the official. However, the Russian army took the initiative and performed a “slap in the face on the spot”, which not only made all the information dissemination of the Ukrainian army in front of it useless, but also made Ukraine’s two key units, the Special Operations Command and even the Ministry of Defense, become clowns.

Cognitive warfare in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, is the Ukrainian army coming in full force?

Many people may be puzzled by the Ukrainian army’s cognitive warfare propaganda department’s personal participation in the rumor that Chechen Vice President Delimkhanov or General Sokolov was “killed” by the Ukrainian army: If the Russian side responds quickly, pulls these senior generals out to show their faces, and self-confirms that “I am still alive”, then won’t the rumors of the Ukrainian cognitive warfare be self-defeating?

It seems reasonable, but the Russian army did not clarify it once it was rumored. Why? Because things are not that simple.

First, from a tactical perspective, if the Russian army arranges for generals to come out and refute rumors every time the Ukrainian army creates a rumor about a senior general, the most direct consequence is that it will cause unnecessary interference and trouble to the daily combat command of senior generals. In combat operations, the time of senior officers above the rank of general is very precious, the daily workload is extremely high, and the brainpower is extremely consumed. It is impossible for them to have so much time to appear and refute rumors endlessly. If the Russian army refutes a rumor every time the Ukrainian army creates a rumor, then these senior generals will have nothing to do in their daily lives and just shoot videos to refute rumors every day.

Second, for information that enters the cognitive shaping cycle, in some cases, “refutation” is not only useless, but will further create more rumors. For example, regarding the “beheading” of General Sokolov, although the Russian army has arranged to refute the rumor, some Ukrainian groups are still “picking on it”, believing that General Sokolov did not move in front of the camera and that the time and place of General Sokolov’s interview could not be seen, so it was just “information countermeasures” arranged by the Russian side. Even for some Russian generals who were “officially announced” and “beheaded” by Ukraine last year but then appeared on certain occasions, such as Major General Gerasimov, Chief of Staff of the 41st Army, there are still Ukrainian supporters who claim that “this person is dead”. The only reason is that this person did not show up again after showing up!

Therefore, in the field of cognitive warfare, many things are not as simple as we think.

Having said that, at the strategic level, there is indeed a big gap between the Russian army and the Ukrainian army in the field of cognitive warfare in the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict. The Ukrainian army is very good at creating topics, and it is flexible and mobile and pays attention to participation.

In terms of creating topics, Ukraine takes the initiative to create topics almost every time in cognitive warfare, from the Mariupol Theater incident at the beginning, to the Bucha incident later, to the chemical explosion in Rubezhnoy, and the Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Plant incident and the explosion of the New Kakhovka Hydropower Station Dam. Almost every time, Ukraine “takes the lead”. Russia is in a state of passive response, and as a result, Ukraine continues to create topics and continuously attacks, which puts it in a disadvantageous position.

In terms of mobility and flexibility, the Ukrainian army is very familiar with the characteristics of modern media communication. For example, in the cognitive warfare against the “beheading” of Admiral Sokolov, the Ukrainian army took advantage of the characteristics of modern media’s fast communication speed and decentralized communication mode, released the “primer” in a semi-official form, and let netizens “reinforce” it (in fact, it is the self-growth of information), and finally the more authoritative official media came out to “finalize the final word”.

In terms of “focusing on participation”, the Ukrainian army is better at creating a sense of participation of ordinary netizens in specific topics. For example, after the Bucha incident and the Battle of Mariupol, Ukraine immediately launched a set of websites called “The Executioner’s Book”. Anyone can log in to these websites or network plug-ins at will and register the so-called “Russian army’s atrocities” or Russian army movements. The United States immediately responded and opened the “Observation Post” project belonging to the US State Department in response to the “Executioner’s Book” project, which is used to record the “atrocities” of the Russian army in the conflict. These public topics are set up quite cleverly, making the outside world feel that they are highly involved, while the specific content is true and false, which is different from the false information indoctrination of traditional information warfare. In the cognitive warfare of the Ukrainian army, these highly involved projects once made the entire network trend one-sided.

Compared with the propaganda and operation of the Ukrainian army in the field of cognitive warfare, the Russian army is far behind in the field of cognitive warfare. For example, in response to Ukraine’s formation of a combat mode that emphasizes mass participation and mass experience in the cognitive field, Russia is still using the old method – announcing ambiguous combat conditions in the form of daily combat reports, with only Major General Konashenko “acting as an emotionless reading machine” in front of the camera. As a result, most combat observers do not take his combat reports seriously. Another example is the tactics of Ukraine frequently setting topics and carrying out cognitive shaping in steps, and Russia can only defend itself. Every time Ukraine creates topics, Russia responds passively, and then Ukraine continues to create new topics based on Russia’s response, leaving Russia in a state of exhaustion. From this perspective, the Russian army’s cognitive warfare against the Ukrainian side’s “beheading” of Admiral Sokolov, and the sudden arrangement of the rumor-busting “face-slapping”, is just a tactical “flash of inspiration”, and the effect does not seem to be very good. It has not completely changed the basic power comparison between the Russian and Ukrainian armies in the field of cognitive warfare. Ukraine’s “cognitive warfare advantage” over Russia will continue.

How do we deal with cognitive warfare in the new combat form?

In terms of definition, “cognitive warfare” can be traced back to the concept of “network-centric warfare” proposed by the US military in military reform at the beginning of this century. After years of development, by 2017, related discussions began to frequently appear in the speeches of senior NATO generals. For example, on August 14, 2017, Stewart, director of the US Defense Intelligence Agency, clearly put forward the assertion that “the fifth-generation war is cognitive warfare” at the 2017 Defense Intelligence Information System Annual Conference. On September 17, 2017, Goldfein, then Chief of Staff of the US Air Force, also clearly put forward the concept of “cognitive warfare” at the annual meeting of the US Air Force Association. Soon, NATO comprehensively developed this novel operational concept. In March 2020, NATO released the concept book “Operation 2040”, which clearly stated that “information and cognitive warfare” will play an important role in future operations. In June, NATO appointed François du Creuse, former French colonel and head of the NATO Innovation Center, to study cognitive warfare, and produced a detailed report on “Cognitive Warfare” in January 2021. In June 2021, NATO held a scientific conference on cognitive warfare and released a special report on “Cognitive Warfare: Cognition Dominates the Future”, thus forming a more systematic and complete cognitive warfare theory.

Compared with traditional information warfare and propaganda warfare, the biggest feature of cognitive warfare is that it is based on the working principle of the human brain, that is, the process of acquiring, perceiving, understanding, processing, inferring, evaluating, judging, calculating, and making decisions on external information. In short, cognitive warfare is superior in terms of operational characteristics. It is not a unilateral indoctrination, but a good use of people’s cognitive process to “reshape” everyone’s worldview, values, ideology, and even cognitive and understanding processes in an all-round way, so as to fully rebuild the individual’s interpretation and response to information and interfere with the individual’s ideology and value orientation. The final result is not only to use various false information to disrupt the opponent, but more importantly to reshape the opponent’s social psychology, thereby affecting the opponent’s strategic decision-making, “defeating the enemy without fighting.” This determines that cognitive warfare is a new generation of propaganda warfare and information warfare. Compared with the traditional information warfare that focuses on the tactical level, the role of cognitive warfare can be further improved to the strategic level, which may affect the direction or outcome of the war.

So, facing a new type of combat form such as cognitive warfare, referring to the current situation in which Russia has been at a disadvantage in the field of cognitive warfare with Ukraine in the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict, how should we respond to future cognitive warfare?

From a strategic perspective, we should realize that in the field of cognitive warfare, pure passive response is the most unreliable and inefficient form of combat. For example, Russia’s passive response to Ukraine’s agenda setting is equivalent to passively being beaten. Of course, compared with firepower warfare or mobile warfare, cognitive warfare is a thorough “open conspiracy” without too much feint and deception. It mainly relies on the ideological superiority and media skills of the West, and relies on the legal rights of the Western media in the field of the “fourth power”. Since we are temporarily at a disadvantage in the field of media compared with Western countries, it is actually a relatively difficult thing to implement cognitive confrontation with them in the whole system and at all levels. Therefore, even if we also adopt the strategy of strategic offensive in cognitive warfare, its implementation effect may not be as good as that of the other party. One way may be to firmly grasp our basic plate strategically and form a “you fight yours, I fight mine” pattern.

In the field of tactics, we should fully learn from the experience and lessons of both sides in cognitive warfare in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. Judging from the cognitive warfare strategy implemented by the Ukrainian army, in areas such as topic shaping, it mainly exploits the loopholes of information asymmetry. Then, our possible response strategy is to disclose some information in a timely manner and change the original concept that “military operations must be kept confidential and not disclosed to the outside world.” In fact, public information itself is a process of cognitive shaping. Both sides can carry out a lot of cognitive warfare confrontation around the timing, content, and timing of information disclosure. For example, in the field of setting topics, we can “take the initiative” and first seek the ability to set topics and carry out cognitive shaping in countries such as the Belt and Road, BRICS or Shanghai Cooperation Organization countries, at least to ensure that the people of our country and some friendly countries can offset the influence of the Western cognitive warfare. For another example, in response to the “cognitive warfare” implemented by the other party against different groups in multiple dimensions and levels, or the rumors created step by step, we can make extensive use of the influence of KOL (Key Opinion Leader) and the platform to form a “cognition against cognition” combat pattern.

In short, cognitive warfare, as a new combat style that has been studied by NATO for many years, appeared in large numbers in the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict and played a certain role, deserves further research to ensure that it is invincible in future military operations.

This articleThe article on cognitive warfare is just an appetizer, and there will be a main course later. This studio took about a year to complete the “Research on Cognitive Warfare in the United States and Other Western Countries”, which has a text of more than 40,000 words (excluding more than 7,000 words of notes), which is much richer and more in-depth. The report will be officially launched and introduced the day after tomorrow, so stay tuned.

現代國語：

據稱，9月22日烏克蘭空軍使用「風暴陰影」巡航飛彈襲擊塞瓦斯托波爾黑海艦隊司令部。此後，關於黑海艦隊司令維克托.索科洛夫上將的生死一直是外界關注的議題。經過幾天暗流湧動後，9月25日，烏克蘭特戰司令部（SOF）對外宣布，他們成功「擊斃」黑海艦隊司令索科洛夫上將及以下數十名軍官，甚至俄軍札波羅熱集群司令羅曼丘克上將也被烏軍擊傷。

沒想到，烏克蘭的消息剛放出來不到一天就慘遭「打臉」——9月26日，俄羅斯國防部召開國防委員會會議，國防部高級領導人、各軍區司令、各軍兵種司令等以現場出席或視訊連線的方式參會，會上赫然出現了被烏軍官宣「擊斃」的黑海艦隊司令索科洛夫上將。消息放出後，烏方極為尷尬，只好宣布他們要收集更多資訊。但隨後又有人宣稱說參會的索科洛夫上將“只是照片”，不是真人。

儘管如此，從這次俄烏兩軍圍繞索科洛夫上將的生死問題展開的鬥法，可以被看做是俄烏軍事衝突中關於認知戰的一個經典案例，既值得我們就這一案例進行專門剖析，更值得我們從這個案例中“說開去”，談一談俄烏軍事衝突中俄烏兩軍在認知戰領域展開的較量。

一、索科洛夫上將“被斬首”，並非孤例？

關於「斬首」俄軍將領，烏克蘭宣傳部門栽進坑裡已經不是第一次了。例如今年6月中，烏克蘭軍隊造謠稱車臣副總統、車臣國民近衛軍中將、小卡德羅夫左膀右臂德里姆哈諾夫被烏軍海馬火箭砲「擊斃」。

從整個認知戰的實施過程看，無論是6月那次德里姆哈諾夫被“斬首”，還是這次索科洛夫上將被“斬首”，整個過程大同小異：

第一步：烏克蘭宣傳部門有意「製造議題」。所謂“製造議題”，在認知戰中可以被視為一個“引子”，作用是引發輿論熱議。這種「引子」往往不一定由官方放出，可能是由一些半官方的管道或與官方關係比較緊密的管道放出。例如德里姆哈諾夫中將被烏軍的「海馬」火箭炮「打死」一事，最早據說是從烏克蘭武裝部隊的一個電報群組裡放出來的，而且說法模稜兩可。這次索科洛夫上將被“斬首”，最早的消息來源經過追溯則是俄羅斯的某個電報群組。這種電報群組的消息魚龍混雜，有些消息則可信度很低，但有些消息卻出奇準確。將認知戰的「引子」透過這些群組放出，某種意義上說甚至比官方消息更容易引發輿論關注和討論。

第二步可以被視為輿論的「補強」。認知戰的第一步即「引子資訊」對一個完整的新聞來說往往缺乏細節，但不要緊。從當前社會訊息傳播的效率和特徵來看，一個缺乏細節、但容易引起大家興趣、卻又因某種因素出現信息壁壘的“引子信息”，在傳播過程中，大家自然會對其進行“細節補充」。無論是索科洛夫上將被“擊斃”還是德里姆哈諾夫被“斬首”，都是如此。資訊缺乏細節，但對傳媒來說偏偏又是非常重要的「Breaking News」（突發新聞），同時基於軍事機密的因素，想穿越資訊壁壘及時獲取更多的資訊也不可能。因此，這必然會使傳媒導向一個結果——輿論“補強”，而且是大家一起上，在口耳相傳的過程中不斷把一個引子信息細節化、“真實”化。例如德里姆哈諾夫被「斬首」在傳播過程中，先後彌補上了他被斬首的「時間」、「地點」（甚至由於傳播管道不同，這些時間和地點要素也各不相同），時而出現在克雷緬納亞，時而出現在戈爾洛夫卡。索科洛夫上將被「擊斃」同樣如此，訊息在傳播過程中，被先後腦補出一整套「黑海艦隊週五開例會，烏軍抓住機會實施打擊」、「兩發飛彈一發擊中了司令部辦公室，另一發飛彈在救援人員進去救人的時候實施了補充打擊」這種細節。正是在這種「去中心化」的口耳相傳，這兩名高級將領被「斬首」的「事實」被不斷強化，消息來源的缺失甚至更有利對普通信息受眾進行認知塑造。

經過數天發酵之後，認知戰來到第三步－「一錘定音」。德里姆哈諾夫被“斬首”一事並沒有輪到烏克蘭官方“一錘定音”，小卡德羅夫先坐不住了，很快放出了自己和德里姆哈諾夫坐在一起吃飯野餐的視頻，甚至當場拿出手機展示拍攝時間，進行「打臉」。索科洛夫上將則是烏軍特戰司令部、烏克蘭國防部這樣的大部門出面完成「一錘定音」。按照認知戰的過程，這種官方媒體“一錘定音”應該起到在認知戰領域完成認知塑造過程的作用，也就是完成一個從放出“引子”，到外界“猜測補強”，最後官方「蓋章確認」的完整邏輯閉環。但俄軍居然後發製人，表演了一出“當場打臉”，不僅讓烏軍前面的所有信息傳播都變成了無用功，還讓烏克蘭的兩個要害單位特戰司令部甚至國防部變成了小丑。

二、俄烏衝突中的認知戰，烏軍來勢洶洶？

對於烏軍認知戰宣傳部門親自上陣、造謠車臣副總統德里姆哈諾夫或索科洛夫上將被烏軍“擊斃”，很多人可能大惑不解：如果俄羅斯方面迅速反應，把這些高級將領拉出來亮個相，自我確認一下“我還活著”，那麼烏方認知戰的謠言不就不攻自破了嗎？

