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Chinese Military Accelerating Construction of Advanced Combat Capabilities to Effectively Fulfilling Missions and Tasks

05/13/2026 admin Leave a comment

中國軍隊加快建立先進作戰能力，以有效完成任務

現代英語：

Auspicious snow welcomes spring, and flowers bloom. The Great Hall of the People once again welcomes the grand event of spring.

Delegates and members of the National People’s Congress and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference shouldered heavy responsibilities and gathered together to discuss national affairs. This year marks the beginning of the “15th Five-Year Plan”. Faced with the turbulent international situation and the profoundly evolving war pattern, the proposal put forward at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee “accelerating the construction of advanced combat capabilities” has become an important topic of concern to military representatives and members.

“Advanced combat capability represents the most advantageous combat capability in information-based and intelligent warfare, and is the ‘weather vane’ of military construction and the ‘controlling high ground’ of military competition. Only by accelerating the development of advanced combat capabilities with a sense of urgency and responsibility that is outdated can we seize the strategic initiative on future battlefields and effectively fulfill the mission and tasks of the new era.” This is a strong consensus among the military representatives and commissioners. With their personal practice from the front lines of exercises and training, border outposts, and scientific research positions, they demonstrated the high morale and spirit of the People’s Army to anchor its goals, shift gears and speed up, and move towards world-class status.

★ System integration and iron fist

When interviewing Representative Qi Weiguang, he showed reporters two charts: one was the training plan of each military branch in the past “with chimneys”, with the color blocks split and shaped like “isolated islands”; the other was the joint exercise and training blueprint of today “building blocks put together”, with the modules interlocking and seamlessly integrated.

“1+1=1, this is the essence of joint operations! ” Qi Weiguang represents a broken word.

He used a joint long-sea cruise as an example to explain how the system “weather vane” reshapes the battlefield. During the entire operation, the “10,000-ton large-wheel drive” no longer “fights alone”, but has transformed into a “maritime information hub” and a “firepower fulcrum”, sharing data in real time with the Air Force’s early warning aircraft, the Navy’s observation station, and the Army’s long-range firepower, weaving precision “Skynet”.

“Any advanced platform will become an ‘information island’ if it is separated from the system. The ‘contingent’ we must seize is system integration and cross-border collaboration! ” Representative Qi Weiguang said.

Representative Chen Song from a synthetic brigade of the Army felt the same way: “In the past, during exercises, we often encountered the embarrassment of‘ the airspace not being open ’‘the frequency band not being connected’. Now, ‘United’ is engraved with combat instinct!” As one of the Army’s first digital unit commanders, he has a particularly deep understanding of systems “weather vanes”. He opened a thick, already slightly curled-edge book he had with him and said: “Before the attack was launched, the army and aviation opened up access roads and covered artillery firepower, each doing their job and cooperating closely. It used to be better than ‘running fast, playing accurately’, but now it looks like ‘connecting well, counting fast’. In one exercise, we achieved ‘discovery is destruction’ under the guidance of a drone, which was unimaginable in the past.”

“Advanced combat capabilities are generated through practical training. We must prioritize ‘battle’, focus on combat, and strive for practical combat! ” Many military representatives and deputies said that the training plans of the troops are no longer divided by “year”, but by “mission cycle”; the assessment standards are no longer “meter-second ring”, but “contribution rate” and “damage value”. When “discovery means destruction” becomes the norm, whoever can move one step faster in system integration will take the initiative on the battlefield.

From “a single military branch” to “a global vision”, from “physical superposition” to “chemical reactions”, the system-integrated “weather vane” is leading the three armies to clench their fingers into a fist and forge advanced combat capabilities that are both strong and sharp.

★ Challenge the extreme and sharpen the blade

The computer screensaver of Representative Wang Wenyi from the Air Force is a photo of a flight jacket armband. This badly worn armband silently tells the story of his blue-sky powerhouse’s pursuit of pushing boundaries and flying into battle.

“Future wars will be decided quickly. The flight scale must be pushed from the ‘pass line’ to the ‘limit value’, in line with actual combat standards! ” Representative Wang Wenyi showed reporters the achievements of the past year: high-intensity cross-day and night confrontation along the coast, with the number of daily flight hours per aircraft reaching new highs; in complex electromagnetic environments, the third generation of aircraft successfully completed the verification of the extreme penetration of new weapons..

“At first, some people questioned: Will it be too risky? My answer is: There is no ‘safe’ on the battlefield.” Representative Wang Wenyi recalled a scene of a dawn attack. That day, clouds were low, visibility was extremely low, and ground guidance was severely limited.“‘ In blind flight’, you must rely on instruments to maintain the formation and resist strong electromagnetic interference. If you only dare to draw a route in ‘10,000 meters of clear sky’ in peacetime, you will be hit in ‘low clouds and thick fog’ in wartime and your head will be bloodied!” Representative Wang Wenyi said firmly.

“‘Liftoff is combat, takeoff is assault’—— This is the iron rule we set. Not only do we need to take our fighter jets to new heights, but we also need to hone our combat effectiveness in extreme environments!” Representative Wang Wenyi’s words expressed the common voice of military representatives and deputies: Only by seamlessly connecting the training ground to the battlefield can we transform “the limit” into “the extreme” and truly seize the winning heights of the future battlefield.

“The countdown has begun to achieve the goals of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Liberation Army as scheduled. Time is of the essence and the task is arduous, so we must make every effort to overcome it!” When talking about extreme training, Representative Hou Changling from the Rocket Force has a bright eye.

That year, his unit quickly transitioned to “wartime status” as new and old equipment changed.“ Loading, testing, lighting, everything is done as it should be!” Representative Hou Changling still remembers vividly the scene when he encountered a severe sandstorm for decades during his cross-regional training. That time, they overcame environmental factors and operated accurately, setting a record for shooting accuracy in bad weather!

“Missiles must not only ‘hit out’, but also ‘hit accurately, hit hard, and win’. ” Representative Hou Changling’s tone was sonorous. “Please rest assured, Party and people, the ‘Heavenly Sword’ in our hands can be unsheathed at any time!”

“War does not allow us to choose our opponents, and the battlefield does not allow us to choose the weather and environment. ” Representative Luo Yu from the front line of the border defense told reporters that “Snowland Plateau, the temperature sometimes drops to more than -40 degrees Celsius. In the past, there have been cases of playing in the face of severe cold ‘retreating’ and lowering standards; now, we stipulate that all tactical courses must truly set the battlefield as real, the opponent as strong, the environment as dangerous, and the difficulties as sufficient!”

From “training what to take” to “filling in what is missing”, from “wandering at a low level” to “making new strides every year”, extreme training “weather vane” is forging a strong steel team that can win battles.

★ New domain and new quality plan for breakthroughs

Representative Xu Fengcan from the Army has a wonderful video of an ultra-low-altitude penetration saved on his work computer——

Several attack helicopters used terrain cover to launch raids, launching missiles to accurately destroy the “enemy” armor center, and the group immediately approached the ground and hid in the radar blind spot.

“This is not only a breakthrough in equipment capabilities, but also a breakthrough in the concept of breaking through the flat battlefield and forging ‘three-dimensional iron fist’. ” Representative Xu Fengcan introduced that in the past it was “play whatever you want”, and now it is “develop whatever abilities you play”. In recent years, they have paid close attention to cutting-edge technologies such as drone swarm networks, helicopter laser anti-missile, and manned and unmanned coordination, and have continuously deeply integrated new technologies into the force’s combat system. The goal is to achieve combat effectiveness in ultra-low-altitude penetration, promote the transformation of land and aviation forces from support and support to main combat assault, and ensure that they become a “three-dimensional iron fist” that tears apart the defense line on the future battlefield.

“Silent victory is the submariner’s mission! ” Representative Zhang Hongxing from the Navy’s submarine force gave a vivid picture of his understanding of new-quality combat capabilities.

During a drill, “Blue Army” deployed “dragnet” and “Red Army” submarines, using the thermocline as cover, ghostly crossed the anti-submarine network. At a critical moment, saturation attacks severely damaged “enemy” ship formations..

Representative Zhang Hongxing said: “This drill is an innovation in combat concepts, concealment and damage capabilities. It used to be said ‘to be able to go out and come back’, but now it is even more important ‘to be able to hide, play accurately, and run fast’. Our pursuit is to silently demand combat effectiveness to the limit and make the weapons in our hands become the deep sea ‘the magic needle of the sea’!”

“In modern warfare, whoever masters advanced technology masters the ‘life gate’ on the battlefield. ” A committee member from the Information Support Force and a reporter shared a personal story: a new piece of equipment was once “bottlenecked”. At that time, the Party member commando team “challenged and led” fought day and night and finally broke through the barriers, doubling the performance of the equipment.

“To seize ‘the commanding heights’, one must dare to venture ‘no man’s land’ and be willing to sit ‘cold bench’. Over the years, seeing the new equipment bring back combat power, the joy in my heart is unparalleled!” The Commissioner’s pride is palpable.

As a key force in winning future battlefields, new-quality combat effectiveness is related to the direction of war, construction transformation, and combat victory or defeat. Military representatives and deputies said that in order to seize the commanding heights of new territory and new quality and forge sharp swords to defeat the battlefield in the future, the People’s Army is leading the changes in war with changes in science and technology, and seeking opportunities to win battles with new capabilities, laying a solid foundation for winning the future.

Think about change and prepare for construction

■Guo Fengkuan

At the beginning of the Two Sessions, “accelerating the construction of advanced combat capabilities” became a hot topic among military representatives and deputies. Everyone held discussions and exchanges around the themes of “what will be needed on the battlefield in the future, what will be relied upon to win the war, and what will be practiced based on the current situation”. The construction of advanced combat capabilities plays an important role in changing the winning mechanism of war, enriching combat styles and scenarios, and traction of high-tech weapon manufacturing. To continuously improve the strategic ability to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests, we need to deeply grasp the internal logic of the generation of advanced combat capabilities, systematically sort out the specific methods and paths to accelerate the construction of advanced combat capabilities, and focus on thinking about changes, construction, and preparations for advanced combat capabilities.

In today’s world, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is accelerating breakthroughs, and the world’s new military revolution is accelerating. Strategic high-tech technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, and quantum technology are competing to burst forth. The widespread use of science and technology in the military field has caused profound changes in the form of war and combat methods, and is increasingly becoming an important factor in determining the victory or defeat of war.

At present, the evolution of war forms is showing many new trends, and intelligent features are more prominent. Some new technical equipment has formed a dimensionality reduction strike posture against traditional equipment. New-quality combat forces represented by strategic early warning, information control, algorithmic attack and defense, unmanned intelligence, etc. are increasingly becoming an important factor influencing the trend of modern warfare. Under the guidance of military intelligence, new-quality combat forces continue to give birth to combat types with higher efficiency and better quality. Advanced combat capabilities are increasingly becoming a powerful force driving the world’s new military revolution.

Accelerating the construction of advanced combat capabilities is not only an integral part of promoting high-quality national defense and military modernization, but also an important means to achieve the goals of the centenary of the founding of the People’s Liberation Army as scheduled. Only by adjusting and optimizing the military force system, accelerating the development of new combat forces, increasing the training of new military talents, and solidly promoting practical military training, and focusing all work on being able to fight and win battles, can the vitality of combat effectiveness elements burst forth and promote the construction of advanced combat effectiveness to a new level.

現代國語：

瑞雪迎春，鲜花吐蕊。人民大会堂再次迎来春天的盛会。

参加全国两会的代表委员肩负重托，齐聚一堂，共商国是。今年是“十五五”开局之年，面对风高浪急的国际形势和深刻演变的战争形态，党的二十届四中全会提出的“加快先进战斗力建设”，成为军队代表委员关注的重要课题。

“先进战斗力代表了信息化智能化战争最具优势的作战能力，是军队建设的‘风向标’和军事竞争的‘制高点’。唯有以时不我待的紧迫感责任感，加快先进战斗力建设，才能在未来战场赢得战略主动，有效履行新时代使命任务。”这是军队代表委员的强烈共识。他们以来自演训一线、边防哨所、科研战位的亲身实践，展现出人民军队锚定目标、换挡提速，向世界一流迈进的昂扬斗志和精神风貌。

★体系融合攥铁拳

采访祁伟光代表时，他向记者展示了两张图表：一张是过去各军种“烟囱林立”的训练计划，色块割裂，形同“孤岛”；另一张是如今“积木拼合”的联合演训蓝图，模块咬合，浑然一体。

“1+1=1，这才是联合作战的精髓！”祁伟光代表一语破的。

他以一次远海联合巡航为例，阐释体系“风向标”如何重塑战场形态。在整个行动期间，“万吨大驱”不再“单打独斗”，而是化身为“海上信息枢纽”与“火力支点”，与空军预警机、海军观通站、陆军远程火力实时共享数据，织就精密“天网”。

“任何先进平台，脱离体系即沦为‘信息孤岛’。我们要抢占的‘制高点’，正是体系融合、跨界协同！”祁伟光代表说。

来自陆军某合成旅的陈松代表对此感同身受：“过去演习，常遇到‘空域未开’‘频段不通’的尴尬。如今，‘联合’已刻入战斗本能！”作为陆军首批数字化部队指挥员，他对体系“风向标”的理解尤为深刻。他翻开随身携带、已经有些卷边的一本厚厚资料说：“进攻发起前，陆航开辟通路、炮兵火力覆盖，各司其职、密切配合。过去比‘跑得快、打得准’，现在看‘联得好、算得快’。一次演习中，我们在无人机引导下实现‘发现即摧毁’，这在过去难以想象。”

“先进战斗力是在实战化训练中生成的，要‘战’字当头，一切向打仗聚焦、一切向实战用劲！”很多军队代表委员表示，现在部队的训练计划，不再按“年度”划分，而是按“任务周期”划分；考核标准，不再是“米秒环”，而是“贡献率”和“毁伤值”。当“发现即摧毁”成为常态，谁能在体系融合中快人一步，谁就掌握了战场的主动权。

从“单一军种”到“全域视野”，从“物理叠加”到“化学反应”，体系融合的“风向标”，正引领三军攥指成拳，锻造披坚执锐的先进战斗力。

★挑战极限砺刀锋

来自空军的王文毅代表的电脑屏保，是一张飞行夹克臂章照片。这个磨损严重的臂章无声诉说着他所在的这支蓝天劲旅突破极限、向战而飞的追求。

“未来战争瞬息决胜，飞行标尺须从‘及格线’推向‘极限值’，向实战标准看齐！”王文毅代表向记者展示了过去一年的成绩：沿海高强度跨昼夜对抗，单机日飞行时数屡创新高；复杂电磁环境下，三代机成功完成新型武器极限突防验证……

“刚开始，也有人质疑：会不会太冒险？我的回答是：战场没有‘保险箱’。”王文毅代表忆及一次拂晓出击的场景。那天，云层低垂，能见度极低，地面引导严重受限。“‘盲飞’中，既要靠仪表保持编队，又要抗强电磁干扰。如果平时只敢在‘万米晴空’上画航线，战时就会在‘低云浓雾’里撞得头破血流！”王文毅代表坚定地说。

“‘升空即作战、起飞即突击’——这是我们立的铁规。不仅要让战机飞出新高度，更要锤炼极限环境下的过硬战斗力！”王文毅代表的话，道出军队代表委员的共同心声：训练场无缝对接战场，方能化“极限”为“极致”，真正抢占未来战场的制胜高点。

“如期实现建军一百年奋斗目标，已进入倒计时。时间紧迫、任务艰巨，唯有全力攻坚！”谈起极限训练，来自火箭军的侯长岭代表目光炯炯。

当年，他所在部队在新老装备更替之际快速转入“战时状态”。“装载、测试、点火，一切皆如实战！”回忆跨区驻训遭遇数十年不遇特大沙尘暴的情景，侯长岭代表记忆犹新。那次，他们克服环境因素精准操作，一举创造恶劣天气射击精度纪录！

“导弹不仅要‘打出去’，更要‘打得准、打得狠、打得赢’。”侯长岭代表语气铿锵，“请党和人民放心，我们手中的‘倚天长剑’，随时能听令出鞘！”

“战争不会让我们选择对手，战场也不会让我们选择天气和环境。”来自边防一线的罗宇代表告诉记者，“雪域高原，气温有时低至零下40多摄氏度。曾经，出现过在严寒面前打‘退堂鼓’、降低标准的情况；现在，我们规定，所有战术课目必须真正做到把战场设真、把对手设强，把环境设险、把困难设足！”

从“考什么练什么”到“缺什么补什么”，从“低层次徘徊”到“岁岁新跨越”，极限训练的“风向标”，正锻造出一支支能打胜仗的钢铁劲旅。

★新域新质谋突破

来自陆军的徐枫灿代表的工作电脑上，保存着一段超低空突防的精彩视频——

数架武装直升机凭借地形掩护突袭，发射导弹精准摧毁“敌”装甲中枢，机群旋即贴近地面隐入雷达盲区。

“这不仅是装备能力的突破，更是打破平面战场、锻造‘立体铁拳’的理念突围。”徐枫灿代表介绍，过去是“有什么打什么”，现在是“打什么就发展什么能力”。这几年，他们密切关注无人机蜂群组网、直升机激光反导、有人无人协同等前沿技术，不断将新技术深度融入部队作战体系，目标就是要向超低空突防要战斗力，推动陆航力量从支援保障转向主战突击，确保在未来战场上成为撕开防线的“立体铁拳”。

“决胜无声，是潜艇兵的使命！”来自海军潜艇部队的张洪星代表对新质战斗力的理解生动形象。

在一次演练中，“蓝军”布下“天罗地网”，“红军”潜艇借温跃层掩护，幽灵般穿越反潜网，关键时刻饱和攻击重创“敌”舰艇编队……

张洪星代表说：“这次演练，是作战理念、隐蔽与毁伤能力的革新。过去讲‘出得去、回得来’，现在更要‘藏得住、打得准、跑得快’。我们的追求，就是向极限静默要战斗力，让手中的武器成为深海‘定海神针’！”

“现代战争，谁掌握了先进技术，谁就掌握了战场的‘命门’。”来自信息支援部队的一名委员和记者分享了一个亲身经历的故事：某新装备曾受“卡脖子”之困。当时，党员突击队“揭榜挂帅”，昼夜奋战，终于突破壁垒，装备性能倍增。

“抢占‘制高点’，要敢闯‘无人区’、甘坐‘冷板凳’。这些年，眼见着新装备焕发战力，内心的喜悦无与伦比！”这位委员的自豪感溢于言表。

作为制胜未来战场的关键力量，新质战斗力关乎战争走向、关乎建设转型、关乎作战胜负。军队代表委员表示，抢占新域新质制高点，锻造决胜未来战场的尖刀利刃，人民军队正以科技之变引领战争之变，以能力之新谋取胜战之机，为制胜未来夯实根基。

思变革　抓建设　做准备

■郭丰宽

两会伊始，“加快先进战斗力建设”成为军队代表委员热议的话题。大家围绕“未来战场要什么、打赢战争靠什么、立足当前练什么”主题，开展讨论交流。先进战斗力建设具有改变战争制胜机理、丰富作战样式场景、牵引高新武器制造等重要作用。不断提高捍卫国家主权、安全、发展利益的战略能力，需要深刻把握先进战斗力生成的内在逻辑，系统梳理加快先进战斗力建设的具体方法路径，聚焦先进战斗力思变革、抓建设、做准备。

当今世界，新一轮科技革命和产业变革加速突破，世界新军事革命加速推进，人工智能、大数据、区块链、量子科技等战略高新技术竞相迸发，科学技术在军事领域的广泛运用引起战争形态和作战方式深刻变化，日益成为决定战争胜负的重要因素。

当前，战争形态演变呈现很多新趋势，智能化特征更加突出，一些新的技术装备对传统装备形成降维打击态势，以战略预警、信息控制、算法攻防、无人智能等为代表的新质作战力量愈发成为左右现代战争趋势的重要因素。新质作战力量在军事智能牵引下，不断孕育出效能更高、质态更优的战斗力类型，先进战斗力愈益成为驱动世界新军事革命的强劲力量。

加快推进先进战斗力建设，既是高质量推进国防和军队现代化的题中应有之义，也是如期实现建军一百年奋斗目标的重要抓手。调整优化军事力量体系，加快新型作战力量发展，加大新型军事人才培养力度，扎实推进实战化军事训练，各项工作向能打仗、打胜仗聚焦，方能让战斗力要素的活力竞相迸发，推动先进战斗力建设不断迈上新台阶。

来源：解放军报作者：钱晓虎郭丰宽彭冰洁责任编辑：徐占虎 2026-03-05

解放军报记者　钱晓虎　郭丰宽　彭冰洁

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/

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Chinese Military Exploring the Path to Unleash and Develop New-Quality Combat Capabilities

05/13/2026 admin Leave a comment

中國軍隊正在探索釋放和發展新型高品質作戰能力的途徑

現代英語：

Introduction

The combat effectiveness factor is the decisive factor in the rise and fall of the army, and the combat effectiveness standard is the only fundamental standard for army construction. New-quality combat effectiveness is the product of revolutionary breakthroughs, innovative configurations, and creative application of innovation-driven combat effectiveness elements. It represents the development direction of advanced combat effectiveness and is the “sword” and “tip” that wins future wars. We must grasp the characteristics and laws of the generation of new-quality combat effectiveness, adhere to the principle of self-reliance, start from reality, vigorously promote independent innovation and original innovation, create a new-quality combat effectiveness growth pole, and provide strong strategic support for achieving the goals of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Liberation Army as scheduled and accelerating the construction of the People’s Army into a world-class army.

Emerging fields are fertile ground for incubation

Science and technology are the most dynamic and revolutionary factors in military development. Emerging fields are new strategic spaces and key technology fields that emerge with the advancement of science and technology and the expansion of the scope of human activities. They naturally have extremely strong value attributes such as timeliness, strategy, cutting-edge, and disruption. This also determines that emerging fields have many special advantages that traditional fields do not have. Technology is the core combat power, and new-quality combat power fundamentally comes from the innovation and application of technology. The continued advancement of the materialization and embodiment of key core technologies in emerging fields will have a profound impact on the construction of weapons and equipment, innovation in combat styles, adjustment of organizational systems, and the evolution of war forms. It will achieve innovative configuration and optimized combination of weapons and equipment, combat styles, and personnel, and promote new development and breakthroughs in combat effectiveness construction It provides good conditions and soil for liberating and developing new-quality combat capabilities, becomes an important incubator, accelerator, and multiplier for new-quality combat capabilities, and promotes the evolution of combat capabilities to a new quality state that is higher, more advanced, and has greater comparative advantages. Therefore, we must comprehensively enhance strategic capabilities in emerging fields, coordinate the development of forward-looking strategic emerging industries, place scientific and technological innovation in a more prominent position, open up a direct channel for the transformation of new quality productivity into new quality combat effectiveness, and build a new quality combat effectiveness innovation chain, growth chain, and killing chain that is compatible with the development of emerging fields Create a good ecology that relies on strategic emerging industries to liberate and develop new-quality combat effectiveness, continuously improve the contribution rate of scientific and technological innovation to the development of new-quality combat effectiveness, and achieve efficient integration and two-way promotion of new-quality productivity and new-quality combat effectiveness.

Military innovation is kernel driven

“Those who fly far away should replace their feathers.” To focus on innovation is to focus on development, and to seek innovation is to seek the future. Innovation is the primary driving force leading development and an accelerator for generating and improving combat effectiveness. For an army, only by daring to change and reshape itself, and bravely fighting against the current and chasing the tide can it win the future battlefield. World-class armies need to achieve material and technological casting and reshaping in construction and reform, and even more so, they need to achieve ideological sublimation and transformation in the practice of war and preparation for war. Military innovation has become an important strategy for many countries and militaries to seek competitive advantages. It has become a key variable in the success or failure of the game between major powers and the life and death of the military, and a powerful driving force for the liberation and development of new-quality combat capabilities. Therefore, we must promote innovation culture, optimize the innovation environment, create an innovation atmosphere, vigorously promote and encourage the pursuit of excellence, leading trends, and unremitting exploration, promote the innovative spirit that keeps pace with the times, strive to stimulate the innovative potential and innovative vitality of the vast number of officers and soldiers, make military innovation a value orientation, a way of thinking, and a living habit, and build an innovative army. We must resolutely overcome all forms of adherence to the norm, adherence to established ideas, and conservative practices, actively promote innovation in military theory, military technology, military organization, and military management, and vigorously promote all-round innovation from weapons and equipment to combat training, from theoretical research to the application of tactics, from systems and mechanisms to talent training, so that military innovation can be ahead of war and ahead of the adversary Use innovation to drive combat effectiveness from “quantity” value-added to “quality” leap.

Scientific theory is the leader in development

Scientific military theory is combat effectiveness. The generation of new-quality combat capabilities undoubtedly depends on advanced science and technology. However, new quality combat effectiveness is essentially the product of advanced military technology and advanced military theory “marriage”. In future wars, the realization of the potential of new-quality combat effectiveness will depend on whether there are new breakthroughs in the corresponding military theories and whether the corresponding combat theory system can be effectively established. On the one hand, new-quality combat effectiveness has shifted from the past “technology-driven” based solely on scientific and technological progress to a new track that pays more attention to “design-driven” based on the traction of military theoretical innovation. Only in this way can new vitality and vigor be injected into the liberation and development of new-quality combat capabilities. On the other hand, the generation and development of new-quality combat power is the product of the innovative development of material power. To make good use of this product and occupy the commanding heights of future wars, we must rely on ideological leaps to promote innovation in combat methods and elevate the application of new-quality combat power to a higher level. Just as mechanization encounters “blitzkrieg” and its power multiplies, the organic unity of material and ideological forces can constitute the king of victory. Therefore, we must grasp the general trend of world development and military development, proactively respond to national security risks and threats of war, continuously adapt to new situations, respond to new challenges, and solve new problems, boldly explore in practice, dare to break through in theory, give military theory scientific and technological wings, capture the “singularity ”“ inflection point” of cutting-edge strategic technological development, and accelerate the modernization of military theory Form a military theoretical system that is contemporary, leading and unique, and provide scientific theoretical support for the liberation and development of new-quality combat capabilities.

The talent pool is the determining factor

The way to strengthen the army is to gain people. Strong talent leads to strong new-quality combat effectiveness, and prosperous talent leads to prosperous new-quality combat effectiveness. The talent team is a valuable strategic resource for liberating and developing new-quality combat effectiveness. People, weapons and the way people and weapons are combined are the basic forms of the composition of combat effectiveness elements. The factor that determines the victory or defeat of a war is that people are not things. People are the most active and decisive factor in combat effectiveness, and new-quality combat effectiveness places higher demands on the thinking, knowledge and skills of military talents. When the capabilities and qualities of personnel and the overall structure of personnel cannot adapt well to the changes in combat effectiveness connotation and the requirements of the transformation of combat effectiveness generation mode, shortcomings will be formed in the combat effectiveness system and combat effectiveness activity will be reduced. Today, information-based and intelligent talents have become an important resource and determining factor in leading the development of new-quality combat effectiveness. Therefore, we must adapt to the accelerated evolution of modern warfare towards intelligence, face the world’s military frontier, face the major needs of national security, face national defense and military modernization, and face the formation of integrated joint combat capabilities. We must thoroughly implement the strategy of strengthening the military with talents in the new era, firmly establish the concept that talent resources are the first strategic resource, build a new type of military talent system, accelerate the modernization of military personnel, and promote the capabilities, quality, structural layout, We will comprehensively transform and upgrade development and management, forge high-quality, professional new military talents with both moral integrity and talent, build a strong talent team in various aspects such as joint combat command talents, new combat force talents, high-level scientific and technological innovation talents, and high-level strategic management talents, and better play the leading and supporting role of talents in liberating and developing new-quality combat capabilities.

Weapons and equipment are the material basis

“Pistol Battle Victory Sword”, this is the universal law of war. Weapons and equipment are the main symbol of the division of war forms, an important symbol of the modernization of the army, the material and technical basis of combat capabilities, and directly affect the level of combat effectiveness. In modern warfare, the influence of weapons and equipment on the outcome of war is becoming increasingly prominent. When the scientific and technological revolution comes, especially when a large number of scientific and technological innovation results emerge and are widely used in the military field, the emergence of new weapons and equipment based on these scientific and technological innovation results will bring about a revolutionary transformation of the weapons and equipment system. A new quality combat capability based on this new weapons and equipment system will also be generated, leading to the overall transformation and upgrading of combat capability Achieve a leap in combat effectiveness. It can be said that new-quality combat capability is the combat capability generated by the combined effect of various new types of weapons and equipment. Therefore, designing weapons and equipment means designing future wars, and weapons and equipment construction is a systematic project that integrates technology, funding, and management. Therefore, we must deeply understand and grasp the characteristics and laws of modern warfare, deeply grasp the contemporary connotation and characteristics and requirements of weapons and equipment construction, actively adapt to changes in the world, the times, and history, actively adapt to changes in science and technology, war, and adversaries, accurately identify changes, respond scientifically, and actively seek changes, accelerate the modernization of weapons and equipment, accumulate advantages in innovative breakthroughs, and compete with strong enemies in catching up Accelerate the development of new weapons and equipment to provide strong material and technical support for the liberation and development of new-quality combat capabilities.

Structural formation is the key bearing

Structure determines function, and function determines success or failure. The organic combination of war resources is the power source and amplifier for the exercise of power; whoever can combine combat elements into a whole that is more adapted to the new war environment can exert stronger combat effectiveness. Without the advantages of military organization, even with the most advanced technology and weapons, it is difficult to gain an overwhelming winning advantage. Especially driven by the collective explosion of contemporary science and technology, the liberation and development of new-quality combat effectiveness urgently requires profound changes and adjustments in the organizational form of the military, and promotes the integrated design, coordinated development, convenient flow, networked sharing, systematic integration, and efficient utilization of military talents, equipment, theory, technology, data, management and other factors, thereby greatly improving the efficiency of resource allocation. The main form of new-quality combat power is formed through the integration of network information systems. Moreover, the contribution of each combat element is no longer a simple linear superposition relationship. Comprehensive perception is the prerequisite, like a human eye; real-time accusations are the key, like a human head; precision strikes are the center of gravity, like a human fist; and full-dimensional protection is the foundation It is like a person’s self-defense; focusing on protection is the lifeblood, like a person’s energy supplement. Therefore, to promote the modernization of organizational forms and realize the scientificization of combat organization, we must shift from organizing according to the functions of the military services to integrating according to combat functions, and transform the combat system from integrating unit functions to aggregating factor energy. We must get rid of the model of simple superposition and mechanical coordination of combat forces “physical”, and instead pursue organic integration and efficient aggregation “chemical” Thus creating a new combination with new quality combat capabilities.

