中國人民解放軍積極應對智能化作戰挑戰

Chinese People’s Liberation Army Actively Responding to the Challenge of Intelligent Warfare

In recent years, the wave of intelligence has surged and has been widely used in the military field. Major countries in the world attach great importance to the construction and application of military intelligence, and various unmanned combat platforms and intelligent weapons and equipment continue to appear, and they are installed in troops and put into actual combat. In the face of the accelerated evolution of intelligent warfare, only by seizing development opportunities, actively responding to challenges, accelerating the development of military intelligence, and accelerating the forging of intelligent combat capabilities can we seize the strategic initiative of intelligent warfare and win future intelligent warfare.

Focusing on designing wars to create intelligent theory

Military theory comes from combat practice and is used to guide combat practice. Restricted by various conditions in the past, military theory research was mostly “looking backwards”, that is, summarizing battle examples to form combat guidance. With the rapid development of modern technology, especially big data, cloud computing and other disruptive technologies, the research on combat theory has got rid of the traditional follow-up and inductive reasoning mode, and has entered a new era of experimental warfare and design warfare. New disruptive technologies in the field of intelligence have opened up new space for military theory innovation. To this end, we should create a basic theory of intelligent warfare in accordance with the idea of ​​”proposing concepts-needs analysis-innovating theories”, and conduct in-depth research on the concept connotation, essential characteristics, war guidance, combat styles, offensive and defensive actions, winning mechanisms, etc. of intelligent warfare. Features and laws, etc.; innovate intelligent combat methods and methods, give full play to the overall effectiveness of the intelligent combat system, strengthen research on new intelligent combat methods and methods such as man-machine collaborative intelligent combat, intelligent robot combat, and intelligent unmanned swarm combat, as well as intelligent Combat command, the process and methods of intelligent combat support, etc.; focus on effectively responding to the threat of intelligent combat, and research strategies to defeat the enemy, such as intelligent interdiction warfare and intelligent disruption warfare. These theories are the cornerstone of the theoretical system of intelligent warfare. In the future, the theory of war centered on strengthening “controlling intellectual power” and competing for “algorithm-centric warfare” will most likely replace the theory of warfare centered on “network-centric warfare.”

Focus on cross-domain interconnection and explore intelligent forms

The military organization is the link connecting military technology and combat theory, and the lever to exert the overall combat effectiveness of the military. Modern combat places more emphasis on “elite combat under the support of a large system”, that is, supported by the joint combat system, “fine front and strong back”, according to the idea of ​​”integrated design, modular formation, and combined application”, the formation is more precise and more accurate. The powerful combat module enables the maximum release of combat energy. The organization of the future intelligent warfare system will be based on strategies, campaigns, and tactics at different levels and different arms and arms, and will form different types and purposes of small, multi-functional and intelligent new joint combat forces. According to the requirements of reconfigurability, scalability and self-adaptation, the intelligentized combat network can seamlessly link and flexibly organize individual weapon platforms according to changes in the enemy situation and battlefield environment, and then aggregate them to form System advantages, forming a combat module integrating offense and defense. The intelligent new combat force system is a comprehensive product of the development of artificial intelligence technology, the formation of new combat capabilities, and the evolution of war forms. new growth point.

Focus on the integration of man and machine to develop intelligent weapons With the development of information technology and intelligent technology, whoever can win in the field of artificial intelligence is expected to have the initiative in future military confrontation. We should focus on the dual needs of intelligent warfare system operations and intelligent weapon equipment system construction, do a good job in top-level design and overall planning, compile a road map for the development of intelligent weapon equipment systems, and develop high, medium, low-end, low-end, and Large, medium and small, long-range and short-range, covering space fields such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and networks, and an intelligent unmanned combat equipment system that matches combat and support, and establishes a “human-led, machine-assisted, mixed formation, joint “Operation” manned-unmanned cooperation system, enhance the system integration of various military arms and various intelligent weapons and equipment such as operations and support. Intelligent unmanned combat system is a new trend in the development of future war equipment. Its core is to aim at the requirements of “zero casualties”, “full coverage” and “fast response” in future wars, and make full use of new theories, new materials, new processes, new energy, and new technology development achievements in two aspects: man-machine collaboration and autonomous action. Continuously make breakthroughs, build a three-level unmanned equipment sys

tem of strategy, campaign, and tactics, build a new type of intelligent unmanned division on a large scale, and realize the systematic and coordinated operations of unmanned combat systems. At the same time, we should focus on the needs of unmanned and anti-unmanned, intelligent and anti-intelligent operations, and focus on the development of anti-enemy intelligent unmanned combat weaponry systems to ensure effective intelligent unmanned offensive and defensive confrontation with the enemy.