看似有理，但俄軍並沒有被造謠一次就照上面的辦法澄清一次。為什麼？因為事情沒有那麼簡單。

其一，從戰術角度來說，如果烏軍每製造一個關於高級將領的謠言，俄軍就安排將領出面闢謠，最直接的後果就是對高級將領的日常作戰指揮造成不必要的干擾和麻煩。在作戰行動中，將官以上的高級軍官時間非常寶貴，每天工作量極高，對腦力消耗極大，根本不可能有那麼多時間沒完沒了地現身闢謠。如果烏軍每造一個謠俄軍就闢一個謠，那這些高級將領平時啥也別幹了，就天天拍視頻闢謠吧。

其二，對於進入認知塑造循環的訊息來說，某些情況下，「闢謠」不僅沒用，還會進一步製造出更多謠言。例如索科洛夫上將被“斬首”一事，儘管俄軍已經安排了闢謠，但一些烏克蘭群組依然在“挑刺死磕”，認為索科洛夫上將在鏡頭前沒有動，索科洛夫上將在受訪時看不出時間和地點，因此只是俄方安排的「資訊反制」。甚至對一些去年曾經被烏克蘭方面「官方宣布」「斬首」、但隨後又在某些場合露面的俄軍將官，比如第41集團軍參謀長格拉西莫夫少將，目前依然有烏克蘭支持者宣稱“此人已死”，唯一的原因就是這人在露面之後居然沒有再度露面！

所以，在認知戰領域，很多事沒有想的那麼簡單。

話又說回來，在戰略層面上，俄軍在俄烏軍事衝突的認知戰領域相比烏軍確實存在較大差距。烏軍非常善於製造議題，而且機動靈活，注重參與。

製造議題方面，幾乎每次認知戰都是烏克蘭主動製造議題，從一開始的馬裡烏波爾大劇院事件，到後來的布查事件，再到魯別日諾耶的化學物質爆炸事件，還有後來的札波羅熱核電廠事件和新卡霍夫卡水力發電廠大壩爆破事件，幾乎每次都是烏克蘭「先聲奪人」。俄羅斯則處於被動應對的狀態，結果被烏克蘭繼續製造議題連續攻訐，處於不利地位。

機動彈性方面，烏軍對現代傳媒的傳播特徵非常熟稔，例如對索科洛夫上將被「斬首」展開的認知戰，烏軍利用了現代傳媒傳播速度快、傳播模式去中心化的特點，以半官方形式放出“引子”，放任網民對其進行“補強”（事實上就是信息的自生長），最後再由比較權威的官方媒體下場“一錘定音”。

「注重參與」方面，烏軍更善於營造普通網民對特定議題的參與感。例如布查事件和馬裡烏波爾戰役之後，烏克蘭方面立即上線了一套名叫「劊子手之書」的網站，任何人都可以隨意登陸這些網站或者網絡插件，在裡面登記所謂的「俄羅斯軍隊的暴行」或俄軍動向。美國立即回應，針對「劊子手之書」項目，開通了屬於美國國務院的「觀察站」項目，從而用於記錄俄軍在衝突中的「暴行」。這些公共議題設定相當巧妙，令外界群眾感受到的參與度極高，而在具體內容上則真真假假，不同於傳統資訊戰的假訊息灌輸。在烏克蘭軍隊的認知戰中，這些參與度極高的計畫一度讓整個網路風向呈現一面倒的趨勢。

和烏軍在認知戰領域的宣傳和操作相比，俄軍在認知戰領域差太遠。例如針對烏克蘭方面在認知領域塑造極為強調群眾參與、群眾體驗的作戰模式，俄羅斯方面依然在沿用著老辦法——以每日戰情通報的形式對外公佈模棱兩可的戰況，只有一個科納申科少將在鏡頭前“當一個沒有感情的讀稿機器”，結果絕大多數戰況觀察者都不太把他的戰況通報當回事。又如對烏克蘭方面頻繁設置議題、依照步驟進行認知塑造的戰法，俄羅斯方面更是只有招架之功。每次都是烏克蘭製造議題，俄羅斯方面被動應對，然後烏克蘭方面根據俄羅斯的應對情況繼續製造新的議題，使俄羅斯處於疲於奔命的狀態。從這個角度來看，俄軍此次針對索科洛夫上將被“斬首”的烏方認知戰塑造，突然安排闢謠“打臉”，只是戰術上“靈光乍現”而已，而且效果似乎也沒多好，也沒有徹底改變目前俄烏兩軍在認知戰領域的基本力量對比，烏克蘭對俄羅斯的「認知戰優勢」還會持續下去。

三、新型作戰形式認知戰，我們如何因應？

從定義上來說，「認知戰」最早可追溯到本世紀初美軍在軍事改革中提出的「網路中心戰」概念，經過多年的發展，到2017年，相關論述開始頻頻見於北約高級將領的言論集中，譬如2017年8月14日，美國國防情報局局長史都華在國防情報資訊系統2017年會上就明確提出了「第五代戰爭是認知戰」這一論點。到了2017年9月17日，時任美國空軍參謀長戈德費恩在美國空軍協會年會上同樣明確地提出了「認知戰」這個概念。很快，北約就對這個新穎的作戰概念進行了全面發展。 2020年3月，北約發布《作戰2040》概念書，明確提出「資訊與認知戰」將在未來作戰中扮演重要角色。 6月，北約又指派前法軍上校、北約創新中心負責人弗朗索瓦.杜.克魯澤專題研究認知戰，並在2021年1月拿出了《認知戰》的詳細報告書。 2021年6月，北約召開了認知戰科學會議，並發布了《認知戰：認知主導未來》專題報告，從而形成了較有系統、完整的認知戰作戰理論。

相較於傳統的資訊戰和宣傳戰，認知戰的最大特徵是基於人的大腦運作原理，也就是對外在資訊的獲取、感知、理解、加工、推論、評估、判斷、計算、決策的過程。總之，認知戰在作戰特質上可謂更勝一籌，不是進行單方面灌輸，而是要善於利用人們的認知過程，對每個人的世界觀、價值觀、意識形態，甚至認知、理解過程進行全方位“重塑”，從而全面重建個人對訊息的解讀和反應，干涉個人的意識形態和價值取向，最終的結果不僅是要利用各種假訊息擾亂對手，更重要的是重塑對手的社會心理，從而對對手的戰略決策產生影響，「不戰而屈人之兵」。這決定了認知戰是新一代的宣傳戰和資訊戰，相對於傳統的專注於戰術層面上的資訊戰，認知戰的角色可以進一步提高到戰略層面上，可能會影響戰爭的走向或結局。

那麼，面對認知戰這樣一種新型的作戰形式，參考俄烏軍事衝突中俄羅斯在和烏克蘭的認知戰領域長期處於下風的現狀，我們對未來的認知戰究竟該如何應對呢？

從戰略角度來看，我們應當認識到，在認知戰領域，單純的被動應對是最不可靠、效率最低的作戰形式，如俄羅斯在烏克蘭的議題設定面前被動應對等於被動挨打。當然，認知戰相比於火力戰戰或機動戰，是徹底的“陽謀”，並沒有太多佯動和詭詐，依託的主要是西方的意識形態優勢地位和傳媒功力，靠的是西方媒體「第四權」領域的法權。由於我方相比西方國家在傳媒領域暫時處於下風，要在全系統、全層面上與其實施認知對抗作戰其實是一件相對困難的事情。因此，即使我們在認知戰上同樣採取戰略進攻的策略，其實施效果可能也不如對手。辦法之一或許是從策略上牢牢把握住我們的基本盤，形成「你打你的，我打我的」格局。

而在戰術領域，要充分借鏡俄烏衝突中雙方在認知作戰上的經驗教訓。從烏克蘭軍隊實施的認知戰策略來看，在議題塑造等領域，主要鑽了資訊不對稱的空子。那麼，我方可能的因應策略是及時公開部分訊息，要改變原有的「軍事行動必須保密、不要對外界公開」的觀念。事實上，公開資訊本身就是認知塑造的過程，雙方圍繞著資訊公開的時機、內容、時序上，可以展開大量的認知戰對抗。如在設置議題領域，我方可以“先發製人”，先求得在諸如一帶一路沿線國家、金磚國家或上海合作組織國家內設置議題、展開認知塑造的能力，起碼確保本國群眾和一些友好國家能夠對沖西方認知戰領域的影響。再如，針對對方在多維度、多層次上針對不同人群實施的「認知戰」或步步為營塑造出的謠言，我方可廣泛利用KOL（Key Opinion Leader，即意見領袖）及平台的影響力，形成以「認知對認知」的作戰模式。

總之，認知戰作為一種被北約研究多年、在俄烏軍事衝突中大量出現且起到一定作用的新型作戰樣式，值得進一步進行研究，以確保在未來的軍事行動中立於不敗之地。

這篇關於認知戰的文章只是“開胃菜”，隨後還有“正餐硬菜”——本工作室歷時約一年完成了《美國等西方國家的認知作戰研究》，正文4萬多字(不含註7千多字)，要豐富和深入得多。該報告將於後天正式推出並進行介紹，敬請關注。

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.163.com/dy/article/IGEFT5CB0515NAKC888.html

#Information Support Force, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知戰

Comprehensively Promote Modernization of Chinese Military’s Organizational Form｜How Chinese Military Services Implement Building Construction for War

09/27/2024 admin Leave a comment

全面推進軍隊組織形態現代化｜中國軍隊如何實施戰爭建設

現代英語：

A brief analysis of how the military implements the principle of “building for war”

■ Wang Xueping, Xu Yan, Zhu Xiaomeng

Introduction

To implement the general principle of “the Military Commission is in charge of the overall situation, the theater is responsible for war, and the military is responsible for construction”, the military forces need to accurately grasp the interactive rules of war and construction, strengthen the connection with the theater, form a work pattern with clear rights and responsibilities, positive interaction, smooth and efficient, and focus the main tasks, main responsibilities, and main energy on building and managing the troops. Always adhere to the principle of leading construction with war, building for war, managing for war, and promoting war with construction, comprehensively improve the practical level of military training, and provide high-quality combat forces for the theater.

Get the coordinates of building for war

The coordinates are the epochal orientation of building for war. Only when the orientation is clear can construction be accelerated on track. Entering the new era, the firepower intensity, maneuvering speed, striking accuracy and intelligence of weapons and equipment have greatly increased, the battlefield space has been continuously expanded, the coupling of combat actions has become closer, and the battlefield situation has changed more rapidly. Wars have gradually shown the characteristics of platform combat, system support, tactical actions, and strategic support. In particular, the use of intelligent, stealth, and unmanned combat, as well as aerospace forces, new concept weapons, and high-efficiency destructive ammunition have fundamentally changed the concept of war time and space. The war form has accelerated the evolution from mechanized informationization to informationized intelligence, and intelligent warfare has begun to emerge. The military should focus on building the combat power of informationized warfare with intelligent characteristics, rather than the combat power of mechanized warfare. When the armed forces are building for war, they must focus on information warfare with intelligent characteristics, turn their attention to intelligent military reform, fully imagine the future war form, scale, intensity, spatial region, etc., and use the concept beyond the times to lead the vision of construction forward again and again; they must deeply study the winning mechanism, scientifically judge, and build the troops needed to win the future war, so as to be targeted.

Find the target of building for war

The target is not only a beacon of construction and development, but also a scale to test combat effectiveness. Only by setting the correct target can the armed forces be targeted when building for war, and lead the innovative development of weapons and equipment, system organization and combat theory without deformation or distortion. When the armed forces are building for war, they are not fighting ordinary opponents, but strong enemies in the world military game. This requires the military to build for war, and must lock on to strong enemies, insist on focusing all their attention on defeating strong enemies, and exert their efforts in all work to defeat strong enemies. Closely aiming at world-class standards, the focus should be on firmly grasping the characteristics of future combat systems and system confrontations, exploring standardized and modular construction issues, and forming an integrated and coordinated system combat capability; centering on the requirements of all-domain combat, focusing on tackling practical issues such as rapid response, long-range delivery, and integrated support, and strengthening rapid and mobile cross-domain action capabilities. Grasp the key of balancing powerful enemies, strengthen targeted research on powerful enemies, insist on focusing on what the enemy fears, develop what can balance powerful enemies, and prepare more, strive to have a chance of winning in war, have bargaining chips, and have confidence, focus on solving bottlenecks such as the construction of new military forces, the use of high-tech equipment, and information intelligence integration, and build a world-class military in an all-round way.

Innovation and construction as the forerunner of war

Theory is the forerunner of practice, and scientific military theory is combat effectiveness. Whoever can grasp the development pulse of future wars and possess superb war design capabilities can win the initiative in war and even the final victory. The military should not build for war, but should place war research and construction in a strategic position, carry out forward-looking, targeted, and reserve-oriented innovative research, propose new concepts, seek new breakthroughs, and form innovative theories that are contemporary, leading, and unique. The military should build for war, and must focus on the current practice and future development of war, clarify the vertical evolution axis, focus on shaping the future battlefield, changing the future combat rules, and promote the reshaping of concepts and the reconstruction of systems as soon as possible; focus on cutting-edge technology fields and future intelligent war design, and make efforts to achieve major breakthroughs in new technologies and new forms of war; focus on the continuous development of new concepts such as combat thinking, action patterns, and capability requirements, and form forward-looking thinking on future combat actions. At the same time, the new theories and concepts should be systematized and concretized, and become a “roadmap” for planning and designing force system construction, weapons and equipment development, military training transformation, and combat talent training. It is necessary to form a closed loop from practice to theory and then from theory to practice, so that military theoretical research can draw rich nutrients from practice, and advanced and mature theoretical results can enter the military decision-making and practice links to achieve a benign interaction between theory and practice.

Build a hard core for war

Science and technology are the most revolutionary force. Scientific and technological innovation has always been a race with time and speed. If you don’t work hard to innovate, you will fall behind and be beaten. If you innovate slowly, you will also fall behind and be beaten. Today, scientific and technological innovation has become the core strategy for many countries and militaries to seek advantages. The armed forces must pay close attention to the leading role of science and technology in building for war, integrate the most cutting-edge and even imagined future science and technology into the overall planning of construction, guide the basic direction of construction and development, and actively explore the path of scientific and technological innovation to fight a future war with future enemies with our future army; we must implement the strategy of strengthening the military with science and technology, demand combat effectiveness from scientific and technological innovation, vigorously cultivate new scientific and technological growth points, and focus on improving the contribution rate of scientific and technological innovation to the development of the military’s combat effectiveness; we must face the world’s scientific and technological frontiers, the main battlefields of the future, and the major needs of combat, accelerate the pace of innovation, and launch one project after planning and justifying it, especially to let disruptive technologies run ahead, strive to run at an accelerated pace, and win new advantages. Obviously, talent is the key to building a hard core of “grasping construction for war”. Talent is the most difficult preparation. Whoever has more high-quality new military talents can gain or gain more opportunities to win on the future battlefield. We must accurately grasp the characteristics and laws of modern warfare and the requirements of military transformation and construction, and cultivate what talents are needed for war and give priority to what talents are most in short supply, so that the supply side of talent training can be accurately matched with the needs of the future battlefield.

Lay a solid foundation for grasping construction for war

Fight hard and train hard. The root of “war” lies in “construction”, and the foundation of “construction” lies in “training”. Military training, as a regular and central task of the troops, is not only the basic way to generate and improve combat effectiveness, but also the most direct preparation for military struggle. In the new era, the war situation is accelerating towards informationization and intelligence, the military’s missions and tasks are constantly expanding, the level of informationization and intelligence of weapons and equipment is gradually improving, and the training support conditions are gradually improving. It is urgent for the military forces to consider the interaction of multiple fields such as the war situation, combat methods, weapons and equipment, and personnel quality, and analyze the impact of many factors such as known and unknown, possible and impossible, and possible and impossible, so as to comprehensively upgrade their actual combat capabilities. To build for war, we must focus on training troops against strong enemies, practice reconnaissance, coordination, equipment, and support around the development of the real enemy situation, practice real force deployment, practice fast battlefield construction, practice real equipment data, and practice strong support; we must aim at the latest enemy situation in multiple fields such as land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace, and carry out real, difficult, rigorous, and practical full-element training in scenario re-enactment, “fight” with strong enemies, and let the troops gain real skills and strengthen their strength in real confrontation; we must pursue extreme training, constantly challenge the limits of people and equipment, so that the physiological and psychological limits of officers and soldiers, the performance limits of equipment, and the combat effectiveness limits of the combination of people and weapons can be fully unleashed. Only by using “extremely difficult and extremely difficult” training to present all shortcomings and weaknesses and overcome them can we cope with the most brutal battlefield. Some tactics and strategies trained beyond the limit are often the key move and fatal blow to defeat the enemy in actual combat.