Education and training are the basic path

Dynamic evolution is the basic law for the generation of new-quality combat effectiveness. Without strict education and training, there will be no new-quality combat effectiveness. Education and training are the basic path for generating and improving combat effectiveness. They are the basic way to transform the potential combat effectiveness formed by personnel quality and weapons and equipment into real combat effectiveness. They are also the central link in liberating and developing new-quality combat effectiveness. When new combat equipment is put into service, people often only have a preliminary understanding of its new functions. Greater use value and stronger combat effectiveness must be discovered and explored in actual combat confrontation exercises. Compared with traditional combat forces, new-domain and new-quality combat forces have more complex combat platforms, more special energy release mechanisms, and more regulatory relationships involved in battlefield operations, requiring the mastery of new control techniques. Only when each position has skilled weapons and equipment control skills can it be skilled and courageous and maximize the effectiveness of the weapon system; only when each command personnel truly masters the method of close connection and smooth coordination of various systems and elements can they command and control with ease. Science and technology provide effective means of education and training, especially contemporary scientific and technological innovation, which promotes the closer integration of the two elements of people and weapons. Therefore, we must strengthen scientific and technological training, explore ways to empower military training methods such as “intelligence+”“network+”, strengthen simulation, combat testing, etc., and explore and understand the widest scope of battlefield application, the best formation and focusing method, and the greatest confrontation ability effect in adapting to the battlefield “game rules” from breaking to reconstruction Shorten the generation cycle of new quality combat power.

Strategic management is an important guarantee

“Hold the position and set your sights on it; hold the foundation and set your sights on it. ” The liberation and development of new-quality combat capabilities is a complex systematic project and an era project “starting with technology and achieving success through management”. Only by strengthening strategic management and grasping its inherent systematicity, correlation and coordination can we advance it as a whole, cultivate “one-finger Zen” into “iron fist”, and achieve twice the result with half the effort. On the one hand, liberating and developing new-quality combat capabilities involves many aspects, including military theory, organization system, weapons and equipment, talent construction, comprehensive support, etc. It requires integrating the wisdom and achievements of many related fields such as strategic experts, military experts, technical experts and engineering experts, so as to ensure the integrity of the multi-dimensional perspective and top-level design of problem research. On the other hand, the construction of new-quality combat capabilities has many types, a large time span, and wide resource requirements. It is necessary to properly handle the relationship between military demand and resource supply, near-term emergency response and long-term development, and local adjustment and overall advancement. In addition, the continuous emergence of new needs, new knowledge, new experience and new technologies will inevitably affect our understanding of new quality combat effectiveness. To this end, we must strengthen strategic management, follow the laws of technological development, and pay more attention to intensive and efficient development. Focus on improving top-level design, starting from different types of forces, tasks at different stages, and contradictions and problems, refine the specific development plan one by one, formulate and improve a clear development roadmap, and achieve precise planning, precise planning, precise deployment, precise implementation, and precise testing to avoid directional errors, structural chaos, and process loss of control; focus on making good use of incremental resources, integrating existing resources, and revitalizing idle resources, Improve the efficiency of resource utilization, transform resources into combat effectiveness to the greatest extent possible, prevent and put an end to inefficient, low-quality and low-level repeated construction, and ensure that the construction of new-quality combat effectiveness advances rapidly along the right direction and path.

現代國語：

引言

戰鬥力因素是軍隊興衰成敗的決定性因素，戰鬥力標準是軍隊建立唯一的根本的標準。新質戰鬥力是創新驅動戰鬥力要素革命性突破、創新配置、創意運用的產物，代表先進戰鬥力的發展方向，是贏得未來戰爭的「利劍」和「刀尖」。我們要掌握新質戰鬥力生成的特點規律，堅持以我為主，從實際出發，大力推進自主創新、原始創新，打造新質戰鬥力增長極，為如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標，加快把人民軍隊建成世界一流軍隊提供強大的戰略支撐。

新興領域是孵化沃土

科學技術是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。新興領域是隨著科學技術進步和人類活動範圍拓展，而出現的新型戰略空間和關鍵技術領域，天然擁有極強的時代性、戰略性、前沿性、顛覆性等價值屬性。這也決定新興領域在許多方面具有傳統領域所不具備的特殊優勢。科技是核心戰鬥力，新質戰鬥力從根本上看源自於科技的創新與應用。新興領域關鍵核心技術物化具化過程的持續推進，將對武器裝備建設、作戰樣式創新、編制體制調整和戰爭形態演進產生深刻影響，實現武器裝備、作戰樣式及人員的創新性配置和優化組合，推動戰鬥力建設取得新發展、新突破，為解放和發展新質戰鬥力提供了良好的速度因此，要全面提升新興領域戰略能力，統籌佈局前瞻性戰略性新興產業發展，把科技創新擺在更加突出的位置，打通新質生產力向新質戰鬥力直達轉化通道，構建同新興領域發展相適應的新質戰鬥力創新鏈、成長鏈、殺傷鏈，營造生產力向新戰略性新興產業解放與發展新質戰鬥力的良好生態力，不高效創新

軍事創新是內核驅動

「遠飛者當換其新羽。」抓創新就是抓發展，謀創新就是謀未來。創新是引領發展的第一動力，也是產生和提升戰鬥力的加速器。對一支軍隊來說，敢於自我變革、自我重塑，勇於擊水中流、逐浪潮頭，才能致勝未來戰場。世界一流軍隊需要在建設和改革中實現物質技術上的鑄造和重塑，更需要在戰爭和準備戰爭的實踐中實現思想觀念上的昇華與蛻變。軍事創新已成為許多國家和軍隊尋求競爭優勢的重要策略，成為攸關大國博弈成敗、軍隊生死興衰的關鍵變量，成為解放和發展新質戰鬥力的強大動力。因此，要弘揚創新文化，優化創新環境，營造創新氛圍，大力提倡並鼓勵追求卓越、引領潮流、不懈探索，弘揚與時俱進的創新精神，努力激發廣大官兵的創新潛能和創新活力，使軍事創新成為一種價值導向、一種思維方式、一種生活習慣，打造創新型軍隊。要堅決克服各種守常心理、守成思想和守舊做法，積極推進軍事理論、軍事技術、軍事組織、軍事管理創新，大力推進從武器裝備到作戰訓練、從理論研究到戰法運用、從體制機製到人才培養的全方位創新，讓軍事創新走在戰爭前面、走在對手前面，以創新戰鬥力由「質」的增值邁向「質」的增值邁向。

科學理論是發展先導

科學的軍事理論就是戰鬥力。新質戰鬥力的生成，無疑有賴先進科學技術。然而，新質戰鬥力本質上是先進軍事科技和先進軍事理論「聯姻」的產物。未來戰爭中，新質戰鬥力潛力的發揮，將依賴相應軍事理論是否有新突破，依賴相應作戰理論體系能否有效建立。一方面，新質戰鬥力已由過去的單純基於科技進步的「技術推動」轉向更加註重基於軍事理論創新牽引的「設計驅動」的新軌道。這樣才能為解放和發展新質戰鬥力注入新的活力和活力。另一方面，新質戰鬥力的生成發展，是物質力創新發展的產物，而要用好這一產物，佔據未來戰爭的製高點，則必須靠思想力飛躍推進戰法創新，使新質戰鬥力的運用躍升到更高的境界。正如機械化遇到了「閃擊戰」威力才倍增一樣，物質力與思想力的有機統一，方可構成製勝的王道。因此，要把握世界發展大勢和軍事發展潮流，前瞻應對國家安全風險和戰爭威脅，不斷適應新形勢、應對新挑戰、解決新問題，在實踐上大膽探索，在理論上勇於突破，給軍事理論插上科技的翅膀，捕捉前沿性戰略性技術發展的“奇點”“戰點”，加快軍事理論的現代化，形成具有現代性戰略性技術發展的“奇點”“戰點”，加快軍事理論發展，形成具有現代性理論，引領性支持性理論，支持性運動理論，形成具有獨特性的現代性理論和領導性理論，支持性運動理論。

人才隊伍是決定因素

強軍之道，要在得人。人才強則新質戰鬥力強，人才興則新質戰鬥力興，人才隊伍是解放和發展新質戰鬥力的寶貴戰略資源。人、武器以及人與武器的結合方式，是戰鬥力要素構成的基本形態。決定戰爭勝敗的因素是人不是物。人是戰鬥力中最活躍、最具決定意義的因素，新質戰鬥力對軍事人才的思維、知識和技能提出更高要求。當人員的能力素質與人員的整體結構都無法較好適應戰鬥力內涵變化與戰鬥力生成模式轉變要求時，就會在戰鬥力系統中形成短板，降低戰鬥力活性。今天，資訊化智能化人才已成為引領新質戰鬥力發展的重要資源和決定因素。因此，要適應現代戰爭加速向智慧化演變趨勢，面向世界軍事前沿、面向國家安全重大需求、面向國防和軍隊現代化、面向形成一體化聯合作戰能力，深入實施新時代人才強軍戰略，牢固樹立人才資源是第一戰略資源的理念，構建新型軍事人才體系，加快軍事人員現代化，推動軍事人員能力素質、結構佈局、開發管理全面轉型升級，鍛造德才兼備的高素質、專業化新型軍事人才，建強聯合作戰指揮人才、新型作戰力量人才、高層次科技創新人才、高水平戰略管理人才等各方面人才隊伍，更好發揮人才對解放和發展新質戰鬥力的引領和支撐作用。

武器裝備是物質基礎

“手槍戰勝利劍”，這是戰爭的普遍法則。武器裝備是戰爭形態劃分的主要標誌，也是軍隊現代化的重要標誌，也是作戰能力的物質技術基礎，直接影響戰鬥力水準。現代戰爭中，武器裝備對戰爭勝負的影響愈加凸顯。當科技革命來臨，特別是大量科技創新成果的湧現並廣泛運用於軍事領域時，以這些科技創新成果為基礎的新型武器裝備的出現，帶來武器裝備體系的革命性轉變，以這種新型武器裝備體系為基礎的新質戰鬥力就會隨之產生，從而導致戰鬥力的整體轉型升級，實現戰鬥力形態的躍升。可以說，新質戰鬥力就是各種新型武器裝備綜合作用而產生的作戰能力。因此，設計武器裝備就是設計未來戰爭，而武器裝備建設是集技術、資金、管理等於一體的系統工程。因此，要深刻認識和掌握現代戰爭的特點規律，深刻把握武器裝備建設時代內涵、特點要求，積極順應世界之變、時代之變、歷史之變，積極適應科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變，準確識變、科學應變、主動求變，加快武器裝備現代化，在創新戰鬥中累積優勢，在緊緊抓住武器中推動力量發展力量，在創新中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量強大，在創新中推動力量，在力量中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量力量，在新事物中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量力量，在新事物中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量力量，在新事物中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量力量，在新事物中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量力量，在新事物中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量，在力量中推動力量強大，在力量中推動力量，在力量中推動力量，在力量中推動力量強大，在新事物中推動力量發展為新力量。

結構編成是關鍵承載

結構決定功能，功能決定成敗。戰爭資源的有機組合，是力量發揮的動力來源、擴大機；誰能使作戰要素組合為一個更適應新的戰爭環境的整體，誰就能發揮出更強大的作戰效能。沒有軍隊組織形態優勢，即便技術、武器再先進，也很難獲得壓倒性制勝優勢。特別是在當代科學技術群體式爆發驅動下，解放和發展新質戰鬥力迫切需要軍隊組織形態深刻變革調整，推動軍事人才、裝備、理論、技術、數據、管理等要素整合設計、協同化開發、便利化流動、網路化共享、系統化整合、高效利用，進而大幅提升資源配置效率。新質戰鬥力的主體形態，是透過網路資訊系統的融合而形成的，而且每個作戰要素的貢獻已不再是簡單線性疊加關係，綜合感知是前提，猶如人的眼睛；實時指控是關鍵，猶如人的腦袋；精確打擊是重心，猶如人的拳頭；全維防護是基礎，猶如人的腦袋；精確打擊是重心，猶如人的拳頭；全維防護是基礎，猶如人的自我防衛補充。因此，推進組織形態現代化，實現作戰編組科學化，就要由按軍種職能編組向按作戰功能融合轉變，作戰體係由單元功能融合向要素能量聚合轉變，擺脫將作戰力量「物理式」簡單疊加、機械協同的模式，轉而追求「化學式」的有機融合、高效聚合，從而打造全新質戰鬥力的具備組合體。

教育訓練是基本途徑

動態演進是新質戰鬥力生成的基本規律，沒有嚴格教育訓練就沒有新質戰鬥力。教育訓練是戰鬥力生成和提升的基本路徑，是把由人員素質、武器裝備所形成的潛在戰鬥力轉化為現實戰鬥力的基本途徑，更是解放和發展新質戰鬥力的中心環節。新型作戰裝備入列，人們往往只是對其新異功能有了初步把握，更大的使用價值、更強大的作戰效能，必須在實戰化的對抗演練中發現和挖掘。新域新質作戰力量與傳統作戰力量相比，作戰平台更加複雜，能量釋放機制更為特殊，戰場行動涉及的調控關係更多，需要掌握新的駕馭之術。每個崗位人員只有具備熟練的武器裝備操控技能，才能藝高人膽大，將武器系統的效能發揮到極致；每位指揮人員只有切實掌握各系統、各要素緊密銜接、流暢配合的方法，才能指揮控制得游刃有餘。科技提供了有效的教育訓練手段，尤其是當代科技創新推動人和武器兩大要素結合得越來越緊密。因此，要加強科技練兵，探索「智慧+」網路+」等賦能軍事訓練方法路徑，強化模擬模擬、作戰試驗等方式，在對戰場「遊戲規則」從適應到打破再到重建中，探索摸清最廣的戰場適用範圍、最佳的編成聚力方式、最大的對抗能力效應，縮短新質戰鬥力生成週期。

策略管理是重要保證

「秉綱而目自張，執本而末自從。」解放和發展新質戰鬥力是個複雜的系統工程，也是一個「始於技術、成於管理」的時代工程。只有加強策略管理，掌握其內在的系統性、關聯性、協同性，才能整體推進，將“一指禪”練成“鐵拳頭”，收到事半功倍之效。一方面，解放和發展新質戰鬥力涉及許多方面，包括軍事理論、編制體制、武器裝備、人才建設、綜合保障等，需要集納戰略專家、軍事專家、技術專家和工程專家等眾多相關領域的智慧和成果，從而確保問題研究多維視角和頂層設計的完整性。另一方面，新質戰鬥力建設類型多、時間跨度大、資源需求廣，需要妥善處理軍事需求與資源供給、近期應急與長遠發展、局部調整與整體推進的關係。加之，新需求、新知識、新經驗、新技術不斷湧現，也必然影響我們對新質戰鬥力的認知。為此，要強化策略管理，遵循技術發展規律，更重視集約高效。專注於提升頂層設計，從不同類型力量、不同階段任務、不同矛盾問題入手，把具體的發展規劃逐一細化，制訂完善明晰的發展路線圖，做到精準規劃、精準規劃、精準部署、精準落實、精準檢驗，避免出現方向性錯誤、結構性混亂和過程性失控；注重用好增量資源、整合存量資源、盤活閒置資源，提高資源利用效益，最大限度地把資源轉化為戰鬥力，防止和杜絕低效低質低水平重複建設，確保新質戰鬥力建設沿著正確的方向、路徑快速推進。

来源：中国军网-解放军报作者：许三飞责任编辑：孙智英发布：2024-06-20 00

许三飞

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/

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China to Accelerate Improvement of New-type Combat Capabilities

05/11/2026 admin Leave a comment

中國將加快提升新型作戰能力

現代英語：

New-type combat capabilities are a completely new type of combat capability formed based on emerging technologies and operational concepts. With the rapid development of technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data, new types of combat forces are emerging in endless succession, growing rapidly in scale, and being widely and diversely applied, directly affecting and determining the quality and effectiveness of the generation of new-type combat capabilities. Understanding the inherent characteristics of new-type combat capabilities, grasping their generation mechanisms, and clarifying their development requirements are of great significance for accelerating the improvement of the construction level of new-type combat capabilities and ensuring that we can seize the initiative and gain the upper hand in future wars.

Recognizing the intrinsic characteristics of high-quality combat capability

New-type combat capabilities are a product of the development of warfare and technological progress. They aim for high efficiency and high quality, with technological innovation as their internal engine and leading lever. They are a new type of capability that drives and leverages the leapfrog development of all elements of advanced combat capabilities.

Strengthening the system. New-type combat capability is a new type of combat capability generated by changes in the constituent elements of combat capability. Driven by intelligent technology, the constituent elements of new-type combat capability are constantly expanding, including not only traditional elements but also new elements such as information networks, data resources, and intelligent algorithms. The generation of new-type combat capability has expanded from the traditional approach of improving the performance of individual weapon and equipment platforms through the input of human and material resources to the methods of self-overlapping or mutual overlapping of new and traditional elements, and new elements empowering traditional elements, bringing about a fusion transformation of the entire combat system. This “system empowerment” leads to qualitative changes in the quality, scale, and function of “lethality.”

Deepening human-computer interaction. The means, methods, and effects of combining humans with weaponry directly affect the quality and effectiveness of combat capability formation. Developing new types of combat capabilities can guide the optimal combination of humans and weaponry, and this combination, in turn, accelerates the development of new types of combat capabilities. With the deepening application of technologies such as large-scale models and parallel simulations, decision support systems are becoming more intelligent, weaponry performance is becoming more advanced, and human-computer interaction is becoming more convenient and efficient. Through high-intensity simulated training and combat-oriented exercises, the collaborative combat capability between humans and weaponry will be greatly enhanced, providing a driving force for the incubation of new types of combat capabilities.

Multi-dimensional Expansion. New-type combat capabilities are breaking through traditional land, sea, and air combat domains, continuously expanding into the far seas, polar regions, cyberspace, and electromagnetic domains, and deeply integrating from the purely physical domain to the physical and information domains. Through cross-domain interaction, various resources and potentials are transformed into real capabilities, aggregating combat energy from different dimensions to form a coordinated, powerful, and complementary combat system, amplifying the multiplier effect of new-type combat capabilities. Recent local wars around the world demonstrate that new-type combat forces, represented by strategic early warning, information control, algorithmic attack and defense, and unmanned intelligence, are showing tremendous power on the modern battlefield.

Grasp the mechanism of new combat capability generation

The mechanism for generating new-type combat power is to solidify the foundation of combat power through revolutionary enhancement of basic element capabilities, to connect the combat power release chain through cross-domain integration of new elements, and to promote the emergence of combat power through networked and innovative configuration of all elements, thereby achieving a significant improvement in all-element combat power.

Revolutionary enhancements to fundamental capabilities are crucial for building a solid foundation for new-type combat power. People, weaponry, and the integration of people and weaponry are the three basic elements constituting combat power. Under new historical conditions, revolutionary enhancements to these fundamental capabilities are a vital foundation for forming new-type combat power. People are the most active and dynamic element of combat power. Currently, officers and soldiers possess diverse knowledge structures, strong learning and acceptance abilities, higher levels of thinking, more refined professional skills, and stronger innovation capabilities, making them the creators driving the generation of new-type combat power. Weaponry is the material carrier of new-type combat power. With the development of advanced military technologies, the emergence of various new types of weaponry, such as ultra-long-range, precision, intelligent, and stealthy weapons, forms the hardware foundation for generating new-type combat power. The integration of people and weaponry is the engine driving the generation of combat power. In intelligent warfare, weapons and equipment are not only tools in the hands of military personnel, but also an integral part of military personnel. Under a more scientific system and organizational structure, more precise management and support, and more advanced command and control, combat effectiveness is enhanced through human-machine interaction, human-machine collaboration, and human-machine integration.

By integrating new elements across domains, we can connect the chains for releasing new combat capabilities. The characteristics of generating and releasing new combat capabilities are the seamless and rapid integration of these chains. Promoting the comprehensive release of new combat capabilities requires focusing on new combat capability elements and new combat forces, accelerating the closure of single chains such as intelligence chains, command chains, lethality chains, and support chains, and the integration of multiple chains. On the one hand, new elements drive the high-quality closure of single chains. New elements such as data, algorithms, and networks are integrated into traditional combat chains. Through organic combination with traditional combat forces and elements, they optimize chain construction, resource allocation, and capability matching, shortening chain closure time and improving chain operational efficiency, thus providing new growth points for the generation of new combat capabilities. On the other hand, new force elements expand the hinges of multi-link collaborative systems. By using new force elements to remove bottlenecks in multi-link connections and increase the number of nodes for multi-link integration, various resources and potentials can be connected through cross-domain link closures. This aggregates the operational energy advantages of different dimensions, creating a joint combat system with interconnected, networked, deeply hinged, and collaboratively operating multi-link systems, thereby promoting the full release of new combat capabilities.

Achieving a new type of combat capability network through innovative configuration of all elements. The generation and development of new-type combat capabilities involves multiple aspects, including technological innovation, theoretical innovation, and institutional and mechanism innovation. To advance the construction of new-type combat capabilities, it is necessary to grasp the development characteristics of cross-integration and mutual support among different fields and technologies, focus on the innovative configuration of combat capability elements, optimize the configuration structure of combat capability elements, and improve the configuration mechanism of combat capability elements, so as to promote the formation of a situation of breakthroughs in multiple points and collective emergence. We must rely on an intelligent combat management system that enables real-time situational awareness, efficient information processing, rapid and autonomous decision-making, precise coordinated operations, and automatic control of weapons and equipment. This system will allow combat elements to be “plug and play” and “dynamically reconfigured,” rapidly forming a structure that conforms to battlefield realities and combat missions. It will ensure the rapid integration of combat methods, the rapid formation of combat forces, the rapid execution of combat actions, and the rapid delivery of combat resources. This will foster new efficiencies in command and control, precision strikes, and information offense and defense, significantly improving the efficiency of combat power generation and forming a new type of combat power network that is reconfigurable in resources, adaptable in links, and fully covers capabilities.

Clarify the requirements for the development of new-type combat capabilities

New-type combat capabilities are the result of revolutionary breakthroughs in military technology and profound changes in the combat capability generation model. They have both the characteristics and laws of traditional combat capability generation, as well as their unique essential attributes and generation methods. We should deeply grasp the dialectical relationship and internal logic of their generation and development, and clarify their development requirements.

Efforts should be focused on the integration of traditional and new combat capabilities. Traditional combat capabilities are the prerequisite and foundation for the formation and development of new-type combat capabilities, while new-type combat capabilities are the integration and upgrading of traditional combat capabilities. Vigorously developing new-type combat capabilities does not mean completely abandoning traditional combat capabilities; on the contrary, the stronger traditional combat capabilities are, the better new-type combat capabilities can develop. On the one hand, we should closely follow the trends of technological development and changes in the form of warfare, study new mechanisms, grasp new characteristics, plan and lay out in a forward-looking manner, accelerate the systematic construction of new-type weapons and equipment, accelerate the improvement of military personnel’s ability to apply new-type capabilities, scientifically increase the proportion of new-type combat forces in new domains, and expand new tracks for the generation of new-type combat capabilities. On the other hand, we should firmly safeguard the fundamental strength and base of traditional combat capabilities, give full play to the advantages of traditional equipment, mechanisms and technologies, and accumulate strength in connecting new equipment, integrating new mechanisms and aggregating new technologies, so as to achieve a high-low combination, tiered connection and mutual promotion of “new” and “old” to enhance overall combat capabilities.

Seeking practical results in “element integration.” Technological innovation is a core element in developing new-type combat capabilities, but it is not the only one. Vigorously developing new-type combat capabilities requires not only occupying the high ground of technological innovation but also emphasizing the integrated and coordinated development of technology with systems, management, and other elements. On the one hand, we should highlight the “driving and leading” role of technological innovation, fully strengthen our confidence and determination in independent innovation, target cutting-edge fields, accelerate research on the military applications of new and disruptive technologies, and accurately identify the “key points” and “catalytic domains” that technological innovation empowers combat patterns and weaponry. On the other hand, we must pay attention to the “integration and coordination” effect of multiple elements. We must fully recognize the role and status of both technological and non-technical factors in promoting the formation and development of new combat capabilities, and focus on using technological breakthroughs to drive the upgrading of tactics and methods, the optimization of combat forces, the improvement of management mechanisms and support models, and systematically promote the comprehensive and balanced development of new combat capabilities through the integration and coordination of multiple factors.

We must maintain our momentum in the “fast and slow combination.” The formation and development of new-type combat capabilities is a long-term process, characterized by inheritance and gradualism. It requires a balanced approach, considering the relationships between primary and secondary priorities, immediate needs and long-term development, and effectively employing a “fast and slow combination.” On the one hand, we should emphasize the creation of asymmetric “speed.” We must closely follow the evolution of warfare and advancements in military technology, closely monitor the development trends of adversaries’ weaponry and combat styles, target their vital weaknesses, quickly identify the “window of opportunity” for creating asymmetric advantages with new-domain, new-type forces, accelerate forward-looking planning and transformation, and strive to create “trump cards” in weaponry to achieve leapfrog development in combat capabilities. On the other hand, we must focus on achieving high-quality “stability.” With a view to matching national strategic needs and aligning with the war preparation process, we must adhere to starting from the actual war situation, scientifically and rationally formulate top-level plans for the development of new-type combat capabilities, highlight the tackling of key issues such as technological shortcomings and capability weaknesses that have long constrained the generation of combat capabilities, lay a solid foundation for the development of new-type combat capabilities, provide development conditions, accumulate development momentum, and promote the high-quality and steady development of new-type combat capabilities.