Focus on ability compound innovation intelligent training

The professional division of labor in modern warfare is becoming more and more detailed, and the entire combat system is becoming more and more complex, which promotes the transition from manpower-intensive to technology-intensive operations, requiring combatants not only to have good physical fitness, but also to have good technical literacy and intellectual advantages , to meet the needs of different combat missions, combat environments, and combat opponents. Military intelligence puts forward higher requirements on the quality of people. Correspondingly, intelligent military talents should have the characteristics of group talents, sophisticated skills, complex knowledge, innovative thinking, and intelligent decision-making. Intelligent warfare will be a war carried out by the combination of man and machine, and the combat force with the intelligent unmanned combat system as the main body will play an increasingly important role. The effective combination of high-quality personnel and intelligent weapons can maximize combat effectiveness. It is necessary to adapt to the new characteristics of the intelligent warfare force system, innovate and develop the concept of intelligent training, and explore a new model for the generation of intelligent warfare combat power. At present, artificial intelligence technology can create a more “real” weapon operation experience and battlefield environment, and can realistically interpret the combat process, assist decision-making and command, and evaluate combat concepts. To this end, adapt to the new characteristics of the intelligent warfare force system, focus on the improvement of the self-command, self-control, and self-combat capabilities of the intelligent combat system, and make full use of the characteristics of the intelligent system that can self-game and self-growth, forming a special strategy for intelligent warfare. Combat system training system, training environment and training mechanism, strengthen “human” control of intelligent system training, and explore a new training mode with “machine” as the main object. In this way, the intelligent combat system can obtain a leap in combat capability after short-term self-intensive training, so as to cope with the test of disorder, complexity and uncertainty in the future combat environment.

Focusing on Accurate and Efficient Improvement of Guarantee Mode

Intelligent battlefields and the degree of realization of comprehensive support for joint operations are important factors that directly affect the generation of combat effectiveness of troops. The development of intelligent technology will surely trigger a revolutionary change in the construction of the joint combat support system and realize intelligent comprehensive support. Comprehensive support is the foundation of combat effectiveness and a bridge that transforms national economic strength into military combat capability. With the continuous maturity of the Internet of Things technology, intelligent warfare puts more emphasis on integrated guarantee, precise guarantee, and distribution guarantee, that is, the required amount is delivered to the required place at the required time. Relying on the integrated support system, the dispersedly deployed support forces and resources are grouped according to functional modules such as supplies, supplies, maintenance, ammunition, and management, so that they cover all areas of combat service support. Relying on visualization technology, the entire process of combat supply is tracked and mastered According to the current situation, according to the real-time development of the battle situation, information control, reception and distribution of personnel flow and material flow are carried out to achieve point-to-point direct support. Through the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things, drones, smart cars, remote surgery, and 3D printing, upgrade and build an intelligent after-installation support system covering intelligent warehousing, intelligent delivery, intelligent maintenance, and intelligent medical treatment, so as to realize automatic, fast and accurate supply of after-load materials on the battlefield , Rapid diagnosis and maintenance of equipment failures, timely rescue of battlefield personnel, changing passive support into active service, and improving the overall support efficiency and effectiveness of aftermarket.

Focus on both military and

civilian use and deepen intelligent integration

Breakthroughs in the core and key technologies of artificial intelligence are the “country’s most important weapon” to deal with the threats and challenges of intelligent warfare. The rapid development of intelligent technology has become an accelerator of military intelligence. In the information age, the boundary between military technology and civilian technology is becoming more and more blurred, and the transferability is becoming stronger and stronger. Actively establish a military-civilian collaborative innovation mechanism, continuously strengthen the driving force for the innovation and development of intelligent core technologies, build an open industry-university-research collaborative innovation system for the whole society, plan forward and support investment in core cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, and give full play to the innovation power of the entire society. Promote the rapid and sustainable development of military intelligence. Accelerate technological breakthroughs in key areas. It is necessary to focus on relevant key technical fields and break the technical bottleneck that restricts the development of military intelligence. Strengthen research on the basic support fields of military intelligence, such as military big data, military Internet of Things, etc.; start from combat requirements, strengthen research on intelligent application technologies in various operational elements, especially intelligent command and decision-making, intelligent weapon platforms, Research on intelligent battlefield perception and intelligent countermeasure technology. The research and development of the core key technology of military intelligence not only requires interdisciplinary and cross-field collaborative innovation, but also integrates the development of social intelligence and military intelligence. Intelligent technology is quickly embedded in operational elements and operational processes. To accelerate the development of military intelligence, we should explore the rules of cultivating relevant talents, make full use of military and local education resources, increase the intensity of training relevant talents, and provide solid intellectual support and talent guarantee for promoting the construction of military intelligence.

