Tag Archives: #China #Cyber #Warfare #Information #Dominance

Chinese Military Research on U.S. Air Force Invisible Battlefield Armament Expansion – Cyber Warfare

中國軍方對美空軍隱形戰場裝備擴充-網路戰的研究

現代英語:

Recently, the U.S. Air Force released a new version of the Cyber ​​Warfare Doctrine (hereinafter referred to as the Doctrine). The U.S. Air Force has thus become the first military service to publish a new version of the Doctrine after the release of a series of strategic documents by the Cyberspace Command. The U.S. military’s arms expansion in the invisible battlefield is being fully rolled out.

Seeking cyber warfare advantage

The new version of the directive is the second time that the US Air Force has issued a programmatic document in the field of cyberspace, following the first version in 2010 and the revised version in 2011. The directive is mainly divided into three parts, including the threats and challenges faced by the US Air Force in cyberspace, the main functions of cyber warfare forces, and the force structure.

The new version of the order points out that the threats currently faced by the US Air Force are divided into “malicious acts that intentionally damage the Air Force’s network information system” and “unintentional but damaging network activities that cause impacts”, and proposes four challenges in the medium and long term, namely, the commercial technology and outsourced products currently in use have security vulnerabilities, attacks launched in cyberspace are difficult to trace, network connections have security risks of being invaded, and network infrastructure has weaknesses. Foreign media said that the US Air Force deliberately exaggerated the inherent security risks of the network in order to provide an excuse for strengthening the construction of cyber warfare forces and conducting military operations in this field.

The new version of the regulations further clarifies the main functions of the US Air Force’s cyber warfare forces. The new version of the regulations states that the US Air Force’s cyber warfare forces should not only support the US Air Force in conducting cyber warfare offensive and defensive operations in wartime or quasi-wartime states to gain competitive and operational advantages in this field, but also play a role in peacetime non-armed conflict military activities.

The U.S. Air Force’s cyber warfare style is mainly cyberspace offensive and defensive operations and the operation and maintenance of the U.S. Department of Defense information network. Its main combat force is the 16th Air Force. The unit is formed by the merger of the 24th Air Force responsible for cyberspace and the 25th Air Force responsible for global intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance. It not only undertakes the U.S. Air Force’s cyber warfare and electronic warfare tasks, but also serves as the air force branch of the U.S. Cyber ​​Command.

The new version of the regulations states that according to the U.S. military’s institutional structure of separation of military, political and command, the 16th Air Force is commanded by the U.S. Cyber ​​Command, and the process of carrying out combat operations is formulated by the command. In addition, in order to clarify the relationship between the military forces and functional commands, the Air Force has set up the 616th Operations Command Center, which is responsible for converting the tasks assigned by the U.S. Cyber ​​Command and the needs and cooperation matters of the supported theater into the plans, programs and goals of the Air Force Cyber ​​Warfare Task Force, and connecting with subsequent evaluation work.

Integration into the joint combat system

In addition to the three main parts, the new version of the order also emphasizes that the US Air Force’s cyber warfare forces should be integrated into the “integrated deterrence” and joint combat system. Among them, the 16th Air Force will integrate intelligence reconnaissance and surveillance, electronic warfare and information warfare forces to create an “information environment advantage” for US Air Force operations in order to gain the upper hand in armed conflicts.

The new version of the regulations points out that the US Air Force’s military operations and combat plans in cyberspace should be integrated into the joint force’s combat plans, fully considering cross-agency cooperation, the linkage effects of the physical and cyber domains of the battlefield, and information sharing supported by the national intelligence system.

In order to better integrate into joint operations, the new version of the regulations clarifies the military terminology of the US Air Force’s cyber warfare forces and divides the evaluation of cyberspace combat effectiveness into tactics, campaigns and strategies to reflect the target effects of combat operations at different levels. According to the joint operations regulations of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, the “blue”, “red” and “gray” combat opponent marking terms are introduced to represent allies, opponents and neutral parties in cyberspace respectively. “Cyberspace key terrain” is used to refer to cyberspace areas that can provide absolute advantages for cyber warfare mission units.

The concept of “cyberspace control” applies the “command and control” of the US military’s joint operations to new areas, and divides the control level into three levels from low to high: “balance”, “advantage” and “dominance” based on the degree of influence on the opponent’s network information field. This is slightly different from the three combat indicators of the US military’s joint forces: “weak”, “medium” and “strong”.

Foreign media said that under the guidance of the U.S. Cyber ​​Command’s “dominate the cyber domain” principle, the U.S. Air Force cyber warfare forces can “match” the terminology and concepts in the joint combat system, which will enable service commanders and joint force commanders to better use the “hybrid warfare” force of cyber warfare forces.

Strengthen construction in multiple areas

With the release of the new version of the regulations, the U.S. Air Force became the first service branch of the U.S. military to revise its cyber warfare guidelines, which also indicates that the U.S. military has extended its efforts to strengthen cyberspace armaments to combat forces.

The report said that at the same time as the US Air Force issued a new version of the regulations, the US Navy announced the strength of the 10th Fleet under the Cyber ​​Command, which has 14,000 active, civilian and reserve personnel, 28 active commands, 40 cyber mission forces and 27 reserve commands around the world. The US Navy’s cyber warfare force is the largest among all branches of the US military, and the US Air Force may follow the Navy’s system to build the force structure of this branch. A series of actions by the US military in the field of cyberspace will contribute to the expansion of arms in this field.

Since the beginning of this year, the U.S. Cyber ​​Command has successively released a series of documents, including the “Mission Statement of the Department of Defense Information Network Joint Force Command” and the “Mission Statement of the Coast Guard Cyber ​​Command”, to enrich the development plan of cyber warfare forces.

The U.S. Cyber ​​Command plans to invite the U.S. Department of Defense’s Joint Interoperability Test Command to serve as the testing agency for the “Joint Cyberspace Operations Architecture” to improve joint combat capabilities in the cyberspace field, and plans to take the lead in hosting the NATO “Locked Shield” cybersecurity joint military exercise in late April. At the same time, the United States also invites India and South Korea to conduct military research in the cyberspace and digital policy field.

In addition, the U.S. Air Force has also implemented the goal of improving cyber warfare capabilities in military academies. The U.S. Air Force University Cyber ​​Academy requires students to take at least three courses related to information and cyberspace, and the Air Force War College has formally incorporated cyber warfare and other teaching content into its general courses.

China Military Network Ministry of National Defense Network
Friday, February 24, 2023

現代國語:

近日,美國空軍發布新版《網路作戰條令》(以下簡稱條令)。美國空軍也由此成為網路空間司令部系列戰略性文件出台後,首個公佈新版作戰條令的軍種部隊。美軍在無形戰場的軍備擴張正全面鋪面。

謀求網路作戰優勢

新版條令是繼2010年首版、2011年修訂版後,美國空軍再次發布網路空間領域的綱領文件。該條令主要分為3個部分,包括美國空軍在網路空間面臨的威脅與挑戰、網路戰部隊的主要功能、力量架構。

新版條令指出,美國空軍目前面臨的威脅分為“有意破壞空軍網路資訊系統的惡意行為”和“無意但造成破壞和影響的網路活動”,並據此提出中長期存在的4項挑戰,即正在使用的商業技術和外包產品存在安全漏洞、網路空間發起的攻擊難以溯源、網路連接存在被侵入的安全隱患、網路基礎設施存在弱點。外媒稱,美國空軍刻意放大網路固有的安全風險,意在為其強化網路戰部隊建立並在該領域遂行軍事行動提供口實。

關於美國空軍網路戰部隊的主要功能,新版條令予以進一步明確。新版條令提出,美國空軍網路戰部隊既要在戰時或準戰時狀態下支援美國空軍進行網路戰攻防行動,贏得該領域競爭優勢和作戰優勢,也要在平時的非武裝衝突類軍事活動中發揮作用。

美國空軍網路作戰樣式主要為網路空間攻防作戰及美國國防部資訊網路運作維護,其主要作戰力量為第16航空隊。該部隊由負責網路空間的第24航空隊和負責全球情報、監視和偵察的第25航空隊合併組建,其不僅擔負美國空軍的網路戰和電子戰任務,也是美軍網路司令部的空軍分支。

新版條令稱,根據美軍軍政軍令分離的體制結構,第16航空隊由美軍網路司令部指揮,遂行作戰行動的流程由該司令部製定。此外,為明確軍種部隊和職能司令部間的關係,該航空隊下設第616作戰指揮中心,負責將美軍網絡司令部賦予的任務及受支援戰區的需求和協作事項,轉化為空軍網絡戰任務部隊的計劃、方案和目標,並對接後續評估工作。

融入聯合作戰體系

除了3個主要部分外,新版條令也聚焦在美國空軍網路戰部隊應融入「一體化威懾」和聯合作戰體系。其中,第16航空隊將整合情報偵察監視、電子戰和資訊戰力量,為美國空軍行動創造“資訊環境優勢”,以在武裝衝突中取得先機。

新版條令指出,美國空軍在網路空間的軍事行動和作戰計畫應融入聯合部隊的作戰方案,充分考慮跨機構合作、戰場物理域和網路域連動效應,及國家情報體系支撐下的資訊共享。

為了更好地融入聯合作戰,新版條令明確美國空軍網路戰部隊的軍事術語,將網路空間作戰效能評估分為戰術、戰役和戰略,以體現不同層級作戰行動的目標效果。依據美軍參聯會的聯合作戰條令,引入「藍色」「紅色」和「灰色」的作戰對手標註術語,分別表示網路空間的盟友、對手和中立方。以「網路空間關鍵地形」指稱可為網路戰任務分隊提供絕對優勢的網路空間區域。

「網路空間控制」這個概念,則將美軍聯合作戰中「指揮與控制」應用至新領域,並結合對對手網路資訊領域的影響程度,把控制等級由低至高劃分為「均勢」「優勢」「統治」3個等級,這與美軍聯合部隊「弱」「中」指標「強」3個作戰指標略有差別。

外媒稱,在美軍網絡司令部“主宰網絡域”準則引導下,美國空軍網絡戰部隊與聯合作戰體系中的術語概念“對錶”,可以使軍種指揮官及聯合部隊指揮官更好地運用網絡戰部隊這一“混合戰”力量。

多點發力加強建設

隨著新版條令出爐,美國空軍成為美軍首個修訂網路戰綱領的軍種部隊,這也標誌著美軍已將加強網路空間軍備建設的舉措延伸至作戰部隊。

報道稱,就在美國空軍出台新版條令的同時,美國海軍公佈了隸屬於網絡司令部的第10艦隊實力,該部隊下轄1.4萬名現役、文職和預備役人員,在全球有28個現役指揮部、40支網絡任務部隊和27個預備役指揮部。美國海軍網路戰部隊在美軍各軍兵種中規模最大,美國空軍或將效法海軍體制,建構該軍種的力量結構。美軍在網路空間領域的一系列舉動,將助長該領域軍備擴張態勢。

今年以來,美軍網路司令部相繼發布《國防部資訊網路聯合部隊指揮部任務說明》《海岸防衛隊網路司令部任務說明》等系列文件,豐富網路戰部隊發展計畫。

美軍網路司令部計畫邀請美國國防部聯合互通性測試司令部擔任「聯合網路空間作戰架構」的測試機構,以提高網路太空領域的聯合作戰能力,並擬於4月下旬牽頭承辦北約「鎖盾」網路安全聯合軍演。同時,美國也拉印度、韓國進行網路空間和數位政策的軍事領域研究。

此外,美國空軍也將提升網路戰能力的目標落實到軍事院校。美國空軍大學網路學院要求學員至少選修3門資訊與網路空間相關的課程,空軍戰爭學院則在通用課程中正式編入網路戰等教學內容。

中國軍網 國防部網
2023年2月24日 星期五

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/gfbmap/content/2023-02/24/content_334361888.htm

Advanced Military Satellite Navigation for China’s Intelligent Battlefield

先進軍用衛星導航協助中國智慧戰場

現代英語:

The satellite navigation system, also known as the global satellite navigation system, is an air-based radio navigation and positioning system that can provide users with all-weather three-dimensional coordinates, speed and time information at any location on the earth’s surface or in near-Earth space.

The satellite navigation system is an important space infrastructure for mankind. It is an indispensable tool for a country’s national security and economic and social development. It has a profound impact on the form of war, combat style, and people’s production and lifestyle.

At present, there are four major global satellite navigation systems in the world, namely, the United States’ GPS, Russia’s GLONASS, Europe’s Galileo and China’s Beidou. Global competition in satellite navigation technology is becoming increasingly fierce.

Standing at a new starting point of profound changes in the world’s military, and looking at the future battlefield with a high degree of integration of informatization and intelligence, intelligent navigation systems will come into being and play an important role.

Satellite navigation becomes a “standard” element of the intelligent battlefield

The future intelligent battlefield will present the characteristics of high-tech warfare, which will comprehensively use intelligent weapons and means under information conditions, realize efficient command and control, and implement precise and flexible strikes. Satellite navigation technology can provide high-precision, all-weather, large-scale and multi-purpose positioning, navigation and timing services for various objects on land, sea, air and space.

Provide a unified time and space benchmark for systematic operations. For the intelligent battlefield, there are many linked elements and the situation changes rapidly, which requires accurate positioning of combat units to achieve intelligence reconnaissance, command and control, battlefield maneuvers, offensive and defensive operations, and support and guarantee under a unified time and space benchmark, ensuring that all elements of the entire battlefield form a coordinated organic whole.

The basic function of satellite navigation is to provide accurate time and space references for various combat elements. Without an accurate and unified time and space reference, the precise command of joint operations may be out of balance, combat operations may be out of control, and intelligence fusion and target identification cannot be achieved. If the time error is one hundredth of a second, a target locked by more than a dozen radars will become more than a dozen targets, and accurate defense and counterattack will not be possible.

Under a unified standard time and geographic coordinate system, satellite navigation provides precision guidance for various weapon platforms, fine frequency calibration for electronic warfare weapons, and all-weather positioning and navigation for individual combatants, significantly improving the coordination and strike effectiveness of joint firepower strikes.

Provide synchronous situation cognition for combat command and control. Accurately grasping the battlefield situation is the premise and basis for commanders to flexibly and accurately implement command and control. The satellite navigation system provides strong support for battlefield situation awareness.

Since the 1990s, the U.S. military has developed a “Blue Force Tracking” system based on GPS and satellite communications to build a precise command and control system. The “Blue Force Tracking” system has effectively supported the U.S. military in forming a networked information advantage on the ground battlefield and effectively solved the problem of “where are we, our friends, and our enemies?”

Relying on the two major services of navigation positioning and position reporting of the global satellite network, the military has realized battlefield situation monitoring and sharing, which has become an important means for the military to “know itself”. At the same time, it has optimized the combat operation process, realized the issuance of combat orders at the minute level, and accelerated the development of the military’s command and control mode towards “integration” and “flattening”.

Providing a tool to enhance the precision strike of weapons and ammunition. In the intelligent battlefield, precision-guided weapons have become the “trump card” that determines victory or defeat. Using the satellite navigation system, the flight process of the missile can be corrected throughout to ensure the accuracy of the hit. It can be said that the satellite navigation system is a tool to enhance the precision strike of weapon platforms.

In recent local wars, the proportion of GPS precision-guided weapons of the US military has continued to rise: 7.6% in the Gulf War in 1991, 35% in the Kosovo War in 1999, 60% in the Afghanistan War in 2001, 68.3% in the Iraq War in 2003, and 100% in the Syrian War in 2018.

Intelligent battlefield requires satellite navigation to have new “responsibilities”

As the core and cornerstone of the precise and unified space-time system, the modern satellite navigation system must take on new responsibilities in response to the development needs of future intelligent battlefields.

In the era of intelligence, new combat elements represented by “AI, cloud, network, group, and terminal” will reconstruct the battlefield ecology and completely change the winning mechanism of war. Satellite navigation services need to adapt to the characteristics of the intelligent battlefield with wider dimensions, higher precision, and stronger system.

Navigation positioning and timing have a wider range and higher accuracy. The current satellite navigation system has achieved coverage of the earth’s surface. However, on the intelligent battlefield, it needs to extend to deep space and under the sea. The combat time domain and air domain are wider, requiring the construction of a comprehensive service system covering land, sea, air and space, with unified standards, high efficiency and intelligence, to form time and space information coverage at all times and everywhere, and to achieve more powerful, safer and more reliable time and space service capabilities.

For example, in the intelligent battlefield, unmanned combat has become the basic form. Autonomous driving of unmanned vehicles, precision approach of drones, and measurement of intelligent missile positions all urgently need to be improved by an order of magnitude on the basis of existing navigation accuracy to ensure higher navigation integrity, faster first positioning time, and stronger cross-domain capabilities of land, sea, air, and space.

The military navigation confrontation system is more complete and more powerful. The means of navigation confrontation in the information age is a simple confrontation form based on signal energy enhancement and interference attack. Navigation in the intelligent era is intertwined with detection, perception, communication, command, and decision-making. It requires a navigation capability level with higher power and faster effectiveness in any region of the world, the ability to intelligently adjust navigation signals, and the development of multiple navigation means such as quantum navigation, pulsar navigation, and deep-sea navigation. It is necessary to integrate navigation methods with different principles, methods, and carriers to achieve navigation confrontation capabilities at the system level and system level.

The bandwidth of navigation information interaction is larger and the access is wider. In the intelligent era, the role of cyberspace in the combat system is gradually increasing, and it is integrated with the navigation space-time system. The navigation information and cyberspace system that provide space-time position will connect the scattered combat forces and combat elements into a whole, forming a networked and systematic combat capability. This requires support for ubiquitous perception, left-right collaboration, and reliable and reconfigurable navigation capabilities, support for highly reliable, highly anti-interference, and readily accessible signaling channels, and timely acquisition of required navigation auxiliary information such as geography, maps, and images. On this basis, the real integration of communication and navigation is realized, achieving the effect of “one domain combat, multi-domain support”.

Adapting to the needs of military intelligence development and promoting the construction of intelligent navigation system

Judging from the development trend of the world’s military powers, facing the future intelligent battlefield, intelligent navigation systems are gradually building a space-time reference network and navigation information service network that integrates the earth and the sky, with space-based, systematized, on-demand and cloud-based as the main characteristics, forming a comprehensive navigation, positioning and timing system with unified reference, seamless coverage, security and reliability, high efficiency and convenience, and strong practicality.

The core of the transformation from a basic navigation system to an intelligent navigation system is to upgrade from “positioning navigation service” to “intelligent navigation service”, and the focus is on achieving the following four aspects of transformation:

The space-time benchmark is shifting from relying on ground systems to autonomous space-time benchmark maintenance. The space-time benchmark maintenance equipment of the ground system will gradually be transferred to the satellite, and the satellite will be equipped with higher-precision optical clocks and astronomical measurement equipment to form a more stable and reliable space-based space benchmark through high-precision anchoring and laser intersatellite measurement. The use of intelligent navigation systems can make ordinary navigation positioning accuracy reach sub-meter level, the timing accuracy will be increased by about 5 times, and the precision positioning service can achieve fast convergence of centimeter-level accuracy. Intelligent navigation can fully support the cross-domain integration of combat platforms, the doubling of the effectiveness of distributed lethal weapons, and the precise navigation of the entire process of air-space integrated drones from cruising to precision approach.

The satellite power confrontation mode is transformed into a navigation system confrontation. In terms of navigation confrontation services, the traditional satellite power confrontation mode will no longer meet the needs of the intelligent battlefield. Navigation system confrontation is the only way for the development of intelligent equipment in order to enhance the ability of troops to quickly adapt to the battlefield environment. Specifically, it includes precise release of navigation performance, heterogeneous backup of constellations, and global hotspot mobility. The main features are intelligent navigation signals and flexible theater reinforcements. Based on controllable point beam energy enhancement technology, energy delivery in hotspot areas, enhanced area expansion, deception or blocking interference, and digital transmission service guarantee are realized. In a high-interference and blocking environment, ensure service continuity and accuracy, and gradually release strength as the war progresses.

The simple integration of communication and navigation will be transformed into integrated on-demand services. It will provide deeper and broader navigation information services, deeply integrate into the military information network, and provide high, medium and low-speed classified and hierarchical navigation information services to users on land, sea, air and space. Reuse the favorable conditions of global multiple continuous coverage of navigation satellites to meet users’ communication and navigation needs in a global range and in any posture, and realize high reliability and strong interference-resistant search and rescue, position reporting, and signaling transmission. The navigation satellite space-based network interacts with the ground network information to build inter-satellite and satellite-to-ground high-speed backbone networks. Through miniaturized laser terminals and enhanced space routers, a stable and reliable space network is formed, equipped with a complete and standardized protocol system to support the autonomous and intelligent operation of hybrid constellation networks.

The computing resources of payload modules are separated and transformed into cloud computing resources of constellation. It will provide more intelligent space-based cloud computing services and reliable space-based intelligent support for intelligent weapon platforms. The main features are virtualization of onboard hardware resources and balancing of task loads. Through the configuration of public onboard computing modules, large-capacity storage units, and high-speed bus networks on navigation satellites, a ubiquitous space network shared resource pool is formed. The powerful data processing capability can support the autonomous establishment and maintenance of space-based space-time benchmarks, intelligent maintenance of navigation signal quality, and autonomous management of space networks. At the same time, it can provide computing, push, and storage services for complex information such as spatial position for various high-end users in the sky, air, land, and sea.

(The author is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering)

Above: Schematic diagram of satellite navigation system supporting operations.