(Author’s affiliation: Strategic Assessment and Consulting Center, Academy of Military Science)

現代國語：

新質戰鬥力是依托新興科技手段和作戰理念所形成的一種全新戰鬥力。隨著人工智慧、大數據等科學技術的飛速發展，新型作戰力量的類型層出不窮、規模極速增長、運用廣泛多樣，直接影響和決定新質戰鬥力的生成質效。認清新質戰鬥力內在特色、掌握其生成機理、明晰其發展要求，對於加快提升新質戰鬥力建設水平，確保在未來戰爭中搶佔先機、贏得主動具有重要意義。

認清新質戰鬥力內在特點

新質戰鬥力是戰爭發展和技術進步的產物，其以高效能、高質量為目標，以科技創新為內在引擎和主導槓桿，是牽引並撬動先進戰鬥力全要素躍升的新型能力。

強體系賦能。新質戰鬥力是戰鬥力構成要素改變所產生的新生戰鬥力。在智慧化技術的推動下，新質戰鬥力的構成要素不斷拓展，不僅包括傳統要素，還包括資訊網絡、數據資源、智慧演算法等新型要素。新質戰鬥力的生成，由傳統的通過人力物力等資源投入，改善武器裝備單個平台性能，向通過新型要素和傳統要素的自疊加或互疊加、新型要素賦能傳統要素等方式拓展，帶來整個作戰體系的聚變轉化，以“體系賦能”引起“殺傷力”質量、規模、功能等質變。

深人機互動。人與武器裝備的結合手段、結合方式、結合效果，直接影響戰鬥力形成質效。發展新質戰鬥力可以牽引人與武器裝備形成最佳結合，這種結合同時促進新質戰鬥力加速發展。隨著大模型、平行模擬等技術深化應用，決策支援系統更為智慧化，武器裝備性能更為先進，人機互動更為便捷高效，透過高強度的模擬化訓練和實戰化演練，人與武器裝備的協同作戰能力將大為增強，為孵化新質戰鬥力提供了動力源泉。

多維域拓展。新質戰鬥力突破傳統的陸海空等作戰領域，不斷向遠海、極地、網絡、電磁等領域拓展，從單純的物理域向物理域資訊域等深度融合拓展。透過跨域互動將各類資源與潛能轉化為現實能力，聚合不同維域的作戰能量，形成整體連結、強強融合、優勢互補的作戰體系，放大新質戰鬥力倍增效應。從世界近幾場局部戰爭實踐看，以戰略預警、資訊控制、演算法攻防、無人智慧等為代表的新質作戰力量，在現代戰場上正顯現出巨大威力。

掌握新質戰鬥力生成機理

新質戰鬥力的生成機理，是以基本要素能力革命性提升夯實戰鬥力基石，以新型要素跨域融合貫通戰鬥力釋放鏈路，以全要素網絡化創新配置促進戰鬥力湧現，達到全要素戰鬥力大幅提升的效果。

以基本要素能力革命性提升，築牢新質戰鬥力基石。人、武器裝備以及人與武器裝備的結合，是戰鬥力構成的三個基本要素。在新的歷史條件下，基本要素能力革命性提升，是形成新質戰鬥力的重要基礎。人是戰鬥力要素中最活躍、最能動的要素。當前，官兵知識結構多元、學習接受能力強，具備更高的思維層次、更精的專業技能、更強的創新能力，是推動新質戰鬥力生成的創造者。武器裝備是新質戰鬥力產生的物質承載。隨著軍事高新技術發展，超遠程、精確化、智慧化、隱身化等各種新型武器裝備的出現，是推動新質戰鬥力生成的硬體基礎。人與武器裝備的結合是推動戰鬥力生成的引擎。智慧化戰爭中，武器裝備不僅是軍事人員手中的工具，也是同軍事人員的結合體，在更科學的體制編制結構下，更精準的管理保障下，更為高超的指揮控制下，以人機交流、人機協作、人機共融的形態提升戰鬥力。

以新型要素跨域融合，貫通新質戰鬥力釋放鏈路。鏈路貫通閉合、快速高效融合是新質戰鬥力生成釋放的特點。促進新質戰鬥力全面釋放，需以新型戰鬥力要素及新質作戰力量為主線，加速情報鏈、指揮鏈、殺傷鏈、保障鍊等單鏈路閉合、多鏈路貫通融合。一方面，新型要素推動單鏈路優質閉合。數據、演算法、網路等新型要素融入傳統作戰鏈路，透過與傳統作戰力量、作戰要素有機結合，優化鏈路構建、資源調度、能力匹配，縮短鏈路閉合時間、提高鏈路運行效率，為新質戰鬥力生成提供了新增長點。另一方面，新型力量要素拓展多鏈路協同體系鉸鏈。通過新型力量要素打通多鏈路貫通堵點、增加多鏈路融合節點，以跨域鏈路閉合將各類資源和潛能連接在一起，聚合不同維域的作戰能量優勢，打造多鏈路相互耦合、網狀輻射、深度鉸鏈、協同運行的聯合作戰體系，促進新質戰鬥力全面釋放。

以全要素創新配置，實現新質戰鬥力網系湧現。新質戰鬥力的生成與發展，事關科技創新、理論創新、體制機制創新等多個面向。推動新質戰鬥力建設，要掌握不同領域與各項技術之間交叉融合、相互支撐的發展特徵，聚焦戰鬥力要素的創新配置、優化戰鬥力要素配置結構、完善戰鬥力要素配置機制，推動形成多點突破、群體迸發的局面。要依托態勢實時感知、資訊高效處理、快速自主決策、精準協同作戰和武器裝備自動控制的智能化作戰管理系統，實現作戰要素“即插即用”“動態重組”，快速形成符合戰場實際和作戰任務的結構編成，確保作戰手段“快融”、作戰力量“快組”、作戰行動“快打”、作戰資源“快打”，催生指揮控制、精確打擊和信息攻防對抗體系新效能，大幅提升戰鬥力生成效率，形成資源可重組、鏈路自適應、能力全覆蓋的新質戰鬥力網。

明晰新質戰鬥力發展要求

新質戰鬥力生成軍事技術革命性突破、戰鬥力生成模式深度變革共同作用的結果，其既有傳統戰鬥力生成的特點和規律，更有其特殊的本質屬性和生成方式，應深刻把握其生成發展的辯證關系和內在邏輯，明晰其發展要求。

在「新舊結合」上下功夫。傳統戰鬥力是形成和發展新質戰鬥力的前提與基礎，新質戰鬥力是傳統戰鬥力的融合升級。大力發展新質戰鬥力並不代表全面拋棄傳統戰鬥力，相反只有傳統戰鬥力越堅實，新質戰鬥力才可能發展越好。一方面，應緊跟科技發展與戰爭形態變化趨勢，研究新機理、掌握新特徵，前瞻性謀劃佈局，加速推進新質武器裝備體系化建設，加緊提升軍事人員新質能力運用素養，科學提升新域新質作戰力量比重，拓展新質戰鬥力生成新賽道。另一方面，應牢牢守住傳統戰鬥力這個基本面、基本盤，發揮傳統裝備、傳統機制、傳統技術的優勢，在銜接新裝備、融入新機制、聚合新技術上積蓄力量，實現「新」「舊」高低搭配、梯次銜接、相互促進，提升整體作戰能力。

在「要素融合」上求實效。科技創新是發展新質戰鬥力的核心要素，但不是唯一要素。大力發展新質戰鬥力，不僅要佔領科技創新高地，還要重視科技與制度、管理等多要素融合協調、一體聯動。一方面，應突顯科技創新的「驅動引領」作用，充分堅定自主創新的信心決心，瞄準前沿領域，加速新型技術、顛覆性技術軍事應用研究，找準科技創新賦能作戰樣式、武器裝備的「關鍵點」「催化域」。另一方面，要注重多要素的「融合協調」效應。充分認識技術與非技術要素在推動新質戰鬥力形成發展中的地位作用，注重以技術突破帶動戰法打法升級、作戰力量優化、管理機制健全和保障模式完善，在多要素融合協調中體系化推進新質戰鬥力全面均衡發展。

在「快慢組合」上使長勁。新質戰鬥力的形成發展是一個長期過程，具有繼承性、漸進性等特徵，需要統籌好主與次、先與後、現實急需與長遠發展等關系，打好「快慢組合拳」。一方面，應突顯塑造非對稱的「快」。緊跟戰爭形態演變、軍事科技進步，緊盯對手武器裝備、作戰樣式發展動向，瞄準對手要害命門，快速找到以新域新質力量塑造非對稱優勢的“窗口期”，加緊前瞻佈局、加快轉化應用，著力打造武器裝備“撒手鐧”，實現戰鬥力跨越式發展。另一方面，要注重謀求高品質的「穩」。著眼與國家戰略需求相匹配、與戰爭準備進程相銜接，堅持從戰爭實際出發，科學合理制定新質戰鬥力建設發展頂層規劃，突出長期制約戰鬥力生成的技術短板、能力弱項等矛盾問題攻關，為新質戰鬥力夯實發展基礎、提供發展條件、積蓄發展後勁，推動質戰力穩步發展。

（作者單位：軍事科學院戰略評估諮詢中心）

季　明　許珺怡　時鵬翔

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/

#collaborative warfare, #cross-domain collaborative operations, #cyber #warfare, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #mosaic #warfare

China’s Violence of War Shifts from Annihilation to Domination of the Enemy

05/07/2026 admin Leave a comment

中國的戰爭暴力從殲滅戰轉向對敵方的征服戰

現代英語：Military Academy

Editor’s Note: In today’s world, war looms large, with open and covert conflicts erupting one after another, revealing new connotations of war. The theory of war discusses the superstructure of violence, taking conflict as its object of study, exploring the roots, purposes, forms, and methods of political, military, economic, and social conflicts; the theory of violence studies the means and behavioral basis of war, taking confrontation as its object of study, exploring the nature, forms, laws, and violence of weapons and their use in confrontation. The theory of war is supported by the theory of violence, and the theory of violence is guided by the theory of war; the two complement each other, driving the evolution of the art of war. On July 24th of this year, this journal published Professor Lin Dong’s article “Comprehensive War Changes the Form of Conflict,” proposing a new theory of war. Here, this journal has invited Professor Lin Dong to write another article, “War Violence: From Annihilating the Enemy to Dominating the Enemy,” elaborating on the new theory of violence corresponding to the new theory of war, for our readers.

War is the highest form of violence, and violence is its most essential characteristic. As humanity entered the 21st century, driven by both technological advancements and pressing needs, war and violence entered a more advanced stage—the era of dominant violence.

1. The inevitability of the shift in war violence from annihilating the enemy to dominating the enemy

In the 21st century, information and intelligent technologies are reshaping the space and means of violence in warfare, triggering a differentiation in the application of violence. While novice war players are still reveling in the ever-evolving violence of conquering cities and territories, skilled war players have already devised new forms of violence that allow them to manipulate the enemy without firing a single shot. Once the opponent falls into the trap of being controlled, no matter how many battles they win, it will all be in vain, ultimately returning them to square one, or even leading to utter ruin.

The purpose of dominating violence is to enable oneself to strike the enemy and render their strikes ineffective. The ultimate goal of victory, pursued by both sides in war throughout history—to subdue the enemy without being subdued—is characterized by the asymmetry of violent confrontation. Information and intelligent technologies have solved the complexities of controllable and coordinated warfare, making war no longer like it was during World War II, where “the war machine, once started, was difficult to stop.” Violence has become a political tool that can be manipulated and used with ease. Especially under informationized and intelligent conditions, the controllability and deprivation of violence in war provide the conditions for dominating violence. The side possessing advanced technology can dominate the battlefield and control the course of war through non-contact warfare, achieving its war objectives by deterring, dismantling, and dismantling the enemy’s tools of violence. Thus, violent confrontation manifests as the deprivation or restraint of the opponent’s violence, allowing oneself to successfully evade enemy attacks.

The essence of dominating violence lies in the shift from annihilating the enemy to dominating the enemy, a shift determined by the emphasis on economic objectives in modern warfare. Engels pointed out, “Violence is merely a means; on the contrary, economic interests are the ends. The ends are far more ‘fundamental’ than the means used to achieve them.” Fundamentally, modern warfare pursues social values and economic interests, leading to the expansion of war violence from direct to indirect violence. Simply put, victory can be achieved without physically destroying the enemy. Firstly, it involves the precise use and control of violence. The controllability of violence is developing towards precision, which is not only a political necessity to reduce collateral damage but also an economic necessity to lower the cost of war. It is also a requirement for quickly controlling the battlefield, effectively dominating the enemy, and seizing victory—a distinctive feature of modern warfare. Secondly, it has evolved from inflicting violence to deterring violence. Traditional violent confrontation emphasizes victory through battlefield combat, while dominating violence seeks to deter and dismantle the effectiveness of enemy violence. By displaying force and refusing the enemy’s use of force, it instills fear of war or renders the war machine inoperable, thereby achieving war objectives with minimal use of violence. Currently, the US military’s concepts of deterrence warfare and decapitation strikes are based on this idea. Thirdly, bloodless violence is comparable to bloody violence. The greatest advantage of bloodless violence is that it not only significantly reduces the cost of using violence but also increases the asymmetry of its use, leading to unexpected changes in the course of battle.

The dominant principle governing violence has shifted from the traditional greater use of violence to the optimal use of violence, leading to a decrease in the brutality of war. Since the end of the Cold War, casualties in modern warfare have decreased dramatically. From the Gulf War to the Iraq War, the total number of deaths on both sides dropped from less than 100,000 to less than 20,000, while the Vietnam War saw nearly 1.7 million deaths. However, the driving force behind this sharp decline in war casualties is not a decrease in the lethality of war, but rather strategic needs, primarily economic needs, as the economy has always been the root of war. Taking the Iraq War as an example, the United States sought oil resources; therefore, its purpose in launching the war was to establish an Iraq that aligned with American interests. “Destroying” Iraq or plunging it into chaos would only exacerbate the destructive nature of the war, increase the cost of post-war reconstruction, and amplify hostility, making post-war stability maintenance more difficult. Simultaneously, the overall decline in the brutality of war is also attributed to the progress in the world’s moral views on war since World War II, resulting in restrictions on the use of violence in war, with media playing a role in public opinion oversight. Thus, the violence of war was precisely used and released after precise planning and design. Unprecedented high-intensity military strikes could be carried out under the principle of minimizing (sufficient) collateral damage and not causing large-scale casualties. Instead of causing mass casualties among the enemy, the strikes quickly rendered the enemy unable to resist, which is equivalent to turning surgical strikes into minimally invasive surgery to reduce the aftereffects of war.

2. Dominating the enemy’s thinking is becoming the direct course of war.

Dominating the enemy evolved from deterring the enemy, but it is not a new concept. From Sun Tzu’s “the best strategy is to subdue the enemy by their plans” to the tactics of “leading the enemy by the nose,” there is a wealth of ideas about domination. However, in the past, due to a lack of weapons and technology, dominating the enemy was indirect. Today, the informatization and intelligentization of weapons are transforming the idea of dominating the enemy into a direct approach to warfare.

Lethal violence plays a dominant role in military force, exhibiting a dual-track pattern of bloodshed and non-bloodshed in manned combat spaces, moving from physically eliminating the enemy to dominating them physiologically and psychologically. From cold weapons to firearms, all are physical violence that injures the body, belonging to the category of bloodshed violence. After carpet bombing reached its peak, it was constrained by the laws of war, shifting towards precision strikes to reduce unnecessary casualties. At the same time, demonstrating force remains an effective political tool; nuclear deterrence acts as a strategic stabilizer, and precision strikes enhance the effectiveness of conventional deterrence. However, precision violence is not “merciful violence,” and battlefield pressure is greater than ever before.

During World War I, biological and chemical weapons emerged, with bacteriological and chemical warfare entering the battlefield, causing massive casualties and ecological damage, and were banned by the Hague Convention. However, since the beginning of the 21st century, hegemonic powers have continued to pursue biological and chemical warfare, and terrorism has used these weapons as the best tool of violence against humanity. Therefore, some scholars consider the 21st century the century of biological warfare. With technological advancements, the controllability of the lethality of biological agents has greatly increased. In 2002, Russia used biogas for the first time in the anti-terrorism battlefield during a hostage crisis, marking the entry of non-lethal weapons into conventional warfare. With the rapid development of non-lethal weapons, the focus has shifted from gunpowder-based killings to controlling and destroying biological (physiological) systems, thereby disabling combat effectiveness. In particular, non-lethal weapons are more cost-effective compared to lethal weapons such as aircraft, warships, and tanks. With simplified manufacturing techniques, olfactory weapons, rubber bullets, traps, biological reagents, stun grenades, and laser blinding weapons have been deployed, driving lethal violence towards a soft-kill approach. Modern deterrence warfare and effects-based operations demonstrate that making the enemy afraid to use weapons or unable to use weapons on the battlefield can lead to easier victories. During the Iraq War, the United States successfully used deterrence warfare to intimidate and deceive Saddam Hussein, preventing him from using the Scud missiles that posed a threat to U.S. forces.

Intelligent warfare is shifting from force-intensive to weapon-intensive battlefields. Higher-dimensional spaces such as cyberspace, outer space, and electromagnetic spectrum are replacing land, sea, and air as the dominant operational spaces. These spaces are nearly unmanned, and with massive political, economic, and military critical infrastructure such as oil pipelines, storage facilities, and transportation hubs becoming the focus of attack, weapons of mass destruction are breaking free from the constraints of manned battlefields and turning towards destroying weapon systems and combat platforms. This shift from lethal violence to destructive violence has led to an unlimited increase in war violence. From the Gulf War to the Iraq War, the US military used cluster bombs and depleted uranium munitions to strike Iraqi military and political infrastructure and armored convoys, breaking the nuclear threshold to some extent and opening a new direction for the development of weapons of mass destruction. From the US military’s use of graphite bombs to attack urban power systems in the Kosovo War to the damage and paralysis of Iranian nuclear facilities by a virus attack, electromagnetic pulse weapons, space weapons, and cyber weapons have demonstrated enormous power. Although destructive weapons are strictly controlled and do not directly target humans, they aim to destroy operational systems, infrastructure, and even the enemy’s survival environment, thereby forcing the enemy to submit. What warrants particular attention is that nuclear strikes, restricted by the laws of war, are moving away from cities and civilians, and even densely populated manned battlefields, but are shifting towards sparsely populated unmanned battlefields, such as space, the deep sea, and isolated islands.

With the development of informatization and intelligentization, the information and cognitive domains have become new battlegrounds for penetrating the economy and society. Information tools and cognitive tools have naturally become new tools of violence, mainly manifested in the forms of cyber violence, economic violence, and cultural violence, which have emerged rapidly and forcibly altered the judgments, positions, and decisions of adversaries at the strategic and social levels. Cyber warfare involves artificially creating false data or tampering with big data to induce adversaries to make incorrect judgments and decisions; economic violence has evolved into economic sanctions, financial warfare, and technological decoupling warfare, attacking adversaries’ stock markets and banking systems, disrupting adversaries’ supply chains through legal and coercive commercial means, and hindering adversaries’ development and innovation; cultural violence leverages digital networks to push traditional public opinion warfare into public diplomacy and global media warfare, thereby influencing the positions of the international community and the global public.

In short, in the era of dominant violence, the violence of war has shifted, expanding from lethal violence to destructive and coercive violence.

3. Just wars and unjust wars follow different paths of dominant violence.

In the 21st century, the violent nature of war has not changed; violence remains the primary act of war, and without violence, there can be no war. In the era of cold weapons, violence manifested as the clash of swords; in the era of firearms, it evolved into the smoke of gunpowder; and in the nuclear age, the violence of war has expanded infinitely. To this day, humanity as a whole still lives in a relatively peaceful era of insecurity under the threat of nuclear weapons.

Marx’s assertion that “violence is the midwife of every old society that gives birth to a new one” remains a tenet of just war. However, advancements in warfare and the globalization of warfare have elevated the structural transformation of violence in just war from a natural process to a conscious one. First, we must not allow the pursuit of efficiency in war to obscure our historical perspective, recognizing that only just war can achieve complete victory. Wars are always categorized as just or unjust, and informationized and intelligent warfare is no exception. Second, modern warfare practice has provided both tactical and technical lessons for promoting the development of just war theory and negative examples for political and strategic critique. A profound realization is that the US military’s promotion of low-casualty, low-cost warfare efficiency has given the world a strong impression of swift military victories. However, the US spent trillions of dollars on post-war reconstruction in Afghanistan and Iraq, yet still could not avoid the eventual withdrawal. Such lessons are ancient, and modern warfare continues to repeat them. The secret it reveals is that the pursuit of efficiency in informationized and intelligent warfare has not changed the fundamental principle that only just war can win peace. The U.S. military achieved military dominance through its superior combat power and, to some extent, economic dominance from before the start of the war until the end of the major combat operations. However, without just political leadership, its rapid victories based on information superiority were still short-lived, unsustainable, and politically unsuccessful military victories. Therefore, developing informationized and intelligent warfare along a just path is both determined by the political nature of the just side and a prerequisite for the just side to win.

Just wars differ from unjust wars, which are frequently waged for hegemonic gain. Just wars are typically acts of self-defense, driven by necessity, aiming to deter further and larger conflicts through a single act of violence, thus serving an educational purpose against violence. In 1958, the People’s Liberation Army’s shelling of Kinmen, evolving from all-weather attacks aimed at eliminating enemy manpower to shelling every other day, then to shelling without targeting individuals, and finally to notifying the enemy before shelling, represents a transformation from lethal violence to destructive violence, and finally to coercive violence. This served the war’s objectives of deterring, educating, and uniting the enemy, fully demonstrating the wisdom and courage of just wars. The view of violence in just wars can be summarized by “one central principle and two basic points”—the central principle is using just violence to curb unjust violence. This is fundamentally different from the pursuit of maximizing violence and the inhumane tendencies of unjust wars. One fundamental point is the development of self-defense violence, advocating the development of weapons to destroy weapons. Dominating the enemy requires emphasizing the development of violence capable of stopping violence itself, expanding military force in a direction where lethality and destructiveness are controllable, moving from lethal to non-lethal, and from environmentally destructive to environmentally minimal. Another fundamental point is the forceful, justified, and restrained use of force, not seeking to maximize its use, but rather selecting the methods of its application to dominate the enemy, and defining the laws of force in its specific application.

A just war advocates using lethal and destructive violence supplemented by coercive violence, moving from focusing on destroying the enemy’s tools of violence to deterring and preventing the enemy from using them, demonstrating a higher level of dominance over violence. Fundamentally, a just war is about defending one’s own territory and maritime borders, and highly values the need for post-war environmental and social governance. It should be recognized that the US military dropped large quantities of depleted uranium, thermobaric, and graphite bombs in cities in Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, and Iraq, and established virus laboratories in other countries, causing long-term damage to urban environments and people’s livelihoods; its invisible destruction is enormous. Unjust wars, under the guise of reducing “bloodshed politics,” expand from inflicting external wounds to inflicting irreparable internal damage, abusing non-lethal violence, such as using audio weapons beyond reasonable limits, rupturing eardrums and causing hearing loss—more cruel than gunpowder-based killings, bringing terror rather than deterrence. Compared to the destructive and lethal nature of unjust wars, the violent structure of a just war is centered on coercion. First, we must strive to deter the enemy from launching its war machine, based on large-scale military declarations and pressure, demonstrating invincible strength and the determination to not withdraw until the objective is achieved. This will advance the deterrence strategy to a new level of dominance, showcasing the effectiveness of war preparations and deterring the enemy from taking desperate measures. Second, we must use limited lethal and destructive violence to prevent the enemy from operating its war machine, forcing it to abandon violent resistance. This method of depriving or hindering the enemy from using weapons is far less costly than destroying their weapons, more effective than destroying their troops and equipment, and more suitable for just wars. Third, we must use coercive violence as the main force, based on a protracted approach, and win an overwhelming strategic posture through flexible economic warfare, cyber warfare, and cognitive warfare.

Looking to the future, only just wars can bring about progress in the civilization of warfare. This is because the progress of the civilization of warfare depends on the warring parties’ understanding and choice of violence. History has proven that the dominant role of absolute violence in unjust wars is temporary and unreliable. While it provides conditions for the inevitable victory of just wars, the excessive abuse of violence simultaneously creates asymmetrical pressure on the just warring parties to exercise restraint. Therefore, just wars need to combine violence and non-violence to exert a dominant role, giving new support to the “inevitable victory of just wars” in the era of intelligent globalization. Just wars employ relative violence to achieve victory, aiming to create conditions for a political solution through limited but long-term military and economic control. This involves mobilizing the people of both sides and the international community to prevent the enemy from using the war machine, winning through containment, and containing through victory. It seeks to use violence efficiently and at low cost, achieving political victory with minimal casualties, minimal damage, and minimal cost.

(Author: Lin Dong, Professor at the National Defense University)

現代國語：

【講武堂】

編者按：當今世界，戰爭風雲籠罩，明戰暗戰此起彼伏，蘊藏戰爭新內涵。戰爭論講暴力之上層建筑，以沖突為研究對象，探究政治軍事經濟社會沖突的根源、目的、形態和方式﹔暴力論則研究戰爭之手段與行為基礎，以對抗為研究對象，探究武器和運用武器進行對抗的性質、形式、法則和暴烈程度。戰爭論以暴力論為支撐，暴力論則以戰爭論為指導，二者相輔相成，推動戰爭藝術的演化。今年7月24日，本刊發表了林東教授的文章《綜合戰爭改變沖突形態》提出了一種新戰爭論，這裡，本刊再請林東教授撰寫《戰爭暴力從消滅敵人走向支配敵人》一文，闡述與新戰爭論相對應的新暴力論，以饗讀者。

戰爭是暴力的最高形式，暴力是戰爭的最本質特征。人類進入21世紀，在技術推動和需求牽引雙雙作用之下，戰爭暴力進入了一個高級階段——支配暴力時代。

1、戰爭暴力從消滅敵人向支配敵人轉變的必然性

21世紀，信息化智能化技術正在刷新戰爭暴力的空間和手段，觸發暴力應用層次分化。當初級戰爭玩家還陶醉於攻城克地的暴力日新月異之中，高明的戰爭玩家已經布局不費一兵一卒而調動敵人於股掌之中的全新暴力，而對手一旦掉入受支配的陷阱，無論打贏多少場戰役戰斗，都是做無用功，終回原點，甚至萬劫不復。

支配暴力目的是使自己能打擊敵人，並使敵人的打擊失靈。歷來戰爭雙方所追求的至高戰勝境界——致人而不致於人，其最大特點就是暴力對抗的不對等性。信息和智能技術解決了戰爭手段可控與協調等復雜性問題，使戰爭不再像二戰時期那樣“戰爭機器一經啟動就難以停止”，暴力手段成了可以駕馭並游刃有余的政治工具。尤其是在信息化智能化條件下，戰爭暴力的可控性、可剝奪性為支配暴力提供了條件，掌握高技術的一方通過實施非接觸作戰主宰戰場和主導戰爭進程，通過威懾、瓦解和解除敵人的暴力工具來達到戰爭目的，從而使暴力對抗呈現為剝奪或掣肘對手的暴力，並使自己成功避開敵人的打擊。

支配暴力本質是從消滅敵人向支配敵人轉移，是現代戰爭凸顯經濟目的所決定的。恩格斯指出：“暴力僅僅是手段，相反地，經濟利益是目的。目的比用來達到目的的手段要‘基礎性’得多。”從根本上講，現代戰爭追求社會價值和經濟利益，導致戰爭暴力從直接暴力向間接暴力拓展。簡單地說，不需要從肉體上毀滅敵人而贏得勝利，一是精確使用和控制暴力。暴力的可控性向精確化方向發展，這不僅是減少附帶損傷的政治需要，也是降低戰爭成本的經濟需要，還是快速控制戰局，有效支配敵人，奪取戰爭勝利的效益需求，這已成為現代戰爭發展的鮮明特點。二是從施與暴力發展到遏制暴力。傳統的暴力對抗強調通過戰場搏斗來取勝，而支配暴力則追求威懾、拆解敵人暴力的效力，通過顯示武力和拒止敵人使用武力的方式，使敵人畏懼戰爭或無法運作戰爭機器，從而以最少量地施與暴力，來達到戰爭目的。目前看，美軍發明的震懾戰、斬首戰都是基於這樣的觀念產生的。三是不流血的暴力與流血的暴力相媲美。不流血的暴力的最大優勢是不僅能大幅度減輕暴力運用的成本，而且能提高暴力運用的非對稱性，使戰局發生奇變。

支配暴力的法則從傳統更多地使用暴力變為最佳使用暴力，從而導致戰爭暴烈性有所下降。冷戰結束以來，現代化戰爭造成的傷亡驟然減少了。從海灣戰爭到伊拉克戰爭，戰爭雙方死亡總數從不到10萬人下降到不足2萬人，而越南戰爭死亡總數則是近170萬人。但導致戰爭傷亡銳減的動因並不是戰爭殺傷力在減小，而是戰略上的需要，首先是經濟上的需要，經濟歷來是戰爭的本源。以伊拉克戰爭為例，美國要獲得的是石油資源，因此它發起戰爭的目的是建立符合美國利益的伊拉克，“打爛”伊拉克或者伊拉克陷入混亂隻能加劇戰爭的破壞程度，增加戰后重建的成本，並擴大敵對情緒增加戰后維穩的困難。同時，戰爭暴烈性的總體下降還歸因於二戰以來世界人民在戰爭道義觀上的進步，產生了對戰爭暴力使用的限制，其中媒體傳播起到了輿論監督作用。由此，戰爭暴力在精確規劃和計劃之后被精確地使用了、被精確地釋放了，前所未有的高強度軍事打擊，能夠在最少（足夠）並不導致大面積附帶損傷的原則下進行，不再使敵人大量死去，而是使敵人快速失去抵抗意志和抵抗能力，相當於外科手術式打擊轉向微創手術，以減小戰爭后遺症。

2、支配敵人的思想正在變成直接的戰爭路線

支配敵人是從威懾敵人發展而來的，但並非新概念。從孫子的“上兵伐謀”到“牽著敵人鼻子走”的戰略戰術，都蘊含著豐富的支配思想，但過去缺乏武器和技術條件，支配敵人的方式是間接的。而今，武器的信息化智能化，正在把支配敵人的思想變成直接的戰爭路線。

殺傷性暴力發揮武力支配作用，在有人作戰空間呈現流血和不流血雙軌模式，從肉體上消滅敵人邁向從生理和心理上支配敵人。從冷兵器到火器，都是物理暴力殺傷肌體，屬於流血的暴力，當地毯式轟炸發展到頂峰后受到戰爭法制約，轉向精確殺傷，減少不必要的殺傷。同時，顯示武力仍是有效的政治工具，核威懾起著戰略穩定器作用，精確殺傷提升常規威懾效力。但精確暴力並非“仁慈的暴力”，戰場壓力超過以往任何時期。

在第一次世界大戰期間，生化武器興起，細菌戰、毒氣戰進入戰場，導致大規模傷亡並破壞生態環境，被《海牙公約》禁止。但進入21世紀以來，霸權主義仍在謀求生化戰爭，而恐怖主義更是把生化武器作為反人類的最佳暴力工具，因此，21世紀被一些學者認為是生物戰的世紀。隨著科技的進步，生物戰劑殺傷力可控性大大增強，2002年俄羅斯在處置人質危機事件中首次將生物氣體用於反恐戰場，標志著非致命性武器走進了常規戰爭。隨著非致命性武器大發展，從火藥殺傷肌體邁向控制、破壞生物（生理）系統，從而使戰斗力失能。尤其是非致命性武器的造價與飛機、軍艦、坦克等致命性武器相比具有高性價比，隨著制造技術簡易化，嗅覺武器、橡皮子彈、捕捉器、生物試劑、眩暈彈、激光致盲武器列裝，它們帶動殺傷性暴力朝著軟殺傷方向發展。現代震懾戰和基於效果作戰實踐表明，戰場上使敵人不敢使用武器和使用不了武器，可以贏得更容易。伊拉克戰爭期間，美國成功地運用震懾戰來恫嚇和欺騙薩達姆，使其一直未能啟用對美軍有威脅的飛毛腿導彈。

智能化戰爭從兵力密集型戰場轉向武器密集型戰場，網絡、太空、電磁空間等高維度空間取代陸海空成為主導性作戰空間，這些空間近乎無人化，加上輸油管道、倉儲、交通樞紐等體積龐大的政治經濟軍事關鍵基礎設施成為打擊重心，推動大規模殺傷性武器突破有人戰場的羈絆，轉向破壞武器系統和作戰平台。殺傷性暴力轉向破壞性暴力，導致戰爭暴力仍在無限增長。從海灣戰爭到伊拉克戰爭，美軍使用集束炸彈、貧鈾彈打擊伊拉克軍政基礎設施和裝甲車隊，一定程度上打破了核門檻的禁忌，開啟了大規模殺傷性武器發展的新方向。自美軍科索沃戰爭使用石墨炸彈攻擊城市供電系統起，到伊朗核設施受到病毒攻擊而毀傷癱瘓，電磁脈沖武器、太空武器、網絡武器顯示出巨大威力。破壞性武器雖然嚴格控制，不直接針對人體，但卻力圖破壞作戰體系、基礎設施甚至是敵人的生存環境，從而迫使敵人屈服。尤需警惕的是，核打擊因戰爭法限制而遠離城市和平民，甚至兵力密集的有人戰場，但轉向人員稀少的無人戰場，太空、深海和孤立的島嶼。