近年來,智能化浪潮席捲而來,並在軍事領域得到廣泛應用。 世界主要國家高度重視軍事智能化建設和應用,各種無人作戰平台和智能化武器裝備不斷湧現,並列裝部隊,投入實戰。 面對智能化戰爭加速演進,只有抓住發展機遇,積極應對挑戰,加快軍事智能化發展,加快鍛造智能化作戰能力,才能搶占智能化戰爭的戰略主動權,贏得智能化未來。 戰爭。

專注於設計戰爭創造智能理論

軍事理論來源於作戰實踐,用於指導作戰實踐。 過去受制於各種條件,軍事理論研究多是“回頭看”,即總結戰例形成作戰指導。 隨著現代科技尤其是大數據、雲計算等顛覆性技術的迅猛發展,作戰理論研究擺脫了傳統的跟風和歸納推理模式,進入了實驗戰和設計戰的新時代 . 情報領域的顛覆性新技術為軍事理論創新開闢了新空間。 為此,應按照“提出概念——需求分析——創新理論”的思路,打造智能戰爭基礎理論,對概念內涵、本質特徵、戰爭指導、作戰方式等進行深入研究。 智能戰的風格、攻防動作、制勝機制等。 特徵和規律等; 創新智能作戰方式方法,充分發揮智能作戰系統整體效能,加強人機協同智能作戰、智能機器人作戰、智能無人蜂群作戰等新型智能作戰方式方法研究, 如智能作戰指揮、智能作戰保障的流程和方法等; 重點有效應對智能化作戰威脅,研究智能化攔截戰、智能化干擾戰等克敵制勝策略。 這些理論是智能戰理論體系的基石。 未來,以加強“控制智力”和爭奪“算法中心戰”為中心的戰爭理論,極有可能取代以“網絡中心戰”為中心的戰爭理論。

聚焦跨域互聯,探索智能形態

軍事編制是連接軍事技術和作戰理論的紐帶,是發揮軍隊整體戰鬥力的槓桿。 現代作戰更強調“大體系支撐下的精銳作戰”,即以聯合作戰體係為支撐,“前精後強”,按照“一體化設計、模塊化編隊、 和組合應用”,編隊更精準、更精準。 強大的戰鬥模塊,最大限度釋放戰鬥能量。 未來智能化作戰體系的編組,將基於不同層次、不同兵種的戰略、戰役、戰術,形成不同類型、不同用途的小型化、多功能化、智能化的新型聯合作戰力量。 智能化作戰網絡根據可重構性、可擴展性和自適應性的要求,可以根據敵情和戰場環境的變化,無縫鏈接和靈活組織單個武器平台,進而聚合形成系統優勢,形成作戰模塊 攻防一體。 智能化新型作戰力量體係是人工智能技術發展、新型作戰能力形成、戰爭形態演進的綜合產物。 新的增長點。

專注於人機融合發展智能武器

隨著信息技術和智能技術的發展,誰能在人工智能領域取得勝利,誰就有望掌握未來軍事對抗的主動權。 圍繞智能作戰體系運行和智能武器裝備體系建設雙重需求,做好頂層設計和統籌規劃,編制智能武器裝備體係發展路線圖,發展高、中 、低端、低端、大、中、小型、遠程、近程,涵蓋陸、海、空、天、電、網等空間領域,以及智能化無人作戰裝備系統, 作戰與保障相匹配,建立“人主導、機助、混合編隊、聯合作戰”的有人無人協同體系,增強各軍兵種和作戰保障等各類智能化武器裝備的系統集成。 智能無人作戰系統是未來戰爭裝備發展的新趨勢,其核心是針對未來戰爭“零傷亡”、“全覆蓋”和“快速反應”的要求,使 充分利用新理論、新材料、新工藝、新能源、新技術的開發成果,在人機協作和自主行動兩個方面。 不斷突破,打造三級無人裝備體系