Do a good job in coupling construction for war

The fundamental purpose of war and construction is to be able to fight and win. It is necessary to accelerate the realization of functional coupling under the new system and work together to accelerate the generation of combat power. Building an army that adapts to future combat needs is, in the final analysis, to build a force that can complete future combat tasks and has corresponding combat capabilities. Combat requirements are the concrete manifestation of such mission requirements and capabilities. Building for war should be based on the needs of fulfilling missions and tasks, and should be designed in advance according to future combat military needs. Military construction should be guided by military needs, and combat needs should be continuously refined and dynamically adjusted to promote the coupling of war and construction. By strengthening the argumentation and research of future combat requirements and doing a good job in top-level planning, we can grasp the direction and focus of military construction in general, consider the comprehensive development of military weapons and equipment and personnel quality from a strategic height and long-term development, clarify the focus, adhere to the principle of doing what we should do and not doing what we should not do, concentrate on developing strategic and key projects, give priority to emergency operations, correctly handle the primary and secondary, urgent and slow, light and heavy aspects of military construction, firmly grasp the main and key ones, and promote coordinated and complementary military construction, scientific and reasonable, standardized and orderly, and sustainable development. Scientific combat effectiveness assessment can not only scientifically and specifically understand the composition and strength of one’s own combat effectiveness, but also help to take targeted measures to promote the coupling of building for war, timely discover and correct deficiencies in construction, truly realize the scientific development of military construction, intensive and efficient, and promote the advancement of combat effectiveness construction.

Strictly grasp the test of building for war

Whether a unit is well built and whether it has the ability to win a battle, it must ultimately be tested through military practice. After a comprehensive test of military practice, it is inevitable that the problems in the construction of the unit will be exposed, thereby promoting the army to make corresponding adjustments in the content, focus, and direction of construction. Through repeated tests of military practice, new requirements and new goals are constantly put forward for the construction of the troops, thus leading the construction of the troops to a higher stage. Make good use of network simulated confrontation tests. The informatization and intelligence of network simulated confrontation make the cognition, decision-making, feedback, correction, and action of simulated confrontation more close to actual combat, and revolutionize the process of military activities, thereby producing positive effects on weapons and equipment, command and control, force organization and other fields, thereby promoting the continuous leap of the combat effectiveness of the troops, and even giving birth to new war styles and changing the mechanism of winning wars. Make good use of on-site live-fire exercises. As a pre-practice for future wars, live-fire exercises can not only effectively test the actual combat capabilities of the troops, but more importantly, they can discover some weak links in the construction of the troops, optimize and improve them in a targeted manner, and obtain the maximum combat effectiveness return. Make good use of the test of war practice. The leading role of war practice in the construction of the troops is irreplaceable. Strict war practice can truly test which aspects of the construction of the troops are suitable and which are not suitable for future wars, and then correct the deviations and mistakes in many aspects such as construction guidance, construction priorities, and construction methods, so as to prepare for winning the next war.

現代國語：

淺析軍種如何落實抓建為戰

■王雪平　許炎朱小萌

引言

貫徹「軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建」總原則，軍種部隊需要準確把握戰與建互動規律，加強同戰區對接，形成權責清晰、正向互動、順暢高效的工作格局，把主要任務、主要職責、主要精力放在建設、管理部隊上，始終堅持以戰領建、抓建為戰、抓管為戰、以建促戰，全面提高軍事訓練實戰化水平，為戰區提供優質作戰力量。

把準抓建為戰的坐標

坐標是抓建為戰的時代方位，只有方位明晰，建設才能依軌加速。進入新時代，武器裝備的火力強度、機動速度、打擊精度、智慧化程度大幅躍升，戰場空間不斷拓展，作戰行動耦合更加緊密，戰場態勢變換更加迅速，戰爭逐漸呈現出平台作戰、體系支撐，戰術行動、戰略保障等特點，特別是智能化、隱身化、無人化作戰以及空天力量、新概念武器、高效毀傷彈藥的運用，從根本上改變了戰爭時空概念，戰爭形態加速由機械化信息化向資訊化智能化演變，智能化戰爭初見端倪。軍種主建，建的應是具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭的戰鬥力，而不是機械化戰爭的戰鬥力。軍種抓建為戰，必須聚焦具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭，把目光投向智能化軍事變革，充分設想未來戰爭形態、規模、強度、空間地域等，用超越時代的理念，引領建設視野向前再向前；必須深研製勝機理，科學研判，打贏未來戰爭需要什麼部隊就建設什麼部隊，做到有的放矢。

找準抓建為戰的靶標

靶標既是建設發展的燈塔，也是檢驗戰鬥力的天秤。只有樹立正確靶標，軍種抓建為戰才能有的放矢，不變形、不走樣地牽引武器裝備、體制編制和作戰理論創新發展。軍種抓建為戰，戰的不是一般對手，而是世界軍事賽場上的強敵。這就要求軍種抓建為戰，必然要鎖定強敵，堅持全部心思向打敗強敵聚焦、各項工作向戰勝強敵用勁。緊緊瞄準世界一流標準，重點要牢牢把握未來作戰體係與體系對抗的特徵，探索標準化、模塊化建設問題，形成一體聯動的體係作戰能力；圍繞全局作戰要求，聚力攻關快速反應、遠程投送、融合保障等現實課題，建強快速機動跨域行動能力。抓住制衡強敵這個關鍵，加強對強敵的針對性研究，堅持敵人怕什麼就重點建什麼，發展什麼能製衡強敵就多備幾手，力求做到戰有勝算、談有籌碼、懾有底氣，著力解決軍種新型力量建設、高新裝備運用、資訊智慧整合等瓶頸問題，全面建成世界一流軍隊。

創新抓建為戰的先導

理論是實踐的先導，科學的軍事理論就是戰鬥力。誰能把準未來戰爭的發展脈搏、擁有高超的戰爭設計能力，誰就能贏得戰爭的主動權甚至最後的勝利。軍種抓建為戰，不能走到哪算哪，要把研戰謀建擺在戰略位置，開展前瞻性、針對性、儲備性創新研究，提出新概念、尋找新突破，形成具有時代性、引領性、獨特性的創新理論。軍種抓建為戰，必須著眼於戰爭當前實踐和未來發展，理清縱向演進軸線，把重點放在塑造未來戰場、改變未來作戰規則研究上，盡快推動觀念重塑、體系重構；放在聚焦前沿技術領域、未來智慧化戰爭設計上，下氣力在戰爭新技術、新形態方面實現重大突破；放在持續推進作戰思想、行動樣式、能力需求等新概念的開發上，形成對未來作戰行動的前瞻性性思考。同時把新理論新概念體系化、具體化，成為規劃設計力量體系建構、武器裝備發展、軍事訓練轉變、作戰人才培養的「路線圖」。要形成從實踐到理論、再從理論到實踐的閉環迴路，讓軍事理論研究從實踐中汲取豐厚養分，讓先進成熟的理論成果進入軍事決策和實踐環節，實現理論和實踐良性互動。

打造抓建為戰的硬核

科技是最具革命性的力量。科技創新歷來是與時間與速度的賽跑。不努力創新就會落後挨打，創新速度慢了也同樣會落後挨打。今天，科技創新已成為許多國家和軍隊謀求優勢的核心戰略。軍種抓建為戰，必須高度關注科技引領作用的發揮，通過把當前最前沿甚至是設想中的未來科學技術融入建設整體規劃之中，引領建設發展的基本方向，積極探索用未來的我軍與未來的敵人打一場未來戰爭的科技創新路徑；必須落實科技強軍戰略，向科技創新要戰鬥力，大力培育新的科技增長點，著力提高科技創新對軍種戰鬥力發展的貢獻率；必鬚麵向世界科技前沿、面向未來主要戰場、面向作戰重大需求，加快創新速度，規劃論證好一項就要上馬一項，特別是要讓顛覆性技術跑在前面，力爭跑出加速度，贏得新優勢。顯然，打造抓建為戰的硬核，人才是關鍵。人才是最艱難的準備，誰擁有更多高素質新型軍事人才，誰就能在未來戰場上早獲得或多獲得一些致勝先機。要準確把握現代戰爭特點規律和軍種轉型建設要求，做到打仗需要什麼人才就培養什麼人才、什麼人才最緊缺就優先鍛造什麼人才，使人才培養供給側同未來戰場需求側精準對接。

夯實抓建為戰的根基

打仗硬碰硬，訓練實打實。「戰」的根本在於「建」，「建」的基礎在於「練」。軍事訓練作為部隊的經常性中心工作，既是產生和提高戰鬥力的基本途徑，也是最直接的軍事鬥爭準備。新時代，戰爭形態加速向資訊化智能化發展，軍隊使命任務不斷拓展，武器裝備資訊化智能化水平逐步提高，訓練保障條件逐步改善，迫切需要軍種部隊從考慮戰爭形態、作戰方法、武器裝備、人員素質等多個領域的互動，到分析已知與未知、可能與不可能、可為與不可為等諸多因素的影響，全面升級實戰能力。抓建為戰，必須聚焦強敵練兵，圍繞真實敵情的進展，練偵察、練協同、練裝備、練保障，練實力量布勢、練快戰場建設、練真裝備數據、練強保障支撐；必須瞄準陸海空及太空、網絡空間等多領域最新敵情，在情景重現中開展真、難、嚴、實的全要素訓練，與強敵“過招”，讓部隊在真刀真槍對抗中礪實功、強實力；必須追求極限訓練，不斷向人和裝備極限沖擊，使官兵的生理心理極限、裝備的性能極限、人與武器結合的戰鬥力極限全面迸發。唯有用「逼到絕境、難到極致」的訓練呈現所有短板弱項，並加以克服，才能應對最殘酷的戰場。一些超越極限訓出的戰術戰法，往往是實戰中勝敵的關鍵一招、致命一擊。

搞好抓建為戰的耦合

戰與建，根本目的都是為了能打仗、打勝仗，必須在新體制下加速實現功能耦合，為加速戰鬥力生成共同發力。建設適應未來作戰需求的軍隊，說到底是建設能完成未來作戰任務、具備相應作戰能力的部隊，作戰需求就是這種任務需求和能力的具體體現。抓建為戰應根據履行使命任務需要，針對未來作戰軍事需求超前設計，以軍事需求牽引軍隊各項建設，不斷細化和動態化調整作戰需求促進戰建耦合。透過加強未來作戰需求論證研究搞好頂層規劃，從總體上把握軍隊建設的方向和重點，從戰略高度和長遠發展考慮軍隊武器裝備、人員素質的全面發展，明確重點，堅持有所為有所不為，集中力量發展戰略性、關鍵性項目，優先保障應急作戰，正確處理軍隊建設的主與次、急與緩、輕與重，緊緊抓住主要的、關鍵的，推動軍隊建設協調配套，科學合理，規範有序，持續發展。科學的戰鬥力評估不僅能夠科學具體地認識己方戰鬥力的組成及其強弱，還有利於採取針對性措施促進抓建為戰的耦合，及時發現並糾正建設中的不足，真正實現軍隊建設的科學發展、集約高效，促進戰鬥力建設上台階。

嚴格抓建為戰的檢驗

一支部隊建設得好不好，是不是已經具備打勝仗的能力，最終還是要通過軍事實踐來檢驗。經過軍事實踐的全面檢驗，必然揭露部隊建設上存在的問題，從而推動軍隊在建設內容、重點、方向上做出相應的調整。通過這樣一次次軍事實踐的反復檢驗，不斷地給部隊建設提出新要求新目標，由此引領部隊建設向著更高的階段發展。用好網絡模擬對抗檢驗。網絡模擬對抗資訊化智慧化，使得模擬對抗的認知、決策、回饋、修正、行動等更趨於實戰，革命性地改造軍事活動流程，進而對武器裝備、指揮控制、力量編組等多個領域產生積極作用，由此促進部隊戰鬥力不斷躍升，甚至催生新的戰爭樣式、改變戰爭制勝機理。用好現地實兵演習檢驗。作為未來戰爭的預實踐，實兵演習不僅能有效檢驗部隊的實戰能力，更為重要的，是能發現部隊建設中存在的一些薄弱環節，有針對性地加以優化改進，獲得最大限度的戰鬥力回報。用好戰爭實踐檢驗。戰爭實踐對部隊建設的引領作用不可取代。嚴酷的戰爭實踐，可以真正檢驗部隊建設哪些適合、哪些不適合未來戰爭，進而修正在建設指導、建設重點、建設方法等諸多方面的偏差和失誤，為打贏下一場戰爭做好準備。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/9904888.html

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Providing Strategic Guidance for the Chinese Military Emphasis in the New Era In-depth study and implementation of Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military

09/16/2024 admin Leave a comment

為新時代中國軍事重點提供戰略指引
深入學習貫徹習近平強軍思想

中國軍網國防部網 // 2022年9月2日星期五

現代英語：

In July 2019, the white paper “China’s National Defense in the New Era” was published. In this comprehensive national defense white paper, for the first time, a defensive national defense policy system for China in the new era was constructed, and it was clearly stated that “implementing the military strategic policy of the new era is the strategic guidance of China’s national defense in the new era”. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi has always firmly grasped the fundamental focus of serving the strategic goals of the Party and the country, taking military means as the bottom line to realize the great dream and military struggle as an important aspect of the great struggle, keeping pace with the times and innovating military strategic guidance, establishing the general outline for the construction and use of military forces, and leading the national defense and military construction, reform and military struggle preparation in the new era to achieve many landmark, pioneering and historic achievements.

Giving new connotations to the active defense strategic thought

The active defense strategic thought is the basic point of our party’s military strategic thought. In the long-term practice of revolutionary war, the people’s army has formed a complete set of active defense strategic ideas. After the founding of New China, the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission made several major adjustments to the military strategic policy in accordance with the development and changes of the national security situation. Although the content of military strategic policies has changed in different periods, the basic idea of active defense has never changed. We must adhere to the unity of strategic defense and offensive campaigns and battles, adhere to the principles of defense, self-defense, and post-strike, and adhere to “If no one offends me, I will not offend; if someone offends me, I will offend him.” Scientific and accurate military strategy is the greatest chance of victory. The reason why our army has been able to defeat the strong with the weak and the superior with the inferior, and has always been invincible and invincible, is that it has adhered to the strategic thinking of active defense.

In the new era, we must unswervingly adhere to the strategic thinking of active defense. President Xi pointed out that adhering to active defense is a conclusion drawn from summarizing historical experience and scientifically judging the reality and the future. It is by no means an expedient measure and must be firmly adhered to. Strategically adhering to active defense is fundamentally determined by the socialist nature of our country and the fundamental interests of the country. my country is a socialist country that follows the path of peaceful development, adheres to an independent and peaceful foreign policy, pursues a defensive national defense policy, and will not invade other countries; my country is a developing country that has always faced arduous and heavy economic construction tasks and needs a peaceful and stable external environment; the Chinese nation is a peace-loving nation, and there is no gene in the blood of the Chinese nation to invade others and dominate. The Chinese people have never bullied, oppressed, or enslaved the people of other countries, not in the past, not now, and not in the future. Under the new era conditions, we adhere to the active defense strategic thinking, fully demonstrate the position of my country’s defensive national defense policy, and show that my country will never follow the old path of “a strong country must dominate”, which is conducive to winning wider international recognition and creating a more favorable strategic environment for achieving the national development strategic goals.