隨信息化智能化發展，信息域認知域成為深入經濟社會的新戰場，信息工具和認知工具也自然成為新暴力工具，其主要以網絡暴力、經濟暴力、文化暴力等形式展現出來並異軍突起，強制性改變對手戰略層和社會層的判斷、立場和決策。網絡戰人為制造假數據或篡改大數據，誘導對手做出錯誤判斷和決策﹔經濟暴力演化出經濟制裁、金融戰、科技脫鉤戰，打擊對手股市和銀行系統，以法律和強制性商業手段中斷對手供應鏈，遲滯對手發展創新﹔文化暴力借助數字網絡推動傳統輿論戰邁向公共外交戰和全球傳媒戰，從而影響國際社會和全球公眾的立場。

總之，在支配暴力時代，戰爭的暴烈性發生了轉移，即從殺傷性暴力向破壞性暴力、強制性暴力拓展。

3、正義戰爭與非正義戰爭走不同的支配暴力路線

21世紀，戰爭的暴力本質並未改變，暴力仍是戰爭的主要行為，沒有暴力就談不上戰爭。在冷兵器時代暴力表現為刀光劍影，在火器時代發展成硝煙彌漫，到了核時代戰爭暴力走向無限擴大，至今，人類總體上仍處於核威脅下不安全的相對和平年代。

馬克思關於“暴力是每一個孕育著新社會的舊社會的助產婆”的論斷，至今仍是正義戰爭信條。但戰爭手段的進步和戰爭時空全球化的展開，使正義戰爭的暴力結構性轉變從自然過程上升到自覺過程中來。首先，不為戰爭的效益觀掩蓋戰爭的歷史觀，認清隻有正義的支配才能取得戰爭的徹底勝利。戰爭總是分正義和非正義兩類，信息化智能化戰爭也不例外。其次，現代戰爭實踐既為我們推動發展正義戰爭理論提供了戰術技術上的經驗借鑒，同時也提供了政治和戰略上批判的反面教材。一個深刻認識是，美軍宣揚的小傷亡、低成本戰爭效益觀，給世界帶來了軍事速勝的深刻印象。但美國在阿富汗、伊拉克這兩個國家花上萬億美元來搞戰后重建，還是無法避免最終撤軍走人的結局。這樣的教訓古已有之，現代戰爭又繼續重演，它揭示的奧秘是，信息化智能化戰爭的效益觀並沒有改變隻有正義戰爭才能贏得和平的規律。美軍憑借強大的戰斗力做到了軍事上的支配，從戰爭發起前到主要戰事結束期間也在一定程度做到經濟支配，但沒有正義的政治統領，其信息優勢下的快速制勝仍然是短暫的、不能維持的、政治失敗的武力勝利。因此，開辟信息化智能化戰爭在正義方向上的發展路線，既是正義方政治性質所決定，同時也是決定正義方打贏的前提條件。

正義戰爭與非正義戰爭牟取霸權利益而頻繁發動戰爭不同，通常是被迫採取戰爭自衛行動，並力爭通過一次性暴力的釋放來阻止更多更大的戰爭，從而達成反暴力的教育作用。1958年，中國人民解放軍炮擊金門，從消滅敵人有生力量的全天候打擊轉向隔日炮擊，再轉向不打人的炮擊，再轉向炮擊前通知敵人，就是從殺傷性暴力到破壞性暴力，再到強制性暴力的轉換過程，起到震懾敵人、教育敵人、團結敵人的戰爭目的，充分展示了正義戰爭的大智大勇。正義戰爭的暴力觀可以用“一個中心兩個基本點”來概括——以正義暴力遏制非正義暴力是中心，這與非正義戰爭追求暴力最大化及其反人類傾向有本質區別。一個基本點是發展自衛的暴力，主張發展消滅武器的武器，支配敵人更要強調發展那些能夠制止暴力的暴力，立足朝殺傷力、破壞力可控的方向拓展武力，從致命性向非致命性方向拓展，從環境破壞大向環境破壞小方向拓展。另一個基本點是有力有理有節地使用武力，不求最大化地使用武力，而是圍繞支配敵人選擇武力的運用方式，並在具體運用中界定武力法則。

正義戰爭主張以殺傷性暴力、破壞性暴力輔助強制性暴力，從重在摧毀敵人暴力工具邁向遏制和拒止敵人使用暴力工具，展示更高的支配暴力境界。從根本上講，正義戰爭是保衛自己的國土、海疆，高度重視戰后環境和社會治理需要。應看到美軍在南聯盟、阿富汗和伊拉克城市扔下了大量貧鈾彈、溫壓彈和石墨彈，在他國建立病毒實驗室，對城市環境和民生的傷害是長遠的，其隱形的破壞是巨大的。這種非正義戰爭以降低“流血的政治”為名，從制造外傷向制造不可修復的內傷拓展，濫用非致命性暴力，如音頻武器超過合理的度，震裂耳膜，導致聽覺喪失，比火藥殺傷更殘忍，帶來的不是威懾而是恐怖。相比於非正義戰爭突出破壞性和殺傷性，正義戰爭暴力結構則以強制性為中心。一是力求遏制敵人啟動戰爭機器，立足大規模的武力宣示和施壓，顯示不可戰勝的實力和不達目的不收兵的決心，將威懾戰略推進到支配戰略的新思路，把戰爭准備的實效顯示出來，懾止敵人鋌而走險﹔二是以有限殺傷性暴力、破壞性暴力釋放拒止敵人運行戰爭機器，使敵人放棄暴力抵抗，這種用剝奪或掣肘敵人使用武器的方式比摧毀敵人武器代價要小得多，比摧毀敵人兵力兵器更有效，更適用於正義戰爭。三是以強制性暴力為主體，立足持久，以富有彈性的經濟戰、網絡戰、認知戰贏得壓倒性戰略態勢。

展望未來，隻有正義戰爭才能帶來戰爭文明的進步。因為，戰爭文明是否進步取決於戰爭方對暴力的認知和選擇。歷史証明，非正義戰爭奉行絕對暴力的支配作用是暫時的、不可靠的，為正義戰爭必勝提供了條件，但同時超限濫用暴力對正義戰爭方的克制暴力構成非對稱的犧牲壓力。為此，正義戰爭有必要把暴力和非暴力綜合起來發揮支配作用，使“正義戰爭必勝”在智能化全球化時代獲得新支撐。正義戰爭施展相對暴力制勝，立足以有限但長期的軍事和經濟扼控為政治解決創造條件，發動敵我雙方的人民和國際社會，制止敵人使用戰爭機器，在遏制中打贏，在打贏中遏制，追求高效益、低代價的暴力運用，以最小傷亡、最小破壞、最小成本達成政治勝利。

（作者：林東，系國防大學教授）

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/

Fundamentals of Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare

02/13/2026 admin Leave a comment

中國軍事情報戰基礎

現代英語：

[Abstract] Modern warfare is rapidly evolving into information warfare, and the emergence of intelligent warfare is beginning. Intelligent combat systems are becoming the main force form in intelligent warfare, giving rise to new combat styles such as adaptive warfare, cluster attrition warfare, and simultaneous parallel warfare. “Intelligence control” has become a new high ground for control in warfare. In the future, intelligent warfare will exhibit a phased and accelerated evolution. The development of intelligent technology will determine the direction of intelligent warfare, profoundly transforming the contradictory laws of war, and continuously strengthening war ethics and legal regulations. To meet the challenges of intelligent warfare, we must proactively design intelligent warfare, accelerate the development of intelligent equipment, shape intelligent organizational forms, and strengthen intelligent strategic management.

[Keywords] Intelligent warfare, Information warfare, Evolution of form of warfare, Strategic measures

[Chinese Library Classification Number] E0 [Document Identification Code] A

【DOI】10.16619/j.cnki.rmltxsqy.2021.10.002

Guo Ming is the Vice President, Researcher, and Doctoral Supervisor of the Institute of War Studies at the Academy of Military Sciences of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army. His research focuses on military command. His major works include *Tactics of War* (chief editor) and *A Course in Special Operations* (chief editor).

In recent years, driven by a new round of technological, industrial, and military revolutions, the form of warfare is rapidly evolving towards information warfare, and intelligent warfare is on the verge of emerging. As a new form of future warfare, intelligent warfare is not only revolutionizing people’s understanding of war and military affairs, but is also increasingly attracting the attention of countries around the world. Exploring and mastering the characteristics and laws of intelligent warfare and accelerating the development of military intelligence are contemporary challenges for safeguarding the overall strategic situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

A deep understanding of the driving forces behind the evolution of intelligent warfare

The form of war is the historical stage of war, characterized by the technical attributes of the main weapons, and is the manifestation of human society’s mode of production and movement in the military field. [1] Historically, the form of war has undergone several evolutions from cold weapon war, hot weapon war, mechanized war to information warfare, and is currently evolving towards intelligent warfare. This is the result of the combined effects of multiple factors such as politics, economy, military, science and technology, and culture.

The new round of technological revolution is the fundamental driving force behind the evolution of intelligent warfare. Science and technology are the primary productive forces and the core combat power of modern warfare. Major breakthroughs in military technology and landmark developments in dominant weaponry have triggered entirely new changes in military organization, combat methods, and operational theories, leading to a holistic transformation of warfare and the emergence of new forms of conflict. Since the beginning of the 21st century, new technologies characterized by “intelligence, ubiquity, and greenness” have emerged in rapid succession. In particular, artificial intelligence, driven by new technologies and theories such as mobile internet, big data, supercomputing, and brain science, exhibits new characteristics such as deep learning, cross-disciplinary integration, human-machine collaboration, collective intelligence development, and autonomous control. This has triggered a chain of breakthroughs in the military field, significantly changing the way people, weapons, and the ways in which people and weapons, and weapons and weapons, are combined. Various intelligent equipment projects have emerged, including “multi-purpose unmanned tactical transport” ground vehicles, “loyal wingman” drones, “Stingray” shipborne unmanned refueling aircraft, “Sea Hunter” anti-submarine unmanned surface vessels, satellite robots, “cyberspace vehicles,” “adaptive radar countermeasures,” and the “Alpha” beyond-visual-range air combat system. Human-machine hybrid formations, unmanned swarm warfare, and system-based cognitive deception will become possible. Systemic major innovations have emerged in various fields such as combat methods, command and control, organizational structure, logistics support, and military training. Intelligent warfare, which “uses intelligence to control capabilities,” has begun to emerge.

Strategic competition among major powers is the driving force behind the evolution of intelligent warfare. Military affairs are subordinate to politics, and strategy is subordinate to political strategy. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that war is “the highest form of struggle used to resolve contradictions between classes, nations, states, and political groups at a certain stage of development.” [2] Strategic competition among major powers and the resulting military demands are key factors driving the evolution of warfare. During World War II, although the armies of Britain, France, Germany, the United States, and the Soviet Union all possessed tanks, aircraft, and radio communication equipment, only Germany successfully implemented “blitzkrieg.” One very important reason was that Germany attempted to use this to break the strategic dilemma of fighting on two fronts. Currently, the world is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century, and the international balance of power is undergoing the most revolutionary changes since modern times, with profound adjustments taking place in the international political and economic landscape. Out of strategic considerations to maintain its world hegemony, the United States proposed the “Third Offset Strategy,” which clearly prioritizes artificial intelligence and autonomy as the technological pillars for development. It accelerates the development of military intelligence from aspects such as war design, operational concept development, technology research and development, and military spending, actively seizing the initiative in the military intelligence revolution and seeking to gain strategic initiative with new technological advantages. Russia insists on investing its limited scientific and technological resources in areas with high strategic value, cutting-edge technology, and great practicality, and regards intelligence as the key to the modernization of weapons and equipment. It has clearly proposed to increase the proportion of unmanned combat systems to 30% by 2025. [3] Other major powers such as Britain, France, India, and Japan are not to be outdone and have increased their investment and deployment in military intelligence. The fierce international strategic competition not only affects the strategic focus of military intelligence development in various countries, but also promotes the evolution and development of intelligent warfare.

Military theoretical innovation is the ideological precursor driving the evolution of intelligent warfare. It plays a significant guiding role in the development of military technology and the evolution of warfare. Human warfare history shows that for cutting-edge technologies and their materialized weaponry to truly achieve combat capability, they must be guided by advanced military theory. There are numerous examples of clinging to existing military theories and missing opportunities to build and utilize new combat capabilities. The US military has always emphasized designing warfare from a technological perspective, using the development of new operational concepts to drive innovation and leaps in defense technology, weaponry, and combat capabilities. The new operational concepts proposed by the US military in recent years all revolve around the top-level operational concept of “cross-domain collaboration.” For example, the US Air Force’s “distributed operations” decouples capabilities through “distribution” and then aggregates them through “collaboration,” thereby constructing a complete operational system. Reflected in force allocation and application, this means a small number of manned aircraft collaborating with a large number of intelligent unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with decomposed functions to form an operational system. In August 2020, the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) organized the third human-machine air combat concept demonstration. In the final virtual duel, the artificial intelligence team decisively defeated the human pilot team. Russia has clearly identified military robots as a key direction for the development of military intelligence. In April of this year, Russian media disclosed that its Aerospace Forces’ “Lightning” multi-functional unmanned system has completed group deployment tests and is capable of achieving the Russian military’s “swarm” combat concept attack mission. [4] The core of these combat concepts that already have certain intelligent characteristics is to explore how intelligent warfare can coordinate the use of various military forces through the improvement of “intelligence” to defeat the opponent and achieve a complete victory with cross-domain asymmetric advantages. The formation of intelligent warfare depends on a deep understanding of intelligent technology, keen insight into its military application potential, and a high degree of integration of the art of war with intelligent technology innovation and development of intelligent military theory.

Exploring practical warfare is the primary means of driving the evolution of intelligent warfare. The evolution of warfare is a dynamic process; each form of warfare undergoes a process of quantitative change leading to qualitative change, and gradual change leading to sudden change. Compared to the rise of information warfare, intelligent warfare currently lacks a complete and typical practical example like the Gulf War. However, experiments and practices in intelligent warfare are propelling intelligent warfare from its inception to its nascent stage, and from its early stages to its advanced levels. In 2015, Russia, in the Syrian war, for the first time deployed four tracked Platform-M combat robots and two wheeled Argo combat robots in a structured manner, along with unmanned reconnaissance aircraft and the Andromeda-D automated command system, pioneering ground combat operations primarily based on combat robots. In January 2018, the Russian military, for the first time in the Syrian theater, used anti-intelligent equipment to destroy, jam, and capture 13 incoming drones. In September 2019, more than a dozen drones attacked two Saudi oil facilities, halving their oil production. In the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, during the Azerbaijani army’s attack on the Armenian army, unmanned combat platforms exceeded manned platforms for the first time, reaching more than 75%. The number, frequency, and intensity of drone use were all the highest in the history of human warfare. [5] These practical explorations in intelligent warfare will not only promote the application of intelligent equipment on the battlefield to a wider range, a larger number of deployments, and more complex combat scenarios, but will also promote the gradual upgrading of intelligent warfare methods and anti-intelligent warfare methods in the confrontation, thereby accelerating the profound evolution of intelligent warfare.

Accurately grasp the essential characteristics of intelligent warfare

The mechanized era, represented by steam engines and internal combustion engines, greatly expanded human physical capabilities; the information age, represented by the internet and precision-guided systems, achieved an unprecedented leap in human perception; and the rapid development of intelligent technologies, represented by deep learning and autonomous decision-making, is accumulating the material and capability foundation for the intelligent era of “intelligent control of energy.” From a military perspective, the new combat forces composed of intelligent payloads, intelligent platforms, and intelligent systems will give rise to new combat styles such as unmanned swarm warfare, cognitive control warfare, and intelligent algorithm warfare. Seizing “intellectual control” will become a new commanding height in warfare.

Intelligent combat systems have become the primary form of force. The core essence of intelligent combat systems lies in “human command, machine autonomy, and network support,” a key difference from the mechanized and information-based eras. Intelligence is not unmanned; intelligent combat systems are “unmanned platforms, manned systems”—weapons in the foreground, personnel in the background. Intelligence is not about weapons becoming human, but rather the transplantation of human intelligence into weapons, achieving a high degree of integration between humans and weapons. While current artificial intelligence technology is developing rapidly, it is still human-led and human-mediated, essentially reflecting progress in human understanding of intelligence. Regardless of breakthroughs in intelligent technology, humans will remain the initiators, designers, and ultimate decision-makers of warfare. Human operational thinking is materialized into intelligent weapons in the form of rules, algorithms, software, and data. In war, intelligent weapons implement human operational intentions and achieve predetermined operational objectives. Behind the autonomous operation of intelligent weapons remains a contest of human operational methods, command styles, and willpower. Autonomy is the core attribute of military intelligence and the essential characteristic of intelligent combat forces. In other words, weaponry possesses some of the intellectual attributes of humans, enabling it to adapt to the battlefield environment, self-coordinate complex actions, and self-organize force formations under human decision-making and control. Therefore, all the advantages of intelligent combat forces derive from this characteristic of autonomy. Intelligent combat forces also possess speed; as combat operations are increasingly autonomous, the cycle time of “observation-judgment-decision-strike” will be shortened to near-instantaneous response, thus achieving a generational leap in action speed and combat rhythm. Network technology has spurred the iterative development of the Internet, the Internet of Things, and the Internet of Intelligence, forming the foundation for improving mechanization, achieving informatization, and supporting intelligence. The rapid development of new network technologies such as the Internet of Everything and human-machine interaction is leading combat formations towards a hybrid “manned/unmanned” approach, supporting intelligent combat forces through efficient collaborative networks, enabling mission customization, autonomous formation, and flexible collaboration. Once the network environment on which intelligent combat systems heavily rely is disrupted or the links are broken, their combat functions will suffer significant damage or even paralysis. This has prompted countries worldwide to pay close attention to the resilience of intelligent combat systems against interference and attacks.

Autonomous warfare has become the primary mode of combat. With the widespread application of intelligent combat systems to the armed forces and their gradual emergence as the main combat force on the battlefield, autonomous warfare has risen to become the primary mode of combat, profoundly changing combat styles in terms of autonomy, scale, flexibility, and cognition. Based on the current development trend of military intelligence, it can be predicted that the following combat styles will emerge in the future. First, adaptive warfare. This relies on the autonomous learning capabilities of intelligent weapons to react quickly to complex battlefield environments, achieving autonomous judgment, decision-making, and execution of combat actions, maximizing combat effectiveness. Specific applications include “rapid pinpoint warfare,” “intelligent network paralysis warfare,” and “bionic special operations warfare.” The main advantage of this combat style is that it can greatly overcome inherent weaknesses such as human psychological limitations, combat time limitations, and combat mobility limitations, making it particularly suitable for carrying out combat missions deep into enemy-occupied areas, nuclear radiation zones, and other high-risk areas. Simultaneously, leveraging the agility of intelligent weapons, the rapid pace of attack prevents the enemy from organizing an effective response, thus elevating the use of speed to a new level. Second, cluster attrition warfare. This refers to a combat style that primarily utilizes intelligent unmanned swarms, supplemented by a small number of manned combat systems. It mimics the “collective intelligence” exhibited by animal groups in nature, executing combat missions through a group-based autonomous and collaborative model. Specific applications include “swarm” warfare, “fish school” warfare, and “wolf pack” warfare. The main advantage of this style is the use of low-cost, small intelligent weapons to destroy high-value enemy targets through saturation or suicide attacks, transforming numerical superiority into an asymmetric system advantage over traditional large main battle platforms. Thirdly, there is synchronous parallel warfare. This involves decomposing combat functions into multiple heterogeneous small manned and unmanned combat platforms deployed across the entire domain. By establishing a distributed communication network among these platforms, synchronization is achieved in combat time, space, and hierarchy, enabling a systematic approach to completing combat missions. The main advantage of this style is the use of intelligent networks extending to widely distributed intelligent sensors, combat platforms, and individual soldier systems to conduct synchronous and parallel strikes, seizing combat superiority.

“Intelligence dominance” has become the core of warfare. The development of warfare dominance aligns with the evolution of warfare itself. Firepower and mobility are the dominant factors for victory in mechanized warfare, with land, sea, and air dominance becoming the core of the struggle for dominance. Information power is the dominant factor for victory in informationized warfare, with space and information dominance becoming the core of the struggle for dominance. Intelligent superiority is the dominant factor for victory in intelligent warfare, with “intelligence dominance” becoming the core of the struggle for dominance. Intelligent dominance, autonomous energy control, and winning through intelligence will become the fundamental principles of intelligent warfare. The struggle for “intelligence dominance” is essentially a comprehensive contest of “algorithms + data + cognition.” Algorithms are the core of intelligent technology; “algorithms as tactics, software-defined warfare” have become distinctive features of intelligent warfare. The core of algorithm construction is creating abstract models based on problems and selecting different methods to complete the algorithm design according to the target problem. The side with algorithmic advantage can accurately simulate combat scenarios, precisely estimate combat results, and maximize the deduction of optimal combat plans, providing a powerful means to achieve victory before the battle even begins. “Whoever has the most advanced algorithm will gain the upper hand” has become a new law of warfare. Data is a core resource for many disruptive technologies in the era of intelligence. Mastering, analyzing, and competing for data, and applying it to warfare, has become crucial to victory in intelligent warfare. Intelligent weapons possess some human intellectual characteristics, making the cognitive domain a focal point of conflict. Targeting cognitive loops, relying on intelligent technology to limit the enemy’s acquisition of effective information, force them to use incorrect information, delay cognitive speed, induce cognitive patterns, and block cognitive output, can disrupt enemy command and decision-making, undermine their morale, and achieve customizable and controllable application of the ancient war rule of “winning hearts and minds.” In information warfare, the side that loses information control, although its personnel and platforms may not be destroyed, loses smooth communication and cannot form an organic whole. In intelligent warfare, without intelligent advantage, even with information and energy superiority, the loss of human-machine coordination and autonomous decision-making failures will lead to a significant reduction in overall combat effectiveness.

Intelligentization has not changed the essential nature of war. Marshal Ye Jianying pointed out that “war is fought in two ways: first, politics, and second, technology. Politics determines the nature of war, and technology determines the style of war”[6]. Intelligent warfare has not overturned the basic principles of Marxist war theory, but many new developments and changes will occur in its basic scope. On the one hand, the political determinism of intelligent warfare has not changed, and it is still a tool of politics. Politics determines the motivation, purpose and nature of war. Without the purpose of war determined by politics, war becomes blind killing, and war has no soul. In the present era, hegemonism and power politics are still the main sources of war. Ethnic and religious contradictions, energy resource competition, territorial sovereignty and maritime rights disputes will still be the direct causes of war. The widespread use of unmanned autonomous systems has blurred the boundary between war and non-war. The reduction of strategic and military risks may lead to a reduction in the threshold of future wars. In particular, the dual-use nature of intelligent technologies and the widespread adoption of “open source sharing” models such as crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, and maker initiatives have made the acquisition of equipment and technologies increasingly commercialized. This will profoundly change the main actors in warfare in the intelligent era, leading to a more diversified landscape of war actors, primarily non-state actors. On the other hand, the political factors determining victory in intelligent warfare remain unchanged, still determined by the nature of war itself. Wars that promote historical progress and reflect the political goals of the majority of society are just wars; conversely, those that do not are unjust wars. The principle that just wars will inevitably win, and that the people are the foundation of victory, will remain the ironclad rule for victory in the era of intelligent warfare. However, as intelligent technologies give rise to intelligent societies, the role and status of the public in intelligent warfare will be redefined, significantly expanding the breadth and depth of public participation. The public will increasingly become the direct targets of attack, the main body of defense, and a strong support in intelligent warfare. Therefore, it is essential to examine intelligent warfare dialectically and comprehensively, avoiding purely military or technological perspectives, recognizing the “changes” and “unchanging aspects” of intelligent warfare, and thus exploring the path to victory in intelligent warfare.

Scientific prediction of the development trend of intelligent warfare

At present, intelligent warfare is still in its infancy. Predicting the development trend of intelligent warfare is both necessary and challenging. Some scholars have pointed out that although we can roughly judge the future development trends of technologies such as machine learning, industrial robots, and materials science, we cannot accurately predict how these technologies will be combined and what specific impact they will have on future warfare. [7] This requires us to break away from the mindset of starting from individual technologies and focus on understanding the possible development trends of intelligent warfare as a whole.

Intelligent warfare will evolve in stages. With the exponential, combined, and data-driven progress of modern science and technology, as well as the accelerated transformation and application in the military field, the process of weapon and equipment transformation is constantly shortening. In addition, the world is currently in a period of great development, great change, and great adjustment. Regional turmoil and local wars will become the norm, and the exploration of intelligent combat practices will become more frequent. All of these will promote the accelerated development of intelligent warfare. At the same time, due to the limitations of subjective and objective conditions such as the development of intelligent technology, the integration of intelligent forces into the combat system, and the updating of military viewpoints, the evolution of intelligent warfare will show obvious stages. Some scholars have proposed that in order to truly enter intelligent warfare, artificial intelligence technology needs to reach four levels, namely computational intelligence, perceptual intelligence, cognitive intelligence, and human-machine integrated enhanced intelligence. When artificial intelligence technology reaches the second level, intelligent warfare will begin. When it reaches the fourth level, the era of intelligent warfare will be fully opened. [8] Based on this, it can be preliminarily judged that a relatively typical intelligent warfare will appear in the next 15 years or so, and intelligent warfare may become the basic form of warfare in the next 30 years. Practice shows that every change in the military field and every evolution of the form of warfare originates from the rise of new-type combat forces. New-type combat forces, due to their unique and advanced military technologies, possess a “trump card” nature, often disrupting the balance of power on the battlefield and becoming key forces for victory. Once these new-type combat forces are integrated into the combat system and deployed on a large scale in actual warfare, it signifies a fundamental change in the nature of warfare. The true emergence of intelligent warfare will inevitably be the result of the development and expansion of new combat forces such as intelligent unmanned combat platforms and intelligent unmanned combat swarms, integrating them into the existing combat system. This is a gradual and deepening long-term process, and achieving deep integration from initial integration will not be accomplished overnight.

The development of intelligent technology will determine the direction of intelligent warfare. Intelligent technology is a science and technology that comprehensively develops and utilizes cutting-edge technologies such as brain and cognition, biological intersection, advanced computing, big data, and micro-nano technology to study the mechanisms of intelligent behavior and its realization. As the fundamental driving force and material basis for the evolution of intelligent warfare, the development trend, industrial foundation, technological maturity, and depth and breadth of its application in the military field directly determine the future direction of intelligent warfare. In its more than 60 years of development, artificial intelligence technology has experienced three rises and two falls. Currently, the development of artificial intelligence is still in the early stages of statistical learning and may remain in the stage of weak artificial intelligence for a long time. Strong artificial intelligence, which can evolve independently of humans, is difficult to achieve in the short term. The development and breakthroughs of intelligent technology directly determine whether intelligentization is a higher stage of informatization or a stage even higher than informatization. Currently, the driving force of intelligent technology development on intelligent warfare is concentrated in the following aspects: First, intelligent technology empowers existing weapons and equipment. Although current development primarily focuses on dedicated intelligent systems for specific application scenarios, it has already continuously improved the combat effectiveness of traditional main combat platforms such as aircraft carriers and aircraft, gradually evolving from direct human control to the ability to autonomously complete specific combat missions. Secondly, intelligent technology is transforming future combat command models. The integration and transformation of command and control systems by intelligent technology will promote the hybridization of command entities, the flexibility of command structures, and the agility of command models. Competition for adaptive, self-organizing, and self-coordinating command advantages at the operational level will intensify. Thirdly, intelligent technology is updating future combat processes. Intelligent technology will converge and integrate multiple kill chains across land, sea, air, and space combat domains into a cross-domain kill network, fundamentally changing the traditional single-process combat “from sensor to shooter.”

The laws of contradiction in intelligent warfare will undergo profound changes. Applying the laws of contradiction in warfare is a primary means of understanding its laws, and the confrontation between opposing sides is the fundamental contradiction in war. For intelligent warfare, these fundamental contradictions will manifest as competitive relationships such as concealment versus detection, cognition versus deception, network resilience versus network incapacity, attack versus interception, speed of action versus speed of decision-making, winning popular support versus undermining morale, attrition versus effectiveness, and delivery versus denial. With the accelerated development of intelligent technology, these core combat confrontations will become increasingly intense, and the exchange of advantages will become more frequent, thus driving intelligent warfare towards maturity. The confrontation between concealment and detection on the future battlefield will evolve towards greater intelligence, faster response, smaller size, and lower cost. Intelligent technology, as a strategic high ground technology for wielding the “double-edged sword” of information explosion, will intensify the confrontation of enhancing one’s own battlefield situational awareness and misleading, deceiving, and confusing the enemy. Intelligent network information system design and dynamic target defense technologies provide new ideas for network construction in future warfare, while cognitive electromagnetic manipulation and electromagnetic spectrum warfare, and intelligent cyberspace confrontation technologies provide new ways to attack enemy networks. The development of autonomous unmanned systems and smart munitions is expected to optimize attack methods and enhance offensive power in future warfare. The development of autonomous homing weapons and ultra-short-range interception and active protection capabilities will significantly improve the ability to defend against new threats. Autonomous unmanned systems and swarm collaboration technologies will significantly improve operational speed, while intelligent decision-making assistance and swarm intelligence operating systems can greatly improve decision-making speed. The ubiquitous network, social media, and smart terminals are deeply integrated into human life, unprecedentedly increasing the speed, scope, and accuracy of information dissemination. With the emergence of low-cost swarm drones and missiles, future warfare may well overwhelm enemy defenses with low-cost combat platforms, forcing the enemy into a war they cannot defend against or afford.