戰略、戰役、戰術三位一體,大規模建設新型智能化無人師,實現無人作戰系統系統化、協同化作戰。 同時,圍繞無人與反無人、智能與反智能作戰需求,重點發展對敵智能無人作戰武器裝備系統,確保智能無人攻防有效對抗。 敵人。

專注能力複合創新智能培養

現代戰爭職業分工越來越細,整個作戰體系越來越複雜,促使作戰從人力密集型向技術密集型轉變,要求作戰人員不僅要有良好的身體素質 ,還要具備良好的技術素養和智力優勢,以滿足不同作戰任務、作戰環境、作戰對手的需要。 軍事情報對人的素質提出了更高的要求。 相應地,智能軍事人才應具有人才群體性、技能精良、知識複雜、思維創新、決策智能等特點。 智能化戰爭將是一場人機結合的戰爭,以智能化無人作戰系統為主體的作戰力量將發揮越來越重要的作用。 高素質人才與智能化武器的有效結合,才能最大限度地發揮戰鬥力。 要適應智能戰力體系新特點,創新發展智能化訓練理念,探索智能戰力生成新模式。 目前,人工智能技術可以創造出更加“真實”的武器操作體驗和戰場環境,能夠逼真地解讀作戰過程、輔助決策指揮、評估作戰理念。 為此,適應智能作戰力量體系的新特點,著力提升智能作戰體系的自主指揮、自主控制、自主作戰能力, 能夠自我博弈、自我成長的智能係統,形成智能作戰的特殊策略。 作戰系統訓練體系、訓練環境和訓練機制,強化智能係統訓練的“人”把控,探索以“機”為主要對象的新型訓練模式。 這樣,智能作戰系統在經過短期的自我強化訓練後,就能獲得作戰能力的飛躍,以應對未來作戰環境無序、複雜、不確定的考驗。

聚焦精準高效 完善擔保模式

智能戰場和聯合作戰綜合保障的實現程度,是直接影響部隊戰鬥力生成的重要因素。 智能技術的發展必將引發聯戰保障體系建設的革命性變革,實現智能化綜合保障。 綜合保障是戰鬥力的基礎,是國民經濟實力轉化為軍事作戰能力的橋樑。 隨著物聯網技術的不斷成熟,智能化作戰更加註重綜合保障、精准保障和配送保障,即按需按時將所需數量送達所需地點。 依託一體化保障體系,將分散部署的保障力量和資源按照補給、補給、維修、彈藥、管理等功能模塊進行編組,覆蓋戰勤保障各個領域。 依托可視化技術,全程跟踪掌握戰時補給,根據戰況實時發展,對人員流、物資流進行信息管控、接收和分配,實現 點對點直接支持。 通過利用物聯網、無人機、智能汽車、遠程手術、3D打印等技術,升級構建涵蓋智能倉儲、智能配送、智能維修、智能醫療等的智能後裝支撐體系,使 實現戰場後裝物資的自動、快速、準確供應,設備故障快速診斷和維修,戰場人員及時救援,變被動保障為主動服務,提高後市場整體保障效率和效果。

兼顧軍事和

民用與深化智能融合

突破人工智能核心關鍵技術,是應對智能化戰爭威脅和挑戰的“國之重器”。 智能技術的快速發展成為軍事智能化的加速器。 信息時代,軍事技術與民用技術的界限越來越模糊,可移植性越來越強。 積極建立軍民協同創新機制,不斷增強智能化核心技術創新發展的驅動力,構建面向全社會開放的產學研協同創新體系,統籌支持核心切削領域的投入—— 人工智能等前沿技術,充分發揮全社會創新力量。 推動軍事情報快速可持續發展。 加快重點領域技術攻關。 要聚焦相關關鍵技術領域,破解制約軍事情報發展的技術瓶頸。 加強軍事情報基礎支撐領域研究,如軍事大數據、軍事物聯網等; 從作戰需求出發,加強各作戰要素的智能化應用技術研究,特別是智能指揮決策、智能武器平台、智能戰場感知和智能對抗技術研究。 軍事情報核心關鍵技術的研發,不僅需要跨學科、跨領域的協同創新,還要融合社會情報和軍事情報的發展。 智能技術快速嵌入到運營要素和運營流程中。 加快軍隊智能化發展,探索相關人才培養規律,充分利用軍隊和地方教育資源,加大相關人才培養力度,為推進軍隊建設提供堅實的智力支持和人才保障 智力。