Friday, November 12, 2021 // China Military Network Ministry of National Defense Network

現代國語:

衛星導航系統,即全球衛星導航系統,是能在地球表面或近地空間任何地點,為使用者提供全天候三維座標和速度以及時間資訊的空基無線電導航定位系統。

衛星導航系統是人類重要的太空基礎設施,堪稱一個國家安全和經濟社會發展不可或缺的重器,對戰爭形態、作戰樣式和人們生產生活方式有深遠影響。

目前,全球有四大全球衛星導航系統,分別是美國的GPS、俄羅斯的格洛納斯、歐洲的伽利略和中國的北斗,衛星導航技術全球競爭日益激烈。

站在世界軍事深刻變革的新起點,瞭望資訊化智能化高度融合的未來戰場,智慧導航體系將應運而生,並發揮重要作用。

衛星導航成為智慧化戰場的「標配」要素

未來智慧化戰場,將呈現資訊化條件下綜合運用智慧化武器和手段、實現高效指揮控制及實施精確靈巧打擊的高技術作戰特性。衛星導航技術,能高精度、全天候、大範圍、多用途地為陸、海、空、天各種物件提供定位、導航、授時服務。

為體系化作戰提供統一時空基準。對於智慧化戰場來說,連結要素多、情況瞬息萬變,要求對作戰單元進行準確定位,實現統一時空基準下的情報偵察、指揮控制、戰場機動、攻防行動、支援保障,確保整個戰場各類要素形成統籌協調的有機整體。

衛星導航的基本功能是,為各個作戰要素提供精確的時空基準。如果沒有精確統一的時空基準,聯合作戰精準指揮可能失調,作戰行動就可能失控,情報融合、目標辨識就無法實現。時間誤差百分之一秒,十幾部雷達鎖定的一個目標就會變成十幾個目標,精準防禦反擊將無法實現。

在統一標準時間與地理座標系下,衛星導航提供各類武器平台精確導引,給予電子戰武器精細校頻,給予作戰單兵全天候定位導航,顯著提升聯合火力打擊的協同程度、打擊效能。

為作戰指揮控制提供態勢同步認知。準確掌握戰場態勢,是指揮官靈活準確實施指揮控制的前提與基礎。衛星導航系統為戰場態勢感知提供了強大支撐。

美軍從1990年代開始,研發以GPS和衛星通訊為基礎的「藍軍追蹤」系統,用來建構精確化指揮控制系統。 「藍軍追蹤」系統有力支撐著美軍形成地面戰場網路化資訊優勢,有效解決了「我、友、敵在哪裡」的難題。

軍隊依托全球衛星網路的導航定位和位置報告兩大服務,實現了戰場態勢監視共享,成為軍隊「知己」的重要手段。同時,優化了作戰行動流程,實現了作戰指令分秒下達,加速了軍隊指揮控制方式向「一體化」「扁平化」方向發展。

為武器彈藥精準打擊提供增效利器。在智慧化戰場上,精確導引武器已成為關乎勝負的「撒手鐧」。使用衛星導航系統,能對飛彈的飛行過程進行全程修正,確保命中精度。可以說,衛星導航系統是武器平台精準打擊的增效利器。

在近幾場局部戰爭中,美軍GPS精確導引武器比例不斷攀升:1991年海灣戰爭為7.6%,1999年科索沃戰爭為35%,2001年阿富汗戰爭為60%,2003年伊拉克戰爭為68.3%,2018年敘利亞戰爭達100%。

智慧化戰場需要衛星導航有新的“擔當”

現代衛星導航系統作為精確統一時空體系的核心與基石,面向未來智慧化戰場的發展需求,要有新的「擔當」。

智能化時代,以「AI、雲、網、群、端」為代表的全新作戰要素,將重建戰場生態,完全改變戰爭的勝利機制。衛星導航服務,需要適應智慧化戰場維度更廣、精準度更高、系統更強的特性。

導航定位授時範圍更廣精度更高。目前的衛星導航系統,實現了地球表面覆蓋。但在智慧化戰場上,需要向深空、海下延伸。作戰時域空域更廣,要求建構覆蓋陸海空天、基準統一、高效智慧的綜合服務體系,形成無時不有、無所不在的時空資訊覆蓋,實現更強大、更安全、更可靠的時空服務能力。

如智慧化戰場上,無人化作戰成為基本形態。無人車自動駕駛、無人機精密進場、智慧飛彈陣地測量等,都迫切需要在現有導航精度基礎上再提升一個量級,確保導航完好性更高、首次定位時間更快、陸海空天跨域能力更強。

軍事導航對抗體系更全更給力。資訊時代的導航對抗手段,是以訊號能量增強與幹擾攻擊為主的簡單對抗形態。智慧時代的導航與探測、感知、通訊、指揮、決策相互交織影響,需要全球任意區域、功率更高、生效更快的導航能力水平,需要導航訊號智慧調整能力,需要發展量子導航、脈衝星導航、深海導航等多元導航手段,把不同原理、不同方式、不同載體的導航方法融合在一起,實現體系級、系統級的導航對抗能力。

導航資訊互動頻寬更大存取更廣。智慧時代的網路空間,在作戰體系中地位作用逐步上升,並與導航時空體系合為一體。提供時空位置的導航資訊與網路空間系統,將把分散的作戰力量、作戰要素連結為一個整體,形成網路化體系化作戰能力。這就需要支援泛在感知、左右協作、可信賴的導航能力,支援高可靠、強抗干擾、隨遇接取的訊號通道,及時取得所需的地理、地圖和影像等導航輔助資訊。在此基礎上,實現真正意義上的通訊導航一體化,達到「一域作戰、多域支援」效果。

適應軍事智慧化發展需要推動智慧導航體系建設

從世界軍事強國發展趨勢來看,面向未來智慧化戰場,智慧導航系統在逐步建構天地一體化的時空基準網和導航資訊服務網,以天基化、體系化、按需化、雲端化為主要特徵,形成基準統一、覆蓋無縫、安全可信、高效便捷、實戰性強的綜合導航定位授時體系。

從基本導航系統轉變為智慧導航系統,其核心是從“定位導航服務”升級為“智慧導航服務”,並專注於以下4個面向轉變:

時空基準依賴地面系統維持轉變為時空基準天基自主維持。地面系統時空基準維持設備將逐步向星上轉移,衛星將配置更高精度的光鐘、天文測量設備,透過高精度錨固和雷射星間測量,形成更穩定可靠的天基空間基準。智慧導航系統的使用,可使一般導航定位精度達到亞米級,授時精度將提升5倍左右,精密定位服務達到快速收斂的公分精度。智慧導航可完整支撐作戰平台跨域融合、分散式殺傷武器效能倍增、空天一體無人機從巡航到精密進場的全過程精準導航。

衛星功率對抗模式向導航體系化對抗轉變。在導航對抗服務方面,傳統的衛星功率對抗模式將不再滿足智慧化戰場需求,導航體系化對抗是智慧裝備發展的必經之路,以便提升部隊快速適應戰場環境能力。具體包括導航性能精準釋放、星座異構備份、全球熱點機動,主要特徵是導航訊號智能化、戰區增援靈活化。基於可控制點波束能量增強技術,實現熱點區域能量傳遞、增強區域擴展、欺騙或阻塞幹擾、數傳服務保障。在高幹擾阻塞環境下,確保服務連續性和精確度,並隨著戰事進程逐步釋放實力。

通訊導航簡單整合向通導一體按需服務轉變。將提供更深更廣的導航資訊服務,深度融入軍事資訊網絡,向陸、海、空、天用戶的高、中、低速分類分層次導航資訊服務。重複利用導航衛星全球多重連續覆蓋的有利條件,滿足用戶在全球範圍、任意姿態的通導需求,實現高可靠性、抗強幹擾的搜救、位置報告、信令傳輸。導航衛星天基網路與地面網路資訊交互,建構星間、星地高速骨幹網路。透過小型化雷射終端和增強型空間路由器,形成穩定可靠的空間網絡,裝載完備、標準統一的協議體系,支援混合星座網絡自主智慧運作。

載重模組運算資源分離向星座運算資源雲端化轉變。將提供更智慧的天基雲端運算服務,為智慧武器平台提供可信賴的天基智慧支撐。主要特徵是,星載硬體資源虛擬化、任務負載平衡化。透過導航衛星配置公用的星載運算模組、大容量儲存單元、高速匯流排網絡,形成泛在的空間網路共享資源池。強大的資料處理能力,在支撐天基時空基準自主建立與維持、導航訊號品質智慧維持、空間網路自主管理等任務功能的同時,可為天、空、地、海各類高階用戶,提供空間位置等複雜資訊的運算、推播與儲存服務。

(作者係中國工程院院士)

上圖:衛星導航系統支援作戰示意圖。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-11/12/content_302917888.htm

Chinese Military Evaluation of Foreign Armed Forces Perspectives on Multi-domain Operations

中國軍方對外軍多域作戰觀點的評估

現代英語:

The opening of each combat domain will inevitably lead to a new round of changes in combat methods. Driven by the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution characterized by intelligence, ubiquity and integration, emerging combat domains such as space, cyberspace, electromagnetic spectrum, and cognitive space have an increasing impact on future operations. The concept of “multi-domain combat” has emerged through cross-domain collaboration with traditional land, sea, and air combat domains to achieve complementary advantages and system efficiency, and is becoming a new combat theory that adapts to the evolution of war forms.

The concept of “multi-domain combat” was first proposed by the US military. Subsequently, the United Kingdom, France, and other NATO member states have developed the concept of “multi-domain combat” in different forms. Israel was the first to apply the concept of “multi-domain operations” in actual combat. The Russian army innovatively proposed its own “multi-domain operations” theory from the perspective of its opponents. At present, the concept of “multi-domain operations” has become an important concept that triggers a new round of changes and transformations in foreign military operations.

The concept of “multi-domain operations” is a new operational concept first proposed by the US Army and jointly promoted by other services based on the changes in operational methods in the information age.

The US military believes that the winning mechanism of the concept of “multi-domain operations” is to form multiple advantages in a specific time window through the rapid and continuous integration of all war domains (land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace) and force the enemy into a dilemma. The U.S. Army proposed to be guided by the idea of ​​”global integrated operations” and the concept of “cross-domain collaboration”, and strive to form an asymmetric advantage in future wars through “multi-domain operations”. The multi-domain task force (brigade level) will be the core combat force of the U.S. Army to implement multi-domain operations, integrating artillery, land-based tactical missiles, land aviation, cyberspace, electromagnetic spectrum, space and air defense forces, and forming multi-domain combat capabilities through cross-domain mixed formations. The U.S. Air Force actively responded to the concept of “multi-domain operations”, focused on building a joint combat command and control system, proposed the concept of multi-domain command and control, and focused on developing advanced combat management systems, sinking multi-domain operations to the tactical level to improve the agility and cross-domain collaboration capabilities of future operations. The U.S. Navy has absorbed the core idea of ​​the “multi-domain combat” concept, proposed to build an “integrated global maritime military force”, focused on developing the “distributed lethality” combat concept, and proposed to strengthen the design and exercise of global combat.

The U.S. Department of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff have gathered the ideas and mechanisms of the new combat concept of “multi-domain combat” of the military services, and proposed the top-level concept of “global combat”, aiming to form a new round of asymmetric advantages, lead the transformation of combat methods and military transformation. The global combat concept is centered on joint global command and control, aiming to integrate traditional combat domains with space, cyberspace, electromagnetic spectrum, air defense and anti-missile and cognitive domain capabilities, and compete with global competitors in a full-spectrum environment. It is reported that the concept is still in its infancy and is undergoing theoretical deepening, experimental verification, exercise evaluation and doctrine transformation, and is constantly enriching its conceptual core through multiple work lines. Among them, the US Joint Chiefs of Staff leads the transformation of concepts into policies, doctrines and requirements; the Air Force promotes the concept to maturity by developing advanced combat management systems, the Army by implementing the “Convergence Project”, and the Navy by launching the “Transcendence Project”. The US theater supports the development of multi-domain combat concepts and multi-domain combat modes through war games, project demonstrations and joint exercises.

Based on the perspective of reference and integration, NATO countries such as the United Kingdom actively participated in the development and testing of the US military’s “multi-domain operations” concept, and revised the operational concept in combination with actual conditions.

The British Ministry of Defense proposed the concept of “multi-domain integration”, which is consistent with the concept mechanism of the US military’s “multi-domain operations”, focusing on integrating operations in different domains and at different levels, preparing for the development of a joint force and maintaining competitive advantages in 2030 and beyond. The British Ministry of Defense pointed out that “integrating capabilities in different domains and at different levels through information systems, creating and utilizing synergies to gain relative advantages is the winning mechanism of the multi-domain integration concept.” The concept emphasizes gaining information advantages, shaping strategic postures, building a multi-domain combat environment, and creating and utilizing synergies. The concept raises four specific issues: how to provide an advantage over rivals by 2030 and beyond through “multi-domain integration”; how to achieve cross-domain integration of the Ministry of Defense in cooperation with allies, governments and civilian departments; how to solve the policy issues involved in the concept of “multi-domain integration”; how to promote research on defense concepts, capabilities and war development. With this as a starting point, the British Army has launched a multi-faceted, step-by-step, and systematic military transformation.

Other NATO countries are also jointly developing and innovatively applying the concept of “multi-domain operations” to varying degrees, and promoting the transformation and implementation of the concept of “multi-domain operations” in the form of joint exercises and allied cooperation. In 2019, the US Army led the “Joint Operational Assessment (2019)” exercise, which aimed to assess the combat capabilities of the Indo-Pacific Command’s multi-domain task force. Forces from France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and other countries formed a multinational task force to participate in the exercise, which assessed the multi-domain combat concepts, formations and capabilities in the combat environment from 2025 to 2028. In October 2019, the NATO Joint Air Power Competition Center held a meeting on “Shaping NATO’s Future Multi-Domain Combat Posture”. In order to shape NATO’s future multi-domain combat posture, it explored and studied military thinking, multi-domain combat forces, multi-domain combat operations and training joint forces. In June 2020, the NATO Command and Control Center of Excellence released a white paper on the Multi-Domain Operations Command and Control Demonstration Platform, which aims to respond to threats and challenges in multiple operational domains with a decentralized, data-driven integrated environment by bridging the command and control gap between technology and operators, tactics and campaign levels, and academia and the military.

Based on the perspective of its opponents, the Russian army seeks a way to crack it on the one hand, and on the other hand, based on the winning mechanism of “cross-domain operations”, it combines its own characteristics to innovate combat theories

After the US military proposed the concept of “multi-domain operations”, the Russian army actively sought a way to crack it based on its own security interests. In December 2020, the Russian magazine “Air and Space Power Theory and Practice” published an article titled “Argument for the Use of Aviation Power to Break the Enemy’s Large-Scale Joint Air Strikes in Multi-Domain Operations”, which stated that large-scale joint air strikes are the initial stage for NATO countries to implement multi-domain operations. Large-scale coordinated operations will be carried out against Russia’s most important key facilities, creating conditions for subsequent decisive actions by NATO joint armed forces. The Russian army must comprehensively use the reconnaissance and strike system composed of the aviation forces of the theater forces to cause unbearable losses to the enemy, break its large-scale joint air strikes, and force NATO’s initial stage goals of multi-domain operations to fail to be achieved, causing NATO’s political and military leadership to abandon the attempt to continue to implement multi-domain operations.

On the other hand, the Russian army proposed the “military unified information space” theory for the new combat method of “cross-domain combat”. Its core idea is: to use modern information technology to establish a networked command and control system to achieve the deep integration of the army’s command, communication, reconnaissance, firepower, support and other elements, thereby improving the battlefield situation perception capability and combat command efficiency. The Russian military continues to promote theoretical development around the realization of cross-domain combat capabilities: first, relying on the unified information space of the army to establish a network-centric command model; second, introducing artificial intelligence into the command and control system to achieve the unification of the physical domain and the cognitive domain; third, developing network, space and underwater combat forces to gain advantages in emerging combat fields; fourth, establishing a unified military standard system to enhance the interoperability of forces and weapons. The Russian military has not completely absorbed the Western concept of “multi-domain combat”, nor has it completely denied the beneficial elements of the Western “multi-domain combat”, but has combined its own absorption of some advanced combat ideas of “multi-domain combat” to enrich its own unique combat theory.

Based on the perspective of combat needs, Israel took the lead in applying the concept of “multi-domain combat” on the Gaza battlefield, and used the multi-domain combat force “Ghost” as the main combat force.

The Israeli army believes that multi-domain joint combat is an inevitable trend in the development of future wars. For Israel, which mainly relies on ground combat, by integrating land, air, cyberspace, electromagnetic spectrum and sea elite forces, it can quickly identify, track and destroy enemy targets, and further improve the lethality of the Israeli army. This concept is in line with the concept of “multi-domain combat” proposed by the US Army. Under the guidance of this concept, the Israeli army formed the “Ghost” force and took the lead in actual combat testing on the Gaza battlefield. In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in May 2021, Israel used the “Ghost” combat battalion for the first time to implement multi-domain operations in the code-named “Wall Guardian” operation against Hamas, which was called the world’s first “artificial intelligence war”. The Israeli army mainly relied on machine learning and data collection in this war, and artificial intelligence became a key component of combat and a force multiplier for the first time. In the operation to clear the Hamas tunnel network, the Israeli army used big data fusion technology to pre-identify and target, and then dispatched 160 fighter jets to carry out precise strikes, which greatly destroyed the Hamas tunnel network and achieved air control over the ground; in the attack on Hamas rocket launchers, the Israeli fighter pilots, ground intelligence forces and naval forces used command and control systems to quickly find targets and carry out real-time precise strikes, quickly shaping a favorable battle situation.

According to the Israeli army, the “Ghost” force is very different from traditional forces in terms of combat organization, weapon configuration and combat methods. The unit is temporarily organized under the 98th Paratrooper Division of Israel, including the brigade reconnaissance battalion, the ground forces of the Paratrooper Brigade, the armored brigade, the engineering corps, the special forces, the F-16 squadron and the Apache helicopter, as well as the “Heron” drone and other multi-domain combat forces. Through the use of multi-domain sensors and precision strike weapons, cross-domain maneuvers and strikes are achieved, “changing the battlefield situation in a very short time”. The battalion was established in July 2019. Although it is a ground force, it integrates multi-domain combat forces such as air strikes, network reconnaissance, precision firepower, electronic confrontation, intelligence interconnection and maritime assault. It is a battalion-level combat unit with division-level combat capabilities. After its establishment, the unit has continuously improved its multi-domain integration and cross-domain strike capabilities through exercises, and has quickly exerted two major functions with the support of the newly developed artificial intelligence technology platform: one is to serve as an elite weapon on the battlefield and fight in an asymmetric manner; the other is to serve as a test unit to continuously innovate and develop new combat concepts, combat theories and technical equipment, and to promote successful experiences to other units at any time.

現代國語:

褚 睿 劉瑤琦

每一個作戰域的開闢,必將引發新一輪作戰方式的變革。在以智慧、泛在、融合為特點的新一輪科技革命和產業革命的加速推動下,太空、網絡空間、電磁頻譜、認知空間等新興作戰域對未來作戰影響日益增大,透過與傳統陸、海、空作戰域跨域協同實現優勢互補、體系增效的「多域作戰理論」概念應而生,正成為適應戰爭形態演進的新型作戰理論。

「多域作戰」概念最早由美軍提出。隨後,英國、法國以及其他北約成員國均以不同形式發展「多域作戰」概念。以色列率先將「多域作戰」概念運用於實戰。俄軍從對手視角創新提出了自己的「多域作戰」理論。當前,「多域作戰」概念已成為引發外軍新一輪作戰方式變革轉型的重要概念。

「多域作戰」概念是基於資訊時代作戰方式變革,由美陸軍率先提出、其他軍種協力推進的新型作戰概念

美軍認為,透過所有戰爭領域(陸、海、空、太空、網路空間)快速且持續的整合,在特定時間窗口形成多重優勢,迫使敵人陷入困境是「多域作戰」概念的製勝機理。美陸軍提出以「全球一體化作戰」思想和「跨域協同」理念為指導,力求透過「多域作戰」方式形成未來戰爭非對稱優勢。多域特遣部隊(旅級)將是美陸軍實施多域作戰的核心作戰力量,集砲兵、陸基戰術導彈、陸航、網絡空間、電磁頻譜、太空以及防空力量於一身,通過跨域混合編組形成多域作戰能力。美空軍積極響應「多域作戰」概念,著眼於建構聯合作戰指揮與控制體系,提出多域指揮與控制概念,聚力開發先進作戰管理系統,將多域作戰向戰術級下沉,以提高未來作戰的敏捷性和跨域協同能力。美國海軍吸納“多域作戰”概念的核心思想,提出打造“一體化全局海上軍事力量”,重點開發“分佈式殺傷”作戰概念,提出加強全局作戰設計和演習。

美國國防部和參聯會匯集軍種「多域作戰」新型作戰概念的思想與機理,提出了「全局作戰」頂層概念,旨在瞄準形成新一輪非對稱優勢,牽引作戰方式變革與軍事轉型。全局作戰概念以聯合全局指揮與控制為核心,旨在將傳統作戰域與太空、網絡空間、電磁頻譜、防空反導和認知領域等能力整合在一起,與全球性競爭對手在全頻譜的環境中競爭。據悉,該概念目前尚處於萌芽期,正在進行理論深化、試驗驗證、演習評估和條令轉化,並通過多條工作線,不斷豐富其概念內核。其中美軍參聯會領導概念向政策、條令和需求轉化;空軍通過開發先進作戰管理系統、陸軍通過實施“融合項目”、海軍通過啟動“超越項目”共同推動該概念走向成熟。美戰區透過兵棋推演、項目展示和聯合演習等形式支援多域作戰概念和多域作戰模式開發。

英國等北約國家基於借鑑與融入視角,積極參與美軍「多域作戰」概念的發展與試驗,並結合實際修訂作戰概念

英國國防部提出了「多域融合」概念,與美軍「多域作戰」概念機理相一致,著重於整合不同領域和不同層次的作戰,為2030年及以後發展一支聯合部隊、保持競爭優勢做準備。英國國防部指出,「透過資訊系統整合不同領域和不同層級的能力,創造和利用協同效應,以獲得相對優勢,是多域融合概念的製勝機理。」該概念強調奪取資訊優勢、塑造戰略態勢、構設多域作戰環境、創造和利用協同效應。該概念提出4個具體問題:如何透過「多域融合」為2030年及以後提供超越對手的優勢;如何實現國防部與盟友、政府和民事部門合作的跨域融合;如何解決「多域融合」概念涉及的政策問題;如何促進國防概念、能力和戰爭發展方面的研究。以此為抓手,英軍開啟了多面向、分步驟、體系化的軍事轉型。