The ethical and legal regulations governing intelligent warfare will continue to strengthen. Intelligent technology is a double-edged sword; while driving the evolution of warfare towards intelligent warfare, it also brings a series of new ethical issues and legal dilemmas. For example, is it ethical to entrust machines with the power to decide human life and death? When machines possess the power to control human life and death, humanity may not be facing a brighter future, but rather a bottomless abyss of darkness. Another example is who should be held accountable for war crimes committed by intelligent weapons? This may involve the weapons themselves, users, designers, and manufacturers, and a series of resulting dilemmas regarding responsibility and rights. In recent years, the international community has increasingly emphasized the legal regulation of intelligent weapons, conducting international dialogues through international conferences, establishing relevant institutions to study legal regulatory principles, and issuing ethical guidelines for artificial intelligence, among other things. In July 2017, the Chinese government released the “New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan,” proposing at the national strategic level to “initially establish a legal, ethical, and policy system for artificial intelligence” and “ensure the safe, reliable, and controllable development of artificial intelligence.” In April 2019, the European Commission released ethical guidelines for artificial intelligence, proposing seven conditions including transparency, fairness, safety, and human oversight. In October 2019, the U.S. Defense Innovation Board proposed five principles for the application of military artificial intelligence: responsibility, fairness, traceability, reliability, and controllability. Looking to the future, there is an urgent need for the international community to prioritize security and reliability as a key development direction for intelligent technologies. Strategic dialogue is crucial in areas such as the explainability and transparency of military intelligence, preventing the security risks of “instantaneous collapse” of autonomous weapon systems, and the design of new rules of engagement. This dialogue aims to promote the establishment of international rules for the military application of artificial intelligence and jointly address the global challenges that intelligent warfare may bring.

Strategic initiatives to meet the challenges of intelligent warfare

The advent of intelligent warfare may create a new military generation gap, militarily impacting the balance of power between nations and even triggering a new round of great power rise and fall. Intelligent warfare presents both new and unprecedented challenges to national security and a rare strategic opportunity for our military to achieve a leapfrog development. Faced with these opportunities and challenges, there is an urgent need for forward-looking planning, strategic deployment, and comprehensive measures to seize the strategic high ground in future military competition and firmly grasp the strategic initiative in safeguarding national security and winning intelligent warfare.

Proactively design intelligent warfare. First-rate armies design warfare, second-rate armies respond to warfare, and third-rate armies follow warfare. Facing the impending intelligent warfare, we must anticipate and proactively design warfare as early as possible, aiming to transform from following, keeping pace, to leading, and strive to become visionaries and rule-makers of future warfare. First, we must focus on designing intelligent warfare from a technological perspective, enhancing our understanding of cutting-edge technologies, keenly grasping new trends in technological development, and identifying key areas, directions, and technologies that can trigger the evolution of warfare. We must design the initiative of warfare through technological advancement, the flexibility of warfare through technological integration, and the asymmetry of warfare through technological disruption. Second, we must focus on strengthening the development of new intelligent combat concepts, considering the future security threats facing my country and the missions undertaken by our military. Based on the development, application, and impact of military intelligence, we must focus on how to leverage intelligent warfare to overcome the war threats and strategic dilemmas facing my country. Around various strategic directions and new security fields, we must systematically envision the intelligent combat scenarios that may be faced in the future, vigorously promote innovation in intelligent combat theory, and accelerate the construction of an intelligent combat theory system with Chinese characteristics. Third, we should focus on strengthening the demand-driven development of intelligent warfare, focusing on new intelligent warfare styles, systematically describing the required capabilities, systems, and equipment, and using operational needs to drive the development of military intelligence, ensuring that operational needs are implemented in all aspects and throughout the entire process of military intelligence development, and comprehensively improving the combat effectiveness of military intelligence development.

Developing intelligent weaponry and equipment. Intelligent weaponry and equipment are the material foundation of intelligent warfare and an important symbol of an intelligent military. First, we must adhere to system construction. Information warfare is about systems, and intelligent warfare is even more about systems. Currently, intelligent weaponry and equipment, represented by intelligent command and control systems, intelligent drones, intelligent tanks, intelligent missiles, and intelligent landmines, are still in a stage of fragmented development and far from forming a systematic development. How to build an intelligent weaponry and equipment system, especially an intelligent network information system, has become a major strategic issue facing us. Second, we must adhere to a balanced approach of offense and defense. Where there is a spear, there will inevitably be a shield; where there is intelligent weaponry and equipment, there will inevitably be anti-intelligent weaponry and equipment. We must coordinate the development of offensive and defensive intelligent weaponry and equipment. For intelligent weaponry and equipment, once the enemy obtains the source code, it is equivalent to gaining the right to use the weapon. This places new and higher demands on the construction of intelligent weaponry and equipment that combines offense and defense. Third, we must coordinate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence. We must adhere to the principle of supporting intelligence with mechanization and informatization, and driving mechanization and informatization with intelligence. Through the coupling, proportional optimization, and system integration of elements of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence, we can accelerate the transformation, upgrading, and efficiency improvement of intelligent weaponry and equipment construction.

Shaping an intelligent organizational structure. Without the modernization of the military’s organizational structure, there can be no modernization of national defense and the armed forces. The fundamental function of the military’s organizational system is to ensure the effective integration of personnel and equipment, enabling the formation and continuous improvement of the military’s overall combat capability. To win intelligent wars and build an intelligent military, it is essential to establish an intelligent organizational system and construct an intelligent military force system. An intelligent military force system is an organic whole comprised of combat forces with intelligent weapon platforms as its backbone, organized according to human-machine collaboration and machine self-organization collaboration, conducting combat operations under authorized control or supervision by humans, as well as combat support forces providing reconnaissance, intelligence, communication, and algorithm design, and logistics and equipment support forces. Following the principles of “emphasizing coordinated development, focusing on competitive advantages, and promoting system integration,” and centering on expanding the scale and optimizing troop composition, while inheriting the traditional tree-like structure and service branch structure organizational models, a dual organizational system balancing stability and innovation should be established. Efforts should be made to construct a command system with a virtualized center of gravity, explore and innovate new organizational methods such as cross-domain mixed forces and manned/unmanned mixed formations, and strive to achieve the flexible, organic, and efficient operation of the intelligent military force system.

Strengthening Strategic Management of Intelligentization. The evolution of intelligent warfare begins with technology and is perfected through management. To meet the challenges of intelligent warfare and accelerate the development of military intelligence, we must prioritize strategic management, focusing on improving the quality and efficiency of military intelligence development and the operational efficiency of intelligent military systems. From a holistic perspective, we must strengthen overall planning, system design, centralized management, and categorized guidance, forging a path of intensive and efficient intelligent development. Adapting to the rapid response capabilities required by intelligent warfare, we must optimize management systems and mechanisms, adopting networked and autonomous management models. We must improve the planning and implementation of cutting-edge intelligent technology research and development and the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements, increasing R&D investment and support to ensure that technological innovation remains at the forefront of the times. We must strengthen the construction of a military standard system for artificial intelligence, promptly promulgate relevant laws, regulations, and rules concerning intelligent facilities, intelligent systems, intelligent weaponry, intelligent personnel, and intelligent warfare, and continuously improve key policies and systems supporting the development of military intelligence. Given the ubiquitous and easily disseminated nature of artificial intelligence technology, and the high degree of coupling between national strategic capabilities, social productivity, and military combat effectiveness, we must further optimize the open and integrated layout of intelligentization construction, streamline organizational leadership mechanisms, build a favorable development environment, and promote the organic unity of national prosperity and military strength.

現代國語：

【摘要】現代戰爭正迅速向資訊戰演進，智能戰的興起已然開始。智慧作戰系統正成為智慧戰的主力運動形態，催生出適應性戰爭、集群消耗戰、同步並行戰等新型作戰方式。「智慧控制」已成為戰爭控制的新制高點。未來，智能戰將呈現階段性、加速演進的趨勢。智慧科技的發展將決定智慧戰的方向，深刻變革戰爭中相互矛盾的規律，並不斷強化戰爭倫理和法律規範。為因應智慧戰的挑戰，必須積極主動地進行智慧戰設計，加速智慧裝備的研發，塑造智慧化的組織形態，並加強智慧化的策略管理。

【關鍵字】智能戰，資訊戰，戰爭形式演變，戰略措施

【中國圖書館分類號】E0 【文獻識別碼】A

【DOI】10.16619/j.cnki.rmltxsqy.2021.10.002

郭明，中國人民解放軍軍事科學學院戰爭研究所副所長、研究員、博士生導師。研究方向為軍事指揮。主要著作包括《戰爭戰術》（編）和《特種作戰教程》（編）。

近年來，在新一輪技術、工業和軍事革命的推動下，戰爭形式正迅速向資訊戰演變，智慧戰即將興起。作為一種新型的未來戰爭形式，智能戰不僅正在革新人們對戰爭和軍事事務的理解，也日益受到世界各國的關注。探索和掌握智慧戰爭的特徵和規律，加速軍事情報發展，是維護中華民族偉大復興整體戰略情勢的當代挑戰。

深入理解智慧戰爭演進的驅動力

戰爭形式是戰爭的歷史階段，以主要武器的技術屬性為特徵，是人類社會在軍事領域的生產和運動方式的體現。 [1] 從歷史上看，戰爭形式經歷了冷戰、熱戰、機械化戰爭、資訊戰等多次演進，目前正朝著智慧戰爭演進。這是政治、經濟、軍事、科技、文化等多種因素共同作用的結果。

新一輪科技革命是智慧戰爭演進的根本驅動力。科技是現代戰爭的主要生產力和核心戰鬥力。軍事技術的重大突破和主導武器裝備的里程碑式發展，引發了軍事組織、作戰方式和作戰理論的徹底變革，導致戰爭的全面轉型和新型衝突形式的出現。自21世紀初以來，以「智慧化、普及化、綠色化」為特徵的新技術層出不窮。特別是人工智慧，在行動互聯網、大數據、超級運算、腦科學等新技術和理論的驅動下，展現出深度學習、跨學科融合、人機協作、集體智慧發展和自主控制等新特徵。這引發了軍事領域的一系列突破，顯著改變了人員、武器以及人員與武器、武器與武器的結合方式。各種智慧裝備計畫相繼湧現，包括「多用途無人戰術運輸」地面車輛、「忠誠僚機」無人機、「魟魚」艦載無人加油機、「海上獵人」反潛無人水面艦艇、衛星機器人、「網路空間車輛」、「自適應雷達對抗」以及「阿爾法」超視距空戰系統。人機混合編隊、無人群聚作戰和基於系統的認知欺騙將成為可能。作戰方式、指揮控制、組織結構、後勤支援、軍事訓練等各領域都出現了系統性的重大創新。「以情報控制能力」的智慧戰爭開始出現。

大國間的戰略競爭是智慧戰爭演進的驅動力。軍事從屬於政治，戰略從屬於政治戰略。毛澤東同志指出戰爭是「在特定發展階段，為解決階級、民族、國家和政治團體之間矛盾而採取的最高形式的鬥爭」。 [2] 大國間的戰略競爭及其所產生的軍事需求是推動戰爭演變的關鍵因素。二戰期間，儘管英國、法國、德國、美國和蘇聯的軍隊都擁有坦克、飛機和無線電通訊設備，但只有德國成功實施了「閃電戰」。一個非常重要的原因是，德國試圖利用閃電戰來打破兩線作戰的戰略困境。目前，世界正經歷百年未有之大變局，國際力量平衡正經歷近代以來最劇烈的變革，國際政治經濟格局正在發生深刻的調整。出於維護其世界霸權的戰略考量，美國提出了“第三次抵消戰略”，該戰略明確將人工智慧和自主性作為發展的兩大技術支柱。它從戰爭設計、作戰概念發展、技術研發和軍費開支等各方面加速軍事情報的發展，積極在軍事情報革命中搶佔先機，力求憑藉新的技術優勢獲得戰略主動權。俄羅斯堅持將有限的科技資源投入到具有高戰略價值、尖端技術和實用性的領域，並將情報視為武器裝備現代化的關鍵。俄羅斯已明確提出2025年將無人作戰系統的比例提高到30%。 [3] 英國、法國、印度和日本等其他大國也不甘示弱，紛紛加大對軍事情報的投入與部署。激烈的國際戰略競爭不僅影響各國軍事情報發展的戰略重點，也推動智慧戰的演進與發展。

軍事理論創新是推動智慧戰演進的思想先導，在軍事技術發展和戰爭演進中扮演重要的指導角色。人類戰爭史表明，尖端技術及其物質化武器要真正發揮作戰能力，必須以先進的軍事理論為指導。固守現有軍事理論而錯失建構和運用新型作戰能力的案例不勝枚舉。美軍始終強調從技術角度設計戰爭，透過發展新的作戰概念來推動國防技術、武器裝備和作戰能力的創新與飛躍。近年來美軍提出的新作戰概念均圍繞著「跨域協同」這一最高作戰概念。例如，美軍的「分散式作戰」透過「分散式」將各項能力解耦，再透過「協同」將其聚合，從而建構一個完整的作戰系統。這體現在兵力部署和運用上，意味著少量有人駕駛飛機與大量功能分解的智慧無人機協同作戰，形成一個完整的作戰系統。 2020年8月，美國國防高級研究計畫局（DARPA）組織了第三次人機空戰概念展示。在最終的虛擬對決中，人工智慧團隊取得了決定性的勝利。俄羅斯已明確將軍用機器人視為軍事情報發展的關鍵方向。今年4月，俄羅斯媒體揭露，其空天軍「閃電」多功能無人系統已完成集群部署測試，能夠執行俄軍「集群」作戰概念的攻擊任務。 [4] 這些已具備一定智慧特質的作戰概念的核心在於探索如何透過提升「智慧」來協調各軍事力量的運用，從而憑藉跨域非對稱優勢擊敗對手並取得全面勝利。智慧戰的形成依賴於對智慧技術的深刻理解、對其軍事應用潛力的敏銳洞察，以及戰爭藝術與智慧技術創新和智慧軍事理論發展的高度融合。

探索實戰是推動智能戰演進的首要途徑。戰爭的演變是一個動態過程；每一種戰爭形式都會經歷一個從數量變化到質量變化的過程。漸進式變革最終會導致突發式變革。與資訊戰的興起相比，智能戰目前尚缺乏像海灣戰爭那樣完整且典型的實戰案例。然而，智慧戰領域的實驗和實踐正推動智慧戰從萌芽階段發展到雛形階段，再從早期階段邁向高階階段。 2015年，俄羅斯在敘利亞戰爭中首次系統性地部署了四台履帶式「平台-M」戰鬥機器人和兩台輪式「阿爾戈」戰鬥機器人，並配合無人偵察機和「仙女座-D」自動化指揮系統，開創了以戰鬥機器人為主的地面作戰先河。 2018年1月，俄羅斯軍隊首次在敘利亞戰場使用反情報設備，摧毀、幹擾並捕獲了13架來襲無人機。 2019年9月，十幾架無人機襲擊了沙烏地阿拉伯的兩處石油設施，導致其石油產量減半。在2020年納戈爾諾-卡拉巴赫衝突中，阿塞拜疆軍隊進攻亞美尼亞軍隊期間，無人作戰平台的使用率首次超過有人作戰平台，達到75%以上。無人機的使用數量、頻率和強度均創人類戰爭史新高。 [5] 這些在智慧戰領域的實踐探索，不僅將推動智慧裝備在戰場上更廣泛地應用、部署更多種類、應對更複雜的作戰場景，還將促進對抗中智能戰方法和反智能戰方法的逐步升級，從而加速智能戰的深刻演進。

準確掌握智能戰的本質特徵

以蒸汽機和內燃機為代表的機械化時代極大地拓展了人類的體能；以互聯網和精確導引系統為代表的資訊時代，使人類的感知能力實現了前所未有的飛躍；以深度學習和自主決策為代表的智能技術的快速發展，正在為“智能能源控制”的智能時代積累物質和能力基礎。從軍事角度來看，由智慧載荷、智慧平台和智慧系統構成的新型作戰力量將催生無人集群戰、認知控制戰和智慧演算法戰等新型作戰方式。「智慧控制」將成為戰爭的新制高點。

智慧作戰系統已成為主要作戰形式。智慧作戰系統的核心在於“人指揮、機器自主、網路支援”，這與機械化和資訊時代有著關鍵區別。智慧並非無人化；智慧作戰系統是「無人平台、有人系統」──武器在前，人員在後。智慧並非武器人性化，而是將人類智慧移植到武器中，實現人與武器的高度融合。儘管目前的人工智慧技術發展迅速，但它仍然是由人主導和人類操控的，本質上反映了人類對智慧理解的進步。無論智慧科技如何突破，人類仍將是戰爭的發起者、設計者和最終決策者。人類的作戰思維以規則、演算法、軟體和資料的形式物化為智慧武器。在戰爭中，智慧武器執行人類的作戰意圖並實現預定的作戰目標。智慧武器的自主運作背後，仍是人類作戰方法、指揮風格和意志力的較量。自主性是軍事智慧的核心屬性，也是智慧作戰部隊的本質特徵。換句話說，武器具備人類的部分智慧屬性，使其能夠在人類的決策和控制下適應戰場環境、自主協調複雜行動並自主組織部隊陣型。因此，智慧作戰部隊的所有優勢都源自於自主性這項特質。智慧作戰部隊也具備速度優勢；隨著作戰行動日益自主化，「觀察-判斷-決策-打擊」的周期將縮短至近乎瞬時響應，從而實現行動速度和作戰節奏的代際飛躍。網路技術推動了互聯網、物聯網和智慧互聯網的迭代發展，為提升機械化水平、實現資訊化和支援情報化奠定了基礎。萬物互聯、人機互動等新型網路技術的快速發展正引領作戰編隊向著作為一種混合「有人/無人」模式，智慧作戰系統透過高效的協同網路支援智慧作戰力量，實現任務客製化、自主編隊和靈活協同。一旦智慧作戰系統高度依賴的網路環境遭到破壞或連結中斷，其作戰功能將遭受重大損害甚至癱瘓。這促使世界各國高度重視智慧作戰系統抵禦幹擾和攻擊的能力。

自主作戰已成為主要作戰模式。隨著智慧作戰系統在軍隊中的廣泛應用及其逐漸成為戰場主力，自主作戰已成為主要作戰模式，從自主性、規模、靈活性和認知等方面深刻改變了作戰方式。基於當前軍事智慧的發展趨勢，可以預測未來將出現以下幾種作戰模式。首先是自適應作戰。這種作戰模式依賴智慧武器的自主學習能力，快速回應複雜的戰場環境，實現自主判斷、決策和作戰行動執行，以最大限度地提高作戰效能。具體應用包括「快速精確打擊」、「智慧網路癱瘓戰」和「仿生特種作戰」。這種作戰方式的主要優勢在於能夠大幅克服人類心理、作戰時間、作戰機動性等方面的固有弱點，使其特別適用於深入敵佔區、核輻射區等高風險區域執行作戰任務。同時，憑藉著智慧武器的敏捷性，快速的攻擊節奏能夠阻止敵人組織有效的應對措施，從而將速度的運用提升到一個新的水平。其次是集群消耗戰。這種作戰方式主要利用智慧無人集群，輔以少量有人作戰系統。它模仿自然界動物群體所展現的“集體智慧”，透過基於群體的自主協作模式執行作戰任務。具體應用包括「蜂群戰」、「魚群戰」和「狼群戰」。這種作戰方式的主要優勢在於利用低成本、小型智慧武器，透過飽和攻擊或自殺式攻擊摧毀高價值敵方目標，從而將數量優勢轉化為對傳統大型主戰平台的不對稱系統優勢。第三種是同步並行作戰。這種作戰方式將作戰功能分解為部署在整個作戰域的多個異質小型有人和無人作戰平台。透過在這些平台之間建立分散式通訊網絡，實現作戰在時間、空間和層級上的同步，從而能夠系統地完成作戰任務。這種作戰方式的主要優點在於利用智慧網絡，將智慧感測器、作戰平台和單兵系統廣泛分佈，進行同步並行打擊，奪取作戰優勢。

「情報優勢」已成為戰爭的核心。戰爭優勢的發展與戰爭本身的演變一致。火力和機動性是機械化戰爭中取得勝利的關鍵因素，陸海空優勢成為爭奪優勢的核心。資訊力量是資訊化戰爭中致勝的關鍵因素，空間和資訊優勢成為爭奪主導權的核心。智慧優勢是智慧戰爭中致勝的關鍵因素，「智能主導」成為爭奪主導權的核心。智慧主導、自主能源控制和以智慧取勝將成為智慧戰爭的基本原則。「智能主導」的爭奪本質上是「演算法+資料+認知」的綜合較量。演算法是智慧技術的核心；「演算法即戰術，軟體定義戰爭」已成為智慧戰爭的顯著特徵。演算法建構的核心是基於問題創建抽像模型，並根據目標問題選擇不同的方法完成演算法設計。擁有演算法優勢的一方可以精確模擬作戰場景，準確評估作戰結果，並最大限度地推導出最優作戰方案，從而在戰鬥開始前就擁有製勝的強大手段。「誰擁有最先進的演算法誰就佔優勢」已成為新的戰爭法則。在智慧時代，數據是許多顛覆性技術的核心資源。在智慧戰爭中，掌握、分析和爭奪數據並將其應用於戰爭，已成為取得勝利的關鍵。智慧武器具備某些人類智力特徵，使得認知領域成為衝突的焦點。透過智慧技術，針對認知迴路，限制敵方獲取有效訊息，迫使其使用錯誤訊息，延緩其認知速度，誘導其認知模式，並阻斷其認知輸出，可以擾亂敵方的指揮和決策，打擊其士氣，從而實現對「贏得民心」這一古老戰爭法則的可定制化和可控應用。在資訊戰中，失去資訊控制的一方，即使其人員和平台可能未被摧毀，也會失去順暢的溝通，無法形成一個有機的整體。在智慧戰爭中，即使擁有資訊和能源優勢，如果沒有智慧優勢，人機協調的喪失和自主決策的失敗也會導致整體作戰效能的顯著下降。

智能化並未改變戰爭的本質。葉劍英元帥指出，「戰爭有兩種方式：一是政治，二是技術。政治決定戰爭的本質，技術決定戰爭的方式」[6]。智慧戰爭並未顛覆馬克思主義戰爭理論的基本原則，但其基本範圍將出現許多新的發展和變化。一方面，智慧戰爭的政治決定性並未改變，它仍是政治的工具。政治決定戰爭的動機、目的和本質。如果戰爭的目的沒有政治的確定，戰爭就變成了盲目的殺戮，戰爭失去了靈魂。在當今時代，霸權主義和強權政治仍然是戰爭的主要根源。民族和宗教矛盾、能源資源競爭、領土主權和海洋權益爭端仍將是戰爭的直接原因。無人自主系統的廣泛應用模糊了戰爭與非戰爭的界線。戰略和軍事風險的降低可能導致未來戰爭門檻的降低。尤其值得注意的是，智慧科技的雙重用途特性以及眾包、眾籌、創客計畫等「開源共享」模式的廣泛應用，使得裝備和技術的獲取日益商業化。這將深刻改變智慧時代戰爭的主要參與者，導致戰爭行為體更加多元化，其中非國家行為者特別突出。另一方面，決定智慧戰爭勝負的政治因素依然不變，仍取決於戰爭本身的本質。促進歷史進步並反映社會大多數人政治目標的戰爭是正義戰爭；反之，則為非正義戰爭。正義戰爭必勝、人民是勝利基石的原則，仍將是智慧戰爭時代勝利的鐵律。然而，隨著智慧科技催生智慧社會，公眾在智慧戰爭中的角色和地位將被重新定義，公眾參與的廣度和深度將顯著提升。公眾將日益成為攻擊的直接目標、防禦的主力軍以及智慧戰爭的強大後盾。因此，必須辯證、全面地審視智能戰，避免純粹的軍事或技術視角，認識到智能戰的“變化”與“不變”，從而探索智能戰的製勝之道。

智慧戰發展趨勢的科學預測

目前，智能戰仍處於起步階段。預測智能戰的發展趨勢既必要又具有挑戰性。一些學者指出，雖然我們可以大致判斷機器學習、工業機器人、材料科學等技術的未來發展趨勢，但我們無法準確預測這些技術將如何融合，以及它們將對未來戰爭產生何種具體影響。 [7] 這就要求我們摒棄從單一技術出發的思維模式，並著眼於理解智能戰整體可能的發展趨勢。

智能戰將分階段演進。隨著現代科技呈指數級、整合式和數據驅動式發展，以及在軍事領域的加速轉型應用，武器裝備的轉型升級進程也不斷縮短。此外，世界目前正處於大發展、大變革和大調整時期。區域動盪和局部戰爭將成為常態，情報探索也將日益頻繁。智慧作戰實踐將日益頻繁，所有這些都將促進智慧戰爭的加速發展。同時，由於智慧科技發展、智慧力量融入作戰體系、軍事觀點更新等主客觀條件的限制，智慧戰爭的演進將呈現明顯的階段性。一些學者提出，要真正進入智慧戰爭階段，人工智慧技術需要達到四個層次，即計算智能、感知智能、認知智能和人機融合增強智能。當人工智慧技術達到第二層次時，智慧戰爭將開始；當達到第四層次時，智慧戰爭時代將全面開啟。 [8] 基於此，可以初步判斷，未來15年左右將出現較為典型的智慧戰爭，未來30年內智能戰爭可能成為戰爭的基本形式。實踐表明，軍事領域的每一次變革和戰爭形式的每一次演進都源於新型作戰力量的出現。新型作戰力量憑藉著獨特而先進的軍事技術，具有「王牌」性質，往往能夠打破戰場上的力量平衡，成為決定勝負的關鍵力量。一旦這些新型作戰力量融入作戰體系並在實戰中大規模部署，就標誌著戰爭性質的根本性轉變。智慧戰爭的真正出現，必然是智慧無人作戰平台、智慧無人作戰集群等新型作戰力量發展壯大並融入現有作戰體系的結果。這是一個循序漸進、不斷深化的長期過程，從初步融合到深度融合並非一朝一夕之功。

智慧技術的發展將決定智慧戰爭的方向。智慧技術是一門綜合發展與運用腦與認知、生物交叉、先進計算、大數據、微納技術等尖端技術，研究智慧行為機制及其實現方式的科學技術。作為智慧戰爭演進的根本驅動力和物質基礎，人工智慧的發展趨勢、產業基礎、技術成熟度以及在軍事領域的應用深度和廣度直接決定智慧戰爭的未來發展方向。人工智慧技術在60多年的發展歷程中經歷了三次崛起和兩次衰落。目前，人工智慧的發展仍處於統計學習的早期階段，並且可能在很長一段時間內都停留在弱人工智慧階段。能夠獨立於人類演進的強人工智慧，短期內難以實現。智慧科技的發展與突破直接決定智慧化是資訊化的更高階段，還是超越資訊化的更高階段。目前，智慧科技發展對智慧戰爭的驅動力主要集中在以下幾個面向：首先，智慧科技賦能現有武器裝備。雖然目前發展主要集中於針對特定應用場景的專用智慧系統，但它已經不斷提升了航空母艦、飛機等傳統主戰平台的作戰效能，逐步從直接由人類操控發展到能夠自主完成特定作戰任務。其次，智慧技術正在改變未來的作戰指揮模式。智慧技術對指揮控制系統的整合與改造將促進指揮實體的混合化、指揮結構的彈性與指揮模式的敏捷性。作戰層面上對適應性、自組織性和自協調性指揮優勢的競爭將更加激烈。第三，智慧科技正在更新未來的作戰流程。智慧技術將陸、海、空、天等多個作戰領域的多條殺傷鏈融合整合為跨域殺傷網絡，從根本上改變傳統的「從感測器到射手」的單一作戰流程。

智慧戰爭中的矛盾規律將會發生深刻變化。運用戰爭中的矛盾規律是理解戰爭規律的主要途徑，而交戰雙方的對抗是戰爭的根本矛盾。對於智慧戰爭而言，這些根本矛盾將表現為競爭關係。諸如隱藏與偵測、認知與欺騙、網路韌性與網路癱瘓、攻擊與攔截、行動速度與決策速度、贏得民眾支持與打擊士氣、消耗戰與實效、投送與拒止等核心對抗手段，隨著智慧科技的加速發展，這些核心對抗將愈發激烈，優勢交換也將更加頻繁，從而推動智慧戰爭走向成熟。未來戰場上隱蔽與偵測的對抗將朝著更高智慧化、更快反應速度、更小規模和更低成本的方向發展。智慧技術作為運用資訊爆炸這把「雙面刃」的戰略制高點技術，將加劇提升自身戰場態勢感知能力與誤導、欺騙、迷惑敵方之間的對抗。智慧網路資訊系統設計和動態目標防禦技術為未來戰爭中的網路建設提供了新的思路，而認知電磁操控、電磁頻譜戰以及智慧網路空間對抗技術則為攻擊敵方網路提供了新的途徑。自主無人系統和智慧彈藥的發展有望優化未來戰爭的攻擊方式，並增強進攻能力。自主導引武器、超短程攔截和主動防護能力的提升將顯著增強防禦新型威脅的能力。自主無人系統和叢集協同技術將顯著提升作戰速度，而智慧決策輔助和叢集智慧作業系統則能大幅提升決策速度。無所不在的網路、社群媒體和智慧終端已深度融入人類生活，以前所未有的速度、範圍和準確性提升了資訊傳播。隨著低成本集群無人機和飛彈的出現，未來戰爭很可能憑藉低成本作戰平台壓倒敵方防禦，迫使敵方陷入一場既無力抵抗也無法承擔的戰爭。

有關智慧戰爭的倫理和法律規範將不斷完善。智慧科技是一把雙面刃；在推動戰爭向智慧戰爭演進的同時，也帶來了一系列新的倫理問題和法律困境。例如，將決定人類生死的權力賦予機器是否合乎倫理？當機器擁有掌控人類生死的權力時，人類面臨的可能並非更光明的未來，而是無底的黑暗深淵。另一個例子是，誰應該為智慧武器所犯下的戰爭罪行負責？這可能涉及武器本身、使用者、設計者和製造商，以及由此產生的一系列關於責任和權利的難題。近年來，國際社會日益重視智慧武器的法律監管，透過國際會議進行國際對話，建立相關機構研究法律監管原則，並發佈人工智慧倫理準則等。 2017年7月，中國政府發布了《新一代人工智慧發展規劃》，在國家戰略層面提出“初步建立人工智慧的法律、倫理和政策體系”，並“確保人工智慧安全、可靠、可控發展”。 2019年4月，歐盟委員會發布了人工智慧倫理準則，提出了包括透明度、公平性、安全性和人工監督在內的七項條件。同年10月，美國國防創新委員會提出了軍事人工智慧應用的五個原則：責任性、公平性、可追溯性、可靠性和可控制性。展望未來，國際社會迫切需要將安全性和可靠性作為智慧技術發展的關鍵方向。在軍事情報的可解釋性和透明度、防止自主武器系統「瞬間崩潰」帶來的安全風險以及製定新的交戰規則等領域，戰略對話至關重要。此次對話旨在促進制定人工智慧軍事應用的國際規則，並共同應對智慧戰爭可能帶來的全球性挑戰。