The vitality of military strategic guidance lies in changing with the times and taking action in response to the situation. Since its birth, the active defense strategic thinking has always developed with the development of military practice and continuously enriched its connotation. Now, we are closer than ever to the goal of achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and we have the ability and confidence to achieve this goal as never before. However, we must see that we are engaged in a great struggle with many new historical characteristics, and we will inevitably face various major challenges, major risks, major resistance, and major contradictions in the process of moving forward. President Xi Jinping has a profound understanding of the new situation of my country’s national security, scientifically judged the characteristics and trends of military struggle in the new era, and made it clear that active defense is fundamentally defense and the key is active. Emphasis is placed on enhancing the aggressiveness and initiative of military strategic guidance, focusing on the word “active”, further broadening the strategic vision, updating strategic thinking, moving the focus of guidance forward, and expanding the strategic depth of active defense; being active is not about rushing for quick results or rushing forward rashly, but the unity of strategic aggressiveness and tactical steady and steady, which is steady progress and steady action; actively adapt to the change in the basis of military struggle preparation, increase military innovation, and strive to raise military struggle preparation to a new level. These important expositions have concentrated on answering the most fundamental and critical issues of military strategy in the new era, and have clarified the direction and focus for our army to carry out diversified military tasks in a broader space. In recent years, under the strong guidance of Xi Jinping’s military strategic thinking, the focus of our military work has been increasingly corrected, the “peacetime ills” have been effectively corrected, the construction direction has been more focused on actual combat, and the innovation and development in all aspects of war, construction, and preparation have been fully leveraged. In particular, the whole army has effectively responded to external military provocations and pressures with a firm will to fight and a flexible strategy to fight, established the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone, deterred the separatist activities of “Taiwan independence” with powerful actions, actively and prudently handled hot and sensitive situations in the surrounding areas, carefully organized border control and maritime rights protection operations, effectively carried out major tasks such as anti-terrorism and stability maintenance, peacekeeping and escort, promoted the historic transformation of the military struggle pattern, and effectively maintained the overall stability of the national strategy.

Innovation of our military’s war and combat guidance theory

The essence of military strategy is the strategy of war, and planning and guiding war is the core content of innovative strategic guidance. At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution is accelerating, and science and technology have an increasingly greater impact on military competition and modern warfare. President Xi accurately grasped the changes in science and technology, war, and opponents, established new goals and new layouts for military struggle, clarified new guidance and new strategies for the use of military forces, put forward new measures and new requirements for preparing for war, and profoundly answered the major questions of what kind of war to fight and how to fight in the future, and raised our army’s understanding of the laws of war guidance to a new level.

Deeply grasp the characteristics, laws, and winning mechanisms of modern warfare. The freedom to control war comes from the inevitability of understanding war. All laws of war guidance must develop in accordance with the development of history and the development of war. Judging from the recent local wars and military operations in the world, the degree of informatization of modern warfare is constantly improving, and intelligent characteristics are becoming increasingly apparent. Various types of unmanned combat systems have been put into actual combat in large quantities, and the concepts, elements, and methods of winning wars have undergone major changes. President Xi pointed out profoundly that these changes seem dazzling, but there are laws to follow behind them. The fundamental thing is that the winning mechanism of war has changed. For example, in terms of combat forms, it is emphasized that modern warfare is a confrontation between systems, and integrated joint operations have become the basic combat form; in terms of time and space characteristics, it is emphasized that the multi-dimensional battlefield space is integrated, and the boundaries between strategic, campaign, and tactical actions tend to be blurred; in terms of the key to victory, it is emphasized that the right to control information has become the core of seizing comprehensive control of the battlefield and the key to winning the war; in terms of organization and command, it is emphasized that the strategic, joint, timely, professional, and precise requirements of combat command are becoming higher and higher, and combat organization and management are becoming more standardized, process-oriented, and refined. These important expositions have deepened the understanding of the characteristics and laws of modern warfare, and provided important guidelines for us to grasp the laws of war in the world today and master the “swimming skills” of modern warfare.

Build a combat theory system with the characteristics of our army. War theory and combat thinking are a powerful traction for strengthening actual combat preparations and defeating strong enemies. In the revolutionary war years, our army was always one step ahead of the enemy in combat theory and tactics, which is an important reason why our army continued to move from victory to victory. Entering the new era, President Xi Jinping focused on the overall national security and development, grasped the revolutionary changes in the war form and combat methods, prospectively studied major issues of future wars, and put forward a series of innovative combat ideas. For example, he proposed to strengthen the concept of information dominance, system support, elite combat, and joint victory, integrate various combat forces, combat units, and combat elements into an organic whole, and improve the joint combat capability and full-domain combat capability based on the network information system; he proposed to adhere to flexibility, mobility, and autonomy, focus on playing our advantages and fight with what we can and what we can’t; he proposed to grasp the new characteristics and new requirements of the people’s war under the new era conditions, innovate content and methods, and give full play to the overall power of the people’s war. These important expositions adhere to and carry forward the essence of the military thought that our army has always adhered to, conform to the evolution trend of the war form, meet the actual and development requirements of combat effectiveness construction, and provide principled guidance for our army to carry out combat tasks.

Based on the most difficult and complex situations, we should promote military struggle preparation. Military struggle preparation is the basic practical activity of the army. The more fully prepared, the more proactive it will be strategically. In the summer and autumn of 2018, the Central Military Commission used three months to conduct an unannounced and surprise inspection of the various military services and armed police forces distributed in the five major war zones. The scope of the operation covered 21 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government) and parts of the East China Sea and the South China Sea. This is a microcosm of the whole army’s in-depth promotion of military struggle preparation in the new era. “It is better to be prepared without fighting than to fight without preparation.” President Xi repeatedly emphasized that the whole army must establish the idea of being ready for war at any time, and military struggle preparation must be firmly grasped and never relaxed. The whole army is required to persist in fighting, preparing for war, and building at the same time, coordinate the promotion of military struggle preparation in all directions and fields, and be prepared to respond to various complex and difficult situations at any time; raise daily combat readiness work to a strategic height, adhere to the integration of peace and war, and maintain a high alert posture with arrows on the string and ready to be fired; promote actual combat training, keep close to combat tasks, combat opponents, and combat environment, and strengthen targeted, testing, and confrontational training. These important expositions reflect deep strategic concerns and strong bottom-line thinking, deepen the understanding of the laws of how to prepare for war and how to train troops in a peaceful environment, and point out the methods and paths for the army to generate and improve combat effectiveness and grasp the initiative in military struggle.

Enrich and develop our party’s art of commanding military struggle

President Xi insists on using the Marxist view of war to examine war and military issues, enriches and develops our party’s military dialectical thinking, and applies it to guiding the practice of actual military struggle, showing strategic planning that takes into account the overall situation, strategic courage that is not afraid of risks, and strategic wisdom that wins by taking advantage of the enemy, opening up a new realm of strategic guidance for the people’s army in the new era.

Adhere to the military’s obedience to politics and strategy’s obedience to policy. War is the continuation of politics, and dealing with the relationship between war and politics is related to the fate of the country. Now, the connection between military and politics is closer, the relevance and integrity at the strategic level are increasing, and the influence and constraints of political factors on war are becoming more prominent. President Xi pointed out profoundly that in planning and guiding wars, we must deeply understand the political attributes of war and think about war issues from a political perspective. It is emphasized that we must maintain strategic clarity, strengthen strategic determination, and understand and plan the war issue under the great goal of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation; we must have both military and political minds, and whether to fight, when to fight, how to fight, and to what extent, must obey and serve politics. We must always obey and serve the highest interests of the country and the nation, strengthen political awareness, awareness of the overall situation, and awareness of orders, and be good at planning military actions with an eye on the overall situation of national politics and diplomacy and the overall national security strategy to ensure political and strategic initiative.

Adhere to overall planning of struggle, preparation for war, and construction. “Those who have civil affairs must have military preparations.” President Xi Jinping profoundly summarized the historical lessons of my country’s suffering from the ravages of wars by the great powers in modern times, revealed the dialectics of war and peace, and pointed out that only by being able to fight can we stop the war, and only by being prepared to fight can we avoid fighting. The less able to fight, the more likely we are to be beaten. We emphasize that we do not want to fight, but only if we are prepared, have strong military power and have the ability to win, can we strategically achieve the goal of “stopping war with force”; we must plan preparation for war and stopping war, deterrence and actual combat, war operations and the use of military power in peacetime as a whole, and give full play to the strategic function of military power. In today’s world, the shadow of Cold War mentality and power politics lingers, and traditional and non-traditional security threats emerge in an endless stream. Some countries are trying to expand military alliances to seek absolute security, coerce other countries to take sides and create camp confrontation, ignore the rights and interests of other countries and pursue self-centeredness, and forging swords into plowshares is still a good wish of people. Practice has proved that peace must be backed by strong strength. We must keep a close eye on strong enemies and opponents, step up the forging of stronger capabilities and more reliable means, better play the strategic functions of our army in shaping the situation, managing crises, containing wars, and winning wars, and resolutely defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

Adhere to the unity of firmness in the principle of struggle and flexibility in strategy. Struggle is an art. It is about will, determination, and faith. It is about strategy, wisdom, and methods. In leading the great struggle, President Xi has always insisted on the unity of strengthening the sense of crisis and maintaining strategic determination, the unity of strategic judgment and tactical decision-making, and the unity of the struggle process and the effectiveness of the struggle. He requires our army to be brave and good at struggle. It is emphasized that we must not give in on issues of principle, we must be tit-for-tat and fight for every inch of land, and we must dare to take on all kinds of provocations, dare to attack, dare to fight and win, not bow in the face of difficulties, not retreat in the face of challenges, and not trade principles; we must be flexible and maneuverable on strategic issues, insist on being reasonable, beneficial, and moderate, and pay attention to the methods and art of struggle. Practice has proved that the more complex the struggle situation is, the more we must use the military hand in a step-by-step and strategic way. We must focus on stabilizing the overall situation and controlling risks, adhere to the combination of rigidity and flexibility, multiple measures, and comprehensive measures, strengthen the coordination and cooperation between military actions and political and diplomatic actions, and form an overall joint force for struggle.

Adhere to the combination of overall planning and highlighting key points. The key to strategic planning is to focus on the overall situation and seek opportunities. my country has a complex geostrategic environment and has the most neighboring countries among the world’s major powers. Based on the new situation facing my country’s security and development, President Xi Jinping has insisted on overall planning and ensuring the stability of the overall strategic situation in military strategic guidance, and has also focused on highlighting key points and grasping strategic hubs related to the overall situation to enhance the balance and three-dimensionality of the strategic layout. It is emphasized that according to the security threats and the strategic tasks of our army, we must build a strategic deployment and military deployment that is coordinated overall, responsible for different regions, mutually coordinated and integrated; highlight the preparation for military struggle at sea, effectively control major crises, and properly respond to chain reactions; coordinate the promotion of military struggle preparations in traditional security fields and new security fields, and actively respond to new security threats and challenges. At present, the sudden, interconnected and changeable threats facing my country’s security have greatly increased. We must grasp the direction, take the overall situation into consideration, coordinate the overall situation, firmly grasp the main contradictions and main aspects of the military struggle, ensure the stability of the overall strategic situation, and create a strategic situation that is beneficial to us.

On the new journey, we are facing a situation with complexity and severity, and a task with heaviness and difficulty that is rare in the world and history. The People’s Army must shoulder the important task of supporting the Chinese nation towards great rejuvenation. The whole army must establish the military strategic thinking of the new era, the military strategic policy of the new era, the baton of preparing for war, and the responsibility of preparing for war. We must vigorously carry forward the spirit of struggle, cultivate the fighting spirit of not fearing hardship and not fearing death, strengthen the determination and will to fight at the critical moment, and always have the character, integrity, and courage of not believing in evil, not fearing ghosts, and not being spineless. We must constantly enhance our fighting skills, focus on tempering our actual combat capabilities in arduous and rigorous training, actively innovate strategies and tactics that are one step ahead of the enemy, and step up the construction of a strong system support for joint operations, forge elite troops that can come when called, fight when they come, and win when they fight, and resolutely win future wars and resolutely safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

國語中文：

2019年7月，《新時代的中國國防》白皮書發表。在這部綜合型國防白皮書中，首次建構新時代中國防禦性國防政策體系，鮮明提出「貫徹落實新時代軍事戰略方針，這是新時代中國國防的戰略指導」。黨的十八大以來，習主席始終牢牢把握服務黨和國家戰略目標這個根本著眼，把軍事手段作為實現偉大夢想的保底手段、軍事鬥爭作為進行偉大斗爭的重要方面來運籌，與時俱進創新軍事戰略指導，確立了統攬軍事力量建設和運用的總綱，引領新時代國防和軍隊建設、改革和軍事鬥爭準備取得許多標誌性、開創性、歷史性重大成就。

賦予積極防禦戰略思想新的內涵

積極防禦戰略思想是我們黨軍事戰略思想的基本要點。在長期革命戰爭實踐中，人民軍隊形成了一整套積極防禦戰略思想。新中國成立後，黨中央、中央軍委根據國家安全情勢發展變化，對軍事戰略方針進行了多次重大調整。雖然各時期軍事戰略方針內容有變化，但積極防禦的基本思想始終沒有變，堅持戰略上防禦與戰役戰鬥上進攻的統一，堅持防禦、自衛、後發製人的原則，堅持「人不犯我，我不犯人；人若犯我，我必犯人」。軍事戰略科學準確，就是最大的勝算。我軍一路走來，之所以能夠以弱勝強、以劣勝優，始終攻無不克、戰無不勝，很重要的是堅持了積極防禦戰略思想。

新時代必須堅定不移堅持積極防禦戰略思想。習主席指出，堅持積極防禦，是總結歷史經驗、科學判斷現實和未來得出的結論，決不是權宜之計，要牢牢堅持住。在戰略上始終堅持積極防禦，從根本上來說是由我國社會主義性質和國家根本利益決定的。我國是社會主義國家，走和平發展道路，堅持獨立的和平外交政策，奉行防禦性國防政策，不會去侵略其他國家；我國是發展中國家，一直面對著艱鉅繁重的經濟建設任務，需要一個和平穩定的外在環境；中華民族是愛好和平的民族，中華民族血液中沒有侵略他人、稱王稱霸的基因，中國人民從來沒有欺負、壓迫、奴役過其他國家人民，過去沒有、現在沒有、將來也不會有。在新的時代條件下，我們堅持積極防禦戰略思想，充分錶明我國防禦性國防政策立場，昭示我國絕不走「國強必霸」的老路，有利於贏得更廣泛的國際認同，為實現國家發展戰略目標營造更為有利的策略環境。

軍事戰略指導的生命力在於應時而變、應勢而動。積極防禦戰略思想自誕生之日起，就始終隨著軍事實踐的發展而發展，不斷豐富其內涵。現在，我們前所未有地接近實現中華民族偉大復興的目標，前所未有地具有實現這個目標的能力和信心。但要看到，我們正在進行具有許多新的歷史特徵的偉大鬥爭，前行中必然會面對各種重大挑戰、重大風險、重大阻力、重大矛盾。習主席深刻掌握我國國家安全的新形勢，科學研判新時代軍事鬥爭的特徵和趨勢，明確積極防禦根本在防禦、要義在積極。強調增強軍事戰略指導的進取性和主動性，在「積極」二字上做文章，進一步拓寬戰略視野、更新戰略思維、前移指導重心，拓展積極防禦戰略縱深；積極不是急於求成、急躁冒進，而是戰略上進取和戰術上穩紮穩打相統一，是穩中有進、穩中有為；積極適應軍事鬥爭準備基點轉變，加大軍事創新力度，努力把軍事鬥爭準備提高到一個新水平。這些重要論述，集中回答了新時代軍事戰略最根本最要害的問題，為我軍在更加廣闊的空間遂行多樣化軍事任務明確了方向重點。這些年，在習近平軍事戰略思想的有力指引下，我軍工作重心日益歸正，「和平積弊」有力糾治，建設指向更加聚焦實戰，全方位撬動了戰、建、備各領域各方面創新發展。特別是全軍以堅定的鬥爭意志、靈活的鬥爭策略，有效應對外部軍事挑釁施壓，劃設東海防空識別區，以有力行動震懾「台獨」分裂行徑，積極穩健處置週邊熱點敏感事態，周密組織邊境管控與海上維權行動，有效遂行反恐維穩、維和護航等重大任務，推動軍事鬥爭格局實現歷史性轉變，有力維護了國家戰略全局穩定。