其他北約國家也正在不同程度地聯合開發和創新運用「多域作戰」概念,並以聯合演習、盟國協作等形式推動「多域作戰」概念轉化落地。 2019年美陸軍領導開展的、旨在評估印太司令部多域特遣部隊作戰能力的「聯合作戰評估(2019)」演習中,法國、加拿大、澳大利亞、新西蘭等國部隊組成多國任務組織參與其中,評估了2025-2028年作戰環境下的多域作戰概念、編組、能力。 2019年10月,北約聯合空中力量競爭中心召開了「塑造北約未來的多域作戰態勢」會議,為塑造北約未來多域作戰態勢,從軍事思想、多域作戰力量、多域作戰行動和訓練聯合部隊等方面進行了探索和研究。 2020年6月,北約指揮控制卓越中心發布了多域作戰指揮控制演示平台白皮書,旨在通過彌合技術和作戰人員、戰術和戰役層面、學術界和軍方之間的指揮控制鴻溝,以分散、數據驅動的綜合環境來應對多個作戰域的威脅與挑戰。

俄軍基於對手視角,一方面尋求破解之道,另一方面基於「跨域作戰」制勝機理,結合自身特點創新作戰理論

美軍提出「多域作戰」概念後,俄軍基於自身安全利益考量,積極尋求破解之道。 2020年12月,俄羅斯《空天力量理論與實踐》雜志刊發《論證運用航空力量打破敵方多域作戰中大規模聯合空襲》的文章,認為大規模聯合空襲是北約國家實施多域作戰的初始階段,將對俄羅斯最為重要的關鍵設施實施大規模協同作戰,為北約聯合武裝力量後續決定性行動創造條件。俄軍必須綜合運用戰區部隊的航空力量組成的偵察打擊系統,給敵造成無法承受的損失,打破其大規模聯合空襲,迫使北約多域作戰初始階段目標無法實現,致使北約政治軍事領導層放棄繼續實施多域作戰的企圖。

另一方面,俄軍針對「跨域作戰」這種新型作戰方式,提出了「軍隊統一資訊空間」理論,其核心思想是:利用現代資訊技術建立網絡化的指揮控制系統,以實現全軍指揮、通信、偵察、火力、保障等要素的深度融合,進而提升戰場態勢感知能力與作戰指揮效率。圍繞實現跨域作戰能力,俄軍持續推進理論開發:一是依托軍隊統一資訊空間,建立網絡中心指揮模式;二是將人工智慧引入指揮控制系統,實現物理域與認知域的統一;三是發展網絡、太空和水下作戰力量,爭取新興作戰領域優勢;四是建立統一的軍事標準體系,提升兵力兵器互操作能力。俄軍沒有全盤吸收西方「多域作戰」概念,也沒有全盤否定西方「多域作戰」有益成分,而是結合自身將「多域​​作戰」的一些先進作戰思想吸收,充實自身特色的作戰理論。

以色列基於作戰需求視角,率先運用「多域作戰」概念於加薩戰場,將多域作戰力量「幽靈」部隊作為主要作戰力量

以軍認為,多域聯合作戰是未來戰爭發展的必然趨勢,對於以地面作戰為主的以色列而言,透過整合陸上、空中、網絡空間、電磁頻譜和海上精銳力量,迅速識別、追踪和摧毀敵方目標,能夠進一步提高以軍的殺傷力。這一理念與美陸軍提出的「多域作戰」概念一脈相承。在這一理念的指導下,以軍組建了「幽靈」部隊,並率先在加薩戰場上進行了實戰檢驗。在2021年5月的巴以沖突中,以色列在對哈馬斯的代號為「城牆衛士」行動中首次運用「幽靈」戰鬥營實施了多域作戰,被稱為世界上第一場「人工智慧戰爭」。以軍在這場戰爭中主要依靠機器學習和數據收集,人工智慧首次成為作戰的關鍵組成部分和力量倍增器。在對哈馬斯地道網的清除行動中,以軍通過大數據融合技術進行預先識別和瞄準,而後出動戰機160架次進行精確打擊,極大破壞了哈馬斯的地道網,實現以空制地;在對哈馬斯火箭發射裝置的打擊中,以軍戰鬥機飛行員、地面情報部隊和海軍部隊之間使用和控制系統,快速指揮目標

根據以軍的說法,「幽靈」部隊在作戰編成、武器配置和作戰方式等方面與傳統部隊迥然不同。該部隊編制暫屬以色列第98傘兵師,包括旅偵察營、傘兵旅的地面部隊,裝甲旅、工程兵、特種部隊,F-16中隊和阿帕奇直升機,以及“蒼鷺”無人機等多域作戰力量,通過使用多域傳感器和精確打擊武器,實現跨域機動與打擊,“在極短時間內改變戰場局勢”。該營成立於2019年7月,雖然是一支地面部隊,但它整合了空中打擊、網絡偵防、精確火力、電子對抗、情報互聯以及海上突擊等多域作戰力量,是具備師旅級作戰能力的營級作戰單元。該部隊組建以後,不斷通過演習提升多域融合和跨域打擊能力,並在新開發的人工智能技術平台的支撐下迅速發揮兩大功能:一是在戰場上作為精兵利器,以非對稱方式作戰;二是作為試驗部隊,不斷創新和發展新型作戰概念、作戰理論和技術裝備,隨時將成功經驗推廣到其他部隊。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/xxqj_207719/xxjt/ll/10068139888.html

Operational Window: Chinese Military New Perspectives for Implementing Cross-Domain Collaborative Operations

作戰窗口:中國軍隊實施跨域協同作戰的新視角

現代英語:

The combat window refers to the time and space range that is chosen to stimulate the effectiveness of the system’s combat cycle and is conducive to the joint combat force’s implementation of cross-domain coordinated operations. The concept of combat window comes from fighter jets. It is an innovative development of the theory of joint combat command under the new situation. It will be more widely used than fighter jets in combat command activities. Whether the selection of fighter jets in the confrontation of the joint combat force system can be regarded as a form of “combat window” directly affects the commander’s vision. In the complex and changeable information battlefield environment, the combat window has gradually become a new basis for the joint combat force to implement cross-domain coordinated operations, which is of great significance for seizing the initiative on the battlefield and shaping a favorable situation.

Constructing a combat window to highlight the comprehensiveness of cross-domain collaborative combat preparations

The theater joint command should closely follow the combat missions, opponents, and environment, firmly grasp the strategic and campaign initiative, strengthen the pre-positioning of joint combat resources, actively optimize the battlefield environment, and create conditions for establishing combat windows.

Carry out careful and continuous joint reconnaissance around the operational window. The time and space scope of the operational window includes the time interval and the strike area for attacking enemy targets. Among them, the strike area is generally centered on the strike target, which refers to a relatively closed space that can regulate the system combat forces to maintain comprehensive control over the local battlefield and is suitable for attacking enemy node targets. In order to ensure the smooth implementation of operations in the operational window area, its periphery can be divided into warning patrol areas, interception and annihilation areas, and defensive combat areas to provide support and guarantee for it. The joint command agency should focus on the reporting needs of priority intelligence and warning information in the operational window, and comprehensively use the reconnaissance and early warning forces and means of various services to implement careful, continuous and focused joint reconnaissance to obtain intelligence and warning information in the operational window area and its peripheral areas. If necessary, strategic reconnaissance and early warning forces can be coordinated to provide intelligence support, eliminate reconnaissance and early warning blind spots in the time and space of the operational window, and ensure that the flow of intelligence and warning information from acquisition to use is efficient and stable.

Predict the combat window and timely adjust the cycle plan of the combat readiness training of the task force. The scale and intensity of the high alert state maintained by the task forces of various services and arms greatly restricts the time and space scope of the combat window. Periodically maintaining a high state of alert requires the task forces of various services and arms to manage and operate in accordance with the state of war, which is an important indicator of the combat effectiveness of the task force. At present, the task force should carry out daily management and training in accordance with the three states of combat readiness, training, and preparation. The purpose is to ensure that a considerable number of combat-capable forces can carry out combat window tasks at any time and continuously improve their actual combat level. Non-combat-capable forces should coordinate resources and concentrate on training to generate system combat capabilities. The preparation period is in the interval between combat readiness training. The combat personnel should be flexibly organized to rest, repair equipment and conduct necessary training to create conditions for transitioning to the training cycle or combat readiness cycle. By predicting the combat window, the theater joint command timely adjusts the cycle plan of combat readiness training for large-scale task forces, so that they are rhythmically and regularly in a high state of alert, providing a force basis for implementing window operations.

Focus on the operational window and roll out the linkage operation of cross-domain collaborative combat plans. Since the operational window is often fleeting, the completeness of the cross-domain collaborative combat plans of various services and arms formulated around the operational window may be greatly reduced. Therefore, the theater joint command should gather the collective wisdom of commanders and their command organs, rely on the command information system, and roll out the formulation of cross-domain collaborative combat plans through systematic, procedural, and professional fast command linkage operations. Command linkage operations involve linkage operations of superior and subordinate command agencies, linkage operations of the entire process of reconnaissance, control, attack, protection, and evaluation, and human-machine interaction linkage operations. The implementation of command linkage operations should unify operational intentions, focus on operational windows, use the command operation platform for situation sharing, carry out parallel operations in a coordinated manner, conduct periodic operational planning, conduct situation analysis at any time, follow up on operational concepts, enhance the credibility of simulation and evaluation, and simultaneously formulate and improve cross-domain collaborative combat plans. The implementation of linkage operations helps to shorten the formulation time of cross-domain collaborative combat plans, improve the feasibility of plans, and seize the opportunity of operational windows as soon as possible.

Applying combat windows to highlight the effectiveness of cross-domain collaborative combat system confrontation

The theater joint command should make decisive decisions to launch operations based on careful planning and comprehensive preparation in response to different combat objectives and tasks, different attributes of combat opponents, and different combat types and styles, and quickly seize the initiative on the battlefield in the combat window.

Superimpose the effectiveness of the combat system. The task forces of various services and arms work closely together within the time and space of the combat window, work together as a whole, and focus on combat tasks to form a system combat effect. At present, with the rapid development of military science and technology and the continuous adjustment and optimization of new combat forces, precision, automation, intelligence, and unmanned weapons and equipment are being used more and more widely. Within a specific combat window, almost every service and arms has more or less the means to accurately strike enemy targets in multiple domains over long distances. Even land-based task forces have the ability to accurately strike enemy targets at long distances and the ability to project troops near the coast, which enables the task forces of various services and arms to carry out compound strikes within the combat window, becoming the preferred method for joint operations to strike enemy targets. Compared with a single service and arms, compound strikes of multiple services and arms will produce more powerful, more accurate, more stable, and faster compound strike effectiveness. The compound strike effectiveness of the task forces of various services and arms focuses on combat targets within the combat window, which will cause the value of cross-domain collaborative combat effectiveness to increase sharply, and the superimposed effect will be more obvious.

Converge combat support resources. Combat support resources are material factors that affect the selection and application of combat windows, involving many resources such as reconnaissance and intelligence support, information support, and rear-end support. Implementing converged support and support for the theater in wartime is the key to applying the combat window. The combat support of friendly theaters will enable the task force to maintain a high level of combat readiness, and commanders will have more combat options; the aerospace information support and network combat support provided by the strategic support force will be an important support in the field of joint reconnaissance and intelligence, and information operations; and the joint logistics support force is the main force for implementing joint logistics support and strategic and campaign support, and the volatility of the combat capability of the theater task force is largely restricted by this. In this regard, by clarifying the mission and tasks, command authority, institutional mechanisms, and laws and regulations of the combat support force, we will actively gather combat support resources around the combat window, implement integrated, comprehensive and efficient support, and greatly improve the system effectiveness of cross-domain collaborative operations.

Regulate the operational fluctuation cycle. The joint command command command of the task forces of various services and arms to carry out strike operations against enemy targets. Before the operation, it is necessary to convert the combat readiness level, conduct coordinated exercises, and deploy to the standby area. Even if the task force is faster in preparation for strikes, more skilled in strike methods, and more optimized in strike processes, it needs to be completed within the corresponding time period. At the same time, commanders and combatants will be affected by combat fatigue, resulting in a significant reduction in command decision-making efficiency and strike effectiveness, which greatly restricts the extension of combat duration and makes the fluctuation cycle of the combat capability of the task force more obvious. After the strike operation, the replenishment and rest of combat personnel, the maintenance and repair of weapons and equipment, and the summary and review of combat experience and lessons all require an adjustment cycle. Commanders need to timely regulate the fluctuation cycle of the task force’s strike capability according to the different combat methods and weapon and equipment damage mechanisms of various services and arms, clarify the combat threshold of the task force, and minimize the interference of combat fluctuations as much as possible, thereby greatly improving the cross-domain collaborative combat capability.

Maintain the operational window and highlight the stability of battlefield control in cross-domain collaborative operations

The theater joint command should strictly control the scale and intensity of window operations, strengthen joint management and control, strictly control combat costs, improve combat effectiveness, actively create a favorable battlefield situation, avoid combat passivity, and prevent window operations from expanding into full-scale operations.

Strengthen battlefield linkage control. Battlefield control by various services plays an important role in shaping a stable combat situation, strengthening multi-domain space control, and maintaining combat windows. Strengthen the control of cross-domain collaborative combat battlefield space, including battlefield spaces such as land, sea, air, space, and network, as well as electromagnetic spectrum and time-space reference battlefield space. Among them, the battlefield control area is mainly divided into combat window areas, strategic support areas, alert isolation areas, frontier warning areas, and friendly support areas in various fields. Under the unified command and control of commanders and command agencies, the task forces of various services and arms clarify the primary and secondary relationships of cross-domain collaborative control, clarify control rules, mechanisms and disciplines, adopt a variety of control methods, and comprehensively use command information systems and other advanced technical means to vigorously strengthen the timeliness and accuracy of battlefield linkage control.

Comprehensively evaluate the combat effectiveness. The command organization should closely follow the formulation process of the cross-domain collaborative combat plan of the combat window, closely follow the collaborative control instructions, closely follow the collaborative actions of the task force, and closely follow the actual collaborative support, and implement rapid, efficient, and continuous performance and effectiveness evaluation during the window operation. Focusing on the achievement of combat objectives, adapting to the characteristics of window operations with full-domain linkage, comprehensively using a variety of combat evaluation tools and means, integrating system evaluation algorithms, data and capabilities, optimizing the evaluation system dominated by combat effectiveness, process management, information support, and human-in-the-loop, forming an evaluation model that matches combat orders, actions, and effects, and combines combat performance with effectiveness indicator judgment, thereby improving the accuracy and timeliness of combat window effect evaluation.

Actively shape the new battlefield situation. After continuous preparations for military struggle against the enemy, interactive deterrence and control, and limited strikes within the combat window, the state and situation formed by the enemy and us in terms of combat force comparison, deployment and action are relatively stable, thus forming a battlefield situation under the new situation, and its development trend is also predictable and expected. Commanders and their command organs continue to have a deep understanding of the characteristics and laws of the enemy situation, our situation and battlefield environment in this strategic direction, and have a clear understanding of the basic outline of the future struggle situation. They can clarify future combat objectives and measures, and their confidence in winning will gradually increase, creating conditions for determining the next round of combat windows.

現代國語:

劉 陽 李志華

引言

作戰窗口,是指為激發體係作戰週期效能而選擇的有利於聯合作戰力量實施跨域協同作戰的時空範圍。作戰窗口概念來自戰機,是戰機在新局勢下聯合作戰指揮理論的創新發展,在作戰指揮活動中將比戰機應用更廣泛。能否將聯合作戰力量體系對抗中戰機的選擇看作「作戰窗口」的形式,直接影響了指揮的眼界。在複雜多變的資訊化戰場環境下,作戰窗口逐漸成為聯合作戰力量實施跨域協同作戰的新基點,對奪取戰場主動,塑造有利態勢,具有重要意義。

構設作戰窗口,突顯跨域協同作戰準備的全面性

戰區聯指應緊貼作戰任務、戰鬥對手、作戰環境,牢牢掌握戰略戰役主動權,加強聯合作戰資源預設,積極優化戰場環境,為構設作戰窗口創造條件。

圍繞作戰窗口實施周密持續的聯合偵察。作戰窗口的時空範圍包括打擊敵目標的時間區間與打擊地幅。其中,打擊地幅一般以打擊目標為中心,指能調控體係作戰力量持續維持局部戰場綜合控制權、適合打擊敵節點目標的相對密閉空間。為確保在作戰窗口區順利實施作戰,其外圍可區分為警戒巡邏區、攔截阻殲區與防禦作戰區等為其提供支撐保障。聯指機關應圍繞作戰窗口優先情報告警信息的提報需求,綜合運用諸軍兵種偵察預警力量和手段,為獲取作戰窗口區及其外圍區域的情報告警信息實施周密持續有重點的聯合偵察。必要時可協調戰略偵察預警力量提供情報支援,消除作戰窗口時空的偵察預警盲區,確保情報告警信息從獲取至運用的流轉過程高效穩定。

預測作戰窗口及時調整任務部隊戰備訓練的週期計畫。諸軍兵種任務部隊保持高度戒備狀態的規模強度極大限製作戰窗口的時空範圍。週期性保持高度戒備狀態,要求諸軍兵種任務部隊依照臨戰狀態進行管理運作,是體現任務部隊戰鬥力高低的重要標誌。當前任務部隊應依照戰備、訓練、整備三種狀態進行日常管理和訓練,目的是確保相當規模的能戰兵力可隨時遂行作戰窗口任務並不斷提高實行水平,非能戰兵力應統籌資源集中精力進行系統作戰能力的生成訓練。整備期則處於戰備訓練間隙,應機動靈活組織作戰人員休息、裝備維修和必要訓練,為轉入訓練週期或戰備週期創造條件。戰區聯指透過預測作戰窗口,及時調整較大規模任務部隊戰備訓練的周期計劃,使其有節奏、規律地處於高度戒備狀態,為實施窗口作戰提供力量基礎。

聚焦作戰視窗滾動組織跨域協同作戰方案計畫的聯動作業。由於作戰窗口往往稍縱即逝,圍繞作戰窗口應急制定的諸軍兵種跨域協同作戰方案計劃的完備性可能會大打折扣。因此戰區聯指應凝聚指揮員及其指揮機關的集體智慧,依靠指揮資訊系統,透過體系化、程序化、專業化的快速指揮聯動作業,滾動組織擬制跨域協同作戰方案計劃。指揮聯動作業涉及上下級指揮機構聯動作業、偵控打保評全流程聯動作業及人機交互聯動作業等。實施指揮聯動作業應統一作戰意圖,聚焦作戰窗口,利用態勢共享的指揮作業平台,聯動展開平行作業,進行週期性的作戰規劃,隨時開展研判態勢,跟進提出作戰構想,增強推演評估的可信度,同步擬制並日臻完善跨域協同作戰的方案計劃。實施聯動作業有助於縮短跨域協同作戰方案計畫的製定時間,提高方案計畫的可行性,儘早掌握作戰窗口的先機。

應用作戰窗口,突顯跨域協同作戰體系對抗的效能性

戰區聯指應針對不同作戰目的任務,不同作戰對手屬性,不同作戰類型樣式,在精心籌劃和全面準備的基礎上,果斷決策發起作戰,迅速奪取作戰窗口的戰場主動權。

疊加作戰體系效能。諸軍兵種任務部隊在作戰窗口時空範圍內密切協同,整體聯動,聚焦作戰任務形成體係作戰效果。目前隨著軍事科技的快速發展與新銳作戰力量不斷調整優化,精確化、自動化、智慧化、無人化的武器裝備應用越來越廣泛,在特定的作戰窗口範圍內,幾乎每個軍兵種都或多或少地具備遠程多域精確打擊敵目標的手段。即使是陸戰型任務部隊,也具備較遠距離的精確遠火打擊能力與近海兵力投送能力,這就使得諸軍兵種任務部隊在作戰窗口內實施複合打擊,成為聯合作戰打擊敵目標的首選方式。多軍兵種複合打擊與單一軍兵種相比,將會產生更猛、更準、更穩、更快的複合打擊效能。諸軍兵種任務部隊的複合打擊效能在作戰窗口範圍內聚焦作戰目標,將促使跨域協同作戰效能的量值陡增,疊加效果更加顯現。

匯聚作戰保障資源。作戰保障資源是影響作戰窗口選擇應用的物質因素,涉及偵察情報保障、資訊保障與後裝保障等諸多資源。戰時對本戰區實施匯聚式支援保障是應用作戰窗口的關鍵。友鄰戰區的作戰支援將使任務部隊保持較高的戰備水平,指揮官將具有更多的作戰選擇性;戰略支援部隊提供的航天資訊支援、網路作戰支援將是聯合偵察情報、資訊作戰領域的重要支撐;而聯勤保障部隊是實施聯勤保障和戰略戰役支援保障的主要力量,戰區任務部隊作戰能力的波動性很大程度上受此制約。對此,透過明確作戰保障力量的使命任務、指揮權限、體制機制與法規制度等約束激勵手段,主動圍繞作戰窗口匯聚作戰保障資源,實施一體化綜合高效保障,大力提升跨域協同作戰的體系效能。

調控作戰波動週期。聯指機關指揮諸軍兵種任務部隊對敵目標實施打擊行動,其行動前需進行戰備等級轉換、協同演練與機動展開至待機地域等。即使任務部隊打擊準備速度再快,打擊方法再熟練,打擊流程再優化,也需要在相應的時間週期內完成。同時指揮與戰鬥人員會受到作戰疲勞的影響,造成指揮決策效率、打擊效能大幅降低,極大限製作戰持續時間的延長,使得任務部隊作戰能力的波動週期更加明顯。而打擊行動結束後,作戰人員的補充休整,武器裝備的保養修理,作戰經驗教訓的總結檢討,均需要一個調整週期。指揮員需根據諸軍兵種作戰方式與武器裝備毀傷機理的不同,及時調控任務部隊打擊能力的變化波動週期,明確任務部隊的能戰閾值,盡可能減少作戰波動幹擾,從而大幅提升跨域協同作戰能力。

維持作戰窗口,突顯跨域協同作戰戰場管控的穩定性

戰區聯指應嚴格控制窗口作戰的規模強度,加強連動管控,嚴控作戰成本,提升作戰效益,積極塑造有利戰場態勢,避免作戰被動,防止將窗口作戰擴大成全面作戰。

加強戰場聯動管控。諸軍兵種戰場管控對塑造穩定的作戰態勢,加強多域空間管制,維持作戰窗口有重要作用。加強跨域協同作戰戰場空間的管控,包括陸地、海洋、空中、太空、網路等戰場空間,以及電磁頻譜與時空基準戰場空間等。其中,戰場管控區域重點劃分為各領域的作戰窗口區、戰略支撐區、警戒隔離區、前沿預警區以及友鄰支援區等,諸軍兵種任務部隊在指揮員及指揮機關的統一指揮控制下,釐清跨域協同管控的主次關係,明確管控規則、機製與紀律,採用多種管控方法,綜合用級管控法

全面評估作戰效果。指揮機構應緊貼作戰窗口跨域協同作戰方案計畫的製定流程,緊貼協同控制指令,緊貼任務部隊協同動作,緊貼協同保障實際,在窗口作戰過程中實施快速、高效、持續的績效與效力評估。圍繞作戰目的的達成,適應全局聯動的窗口作戰特點,綜合運用多種作戰評估工具和手段,集成系統評估的算法、數據與能力於一體,優化作戰效益主導、流程管理、資訊支撐、人在迴路的評估體系,形成作戰命令、行動、效果的相互匹配,績效與效力時效力時相互結合的評估模式,從而提高作戰後效性指標的準確性和時效性指標的準確性和效能性指標。從而提高作戰時效性指標。

主動塑造戰場新態。經過平時持續對敵軍事鬥爭準備、互動懾控以及作戰窗口內有限的打擊較量後,敵我雙方在作戰力量對比、部署和行動等方面形成的狀態和形勢表現相對穩定,從而形成塑造了新形勢下的戰場態勢,其發展趨勢也顯得可預測、可期望。指揮者及其指揮機關對本戰略方向的敵情、我情與戰場環境的特點規律不斷深度掌握,對未來鬥爭形勢的基本輪廓走向就有了清晰認識,就能明確今後的作戰目標舉措,打贏自信也會逐步增強,為確定下一輪的作戰窗口創造了條件。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2018-12/06/content_222435888.htm

Chinese Military Analysis Development Trends of Combat Coordination During Era of Intelligence

中國軍事分析智能化時代作戰協同發展趨勢

現代英語:

Operational coordination is a key element in achieving systemic operations, releasing overall effectiveness, and achieving operational objectives in modern warfare. In recent years, with the breakthrough progress of military science and technology represented by artificial intelligence, the enabling and efficiency-enhancing role of science and technology has become more prominent. While profoundly changing the form of war and combat style, it has also spawned a new mode of operational coordination – autonomous coordination. At present, we should scientifically grasp the opportunities and challenges of the new military revolution, dynamically coordinate the development trend of autonomous coordination, and thus promote the accelerated transformation and upgrading of combat methods.