因應智慧戰爭挑戰的戰略舉措

智慧戰爭的出現可能會造成新的軍事世代差距，對國家間的軍事力量平衡產生影響，甚至引發新一輪的大國興衰。智慧戰爭既為國家安全帶來了前所未有的新挑戰，也為我軍實現跨越式發展提供了難得的戰略機會。面對這些機會和挑戰，亟需進行前瞻性規劃、戰略部署和綜合措施，在未來的軍事競爭中佔據戰略制高點，牢牢掌握維護國家安全和贏得智慧戰爭的戰略主動權。

主動設計智慧戰爭。一流軍隊設計戰爭，二流軍隊應對戰爭，三流軍隊跟隨戰爭。面對即將到來的智慧戰爭，我們必須儘早預判並主動設計戰爭，力爭從跟隨、並駕齊驅轉變為引領，努力成為未來戰爭的先行者和規則制定者。首先，我們必須從技術角度出發，著力設計智慧戰爭，加深對尖端技術的理解，敏銳掌握技術發展的新趨勢，辨識能夠引發戰爭演進的關鍵領域、方向和技術。我們必須透過科技進步來設計戰爭的主動性，透過科技融合來設計戰爭的彈性，透過科技顛覆來設計戰爭的非對稱性。其次，我們必須著重加強新型智慧作戰概念的研發，結合我國未來面臨的安全威脅和軍隊的任務，在軍事情報發展、應用和影響的基礎上，重點研究如何利用智慧作戰來應對我國面臨的戰爭威脅和戰略困境。圍繞著不同的戰略方向和新的安全領域，我們必須有系統地構想未來可能面臨的智慧作戰場景，大力推動智慧作戰理論創新，加速建構具有中國特色的智慧作戰理論體系。第三，我們應該著重加強智慧作戰需求驅動型發展，聚焦新型智慧作戰模式，系統地描述所需的能力、系統和裝備，以作戰需求為導向，推動軍事情報發展，確保作戰需求在軍事情報發展的各個面向和整個過程中得到貫徹落實，全面提升軍事情報發展的作戰效能。

研發智慧武器裝備。智慧武器裝備是智慧戰爭的物質基礎，也是智慧軍隊的重要像徵。首先，必須堅持系統化建設。資訊戰的核心在於系統，而智慧戰爭更是如此。目前，以智慧指揮控制系統、智慧無人機、智慧坦克、智慧飛彈、智慧地雷等為代表的智慧武器裝備仍處於分散發展階段，距離系統化發展還很遠。如何建構智慧武器裝備系統，特別是智慧網路資訊系統，已成為我們面臨的重大戰略問題。其次，必須堅持攻守平衡發展。有矛必有盾，有智慧武器裝備必有反智能武器裝備。必須協調發展攻防兼備的智慧武器裝備。對於智慧武器裝備而言，一旦敵方取得了原始碼，就相當於獲得了使用該武器的權利。這就對攻防兼備的智慧武器裝備建設提出了新的更高要求。第三，要協調機械化、資訊化和智慧化的一體化發展。要堅持以機械化和資訊化支撐智能化，以智慧化驅動機械化和資訊化的原則。透過機械化、資訊化和智慧化各要素的耦合、比例優化和系統集成，可以加速智慧武器裝備建設的轉型升級和效率提升。

建構智能化的組織結構。沒有軍隊組織結構的現代化，就沒有國防和軍隊的現代化。軍隊組織體系的根本功能是確保人員和裝備的有效整合，從而形成和不斷提升軍隊的整體作戰能力。打贏智慧戰爭，建構智慧化的軍隊。對於精銳軍隊而言，建立智慧組織體系、建構智慧化軍事力量體系至關重要。智慧化軍事力量體係是一個有機整體，由以智慧武器平台為骨幹的作戰力量、按照人機協同和機器自組織協同原則組織起來的作戰力量、在人類授權控製或監督下開展作戰行動的作戰支援力量以及提供偵察、情報、通信和演算法設計的作戰支援力量和後勤裝備支援力量組成。應遵循「強調協同發展、聚焦競爭優勢、推進系統整合」的原則，以擴大規模、優化部隊構成為核心，在繼承傳統樹狀結構和兵種結構組織模式的基礎上，建構穩中創新並重的雙軌組織體系。應努力建構重心虛擬化的指揮體系，探索創新跨域混合部隊、有人/無人混合編隊等新型組織方式，力求實現智慧化軍事力量體系的靈活、有機、高效運作。

加強智能化策略管理。智能戰的演進始於技術，終於管理。為因應智慧戰的挑戰，加速軍事情報發展，必須優先發展戰略管理，並專注於提升軍事情報發展的品質和效率，以及智慧軍事系統的作戰效能。若要從整體加強統籌規劃、系統設計、集中管理和分類指導，打造密集、高效的智慧發展道路。要適應智慧戰對快速反應能力的要求，優化管理體系和機制，採用網路化、自主化的管理模式。要完善前沿智慧技術研發與科技成果轉換應用的規劃與實施，加大研發投入與支持力度，確保技術創新始終處於時代前沿。要加強人工智慧軍事標準體系建設，及時頒布智慧設施、智慧系統、智慧武器、智慧人員和智慧戰的法律法規，不斷完善支持軍事情報發展的關鍵政策和製度。鑑於人工智慧技術的普及性和易傳播性，以及國家戰略能力、社會生產力和軍事作戰效能之間的高度耦合性，我們必須進一步優化智能化建設的開放一體化佈局，精簡組織領導機制，營造良好的發展環境，促進國家繁榮與軍事實力的有機統一。

注释

[1]《中国军事百科全书·战略》（第二版），北京：中国大百科全书出版社，2014年，第506页。

[2]《毛泽东选集》第1卷，北京：人民出版社，1991年，第171页。

[3]赵林：《从空中、地面到水下无人作战系统——无人作战，俄军走了多远》，《解放军报》，2019年1月31日第11版。

[4]陈梓毅、饶雨峰、马建光：《“闪电”无人机或成俄空天军未来作战新秀》，2020年4月16日，人民网，http://military.people.com.cn/n1/2021/0416/c1011-32079848.html。

[5]兰顺正：《纳卡冲突中的现代武器及战术比拼》，《世界知识》，2020年第24期。

[6]《叶剑英军事文选》，北京：解放军出版社，1996年，第250页。

[7]傅莹：《看世界2》，北京：中信出版社，2021年，第292页。

[8]李始江、杨子明、陈分有：《以新理念迎接智能化战争挑战》，《解放军报》，2018年7月26日，第7版。

2021-08-11 15:xx 来源：《人民论坛·学术前沿》2021年5月下作者：郭明

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.rmlt.com.cn/2021/0811/68281848089.shtml

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #quantum computing warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, quantum computing warfare, 量子計算戰爭

Chinese Military Forum | Artificial Intelligence Empowers Synthetic Training Improving Quality & Efficiency

02/13/2026 admin Leave a comment

中國軍事論壇 | 人工智慧賦能合成訓練，提升品質與效率

現代英語：

The form of warfare determines the form of training. Currently, the widespread application of artificial intelligence technology will reshape the form of warfare and combat patterns, and trigger profound changes in military training. As an important part of the organizational structure of the new military training system, combined arms training urgently needs to be infused with an “intelligent core” of artificial intelligence, so as to better play its pivotal role in the new military training system, realize the transformation from “formal integration” to “spiritual integration,” and from “elemental coordination” to “intelligent leadership,” and promote the continuous advancement of combined arms training in the new era to higher quality and higher level.

Breaking the deadlock: Driving a change in training logic

Artificial intelligence empowers synthetic training not only as an “efficiency enhancement tool” to improve training effectiveness, but also leads to changes in the connotation, extension, mechanism, and standard requirements of synthetic training.

Achieving intelligent coupling involves a shift in the logic of convergence. Overcoming division through unity and disunity through cohesion are crucial battlefield principles. The key to combined arms training is “unity.” Artificial intelligence empowers combined arms training to better adapt to the collaborative needs of intelligent warfare, making it crucial for creating a “chemical reaction” in operational coordination. The training focuses on deeply integrating human creativity and value judgment with the computing power and intelligence of machines, forming a cognitive advantage at a higher dimension, and achieving a highly integrated, flexible, and intelligently coupled training system. Manned-unmanned collaborative training is a typical example of deeply integrating manned combat forces with unmanned combat systems possessing “intelligent brains,” pursuing minimal casualties and maximum operational efficiency.

Achieving an iterative logical transformation into a closed-loop system. Traditional training is limited by physical conditions, resulting in high trial-and-error costs and long iteration cycles. By leveraging artificial intelligence to create a “digital twin” training environment, through virtual-real interaction and iterative feedback in parallel systems, synthetic training can shift towards a process of continuous exploration, trial-and-error optimization, forming a new training closed loop. Training at different levels can be implemented simultaneously, and thousands of tactics can be tested and optimized in parallel in virtual space at low cost and high speed. The various elements of overall combat capability can be generated almost independently without regard to sequence. At the same time, the generation of combat capabilities exhibits certain characteristics of distribution, synchronicity, integration, and nonlinearity, significantly compressing the traditional training cycle, accelerating the synchronous generation of combat capabilities across levels, and further expanding the iteration of combat capabilities to “intra-domain foundation, cross-domain collaboration, and full-domain integration”.

Extending the value logic of intelligent emergence. Traditional training cannot pre-plan all possible interactions, nor can it easily generate new tactics and collaborative modes that go beyond pre-set plans. This dilemma is difficult to overcome when facing the demands of intelligent warfare. However, artificial intelligence is quietly changing this model, transforming the value of the training ground from simulating past wars to exploring the possibilities of future wars. Artificial intelligence empowers synthetic training, injecting it with the underlying driving force to generate “intelligent emergence.” For example, game-like confrontations with intelligent opposing forces force trainees to break out of conventional thinking frameworks, potentially leading to previously unthinkable, counterintuitive tactical combinations. The purpose of synthetic training is not only to execute known tactics, but also to hone the ability to innovate methods and update strategies in adversarial environments.

Reconstruction: Shaping Synthetic Training Patterns

Synthetic training incorporating artificial intelligence is gradually evolving into a new training model that emphasizes combat-oriented organization, focuses on enhancing intelligence and integration, shifts towards distributed autonomy, and is geared towards dynamic battlefields.

The training focuses on combat-oriented grouping. Today’s combined arms training features more diverse training subjects, more varied force compositions, and higher capability requirements. The training emphasizes combat-oriented grouping, focusing on mission-driven consistency between training and combat, and is characterized by modularity, innovation, and scalability. Artificial intelligence, acting as a “dispatch center,” can assess the status of combat units based on the battlefield situation, quickly generate optimal force grouping plans, allocate relevant elements as needed, integrate new domain and new quality forces, and practice how to quickly aggregate and disperse forces to form flexible “mission-customized” combined arms groups. This provides the system with plug-and-play capability modules that can be dynamically reconstructed, efficiently linked, and adaptively adjusted like building blocks.

Training content leans towards enhancing intelligence and integration. Traditional training focuses more on assessing whether coordinated actions are completed according to plan, time limits, and standards. In intelligent warfare, humans and intelligent systems together form the basic combat components, exerting combat effectiveness through their functional division and deep integration. Therefore, the focus of new-era integrated training should also pay more attention to improving human-machine integration capabilities. In the past, training content based on human-to-human collaboration—including technology upgrades, experience-based training, and self-awareness training—has become less effective. Training content that enhances intelligence and integration is gradually becoming the key to integrated training. In tactical coordination training, trainees need to master how to collaborate and interact efficiently with artificial intelligence systems, how to use artificial intelligence to reorganize collaborative relationships, close the kill chain, coordinate joint troop actions, and achieve “combined punches”.

Training methods are shifting towards distributed and autonomous approaches. The changes brought about by artificial intelligence to combined arms training are primarily reflected in training methods. This involves not only mastering coordinated operations and solidifying the foundation of collaboration, but also in how to innovatively lead the evolution of combat systems. Distributed training, relying on AI technology, supports simultaneous, remote joint training between different combat units under the same combat background, scenario, and battlefield situation, improving training effectiveness. Autonomous training, employing a “human-outside-the-loop” approach, hones trainees’ ability to handle contingencies and act autonomously. Through feedback and self-adjustment, it promotes autonomous iterative upgrades. Conducting adversarial training breaks through the limitations of learning to fight from experience in the past. It introduces an AI-powered “blue team” to “learn” to fight in a simulated complex battlefield environment, adding random, extreme, and highly harassed scenarios.

Training scenarios are geared towards dynamic battlefields. Traditional training scenarios are mostly “pre-set scripts” designed around “established capabilities” and “known threats,” unable to break free from limited cognition and established thinking patterns. Artificial intelligence empowers synthetic training, transforming it into a “dynamic game system” targeting “unknown capabilities” and “emerging threats,” making it more “imaginative.” Based on training objectives, artificial intelligence autonomously generates logical, multi-domain, and multi-dimensional virtual combat scenarios. Through repeated practice in such highly complex and uncertain environments, trainees are more likely to develop new understandings of the future battlefield.

Exploration: Prospective Synthetic Training Path

Artificial intelligence-enabled synthetic training is an iterative evolutionary process. Looking ahead at its development path, the aim is to transcend developmental limitations and narrow-minded thinking, directly addressing “multi-agent game theory” and “digital twin training grounds,” thereby achieving multi-dimensional and systematic advancement.

Build a comprehensive training foundation. Based on digital twins and intelligent technologies, create a comprehensive training environment to achieve intelligent interaction between people, equipment, and environment. This will enable all training combat units to become dynamically adjustable “intelligent agents,” conduct cross-domain training, improve the command, decision-making, and adaptive coordination capabilities of human-machine hybrid intelligence, and incubate new tactics and formation patterns in a realistic battlefield environment.

Deploy an intelligent blue force system. Build an algorithmic adversary with autonomous evolution capabilities and dynamic game theory thinking, shifting training from “adapting to the known” to “coping with the unknown.” Through deep reinforcement learning and game theory models, the intelligent blue force can not only learn known tactical experiences but also autonomously generate diverse tactics based on real-time situations. Furthermore, it can gain insights into the opponent’s behavioral patterns during interactions, prompting the development of real and effective strategies in dynamic confrontations, and honing the unit’s tactical innovation and human-machine collaboration capabilities through continuous high-intelligence confrontations.

Innovate integrated training models. New-era combined arms training demands innovation-driven, technology-enabled approaches, requiring bold exploration and willingness to experiment. This necessitates seamlessly integrating testing grounds, training grounds, and battlefields, and innovating an integrated training model encompassing operational testing institutions, training institutions, and troops. Trainers are not merely simple technology providers and supporters, but rather embedded as training designers, process analysts, and evaluators within the training process. This allows for a better understanding and methodological revolution in training, validating new technologies, tactics, and formations in combined arms training, exploring future combat winning mechanisms, and simultaneously using data from real-world training to optimize artificial intelligence models, forming an integrated and interactive closed loop that truly integrates training with real-world application.

現代國語：

戰爭形式決定訓練形式。目前，人工智慧技術的廣泛應用將重塑戰爭形式和作戰模式，並引發軍事訓練的深刻變革。作為新軍事訓練體系組織結構的重要組成部分，諸兵種合成訓練亟需注入人工智能的“智能核心”，以更好地發揮其在新軍事訓練體系中的關鍵作用，實現從“形式融合”到“精神融合”、“要素協調”到“智能領導”的轉變，推動新時代諸兵種合成訓練不斷邁向更高水平、更高質量的發展。

打破僵局：驅動訓練邏輯的變革

人工智慧賦予合成訓練的權力不僅在於將其作為提升訓練效果的“效率增強工具”，更在於引發合成訓練在內涵、延伸、機制和標準要求等方面的變革。

實現智慧耦合意味著融合邏輯的轉變。以團結化解分裂，以凝聚力化解紛爭，是戰場上至關重要的原則。聯合兵種訓練的關鍵在於「團結」。人工智慧賦能聯合兵種訓練，使其更適應智慧戰爭的協同作戰需求，從而在作戰協調中產生「化學反應」。該訓練著重於將人類的創造力和價值判斷與機器的運算能力和智慧深度融合，形成更高維度的認知優勢，並建構高度整合、靈活且智慧耦合的訓練體系。有人-無人協同訓練是將有人作戰部隊與擁有「智慧大腦」的無人作戰系統深度融合的典型例證，旨在最大限度地減少傷亡並提高作戰效率。

實現迭代邏輯轉換，形成閉環系統。傳統訓練受限於物理條件，導致試誤成本高且迭代週期長。透過利用人工智慧創造「數位孿生」訓練環境，在平行系統中實現虛擬實境互動和迭代回饋，合成訓練可以轉向持續探索、試誤優化的過程，形成新的訓練閉環。不同層級的訓練可以同時進行，數千種戰術可以在虛擬空間中以低成本、高速度並行測試和最佳化。整體作戰能力的各要素幾乎可以獨立生成，無需考慮順序。同時，作戰能力的生成呈現出一定的分佈性、同步性、整合性和非線性特徵，顯著壓縮了傳統訓練週期，加速了跨層級作戰能力的同步生成，並將作戰能力的迭代進一步擴展至「域內基礎、跨域協同、全局融合」。

拓展智能湧現的價值邏輯。傳統訓練無法預先規劃所有可能的交互，也難以產生超越預設計劃的新戰術和協同模式。面對智慧戰爭的需求，這一困境難以克服。然而，人工智慧正在悄悄改變這個模式，將訓練場的價值從模擬過去的戰爭轉變為探索未來戰爭的可能性。人工智慧賦能合成訓練，為其註入了產生「智慧湧現」的內在驅動力。例如，與智慧敵軍進行遊戲式的對抗，迫使受訓人員打破傳統的思維框架，可能催生出以前難以想像、違反直覺的戰術組合。合成訓練的目的不僅在於執行已知的戰術，更在於磨練在對抗環境中創新方法和更新策略的能力。

重構：塑造合成訓練模式

融合人工智慧的合成訓練正逐步演變為一種新的訓練模式，強調以作戰為導向的組織，專注於提升情報和協同作戰能力，轉向分散式自主作戰，並適應動態戰場環境。

訓練重點在於以作戰為導向的編隊。如今的聯合兵種訓練具有更多樣化的訓練科目、更豐富的兵力構成以及更高的能力要求。此訓練強調以戰鬥為導向的分組，專注於訓練與實戰之間任務驅動的一致性，並以模組化、創新性和可擴展性為特點。人工智慧作為「調度器」發揮作用。「指揮中心」能夠根據戰場態勢評估作戰單位的狀態，快速生成最優兵力編組方案，根據需要調配相關要素，整合新領域和新素質的部隊，並演練如何快速集結和分散兵力，形成靈活的「任務定制」合成兵種群。這為系統提供了即插即用的能力模組，可以像積木一樣動態重構、高效連接和自適應調整。

訓練內容傾向於增強智慧化和一體化能力。傳統訓練更著重於評估協同行動是否按計劃、按時、按標準完成。在智慧戰中，人和智慧系統共同構成基本的作戰要素，透過功能分工和深度融合發揮作戰效能。因此，新時代一體化訓練的重點也應更重視提升人機融合能力。過去基於人際協作的訓練內容——包括技術升級、經驗訓練和自我意識訓練——效果已下降。增強智慧化和一體化能力的訓練內容正逐漸成為一體化訓練的關鍵。在戰術協調方面，在訓練中，受訓人員需要掌握如何與人工智慧系統高效協作和互動，如何利用人工智慧重組協作關係，完善殺傷鏈，協調聯合部隊行動，並實現「組合打擊」。

訓練方法正朝著分散式和自主化方向發展。人工智慧為聯合兵種訓練帶來的變革主要體現在訓練方法上。這不僅包括掌握協同作戰和鞏固協作基礎，還包括如何創新地引領作戰系統演進。分散式訓練依賴人工智慧技術，支援不同作戰單位在相同作戰背景、場景和戰場情勢下進行同步遠程聯合訓練，進而提高訓練效率。自主訓練採用「人外環」的方式，磨練受訓人員處理突發事件和自主行動的能力。透過回饋和自我調整，促進自主迭代升級。對抗訓練突破了以往從經驗中學習作戰的局限性，引入人工智慧驅動的「藍隊」進行「學習」。在模擬的複雜戰場環境中作戰，並加入隨機、極端和高度騷擾的場景。

訓練場景面向動態戰場。傳統的訓練場景大多是圍繞著“既有能力”和“已知威脅”設計的“預設腳本”，無法突破認知限制和既定思維模式的束縛。人工智慧賦能合成訓練，將其轉變為針對“未知能力”和“新興威脅”的“動態博弈系統”，使其更具“想像力”。基於訓練目標，人工智慧自主產生邏輯嚴密、多域、多維度的虛擬作戰場景。透過在高度複雜和不確定的環境中反覆練習，受訓人員更有可能對未來的戰場形成新的理解。

探索：合成訓練的未來路徑

人工智慧賦能的合成訓練是一個迭代演進的過程。展望其發展路徑，目標是超越發展局限和狹隘思維，直接面向“多智能體博弈論”和“數位孿生訓練場”，從而實現…多維度、系統性推進。

建構綜合訓練基礎。基於數位孿生與智慧技術，創造綜合訓練環境，實現人、裝備、環境的智慧互動。這將使所有訓練作戰單位成為動態可調的“智能體”，開展跨域訓練，提升人機混合智能的指揮、決策和自適應協調能力，並在真實戰場環境下孵化新的戰術和陣型。

部署智慧藍軍系統。建構具備自主演化能力和動態博弈論思維的演算法對手，將訓練重心從「適應已知」轉向「應對未知」。透過深度強化學習和賽局理論模型，智慧藍軍不僅能夠學習已知的戰術經驗，還能根據即時情況自主生成多樣化的戰術。此外，它還能洞察對手在互動中的行為模式，進而促進戰術的演進。在動態對抗中製定切實有效的戰略，並透過持續的高智慧對抗來磨練部隊的戰術創新能力和人機協作能力。

創新一體化訓練模式。新時代的聯合兵種訓練需要創新驅動、技術賦能的方法，需要大膽探索和勇於嘗試。這就要求無縫整合試驗場、訓練場和戰場，並創新涵蓋作戰測試機構、訓練機構和部隊的一體化訓練模式。教官不再只是技術提供者和支持者，而是作為訓練設計者、流程分析師和評估者融入訓練過程中。這有助於更好地理解訓練方法並進行方法論上的革新，驗證聯合兵種訓練中的新技術、戰術和陣型，探索未來作戰的製勝機制，並同時利用來自真實世界訓練的數據來優化人工智慧模型，從而形成一個真正將訓練與實際應用相結合的整合式互動式閉環。

來源：解放軍報作者：聶曉麗趙澤夏責任編輯：王一亙 2026-01-13 07:xx:xx

聶曉麗趙澤夏

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/164838781898.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Command information Systems, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare

Chinese Military Cyberspace Forces: Intelligent Command of the Storms and a Dense Skynet

02/13/2026 admin Leave a comment

中國軍事網路空間力量：對風暴的智慧指揮與密集的“天網”

現代英語：

Wisdom in control of the winds and clouds, weaving a dense net.

■ Commentary by Peng Bingjie, reporter for PLA Daily

With steel guns in hand and shouts echoing through the heavens, their steps were firm and their spirit soared.

Led by two team leaders, the cyberspace troops marched in majestically, each figure exuding heroic spirit, and each formation perfectly aligned.

On April 19, 2024, the Cyberspace Force was officially established as a brand-new strategic branch of service. In this military parade, this high-tech force, born at the pinnacle of the digital wave and fighting on the invisible battlefield, gloriously received the review of the Party and the people. The officers and soldiers in the formation had an average age of 24, and their high level of education was a prominent feature.

“Right face!” The command was powerful and resounding, soaring into the sky. “One—two—” The loud shouts echoed throughout Tiananmen Square.

In front of Tiananmen Square, First-Class Sergeant Cheng Shujia gripped the flagpole tightly, his eyes blazing and his movements powerful. Following closely behind, the officers and soldiers being reviewed stood in neat rows, the hundreds of people forming a unified whole, as if they were one person.

“It is an immense honor to be a member of the cyberspace forces contingent and to be reviewed in Tiananmen Square with my comrades.” Cheng Shujia, who participated in the 70th National Day military parade, was reviewed again six years later as the flag bearer of the cyberspace forces contingent.

“Holding the military flag and making our first appearance, we must maintain a good posture at all times and show the style of our cyberspace forces.” From the first day he stepped onto the training field, Cheng Shujia silently told himself that he must “make a stunning entrance and a spectacular debut.”

On the eve of this year’s “August 1st” Army Day, President Xi Jinping signed an order to release the designs of the flags for the four branches of the armed forces. On that same day, Cheng Shujia, representing the cyberspace forces, received the flag belonging to his formation for the first time. After repeatedly stroking the flag, he felt that “the flag in my hand has become heavier.”

“Behind this brand-new military flag lies the glorious and profound history of our branch of the military,” said Cheng Shujia. During the revolutionary war years, the predecessors of this unit, amidst hardships and difficulties, took the Party’s flag as their own, dedicated themselves to their mission, climbed higher and higher, made outstanding contributions time and time again, and made selfless contributions, erecting a wordless monument to their loyalty to their mission.

In the era of reform and strengthening the military, heroic troops are tempered and refined; amidst the unpredictable changes in the world, new strategic forces are emerging. Traversing the mysterious cyberspace and fighting on the hidden digital peaks, officers and soldiers of the cyberspace forces will combine every word and character into a mighty army, building an iron wall within a small space and weaving a magnificent sky net with the torrent of information.

With a resolute face, upright posture, and resounding steps, Zhou Wenlong, a student from the Information Engineering University of the Cyberspace Force, stood out among the formation with exceptional focus.

From a “rising star” in the laboratory to a member of the parade team, Zhou Wenlong’s every step forward has required unimaginable effort and sweat. “When doing something, you have to pursue excellence. This spirit is the same in scientific research and military parades,” Zhou Wenlong said.

“When a group of people work on a single task, whether in the laboratory or on the parade ground, we always share a common goal and pursuit.” Zhou Wenlong’s eyes shone brightly in the sunlight. Behind him, faces were equally young and resolute.

With wisdom and strategic brilliance, they command armies and survey the vast sky. This group of vibrant young people are dedicating their youth to the land and rivers of their motherland.

On Tiananmen Square, Wang Zizhu, a member of the reviewing team, marched with firm and proud steps. Seeing this, Hu Yang, the company commander below the parade ground, smiled with satisfaction.

Six years ago, Hu Yang and his comrades marched in perfect unison across Tiananmen Square. As an instructor, he uses his own military parade experience as vivid teaching material, influencing and inspiring generations of students to study diligently and make contributions to the military. This year, more than 20 students, including Wang Zizhu, from the Cyberspace Force Information Engineering University, took to the parade ground under his guidance.

Six years later, Hu Yang’s position shifted from the forefront to behind the scenes. He and the coaches used what they had learned to innovate training methods and strengthen service support to ensure that the formation always maintained high training motivation and fighting spirit.

“Success doesn’t have to be achieved by me, but I will definitely contribute to it. Even if I can’t participate, I will still shine for the collective honor.” Hu Yang said, “Taking responsibility and making selfless contributions” is the common spirit of officers and soldiers in the cyberspace forces.

The battle songs resounded, the flags flew high, and the common aspirations of the officers and soldiers of the cyberspace forces were gathered: to shoulder the glorious mission, to demonstrate the style of a strong military, and to advance towards victory and the great rejuvenation!