創新我軍戰與作戰指導理論

軍事戰略的本質是戰之方略，規劃和指導戰爭是創新戰略指導的核心內容。目前，新一輪科技革命和軍事革命正在加速發展，科技對軍事競爭和現代戰爭影響越來越大。習主席準確掌握科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變，確立軍事鬥爭新目標新佈局，明確軍事力量運用新指導新策略，提出備戰打仗新舉措新要求，深刻回答了未來打什麼仗、怎麼打仗的重大問題，把我軍對戰爭指導的規律性認知提升到新高度。

深刻掌握現代戰爭特徵規律與致勝機理。駕馭戰爭的自由，來自於認識戰爭的必然。一切戰爭指導規律，必須依照歷史的發展而發展，並依照戰爭的發展而發展。從世界近幾場局部戰爭和軍事行動看，現代戰爭資訊化程度不斷提高，智能化特徵日益顯現，各類無人作戰系統大量投入實戰，戰爭制勝觀念、制勝要素、制勝方式發生重大變化。習主席深刻指出，這些變化看起來眼花撩亂，但背後是有規律可循的，根本的是戰爭的致勝機理變了。例如，在作戰形式上，強調現代戰爭是體系和體系的對抗，一體化聯合作戰成為基本作戰形式；在時空特性上，強調多維戰場空間融為一體，戰略、戰役、戰術行動界限趨於模糊；在製勝關鍵上，強調制資訊權成為奪取戰場綜合控制權的核心，成為贏得戰爭勝利的關鍵；在組織指揮上，強調作戰指揮戰略性、聯合性、時效性、專業性、精確性要求越來越高，作戰組織和管理日趨標準化、流程化、精細化。這些重要論述深化了對現代戰爭特徵規律的認識，為我們掌握當今世界戰爭法則、掌握現代戰爭「游泳術」提供了重要遵循。

建構具有我軍特色的作戰理論體系。戰爭理論和作戰思想，是加強實戰準備、制勝強敵對手的有力牽引。革命戰爭年代，我軍在作戰理論和戰法上始終高敵一籌，這是我軍不斷從勝利走向勝利的重要原因。進入新時代，習主席著眼於國家安全和發展全局，掌握戰爭形態和作戰方式的革命性變化，前瞻研究未來戰爭重大議題，提出了一系列創新性作戰想法。例如，提出強化資訊主導、體系支撐、精兵作戰、聯合製勝的觀念，把各種作戰力量、作戰單元、作戰要素融合為一個有機整體，提高基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力；提出堅持靈活、機動、自主，著眼於發揮我們的優勢打，以能擊不能；提出把握新的時代條件下人民戰爭的新特點新要求，創新內容和方式方法，充分發揮人民戰爭的整體威力。這些重要論述，堅持和發揚我軍一貫堅持的軍事思想精髓，順應戰爭形態演變趨勢，符合戰鬥力建設實際和發展要求，為我軍遂行作戰任務提供了原則指導。

以最困難、最複雜情況推進軍事鬥爭準備。軍事鬥爭準備是軍隊的基本實踐活動，準備越充分在戰略上就越主動。 2018年夏秋，中央軍委利用3個月時間，以不打招呼、突擊檢查的方式，對分佈在5大戰區的各軍兵種和武警部隊進行整建制戰備拉動，行動範圍覆蓋21個省（自治區、直轄市）和東海、南海部分海域，這是新時代全軍上下深入推進軍事鬥爭準備的縮影。「寧可備而不戰，不可無備而戰。」習主席一再強調，全軍要樹立隨時準備打仗的思想，軍事鬥爭準備要牢牢抓在手上，須臾不可放鬆。要求全軍堅持邊鬥爭、邊備戰、邊建設，統籌推進各方向各領域軍事鬥爭準備，做好隨時應對各種複雜困難局面的準備；把日常戰備工作提到戰略高度，堅持平戰一體，保持箭在弦上、引而待發的高度戒備態勢；推進實戰實訓，緊貼作戰任務、作戰對手、作戰環境，加強針對性、檢驗性、對抗性訓練。這些重要論述，反映了深層的戰略憂患和強烈的底線思維，深化了和平環境下如何備戰、怎麼練兵的規律性認識，為軍隊生成和提高戰鬥力、掌握軍事鬥爭主動權指明了方法路徑。

豐富發展我們黨軍事鬥爭指揮藝術

習主席堅持用馬克思主義戰爭觀審視戰爭和軍事問題，豐富發展了我們黨的軍事辯證法思想，並運用到指導現實軍事鬥爭實踐中，展現出觀照全局的戰略運籌、不畏風險的戰略魄力、因敵制勝的戰略智慧，開啟了新時代人民軍隊戰略指導的新境界。

堅持軍事服從政治、戰略服從政略。戰爭是政治的延續，處理戰爭和政治的關係，事關國家命運。現在，軍事和政治的連結更加緊密，在戰略層面上的相關性和整體性日益增強，政治因素對戰爭的影響和限制愈發突出。習主席深刻指出，規劃和指導戰爭，必須深刻認識戰爭的政治屬性，從政治高度思考戰爭問題。突顯，要保持戰略清醒，增強戰略定力，把戰爭問題放在實現中華民族偉大復興這個大目標下來認識和籌劃；既要有軍事頭腦，更要有政治頭腦，打還是不打、什麼時候打、怎麼打、打到什麼程度，都要服從和服務政治。我們必須始終服從服務於國家和民族的最高利益，強化政治意識、大局意識、號令意識，善於著眼國家政治外交大局和國家安全戰略全局規劃軍事行動，確保政治和戰略主動。

堅持整體運籌鬥爭、備戰、建設。「有文事者，必有武備。」習主席深刻總結近代以後我國遭受列強戰爭蹂躪的歷史教訓，揭示戰爭與和平的辯證法，指出能戰方能止戰，準備打才可能不必打，越不能打越可能挨打。強調我們不希望打仗，但只有我們有準備、有強大軍事力量、有打贏能力，才能從戰略上實現不戰而屈人之兵，達到「以武止戈」的目的；要把備戰與止戰、威懾與實戰、戰爭行動與和平時期軍事力量運用作為一個整體加以運籌，發揮好軍事力量的戰略功能。當今世界，冷戰思維和強權政治陰霾不散，傳統和非傳統安全威脅層出不窮。一些國家試圖擴大軍事同盟謀求絕對安全，脅迫別國選邊站隊製造陣營對抗，漠視別國權益大搞唯我獨尊，鑄劍為犁仍然是人們的一個美好願望。實踐證明，和平必須以強大實力為後盾。我們要緊盯強敵對手，加緊鍛造更強大的能力、更可靠的手段，更好發揮我軍塑造態勢、管控危機、遏制戰爭、打贏戰爭的戰略功能，堅決捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益。

堅持鬥爭原則的堅定性與策略的彈性相統一。鬥爭是一門藝術，拼的是意志、決心、信念，比的是策略、智慧、方法。習主席在領導進行偉大鬥爭中，始終堅持增強憂患意識和保持戰略定力相統一、戰略判斷和戰術決斷相統一、鬥爭過程和鬥爭實效相統一，要求我軍既要敢於鬥爭，又要善於鬥爭。強調在原則問題上寸步不讓，必須針鋒相對、寸土必爭，面對各種挑釁敢於接招、敢於出擊、敢戰能勝，不在困難面前低頭，不在挑戰面前退縮，不拿原則做交易；在策略問題上靈活機動，堅持有理有利有節，講求鬥爭的方式方法和藝術。實踐證明，鬥爭情勢越複雜，越要有步驟、有策略地用好軍事這一手。我們必須著眼穩控大局、管控風險，堅持剛柔並濟、多手並舉、綜合施策，加強軍事行動同政治外交行動協調配合，形成鬥爭整體合力。

堅持通盤規劃與突出重點結合。策略運籌關鍵在於全局著眼、謀勢取勢。我國地緣戰略環境複雜，在世界大國中周邊接壤國家最多。習主席立足我國安全和發展面臨的新形勢，在軍事戰略指導上既堅持通盤謀劃、確保戰略全局穩定，又著力突出重點、扭住關係全局的戰略樞紐，增強戰略佈局的平衡性、立體性。強調要根據面臨安全威脅和我軍戰略任務，建構全局統籌、分區負責，相互策應、互為一體的戰略部署和軍事布勢；突顯海上軍事鬥爭準備，有效控制重大危機，妥善應對連鎖反應；統籌推動傳統安全領域和新型安全領域軍事鬥爭準備，積極應對新的安全威脅和挑戰。目前，我國安全面臨的突發性、連動性、多變性威脅大幅增強。我們必須掌握方向、統攬大局、統籌全局，緊緊抓住軍事鬥爭的主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面，確保戰略全局穩定，營造於我有利的戰略態勢。

新征程上，我們面臨情勢環境的複雜性和嚴峻性、肩負任務的繁重性和艱鉅性世所罕見、史所罕見，人民軍隊必須肩負起支撐中華民族走向偉大復興的時代重任。全軍要把新時代軍事戰略思想立起來，把新時代軍事戰略方針立起來，把備戰打仗指揮棒立起來，把抓備戰打仗的責任擔當立起來。要大力發揚鬥爭精神，培育一不怕苦、二不怕死的戰鬥精神，強化關鍵時刻不惜一戰的決心意志，任何時候都要有不信邪、不怕鬼、不當軟骨的風骨、氣節、膽魄。要不斷增強鬥爭本領，注重在艱苦嚴格的訓練中淬煉實戰能力，積極創新高敵一籌的策略戰法，抓緊建強聯合作戰的體系支撐，鍛造召之即來、來之能戰、戰之必勝的精兵勁旅，堅決打贏未來戰爭，堅決維護國家主權、安全、發展利益。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/02/content_323888.htm

#Information Support Force, #中國太空軍, #中國的耗散戰, Asymmetric Warfare, China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Metaverse, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國太空軍, 中國的情報戰, 中國的耗散戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

Chinese Military intelligence is Profoundly Affecting Future Operations

09/16/2024 admin Leave a comment

中國軍事情報正在深刻影響未來的行動

資料來源：新華社作者：林娟娟張元濤王巍責任編輯：喬楠楠

2019-09-10

現代英語：

In today’s era, military intelligence is becoming a powerful driving force for a new round of military reforms after mechanization and informatization, profoundly affecting the future combat victory mechanism, combat rules, and combat methods, and increasingly pushing war into the era of intelligence. The impact of military intelligence on future combat is mainly reflected in four aspects.

First, “intelligence” will become the dominant factor in determining the outcome of future operations. Mechanized warfare can be seen as platform-centric warfare, where energy is the dominant force. Energy is used to achieve the mobility of combat platforms and firepower strikes on targets, to achieve the combat purpose of destroying the enemy, and to pursue the use of objects to carry energy and release energy. Informationized warfare can be seen as network-centric warfare, where information is the dominant force. Information does not replace energy, but through precise positioning of time and space, it multiplies the combat effectiveness of energy, thus becoming the dominant force in war, and pursues the use of networks to gather energy and release energy. Intelligent warfare can be seen as cognitive-centric warfare, in which the dominant force is “intelligence”. The combat space is further extended from the physical domain and information domain to the cognitive domain, social domain, and biological domain. The battlefield situation is more complex. War is a systemic confrontation across domains, and it pursues more empowerment and release of power with intelligence.

Second, intelligent unmanned equipment will become the main combat equipment in future operations. The development of intelligent technology has gradually separated people from weapons and equipment. Unmanned systems have shifted from assisting people in combat to replacing people in combat, completing many high-risk combat operations that are not suitable for people to perform. Intelligent combat has increasingly distinctive characteristics of “unmanned platforms, manned systems, unmanned combat, and manned command”. On the Syrian battlefield, the Russian military remotely controlled 10 combat robots to kill more than 70 Islamic State militants with “zero casualties” and seize the 754.5 high ground, becoming the first ground combat operation in military history with robots as the main force. It is expected that by 2025, the proportion of intelligent unmanned equipment in the Russian military’s weapons and equipment will reach more than 30%. The U.S. military predicts that by 2030, intelligent unmanned equipment will be able to perform tasks autonomously, and 60% of ground combat platforms will achieve unmanned intelligence. A large number of drones, unmanned ships/boats, and unmanned vehicles will become the main equipment for both sides on the intelligent battlefield, carrying out various traditional/untraditional military tasks and implementing self-organized and systematic operations.

Third, human-machine collaborative combat will become the main mode of action in future combat. Human-machine collaborative combat is a mode of combat in which manned and unmanned equipment joint formations implement coordinated attacks in a networked confrontation environment. Among them, human soldiers with battlefield decision-making and tactical control capabilities serve as the “command back end”, and intelligent unmanned equipment carrying guided weapons or various intelligence, reconnaissance and surveillance sensors serve as the “weapon front end”. With the support of information networks, human soldiers and intelligent unmanned equipment work closely together to complete actions such as situation perception, tactical decision-making, firepower guidance, weapon launch and damage assessment. According to the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, before 2035, human-machine collaborative combat will mainly take the form of autonomous combat with humans in the loop; before 2050, authorized autonomous or fully autonomous combat with humans outside the loop will be achieved, officially kicking off intelligent warfare dominated by machines.

Fourth, autonomous swarm combat will become an important attack style in future combat. The technical inspiration of swarm combat comes from the bionics research on bees. The division of labor within the bee colony is clear, there is a rich and interesting information exchange language between individuals, and the social behavior is rich, so the cluster is also called a “bee colony.” Swarm combat is an intelligent combat style that relies on artificial intelligence, data chain integration, cloud computing and other technical support, and launches dozens or even hundreds of drones at the same time. They form precise formations and precise division of labor, and perform multiple tasks and multi-target strikes at the same time. Compared with traditional combat, swarm combat has incomparable advantages and is a subversion of traditional combat styles and combat rules. After hundreds of simulation tests, the U.S. Navy found that even an advanced air defense system like the Aegis air defense system has difficulty in allocating firepower when dealing with drone swarm attacks, resulting in some drones being able to avoid interception and successfully launch attacks on ships. Data shows that when a swarm of 8 drones is used to attack ships, an average of 2.8 drones can avoid the Aegis interception system; when the number of drones increases to dozens, the number of drones that successfully avoid the interception system and achieve penetration is greater. These simulation tests fully prove that the effect of drone swarm operations is significant and poses a huge threat to the current defense system. At the same time, it also indicates that swarm-type autonomous operations will inevitably become an important offensive combat style on the future intelligent battlefield.