Transforming towards intelligent empowerment and autonomous collaboration

Future wars will be all-round confrontations between the two sides using “people + intelligent equipment”. Limited by military technology, system platforms, combat capabilities, etc., traditional combat coordination has been difficult to adapt to the modern battlefield where opportunities are fleeting due to limitations such as periodic solidification and low fault tolerance. With the strong support of advanced technical means such as artificial intelligence and big data, the autonomy and automation level of combat coordination will be greatly improved, and autonomous coordination under intelligent empowerment will also become the key to defeating the enemy.

Wide-area ubiquitous collaboration. In recent years, the in-depth development of communication technology and intelligent technology, the accumulation of data, algorithms, and computing power have promoted the interconnection and aggregation of people, machines, objects, and energy, and extended the military Internet of Things to many fields such as situational awareness, command and control, information and fire strikes, and after-sales support. While promoting the iterative upgrade of combat capabilities, it also provides more options for modern combat collaboration. It can be foreseen that the military Internet of Things will shine on future battlefields. It is not only a key infrastructure to support combat operations, but also a joint hub to maintain combat collaboration. With this as a basis, it will give rise to ubiquitous operations with wide-area dispersion of forces, organizational modules, and highly coordinated actions, which are omnipresent, ubiquitous, and uncontrolled and autonomous.

Deep collaboration between humans and machines. In the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, the Azerbaijani army built a strong battlefield advantage with the advantage of drones, and to some extent, it also announced the debut of “robot war”. In future wars, unmanned combat forces such as drones, unmanned vehicles, and unmanned ships are accelerating from backstage support and guarantee to front-line combat, and are beginning to play the “protagonist” of the battlefield. Compared with traditional combat coordination, manned and unmanned intelligent coordination presents the characteristics of “decentralization” of combat command, “de-division of labor” in the combat process, high-end skill operation, and fuzzification of the front and rear, and emphasizes human-machine collaboration and algorithm victory. Especially in recent years, intelligent unmanned clusters have emerged and begun to strongly impact the modern battlefield. In the face of these new situations and changes, cluster formation algorithms, formation control algorithms, and complex scene optimization algorithms should be used in a coordinated manner to promote unmanned and manned networking communications and intelligent coordination, promote the integrated operation of intelligence chain, command chain, mobility chain, strike chain, and support chain, and accelerate the generation of precise enemy comprehensive combat capabilities.

Digital intelligence drives collaboration. The traditional combat coordination model under progressive command is no longer able to adapt to the multi-dimensional fast pace of modern warfare. In future wars, intelligence is the key and data is king. The deep integration of big data, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence has realized the storage, analysis, integration, and application of massive battlefield data, making command and control more scientific and combat coordination more efficient. With powerful resource integration, computing processing, and data analysis capabilities, battlefield intelligence can be quickly integrated, battlefield situation can be perceived in real time, coordination plans can be efficiently formulated, and threat levels can be instantly assessed. The prediction of combat operations, the dissection of typical scenarios, the deployment of combat forces, and the allocation of combat resources can be coordinated as a whole, thereby comprehensively improving the comprehensive quality and efficiency of command and control, firepower strikes, and comprehensive support, and promoting revolutionary changes in combat coordination.

Evolving towards multi-domain linkage and autonomous collaboration

In future wars, the participating forces will be complex and diverse, weapons and equipment will be matched at different levels, and combat methods will be used in a mixed manner, showing distinct characteristics such as intelligent dynamic dispersion of combat command, intelligent wide-area deployment of combat forces, and intelligent dynamic differentiation of combat tasks. It can be foreseen that multi-domain linkage and autonomous coordination will become an important component of combat coordination.

System self-reshapes coordination. In future wars, the multi-domain battlefield space will be a combination of virtual and real, various military operations will interact, and constraints and collaboration will be randomly transformed. Only by adopting an engineered and systematic organizational model can we adapt to the complex multi-domain coordination needs. The essence of this coordination model is to form a wide-area holographic support framework for system self-reshape coordination. Specifically, it is to highlight the concept of system combat, and to solve the practical contradictions such as organizational system construction, institutional mechanism establishment, and coordination rule formulation from an overall perspective; to pay more attention to the system integration effect, and to achieve beyond-visual-range combat and cross-domain coordinated combat of combat units from a wide area; to emphasize efficient and flexible command, to refine the command relationship from various dimensions, and to clarify the command responsibilities; to pay more attention to data precision drive, to integrate network system platforms at all levels, and to establish a dynamic optimization network for detection, control, attack, evaluation and protection tasks. Once this coordination model is formed, it will undoubtedly be able to study and predict typical confrontation scenarios, dynamically select action coordination links, and plan combat operations in various fields in an integrated manner according to the combat environment, combat opponents, and combat tasks.

Tactical adaptive coordination. Local wars and conflicts in recent years have repeatedly shown that the complexity and systemicity of combat coordination have increased exponentially due to the extension of combat data information to the tactical level. Only by achieving efficient processing, integration and sharing of combat data information can adaptive and autonomous coordination between combat users be guaranteed. This coordination model pays more attention to scientific planning and innovative means to form a universal battlefield situation map with full-dimensional coverage, support hierarchical, leapfrog and cross-domain sharing and collaboration among users of all levels and types deployed in a wide area, realize the common perception of battlefield situation by command elements and combat units, and ensure self-synchronous operations within the framework of unified strategic intent, campaign guidance and coordination plan. This coordination model emphasizes the vertical integration of strategy, campaign and tactics, and the horizontal integration of land, sea, air, space and electricity, provides strong information sharing services in detection, early warning and surveillance, and relies on information media to promote the extension of campaign-level joint to tactical-level joint. This coordination model highlights the standardized operation of command operation and force application, and promotes the connection of combat command levels, cross-domain linkage, element interaction and situation sharing with the help of cutting-edge technologies such as big data and cloud computing, realizes intelligent coordination between command systems, weapon platforms and sensors, and implements the key to winning by defeating slowness with speed.

Advantages and intelligence complement and synergy. In future wars, combat operations in space, network and other fields will be deeply integrated into the traditional battlefield space, requiring higher standards and higher requirements for planning and design of the overall combat situation. Only by clarifying the complementary relationship of advantages in various combat domains and the proportion of input and effectiveness, and then sorting out the operational relationship of cross-domain coordination, can we bridge the gap in field operations and achieve complementary advantages on the multi-dimensional battlefield. In essence, this is also a concentrated reflection of the view of war efficiency. From another perspective, in a war, when the local advantage of the battlefield is not obvious or there is a hidden crisis, by gaining local advantages in other fields to make up for it and achieve comprehensive advantages, the overall goal of winning can also be achieved. In the future information-based and intelligent wars, this point will be more prominent and more complex, requiring comprehensive measures in the fields of military, politics, public opinion, legal theory, psychology, diplomacy, etc., and leveraging each other to fully release the maximum combat effectiveness; requiring traditional forces and new forces to work closely together, relying on the network information system to build an integrated combat system, and maximizing overall effectiveness through advantage synergy.

Transition to Dynamically Coupled Autonomous Collaboration

In the era of artificial intelligence, along with the profound changes in information technology and weapons and equipment, combat operations place more emphasis on breaking up traditional force groupings, connecting traditional platform functions, breaking traditional offensive and defensive boundaries, and achieving full-time dynamic control of combat operations through dynamic coupling and autonomous coordination.

Dynamic focal point coordination. In future wars, the enemy-to-enemy confrontation will be more intense, and the battlefield situation will be more changeable. The previous static, extensive, and step-by-step coordination methods will be difficult to adapt. It is necessary to pay close attention to the key nodes of the operation. On the basis of keeping a close eye on the overall situation, anchoring the combat mission, and focusing on the combat objectives, we must assess the situation and seize the opportunity. According to the predetermined coordination rules, we can flexibly change the coordination objects, flexibly adjust the coordination strategies, and autonomously negotiate and coordinate actions. It should be noted that this coordination method based on key combat nodes particularly emphasizes that combat forces transcend structural barriers and organically aggregate combat effectiveness. Through the flexible structure of the collaborative organization, self-coupling and autonomous elimination of contradictions and conflicts, bridging combat gaps, and promoting the precise release of the combined forces of the combat system.

Dynamic control and coordination. The battlefield situation in future wars is changing rapidly, and the combat process is often difficult to advance according to the predetermined combat plan, and combat operations have great uncertainty. Invisibly, this also requires us to break through traditional combat thinking, keep a close eye on the changes in the battlefield situation, and implement immediate, flexible and autonomous coordination of the combat process. This collaborative method, through real-time assessment of battlefield situation changes, the degree of damage to enemy targets, and the scale and efficiency of combat operations, can achieve rapid command and control, precise coordination in force projection, fire support, and comprehensive support, and always grasp the initiative on the battlefield. This collaborative method requires relying on advanced intelligent auxiliary means to quickly divide the combat phase, predict the duration of combat operations, analyze the overall deployment of combat forces, calculate the allocation of combat operation resources, and accurately control the decision-making cycle and combat rhythm, and accurately coordinate the actions of troops and the combat process to ensure that various randomness and uncertainties in combat can be effectively dealt with.

Dynamic response coordination. The operational mechanism of future wars is unpredictable. The deep effects of asymmetric operations, hybrid games, and system emergence will inevitably lead to various emergencies in the implementation of the planned operational plans. To this end, dynamic coordination for emergencies is an effective strategy to resolve the above-mentioned contradictions. This coordination method emphasizes the dynamic adjustment of coordinated actions according to different situations. When an emergency occurs on a local battlefield or in a local action, which has little impact on the overall operation and has sufficient time, the combat system automatically responds, partially adjusts the combat deployment and combat operations, and ensures the achievement of the expected combat objectives. When multiple urgent and slow situations coexist on the battlefield and partially affect the battlefield situation, the combat actions are dynamically and immediately coordinated according to the principle of first urgent and then slow according to the specific situation, so as to promote the development of the war in a direction that is beneficial to me. When there are multiple major unexpected situations or unexpected changes in the overall development of the war situation, coordination is carried out according to the principle of first major direction and then minor direction, and new coordinated disposal measures are quickly generated to effectively respond to various emergencies on the battlefield.

現代國語:

■吳思亮 賈春傑 侯永紅

引言

作戰協同是現代戰爭中實現體係作戰、釋放整體效能、達成作戰目標的關鍵要素。近年來,隨著以人工智慧為代表的軍事科學技術取得突破性進展,科技的賦能增效作用進一步凸顯,在深刻改變戰爭形態、作戰樣式的同時,也催生出一種新的作戰協同模式——自主協同。當前,應科學掌握新軍事革命的機會挑戰,動態統籌好自主協同發展走向,從而推動作戰方式加速轉型升級。

向智能賦能自主協同蛻變

未來戰爭將是對抗雙方採用「人+智慧裝備」展開的全方位對抗。受軍事技術、系統平台、作戰能力等限制,傳統作戰協同因為存在周期固化、容錯率低等局限,已難以適應戰機轉瞬即逝的現代戰場。在人工智慧、大數據等先進技術手段的強力支撐下,作戰協同的自主性、自動化水準將極大提升,智慧賦能下的自主協同也將成為克敵制勝的關鍵。

廣域泛在協同。近年來,通訊技術、智慧技術的深度發展,數據、演算法、算力的累積疊加,促進了人、機、物、能的互聯聚合,將軍事物聯網延伸擴展至態勢感知、指揮控制、信火打擊、後裝保障等諸多領域,在促進作戰能力迭代升級的同時,也為現代作戰協同提供了更多選項。可以預見,軍事物聯網將在未來戰場上大放異彩,不僅是支撐作戰行動的關鍵性基礎設施,也是維繫作戰協同的關節樞紐。以此為依托,將催生出力量廣域分散、組織模塊構成、行動高度協同的泛在式作戰,無時不在、無處不在、無控自主。

人機深度協同。在納卡沖突中,阿塞拜疆軍隊憑借無人機優勢構建起強大戰場優勢,某種程度上也宣告「機器人戰爭」登場。未來戰爭,無人機、無人車、無人艦等無人作戰力量,正加速從後台支援保障走向一線作戰前台,開始擔當戰場「主角」。較之傳統作戰協同,有人無人智能協同呈現出作戰指揮「去中心化」、作戰過程「去分工化」、技能操作高端化、前沿與後方模糊化等特點,更加強調人機協同、演算法取勝。尤其是近年來,智慧無人集群異軍突起,開始強烈沖擊現代戰場。面對這些新情況新變化,應統籌運用集群編隊演算法、隊形控制演算法以及復雜場景優化演算法等,推動無人與有人組網通訊、智慧協同,促進情報鏈、指揮鏈、機動鏈、打擊鍊和保障鏈一體運轉,加快生成精確制敵綜合作戰能力。

數智驅動協同。逐層遞進指揮下的傳統作戰協同模式,已難以適應現代戰爭的多維度快節奏。未來戰爭,智能為要,數據為王。大數據、雲計算、人工智慧等深度融合,實現了對海量戰場數據的儲存、分析、融合和運用,從而使得指揮控制更加科學、作戰協同更有效率。透過強大的資源整合、計算處理和數據分析能力,可以快速融合戰場情報、實時感知戰場態勢、高效製定協同計劃、瞬時評估威脅等級,將預測作戰行動、解剖典型場景、布勢作戰力量和配置作戰資源一體統籌,從而全面提升指揮控制、火力打擊、綜合保障等方面的綜合質效,推動作戰協同革命性變革。

向多域聯動自主協同演進

未來戰爭,參戰力量複雜多元、武器裝備高低搭配、作戰方法混合運用,呈現作戰指揮智能動態分散、作戰力量智聯廣域部署、作戰任務智配動態區分等鮮明特徵。可以預見,多域聯動自主協同將成為作戰協同的重要組成。

體係自重塑協同。未來戰爭多域戰場空間虛實結合、多樣軍事行動交互作用,約束與協作隨機轉化,只有採取工程化、系統化的組織模式,才能適應龐雜的多域協同需求。這種協同模式,其實質是要形成體係自重塑協同的廣域全像支撐架構。具體來看,就是更突顯體係作戰理念,從整體上破解組織體系建構、制度機制設立、協同規則制訂等現實矛盾;更重視體系融合效應,從廣域上實現作戰單元超視距作戰、跨域協同作戰;更強調高效率靈活指揮,從諸維度細化指揮指揮、釐清指揮權責優化;這種協同模式一旦形成,無疑能夠針對作戰環境、作戰對手和作戰任務等,研判預測典型對抗態勢場景,動態選擇行動協同鏈路,一體規劃各領域作戰行動。

戰術自適應協同。近年來的局部戰爭沖突一再表明,由於作戰數據資訊向戰術層共享應用延伸,作戰協同的複雜性系統性呈指數級躍升。只有實現作戰數據資訊的高效處理、融合共享,才能保證作戰用戶間自適應、自主化協同。這種協同模式,更重視科學規劃、創新手段,形成全維覆蓋的通用戰場態勢圖,支持廣域分散部署的各級各類用戶間按級、越級、跨域共享協作,實現指揮要素、作戰單元共同感知戰場態勢,確保在統一的戰略意圖、戰役指導、協同計劃框架內自同步作戰。這種協同模式,更強調縱向貫通戰略、戰役、戰術,橫向融匯陸海空天電,在探測、預警、監視等方面提供強力資訊共享服務,依托資訊介質推動戰役級聯合向戰術級聯合延伸。這種協同模式,更加突出指揮運行、力量運用等的標準化運行,借助大數據、雲計算等前沿技術推動作戰指揮層級銜接、跨域聯動、要素交互、態勢共享,實現指揮系統、武器平台、傳感器間的智能化協同,落地落實以快製慢制勝關鍵。

優勢智互補協同。未來戰爭,太空、網路等領域作戰行動深度融入傳統戰場空間,要求對作戰全局實施更高標準更高要求的規劃設計。只有搞清各作戰域優勢互補關聯、投入成效比重,進而梳理出跨領域協同的運行關系,才能彌合領域作戰縫隙,實現多維戰場優勢互補。從本質上看,這也是戰爭效益觀的集中反映。從另一個視角來看,一場戰爭,當戰場局部優勢不明顯或暗藏危機時,透過在其他領域取得局部優勢予以彌補並達成綜合優勢,同樣可以實現整體制勝目的。未來資訊化智能化戰爭,這一點將體現得更為突出也更為復雜,要求針對軍事、政治、輿論、法理、心理、外交等領域綜合施策,相互借力充分釋放最大作戰效能;要求傳統力量、新質力量密切配合,依托網絡信息體系打造一體化作戰體系,通過優勢協同實現整體效能最大化。

向動態耦合自主協同變遷

人工智慧時代,伴隨資訊科技與武器裝備的深度變革,作戰行動更強調打散傳統力量編組、打通傳統平台功能、打破傳統攻防界限,透過動態耦合自主協同實現對作戰行動的全時動態可控。

動態聚點協同。未來戰爭敵我對抗更加激烈、戰場態勢更為多變,以往那種靜態粗放、按部就班的協同方式將難以適應。必須對作戰的關鍵節點給予高度關注,在緊盯整體態勢、錨定作戰任務、聚焦作戰目標的基礎上,審時度勢把握戰機,依據預定的協同規則,敏捷變換協同對象、靈活調整協同策略、自主協商協同行動。需要注意的是,這種基於關鍵作戰節點的協同方式,特別強調作戰力量跨越結構壁壘、有機聚合作戰效能,透過協同組織的彈性結構,自耦合自主化消解矛盾沖突、彌合作戰縫隙,促進作戰體系合力精準釋放。

動態調控協同。未來戰爭戰場態勢瞬息萬變,作戰進程往往難以依照預定作戰計畫推進,作戰行動有著極大的不確定性。在無形中,這也要求我們突破傳統作戰思維,緊盯戰場態勢變化對作戰進程實施即時靈活自主協同。這種協同方式,透過即時評估戰場態勢變化、敵方目標毀傷程度、作戰行動規模效益等,從而在力量投送、火力支援、綜合保障等方面實現快速指控、精準協同,始終把握戰場主動權。這種協同方式,要求依托智能輔助先進手段,快速切分作戰階段,預測作戰行動持續時間,研判作戰力量整體布勢,計算作戰行動資源分配,據此精準控制決策週期和作戰節奏,精準協調部隊行動和作戰進程,確保能夠有效應對作戰中的各種隨機性、不確定性。

動態響應協同。未來戰爭作戰機理變化莫測,非對稱作戰、混合賽局、體制湧現等的深層作用,使得預定作戰方案計劃在執行中必然遇到各類突發情況。為此,針對突發情況動態協同是解決上述矛盾問題的有效策略。這種協同方式,更強調依據不同情況動態調整協同行動。當局部戰場或局部行動出現突發情況,對作戰全局影響不大且時間充裕時,作戰體係自動響應,部分調整作戰部署和作戰行動,確保實現預期作戰目標。當戰場出現多個急緩並存情況且部分影響戰場態勢時,根據具體情況按照先急後緩原則動態即時協調作戰行動,推動戰局向著有利於我的方向發展。當戰局整體發展出現多個重大意外情況或出現未曾預想的變化時,按先主要方向、後次要方向的原則展開協同,快速生成新的協同處置措施,有效應對戰場各類突發情況。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16378145888.html

Develop Chinese Military Operational Concepts Design China’s Future War Success

發展中國軍事作戰理念,規劃中國未來戰爭勝利

中國軍網 國防部網
2022年6月22日 星期三

現代英語:

Since the 21st century, with the deepening of the world’s new military revolution, the world’s military powers have put forward a series of new operational concepts and continuously improved them in war practice, thus driving the accelerated evolution of war. With the rapid development of information technologies such as cloud computing, blockchain, artificial intelligence, and big data, and their widespread application in the military field, people’s understanding of war has gradually changed from summarizing actual combat experience to studying and judging future wars. At present, as the source of military capability building, the strength of operational concept development capabilities will directly affect the seizure of victory opportunities. In particular, the vigorous development of the world’s new military revolution is calling for innovation in operational theory all the time. Only by developing new operational concepts and designing future wars with a forward-looking vision can we gain the initiative in military struggle preparation.