(PLA Daily, Beijing, September 3)

現代國語：

智慧掌控風雲，織就密網。

■ 彭冰傑，《解放軍報》記者

他們手持鋼槍，吶喊聲響徹雲霄，步伐堅定，精神振奮。

在兩位隊長的帶領下，網路空間部隊威風凜凜地入場，每個身影都洋溢著英雄氣概，每個隊形都整齊劃一。

2024年4月19日，網路空間部隊正式成立，成為一支全新的戰略兵種。在這場閱兵式上，這支誕生於數位浪潮之巔、馳騁於無形戰場的高科技部隊，光榮地接受了黨和人民的檢閱。隊形中的官兵平均年齡24歲，高學歷是一大亮點。

「正臉！」一聲鏗鏘有力的命令響徹雲霄。「一、二——」響亮的喊聲響徹天安門廣場。

在天安門廣場前，一級軍士長程樹佳緊緊握著旗桿，目光炯炯，動作有力。緊接在後的是整齊列隊的官兵，數百人組成一個整體，彷彿融為一體。

「能夠作為網路空間部隊的一員，與戰士們一起在天安門廣場接受檢閱，我感到無比榮幸。」曾參加過第70屆國慶閱兵的程樹佳，六年後再次作為網絡空間部隊的旗手接受檢閱。

「手持軍旗，首次亮相，我們必須時時保持良好的姿態，展現我們網路空間部隊的風采。」從踏上訓練場的第一天起，程樹佳就默默地告誡自己，一定要「驚艷亮相，留下輝煌的首秀」。

在今年「八一」建軍節前夕，習近平主席簽署命令，公佈了四軍各軍種的旗幟設計。當天，代表網路空間部隊的程樹佳首次領取了本部隊的旗幟。他反覆撫摸著旗幟，感覺「手中的旗幟越來越沉了」。

程樹佳說：「這面嶄新的軍旗背後，承載著我們軍種光榮而深厚的歷史。」在革命戰爭年代，本部隊的前輩們在艱苦卓絕的戰鬥中，將黨的旗幟視為己任，全身心投入到使命中，不斷攀登高峰，一次又一次地做出傑出貢獻使命，無私的奉獻，為忠於的豐碑。

在改革開放、軍力強盛的時代，英雄部隊正在淬煉、精煉；在瞬息萬變的世界中，新的戰略力量正在湧現。穿梭於神秘的網路空間，在隱密的數字山峰上奮戰，網路空間部隊的官兵們將每一個字、每一個字符匯聚成一支強大的軍隊，在狹小的空間內築起一道鋼鐵屏障，用信息的洪流編織出一張宏偉的天網。

周文龍，這位來自網路空間部隊資訊工程大學的學生，神情堅定，身姿挺拔，步伐鏗鏘有力，在隊伍中格外引人注目。

從實驗室的「明日之星」到閱兵隊伍的一員，周文龍的每一步都凝聚著難以想像的努力和汗水。「做事就要追求卓越。這種精神在科研和閱兵中都是一樣的。」周文龍說。

「當一群人為了同一個目標而努力時，無論是在實驗室還是在閱兵場上，我們始終擁有共同的目標和追求。」周文龍的雙眼在陽光下閃閃發光。在他身後，一張張年輕而堅定的臉孔映入眼簾。

他們以智慧和卓越的戰略才能指揮軍隊，俯瞰廣闊的天空。這群充滿活力的年輕人，將他們的青春奉獻給了祖國的土地和河流。

在天安門廣場上，檢閱隊隊員王子柱邁著堅定而驕傲的步伐。看到這一幕，檢閱場下的連長胡陽露出了滿意的笑容。

六年前，胡陽和他的戰友們整齊劃一地走過天安門廣場。身為教官，他以自己的閱兵經驗為生動的教學素材，影響和激勵了一代又一代的學生努力學習，為軍隊做出貢獻。今年，包括王子柱在內的20多名來自網路空間部隊資訊工程大學的學生，在他的指導下走上了閱兵場。

六年後的今天，胡陽的位置從前線轉向了幕後。他和教官運用所學到的知識，創新訓練方法，加強後勤保障，以確保軍隊的順利進行。網路空間部隊始終保持著高昂的訓練熱情和戰鬥精神。

「成功不一定要靠我一個人取得，但我一定會為之貢獻力量。即使不能親自參與，我也要為集體的榮譽而閃耀。」胡洋說，「勇於擔當，無私奉獻」是網絡空間部隊官兵的共同精神。

戰歌齊鳴，旗幟飄揚，網路空間部隊官兵的共同願望匯聚於此：肩負光榮使命，展現強軍風範，向勝利和偉大復興邁進！

（《解放軍報》，北京，9月3日）

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報作者：嘉言彭冰潔責任編輯：李佳琦 2025-09-04 09:xx:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/wzll/16488078858589.html

#Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare

Chinese Military Forum | Initial Exploration of Combat Forms of the People’s War in the Intelligent Warfare Era

02/13/2026 admin Leave a comment

中國軍事論壇 | 智慧戰爭時代人民戰爭作戰形式的初步探索

現代英語：

“The deepest source of the power of war lies within the people.” In today’s intelligent age, the magic weapon of people’s war still possesses immense vitality, evolving into new forms such as “technical support,” “data-driven warfare,” “algorithmic guerrilla warfare,” and “sensor-based early warning.” Only by deeply exploring the practical forms and evolutionary logic of people’s war in the intelligent age can this powerful weapon continue to thrive under new historical conditions.

Technology for all

In traditional people’s wars, civilian support primarily focused on the supply of manpower and materials. During the Huaihai Campaign, millions of people pushed wheelbarrows through gunfire to deliver food and ammunition to the front lines; during the Korean War, civilians in the rear worked day and night to produce clothing and other supplies, providing basic necessities for soldiers on the front lines. This form of support, where manpower forms an army and materials flow in a continuous stream, vividly embodies the principle that “the people and the army are the foundation of victory” under specific historical conditions.

In the age of intelligence, civilian participation in warfare is increasingly manifested in technological support. The key to this shift lies in the widespread availability of civilian technology, transforming tools in the hands of the public into convertible combat resources. In the past, advanced technologies were largely monopolized by the military, making civilian participation in warfare extremely difficult. Today, smartphones, civilian drones, and AI development tools are commonplace, allowing ordinary people to master basic technical skills such as data collection, long-range reconnaissance, and information analysis, which can be directly translated into combat effectiveness during wartime. For example, foreign militaries have tested the use of consumer-grade drones equipped with intelligent modules for monitoring personnel activities in forward areas. This means that the public is no longer merely a logistical supporter but also a technological supporter, forming a new foundation of “everyone can participate, and technology can be transformed,” providing new capabilities for higher-level nationwide collaboration.

Behind this evolution lies a clear pattern. First, technological equality is reshaping the barriers to participation. The widespread civilian application of intelligent technologies allows the public to acquire technological capabilities previously exclusive to the military at low cost. Second, the boundaries between military and civilian technologies are blurring. The dual-use nature of technologies such as artificial intelligence and drones allows civilian innovation to directly serve operational needs. Third, the innovation entities are becoming “decentralized.” Technological breakthroughs no longer rely on single laboratories but are dispersed across millions of civilian nodes, including enterprises, makers, and research teams, forming a technology network that enables innovation by all and is usable across all domains. Technological equality has broken the monopoly of military technology, and the deep integration of public wisdom and intelligent tools has given rise to asymmetric advantages in the intelligent era, also endowing people’s war with new connotations and vitality. As the main force of technological innovation shifts to the civilian sector, technological breakthroughs in different dimensions may become the decisive factors on the future battlefield.

Data Crowdsourcing Operations

Traditional people’s wars rely on the widespread mobilization of the masses to create a massive human wave advantage, such as the enthusiastic support of the people during the War of Liberation. This form of warfare can凝聚 a powerful force because it is based on the participation of the entire population, transforming the dispersed individual strength into collective effectiveness.

The dispersed possession of technological capabilities necessitates efficient integration to form a systematic combat force, which is precisely the value of data crowdsourcing warfare. As a crucial link in transforming the dispersed technological capabilities of the entire population into a centralized system, data crowdsourcing warfare solves the problem of fragmented individual capabilities and achieves large-scale resource aggregation. In the intelligent era, everyone is a potential data node and computing power unit. For example, photos taken with a mobile phone can also contribute to information collection in relevant fields. These seemingly scattered individual contributions, through real-time integration using cloud computing and distributed algorithms, can form data processing capabilities and computing power comparable to professional systems. This model of “everyone can participate and contribute at any time” perfectly interprets the essence of “crowdsourcing,” distributing tasks originally undertaken by professional institutions to millions of individual nodes for collaborative completion.

If universal support for technology is “sowing seeds,” then data crowdsourcing warfare is “cultivating a forest.” The key logic enabling its realization lies in three aspects: First, the widespread adoption of smart terminals lowers the barrier to participation. The ubiquity of smart electronic devices empowers every ordinary person with basic data collection and computing power output capabilities, solving the problem of insufficient specialized equipment. Second, technology enables efficient resource aggregation. Cloud computing and distributed algorithms can integrate scattered mobile phone data and fragmented computing power in real time, overcoming the limitations of dispersed individual efforts. Third, the collaborative logic shifts from centralized scheduling to autonomous contribution. The public can upload data or share computing power through simple operations without unified instructions. When thousands of terminal devices become nodes of combat resources, people’s war in the intelligent era builds a new advantage of nationwide data participation and full-domain computing power collaboration, extending the connotation of “military-civilian integration” from physical collaboration to digital collaboration.

Algorithm global guerrilla warfare

In traditional people’s war, guerrilla warfare occupies an important position, serving as a concrete tactical practice of people’s war. The masses, with their familiarity with the terrain and understanding of local conditions, guide guerrillas along concealed routes, transmit intelligence on enemy movements, and provide cover during raids behind enemy lines. The key to this form is the joint efforts of the military and civilians in employing flexible tactics to continuously harass and wear down the enemy behind enemy lines, plunging them into the vast ocean of people’s war.

Aggregated technological resources must ultimately be transformed into actual combat power through tactical application. Algorithmic all-domain guerrilla warfare in the intelligent era is precisely the result of this transformation. Relying on the data and computing power contributed by the entire population, it extends the flexible and mobile characteristics of traditional guerrilla warfare to the digital space, realizing the leap from static storage to dynamic combat of technological resources. Unlike traditional guerrilla warfare, which relies on terrain and manpower, algorithmic all-domain guerrilla warfare’s battlefield spans the entire cyberspace, including the electromagnetic spectrum. It can, like a guerrilla fighter, hide silently in the enemy’s system, waiting for the opportune moment to launch a precise attack; it can, like “sparrow warfare,” launch multi-point harassment through distributed nodes, using scattered attacks to deplete the enemy’s defensive resources; and it can adjust its strategy in real time based on data, dynamically switching attack paths according to the enemy’s system reactions, just as traditional guerrilla fighters change their combat routes according to the enemy situation.

Algorithmic guerrilla warfare is a tactical application of nationwide technological resources. Its evolutionary logic lies in three key aspects: First, the comprehensive expansion of the operational space. Extending from physical spaces like land and sea to virtual spaces like networks and the electromagnetic spectrum, it achieves ubiquitous guerrilla warfare. Second, a generational improvement in decision-making efficiency. Breaking free from the reliance on commander experience in traditional guerrilla warfare, algorithms achieve millisecond-level responses—”discovery equals decision, decision equals action”—based on real-time data. Third, the “decentralization” of power aggregation. Just as traditional guerrilla warfare relies on dispersed militia units, algorithmic guerrilla warfare forms a “swarm” effect through distributed node collaboration; individual nodes, though weak, can collectively create overall combat power. Algorithmic guerrilla warfare continues the essence of people’s war—the ability to overcome the strong with the weak—not only providing flexible and efficient tactical options for modern warfare but also injecting new tactical vitality into people’s war in the intelligent era, becoming a new method and path to victory.

Sensor distribution early warning

In traditional people’s wars, the eyes and ears of the masses are a key support for the early warning system. Limited by technology at the time, early warning systems were primarily built upon human nodes and rudimentary communication methods. For example, village sentries visually monitored target movements, traveling merchants used their mobility to transmit intelligence, and coastal fishermen monitored unusual vessels in the sea based on their production activities. These scattered civilian observation points exchanged information through agreed-upon signals such as “message trees” and “feather letters,” weaving a wide-ranging early warning network. This model, based on the logic of “the people as the main perceptive body and simple means as the interaction link,” while having a limited scope of perception and lower transmission efficiency, highlighted the essential characteristic of people’s war—the participation of the entire population.

In the intelligent era, the participation of all citizens in technology is not only reflected in offensive tactics but also in building a robust defensive barrier. Distributed early warning systems, by leveraging the sensing devices in the hands of the public to form a comprehensive early warning network, represent an extension of technological capabilities from offensive applications to defensive safeguards. In everyday security and collaborative scenarios, electronic devices can serve as auxiliary carriers for information perception. This model of “device-extended sensing and real-time data flow” transforms traditional, scattered human observation into distributed early warning based on civilian devices, achieving the need for comprehensive coverage and immediate response in early warning systems.

Sensor-based distributed early warning is a security defense line involving the entire population, representing a comprehensive application of technological capabilities and data resources. Its evolution is driven by several key logics: First, the perception dimension extends from the human body to technology. Leveraging the infrared detection and high-definition imaging capabilities of civilian devices, it overcomes the physical limitations of the human eye and ear, capturing abnormal signals from greater distances and in more complex environments, thus solving the problem of insufficient sensory capabilities. Second, information transmission upgrades from physical links to digital links. Relying on mobile networks and dedicated platforms, early warning information can be transmitted in real-time across geographical barriers, replacing traditional methods such as shouting and flag signals, overcoming the limitations of low transmission efficiency. Third, the judgment method shifts from experience-based reliance to precise assessment. Intelligent algorithms perform cross-analysis and judgment of multi-source information, achieving greater accuracy than simply relying on personal experience, meeting the primary requirements of rapid and accurate early warning. Sensor-based distributed early warning in the intelligent era continues the logic of traditional early warning involving the entire population. From capability foundation to resource aggregation, from tactical deployment to defensive barriers, the participation of the entire population in the intelligent era forms a tightly linked operational loop, giving new life to the principle that “the people are the foundation of victory” in the digital space.

現代國語：

「戰爭力量的源頭在於人民。」在當今智慧時代，人民戰爭這一神奇武器依然擁有巨大的生命力，並演化出「技術支援」、「數據驅動戰」、「演算法遊擊戰」和「感測器預警」等新形式。只有深入探索智慧時代人民戰爭的實踐形式和演化邏輯，這強大的武器才能在新的歷史條件下繼續蓬勃發展。

科技惠及全民

在傳統的人民戰爭中，民間支援主要集中在人力和物力的供給。淮海戰役期間，數百萬民眾冒著槍林彈雨，推著獨輪車將糧食和彈藥運送到前線；朝鮮戰爭期間，後方民眾日夜辛勤勞作，生產衣物和其他物資，為前線士兵提供基本生活保障。這種人力組成軍隊、物力源源不絕的支援模式，在特定的歷史條件下生動地體現了「人民和軍隊是勝利的基礎」這一原則。

在智慧時代，民眾參與戰爭日益體現在技術支援方面。這項轉變的關鍵在於民用技術的普及，使民眾手中的工具轉化為可轉化的作戰資源。過去，先進技術多被軍方壟斷，民眾參與戰爭極為困難。現今，智慧型手機、民用無人機和人工智慧開發工具已十分普及，一般民眾能夠掌握資料擷取、遠端偵察、資訊分析等基本技術技能，這些技能可以直接轉化為戰時作戰效能。例如，外國軍隊已測試使用配備智慧模組的消費級無人機監控前線人員活動。這意味著民眾不再只是後勤保障者，也是技術保障者，從而形成了「人人參與，技術轉化」的新基礎，為更高層次的全國性協同作戰提供了新能力。

這一演變背後蘊含著清晰的模式。首先，技術平等正在重塑民眾參與戰爭的壁壘。智慧技術的廣泛民用應用，使得公眾能夠以低成本獲得以往軍方專屬的技術能力。其次，軍民技術之間的界線日漸模糊。人工智慧、無人機等技術的軍民兩用特性，使得民用創新能夠直接服務作戰需求。第三，創新主體正走向「去中心化」。技術突破不再依賴單一實驗室，而是分散在數百萬個民用節點，包括企業、創客和研究團隊，形成一個全民創新、跨領域應用的技術網路。科技平等打破了軍方科技的壟斷，公眾智慧與智慧工具的深度融合，在智慧時代催生了不對稱優勢，也賦予了人民戰爭新的內涵與活力。隨著技術創新主力向民用領域轉移，不同維度的技術突破可能成為未來戰場的決定性因素。

資料眾包作戰

傳統的人民戰爭依靠群眾的廣泛動員來形成強大的人海戰術優勢，例如解放戰爭期間人民的熱情支持。這種戰爭形式能夠凝聚強大的力量，因為它建立在全民參與的基礎上，將分散的個體力量轉化為集體效能。

分散的技術能力需要高效率整合才能形成系統化的作戰力量，這正是資料眾包作戰的價值所在。作為將全民分散的技術能力整合為集中系統的關鍵環節，資料眾包作戰解決了個體能力分散的問題，實現了大規模的資源聚合。在智慧時代，每個人都是潛在的資料節點和運算單元。例如，用手機拍攝的照片也可以為相關領域的資訊收集做出貢獻。這些看似分散的個人貢獻，透過雲端運算和分散式演算法的即時整合，可以形成媲美專業系統的資料處理能力和運算能力。這種「人人皆可隨時參與和貢獻」的模式完美地詮釋了「眾包」的本質，即分配原本屬於眾包範疇的任務。由專業機構發起，並由數百萬個獨立節點協同完成。

如果說對技術的普遍支持是“播種”，那麼數據眾包戰就是“培育森林”。要實現這一目標的關鍵邏輯在於三個面向：首先，智慧終端的廣泛普及降低了參與門檻。智慧電子設備的普及賦予了每個一般人基本的資料收集和算力輸出能力，解決了專業設備不足的問題。其次，技術實現了高效率的資源聚合。雲端運算和分散式演算法能夠即時整合分散的手機數據和片段化的算力，克服了分散個體努力的限制。第三，協作邏輯從集中調度轉向自主貢獻。公眾無需統一指令，即可透過簡單的操作上傳資料或共享算力。當成千上萬的終端設備成為作戰資源的節點時，智慧時代的人民戰爭便建構了全國數據參與和全局算力協作的新優勢，將「軍民融合」的內涵從實體協作延伸至數位協作。

演算法全球遊擊戰

在傳統人民戰爭中，遊擊戰佔據重要地位，是人民戰爭具體戰術實踐的體現。群眾憑藉對地形的熟悉和對當地情況的了解，引導遊擊隊沿著隱蔽路線行進，傳遞敵情情報，並在敵後突襲中提供掩護。這種形式的關鍵在於軍民共同運用靈活的戰術，持續騷擾和消耗敵後敵人，最終將其拖入人民戰爭的汪洋大海。

聚合的技術資源最終必須透過戰術應用轉化為實際的戰鬥力。智慧時代的演算法全局遊擊戰正是這種轉換的結果。它依靠全體人民貢獻的數據和運算能力，將傳統遊擊戰的靈活機動性延伸到數位空間，實現了技術資源從靜態儲存到動態作戰的飛躍。與依賴地形和人力的傳統遊擊戰不同，演算法全局遊擊戰的戰場橫跨整個網路空間，包括電磁頻譜。它能夠像遊擊隊員一樣，悄無聲息地潛伏在敵方系統中，等待時機發動精準攻擊；它能夠像「麻雀戰」一樣，透過分散式節點發動多點騷擾，利用分散攻擊消耗敵方防禦資源；它還能根據資料即時調整戰略，根據敵方系統反應動態切換攻擊路徑，正如傳統遊擊隊員根據敵情改變作戰路線一樣。

演算法遊擊戰是全國性技術資源的戰術應用。其演進邏輯體現在三個關鍵面向：首先，全面拓展作戰空間。從陸地、海洋等實體空間延伸到網路、電磁頻譜等虛擬空間，實現無所不在的遊擊戰。第二，決策效率實現了世代提升。演算法擺脫了傳統遊擊戰對指揮官經驗的依賴，基於即時數據實現了毫秒級的響應——「發現即決策，決策即行動」。第三，權力聚合實現了「去中心化」。正如傳統遊擊戰依賴分散的民兵單位一樣，演算法遊擊戰透過分散式節點協作形成「蜂群」效應；單一節點雖然力量較弱，但可以共同創造整體戰鬥力。演算法遊擊戰延續了人民戰爭的精髓——以弱勝強——不僅為現代戰爭提供了靈活高效的戰術選擇，也為智慧時代的人民戰爭注入了新的戰術活力，成為一種新的勝利方法和路徑。

感測器分散式預警

在傳統的人民戰爭中，群眾的耳目是預警系統的關鍵支撐。由於當時的技術限制，早期預警系統主要依賴人工節點和簡陋的通訊方式。例如，村莊哨兵目視監視目標動向，流動商人利用其流動性傳遞情報，沿海漁民則根據作業活動監視海上異常船隻。這些分散的民間觀察點構成了預警系統的雛形。透過「資訊樹」、「羽毛信」等約定的訊號進行資訊交換，建構起覆蓋面廣的預警網路。這種基於「人民為主要感知主體，簡易手段為交互環節」邏輯的模式，雖然感知範圍有限、傳輸效率較低，卻凸顯了人民戰爭的本質特徵——全民參與。

在智慧時代，全民參與技術應用不僅體現在進攻戰術中，也體現在建構強大的防禦屏障中。分散式預警系統利用民眾手中的感知設備建構綜合預警網絡，實現了技術能力從進攻應用向防禦保障的延伸。在日常安全和協同作戰場景中，電子設備可以作為資訊感知的輔助載體。這種「設備擴展感知與即時數據流」模式，將傳統的、分散的人工觀測轉變為基於民用設備的分散式預警，滿足了預警系統全面覆蓋和快速響應的需求。

基於感測器的分散式預警是一條涉及全體民眾的安全防線，代表著技術能力和資料資源的綜合應用。其發展演進遵循以下幾個關鍵邏輯：首先，感知維度從人體延伸至技術層面。利用民用設備的紅外線探測和高清成像能力，突破了人眼和耳朵的物理局限，能夠在更遠的距離和更複雜的環境中捕捉異常訊號，從而解決了感知能力不足的問題。其次，資訊傳輸從實體鏈路升級到數位鏈路。依托行動網路和專用平台，預警訊息可跨越地理障礙即時傳輸，取代了傳統的喊話、旗語等方式，克服了傳輸效率低下的限制。第三，判斷方式從依賴經驗轉向精準評估。智慧演算法對多源資訊進行交叉分析與判斷，精準度遠超個人經驗，滿足了快速、準確預警的首要需求。智慧時代的基於感測器的分散式預警延續了傳統預警涉及全體民眾的邏輯。從能力基礎到資源聚合，從戰術部署到防禦屏障，全民參與智慧時代形成緊密相連的運作循環，在數位空間中賦予「人民是勝利的基礎」這項原則新的生命。

智能時代人民戰爭作戰形態初探

■王欽輝徐澄

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報作者：王欽輝徐澄責任編輯：徐佔虎

2025-10-30 06:xx:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_2088543/168481858382.html

#Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭

Chinese Military’s Dissipation Warfare: Typical Method of China’s Intelligent Warfare

02/13/2026 admin Leave a comment

中國軍隊的消散戰：中國情報戰的典型方法

現代英語：

With the rapid development of intelligent technologies and their widespread application in the military, intelligent warfare is becoming a new form of warfare following information warfare, and dissipation warfare is becoming a typical mode of intelligent warfare. Dissipation warfare refers to a combat method in which an intelligent warfare system, through internal enrichment and integration and external sudden emergence, achieves a comprehensive combat capability integrating material consumption, energy dissipation, and information diffusion. Strengthening research on dissipation warfare will help us to deeply reveal the winning mechanisms of intelligent warfare and gain the initiative in future war games.

Dissipation warfare is an inevitable result of the development of the times.

Dissipative warfare manifests as a comprehensive confrontation in the physical, information, and cognitive domains in the era of intelligence. It is characterized by a high degree of unity in forms such as political contests, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflicts, and diplomatic checks and balances, reflecting the openness, complexity, and emergent nature of intelligent warfare systems.

Adapting to the security requirements of the intelligent era. In the intelligent era, technologies such as broadband networks, big data, large-scale models, cloud computing, and deep learning are developing rapidly, leading to broader connections between political groups, nations, and ethnic groups. Under the influence of multiple factors including political pluralism, economic integration, social openness, and technological revolution, non-traditional security is emerging and intertwined with traditional threats. The subjects and scope of intelligent warfare are constantly expanding, and the time and space of warfare are continuously extending. War and peace are inextricably linked, and the warfare system will further transcend local geographical limitations, moving from relative closure to greater openness, forming a higher level and wider-ranging confrontation. Dissipative warfare emphasizes the comprehensive exertion of intelligent warfare systems in the physical, information, and cognitive domains, highly unifying political contests, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflicts, and diplomatic checks and balances within the scope of adversarial confrontation, thus adapting to the demands of the evolving global security landscape.

This aligns with the objective laws governing the evolution of warfare. The dissipative phenomenon in warfare has existed since the inception of war; however, before the emergence of intelligent warfare, due to technological limitations, it remained in a relatively rudimentary and simple state, with warfare manifesting only in one of the following forms: material consumption, energy dissipation, or information diffusion. In the agricultural era, warfare was primarily characterized by material-driven, human-centered cold weapon warfare. In the industrial era, warfare was primarily characterized by energy-driven, platform-centered thermonuclear and mechanized warfare. In the information age, warfare is primarily characterized by information-driven, network-based information warfare. Entering the intelligent era, intelligent technology highly unifies the cognitive, decision-making, and operational advantages in adversarial confrontation. Essentially, it highly unifies matter, energy, and information, forming an intelligent warfare model dominated by intelligent elements and centered on intelligent algorithms through intelligent empowerment, intelligent energy aggregation, and intelligent energy release. Its main manifestation is dissipative warfare, reflecting the complex systemic confrontation of intelligent warfare.

It possesses a solid philosophical theoretical foundation. Social forms are the matrix of war forms. Exploring and understanding intelligent warfare must be based on the fundamental principles of historical materialism and dialectical materialism, comprehensively examining the evolution of war forms and the social forms in which intelligent warfare exists, and constructing a new concept and contextual system of warfare. From a philosophical perspective, matter, energy, and information are the three major elements constituting the world. Matter embodies the existence of origin, energy embodies the existence of motion, and information embodies the existence of connection. These three progressively and alternately dominate the evolution and operation of social and war forms. According to the principle of negation of negation in dialectical materialism, in the intelligent era following the information age, the dominant element of society will once again be matter, after matter, energy, and information. However, this matter will be a new type of matter formed through a spiral ascent after high informatization, and its main characteristic is the possession of intelligent technological attributes. Therefore, in essence, dissipative warfare is the high degree of unification of the characteristic advantages of matter, energy, and information in previous low-level war forms by intelligent elements, and the high degree of unification of the forms of material consumption, energy dissipation, and information diffusion that are common in warfare, reflecting the typical characteristics of intelligent warfare.

Deeply grasp the intrinsic essence of dissipation warfare

Dissipation warfare is based on the real world but encompasses the virtual world. It adapts to the rapid development of intelligent technology, the rise of non-traditional security threats, and the continuous expansion of the subjects and scope of warfare, thus exhibiting many new characteristics.

Comprehensive Game of Confrontation. As intelligent warfare accelerates its development to greater depth and breadth, the interconnections and influences across political, economic, cultural, and diplomatic fields are becoming more extensive. The focus of war is shifting from the military system to the social system. The confrontation between stakeholders will manifest as a comprehensive game involving political contests, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflicts, and diplomatic checks and balances. The pursuit of war advantage is no longer limited to the realm of military confrontation. The victorious side must adapt to the openness, complexity, and emergent nature of the war system, shifting from the extensive consumption and application of single materials, energy, and information to a dissipative approach dominated by intelligent advantages, striving to gain the initiative and advantage in comprehensive games across multiple domains.

The actors in intelligent warfare are becoming increasingly diverse and multi-domain. The potential forces mobilized in traditional warfare will be in a state of constant confrontation. Political forces, various institutions and personnel, along with the troops and soldiers who fight on the battlefield in the traditional sense, constitute the main actors in war. This diversified range of actors will transcend the real and virtual domains, appearing in multiple spatial domains such as land, sea, air, space, cyberspace, and psychology, encompassing the physical, information, and cognitive domains, and covering various social domains including politics, economics, culture, and diplomacy. For example, civilians can use smartphones to collect information from the military battlefield and transmit it to stakeholders, causing the dissemination of key war information and thus influencing war decisions or the outcome of a campaign or battle.

Power integration and aggregation. Virtual and virtual forces are integrated. Around the war’s objectives, all potentially usable real and virtual forces will be integrated with intelligent technology, performing their duties and acting according to regulations on parallel battlefields; unmanned and manned forces are integrated. After undergoing stages of manual operation, authorization, and supervision, unmanned combat forces will achieve a high degree of autonomy and can be deployed and combined with various manned forces as needed, effectively coordinating and coexisting under common war rules; multiple forces are integrated. Based on extensive connections across various fields and the common objectives of the war system, various forces, including the Party, government, military, police, and civilians, will closely coordinate military operations with political, economic, diplomatic, public opinion, and legal struggles, forming comprehensive combat power. In short, under the unified planning of a nation or political group, although the diverse participating forces in intelligent warfare are physically dispersed, they can achieve logical concentration, immediate aggregation, complementary advantages, and integrated strengths around a common war objective.

The cumulative effect of warfare is emerging. While advanced warfare features new technological characteristics, it still retains the advantages and characteristics of lower-level warfare. Dissipative warfare emphasizes continuous, comprehensive confrontation across multiple domains. This includes the depletion of ammunition, supplies, equipment, and even personnel at the material level; the continuous accumulation and release of energy at the energy level; and the immeasurable impact on human thinking, values, moral concepts, emotions, and behavioral patterns through the diffusion and integration of data, knowledge, and algorithms at the information level. Under the constant deterrence of nuclear weapons, intelligent warfare is showing a decrease in brutality, but political isolation, economic blockade, cultural conflict, and diplomatic suppression will become more severe and intense. When the various systems—military, political, economic, cultural, and diplomatic—continue to function effectively, and the cumulative effect reaches a certain level, the warfare system will increase its negative entropy, leading to a sudden leap in combat power and the emergence of systemic effectiveness, thereby gaining a wartime advantage.

Choose the right focus of the battle and wage a war of attrition.

Intelligent warfare systems achieve maximum system combat effectiveness through internal enrichment and integration, external emergence of sudden changes, cross-domain efficiency enhancement, and intelligent dissipation. This is the winning mechanism inherent in dissipation warfare. To gain the upper hand in intelligent warfare, it is essential to clarify the operational focus of dissipation warfare, target the weaknesses and shortcomings of the opponent’s system, and accurately identify the key points for war preparation.

Focusing on the openness of the system, the strategy aims to isolate and close off the opponent’s war system. This involves cutting off the material, energy, and information exchange between the opponent’s war system and the external battlefield environment, depriving it of these sources of resources and gradually leading it towards isolation, closure, and weakness. At the strategic level, political isolation can be employed to isolate the opponent’s war system, causing an increase in system entropy. At the operational level, methods such as cutting off data sources, destroying data backups, falsifying data, and altering information can be used, employing a combination of hard and soft tactics to force its war system towards a closed state, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the opponent’s system.