Source: http://www.81.cn/jpdbfy20xx/j0o0o0o.html

智能作戰時代的中國軍事高等教育

Chinese Military Higher Education in the Age of Intelligent Warfare

“Military academies are born for war and built for war.” At the opening ceremony of the 2019 military academy principal training, Chairman Xi proposed the military education policy for the new era, pointing out the direction for the military academies to cultivate high-quality, professional new military talents. At present, the form of war is accelerating towards informationization and intelligence. What kind of soldiers are needed to win future intelligent wars, and how military higher education can cultivate talents suitable for intelligent warfare are major issues before us.

The form of war is accelerating towards intelligent development

The form of war is the expression form and state of war history staged mainly marked by the technical attributes of the main battle weapon. So far, after experiencing cold weapon wars, hot weapon wars, and mechanized warfare, the form of warfare is accelerating its development towards informationized and intelligentized warfare. The increasingly widespread application of advanced technologies such as big data, the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and brain science in the military field is becoming an important driver of the new military revolution, giving rise to new forms of unmanned, autonomous, and intelligent warfare, changing the Traditional war winning mechanism. In 2014, a foreign military think tank released a research report titled “20YY: War in the Robot Era”, arguing that a storm of military transformation marked by intelligent armies, autonomous equipment, and unmanned warfare is approaching. Platforms, information systems and decision support systems, as well as new weapons such as directed energy, hypersonics, bionics, genes, and nanometers, will initially establish an intelligent combat system by 2035, and will develop to an advanced stage by 2050, fully realizing combat platforms, information Systems, command and control are intelligentized and even unmanned, new weapons such as bionics, genes, and nanometers are on the battlefield, and the combat space is further expanded to biological space, nanospace, and intelligent space.

In recent years, with the continuous deepening of research on the human brain, the brain-computer interface technology is becoming more and more mature. In the future, the information exchange between human beings and the outside world will no longer be limited to the senses, and the direct information exchange between the brain and the outside world can also be realized through chips. People and people, people and things are fully interconnected, and human beings may surpass the Internet and the Internet of Things and enter the era of intelligence supported by the Internet of Brains. In the era of the Internet of Brains, soldiers’ brains are directly connected to combat platforms, information systems, and decision-making support systems, and decisions are made with the assistance of technologies such as quantum computing and cloud platforms. Information and mind merge. Some domestic experts believe that under the influence of artificial intelligence technology, the winning mechanism of future wars will change from “information dominance, system confrontation, precise strikes, and joint victory” in information warfare to “intelligence dominance, independent confrontation, and traceability” in intelligent warfare. Following the transformation of “strike, cloud and brain winning”, following matter, energy, and information, cloud intelligence that integrates man and machine has become the key to determining the outcome of a war. This transformation of the form of intelligent warfare is accelerating, and any hesitation may bring unimaginable consequences.

But it should be noted that no matter how the war develops, people are always the most fundamental element. The form of intelligent warfare will lead to changes in the functions and roles of soldiers, and will put forward higher requirements for the ability and quality of soldiers. Cognitive ability may surpass knowledge and skills and become the core ability of soldiers.

Intelligent warfare requires the upgrading and reconstruction of the comprehensive quality of soldiers.

Chinese Military Mandarin Chinese:

“軍校為戰而生,為戰而建”。 在2019年軍事院校校長培訓開班儀式上,習主席提出新時代軍事教育方針,為軍隊院校培養高素質、專業化的新型軍事人才指明了方向。 當前,戰爭形態正在加速向信息化、智能化方向發展。 打贏未來智能戰爭需要什麼樣的士兵,軍事高等教育如何培養適合智能戰爭的人才,是擺在我們面前的重大課題。