The concept of combat fundamentally solves the problem of how to fight a war.

First-rate armies design wars, second-rate armies respond to wars, and third-rate armies follow wars. The so-called “real wars happen before wars” means that before a war starts, the theory, style, and method of fighting have already been designed. How can we not win if we fight according to the designed war? The key to designing a war is to design and develop new combat concepts based on understanding the characteristics and laws of war, promote innovation in combat styles and tactics, and fundamentally solve the problem of “how to fight a war.”

In designing wars, theories come first. In recent years, the U.S. military has proposed new concepts such as “network-centric warfare”, “air-sea integrated warfare” and “hybrid warfare”, and the Russian military has proposed theories such as “non-nuclear containment strategy”, “strategic air-space campaign” and “national information security doctrine”, reflecting that the world’s military powers are vigorously studying operational theories and seizing military commanding heights. To a certain extent, operational concepts are the “organizational cells” for the formation of operational theories. Without a perfect concept generation capability, it is difficult to give birth to advanced theories. When an operational theory is proposed, it is necessary to develop relevant operational concepts so that the operational theory can be “sunk” and visualized, and better improved and transformed into military practice. When there is no operational theory concept, operational concept innovation can provide “raw materials” for the study of operational theories. The military field is the most uncertain field, and people’s understanding of war is constantly evolving. However, operational theory innovation cannot wait for the understanding to mature before starting, but needs to be based on the existing understanding, through active development and innovation of operational concepts, constructing future operational scenarios, exploring future winning mechanisms, and guiding and guiding military practice, in order to seize the initiative in war. Therefore, operational concept innovation is becoming a strategic fulcrum and lever for military construction and development.

The development of operational concepts focuses on designing core operational concepts. The core operational concept is the nucleus and embryo of the operational concept, which reflects the essential requirements of operations and contains the “genetic genes” for the growth of operational concepts. The entire concept system is derived and developed from this. At present, the understanding of the winning mechanism of informationized and intelligent warfare is becoming clearer, and it is time to focus the design of war on the development of major operational theories and key operational concepts.

Operational concept is an abstract expression of operational thinking.

The term “operational concept” originated from the US military. It is a description of how to fight in the future and is increasingly becoming an important tool for promoting the development of the military. The US Army Training and Doctrine Command Concept Development Guide points out that the operational concept is a concept, idea, and overall understanding. It is based on the inference of specific events in the combat environment. In the broadest sense, it outlines what will be done and describes how to fight in more specific measures. The US Marine Corps Combat Development Command Operations Development and Integration Directive points out that the operational concept is an expression of how to fight, used to describe future combat scenarios and how to use military art and scientific capabilities to meet future challenges. The US Air Force Operational Concept Development Directive points out that the operational concept is a conceptual description at the level of war theory, which realizes the established operational concept and intention through the orderly organization of combat capabilities and combat tasks.

In summary, the operational concept can be understood as an abstract cognition of operational ideas and action plans that is refined for specific operational problems at present or in the future. Generally speaking, the operational concept includes three parts: the first is the description of the operational problem, that is, the background of the operational concept, the operational environment, the operational opponent, etc.; the second is the description of the solution, that is, the concept connotation, application scenario, action style, winning mechanism, capability characteristics and advantages, etc.; the third is the description of capability requirements, that is, the equipment technology, basic conditions, and implementation means required to implement the operational concept. It can be seen that the operational concept should have the characteristics of pertinence, scientificity, adaptability and feasibility, and its connotation and extension will be constantly adjusted with the changes in factors such as strategic background, military policy, threat opponent, time and space environment, and capability conditions.

In a sense, operational concepts are actually transitional forms of operational theories, and their ultimate value is to guide military practice. The purpose and destination of developing new operational concepts is to tap into and enhance the combat effectiveness of the military. Only by transforming operational concepts into operational regulations and operational plans can their value be fully realized.

Innovation in combat concepts drives changes in combat styles

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the world’s military powers have, in accordance with national strategic requirements and in response to new threats and challenges, developed new operational concepts as a key means of transforming military capabilities, promoting changes in operational styles, and seeking to gain the upper hand in future battlefields. In order to further strengthen their military advantages, the world’s military powers are accelerating the introduction of a series of new operational concepts.

The US military has actively seized the opportunities brought about by scientific and technological progress, comprehensively used cutting-edge technologies such as new-generation information technology, artificial intelligence technology, unmanned autonomous technology, and proposed a series of new combat concepts such as mosaic warfare, multi-domain warfare, distributed lethality, decision-center warfare, and joint global command and control, promoting fundamental changes in combat thinking, combat style, combat space, and combat systems.

Unlike the U.S. military, the Russian military has achieved iterative innovation in operational concepts in military practice. Recently, the Russian military has been committed to promoting the construction of joint combat capabilities, accelerating the development and deployment of new unmanned equipment, focusing on building advantages in the network information battlefield, and constantly enriching the connotation of its traditional operational concepts, integrating them with new operational concepts such as hybrid warfare and mental warfare to guide war practice.

In general, in recent years, the new operational concepts proposed by the world’s military powers are driving profound changes in combat styles. Their capabilities, characteristics and advantages are mainly reflected in the following five aspects: First, the unmanned combat equipment. The proportion of unmanned equipment systems based on the new operational concept has increased significantly, and manned-unmanned collaborative combat has become one of the main combat styles, forming an advantage of unmanned over manned; second, the deployment method is decentralized. The force deployment based on the new operational concept is distributed, and the systems are interconnected and interoperable, forming an advantage of division over combination; third, the kill network is complicated. The kill network based on the new operational concept has more diverse functions. A single system can perform multiple tasks, and its failure has little impact on the combat system, forming an advantage of many over single; fourth, the response time is agile. The new operational concept emphasizes quick battles and quick decisions, taking the initiative to catch the enemy off guard, forming an advantage of fast over slow; fifth, the combat field is multidimensional. The new operational concept pays more attention to multi-domain linkage, expanding the battlefield from the traditional land, sea and air to the electromagnetic, network and cognitive domains, forming an advantage of invisible over visible.

The development of combat concepts should adhere to the systematic design approach

Using operational concepts to guide military force construction is a common practice among the world’s military powers. In comparison, the US military’s operational concept development mechanism is relatively complete, and a relatively complete operational concept development system has been established, consisting of concept types, organizational structures, normative standards, and support means.

In terms of concept types, the U.S. military’s combat concepts can basically be divided into three categories: First, a series of combat concepts developed by each service, mainly from the perspective of the service, to study potential enemies and future battlefields, redefine combat styles, and seek new ways to win. Second, a series of joint combat concepts developed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, mainly composed of three levels: top-level concepts, action concepts, and supporting concepts. Third, combat concepts developed by academia, think tanks, etc., the number of such combat concepts is not as large as the first two categories, but it is still an important part of the combat concept system. Through this system, the U.S. military has implemented the grand military strategy through combat concepts layer by layer into various combat operations, various combat capabilities, and various types of weapons and equipment performance for the troops, guiding the construction of joint forces and various services.

In terms of organizational structure, taking the development of joint operational concepts as an example, the US military has established a working system consisting of five types of institutions. The first is the Joint Concept Working Group, whose main responsibility is to review the overall issues of the concept outline and concept development; the second is the Joint Concept Steering Committee, whose main responsibility is to supervise and guide the concept development plan; the third is the core writing team, whose main responsibility is to transform the original ideas in the concept outline into joint operational concepts; the fourth is the concept development team, whose main responsibility is to provide operational concept development methods and plans; the fifth is the independent red team, whose main responsibility is to conduct independent evaluations to judge the rigor and scientificity of the concept.

In terms of norms and standards, the U.S. military has a complete system of institutions to constrain and guide the development of joint operational concepts, making them standardized, standardized, and procedural, so as to manage the entire chain of concept development, which is mainly reflected in a series of directives of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and joint publications. For example, the “Joint Concept Development and Implementation Guide” aims to establish a governance structure for joint concept development, clarify the framework for joint operational concept planning, execution, and evaluation, and promote the implementation of joint operational concepts; the “Joint Regulations Preparation Process” aims to standardize the preparation process of joint regulations and provide a clear process framework for converting operational concepts into operational regulations.

In terms of support means, the design, development and verification of operational concepts is a systematic project that cannot be separated from the support of various development tools and means. For example, tools such as the DODAF2.0 model, IDEFO model and SYSML modeling language can provide standardized structured analysis models and logical description models for operational concept designers; model-based system engineering methods can provide operational concept designers and evaluation and verification personnel with capability models of equipment elements in operational concepts for designing and building operational concept frameworks. The U.S. military’s joint operational concept development uses network-based digital software with strong interconnection capabilities. All institutions involved in the development can share information in real time to improve development efficiency.

The development of combat concepts requires collaboration among multiple parties

Developing operational concepts is a multidisciplinary and multi-field task that involves many fields such as military science, philosophy, operations research, and systems science. It requires collaboration among multiple parties to ensure that it is both advanced and forward-looking in theory and applicable and feasible in practice.

Establish a small core and large peripheral research team. The department initiating the development of the operational concept should give full play to its leading role, coordinate and dispatch the research work from a global perspective; establish a joint research and development team, give full play to the collective wisdom, and widely obtain various new ideas, new methods and new viewpoints on the research of operational concepts from all parties; establish a cross-domain and cross-departmental expert committee to supervise, review and guide related work from multiple angles.

Form a multi-departmental working mechanism. To ensure smooth communication and efficient operation among departments, we must first clarify their respective tasks and responsibilities. For example, the concept initiating department is responsible for overall planning and implementation, the laboratory is responsible for technical verification, the industrial department is responsible for equipment research and development, and the combat troops are responsible for actual combat testing. Secondly, relevant normative documents should be formulated to ensure that all work has rules to follow and is carried out in an orderly manner, providing institutional guarantees for the development of combat concepts. Finally, it is also necessary to establish demand traction mechanisms, collaborative research mechanisms, iterative feedback mechanisms, etc., to open up the link from research and development to practical application of combat concepts.

Promote the organic combination of theory and practice. Only through the iterative cycle of “design research-deduction verification-actual troop test” can the operational concept be gradually adjusted, optimized and improved, and the development of war theory can be driven. Therefore, the development of operational concepts should pay special attention to the combination of theoretical innovation and practical application, and achieve the fundamental purpose of driving the generation of new quality combat power through the mutual drive of theory and practice. Specific methods include timely incorporating mature operational concepts into operational regulations, compiling training outlines or teaching materials accordingly, and gradually promoting them to troops for use; organizing relevant exercises or tests to test the maturity and feasibility of operational concepts under conditions close to actual combat, and finding and solving problems; using the capability indicators determined by the operational concept as a reference for equipment demand demonstration, driving the development of equipment technology, and promoting the improvement of combat capabilities.

The rapid development of science and technology in the new era has brought many new opportunities and challenges to the construction of military capabilities. The development of new operational concepts will help us to seize the military opportunities brought by scientific and technological progress, actively respond to the threats and challenges formed by scientific and technological development, and timely grasp the direction and laws of the evolution of war forms, which can provide important support for leading future war styles and seizing the first chance to win. At present, the international security situation is complex and changeable. To win the future information war, we need to take the development of operational concepts as the origin of national defense and military construction, actively carry out military technological innovation, promote the upgrading of weapons and equipment, achieve leapfrog development, and thus lead the trend of the new military revolution.

(Author’s unit: Second Academy of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation)

現代國語:

宋曉明

中國軍網 國防部網
2022年6月22日 星期三

自21世紀以來,隨著世界新軍事革命的深入推進,世界軍事強國提出了一系列新作戰概念,並在戰爭實踐中不斷改進,從而牽引戰爭加速演變。隨著雲端運算、區塊鏈、人工智慧、大數據等資訊科技的日新月異,以及在軍事領域的廣泛應用,人們理解戰爭的模式逐漸由歸納總結實戰經驗向研判未來戰爭轉變。目前,作為軍事能力建構源頭,作戰概念開發能力強弱,將直接影響勝戰先機的奪取。尤其是世界新軍事革命蓬勃發展,無時無刻不在呼喚作戰理論創新,只有以前瞻眼光開發新作戰概念、設計未來戰爭,才能獲得軍事鬥爭準備的主動權。

作戰概念從根本解決仗怎麼打

一流軍隊設計戰爭,二流軍隊應對戰爭,三流軍隊尾隨戰爭。所謂“真正的戰爭,發生在戰爭之前”,意思是戰爭開打之前,戰爭的理論、樣式、打法早已被設計出來。依照設計好的戰爭來打,豈有不勝之理?設計戰爭,關鍵在於摸清戰爭特徵規律的基礎上,設計發展新作戰概念,推動作戰樣式和戰法創新,從根本上解決「仗怎麼打」。

設計戰爭,理論先行。近年來,美軍先後提出「網路中心戰」「空海一體戰」等理論,反映了世界軍事強國都在大力研究作戰理論,搶佔軍事制高點。從某種程度上說,作戰概念是作戰理論形成的“組織細胞”,沒有完善的概念生成能力,很難催生先進的理論。當一個作戰理論提出時,需要發展相關作戰概念,才能使作戰理論「下沉」具象化,更好地完善並向軍事實踐轉化。當沒有作戰理論構想時,作戰概念創新可以為研究作戰理論提供「原料」。軍事領域是最具不確定性的領域,人們對戰爭的認知始終在不斷發展。但是,作戰理論創新不能坐等認識成熟後再起步,而是需要在現有認識的基礎上,透過主動開發、創新作戰概念,構設未來作戰圖景,探索未來制勝機理,牽引並指導軍事實踐,才能掌握戰爭主動權。因此,作戰概念創新,正成為軍隊建設與發展的戰略支點與槓桿。

作戰概念開發,重點在於設計核心作戰概念。核心作戰概念,是作戰概念的細胞核、胚胎,集中反映作戰本質要求,包含著作戰概念生長的“遺傳基因”,整個概念體係由此衍生與發展。目前,對資訊化、智慧化戰爭的致勝機理等的認識漸趨清晰,將設計戰爭的重心聚焦到主要作戰理論、關鍵作戰概念開發正當其時。

作戰概念是作戰思想的抽象表達

「作戰概念」一詞源自美軍,是對未來如何作戰的描述,正日益成為推進軍隊建設發展的重要抓手。美《陸軍訓練與條令司令部概念開髮指南》指出,作戰概念是理念、想法、總體認識,是依據作戰環境中具體事件的推斷,在最廣泛的意義上勾勒將要做什麼,在更具體的舉措上描述仗怎麼打。美《海軍陸戰隊作戰發展司令部作戰發展與一體化指令》指出,作戰概念是表達如何打仗,用來描述未來作戰景象及如何利用軍事藝術和科學能力迎接未來挑戰。美《空軍作戰概念發展條令》則指出,作戰概念是戰爭理論層面的概念描述,透過對作戰能力和作戰任務的有序組織,實現既定的作戰構想和意圖。

綜上所述,作戰概念可以理解為是針對當前或未來的具體作戰問題,提煉的對作戰思想與行動方案的抽象認知。一般而言,作戰概念包括三部分內容:一是對作戰問題的描述,即作戰概念的提出背景、作戰環境、作戰對手等;二是對解決方案的描述,即概念內涵、應用場景、行動樣式、制勝機理、能力特徵及優勢等;三是對能力需求的描述,即實施該作戰概念所需的裝備技術、基礎條件、實現手段等。可以看出,作戰概念應具備針對性、科學性、適應性與可行性等特徵,其內涵與外延會隨著戰略背景、軍事方針、威脅對手、時空環境、能力條件等因素的變化而不斷調整。

從某種意義上說,作戰概念其實是作戰理論的過渡形態,最終價值是指導牽引軍事實踐。發展新作戰概念的目的和歸宿,是挖掘和提升軍隊戰鬥力,只有把作戰概念轉化為作戰條令、作戰計劃,才能充分發揮其價值。

作戰概念創新牽引作戰樣式變革

進入21世紀以來,世界軍事強國根據國家戰略要求,針對新威脅挑戰,把開發新作戰概念作為軍事能力轉型的關鍵抓手,推動作戰樣式變革,謀求贏得在未來戰場中的製勝先機。為進一步強化軍事上的領先優勢,世界軍事強國正加速推出一系列新作戰概念。

美軍積極搶奪科技進步帶來的機遇,綜合運用新一代資訊科技、人工智慧技術、無人自主技術等尖端技術,提出馬賽克戰、多域作戰、分散式殺傷、決策中心戰、聯合全局指揮控制等一系列新作戰概念,推動作戰思想、作戰樣式、作戰空間和作戰體系發生根本性變化。

與美軍不同,俄軍是在軍事實踐中實現作戰概念的迭代創新。近期,俄軍致力於推動聯合作戰能力建設,加速發展部署新型無人裝備,注重打造網路資訊戰場優勢,不斷豐富其傳統作戰概念的內涵,並與混合戰爭、心智戰等新作戰概念相集成,用以指導戰爭實踐。

整體而言,近幾年,世界軍事強國提出的新作戰概念正牽引作戰樣式發生深刻變化,其能力特徵及優勢主要體現在以下五個方面:一是作戰裝備無人化,基於新作戰概念的無人裝備體系佔比顯著提高,有人無人協同作戰成為主要作戰樣式之一,形成以無人制有人的優勢;二是部署方式分散化,基於新作戰概念的力量部署呈分佈式,系統間互聯互通,具備互操作能力,形成以分制合的優點;三是殺傷網複雜化,基於新作戰概念的殺傷網功能更加多樣,單一系統可執行多種任務,且其失效對作戰體系影響較小,形成以多製單的優勢;四是響應時間敏捷化,新作戰概念更強調速戰速決,先發制人使敵方措手不及,形成以快製慢的優勢;五是作戰領域多維化,新作戰概念更注重多域聯動,將戰場從傳統的陸海空拓展到電磁、網絡和認知域,形成以無形制有形的優勢。

作戰概念開發應堅持體系化設計思路

以作戰概念指導軍事力量建設,是世界軍事強國的共同做法。比較而言,美軍的作戰概念開發機制較為完善,建構了相對完整的作戰概念開發體系,由概念類型、組織架構、規範標準、支撐手段等部分組成。

在概念類型方面,美軍作戰概念基本上可分為三類:一是各軍種主導開發的系列作戰概念,主要從本軍種角度出發,研判潛在敵人和未來戰場,對作戰樣式進行重新定義,謀求打贏的新途徑。二是參會主導開發的一系列聯合作戰概念,主要由頂層概念、行動概念和支持性概念等三個層次構成。三是學術界、智庫等主導開發的作戰概念,這類作戰概念的數量沒有前兩類那麼多,但仍是作戰概念體系的重要組成部分。透過此體系,美軍把宏大的軍事戰略透過作戰概念逐層落實為面向部隊的各類作戰行動、各種作戰能力、各型武器裝備性能,指導聯合部隊及各軍兵種建設。

在組織架構方面,以聯合作戰概念發展為例,美軍建立了由五類機構組成的工作體系。一是聯合概念工作小組,主要職責是審查概念大綱及概念研發的整體問題;二是聯合概念指導委員會,主要職責是對概念研發計畫進行監督指導;三是核心編寫團隊,主要職責是將概念大綱中原始理念轉化為聯合作戰概念;

在規範標準方面,針對聯合作戰概念的開發,美軍有完善的製度體系約束、指導,使其規範化、標準化、程序化,以便對概念開發進行全鏈條管理,主要體現在一系列參謀長聯席會議主席指令及聯合出版物中。例如,《聯合概念開發與實施指南》旨在為聯合概念發展建立治理結構,明確聯合作戰概念規劃、執行和評估的框架,推動聯合作戰概念落實;《聯合條令編制流程》旨在對聯合條令的編制流程進行規範,為把作戰概念轉化為作戰條令提供一個明確的流程框架。

在支撐手段方面,作戰概念的設計開發與驗證是一項系統工程,離不開各類開發工具與手段的支撐。例如,DODAF2.0模型、IDEFO模型及SYSML建模語言等工具,可為作戰概念設計人員提供規範的結構化分析模型與邏輯描述模型;基於模型的系統工程方法,可為作戰概念設計人員和評估驗證人員提供作戰概念中裝備要素的能力模型,用於設計並搭建作戰概念框架。美軍聯合作戰概念開發使用了基於網路的數位化軟體,具有較強的互聯互通能力,所有參與開發的機構都可以即時共享訊息,提高開發效率。

作戰概念開發成熟需要多方協同合作

發展作戰概念是一項多學科、多領域交叉的工作,涉及軍事學、哲學、運籌學、系統科學等諸多領域,需要多方協同合作,以確保其既在理論層面具備先進性、前瞻性,又在實踐層面具備適用性、可行性。

組成小核心大外圍研究團隊。作戰概念開發發起部門要充分發揮群體智慧作用,從全局角度出發,對研究工作進行統籌與調度;成立聯合研發團隊,充分發揮群體智慧作用,廣泛獲取各方對作戰概念研究的各種新方法與新觀點;設立跨領域、跨部門的專家委員會,多角度對相關工作進行監督、審查與指導。

形成多部門連動的工作機制。為確保各部門之間溝通順暢、運作高效,首先要明確各自的任務與職責。例如,概念發起部門負責總體計畫與實施、實驗室負責技術驗證、工業部門負責裝備研發、作戰部隊負責實戰檢驗。其次,要製定相關規範文件,確保各項工作有章可循、有序推進,為作戰概念研發提供製度保障。最後,還要建立需求牽引機制、協同攻關機制、迭代回授機制等,打通作戰概念從研發到實務運用的連結。

推動理論與實務有機結合。作戰概念只有透過「設計研究—推演驗證—實兵檢驗」的循環迭代,才能逐步調整、優化、完善,牽引戰爭理論發展。因此,作戰概念發展要特別注重理論創新與實務運用結合,透過理論與實務的相互驅動,達成牽引新質戰鬥力生成的根本目的。具體方式包括,將開發成熟的作戰概念及時納入作戰條令,相應地編寫訓練大綱或教材,逐步推廣至部隊使用;透過組織相關演訓或試驗,在貼近實戰條件下檢驗作戰概念的成熟度與可行性,查找並解決問題;把作戰概念確定的能力指標作為裝備需求論證的參考,促進引裝備技術發展,尋找並解決問題;把作戰概念確定的能力指標作為裝備需求論證的參考,促進引裝備技術發展,找到並解決問題;把作戰概念確定的能力指標作為裝備需求論證的參考,促進引裝備技術發展,找到並解決問題;把作戰概念確定的能力指標作為裝備需求論證的參考,促進引裝備技術發展,作戰能力提升。

新時代科技發展態勢迅猛,為軍事能力建設帶來許多新機會與新挑戰。發展新作戰概念,有助於敏銳抓住科技進步帶來的軍事機遇,積極應對科技發展形成的威脅與挑戰,及時掌握戰爭形態演進方向與規律,可為主導未來戰爭樣式、搶佔制勝先機提供重要支撐。當前,國際安全情勢複雜多變,打贏未來資訊化戰爭,需要我們把作戰概念開發作為國防和軍隊建設的原點,積極開展軍事技術創新,推進武器裝備更新換代,實現跨越式發展,從而引領新軍事革命潮流。

(作者單位:中國航太科工集團第二研究院)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/gfbmap/content/2022-06/22/content_31822288.htm

Chinese Military Era of Intelligent Integration Calls for Smart Transformation Training

中国军事智能化时代呼唤智能转型训练

現代英語:

At present, the new military is exciting the rapid development of scientific and technological revolution and revolution. Revolutionary technologies represented by artificial intelligence promote the transformation of war forms to intelligent warfare with artificial intelligence. Winning intelligent warfare has gradually become the focus of military competition among powerful countries. Military training, as a pre-practice of military warfare, should promptly mark new goals, realize the transformation to “intelligence”, accelerate “intelligence” training, continuously improve the military science and technology level and “intelligence content”, and comprehensively upgrade combat capabilities to accelerate generation.