現代國語：

當今時代，軍事智能化正成為繼機械化、資訊化之後推動新一輪軍事變革的強大動力，深刻影響著未來作戰制勝機理、作戰規則及作戰方式方法等，日益推動戰爭步入智能化時代。軍事智能化對未來作戰的影響趨勢主要體現在4個面向。

一是「智能力」將成為決定未來作戰勝負的主導因素。機械化戰爭可視為平台中心戰，主導力量是能量，透過能量實現作戰平台的機動性和對目標的火力打擊，達到毀傷敵方的作戰目的，追求以物載能、以物釋能。資訊化戰爭可看作是網絡中心戰，主導力量是資訊力，訊息並沒有取代能量，而是透過對時空的精準定位，使能量的作戰效能成倍提升，從而成為戰爭的主導力量，追求以網聚能、以網釋能。智能化戰爭可以看作是認知中心戰，主導力量是“智能力”，作戰空間從物理域、信息域進一步向認知域、社會域和生物域延拓，戰場態勢更為錯綜復雜，戰爭是各作戰域跨域融合的體系對抗，更追求以智賦能、以智釋能。

二是智慧無人裝備將成為未來作戰的主體主戰裝備。智慧技術的發展，使人與武器裝備逐漸實現脫離，無人系統從輔助人作戰轉向代替人作戰，完成諸多不適合人去執行的高危險作戰行動，智能化作戰越來越具有「平台無人、體係有人，作戰無人、指揮有人」的鮮明特徵。在敘利亞戰場上，俄軍遙控指揮10支戰鬥機器人以「零傷亡」擊斃70多名伊斯蘭國武裝分子並奪取754.5高地，成為軍事史上首例以機器人為主力的地面作戰行動。預計2025年，俄軍武器裝備中智慧無人裝備的比例將達到30%以上。美軍預測2030年前，智慧無人裝備將能夠自主執行任務，60%的地面作戰平台將實現無人智慧化。大量無人機、無人船/艇和無人車等裝備，將成為智慧化戰場上對抗雙方的主體裝備，遂行各類傳統/非傳統軍事任務，並實施自組織和體系化作戰。

三是人機協同作戰將成為未來作戰的主要行動方式。人機協同作戰是在網絡化對抗環境下，有人與無人裝備聯合編隊實施協同攻擊的作戰方式。其中，具備戰場決策及戰術控制能力的人類士兵作為“指揮後端”，攜帶制導武器或各類情報、偵察和監視傳感器的智能無人裝備作為“武器前端”，在信息網絡的支持下，人類士兵與智慧無人裝備通過密切協同，共同完成態勢感知、戰術決策、火力引導、武器發射及毀傷評估等行動。根據美國陸軍研究實驗室的觀點，2035年前，人機協同作戰主要採取人在迴路的監督自主式作戰；2050年前，將實現人在迴路外的授權自主或完全自主式作戰，正式拉開機器主戰的智慧化戰爭序幕。

四是集群自主作戰將成為未來作戰的重要攻擊樣式。集群作戰的技術靈感源自於對蜜蜂的仿生研究。蜂群內部分工明確，個體間存在豐富有趣的資訊交流語言，社會行為豐富，所以集群又被稱為「蜂群」。集群作戰是依託人工智慧、數據鏈整合以及雲計算等技術支撐，同時發射數十乃至成百架以上無人機，由其自行精準編隊、精確分工，同時執行多種任務及多目標打擊的智能化作戰樣式。與傳統作戰相比，集群作戰具有無可比擬的優勢，是對傳統作戰樣式和作戰規則的顛覆。美海軍經過數百次模擬試驗後發現，即使先進如「宙斯盾」防空系統，在應對無人機集群攻擊時，也難以合理分配火力，導致部分無人機能夠避開攔截對艦艇成功發動攻擊。數據表明，當使用由8架無人機組成的集群向艦艇發動攻擊時，平均有2.8架無人機可避開「宙斯盾」攔截系統；當無人機數量增至幾十架時，成功避開攔截系統實現突防的無人機數量更多。這些模擬試驗充分證明，無人機集群作戰的效果顯著，對當前防禦體系構成巨大威脅，同時也預示，集群式自主作戰必將成為未來智慧化戰場上重要的進攻作戰樣式。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4850888.html?

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Command information Systems, Intelligent Warfare, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍事認知域作戰的重點是什麼、重點在哪裡？, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍隊做好戰爭準備, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

How the People’s Republic of China, By the Middle of the 21st century, will Fully Develop the People’s Liberation Army Into a World-class Army…

08/18/2024 admin Leave a comment

到21世紀中葉，中華人民共和國將如何把解放軍全面建設成為世界一流軍隊…

現代英語：

Beijing, July 2,　Title: Creating a new situation in reforming and strengthening the military – a summary of the achievements in national defense and military reform since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China

　　On the great journey of the people’s army to reform and strengthen the army, we have ushered in another important moment that will go down in history——

　　On April 19, 2024, the founding meeting of the Information Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was held grandly at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the Information Support Force and delivered a speech. On behalf of the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission, he extended warm congratulations to all officers and soldiers of the Information Support Force.

　　After the flag-presenting ceremony, Xi Jinping delivered a speech. He pointed out that the adjustment and formation of the information support force is a major decision made by the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission based on the overall situation of strengthening the military. It is a strategic measure to build a new structure of services and arms and improve the modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. It is also important for accelerating national defense and military affairs. Modernizing and effectively fulfilling the missions and tasks of the People’s Army in the new era is of great and far-reaching significance.

　　According to the decision of the Central Military Commission, the newly formed information support force will be directly commanded by the Central Military Commission. At the same time, the designation of the strategic support force will be revoked, and the leadership and management relationships of the military aerospace force and cyberspace force will be adjusted accordingly.

　　Reform is the requirement of the times to realize the Chinese Dream and the dream of building a strong military. It is the only way to strengthen and rejuvenate the military, and it is also a key move to determine the future of the military.

　　Since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the People’s Army has adhered to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, thoroughly implemented Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military, and guided the Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era, comprehensively implementing the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military. , deeply break through the institutional obstacles, structural contradictions, and policy issues that have long restricted national defense and military construction, deepen the reform of national defense and the military, and achieve historic achievements. The people’s army has a new system, a new structure, a new pattern, and a new look. Take firm steps on the road to building a strong military with Chinese characteristics.

　　Reform promotes a strong military, and a strong military supports a strong country. Standing at a new historical starting point, under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, the People’s Army has achieved overall revolutionary reshaping and is making strides to become a world-class force, providing strategic support for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　The commander-in-chief of strategic planning is at the helm and leads the way.

　　Reform is the distinctive feature of contemporary China and the distinctive character of the Communists.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, and national defense and military building have also entered a new era. Faced with the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the world’s major changes unseen in a century, as well as the deep-seated contradictions and problems that have long restricted the construction of national defense and the military, President Xi assessed the situation, took charge of the overall situation, and decisively made strategic decisions to reform and strengthen the military.

　　A strong country must have a strong army, and a strong army must be reformed. “Once military backwardness occurs, the impact on national security will be fatal. I often read some historical materials in modern China, and it hurts my heart to see the tragic scenes of backwardness and beatings!” President Xi pointed out with strong historical concern. , National defense and military reform is an important part of comprehensive reform and an important symbol of comprehensively deepening reform. The military must keep up with the pace of the central government and resolutely promote various military reforms in the spirit of opening roads across mountains and building bridges across rivers. Everyone must have this kind of historical responsibility.

　　Only reformers advance, only innovators are strong. President Xi encouraged the entire army: “The new military revolution provides us with a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. We must seize the opportunity and work hard. We must not only catch up with the trend and the times, but also strive to be at the forefront of the times.”

　　After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, our army has carried out 13 relatively major reforms. The size and structure of the army have been continuously adjusted, and they have played an important role in different historical periods. At the same time, affected by various factors, deep-seated contradictions that restrict national defense and military construction still exist to varying degrees.

　　”The reform of national defense and the military has entered a critical period and a deep-water zone. Most of the problems that need to be solved are long-term accumulated institutional obstacles, structural contradictions, and policy issues. It is indeed not easy to advance.” President Xi warned the entire army, “Not reforming is a waste of time. You can’t fight and win the battle.”

　　The more you think deeply, the more earnestly you act.

　　In November 2013, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee was held. The Party Central Committee decided to include deepening the reform of national defense and the military into the overall plan of comprehensively deepening reforms, making it the will of the Party and the behavior of the state.

　　This is the first time in the history of the plenary session that national defense and military reform were included in the plenary session’s decision as a separate part.

　　Only four months later, another blockbuster news attracted widespread attention at home and abroad: President Xi decided to establish a Central Military Commission leading group for deepening national defense and military reform and served as the group leader. This is also the first time that the General Secretary of the Party personally serves as the leader of the Central Military Commission’s Leading Group for Deepening National Defense and Military Reform.

　　These two extraordinary “firsts” demonstrated the firm will and determination of the core of the Party, the commander-in-chief of the army, and the people’s leaders to deepen the reform of national defense and the army. They greatly inspired and gathered all the officers and soldiers to support the reform and support the reform. Reform and the majestic force devoted to reform have become the fundamental guarantee for promoting reform.

　　For a major country’s military, the question of what to change and how to change it involves issues of goals and layout, issues of stance and perspective, as well as issues of methods and paths. President Xi has put a lot of effort into the reform demonstration and design. He has chaired many meetings of the Central Military Commission’s Leading Group for Deepening National Defense and Military Reform, Central Military Commission Standing Meetings, and Central Political Bureau Standing Committee meetings. He has listened to the reform opinions and suggestions of relevant units in person on many occasions, and personally determined the reforms. Arrange major work, personally lead the research, demonstration and plan formulation work, personally organize research on major reform issues…

　　Reform always pursues problems and uses problems to force reform. At each stage of reform, each plan pointed out the method and path to solve practical problems, and the solutions to each practical problem eventually converged into specific reform measures.

　　Deepening the reform of national defense and the military is a comprehensive change that requires strengthening top-level planning and system design. At an important meeting of the military, President Xi emphasized the need to grasp the relevance and coupling of reform measures so that various reforms such as leadership and command systems, force structures, and policy systems can promote and complement each other to form an overall effect and achieve overall results.

　　Plan the layout of the article and make a sound decision.

　　Establish an expert advisory group of the Central Military Commission’s Leading Group for Deepening National Defense and Military Reform; establish an expert database for consultation and evaluation of military policy and system reform consisting of more than 200 military and civilian experts and leaders to give full play to the role of third-party independent evaluation; empower the Academy of Military Science and the National Defense University with relevant Research and demonstrate tasks and play its role as a think tank…

　　Gather the wisdom of the entire military and all sectors to form the “greatest common denominator” for reform. President Xi visited institutions, joined squads, went to plateaus and islands, boarded tanks and took warships to conduct in-depth investigations and studies. The whole army and all aspects actively offer suggestions and suggestions, from outside the military to inside the military, from agencies to troops, from generals to soldiers; field surveys in all directions, interviews at all levels, large-scale questionnaire surveys; situation reports one after another, and letters one after another. Opinions, online messages… many good ideas, suggestions, and ideas have entered the reform plan.

　　”Anything that can be done with concentrated effort will be invincible; anything that can be done with collective wisdom can be achieved.” Under the leadership and planning of President Xi, a set of reform designs that solve deep-seated contradictions, have major innovative breakthroughs, and have distinctive characteristics of the People’s Army Break out of the cocoon.

　　In July 2015, President Xi presided over the meeting of the Central Military Commission’s Leading Group for Deepening National Defense and Military Reform, the Central Military Commission Standing Meeting and the Central Political Bureau Standing Committee meeting, and reviewed and approved the overall plan for deepening national defense and military reform.

　　In the process of leading this round of reforms, President Xi Jinping has issued a series of directional, fundamental and overall important strategic thoughts on deepening the reform of national defense and the military, which have established the fundamental principles and action guidelines for reforming and strengthening the military.

　　From the overall layout of the party and the country to the mutual coupling of various military systems, from the overall plan, major field plans to special plans, and from the leadership and command system, the size, structure and strength of the army to the orderly advancement of the reform of military policies and systems, the new era The goal map, road map and construction drawings for the reform of the People’s Army were thus drawn up, and a historic change of rebirth from the ashes and new development was vigorously launched.

　　Overcoming Difficulties and Deeply Promoting Reform

　　A history of the development of the people’s army is a history of reform and innovation.

　　November 24, 2015, is a day destined to go down in the history of the People’s Army. The Central Military Commission Reform Work Conference was held grandly in Beijing. President Xi issued a mobilization order to deepen the reform of national defense and the military—to comprehensively implement the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military and unswervingly follow the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics.

　　When the commander-in-chief orders, the entire army obeys the order, unites to the center, exerts force for the battle, and overcomes difficulties.

　　The leadership and command system achieves historic changes——

　　The reform of the leadership and command system implements the general principles of the Central Military Commission, the main battle areas, and the military services, breaking the long-standing headquarters system, large military region system, and large army system, and building a leadership and management system of “Central Military Commission-Services-troops” and ” The combat command system of “Central Military Commission – Theater – Troops” has established a new “four beams and eight pillars” of the people’s army. The “Four Headquarters” have withdrawn from the historical stage, and 15 functional departments of the Central Military Commission have been adjusted and established. The paths of command, construction, management, and supervision have become clearer. Functional configurations such as decision-making, planning, execution, and evaluation have become more reasonable. The Central Military Commission has centralized and unified leadership and strategic planning, Strategic management functions have been effectively strengthened. The “Seven Military Regions” have completed their historical missions, reorganized and divided into five major theaters, improved the military commission and theater joint operations command structure, and established a strategic campaign command system that integrates peacetime and wartime operations, operates normally, specializes in main operations, and is capable and efficient. The leadership and management system of the services and arms has been further improved. The Armed Police Force is under the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission. The reserve forces are fully integrated into the military leadership and command system. Entering the “new system era”, the majority of officers and soldiers have both “changed their bodies” and “changed their minds”, liberating themselves from all outdated mindsets, inherent patterns, and path dependencies. The barriers to alliances have gradually been broken down, and the effectiveness of warfare has gradually become apparent.

　　In drill after drill, units of different services and arms that used to be relatively independent carried out joint exercises and training on a regular basis under the dispatch of the war zone; data and information that were difficult to share in the past are now efficiently transferred among the various services and arms in the war zone; reconnaissance is no longer ” “Each one fights”, the commander no longer “sings his own tune”, and the firepower no longer “fights his own thing”, each one is born through the tempering of the iron fist.

　　The size, structure and strength of the army have been profoundly reshaped——

　　This is new data that has never appeared in the history of the people’s army: the proportion of the army’s total personnel in the army has dropped to less than 50%; the number of active-duty personnel in non-combat agencies of the army has been reduced by nearly half, and the number of officers has decreased by 30%…

　　This is a new term that has never appeared in the history of the people’s army: synthetic brigade, air assault brigade, aircraft carrier formation, airborne force, information support force, joint logistics support force…

　　The dialectic of reduction and increase is not only slimming down, but also strengthening the body. It is an epoch-making reshaping of strength. The reform of scale structure and force organization promotes the development of the army in the direction of enrichment, synthesis, multi-functionality and flexibility.

　　On April 27, 2017, the Ministry of National Defense disclosed at a regular press conference that the designations of 18 army groups of the Army were cancelled, and the designations of the 13 adjusted armies were announced at the same time. In addition, the newly adjusted units also include many new combat forces.

　　After the adjustment, our army has become more capable in scale, more optimized in structure, and more scientific in its organization. It has fundamentally changed the long-term land warfare-type force structure, changed the homeland defense-type force deployment, and changed the heavy-force grouping and victory with quantity. New combat forces such as strategic early warning, open sea defense, long-range strike, strategic projection, and information support have been enriched and strengthened, and a joint combat force system with elite combat forces as the main body is taking shape.

　　The reform of military policy and system has been comprehensively advanced——

　　Recently, civilian personnel who have been recruited for the 2024 open recruitment for the entire army have been reporting to various units. In June 2018, the military openly recruited civilian personnel for the first time. Among the recruited personnel, groups with high academic qualifications and “secondary enlistment” groups were particularly eye-catching. This marks that the openness and competitiveness of our military’s talent introduction work have been greatly enhanced. Civilians are an integral part of the military personnel and play an increasingly important role.

　　Let the vitality of all combat effectiveness elements burst out, and let the sources of all military modernization fully flow. The establishment and improvement of the new civilian personnel system is a vivid epitome of the policy and system reform of the people’s army.