Focusing on the complexity of the system, attacks can be launched at different domains to disrupt the opponent’s war system. The more interconnected and tightly linked the elements of an intelligent warfare system, the lower its structural reliability. By applying the principle that each layer in a complex system is relatively independent, strategic, operational, and tactical action plans can be formulated to achieve layered and domain-specific disruption of the enemy’s war system. For example, at the strategic level, economic blockade can be used to significantly weaken the opponent’s war power and development potential. At the operational level, the vulnerability of the combat system’s communication network can be exploited, using a combination of cyber and electronic warfare attacks as the basic path and means, employing methods such as “destroying endpoints, attacking elements, isolating clusters, disabling networks, and breaking through cloud infrastructure” to disrupt the opponent’s combat system structure and cause its war system to “collapse.”

Focusing on systemic emergent effects, the goal is to dismantle and disperse the adversary’s war system. Intelligent warfare systems can only rapidly form and exert their systemic effectiveness, gaining a dissipative advantage, if only individual components or elements function. It is impossible for an advantage to emerge if only a single component or element is active. It is foreseeable that emerging technologies such as ChatGPT, and more advanced intelligent technologies in the future, will provide new ways of thinking about understanding and discovering the complex operational behavior, states, and patterns of war systems, as well as new means of exploring objective laws and transforming nature and society. The dominant party in a war confrontation will reduce the coupling degree of the adversary’s war system through a combination of virtual and real, parallel and integrated confrontation methods, achieving the goal of dismantling and dispersing the enemy’s war system.

現代國語：

隨著智慧科技的快速發展及其在軍事領域的廣泛應用，繼資訊戰之後，智慧戰正成為一種新型戰爭形式，而耗散戰則成為智慧戰的典型模式。耗散戰是指智慧戰系統透過內部的強化整合和外在的突現，實現物質消耗、能量耗散和資訊擴散三者融合的綜合作戰能力。加強耗散戰的研究，有助於我們深入揭示智慧戰的勝利機制，並在未來的戰爭賽局中掌握主動權。

耗散戰是時代發展的必然產物。

在智慧時代，耗散戰表現為在物質、資訊和認知領域展開的全面對抗。它具有高度統一性的特點，涵蓋政治博弈、經濟競爭、軍事攻防、文化衝突、外交制衡等多個面向，體現了智慧戰系統的開放性、複雜性和湧現性。

適應智慧時代的安全需求。在智慧時代，寬頻網路、大數據、大規模模式、雲端運算、深度學習等技術快速發展，使得政治群體、國家和民族之間的聯繫日益緊密。在政治多元化、經濟整合、社會開放和技術革命等多重因素的影響下，非傳統安全正在興起，並與傳統威脅交織在一起。智能戰的主體和範圍不斷擴大，戰爭的時空也不斷延伸。戰爭與和平密不可分，戰爭體系將進一步超越地域限制，從相對封閉走向更開放，形成更高層次、更廣泛範圍的對抗。耗散型戰爭強調智慧戰系統在物理、資訊和認知領域的綜合運用，將政治博弈、經濟競爭、軍事攻防、文化衝突以及外交制衡等因素高度整合到對抗的範疇內，從而適應不斷演變的全球安全格局。

這與支配戰爭演化的客觀法則相符。戰爭中的耗散現象自戰爭誕生之初便已存在；然而，在智能戰爭出現之前，由於技術限制，戰爭仍處於相對原始和簡單的狀態，僅以物質消耗、能量耗散或信息擴散三種形式之一表現出來。在農業時代，戰爭主要以物質驅動、以人為中心的冷兵器戰爭為特徵。在工業時代，戰爭主要以能量驅動、以平台為中心的核戰和機械化戰爭為特徵。在資訊時代，戰爭主要以資訊驅動、網路為基礎的資訊戰為特徵。進入智慧時代，智慧科技高度整合了對抗中的認知、決策和作戰優勢。本質上，它高度整合了物質、能量和訊息，透過智慧賦能、智慧能量聚合和智慧能量釋放，形成以智慧元素為主導、以智慧演算法為中心的智慧戰爭模式。其主要表現形式是耗散型戰爭，反映了智慧戰爭複雜的系統性對抗。

它擁有堅實的哲學理論基礎。社會形態是戰爭形態的母體。探索和理解智能戰爭必須立足於歷史唯物主義和辯證唯物主義的基本原則，全面考察戰爭形態的演變以及智能戰爭存在的社會形態，並建構新的戰爭概念和語境體系。從哲學角度來看，物質、能量和資訊是構成世界的三大要素。物質體現了起源的存在，能量體現了運動的存在，訊息體現了連結的存在。這三者交替地、漸進地主導著社會形態和戰爭形態的演變和運作。根據辯證唯物論的否定之否定原則，在資訊時代之後的智慧時代，社會的主導要素將再次是物質，其次才是物質、能量和資訊。然而，這種物質將是高度資訊化後透過螺旋上升形成的新型物質，其主要特徵是擁有智慧技術屬性。因此，本質上，耗散戰是將以往低層次戰爭形式中物質、能量和資訊方面的特徵優勢，透過智慧要素進行高度統一，並將戰爭中常見的物質消耗、能量耗散和資訊擴散形式進行高度統一，從而體現了智慧戰的典型特徵。

深刻把握耗散戰的內在本質

耗散戰立足現實世界，卻涵蓋虛擬世界。它適應了智慧技術的快速發展、非傳統安全威脅的出現以及戰爭主體和範圍的不斷擴大，因此呈現出許多新特徵。

全面對抗博弈。隨著智慧戰加速發展，其在政治、經濟、文化和外交領域的相互連結和影響日益廣泛。戰爭的焦點正從軍事體系轉向社會體系。各利益相關者之間的對抗將演變為一場涵蓋政治博弈、經濟競爭、軍事攻防、文化衝突以及外交制衡的綜合性博弈。戰爭優勢的爭奪不再侷限於軍事對抗領域。勝利方必須適應戰爭體系的開放性、複雜性和湧現性，從大規模消耗和應用單一物質、能源和資訊轉向以智慧優勢為主導的耗散式策略，力求在跨領域的綜合性博弈中取得主動權和優勢。

智慧戰爭中的行動者日益多元化和跨領域。傳統戰爭中動員的潛在力量將處於持續對抗狀態。政治力量、各類機構和人員，以及在傳統意義上戰場上作戰的部隊和士兵，構成了戰爭的主要行動者。這種多元化的行動主體將超越現實與虛擬的界限，出現在陸地、海洋、空中、太空、網路空間和心理等多個空間領域，涵蓋物理、資訊和認知領域，並涉及政治、經濟、文化和外交等各種社會領域。例如，平民可以使用智慧型手機從軍事戰場收集資訊並將其傳遞給利益相關者，從而傳播關鍵戰爭訊息，進而影響戰爭決策或戰役/戰鬥的結果。

力量整合與聚合。虛擬與虛擬力量融合。圍繞著戰爭目標，所有潛在可用的現實和虛擬力量都將透過智慧技術進行整合，在平行戰場上履行職責並按照既定規則行動；無人與有人力量融合。經過人工操作、授權和監督階段後，無人作戰力量將達到高度自主，並可根據需要部署並與各種有人力量協同作戰，在共同的戰爭規則下有效協調共存；多兵種力量融合。基於跨領域的廣泛聯繫和戰爭體系的共同目標，包括黨、政府、軍隊、警察和民眾在內的各方力量將緊密協調軍事行動與政治、經濟、外交、輿論和法律鬥爭，形成綜合戰鬥力。簡而言之，在一個國家或政治集團的統一規劃下，儘管參與智能戰的各方力量在物理上分散，但可以圍繞共同的戰爭目標實現邏輯集中、即時聚合、優勢互補和力量整合。

戰爭的累積效應正在顯現。先進戰爭雖然具有新的技術特徵，但仍保留了低層次戰爭的優點和特徵。耗散型戰爭強調跨多個領域的持續、全面對抗。這包括物質層面的彈藥、補給、裝備乃至人員的消耗；能量層面的能量的持續累積和釋放；以及透過數據、知識和演算法的擴散和整合，對人類思維、價值觀、道德觀念、情感和行為模式產生不可估量的影響。在核武持續嚇阻下，情報戰的殘酷性降低，但政治孤立、經濟封鎖、文化衝突和外交壓制將變得更加嚴重和激烈。當各種體系——軍事、政治、經濟、文化和外交——都受到影響時，情況可能會變得更加複雜。外交手段－持續有效運作，累積效應達到某一水準後，戰爭系統會增加其負熵，導致戰鬥力突飛猛進，系統效能湧現，進而獲得戰時優勢。

選擇正確的作戰重點，進行消耗戰。

智慧戰系統透過內部的豐富與整合、外在突發的變化、跨域效能的提升、智慧化的消散，實現系統作戰效能的最大化。這是消散戰固有的致勝機制。要在智慧戰中取得優勢，關鍵在於明確消散戰的作戰重點，找出對手系統的弱點和不足，並準確地辨識備戰的關鍵點。

以系統開放性為核心，該戰略旨在孤立和封閉對手的戰爭系統。這包括切斷敵方戰爭系統與外部戰場環境之間的物質、能源和資訊交換，剝奪其資源來源，並逐步使其走向孤立、封閉和虛弱。在戰略層面，可採用政治孤立來孤立敵方戰爭系統，進而增加系統熵。在作戰層面，可採用切斷資料來源、銷毀資料備份、竄改資料和資訊等方法，結合軟硬戰術，迫使敵方戰爭系統走向封閉狀態，進而降低其作戰效能。

考慮到系統的複雜性，可以從不同領域發動攻擊來擾亂敵方戰爭系統。智慧戰系統的各個組成部分之間的聯繫越緊密，其結構可靠性就越低。基於複雜系統中每一層相對獨立的原則，可以製定戰略、作戰和戰術行動計劃，實現對敵方戰爭系統的分層和領域性破壞。例如，在戰略層面，經濟封鎖可以顯著削弱對手的戰爭力量和發展潛力。在作戰層面，可以利用作戰系統通訊網路的脆弱性，以網路戰和電子戰結合的方式作為基本路徑和手段，採用「摧毀終端、攻擊單元、隔離集群、癱瘓網路、突破雲端基礎設施」等方法，破壞對手的作戰系統結構，使其戰爭系統「崩潰」。

著眼於系統性湧現效應，目標是瓦解和分散對手的戰爭系統。智慧戰系統只有在各個組成部分或單元發揮作用時，才能迅速形成並發揮其係統效能，獲得分散優勢。如果只有單一組成部分或單元處於活動狀態，則不可能產生優勢。可以預見，諸如ChatGPT等新興技術以及未來更先進的智慧技術，將為理解和發現戰爭系統複雜的運作行為、狀態和模式提供新的思路，並為探索客觀規律、改造自然和社會提供新的途徑。戰爭對抗中的主導者將透過虛擬與現實、並行與一體化對抗方式，降低敵方戰爭系統的耦合度，從而達到瓦解和瓦解敵方戰爭系統的目標。

資料來源：中國軍網-解放軍報作者：王榮輝責任編輯：郭妍菲
2023-05-09 07:xx:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_20854883/1622287889.html

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Chinese Military Grasping Pulse of Information and Intelligent Warfare Development

01/31/2026 admin Leave a comment

中國軍方掌握資訊戰和智慧戰發展的脈搏

現代英語：

Currently, the deep penetration and integrated application of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence in the military field are profoundly reshaping the form of warfare and driving the evolution of informationized and intelligent warfare to a higher and more complex level. This process brings new challenges, such as the full-dimensional expansion of the operational space, but also contains the enduring underlying logic of the essential laws of warfare. We must deeply analyze the evolutionary mechanism of informationized and intelligent warfare, understand and clarify the specific manifestations of the new challenges and underlying logic, and continuously explore the practical paths and winning principles for strategizing future warfare.

Recognizing the new challenges that information technology and intelligent technology bring to warfare

Technological iteration and upgrading have driven profound changes in combat styles, which in turn bring new challenges. Currently, with the accelerated development of information and intelligent technologies, the form of warfare is showing significant changes such as cross-domain integration, system confrontation, and intelligent dominance, thereby giving rise to new challenges such as mixed-domain nature, intelligence, and all-personnel involvement.

The Challenges of Multi-Domain Operations. In future warfare, the physical boundaries of traditional operational domains will be broken, with information and social domains deeply nested, forming a new type of battlefield characterized by multi-domain coordination. This multi-dimensional battlefield environment presents two challenges to current combat systems. First, system compatibility is difficult. In a multi-domain operational environment, combat operations “span” multiple physical and virtual spaces, while traditional combat systems are often built based on specific operational domains, making seamless compatibility of their technical standards and information interfaces difficult. Second, command and control are highly complex. In informationized and intelligent warfare, combat operations unfold simultaneously or alternately across multiple dimensions, with various demands exhibiting non-linear, explosive, and multi-domain characteristics. Traditional, hierarchical, tree-like command structures are ill-suited to handle this complex multi-domain coordination situation.

The Challenges of Intelligence. The deep integration of technologies such as artificial intelligence into the war decision-making and action chain presents new challenges to traditional decision-making models and action logic. On the one hand, defining the boundaries and dominance of human-machine collaboration is challenging. Intelligent systems demonstrate superior capabilities in information processing, decision support, and even autonomous action, but over-reliance on algorithms can lead to a “decision black box”; excessive restrictions on machine intelligence may result in the loss of the speed and efficiency advantages of intelligent algorithms. Therefore, how to construct a human-machine symbiotic, human-led, and intelligence-assisted decision-making model has become an unavoidable “test” in winning informationized and intelligent warfare. On the other hand, the complexity and vulnerability of algorithmic warfare are becoming increasingly prominent. The higher the level of intelligence in warfare, the stronger the dependence on core algorithms. Adversaries may launch attacks through data pollution, model deception, and network intrusion, inducing intelligent systems to misjudge and fail. This kind of “bottom-up” attack based on algorithmic vulnerabilities is far more covert and destructive than traditional methods, placing higher demands on the construction and maintenance of defense systems.

A challenge affecting all personnel. Informationized and intelligent warfare blurs the lines between wartime and peacetime, front lines and rear areas. Combat operations are no longer confined to professional soldiers and traditional battlefields; non-military sectors such as economics, finance, and technology, along with related personnel, may all be integrated into modern combat systems to varying degrees, bringing entirely new challenges. Specifically, non-military sectors may become new focal points of offense and defense. In an information society, critical infrastructure such as energy networks, transportation hubs, and information platforms are highly interconnected and interdependent, with broad social coverage and significant influence, making them prime targets for attack or disruption in hybrid warfare, thus significantly increasing the difficulty of protection. The national defense mobilization system faces transformation pressure. The traditional “peacetime-wartime conversion” model is ill-suited to the demands of high-intensity, fast-paced, and high-consumption informationized and intelligent warfare. There is an urgent need to build a modern mobilization mechanism that is “integrated in peacetime and wartime, military-civilian integrated, precise, and efficient,” ensuring the rapid response and efficient transformation of core resources such as technological potential, industrial capabilities, and professional talent.

Clarifying the underlying logic of information-based and intelligent warfare

Although the development of information and intelligent technologies has profoundly reshaped the mode of force application, the inherent attributes of war have not been fundamentally shaken. Ensuring that strategy follows policy, adhering to the principle that people are the decisive factor, and recognizing that the “fog of war” will persist for a long time are still key measures for us to understand, plan, and respond to future wars.

Strategic subordination with political strategy is paramount. Currently, the proliferation of new technologies and attack methods easily fosters “technocentrism”—when algorithms and computing power are seen as the key to victory, and when technological superiority in equipment is considered an absolute advantage, military operations risk deviating from the political and strategic trajectory. This necessitates that we always integrate military operations within the overall national political framework, ensuring that technological advantages serve strategic objectives. Under informationized and intelligent conditions, strategic subordination with political strategy transcends the purely military level, requiring precise alignment with core national political goals such as diplomatic maneuvering and domestic development and stability. Therefore, it is essential to clearly define the boundaries, intensity, and scope of information and intelligent means of application, avoid significant political and strategic risks arising from the misuse of technology, and strive for a dynamic unity between political objectives and military means.

The decisive factor remains human. While intelligent technology can indeed endow weapons with superior autonomous perception and decision-making capabilities, the ultimate control and winning formula in war always firmly rests in human hands. Marxist warfare theory reveals that regardless of how warfare evolves, humans are always the main actors and the ultimate decisive force. Weapons, as tools, ultimately rely on human creativity in their effective use. Therefore, facing the wave of informationized and intelligent warfare, we must achieve deep integration and synchronous development of human-machine intelligence, building upon a foundation of human dominance. Specifically, intelligentization must not only “transform” things—improving equipment performance—but also “transform” people—enhancing human cognitive abilities, decision-making levels, and human-machine collaborative efficiency, ensuring that no matter how high the “kites” of intelligent equipment fly, humanity always firmly grasps the “control chain” that guides their development.

Recognizing the persistent nature of the “fog of war,” while information technology has significantly improved battlefield transparency, technological means can only reduce the density of the “fog,” not completely dispel it. The fundamental reason is that war is a dynamic game; the deception generated by the continuous strategic feints and other maneuvers employed by opposing sides transcends the scope of mere technological deconstruction, possessing an inherent unpredictability. Therefore, we must acknowledge the perpetual nature of the “fog of war” and employ appropriate measures to achieve the goal of “reducing our own fog and increasing the enemy’s confusion.” Regarding the former, we must strengthen our own reconnaissance advantages by integrating multi-source intelligence, including satellite reconnaissance, drone surveillance, and ground sensors, to achieve a real-time dynamic map of the battlefield situation. Regarding the latter, we must deepen the enemy’s decision-making dilemma by using techniques such as false signals and electronic camouflage to mislead their intelligence gathering, forcing them to expend resources in a state of confusion between truth and falsehood, directly weakening their situational awareness.

Exploring the winning factors of information-based and intelligent warfare

To plan for future wars, we must recognize the new challenges they bring, follow the underlying logic they contain, further explore the winning principles of informationized and intelligent warfare, and work hard to strengthen military theory, make good strategic plans, and innovate tactics and methods.

Strengthening theoretical development is crucial. Scientific military theory is combat power, and maintaining the advancement of military theory is essential for winning informationized and intelligent warfare. On the one hand, we must deepen the integration and innovation of military theory. We must systematically integrate modern scientific theories such as cybernetics, game theory, and information theory, focusing on new combat styles such as human-machine collaborative operations and cross-domain joint operations, to construct an advanced military theoretical system that is forward-looking, adaptable, and operable. On the other hand, we must adhere to practical testing and iterative updates. We must insist on linking theory with practice, keenly observing problems, systematically summarizing experiences, and accurately extracting patterns from the front lines of military struggle preparation and training, forming a virtuous cycle of “practice—understanding—re-practice—re-understanding,” ensuring that theory remains vibrant and effectively guides future warfare.

Strategic planning is crucial. Future-oriented strategic planning is essentially a proactive shaping process driven by technology, driven by demand, and guaranteed by dynamic adaptation. It requires a broad technological vision and flexible strategic thinking, striving to achieve a leap from “responding to war” to “designing war.” First, we must anticipate technological changes. We must maintain a high degree of sensitivity to disruptive technologies that may reshape the rules of war and deeply understand the profound impact of the cross-integration of various technologies. Second, we must focus on key areas. Emerging “high frontiers” such as cyberspace, outer space, the deep sea, and the polar regions should be the focus of strategic planning, concentrating on shaping the rules of operation and seizing advantages to ensure dominance in the invisible battlefield and emerging spaces. Third, we must dynamically adjust and adapt. The future battlefield is constantly changing and full of uncertainty. Strategic planning cannot be a static, definitive text, but rather a resilient, dynamic framework. We must assess the applicability, maturity, and potential risks of various solutions in conjunction with reality to ensure that the direction of military development is always precisely aligned with the needs of future warfare.

Promoting Tactical Innovation. Specific tactics serve as a bridge connecting technological innovation and combat operations. Faced with the profound changes brought about by informationized and intelligent warfare, it is imperative to vigorously promote tactical innovation and explore “intelligent strategies” adapted to the future battlefield. On the one hand, it is necessary to deeply explore the combat potential of emerging technologies. We should actively explore new winning paths such as “algorithms as combat power,” “data as firepower,” “networks as the battlefield,” and “intelligence as advantage,” transforming technological advantages into battlefield victories. On the other hand, it is necessary to innovatively design future combat processes. Various combat forces can be dispersed and deployed across multiple intelligent and networked nodes, constructing a more flattened, agile, and adaptive “observation-judgment-decision-action” cycle. Simultaneously, we must strengthen multi-domain linkage, breaking down inherent barriers between different services and combat domains, striving to achieve cross-domain collaboration, system-wide synergy, autonomous adaptation, and dynamic reorganization, promoting the overall emergence of combat effectiveness.

現代國語：

目前，人工智慧等尖端技術在軍事領域的深度滲透與融合應用，正深刻重塑戰爭形態，推動資訊化、智慧化戰爭朝向更高、更複雜的層面演進。這個過程帶來了作戰空間全方位擴展等新挑戰，同時也蘊含著戰爭基本法則的持久邏輯。我們必須深入分析資訊化、智慧化戰爭的演進機制，理解並釐清新挑戰的具體表現及其內在邏輯，不斷探索未來戰爭戰略的實踐路徑與勝利原則。

認識資訊科技和智慧科技為戰爭帶來的新挑戰

技術的迭代升級推動了作戰方式的深刻變革，進而帶來了新的挑戰。目前，隨著資訊科技與智慧科技的加速發展，戰爭形態呈現出跨域融合、系統對抗、智慧主導等顯著變化，由此產生了混合域作戰、智慧化作戰、全員參與等新挑戰。

多域作戰的挑戰。在未來的戰爭中，傳統作戰領域的物理邊界將被打破，資訊領域和社會領域將深度交織，形成以多域協同為特徵的新型戰場。這種多維戰場環境對現有作戰系統提出了兩大挑戰。首先，系統相容性面臨挑戰。在多域作戰環境中，作戰行動「跨越」多個實體和虛擬空間，而傳統作戰系統通常基於特定的作戰領域構建，難以實現技術標準和資訊介面的無縫相容。其次，指揮控制高度複雜。在資訊化和智慧化戰爭中，作戰行動在多個維度上同時或交替展開，各種需求呈現出非線性、爆發性和多域性的特徵。傳統的層級式、樹狀指揮結構難以應付這種複雜的多域協同局面。

情報的挑戰。人工智慧等技術深度融入戰爭決策和行動鏈，對傳統的決策模型和行動邏輯提出了新的挑戰。一方面，界定人機協作的邊界和主導地位極具挑戰性。智慧型系統在資訊處理、決策支援乃至自主行動方面展現出卓越的能力，但過度依賴演算法可能導致「決策黑箱」；對機器智慧的過度限制則可能喪失智慧演算法的速度和效率優勢。因此，如何建構人機共生、人主導、智慧輔助的決策模型，已成為贏得資訊化和智慧化戰爭的必經「考驗」。另一方面，演算法戰的複雜性和脆弱性日益凸顯。戰爭智能化程度越高，對核心演算法的依賴性就越強。敵方可能透過資料污染、模型欺騙和網路入侵等手段發動攻擊，誘使智慧型系統誤判和失效。這種基於演算法漏洞的「自下而上」攻擊比傳統手段更加隱蔽和破壞性，對防禦系統的建構和維護提出了更高的要求。

這是一項影響全體人員的挑戰。資訊化與智慧化戰爭模糊了戰時與和平時期、前線與後方的界線。作戰行動不再侷限於職業軍人和傳統戰場；經濟、金融、科技等非軍事領域及其相關人員都可能在不同程度上融入現代作戰體系，帶來全新的挑戰。具體而言，非軍事領域可能成為攻防的新焦點。在資訊社會中，能源網路、交通樞紐、資訊平台等關鍵基礎設施高度互聯互通、相互依存，覆蓋範圍廣、影響力大，使其成為混合戰爭中攻擊或破壞的主要目標，大大增加了防禦難度。國防動員體系面臨轉型壓力。傳統的「和平時期向戰爭時期轉換」模式已無法滿足高強度、快節奏、高消耗的資訊化和智慧化戰爭的需求。迫切需要…建構「和平時期與戰爭時期一體化、軍民融合、精準高效」的現代化動員機制，確保技術潛力、產業能力、專業人才等核心資源的快速反應與高效轉換。

釐清資訊化與智慧化戰爭的內在邏輯

儘管資訊和智慧科技的發展深刻地重塑了兵力運用方式，但戰爭的固有屬性並未發生根本性改變。確保戰略服從政策，堅持以人為本的原則，並認識到「戰爭迷霧」將長期存在，仍然是我們理解、規劃和應對未來戰爭的關鍵。

戰略服從政治戰略至關重要。目前，新技術和新攻擊手段的湧現容易滋生「技術中心主義」——當演算法和運算能力被視為取勝的關鍵，裝備的技術優勢被視為絕對優勢時，軍事行動就有可能偏離政治戰略軌道。這就要求我們始終將軍事行動納入國家整體政治框架，確保技術優勢服務於戰略目標。在資訊化和智慧化條件下，戰略對政治戰略的服從超越了純粹的軍事層面，需要與外交斡旋、國內發展穩定等核心國家政治目標精準契合。因此，必須明確界定資訊和智慧手段應用的邊界、強度和範圍，避免因技術濫用而引發重大政治和戰略風險，並努力實現政治目標與軍事手段的動態統一。

決定性因素仍然是人。雖然智慧科技確實可以賦予武器卓越的自主感知和決策能力，但戰爭的最終控制權和勝利之道始終牢牢掌握在人手中。馬克思主義戰爭理論表明，無論戰爭如何演變，人類始終是主要行動者和最終的決定性力量。武器作為工具，其有效使用最終依賴於人的創造力。因此，面對資訊化、智慧化戰爭的浪潮，我們必須在人類主導的基礎上，實現人機智慧的深度融合與同步發展。具體而言，智慧化不僅要「改造」物——提升裝備性能——更要「改造」人——增強人類的認知能力、決策水平和人機協同效率，確保無論智慧裝備的「風箏」飛得多高，人類始終牢牢掌控著引導其發展的「控制鏈」。

認識到「戰爭迷霧」的持久性，儘管資訊技術顯著提升了戰場透明度，但技術手段只能降低「迷霧」的密度，而無法徹底驅散它。根本原因在於戰爭是一場動態賽局；交戰雙方不斷進行的戰略佯攻和其他戰術動作所產生的欺騙性，遠非簡單的技術解構所能及，具有固有的不可預測性。因此，我們必須正視「戰爭迷霧」的永恆性，並採取適當措施，實現「減少自身迷霧，增加敵方混亂」的目標。就前者而言，我們必須整合衛星偵察、無人機監視、地面感測器等多源情報，強化自身偵察優勢，以實現戰場態勢的即時動態測繪。就後者而言，我們必須運用假訊號、電子偽裝等手段，誤導敵方情報蒐集，使其在真假難辨的狀態下耗費資源，從而直接削弱其態勢感知能力，加深敵方決策困境。

探索資訊化、智慧化戰爭的勝利要素

為因應未來戰爭，我們必須體認到戰爭帶來的新挑戰，掌握其內在邏輯，進一步探索資訊化、智慧化戰爭的勝利原則，努力加強軍事理論建設，制定完善的戰略規劃，並創新戰術方法。

加強理論發展至關重要。科學的軍事理論就是戰鬥力，維持軍事理論的進步是贏得資訊化、智慧化戰爭的關鍵。一方面，我們必須深化軍事理論的整合與創新，有系統地將現代科學融入軍事理論。

運用控制論、博弈論、資訊理論等理論，著重研究人機協同作戰、跨域聯合作戰等新型作戰方式，建構前瞻性、適應性和可操作性的先進軍事理論體系。另一方面，必須堅持實戰檢驗、迭代更新。必須堅持理論與實踐結合，敏銳觀察問題，系統總結經驗，準確提煉軍事鬥爭前線備戰訓練中的規律，形成「實踐—理解—再實踐—再理解」的良性循環，確保理論保持活力，有效指導未來戰爭。

策略規劃至關重要。面向未來的策略規劃本質上是一個由技術驅動、需求驅動、動態調適保障的主動塑造過程。它需要廣闊的技術視野和靈活的戰略思維，力求實現從「應對戰爭」到「設計戰爭」的飛躍。首先，我們必須預見技術變革。我們必須對可能重塑戰爭規則的顛覆性技術保持高度敏感，並深刻理解各種技術交叉融合的深遠影響。其次，我們必須聚焦重點領域。網路空間、外太空、深海、極地等新興「高前沿」應成為戰略規劃的重點，著力塑造作戰規則，奪取優勢，確保在無形戰場和新興空間佔據主導地位。第三，我們必須動態調整與適應。未來的戰場瞬息萬變，充滿不確定性。策略規劃不能是一成不變的固定文本，而應是一個具有韌性的動態架構。我們必須結合實際情況，評估各種解決方案的適用性、成熟度和潛在風險，確保軍事發展方向始終與未來戰爭的需求精準契合。

推進戰術創新。具體戰術是連結技術創新與作戰行動的橋樑。面對資訊化、智慧化戰爭帶來的深刻變革，必須大力推動戰術創新，探索適應未來戰場的「智慧戰略」。一方面，要深入挖掘新興技術的作戰潛力，積極探索「演算法即戰力」、「數據即火力」、「網路即戰場」、「情報即優勢」等新的致勝路徑，將技術優勢轉化為戰場勝利。另一方面，要創新地設計未來作戰流程，使各類作戰力量分散部署於多個智慧化、網路化的節點，建構更扁平、更敏捷、適應性更強的「觀察-判斷-決策-行動」循環。同時，要加強多域連結，打破不同軍種、不同作戰域之間的固有壁壘，力爭實現跨域協同、系統協同、自主適應、動態重組，進而提升整體作戰效能。

（編：任嘉慧、彭靜）

李书吾丁盛

2026年01月27日0x:xx | 来源：解放军报

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2026/08127/c10811-4808868538648.html

Red Dragon 1949 / 紅龍1949

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