Keep up with the changes in the form of war and upgrade the concept of transformation

As the scale of the military and the number of equipment are no longer the key to victory in war, upgrading war thinking and training concepts is imperative. We should take a more proactive attitude and a more open vision, keep up with the trend of focus development, and strive to create a new thinking for military victory.

Grasp the inherent cause and effect of intelligent manufacturing victory. The winning chart is a manifestation of the inherent laws of war. Driven by the intelligent revolution, driven by strategic competition, and driven by war practice, the advantages of information-generated intelligence and intelligence-enabled are increasingly evident, reflected in various links such as actuarial and joint systems. A certain flow chart, it can be said that the higher the “intelligence”, the higher the quality level of combat and training can be. Therefore, further training thinking remains at the mechanization level. We should use the courage of self-revolution to trigger a “headache storm”, upgrade standardized combat, strengthen the theoretical research of standardized training, and use “intelligence” soldiers to deal with mechanized, informationized, and standardized combat issues, organically connect with fighting, design wars with technology, and practice wars with intelligent means, so as to clarify the fog of war.

At present, the military implements training mobilization with a focus on transformation, trying to further widen the generation gap in combat power with other countries’ armies. Once the generation gap in the military is widened, it will be difficult to recover. If you can’t keep up with it, you may be completely controlled by others. Only by keeping an eye on the opponent can you surpass the opponent. We must stand out in military training, and improve the level of military transformation and non-target combat capabilities in training.

Strengthen the target positioning of science and technology empowerment. Science and technology are the core combat power. Driven by science and technology, the combat effectiveness has leaped from mechanical energy type and information energy type to type. Traditional siege-style large-scale troop operations are gradually withdrawing from the historical stage, and the cutting-edge competition in high-end and emerging fields is becoming increasingly fierce. If military training does not improve its scientific and technological armament, it will only be at the forefront of low-level intelligence. Therefore, we should firmly establish the goal of winning by science and technology, firmly grasp the “life gate” and “key point” of winning future wars, greatly improve the connotation of military science and technology, increase the practical application of new means such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and big data, unveil the mysterious veil of focusing on war, and control the initiative of future wars.

Keep up with the changes in scientific and technological development and build strong conditions for automation transformation

Automation training conditions are the basic training support for organizing and implementing automation training, and are directly related to the quality and effectiveness of automation training. To build an automated training environment, we need to focus on the development of intelligent concepts, intelligent technology, and automated operations, and continue to work hard in building environments, innovating training methods, and cultivating new talents.

Construct a battlefield environment. Modified operations, training space is more convenient, the field is wider, and the methods are more diverse. The battlefield environment construction under easy mechanization and information conditions can no longer support the needs of modified training. We should highlight the elite confrontation, rapid confrontation, and linkage confrontation supported by the modification conditions, tap into the existing existing training equipment and field functions, strengthen the application of technologies such as big data analysis, smart wearable devices, and machine “deep learning”, and effectively integrate various fields such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and network. For example, digital maps, virtual reality and other technologies are used to simulate and display visualized three-dimensional landforms, weather and complex combat scenes, and build rich and rich combat scenes.

Develop advanced training methods. Advanced training methods help improve training results. Transformation of military training should transform the key factor of “data-centric” and transform the latest scientific and technological achievements into training conditions. We should focus on strengthening data linkage and integration to form a “pool” covering strategy, campaign, and tactics, and immediately command organizations to end individual soldiers; develop data intelligent analysis tools, use training cloud computing, artificial intelligence and other advanced technologies to integrate and mine data operations; develop intelligent training systems, increase the construction of simulation methods such as simulation, war game confrontation, network confrontation, and intelligent judgment, and overall promote the transformation and upgrading of military methods to “technology +” and “intelligence +”.

Cultivate new military talents. No matter how the war evolves, people are always the real controllers and final decision-makers of war. The quality of the standardization level of military personnel must determine the quality of customized training. To win the information-based local war with standardized characteristics, we should accurately meet the future military needs, strengthen the transformation of traditional combat talents, make good use of the power resources of “technology +”, “maker +” and “think tank +”, promote the integrated development of “commanders”, “combatants” and “scientists” and “technologists”, form a professional and standardized new military talent group, and realize the intelligent interaction between people and equipment, the deep integration of people and environment, and the extensive adaptation of people and environment.

At present, the world’s major military powers attach great importance to the development of intelligent equipment. New equipment such as unmanned “swarms” and unmanned submarines are emerging in an endless stream. On the one hand, they support standardized military training, and on the other hand, they are constantly tested and improved. To this end, we should make full use of the war-building and preparation strengthening mechanism, vigorously promote the “+ intelligence” of existing equipment and the “intelligence +” construction of the new generation of equipment, adhere to the research, construction, use and modification, break through the customization level of weapon upgrades and equipment through training practice, and finally make efforts to achieve a multiplier effect. The entire weapon equipment goes from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence” to better support standardized military training.

Keep up with the changes in war practice and innovate customized training models

The military style training model has been developed many times and has moved from theoretical exploration to battlefield practice. In recent local wars, standardized operations have begun to show their edge, and thus have shown the potential to change the “rules of the game” of war. The combat style has changed, and the training model must also change accordingly and actively change. We must keep a close eye on the characteristics of war, innovate military training models, and fully rehearse the next war in military training.

We must base ourselves on the basic point of fighting high-end wars with strong enemies, highlight the essence of breaking high-end wars, continue to deepen research on strong enemies, and use the development of new combat concepts and training theories as a starting point to clarify the laws of war development and key points for winning. Predict future wars and design combat styles from the perspective of intelligence and innovation to study the unique and wonderful ways to defeat the enemy. Emphasize key actions such as joint anti-missile defense, organize strategic and campaign training tactics to defeat the enemy with disadvantages, organize non-combat training to win, and organize training to fight against new domains such as the far sea and the far domain. Seize the high position of future wars in innovative training and form a combat capability of “superior intelligence” and “superior skills” against powerful enemies.

Emphasize the research and training of new quality forces. The transformation of war from winning by force and equipment to winning by intelligence has made new combat forces a new growth pole of combat effectiveness. According to information, the US military plans to standardize 60% of ground combat platforms by 2030, and the Russian army expects that more than 30% of key weapons and equipment will be used in the battlefield by 2025. As the army’s new equipment with intelligent attributes increases, it is necessary to take the path of actual combat training with new combat forces as the leading element, highlight the formation and combat use of new combat forces, carry out training methods and tactics that are compatible with the new domain combat concept and victory, strengthen new styles of training such as unmanned combat, promote the combat system of new combat forces, and make new combat power resources move and come alive.

Highlight intelligent command research and training. How to change the form of war and command, ability is always the key ability to win the battle. As the degree of war continues to increase, planning and commanding based on experience and personal wisdom alone can no longer adapt to any rapidly changing battlefield situation. Artificial intelligence decision-making training has become an inevitable trend to improve the efficiency of combat mission planning, planning, command and control. Commanders and command organizations are the key to the system of operations. We need to make breakthroughs in the scientificity, accuracy and timeliness of command planning. We rely on new technologies such as “big data” and “artificial intelligence algorithms” and new means such as “engineering” and “one network” to promote the upgrade of command planning from “human intelligence” training to “human intelligence + intelligence” training. We can judge the enemy situation, establish plans and determine actions in the process of actuarial calculations, so as to achieve the goal of defeating the slow with the fast and taking the lead.

(Author’s unit: Central Theater Command)

現代國語:

曾海清

引言

目前,新軍事激動科技革命和革命快速發展,以人工智慧為代表的革命性技術,以人工智慧推動戰爭形態向智慧化戰爭轉型,打贏智慧化戰爭逐漸成為強國軍事競爭的焦點。軍事訓練作為軍事戰爭的預實踐,應及時邁開標記新目標,實現向“智”轉型、正加速“智”練兵,不斷提高軍事科技度和“含智量”,全面升級作戰能力加速生成。

緊跟形態戰爭之變,升級改造概念

隨著軍事規模、裝備數量已不再是戰爭決定制勝的關鍵,升級戰爭思想和訓練理念勢必行。我們當以更主動的姿態、更開放的視野,緊跟著焦點發展趨勢,全力打造軍事制勝新思維。

把握智能製造勝的內在因果關係。制勝圖表是戰爭內在規律的表現。在智慧革命驅動下、戰略競爭推動下、戰爭實踐牽引下,資訊生智、以智賦能的優勢日益顯現,體現在精算、聯合體係等各個環節。一定的流程圖,可以說「智」有多高,戰與訓的品質水準就能夠達到多高。所以,進一步訓練思維停留在機械化層面應該以自我革命的勇氣來引發“頭痛風暴”,升級標準化作戰,加強標準化訓練理論研究,以“智”兵練處理機械化、信息化、標準化作戰問題,把和打仗有機銜接起來,用技術設計戰爭,用智能手段演練戰爭,從而輪廓清晰化戰爭的迷霧。

目前,軍事實施以轉型為重點的訓練動員,試圖進一步拉大與其他國家軍隊的戰力代差。軍事上的代差一旦拉開將很難追回,一步跟不上就可能徹底受制於人,只有盯緊對手才可能超越對手。要向強在軍事訓練中突出出來,在練兵中提高軍事轉型水準和非目標作戰能力。

強化科技賦能的目標定位。科技是核心戰鬥力。在科技驅動下,戰鬥力形態已從機械能型、資訊能型向型躍升,傳統攻城略地式大兵團作戰正逐步退出歷史舞台,高端、新興領域的尖端量日益激烈。軍事訓練若不提高科技武裝,將只能在低層次智能外圍前沿,很為此,應樹牢科技制勝目標,緊緊抓住科技創新這一制勝未來戰爭的“命門”和“要穴”,大幅提高軍事科技內涵,加大人工智能、雲計算、大數據等新手段的實踐運用,揭開聚焦戰爭的神秘面紗,加大人工智能、雲計算、大數據等新手段的實踐運用,揭開聚焦戰爭的神秘面紗,掌控未來行動權。

緊跟科技發展之變,建強自動化改造條件

自動化訓練條件是組織實施自動化訓練的基礎訓練支撐,直接關係自動化訓練品質。建構自動化訓練條件環境,需要我們緊緊圍繞智慧理念、智慧科技和自動化作戰的發展,在建構環境、創新訓練手段、培育新型人才等方面持續發力。

構設戰場環境。 改裝作戰,訓練空間更加便利、領域更廣泛、方式更加多元,易機械化資訊化條件下的戰場環境構設已無法支撐改裝訓練需求。應突顯改裝條件支撐下的精兵對抗、快速對抗、連動對抗,挖掘充分現有的訓練裝置和現場功能,加強大數據分析、智慧穿戴裝置、機器「深度學習」等技術應用,把陸、海、空、天、電、網等各領域有效融合起來,例如利用數位地圖、虛擬實境等技術模擬顯示可視化的內涵地貌、天誌場景,建構內

開發先進訓練手段。先進的訓練手段,有助於提升訓練成果。轉型軍事訓練應轉變「以數據為中心」這一關鍵因素,將最新科技成果轉化為訓練條件。應著重加強資料連動融合,形成覆蓋戰略、戰役、戰術,立即指揮機構走向終結單兵的「池」;開發資料智慧分析工具,藉助訓練雲運算、人工智慧等先進技術,整合挖掘資料作戰;開發智慧演訓系統,加大模擬模擬、兵棋對抗、網路對抗、智慧判決等模擬手段,整體軍事模擬向「科技+升級」「智慧手段」。

培養新型軍事人才。無論戰爭形態如何演變,人始終是戰爭的真正控制者和最終決策者。軍事人員標準化水準的優劣,一定編程了客製化訓練的品質效果。要打贏具有標準化特徵的資訊化局部戰爭,應精準對接未來軍事需求,加強傳統作戰力人才轉型,用好「科技+」「創客+」「智庫+」力量資源,推動「指揮官」「戰鬥員」與「科學家」「技術家」融合發展,形成專業化、標準化的新型軍事人才群體,實現人與裝備智能、人與深度融合。

目前,世界主要軍事強國都高度重視智慧裝備發展,無人「蜂群」、無人潛航器等新裝備層出不窮,一方面支撐標準化軍事訓練,一方面又在不斷檢驗完善。為此,應充分用好戰建備強化機制,大力推進現有裝備“+智能”和新一代裝備“智能+”建設,堅持邊研邊建邊用邊改,以訓練實踐突破武器升級裝備定制水平,最終發力實現倍增效應,整個武器裝備從“弱智”到“強智”再到“超智”的時間軸,更好地支撐標準化軍事訓練。

緊跟戰爭實踐之變,創新客製化訓練模式

軍事樣式訓練模式經過多次發展,從理論探索走向戰場實踐。近年來的局部戰爭中,標準化作戰已初露鋒芒,並由此顯現出改變戰爭「遊戲規則」決定的潛力。作戰樣式變了,訓練模式也要隨之變、主動變。要盯緊戰爭特點,創新軍事訓練模式,在軍事訓練中充分預演下一場戰爭。

要立強敵打高端戰爭這個基點,突顯破解高端戰爭本質,持續深化強敵研究,以開發新型作戰概念和訓練理論為抓手,搞清戰爭發展規律和製勝要點。從的視角預判未來戰爭、設計作戰風格,智創新研究克敵制勝的奇招、妙招要突出聯合反導等關鍵行動,瞄準強敵組織以劣勢勝優的戰略戰役訓練戰術,瞄準勝勝組織非謀求制衡實戰訓練,瞄準全域組織對抗遠海域等新域延伸訓練,在創新運動中搶奪制衡實戰訓練,瞄準全球組織對抗遠海域等新域延伸訓練,在創新訓練中佔高優勢訓練中佔未來的高超能力。

突顯新質力量研練。戰爭從力勝、器勝到智勝的轉變,使得新型作戰力量成為戰鬥力新的成長極。根據資料介紹,美軍計畫在2030年達到60%地面作戰平台標準化,俄軍預計2025年重點武器裝備戰場將超過30%。隨著軍隊具有智慧屬性的新裝備增多,要走開以新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化練兵路子,突顯新質作戰力量編成、作戰運用,開展與新域作戰理念、制勝相適應的訓法戰法,加強無人作戰等新樣式訓練,推動新質作戰力量作戰體系,讓新質戰鬥力資源動起來、活起來。

突顯智能指揮研練。戰爭形態如何轉變指揮,能力始終是能打勝仗的關鍵能力。隨著戰爭程度不斷提高,僅憑經驗和個人智慧進行規劃和指揮已不能適應任何瞬息萬變的戰場局勢,人工智慧決策訓練已成為提升作戰任務規劃、規劃、指揮控制效率的必然趨勢。指揮員和指揮機構這一體係作戰關鍵,在指揮謀劃科學性、精確性、時效性上求突破,依托「大數據」「人工智慧演算法」新技術和「工程化」「一張網」新手段,推動指揮謀劃由「人智」訓練向「人智+機智」訓練升級,在精算學、先定階段中求敵情、先定階段。

(作者單位:中部戰區)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/xxqj_207719/xxjt/ll/1017241088.html?

Artificial Intelligence Accelerates Process of Chinese Military Weapons Autonomy

人工智慧加速中國軍事武器自主化進程

中國軍網 國防網

2024年9月12日 星期四

現代英語:

For some time, driven by technological progress and military needs, the world’s military powers have been actively developing and deploying various weapons autonomy projects to enable them to perceive, learn, and make decisions autonomously with the help of artificial intelligence.

In May this year, 2024, US Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall publicly tested an AI-controlled F-16 fighter jet (X-62A) at Edwards Air Force Base, which attracted widespread attention. Analysts believe that AI-enabled autonomous weapons will not only change the shape of future wars, but will also have a new impact on the current international security situation, and the risk of their loss of control will become a problem that human society cannot ignore.

Accelerate the development of war weapons

In the eyes of the US military, artificial intelligence, unlike the next generation of weapon platforms and advanced ammunition, has the potential to change almost all aspects of the battlefield, one of the important areas of which is to accelerate the autonomy of weapons. The US military has invested a lot of resources in this regard, and the X-62A that Kendall rode is a landmark achievement. During the approximately 1-hour flight, all the actions of the fighter were completed autonomously by artificial intelligence. In addition, the “collaborative combat aircraft” being developed by the US Air Force will be equipped with the “Sky Borg” unmanned autonomous core system, and will form a formation with manned fighters in combat, taking on multiple tasks such as surveillance, attack, electronic interference, and acting as bait, to maximize the safety and combat capability of the formation.

On the naval side, in the reports “Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Requirements in 2025” and “Future Fleet Platform Alternatives”, the United States plans to realize the concept of a distributed fleet by 2030, equipped with 183 medium-sized unmanned submarines and 48 large unmanned submarines that can be carried by nuclear submarines, capable of performing anti-submarine, reconnaissance, surveillance and other missions for tens of days in ports, international waters and major waterways.

Russia also started research on artificial intelligence early. The Russian Ministry of Defense established an artificial intelligence weapons research department in 2022 to strengthen the use of artificial intelligence technology and develop new special equipment. The “Depesha” and “Baji” multi-functional unmanned systems developed by the Russian State Technology Group can not only transport goods and wounded, but also strike enemy positions and manpower. It was previously reported that the Russian military’s “Lancet”-3 cruise missile uses a convolutional neural network, which can analyze the collected image and video data to achieve precise detection and strike.

Germany, Israel and other countries have also increased their research and development efforts in related fields. With the support of NATO, Germany’s ARX Robotics is developing a series of unmanned ground vehicles. With the help of artificial intelligence, these vehicles can operate autonomously on the battlefield and communicate with each other, and can also be remotely controlled when necessary. Analysts believe that this move means that NATO has started the process of “building an autonomous robot force.” The Israeli Army’s M-RCV unmanned combat vehicle has a high level of intelligence and can perform a variety of tasks such as highly autonomous frontier reconnaissance, firepower strikes, and transporting and recovering drones without human intervention.

The Coming Military Revolution

Autonomous weapons powered by artificial intelligence have already appeared in regional conflicts. In the 2020 Libyan military conflict, the Turkish-produced Kaguya-2 drone tracked and attacked the retreating “Libyan National Army” without relying on an operator. This may be the first recorded case in history of a drone attacking a person without human command. In the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, the Ukrainian army not only obtained a large number of drones powered by artificial intelligence from the United Kingdom, the United States and other countries, but also actively carried out related research. In this round of Israeli-Palestinian conflict, artificial intelligence has also been applied. When Israel attacked Gaza, it used an artificial intelligence system called “Lavender” to help identify Hamas militants.

Autonomous weapons powered by artificial intelligence are changing the face of warfare. Last September, the X-62A successfully completed an aerial dogfight with an F-16 fighter jet piloted by a human pilot. This is considered a “transformative moment in the history of aerospace,” indicating that future operations will be partially or completely controlled by artificial intelligence. Unmanned system clusters, which are basically composed of unmanned combat units such as various types of drones, unmanned vehicles, unmanned boats and unmanned submarines, will account for an increasingly large proportion of future combat force systems, and may even reach a position of driving side by side with manned combat systems. With the improvement of autonomy and intelligence, unmanned system clusters will increasingly become the “protagonists” in war. Researchers believe that collaborative combat with manned systems is only the initial stage of autonomous combat for unmanned systems, and the ultimate goal is to achieve fully autonomous combat for unmanned systems.

Autonomous weapons empowered by artificial intelligence impact geopolitical stability. Geopolitical stability depends on the relative balance of regional military power. However, the large-scale use of unmanned autonomous weapons will inevitably impact the original pattern, leading to a new arms race. Taking individual hegemonic countries as an example, once autonomous weapons empowered by artificial intelligence are put into use on a large scale, their concerns about launching regional military interventions will be reduced, and the threshold for external military action will be lowered. The security and stability of the relevant regions will face great challenges. In addition, more and more non-state actors will master autonomous weapons technology and use it for lethal purposes, which will also have an impact on the regional situation.