　　This reform has completely changed the previous piecemeal approach. Systematic planning, forward-looking design, innovative development, and overall reshaping have established and improved the socialist military policy system with Chinese characteristics, forming a military party building system, a policy system for the use of military power, and a military power building system. The “four major sections” are policy system and military management policy system.

　　President Xi presided over a meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, which successively reviewed and approved the “Regulations on Party Building of the Chinese Communist Party in the Military”, “Regulations on Military Political Work” and other backbone systems for party building in our military. The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress has successively reviewed and adopted the newly revised National Defense Law of the People’s Republic of China, the newly revised Military Service Law of the People’s Republic of China, and the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of the Status and Rights and Interests of Military Personnel.

　　Establish a leading group for talent work of the Central Military Commission and establish a cadre evaluation committee of the Central Military Commission. The “Interim Regulations on the Management of Active Military Officers” and 11 supporting policies and systems were promulgated, and substantial progress was made in establishing a professional system for military officers with Chinese characteristics. The “Interim Regulations for Sergeants”, “Interim Regulations for Conscripts”, the newly revised “Regulations on Civilian Personnel of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army” and supporting regulations were promulgated.

　　Build a military honor system, hold honor and title ceremonies; optimize military benefits, issue military parent support subsidies, spouse honorary funds, and implement new medical security policies such as free medical care for military spouses and children… Each heart-warming event enhances the professional honor of officers and soldiers sense, making military personnel a profession respected by the whole society.

　　The reform of military policies and systems has matured one by one. Basic laws and regulations in more than 20 major fields have been introduced one after another. A large number of supporting policies and systems and major reform measures have been intensively introduced. The combat effectiveness of the military and the vitality of officers and soldiers have been further liberated, and the effectiveness of reforms has been continuously released.

　　Major reforms across the military and civilian areas are implemented in depth——

　　”Coordinate economic construction and national defense construction, and strive to achieve the unity of enriching the country and strengthening the military.” Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi has attached great importance to major cross-military and local reforms, and has made many deployments to promote the implementation of a series of measures.

　　Just after the Spring Festival in 2018, the Third Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China reviewed and approved the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Deepening the Reform of the Party and State Institutions” and the “Plan for Deepening the Reform of the Party and State Institutions”. Deepening cross-military and civilian reforms is an important part of it.

　　Combined with deepening the reform of party and state institutions, deepening the cross-military reform of the Armed Police Force, advancing the reform of the active public security force, establishing the Ministry of Veterans Affairs; implementing the reform of the air traffic control system, establishing the Central Air Traffic Management Commission; advancing the reform of the national defense mobilization system, and building a modern national defense Mobilizing the force system; Comprehensive suspension of paid military services, and the goal of the military not engaging in business activities has been basically achieved…

　　“With all our efforts, nothing can be done.” Central state agencies, local party committees, governments, and all sectors of society have introduced a series of policies and measures to support and serve reform, and the military and civilians have gathered a powerful force to promote reform.

　　In the late autumn of 2021, the “Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party’s Centenary Struggle” passed by the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China fully affirmed the historic achievements made in deepening the reform of national defense and the army, calling it “New China” The most extensive and profound reform of national defense and the military since its establishment.”

　　Reshaping and reshaping to become world-class

　　Reform and strengthening the military have brought a series of profound changes to the People’s Army. The People’s Army has accelerated its transformation in the “new system era”: the Army’s mobile combat and three-dimensional offensive and defensive capabilities have been significantly enhanced, and the Navy has accelerated its transformation from offshore defense to far-sea defense. , the Air Force is accelerating its transformation into integrated air and space, and both offensive and defensive capabilities, and the Rocket Force continues to strengthen its nuclear and conventional capabilities and its ability to deter war in all areas…

　　This is the new look of the People’s Army as a strong military after reform and reshaping——

　　In July 2023, at the Air Force Aviation Open Event Changchun Air Show, the J-20 performed maneuvering flight demonstrations in a four-aircraft formation for the first time. The screen was displayed for aerial refueling, and the J-10S and J-11BS were displayed for the first time in simulated air combat of special-shaped aircraft…

　　This event demonstrated the People’s Air Force’s ever-changing equipment development level, the quality and effectiveness of practical military training, and its strategic capabilities to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

　　”The Yunyou-20 is no longer a single static display and a single flight display, but an all-round presentation of the system’s capabilities, displaying combat postures commonly used in our daily combat training.” Wang Yuling, pilot of the Yunyou-20, said, “The reform has strengthened the The military strategy has enabled the people’s army to achieve historic changes in its organizational structure and force system. It is precisely because of the reform that our army has been reshaped and accelerated to become a world-class force.”

　　On October 1, 2019, more than 200,000 soldiers and civilians celebrated the 70th anniversary of the Republic of China with a grand military parade and mass march.

　　This is the first National Day military parade as socialism with Chinese characteristics enters a new era, and it is also the first overall appearance of the Republic’s armed forces after the reform and reshaping.

　　The leadership and command formation that made its debut is a formation with the most distinctive imprint of reforming and strengthening the army and joint combat command – the members are drawn from 15 departments of the Central Military Commission and various war zones, service and arms agencies, and armed police forces.

　　The leadership and command formation created two firsts: the first formation in the history of the People’s Army military parade to be drawn from the leadership and command organization, and the first formation with generals forming the first row.

　　For the first time, this military parade has set up joint support forces, academic scientific research, civilian personnel and other formations, demonstrating the results of the integral and revolutionary reshaping of the national defense and military organizational structure and force system, and demonstrating the new composition of the people’s army in the new era. , new look.

　　580 pieces (sets) of ground equipment formed 32 equipment formations, and more than 160 fighter planes of the army, navy and air force formed 12 air echelons… The equipment reviewed was all made in China, 40% of which were made for the first time, demonstrating the basics of the people’s army. Achieve mechanization and accelerate the momentum towards informatization.

　　This is the more capable and efficient command system displayed by the People’s Army after the reform and reshaping——

　　From May 23 to 24, 2024, the Eastern Theater Command of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army organized the theater’s army, navy, air force, rocket force and other forces to conduct the “Joint Sword-2024A” exercise around Taiwan Island.

　　The exercise focuses on subjects such as joint naval and air combat readiness patrols, joint seizure of comprehensive battlefield control, and joint precision targeting of key targets. Ships and aircraft conduct combat patrols near Taiwan Island, and integrate internal and external linkage within the island chain to test the actual joint combat capabilities of the theater forces.

　　This is also a strong punishment for the “Taiwan independence” separatist forces seeking “independence” and a serious warning against external forces interfering and provoking trouble.

　　Military experts believe that during the exercise, under the unified command of the Eastern Theater Command, the theater’s army, navy, air force, rocket force and other services jointly participated, demonstrating the collaborative capabilities and overall operations of the Chinese military in joint operations after reform and reshaping. strength.

　　More than 4 years ago, the COVID-19 epidemic broke out.

　　With an order, medical personnel from the Army, Navy, Air Force, Rocket Force, Joint Logistics Support Force, Armed Police Force and other medical units quickly gathered to assist Wuhan.

　　Aviation, railways, highways, three-dimensional delivery; manpower, materials, and information, efficient circulation; active military personnel, civilian personnel, and militia, close collaboration; joint command, joint formation, military-civilian joint…

　　”Getting into the state quickly, assembling troops quickly, and launching operations quickly, this is the real speed of war.” “Command and coordinate a picture, use strength as a game, and implement every move. This is the real war system.” Some military observers commented this way The performance of the Chinese military in the anti-epidemic operation in Wuhan. There was no preparation time, no battle rehearsal, and the decisive battle was the first battle. In this special battle, the People’s Army handed over an excellent answer sheet of “going to the front line on the day of receiving the order, controlling the situation in 3 weeks, and completing the task within 3 months.” This miraculous “speed” stems from the more efficient command system, leaner force scale, and more scientific structure after the reform and reshaping of the People’s Army.

　　”The People’s Army’s anti-epidemic response sheet condenses the reshaping of the People’s Army’s capabilities and the changes of the times, and demonstrates the new look and confidence of an army after reform and reshaping.” Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Sciences Researcher Yin Hao believes that although the fight against the epidemic is a non-war military operation, it tests and reflects the actual combat capabilities of the people’s army after reform and reshaping.

　　Military experts believe that after the reform and adjustment, the entire army has further strengthened the concept of preparing for war and joint operations and joint training. Each theater has played the role of a hub for joint operations and joint training, and all services and arms units have closely aligned with the joint operations capability needs of the theater, and trained with the capabilities of the services and arms. Support system joint training to continuously improve the victory contribution rate.

　　This is the new training style explored by the people’s army after reform and reshaping——

　　From September 11 to 25, 2021, the “Peace Mission-2021” SCO joint anti-terrorism military exercise was held at the Donguz shooting range in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.

　　In this joint exercise, the command structure of the Chinese participating troops is mainly composed of the Chinese directing department and the Chinese anti-terrorism cluster command headquarters in the northern theater. The task force is mainly composed of a synthetic battalion of a brigade in the northern theater and is equipped with relevant support detachments.

　　Under the new system and new organization, the combined battalion of Chinese participating troops includes infantry, armor, artillery, reconnaissance, communications, engineering and other forces. It integrates multiple arms and realizes the strength structure, personnel organization, equipment deployment, The reshaping and leapfrogging of element grouping can be combined with a variety of combat forces and modularized, giving full play to its advantages of miniaturization, multi-functionality, and leanness, so that each combat unit and element can maximize the system’s combat capabilities.

　　During a live-fire exercise on September 23, reporters saw the modular and multi-functional combat organization advantages of the combined battalion in a new combat command vehicle, boldly practicing multi-source perception of combat command, high integration of combat elements, and combat space orientation. The multi-dimensional expansion of the new combat style maximizes the role of the combined battalion’s “forward reach”.

　　On July 23, 2023, with the successful conclusion of the “Anchorage Defense” drill of the ship formation, the “Northern Joint-2023” exercise completed various scheduled drill courses.

　　The exercise focused on the theme of “Maintaining the Security of Strategic Maritime Channels”. The naval and air forces of China and Russia jointly planned, jointly commanded, and jointly operated. It effectively tested the actual combat capabilities in far seas and remote areas, and made achievements in the joint exercise organization form and force integration model. An innovative breakthrough.

　　On May 17, 2024, the China-Mongolia “Grassland Partner-2024” joint army training was the first all-element and full-process live-fire training, which was held at a training ground in East Gobi Province, Mongolia.

　　The participating troops from China and Mongolia jointly carried out joint training on the topic of dealing with the activities of illegal armed groups in accordance with the basic tactics of “attacking key points from all depths, concentric assaults from multiple directions, and clearing and encircling and annihilating in different areas”.

　　…

　　New systems, new forces, new equipment, new tactics… the people’s army has taken on a new look from the inside out, and is more confident in deterring the enemy with its sword.

　　There is no end to reform. The people’s army that marches forward courageously on the road to reform and strengthen the army will surely continue to win new victories in the modernization of national defense and the army——

　　In 2027, the centenary goal of the founding of the army will be achieved;

　　By 2035, the modernization of national defense and the army will be basically realized;

　　By the middle of the 21st century, the people’s army will be fully developed into a world-class army…

現代國語：

在人民軍隊改革強軍的偉大旅程上，又迎來一個載入史冊的重要時刻——

2024年4月19日，中國人民解放軍資訊支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習近平向資訊支援部隊授予軍旗並致訓詞，代表黨中央和中央軍委向資訊支援部隊全體官兵致以熱烈祝賀。

授旗儀式後，習近平致訓詞。他指出，調整組建資訊支援部隊，是黨中央和中央軍委從強軍事業全局出發作出的重大決策，是構建新型軍兵種結構佈局、完善中國特色現代軍事力量體系的戰略舉措，對加快國防和軍隊現代化、有效履行新時代人民軍隊使命任務具有重大而深遠的意義。

根據中央軍委決定，新組建的資訊支援部隊由中央軍委直接領導指揮，同時撤銷戰略支援部隊番號，相應調整軍事航天部隊、網絡空間部隊領導管理關系。

改革，是實現中國夢、強軍夢的時代要求，是強軍興軍的必經之路，也是決定軍隊未來的關鍵一招。

黨的十八屆三中全會以來，人民軍隊堅持以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想為指導，深入貫徹習近平強軍思想，以黨在新時代的強軍目標為引領，全面實施改革強軍戰略，深入破解長期制約國防和軍隊建設的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題，深化國防和軍隊改革取得歷史性成就，人民軍隊體制一新、結構一新、格局一新、面貌一新，在中國特色強軍之路上邁出堅定步伐。

改革推動強軍，強軍支撐強國。站在新的歷史起點上，在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央堅強領導下，實現整體性革命性重塑的人民軍隊，正闊步邁向世界一流，為實現中華民族偉大復興提供戰略支撐。

戰略擘畫統帥掌舵領航

改革，當代中國的鮮明特色，共產黨人的鮮明品格。

黨的十八大以來，中國特色社會主義進入新時代，國防和軍隊建設也進入了新時代。面對中華民族偉大復興戰略全局和世界百年未有之大變局，面對長期制約國防和軍隊建設的深層次矛盾和問題，習主席審時度勢、總攬全局，果斷作出改革強軍的戰略決策。

強國必強軍，強軍必改革。「軍事上的落後一旦形成，對國家安全的影響將是致命的。我經常看中國近代的一些史料，一看到落後挨打的悲慘場景就痛徹肺腑！」習主席以強烈的歷史憂患深刻指出，國防和軍隊改革是全面改革的重要組成部分，也是全面深化改革的重要標志。軍隊要跟上中央步伐，以逢山開路、遇河架橋的精神，堅決推進軍隊各項改革。大家一定要有這樣的歷史擔當。

惟改革者進，惟創新者強。習主席激勵全軍：“新軍事革命為我們提供了千載難逢的機遇，我們要抓住機遇、奮發有為，不僅要趕上潮流、趕上時代，還要力爭走在時代前列。”

新中國成立後，我軍先後進行了13次比較大的改革，部隊規模、體制編制不斷調整，在不同歷史時期都發揮了重要作用。同時，受各種因素影響，制約國防和軍隊建設的深層矛盾問題還不同程度存在。

「國防和軍隊改革進入了攻堅期和深水區，要解決的大都是長期積累的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題，推進起來確實不容易。」習主席告誡全軍，「不改革是打不了仗、打不了勝仗的。

思之彌深，行之愈篤。

2013年11月，黨的十八屆三中全會召開。黨中央決定將深化國防和軍隊改革納入全面深化改革的總盤子，上升為黨的意志和國家行為。

國防和軍隊改革作為單獨一部分寫進全會決定，這在全會歷史上是第一次。

僅4個月後，又一條重磅消息引起國內外廣泛關注：習主席決策成立中央軍委深化國防和軍隊改革領導小組，並擔任組長。黨的總書記親自擔任中央軍委深化國防和軍隊改革領導小組組長，這也是第一次。

這兩個非同尋常的“第一次”，昭示了黨的核心、軍隊統帥、人民領袖對深化國防和軍隊改革的堅定意志、堅強決心，極大激發和凝聚了全軍官兵擁護改革、支持改革、投身改革的磅礡力量，成為推動改革的根本保証。

對於一支大國軍隊來說，改什麼、怎麼改，有目標、佈局問題，有立場、觀點問題，也有方法、路徑問題。習主席為改革論証設計傾注大量心血，多次主持召開中央軍委深化國防和軍隊改革領導小組會議、中央軍委常務會議、中央政治局常委會會議，多次當面聽取有關單位改革意見建議，親自確定改革重大工作安排，親自領導調研論証和方案擬制工作，親自組織研究改革重大問題…