The risk of abuse cannot be ignored

“Humanity is standing at a crossroads, and autonomous weapon systems will soon fill the world’s battlefields. This is the ‘Oppenheimer moment’ of our generation,” said Austrian Foreign Minister Schallenberg at the International Conference on Autonomous Weapons held in Vienna this year. Although artificial intelligence can help with precision strikes, differentiated operations, and reduced material losses, due to its inherent “black box mechanism” and “machine illusion”, future unmanned warfare will face unavoidable risks and challenges.

Risk of command disorder. Over-reliance on the autonomy of weapons can easily increase the risk of the command and control system losing control. In a simulated test by the US military, a drone that was performing an air defense suppression mission chose to “kill” the operator who prevented it from scoring in order to score points in the test. When it was “told” that it would lose points for killing the operator, it attacked the communication tower to cut off the operator’s contact with itself to seize autonomy. In the real battlefield of the future, the risk of autonomous weapons losing control cannot be completely ruled out, and the consequences will be even more difficult to control.

Risk of uncontrolled violence. The combination of artificial intelligence and weapons means that the difficulty of killing is significantly reduced, while the efficiency and intensity of killing are greatly increased, which can easily lead to the expansion and escalation of armed conflict. However, the machine learning algorithms that artificial intelligence relies on are inherently unpredictable, and there are still some unexplained parts of the internal mechanism. In extreme cases, humans may even completely lose control of autonomous weapons, and the resulting humanitarian disaster will be difficult to estimate. It is precisely in recognition of this problem that the United Nations is calling on various parties to formulate common norms and guidelines for autonomous weapon systems and to complete relevant negotiations as soon as possible.

Risk of ethical anomie. Lethal autonomous weapons automatically select and attack targets without human intervention, which means that the right to deprive natural people of their lives is handed over to cold-blooded robots. Some experts said that after the battlefield is handed over to autonomous weapons, human perception of the cruelty of war will drop sharply, resulting in the consequence of “game-like war”, which will lead to excessive use of force. This is not only a “lack of moral responsibility”, but also poses a serious challenge to international humanitarian law and international peace and security, which is “unbearable” for human beings.

現代國語:

裴 帥 石海明 霍江雷

一段時間以來,在科技進步與軍事需求雙輪驅動下,世界各軍事強國正積極研發部署各種武器自主化項目,使其在人工智慧賦能下自主感知、學習、決策。

今年5月,美國空軍部長弗蘭克‧肯德爾在愛德華茲空軍基地公開試乘人工智慧控制的F-16戰機(X-62A),引發各方廣泛關注。分析家認為,人工智慧賦能的自主武器不僅會改變未來戰爭的形態,更將對當前國際安全局勢造成新的沖擊,而其失控的風險也將成為人類社會不容忽視的問題。

加速研發的戰爭利器

在美軍看來,人工智慧與下一代武器平台和先進彈藥不同,有著改變戰場幾乎所有面向的潛力,其中一個重要的領域就是加速武器的自主化。美軍在這方面投入了大量的資源,肯德爾乘坐的X-62A是標志性成果。在約1小時的飛行中,該戰機所有動作均由人工智慧自主完成。此外,美空軍正在研發的“協同作戰飛機”,將配裝“天空博格人”無人自主核心系統,在作戰中與有人戰機共同編隊,擔負監視、打擊、電子乾擾、充當誘餌等多種任務,最大限度提高編隊的安全性和作戰能力。

海軍方面,在《2025年自主潛航器需求》及《未來艦隊平台備選方案》報告中,美計畫在2030年實現分散式艦隊的構想,裝備中型無人潛航器183具、可供核子潛艇攜帶的大型無人潛航器48具,能在港口、國際海域及主要航道執行為期數十天的反潛、偵察、等任務。

俄羅斯對人工智慧的研究也啟動較早。俄國防部於2022年成立了人工智慧武器研究部門,以加強人工智慧技術的使用,發展新的特種裝備。俄國家技術集團研發的「德佩沙」和「巴吉」多功能無人系統,不僅能運送貨物和傷員,還能打擊敵方陣地和有生力量。先前有報導稱,俄軍的「柳葉刀」-3巡飛彈使用了卷積神經網絡,可以對收集到的圖像和影片數據進行分析,從而實現精準探測打擊。

德國、以色列等國也加強了相關領域的研發力道。在北約支援下,德國ARX機器人公司正在開發一系列無人地面載具。借助人工智慧,這些載具可以在戰場上自主運行並相互通信,必要時也可以進行遠端控制。分析家認為,此舉意味著北約開啟了「打造自主機器人部隊」的進程。以軍的M-RCV型無人戰車,智慧化程度較高,能在沒有人工幹預的情況下,執行高度自主的前沿偵察、火力打擊以及運載和回收無人機等多樣化任務。

即將到來的軍事革命

人工智慧賦能的自主武器已在地區沖突中出現。 2020年利比亞軍事沖突中,土耳其生產的「卡古」-2無人機在不依靠操作員的情況下跟踪並攻擊了正在撤退的「利比亞國民軍」。這或許是有史以來第一個記錄在案的無人機在沒有人為命令的情況下向人發動攻擊的案例。在俄烏沖突中,烏軍不但從英美等國獲得大量人工智慧加持的無人機,自身也積極進行相關研究。在本輪巴以沖突中,人工智慧同樣被應用。以色列在進攻加薩時,使用了名為「薰衣草」的人工智慧系統來幫助識別哈馬斯武裝人員。

人工智慧賦能的自主武器正在顛覆戰爭形態。去年9月,X-62A成功與人類飛行員駕駛的F-16戰鬥機完成空中格鬥。這被認為是“航空航天史上的一個變革時刻”,表明未來作戰將局部或完全由人工智慧操控。以各型無人機、無人車、無人艇和無人潛航器等無人作戰單元為基本構成的無人系統集群,在未來作戰力量體系中佔比將越來越大,乃至達到與有人作戰系統並駕齊驅的地位。隨著自主性和智慧化程度的提高,無人系統集群將日益成為戰爭中的「主角」。研究人員認為,與有人系統協同作戰僅是無人系統自主作戰的初始階段,最終目標是實現全無人系統自主作戰。

人工智慧賦能的自主武器沖擊地緣政治穩定。地緣政治的穩定有賴於區域軍力的相對平衡,然而無人化自主武器的大量運用,必將沖擊原有格局,從而導致新的軍備競賽。以個別霸權國家為例,一旦人工智慧賦能的自主武器大規模投入使用,其發動地區軍事幹預的顧忌因素減少、對外動武門檻降低,相關地區的安全與穩定將面臨極大挑戰。此外,越來越多的非國家行為體掌握自主武器技術並將其用於致命目的,也將對地區局勢構成沖擊。

不容忽視的濫用風險

「人類正站在一個十字路口,自主武器系統很快就會佈滿世界戰場。這是我們這一代的『奧本海默時刻』。」今年在維也納召開的自主武器國際會議上,奧地利外交部長沙倫貝格表示。人工智慧雖然有助於精確化打擊、區分性作戰及降低物資損耗,但由於其固有的“黑箱機制”和“機器幻覺”,未來無人化戰爭將面臨不可迴避的風險挑戰。

指揮失序風險。過度依賴武器的自主化,容易增加指控係統失控的風險。在美軍一次模擬測試中,一架執行壓制防空任務的無人機,為在測試中得分,選擇「殺死」了阻止自己得分的操作員。在被「告知」殺死操作員要扣分時,其又通過攻擊通信塔中斷了操作員與自己的聯絡來奪得自主權。在未來的真實戰場上,自主武器失控的風險並不能完全排除,其帶來的後果將更難以控制。

暴力失控風險。人工智慧與武器的結合,意味著殺傷難度顯著降低、殺傷效率和強度大幅增加,容易導致武裝沖突擴大升級。然而,人工智慧所依賴的機器學習演算法本質上是不可預測的,內部機制尚存在一些未解釋的部分。在極端情況下,人類甚至可能徹底喪失對自主武器的控制,所造成的人道主義災難將難以估量。正是意識到這個問題,聯合國正多方呼籲就自主武器系統制定共同的規範和準則,並儘早完成相關談判。

倫理失範風險。致命性自主武器在沒有人的干預下自動選擇和攻擊目標,意味著將剝奪自然人生命的權利交給了冷酷無情的機器人。有專家表示,將戰場一線交給自主武器後,人類對戰爭殘酷性的感知度會直線下降,產生「戰爭遊戲化」的後果,從而導致武力的過度使用。這既是“道義責任的缺失”,也對國際人道法和國際和平與安全提出了嚴峻的挑戰,是人類“無法承受之重”。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2024-09-12&paperNumber=11&articleid=93948889

Satellite Navigation for the Chinese Military’s Intelligent Battlefield

中國軍隊智慧戰場的衛星導航

現代英語:

The satellite navigation system, also known as the global satellite navigation system, is an air-based radio navigation and positioning system that can provide users with all-weather three-dimensional coordinates, speed and time information at any location on the earth’s surface or in near-Earth space.

The satellite navigation system is an important space infrastructure for mankind. It is an indispensable tool for a country’s national security and economic and social development. It has a profound impact on the form of war, combat style, and people’s production and lifestyle.

At present, there are four major global satellite navigation systems in the world, namely, the United States’ GPS, Russia’s GLONASS, Europe’s Galileo and China’s Beidou. Global competition in satellite navigation technology is becoming increasingly fierce.

Standing at a new starting point of profound changes in the world’s military, and looking at the future battlefield with a high degree of integration of informatization and intelligence, intelligent navigation systems will come into being and play an important role.

Satellite navigation becomes a “standard” element of the intelligent battlefield

The future intelligent battlefield will present the characteristics of high-tech warfare, which will comprehensively use intelligent weapons and means under information conditions, realize efficient command and control, and implement precise and flexible strikes. Satellite navigation technology can provide high-precision, all-weather, large-scale and multi-purpose positioning, navigation and timing services for various objects on land, sea, air and space.

Provide a unified time and space benchmark for systematic operations. For the intelligent battlefield, there are many linked elements and the situation changes rapidly, which requires accurate positioning of combat units to achieve intelligence reconnaissance, command and control, battlefield maneuvers, offensive and defensive operations, and support and guarantee under a unified time and space benchmark, ensuring that all elements of the entire battlefield form a coordinated organic whole.

The basic function of satellite navigation is to provide accurate time and space references for various combat elements. Without an accurate and unified time and space reference, the precise command of joint operations may be out of balance, combat operations may be out of control, and intelligence fusion and target identification cannot be achieved. If the time error is one hundredth of a second, a target locked by more than a dozen radars will become more than a dozen targets, and accurate defense and counterattack will not be possible.

Under a unified standard time and geographic coordinate system, satellite navigation provides precision guidance for various weapon platforms, fine frequency calibration for electronic warfare weapons, and all-weather positioning and navigation for individual combatants, significantly improving the coordination and strike effectiveness of joint firepower strikes.

Provide synchronous situation cognition for combat command and control. Accurately grasping the battlefield situation is the premise and basis for commanders to flexibly and accurately implement command and control. The satellite navigation system provides strong support for battlefield situation awareness.

Since the 1990s, the U.S. military has developed a “Blue Force Tracking” system based on GPS and satellite communications to build a precise command and control system. The “Blue Force Tracking” system has effectively supported the U.S. military in forming a networked information advantage on the ground battlefield and effectively solved the problem of “where are we, our friends, and our enemies?”

Relying on the two major services of navigation positioning and position reporting of the global satellite network, the military has realized battlefield situation monitoring and sharing, which has become an important means for the military to “know itself”. At the same time, it has optimized the combat operation process, realized the issuance of combat orders at the minute level, and accelerated the development of the military’s command and control mode towards “integration” and “flattening”.

Providing a tool to enhance the precision strike of weapons and ammunition. In the intelligent battlefield, precision-guided weapons have become the “trump card” that determines victory or defeat. Using the satellite navigation system, the flight process of the missile can be corrected throughout to ensure the accuracy of the hit. It can be said that the satellite navigation system is a tool to enhance the precision strike of weapon platforms.

In recent local wars, the proportion of GPS precision-guided weapons of the US military has continued to rise: 7.6% in the Gulf War in 1991, 35% in the Kosovo War in 1999, 60% in the Afghanistan War in 2001, 68.3% in the Iraq War in 2003, and 100% in the Syrian War in 2018.

Intelligent battlefield requires satellite navigation to have new “responsibilities”

As the core and cornerstone of the precise and unified space-time system, the modern satellite navigation system must take on new responsibilities in response to the development needs of future intelligent battlefields.

In the era of intelligence, new combat elements represented by “AI, cloud, network, group, and terminal” will reconstruct the battlefield ecology and completely change the winning mechanism of war. Satellite navigation services need to adapt to the characteristics of the intelligent battlefield with wider dimensions, higher precision, and stronger system.

Navigation positioning and timing have a wider range and higher accuracy. The current satellite navigation system has achieved coverage of the earth’s surface. However, on the intelligent battlefield, it needs to extend to deep space and under the sea. The combat time domain and air domain are wider, requiring the construction of a comprehensive service system covering land, sea, air and space, with unified standards, high efficiency and intelligence, to form time and space information coverage at all times and everywhere, and to achieve more powerful, safer and more reliable time and space service capabilities.

For example, in the intelligent battlefield, unmanned combat has become the basic form. Autonomous driving of unmanned vehicles, precision approach of drones, and measurement of intelligent missile positions all urgently need to be improved by an order of magnitude on the basis of existing navigation accuracy to ensure higher navigation integrity, faster first positioning time, and stronger cross-domain capabilities of land, sea, air, and space.

The military navigation confrontation system is more complete and more powerful. The means of navigation confrontation in the information age is a simple confrontation form based on signal energy enhancement and interference attack. Navigation in the intelligent era is intertwined with detection, perception, communication, command, and decision-making. It requires a navigation capability level with higher power and faster effectiveness in any region of the world, the ability to intelligently adjust navigation signals, and the development of multiple navigation means such as quantum navigation, pulsar navigation, and deep-sea navigation. It is necessary to integrate navigation methods with different principles, methods, and carriers to achieve navigation confrontation capabilities at the system level and system level.

The bandwidth of navigation information interaction is larger and the access is wider. In the intelligent era, the role of cyberspace in the combat system is gradually increasing, and it is integrated with the navigation space-time system. The navigation information and cyberspace system that provide space-time position will connect the scattered combat forces and combat elements into a whole, forming a networked and systematic combat capability. This requires support for ubiquitous perception, left-right collaboration, and reliable and reconfigurable navigation capabilities, support for highly reliable, highly anti-interference, and readily accessible signaling channels, and timely acquisition of required navigation auxiliary information such as geography, maps, and images. On this basis, the real integration of communication and navigation is realized, achieving the effect of “one domain combat, multi-domain support”.

Adapting to the needs of military intelligence development and promoting the construction of intelligent navigation system

Judging from the development trend of the world’s military powers, facing the future intelligent battlefield, intelligent navigation systems are gradually building a space-time reference network and navigation information service network that integrates the earth and the sky, with space-based, systematized, on-demand and cloud-based as the main characteristics, forming a comprehensive navigation, positioning and timing system with unified reference, seamless coverage, security and reliability, high efficiency and convenience, and strong practicality.

The core of the transformation from a basic navigation system to an intelligent navigation system is to upgrade from “positioning navigation service” to “intelligent navigation service”, and the focus is on achieving the following four aspects of transformation:

The space-time benchmark is shifting from relying on ground systems to autonomous space-time benchmark maintenance. The space-time benchmark maintenance equipment of the ground system will gradually be transferred to the satellite, and the satellite will be equipped with higher-precision optical clocks and astronomical measurement equipment to form a more stable and reliable space-based space benchmark through high-precision anchoring and laser intersatellite measurement. The use of intelligent navigation systems can make ordinary navigation positioning accuracy reach sub-meter level, the timing accuracy will be increased by about 5 times, and the precision positioning service can achieve fast convergence of centimeter-level accuracy. Intelligent navigation can fully support the cross-domain integration of combat platforms, the doubling of the effectiveness of distributed lethal weapons, and the precise navigation of the entire process of air-space integrated drones from cruising to precision approach.

The satellite power confrontation mode is transformed into a navigation system confrontation. In terms of navigation confrontation services, the traditional satellite power confrontation mode will no longer meet the needs of the intelligent battlefield. Navigation system confrontation is the only way for the development of intelligent equipment in order to enhance the ability of troops to quickly adapt to the battlefield environment. Specifically, it includes precise release of navigation performance, heterogeneous backup of constellations, and global hotspot mobility. The main features are intelligent navigation signals and flexible theater reinforcements. Based on controllable point beam energy enhancement technology, energy delivery in hotspot areas, enhanced area expansion, deception or blocking interference, and digital transmission service guarantee are realized. In a high-interference and blocking environment, ensure service continuity and accuracy, and gradually release strength as the war progresses.

The simple integration of communication and navigation will be transformed into integrated on-demand services. It will provide deeper and broader navigation information services, deeply integrate into the military information network, and provide high, medium and low-speed classified and hierarchical navigation information services to users on land, sea, air and space. Reuse the favorable conditions of global multiple continuous coverage of navigation satellites to meet users’ communication and navigation needs in a global range and in any posture, and realize high reliability and strong interference-resistant search and rescue, position reporting, and signaling transmission. The navigation satellite space-based network interacts with the ground network information to build inter-satellite and satellite-to-ground high-speed backbone networks. Through miniaturized laser terminals and enhanced space routers, a stable and reliable space network is formed, equipped with a complete and standardized protocol system to support the autonomous and intelligent operation of hybrid constellation networks.

The computing resources of payload modules are separated and transformed into cloud computing resources of constellation. It will provide more intelligent space-based cloud computing services and reliable space-based intelligent support for intelligent weapon platforms. The main features are virtualization of onboard hardware resources and balancing of task loads. Through the configuration of public onboard computing modules, large-capacity storage units, and high-speed bus networks on navigation satellites, a ubiquitous space network shared resource pool is formed. The powerful data processing capability can support the autonomous establishment and maintenance of space-based space-time benchmarks, intelligent maintenance of navigation signal quality, and autonomous management of space networks. At the same time, it can provide computing, push, and storage services for complex information such as spatial position for various high-end users in the sky, air, land, and sea.

(The author is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering)

Above: Schematic diagram of satellite navigation system supporting operations.

現代國語:谭述森

中國軍網 國防部網

2021年11月12日 星期五

衛星導航系統,即全球衛星導航系統,是能在地球表面或近地空間任何地點,為使用者提供全天候三維座標和速度以及時間資訊的空基無線電導航定位系統。

衛星導航系統是人類重要的太空基礎設施,堪稱一個國家安全和經濟社會發展不可或缺的重器,對戰爭形態、作戰樣式和人們生產生活方式有深遠影響。

目前,全球有四大全球衛星導航系統,分別是美國的GPS、俄羅斯的格洛納斯、歐洲的伽利略和中國的北斗,衛星導航技術全球競爭日益激烈。

站在世界軍事深刻變革的新起點,瞭望資訊化智能化高度融合的未來戰場,智慧導航體系將應運而生,並發揮重要作用。

衛星導航成為智慧化戰場的「標配」要素

未來智慧化戰場,將呈現資訊化條件下綜合運用智慧化武器和手段、實現高效指揮控制及實施精確靈巧打擊的高技術作戰特性。衛星導航技術,能高精度、全天候、大範圍、多用途地為陸、海、空、天各種物件提供定位、導航、授時服務。

為體系化作戰提供統一時空基準。對於智慧化戰場來說,連結要素多、情況瞬息萬變,要求對作戰單元進行準確定位,實現統一時空基準下的情報偵察、指揮控制、戰場機動、攻防行動、支援保障,確保整個戰場各類要素形成統籌協調的有機整體。

衛星導航的基本功能是,為各個作戰要素提供精確的時空基準。如果沒有精確統一的時空基準,聯合作戰精準指揮可能失調,作戰行動就可能失控,情報融合、目標辨識就無法實現。時間誤差百分之一秒,十幾部雷達鎖定的一個目標就會變成十幾個目標,精準防禦反擊將無法實現。

在統一標準時間與地理座標系下,衛星導航提供各類武器平台精確導引,給予電子戰武器精細校頻,給予作戰單兵全天候定位導航,顯著提升聯合火力打擊的協同程度、打擊效能。

為作戰指揮控制提供態勢同步認知。準確掌握戰場態勢,是指揮官靈活準確實施指揮控制的前提與基礎。衛星導航系統為戰場態勢感知提供了強大支撐。

美軍從1990年代開始,研發以GPS和衛星通訊為基礎的「藍軍追蹤」系統,用來建構精確化指揮控制系統。 「藍軍追蹤」系統有力支撐著美軍形成地面戰場網路化資訊優勢,有效解決了「我、友、敵在哪裡」的難題。

軍隊依托全球衛星網路的導航定位和位置報告兩大服務,實現了戰場態勢監視共享,成為軍隊「知己」的重要手段。同時,優化了作戰行動流程,實現了作戰指令分秒下達,加速了軍隊指揮控制方式向「一體化」「扁平化」方向發展。

為武器彈藥精確打擊提供增效利器。在智慧化戰場上,精確導引武器已成為關乎勝負的「撒手鐧」。使用衛星導航系統,能對飛彈的飛行過程進行全程修正,確保命中精度。可以說,衛星導航系統是武器平台精準打擊的增效利器。

在近幾場局部戰爭中,美軍GPS精確導引武器比例不斷攀升:1991年海灣戰爭為7.6%,1999年科索沃戰爭為35%,2001年阿富汗戰爭為60%,2003年伊拉克戰爭為68.3%,2018年敘利亞戰爭達100%。

智慧化戰場需要衛星導航有新的“擔當”

現代衛星導航系統作為精確統一時空體系的核心與基石,面向未來智慧化戰場的發展需求,要有新的「擔當」。

智能化時代,以「AI、雲、網、群、端」為代表的全新作戰要素,將重建戰場生態,完全改變戰爭的勝利機制。衛星導航服務,需要適應智慧化戰場維度更廣、精準度更高、系統更強的特性。