改革始終奔著問題去，以問題倒逼改革。在改革的各個階段，每一個方案都指明了破解現實問題的方法路徑，每一個現實問題的解決思路最終匯聚成一條條具體的改革措施。

深化國防和軍隊改革是一場整體性變革，要加強頂層謀劃、體系設計。在軍隊一次重要會議上，習主席強調，要掌握改革舉措的關聯性和耦合性，使領導指揮體制、力量結構、政策制度等各項改革相互促進、相得益彰，形成總體效應、取得總體效果。

謀篇佈局，落子有聲。

設立中央軍委深化國防和軍隊改革領導小組專家諮詢組﹔建立由軍地200多名專家和領導組成的軍事政策制度改革諮詢評估專家庫，充分發揮第三方獨立評估作用﹔賦予軍事科學院和國防大學相關研究論証任務，發揮其智囊作用…

匯聚全軍與各方面智慧，形成改革「最大公約數」。習主席到機關、進班排，上高原、赴海島，登戰車、乘軍艦，深入調查研究。全軍及各方面踴躍獻策、積極建言，軍外到軍內、機關到部隊、將軍到士兵﹔各方向實地調研、各層面座談訪談、大範圍問卷調查﹔一份份情況報告、一封封來信意見、一條條網留言……許多好點子、好建議、好點子進入了改革方案。

「積力之所舉，則無不勝也﹔眾智之所為，則無不成也。」在習主席領導運籌下，一整套解決深層次矛盾問題、有重大創新突破、人民軍隊特色鮮明的改革設計破繭而出。

2015年7月，習主席先後主持召開中央軍委深化國防和軍隊改革領導小組會議、中央軍委常務會議和中央政治局常委會會議，審議通過深化國防和軍隊改革總體方案。

在領導推動這輪改革的歷程中，習主席關於深化國防和軍隊改革一系列方向性、根本性、全局性的重要戰略思想，立起改革強軍的根本遵循和行動指南。

從黨和國家整體佈局到軍隊各系統相互耦合，從總體方案、重大領域方案到專項方案層層深入，從領導指揮體制、軍隊規模結構和力量編成到軍事政策制度改革有序推進，新時代人民軍隊改革的目標圖、路線圖和施工圖就此繪就，一場浴火重生、開新圖強的歷史性變革蓬勃展開。

攻堅克難深入推進改革

一部人民軍隊的發展史，就是一部改革創新史。

2015年11月24日，一個注定載入人民軍隊史冊的日子。中央軍委會改革工作會議在北京隆重召開，習主席發出深化國防和軍隊改革的動員令——全面實施改革強軍戰略，堅定不移走中國特色強軍之路。

統帥號令所指，全軍聞令景從，向心凝聚、向戰發力、向難攻堅。

領導指揮體制實現歷史性變革——

領導指揮體制改革貫徹軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建總原則，打破長期實行的總部體制、大軍區體制、大陸軍體制，構建起「中央軍委－軍種－部隊」的領導管理體系、「中央軍委－戰區－部隊」的作戰指揮體系，立起人民軍隊新的「四樑八柱」。「四總部」退出歷史舞台，調整組建軍委機關15個職能部門，指揮、建設、管理、監督等路徑更加清晰，決策、規劃、執行、評估等職能配置更加合理，軍委集中統一領導和戰略謀劃、戰略管理職能有效強化。「七大軍區」完成歷史使命，重新調整劃設五大戰區，健全軍委、戰區聯合作戰指揮機構，構建起平戰一體、常態運行、專司主營、精幹高效的戰略戰役指揮體系。軍兵種領導管理體制進一步健全。武警部隊由黨中央、中央軍委集中統一領導。預備役部隊全面納入軍隊領導指揮體系。步入“新體制時間”，廣大官兵既“轉身子”又“換腦子”，從一切不合時宜的思維定勢、固有模式、路徑依賴中解放出來，聯的壁壘漸次打破，戰的效能逐步凸顯。

一次次演訓中，過去相對獨立的不同軍兵種部隊，在戰區的調度下常態化開展聯演聯訓﹔過去難以共享的數據信息，如今在戰區諸軍兵種部隊間高效流轉﹔偵察不再“各自為戰”，指揮不再“各唱各調”，火力不再“各打各的”，一個個聯合鐵拳淬火而生。

軍隊規模結構與力量編成深刻重塑——

這是人民軍隊歷史上不曾出現過的新數據：陸軍佔全軍總員額比例下降到50%以下﹔全軍非戰鬥機構現役員額壓減近一半，軍官數量減少30%…

這是人民軍隊歷史上不曾出現過的新名詞：合成旅、空中突擊旅、航空母艦編隊、空降兵軍、資訊支援部隊、聯勤保障部隊…

減與增的辯証法，既是瘦身，更是強體，是一次劃時代的力量重塑。規模結構與力量編成改革，推動部隊朝向充實、合成、多能、靈活方向發展。

2017年4月27日，國防部例行記者會披露，陸軍18個集團軍番號撤銷，調整組建後的13個集團軍番號同時公佈。此外，新調整組建的單位中，還包括諸多新型作戰力量。

調整之後，我軍規模更加精幹，結構更加優化，編成更加科學，從根本上改變了長期以來陸戰型的力量結構，改變了國土防禦型的兵力布勢，改變了重兵集團、以量取勝的製勝模式，戰略預警、遠海防衛、遠程打擊、戰略投送、資訊支援等新型作戰力量得到充實加強，以精銳作戰力量為主體的聯合作戰力量體係正在形成。

軍事政策制度改革全面推進——

近日，2024年全軍面向社會公開招聘已錄用文職人員陸續到各部隊報到。 2018年6月，全軍首次面向社會公開招募文職人員，錄取人員中，高學歷群體、「二次入伍」群體等格外引人注目。這標志我軍人才引進工作的開放性、競爭力大為增強。文職人員是軍隊人員的組成部分，發揮越來越重要的作用。

讓一切戰鬥力要素的活力競相迸發，讓一切軍隊現代化建設的源泉充分湧流。新型文職人員制度的建立與完善，是人民軍隊政策制度改革的生動縮影。

這次改革徹底改變以往零敲碎打的做法，系統謀劃、前瞻設計、創新發展、整體重塑，建立健全中國特色社會主義軍事政策制度體系，形成軍隊黨的建設制度、軍事力量運用政策制度、軍事力量建設政策制度、軍事管理政策制度「四大板塊」。

習主席主持召開中央政治局會議，相繼審議通過《中國共產黨軍隊黨的建設條例》《軍隊政治工作條例》等我軍黨的建設主幹制度。全國人民代表大會常務委員會陸續審議通過新修訂的《中華人民共和國國防法》、新修訂的《中華人民共和國兵役法》《中華人民共和國軍人地位和權益保障法》等軍事法律。

成立中央軍委人才工作領導小組，成立中央軍委幹部考評委員會。推出《現役軍官管理暫行條例》及11項配套政策制度，建立中國特色軍官職業化製度取得實質進展。頒布《軍士暫行條例》《義務兵暫行條例》、新修訂的《中國人民解放軍文職人員條例》以及配套法規。

建構軍人榮譽體系，舉辦授勛授稱儀式﹔優化軍人待遇，發放軍人父母贍養補助、配偶榮譽金，實行軍人配偶子女免費醫療等新的醫療保障政策…一件件暖心事，增強官兵職業榮譽感，讓軍人成為全社會尊崇的職業。

軍事政策制度改革成熟一項推進一項，20餘個重大領域基本法規相繼推出，一大批配套政策制度和重大改革舉措密集出台，軍隊戰鬥力和官兵活力進一步解放，改革效能持續釋放。

跨軍地重大改革深入實施——

「統籌經濟建設和國防建設，努力實現富國和強軍的統一。」黨的十八大以來，習主席對跨軍地重大改革高度重視，多次作出部署，推動一系列舉措落地。

2018年春節剛過，黨的十九屆三中全會審議通過《中共中央關於深化黨和國家機構改革的決定》和《深化黨和國家機構改革方案》，深化跨軍地改革是其中重要內容。

結合深化黨和國家機構改革，深化武警部隊跨軍地改革，推進公安現役部隊改革，組建退役軍人事務部﹔實施空管體制改革，成立中央空中交通管理委員會﹔推進國防動員體制改革，打造現代國防動員力量體系﹔全面停止軍隊有償服務，軍隊不從事經營活動的目標基本實現…

「眾力並，則萬鈞不足舉也。」中央國家機關和各地黨委政府、社會各界紛紛出台一系列支持改革、服務改革的政策舉措，軍地匯聚起推進改革的強大合力。

2021年深秋，黨的十九屆六中全會通過的《中共中央關於黨的百年奮鬥重大成就和歷史經驗的決議》，充分肯定深化國防和軍隊改革取得的歷史性成就，稱之為“新中國成立以來最為廣泛、最深刻的國防和軍隊改革」。

重整重塑邁向世界一流

改革強軍為人民軍隊帶來一系列深刻變化，人民軍隊在「新體制時間」加速破繭蝶變：陸軍機動作戰、立體攻防能力顯著增強，海軍加快推進由近海防禦型向遠海防衛型轉變，空軍加速向空天一體、攻防兼備轉型，火箭軍不斷強化核常兼備、全域懾戰能力…

這是改革重塑後，人民軍隊展現的強軍新貌—

2023年7月，在空軍航空開放活動·長春航空展上，殲-20首次以四機編隊進行機動飛行展示，運油-20首次與殲-20、殲-16以「五機同框」的畫面進行空中加油通場展示，殲-10S、殲-11BS首次進行異型機模擬空戰展示…

此次活動展現了人民空軍日新月異的裝備發展水準、實戰化軍事訓練質效和捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益的戰略能力。

「運油-20不再是單一的靜態展示和單機飛行展示，而是全方位呈現體系能力，展示的是我們日常戰訓中常用的戰鬥姿態。」運油-20 飛行員王宇凌說，「改革強軍戰略，使人民軍隊實現了組織形態和力量體系的歷史性變革。

2019年10月1日，20萬名軍民以盛大閱兵儀式和群眾遊行歡慶共和國70華誕。

這是中國特色社會主義進入新時代的首次國慶閱兵，也是共和國武裝力量改革重塑後的首次整體亮相。

首次亮相的領導指揮方隊，是一個改革強軍、聯合作戰指揮印記最鮮明的方隊－隊員從軍委機關15個部門和各戰區、軍兵種機關、武警部隊抽組而成。

領導指揮方隊創造了兩個第一：人民軍隊閱兵史上第一個從領導指揮機構抽組的方隊，第一個由將軍組成第一排面的方隊。

這次閱兵首次設置了聯勤保障部隊、院校科研、文職人員等方隊，展現了國防和軍隊組織架構和力量體系的整體性、革命性重塑成果，展示著新時代人民軍隊的新構成、新風貌。

580台（套）地面裝備組成32個裝備方隊，陸、海、空軍航空兵160餘架戰機組成12個空中梯隊……受閱裝備全部為中國製造，40%為首次亮相，展示出人民軍隊基本實現機械化、加速邁向資訊化的如虹氣勢。

這是改革重塑後，人民軍隊展現的更精幹高效的指揮體制——

2024年5月23日至24日，中國人民解放軍東部戰區組織戰區陸軍、海軍、空軍、火箭軍等兵力，位台島週邊開展「聯合利劍－2024A」演習。

演習重點演練聯合海空戰備警巡、聯合奪取戰場綜合控制權、聯合精打要害目標等科目，艦機抵近台島週邊戰巡，島鏈內外一體聯動，檢驗戰區部隊聯合作戰實戰能力。

這也是對「台獨」分裂勢力謀「獨」行徑的有力懲戒，對外部勢力干涉挑舋的嚴重警告。

軍事專家認為，演習中，在東部戰區的統一指揮下，戰區陸軍、海軍、空軍、火箭軍等多個軍兵種共同參與，展示了改革重塑後中國軍隊在聯合作戰中的協同能力和整體作戰實力。

4年多前，新冠疫情暴發。

一聲令下，來自陸軍、海軍、空軍、火箭軍、聯勤保障部隊、武警部隊等多個醫療單位的醫務人員迅速集結，馳援武漢。

航空、鐵路、公路，立體投送﹔人力、物資、信息，高效流轉﹔現役軍人、文職人員、民兵，密切協作﹔聯合指揮、聯合編組、軍地聯合…

「進入狀態快、部隊集結快、行動展開快，這是真正的戰爭速度。」「指揮統籌一張圖、力量運用一盤棋、貫徹執行一竿子，這是真正的打仗體制。」有軍事觀察者這樣評價中國軍隊在武漢抗疫行動中的表現。沒有備戰時間、沒有臨戰預演、初戰即決戰，人民軍隊在這場特殊戰役中，交出了一份「接令當天開赴前線、3個星期控制局面、3個月內完成任務」的優異答卷。這種奇蹟般的“快”，源於人民軍隊改革重塑後更加高效的指揮體制、更加精幹的力量規模、更加科學的結構編成。

「人民軍隊的抗疫答卷，濃縮著人民軍隊的能力重塑和時代之變，彰顯了一支軍隊在改革重塑後的全新面貌和勝戰底氣。」中國科學院院士、軍事科學院系統工程研究院研究員尹浩認為，雖然抗擊疫情是一次非戰爭軍事行動，但檢驗並體現了人民軍隊改革重塑後的實戰能力。

軍事專家認為，改革調整後，全軍上下備戰打仗、聯戰聯訓的觀念進一步強化，各戰區發揮聯戰聯訓樞紐作用，各軍兵種部隊緊密對接戰區聯合作戰能力需求，以軍兵種能力訓練支撐體系聯合訓練，不斷提升勝戰貢獻率。

這是改革重塑後，人民軍隊探索的新型演訓樣式—

2021年9月11日至25日，「和平使命-2021」上合組織聯合反恐軍演，在俄羅斯奧倫堡州東古茲靶場舉行。

此次聯演，中方參演部隊指揮機構以北部戰區為主編成中方導演部和中方反恐集群指揮部，任務部隊以北部戰區某旅合成營為主、配屬相關保障分隊編成。

新體制新編制下的中方參演部隊合成營，既有步兵、裝甲兵、砲兵，又有偵察、通信、工兵等力量，集多兵種於一體，實現了力量結構、人員編成、裝備編配、要素編組的重塑與跨越，可與多種作戰力量對接組合、模塊化編組，充分發揮其小型化、多能化、精幹化等優勢，讓各作戰單元和要素發揮最大體係作戰能力。

9月23日實兵實彈演習中，記者在某新型作戰指揮車內看到合成營模塊化、多能化的作戰編成優勢，大膽實踐作戰指揮多源感知、作戰要素高度融合、作戰空間向多維拓展的新型作戰樣式，最大限度發揮合成營「前伸觸角」的作用。

2023年7月23日，隨著艦艇編隊「錨地防禦」演練順利結束，「北部·聯合-2023」演習完成了各項預定演練課目。

演習圍繞著「維護海上戰略通道安全」這個主題，中俄雙方海空兵力聯合籌劃、聯合指揮、聯合作戰，有效錘煉檢驗了遠海遠域實戰能力，在聯演組織形式、兵力融合模式等方面取得了創新突破。

2024年5月17日，中蒙「草原夥伴-2024」陸軍聯合訓練首次全要素、全過程實兵實彈合練，在蒙古國東戈壁省某訓練場舉行。

中蒙雙方參訓部隊依照「全縱深精打要害、多方向向心突擊、分區域清剿圍殲」的基本戰法，共同展開以應對非法武裝團體活動為課題的聯合訓練。

…

新的體系、新的力量、新的裝備、新的戰法……人民軍隊由內而外煥然一新，亮劍懾敵的底氣更加充盈。

改革未有窮期。在改革強軍之路上奮勇向前的人民軍隊必將不斷奪取國防和軍隊現代化新勝利——

2027年，實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標﹔

2035年，基本實現國防與軍隊現代化﹔

21世紀中葉，把人民軍隊全面建成世界一流軍隊…

中國共產黨資源：http://politics.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2024/0702/c1001-40269268.html

Red Dragon 1949 / 紅龍1949

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