導航定位授時範圍更廣精度更高。目前的衛星導航系統,實現了地球表面覆蓋。但在智慧化戰場上,需要向深空、海下延伸。作戰時域空域更廣,要求建構覆蓋陸海空天、基準統一、高效智慧的綜合服務體系,形成無時不有、無所不在的時空資訊覆蓋,實現更強大、更安全、更可靠的時空服務能力。

如智慧化戰場上,無人化作戰成為基本形態。無人車自動駕駛、無人機精密進場、智慧飛彈陣地測量等,都迫切需要在現有導航精度基礎上再提升一個量級,確保導航完好性更高、首次定位時間更快、陸海空天跨域能力更強。

軍事導航對抗體系更全更給力。資訊時代的導航對抗手段,是以訊號能量增強與幹擾攻擊為主的簡單對抗形態。智慧時代的導航與探測、感知、通訊、指揮、決策相互交織影響,需要全球任意區域、功率更高、生效更快的導航能力水平,需要導航訊號智慧調整能力,需要發展量子導航、脈衝星導航、深海導航等多元導航手段,把不同原理、不同方式、不同載體的導航方法融合在一起,實現體系級、系統級的導航對抗能力。

導航資訊互動頻寬更大存取更廣。智慧時代的網路空間,在作戰體系中地位作用逐步上升,並與導航時空體系合為一體。提供時空位置的導航資訊與網路空間系統,將把分散的作戰力量、作戰要素連結為一個整體,形成網路化體系化作戰能力。這就需要支援泛在感知、左右協作、可信賴的導航能力,支援高可靠、強抗干擾、隨遇接取的訊號通道,及時取得所需的地理、地圖和影像等導航輔助資訊。在此基礎上,實現真正意義上的通訊導航一體化,達到「一域作戰、多域支援」效果。

適應軍事智慧化發展需要推動智慧導航體系建設

從世界軍事強國發展趨勢來看,面向未來智慧化戰場,智慧導航系統在逐步建構天地一體化的時空基準網和導航資訊服務網,以天基化、體系化、按需化、雲端化為主要特徵,形成基準統一、覆蓋無縫、安全可信、高效便捷、實戰性強的綜合導航定位授時體系。

從基本導航系統轉變為智慧導航系統,其核心是從“定位導航服務”升級為“智慧導航服務”,並專注於以下4個面向轉變:

時空基準依賴地面系統維持轉變為時空基準天基自主維持。地面系統時空基準維持設備將逐步向星上轉移,衛星將配置更高精度的光鐘、天文測量設備,透過高精度錨固和雷射星間測量,形成更穩定可靠的天基空間基準。智慧導航系統的使用,可使一般導航定位精度達到亞米級,授時精度將提升5倍左右,精密定位服務達到快速收斂的公分精度。智慧導航可完整支撐作戰平台跨域融合、分散式殺傷武器效能倍增、空天一體無人機從巡航到精密進場的全過程精準導航。

衛星功率對抗模式向導航體系化對抗轉變。在導航對抗服務方面,傳統的衛星功率對抗模式將不再滿足智慧化戰場需求,導航體系化對抗是智慧裝備發展的必經之路,以便提升部隊快速適應戰場環境能力。具體包括導航性能精準釋放、星座異構備份、全球熱點機動,主要特徵是導航訊號智能化、戰區增援靈活化。基於可控制點波束能量增強技術,實現熱點區域能量傳遞、增強區域擴展、欺騙或阻塞幹擾、數傳服務保障。在高幹擾阻塞環境下,確保服務連續性和精確度,並隨著戰事進程逐步釋放實力。

通訊導航簡單整合向通導一體按需服務轉變。將提供更深更廣的導航資訊服務,深度融入軍事資訊網絡,向陸、海、空、天用戶的高、中、低速分類分層次導航資訊服務。重複利用導航衛星全球多重連續覆蓋的有利條件,滿足用戶在全球範圍、任意姿態的通導需求,實現高可靠性、抗強幹擾的搜救、位置報告、信令傳輸。導航衛星天基網路與地面網路資訊交互,建構星間、星地高速骨幹網路。透過小型化雷射終端和增強型空間路由器,形成穩定可靠的空間網絡,裝載完備、標準統一的協議體系,支援混合星座網絡自主智慧運作。

載重模組運算資源分離向星座運算資源雲端化轉變。將提供更智慧的天基雲端運算服務,為智慧武器平台提供可信賴的天基智慧支撐。主要特徵是,星載硬體資源虛擬化、任務負載平衡化。透過導航衛星配置公用的星載運算模組、大容量儲存單元、高速匯流排網絡,形成泛在的空間網路共享資源池。強大的資料處理能力,在支撐天基時空基準自主建立與維持、導航訊號品質智慧維持、空間網路自主管理等任務功能的同時,可為天、空、地、海各類高階用戶,提供空間位置等複雜資訊的運算、推播與儲存服務。

(作者係中國工程院院士)

上圖:衛星導航系統支援作戰示意圖。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-11/12/content_30291788.htm

Brief Analysis on the Development of Chinese Military Intelligent Command Information Systems

淺析我軍智慧指揮資訊系統發展

現代英語:

The prelude to the era of intelligent warfare has begun. Command information systems with intelligent characteristics will become the “central nerve” of future intelligent combat command and control, and are the supporting means of intelligent combat command and control. Accelerating the construction of intelligent command information systems is an inherent requirement for the development of military intelligence. Only by clarifying the development essentials of intelligent command information systems, grasping the key points of intelligent command information system research and development, and exploring the key points of intelligent command information system development can we better promote the construction and development of intelligent command information systems and gain the upper hand in future intelligent combat.

Clarify the key points of developing intelligent command information system

Intelligent command information system is the inevitable choice for the development of war form towards information-based intelligent warfare, the inevitable result of the development of scientific and technological revolution, and the era’s call for the development of military intelligence. Clarifying the development essentials of intelligent command information system will help to guide the construction direction of intelligent command information system and establish the long-term goal of system development.

Promote the intelligent evolution of war. In the future intelligent warfare, the battlefield situation is changing rapidly and the battlefield environment is complex and severe. In order to take the initiative on the battlefield, “control of intelligence” has become a new commanding height, and the intelligent command information system is undoubtedly an important means of supporting future combat command and action. Its intelligent development can promote the evolution of war to intelligence, and is an important support for intelligent warfare to gain the initiative and seek victory.

Support intelligent innovation of combat concepts. Future intelligent combat requires a combat command concept that is compatible with it, and the intelligent command information system is an important support for the practical application of the combat command concept, and is the soil for the innovation and development of the intelligent combat command concept. New intelligent combat command concepts such as human-machine hybrid command formation, data-driven command activities, open development command mode, and intelligent force-focused command process are inseparable from the support of the intelligent command information system. The intelligent command information system will serve as the extension of the human brain, breaking through the physiological limits of the human body and realizing the organic integration of combat command art and intelligent technology.

Promote the intelligent transformation of combat methods. The widespread application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field has brought about major changes in the combat victory mechanism. Intelligence has surpassed firepower and information power and has become the primary factor in determining the outcome of a war. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems will promote the transformation of combat methods to intelligence, making the combat methods change from “combat networks + precision-guided weapons” in the information age to “intelligent Internet of Things + manned/unmanned combat platforms” in the intelligent age, and the basic combat style will evolve from “network-centric warfare” to “cognitive-centric warfare” accordingly.

Grasp the key points of intelligent command information system research and development

The command information system is a product of the information warfare era. With the rapid development of military intelligence and the research and practical application of intelligent combat winning mechanisms, the intelligent upgrade of the command information system is imminent. We should highlight the key points of functional research and development and create a new intelligent command information system.

“Super-brainization” assists decision-making. In the future intelligent warfare, the amount of battlefield information data is huge and complex and changeable. Commanders are easily trapped in the “sea of ​​information” during the command process, resulting in information confusion and affecting command decisions. With the emergence of intelligent decision-making technology and “cloud brain” and “digital staff”, a new decision-making model based on the collaboration of “human brain + artificial intelligence” is quietly taking shape. The intelligent command information system will break through the limits of human intelligence, as an extension of the human brain, assist the commander’s work, and develop war decisions from simple human brain decisions to “human brain + artificial intelligence” super-brainized command decisions.

“Full-dimensional” situational awareness. In future intelligent combat, the space will be multi-dimensional, the forces will be diversified, the styles will be diverse, and the pace will be accelerated. Comprehensive and flexible grasp of battlefield situations will become the basis for commanders to make decisions, and multi-domain integration and intelligent dynamic presentation of full-dimensional battlefield situations will become an inevitable requirement for the construction and development of command information systems. The command information system’s perception, understanding, integration and prediction of battlefield situations such as target identification, threat level estimation, combat action prediction and future war situation prediction are expanding from land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, network and other spaces to cognitive and social domains, realizing “full-dimensional” situational awareness.

“Intelligent” network communication. In the future, intelligent warfare will use a large number of intelligent command and control platforms and intelligent weapon platforms, and the intelligent information and communication system must be connected to the command and control platform and the weapon platform. Like the nerves and blood vessels of the human body, the intelligent information and communication system plays a linking and lubricating role in intelligent warfare. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an intelligent information network with full-dimensional coverage and uninterrupted communication to support the connection and control of intelligent equipment, form intelligent optimization of network structure, intelligent reorganization of network anti-destruction, and intelligent anti-interference capabilities, so as to ensure intelligent collaborative operations between platforms and exert the best overall combat effectiveness.

“Unmanned” autonomous collaboration. In recent local conflicts around the world, drones have been used in large numbers and have played an important role in determining the direction of war, which has attracted widespread attention from all parties. Unmanned weapons and equipment are the material basis of intelligent warfare, and have formed disruptive combat styles based on this, such as invasive lone wolf warfare, manned/unmanned collaborative system sabotage warfare, unmanned system formation independent warfare, and drone swarm cluster warfare. Although unmanned warfare is led by humans, machines are given a certain degree of autonomous action authority in the background, thereby realizing unmanned combat operations on the front line. However, the unmanned battlefield is changing rapidly, and the destruction of human-machine collaboration will become the norm. The command and control system of the unmanned intelligent equipment platform must be more intelligent and be able to conduct autonomous and coordinated combat according to the purpose of the operation.

“Active” information defense. Intelligent warfare will inevitably face all-dimensional and diverse information attacks from powerful enemies. The level of information security protection capabilities directly affects the outcome of the “intellectual power” struggle on the battlefield and is a key link in the construction of intelligent command information systems. Therefore, we should take the initiative to actively formulate and improve network protection strategies, enrich intrusion detection capabilities and authentication and identification methods, strengthen the application of high-tech information security technologies, strengthen the anti-interference and anti-intervention capabilities of various wireless transmission methods, and strengthen intelligent traceability and countermeasure capabilities to effectively curb information attacks.

Exploring the key to the development of intelligent command information system

The development of intelligent command information system is not only a technological innovation, but also requires further emancipation of mind and updating of concepts. To promote the development of intelligent command information system, we must change the traditional idea of ​​adding hardware, building a large “network”, collecting and storing various types of data, break through the inherent hierarchical settings, create an open and service-oriented system, aim at the needs of intelligent combat command and action, and explore and study the key points of the development of intelligent command information system.

Innovative concepts. Adhere to the guidance of innovative thinking concepts, learn from the development ideas of intelligent command information systems of military powers, combine actual needs, and explore a development path with its own characteristics. We must break the traditional “building chimneys” approach, adhere to the top-level design and overall planning of command information systems, unify interfaces, protocols and standards, and form an open and sustainable system architecture layout; adhere to the system development ideas that combine research, construction and use, formulate short-term, medium-term and long-term development strategies, and standardize the direction of system construction and development; adhere to iterative upgrades and optimization and improvement strategies, and continuously improve the intelligence level of various subsystems such as command control, intelligence reconnaissance, communications, information confrontation and comprehensive support, to ensure the continuous and healthy development of intelligent command information systems.

Focus on the key. Focusing on the construction of key capabilities of intelligent command information systems is an important support for intelligent warfare to gather intelligence and win with intelligence, and is the key to intelligent warfare to gain the “right to win”. Algorithms, computing power, and data are not only the internal driving force and support for the development of artificial intelligence, but also the core capability requirements and advantages of intelligent command information systems. The development of intelligent command information systems must adhere to algorithm innovation research to improve the system’s cognitive advantages, speed advantages, and decision-making advantages; accelerate the research and development of the next generation of computers represented by quantum computers to provide stronger computing power support for intelligent command information systems; deeply explore the deeper and wider dimensional information value in massive combat data resources to seek the initiative to win.

Gather wisdom to tackle key problems. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems is one of the main projects of military intelligence. It is a multi-domain, multi-disciplinary, multi-departmental and multi-unit integrated and coordinated project. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems must adhere to the spirit of collective wisdom, collective wisdom, pioneering and innovation, aiming at strategic forward-looking fields such as sensors, quantum information, network communications, integrated circuits, key software, big data, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, and insist on high-tech promotion and intelligent combat demand. Carry out in-depth research and exchanges in multiple fields, multiple levels, and multiple forms, continuously break through innovation, iterative upgrades, and make the intelligent command information system more complete and more intelligent.

Collaborative development. To further promote the construction and development of intelligent command information systems, we must fully absorb local advanced technological achievements and integrate into the era of innovation and development of artificial intelligence in the world. At present, the world’s artificial intelligence technology is booming, accumulating strong development momentum and technological advantages. Artificial intelligence technology has strong versatility in application and broad prospects for the transformation and application of technological achievements. It is an important way to achieve the construction and development of intelligent command information systems. We must study and formulate general technical standards, remove barriers, break the ice, facilitate military-civilian cooperation, and realize the sharing and linkage of technological achievements. We must cultivate and shape new military talents through collaboration, so that they can constantly adapt to the needs of various positions under intelligent conditions and give full play to the effectiveness of intelligent command information systems.

現代國語:

來源:解放軍報 作者:李建平 紀鳳珠 李琳 責任編輯:王鳳 2022-08-09 12:40

智慧化戰爭時代序幕已經拉開,具有智慧化特徵的指揮資訊系統將成為未來智慧化作戰指揮的“中樞神經”,是智慧化作戰指揮控制的支撐手段。加速智慧化指揮資訊系統建設是軍事智慧化發展的內在要求,只有明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義,抓住智慧化指揮資訊系統研發要點,探索智能化指揮資訊系統發展要津,才能更好地推動智能化指揮資訊系統建設發展進程,贏得未來智能化作戰制勝先機。

明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義

智慧化指揮資訊系統是戰爭形態朝向資訊化智能化戰爭發展的必然選擇,是科技革命發展的必然結果,也是軍事智能化發展的時代訴求。明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義,有助於把脈智能化指揮資訊系統建設方向,確立系統發展長遠目標。

助推戰爭形態智能化演進。未來智能化作戰,戰場形勢瞬息萬變、戰場環境復雜嚴酷,要想在戰場上取得主動,「制智權」成為新的製高點,而智能化指揮資訊系統無疑是未來作戰指揮和行動的重要支撐手段,其智能化發展可助推戰爭形態向智能化演變,是智能化作戰贏得先機、謀求勝利的重要依托。

支撐作戰理念智能化創新。未來智慧化作戰,需要與之相適應的作戰指揮理念,而智慧化指揮資訊系統是作戰指揮理念實踐運用的重要依托,是智慧化作戰指揮理念創新、發展的土壤。如人機混合指揮編組、數據驅動指揮活動、開放發展指揮模式、智能聚力指揮過程等智能化作戰指揮新理念,都離不開智能化指揮信息系統的支撐,智能化指揮信息系統將作為人腦的外延,突破人體生理極限,實現作戰指揮藝術和智能技術的有機融合。

促進作戰方式智能化轉變。人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用,使得作戰制勝機理發生重大變化,智慧超越火力、資訊力,成為決定戰爭勝負的首要因素。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展將促進作戰方式向智慧化轉變,使得作戰方法從資訊時代的「作戰網絡+精確制導武器」向智慧時代的「智慧物聯網+有人/無人作戰平台」轉變、基本作戰樣式相應地從「網絡中心戰」向「認知中心戰」演進。

抓住智慧化指揮資訊系統研發點

指揮資訊系統是資訊化戰爭時代的產物,隨著軍事智慧化的快速發展、智慧化作戰制勝機理的研究和實踐運用,指揮資訊系統智慧化升級建設迫在眉睫。應突顯功能研發點,打造全新智慧化指揮資訊系統。

“超腦化”輔助決策。未來智能化作戰,戰場資訊數據量龐大且複雜多變,指揮員在指揮過程中易陷入「資訊海洋」而導致資訊迷茫,影響指揮決策。隨著智慧輔助決策技術和「雲端大腦」「數字參謀」的出現,以「人腦+人工智慧」協作為基本方式的新決策模式正悄悄形成。智慧化指揮資訊系統將突破人類智力極限,作為人腦的外延,輔助指揮員工作,使戰爭決策由單純的人腦決策發展為「人腦+人工智慧」的超腦化指揮決策。

「全維化」態勢感知。未來智能化作戰,空間多維、力量多元、樣式多樣、節奏加快趨勢突出,全面靈動地掌握戰場態勢成為指揮員決策的基礎,多域一體、智能動態地呈現全維戰場態勢成為指揮資訊系統建設發展必然要求。指揮資訊系統對諸如目標識別、威脅等級估計、作戰行動預判和未來戰況走向預估等戰場態勢的感知、理解、融合和預測,正在從陸、海、空、天、電磁、網絡等空間擴展至認知域、社會域,實現「全維化」態勢感知。

「智聯化」網絡通聯。未來智慧化作戰將使用大量智慧指揮控制平台和智慧化武器平台,而連接指揮控制平台和武器平台的必然是智慧化的資訊通訊系統。如同人體的神經和血管,智慧化的資訊通訊系統在智慧化作戰中扮演連結和潤滑作用。因此,要建立全維度覆蓋、不間斷的智慧化資訊網絡,支撐智慧化裝備的連結和控制,形成網絡結構智能優化、網絡抗毀智能重組以及智能抗干擾能力,以確保平台間智能化的協同作戰,發揮最佳的整體作戰效能。

「無人化」自主協同。近期世界局部沖突中,無人機大量運用並起到決定戰爭走向的重要作用,引起了各方的廣泛關注。無人化武器裝備是智慧化作戰的物質基礎,並依此形成了顛覆式作戰樣式,如侵入式獨狼作戰、有人/無人協同體系破擊作戰、無人系統編隊獨立作戰、無人機蜂群集群作戰等。無人作戰雖是由人主導,並在後台賦予機器一定程度的自主行動權限,從而實現機器在一線無人作戰行動。然而無人作戰戰場瞬息萬變,人機協同被破壞將成為常態,無人智慧化裝備平台指控系統必須更加智慧,要能根據作戰目的進行自主協同作戰。

“主動化”訊息防禦。智慧化作戰必將面臨強敵全維多樣的資訊攻擊,資安防護能力的高低,直接影響戰場「制智權」鬥爭的勝負,是智慧化指揮資訊系統建設的關鍵環節。因此,應主動作為,積極制定及完善網絡防護策略,豐富入侵檢測能力及認證識別手段,加強資訊安全高新技術運用,強化各類無線傳輸方式的抗干擾、抗介入能力,建強智能化溯源反制能力,有效遏止資訊攻擊。

探索智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津

智慧化指揮資訊系統發展不單單是技術的革新,更需要進一步解放思想、更新理念。推動智慧化指揮資訊系統發展,要改變傳統添硬體、建大「網」、收集存儲各類數據的思路,突破固有層級設定,打造開放式、服務型系統,瞄準智能化作戰指揮與行動需要,探索研究智能化指揮資訊系統發展要津。

創新理念。堅持以創新的思維理念為指引,借用軍事強國智慧化指揮資訊系統發展思路,結合實際需求,探索具有自身特色的發展道路。要打破傳統「樹煙囪」做法,堅持指揮資訊系統頂層設計和整體規劃,統一介面、協議和標準,形成開放式、可持續發展的系統架構佈局;堅持研建用相結合的系統研發策略,制定近期、中期、長期不同階段發展策略,規範系統建設發展方向;堅持迭代升級、優化持續策略,不斷提升指揮、長期不同階段發展策略,規範系統建設發展方向;堅持迭代升級、優化持續性策略,不斷提升指揮控制、長期不同階段發展策略、各分列系統建設發展方向;堅持版本

聚力關鍵。聚力智能化指揮資訊系統關鍵能力建設,是智慧化作戰以智聚優、以智制勝的重要依托,是智慧化作戰取得「制勝權」的關鍵。演算法、算力、數據既是人工智慧發展的內在動力和支撐,也是智慧化指揮資訊系統的核心能力要求和優勢。智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要堅持演算法創新研究,提高系統認知優勢、速度優勢和決策優勢;加快量子計算機等為代表的下一代計算機研發,為智能化指揮信息系統提供更強的算力支持;深度挖掘海量作戰數據資源中更深層次、更廣維度信息價值,謀求制勝先機。

集智攻關。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展是軍事智慧化的主要工程之一,是一個多領域、多學科交叉,多部門、多單位參與的大融合大聯動的攻堅工程。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展要堅持群策群力、集智攻關、開拓創新的精神,瞄準傳感器、量子信息、網絡通信、集成電路、關鍵軟件、大數據、人工智能、區塊鍊等戰略性前瞻領域,堅持高新技術推動、智能化作戰需求拉動,開展多領域、多層次、多形式深度研究交流,更加創新、進一步迭代創新

協作發展。深入推動智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展,必須充分吸收地方先進技術成果,融入世界人工智慧創新發展的時代洪流。當前,世界人工智慧技術蓬勃發展,積蓄了強大發展動能和技術優勢,人工智慧技術應用通用性強,技術成果轉化應用前景廣闊,是智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展的重要實現途徑。要研究制定通用技術標準,拆壁壘、破堅冰、暢通軍地合作,實現技術成果共享連結。要透過協作培養塑造新型軍事人才,使其不斷適應智慧化條件下各類崗位需求,充分發揮智慧化指揮資訊系統效能。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/491773588.html?