戰爭形態加速向智能化發展

戰爭形態是以主戰武器的技術屬性為主要標誌的戰爭歷史上演的表現形式和狀態。 目前,戰爭形態在經歷了冷兵器戰爭、熱武器戰爭、機械化戰爭之後,正在加速向信息化、智能化戰爭發展。 大數據、物聯網、人工智能、生物技術、腦科學等先進技術在軍事領域的日益廣泛應用,正在成為新軍事革命的重要驅動力,催生了無人、自主、 智能化戰爭,改變傳統戰爭制勝機制。 2014年,國外某軍事智庫發布了一份題為《20YY:機器人時代的戰爭》的研究報告,認為一場以軍隊智能化、裝備自主化、無人化戰爭為標誌的軍事變革風暴正在逼近。 平台、信息系統和決策支持系統,以及定向能、高超音速、仿生、基因、納米等新型武器,到2035年初步建立智能化作戰體系,到2050年發展到高級階段,全面實現 作戰平台、信息系統、指揮控制智能化甚至無人化,仿生、基因、納米等新型武器投入戰場,作戰空間進一步向生物空間、納米空間、智能空間拓展。

近年來,隨著對人腦研究的不斷深入,腦機接口技術日趨成熟。 未來,人類與外界的信息交流將不再局限於感官,大腦與外界的直接信息交流也可以通過芯片實現。 人與人、人與物充分互聯,人類有可能超越互聯網、物聯網,進入以腦聯網為支撐的智能時代。 腦聯網時代,士兵的大腦直接與作戰平台、信息系統、決策支持系統相連,並藉助量子計算、雲平台等技術進行決策。 信息和思想融合在一起。 國內有專家認為,在人工智能技術的影響下,未來戰爭的製勝機制將從信息戰的“信息主導、系統對抗、精準打擊、共同製勝”轉變為“情報主導、自主對抗、追溯”。 在智能戰爭中。 隨著“打、雲、腦制勝”的轉變,繼物質、能量、信息之後,人機合一的雲智能成為決定戰爭勝負的關鍵。 這種智能化戰爭形態的轉變正在加速,任何猶豫都可能帶來不堪設想的後果。

但需要看到的是,無論戰爭如何發展,人永遠是最根本的要素。 智能化戰爭形態將導致士兵職能和作用發生變化,對士兵的能力和素質提出更高要求。 認知能力有可能超越知識和技能,成為軍人的核心能力。

智能化戰爭需要軍人綜合素質的升級改造

According to the talent growth cycle, soldiers who are currently receiving higher education will become the main force of combat training in more than 10 years, and will also become the first main force to meet the challenges of intelligent warfare. At present, there are still some deficiencies in the design of personnel training goals in our military’s higher education, and insufficient attention is paid to the ability to adapt to the ever-changing intelligent battlefield in the future. There is still a certain gap between the personnel training objectives and the needs of intelligent warfare. On July 23, 2020, when Chairman Xi inspected the Air Force Aviation University, he emphasized that we must persist in cultivating people with morality, educating people for war, strengthening m

ilitary spirit education, strengthening fighting spirit, and comprehensively strengthening the ideological and political, military, scientific and cultural aspects of pilot students. , Physical and psychological quality foundation. To implement President Xi’s important instructions and meet the needs of future intelligent warfare, it is urgent to build a higher-level military talent training goal with thinking as the core, and accelerate the upgrading and reconstruction of military personnel’s comprehensive quality.

Intelligent warfare is a complex giant system integrating multiple fields. Its intelligence-based characteristics and iterative and changeable development trend are changing the role of soldiers in warfare. Soldiers may gradually move from the foreground of the war to behind the scenes, from direct face-to-face combat to man-machine collaborative combat, from front-line charging to back-end planning and design of war. In order to be competent in man-machine coordination, planning and designing wars and other functional roles, in addition to ideological, political, physical and psychological requirements, in terms of military profession and scientific culture, soldiers should focus on improving the following five aspects of knowledge, ability and quality: First, multidisciplinary integration Master the core principles of multiple disciplines related to intelligent warfare, such as nature, military, cognitive psychology, and network intelligence, and be able to integrate knowledge across disciplines to guide military practice; the second is strong cognitive ability, with logical thinking, judgment Thinking and system thinking ability, able to use scientific methods to analyze and reason to solve combat problems; the third is human-machine collaboration ability, deeply grasp the characteristics and laws of intelligent warfare, skillfully use combat platforms, command and control systems, and decision support systems, and be able to control diversified intelligent weapons The fourth is the ability to innovate, with a keen sense of technology and strong creativity, able to grasp the frontiers of science and technology, innovate combat styles, and grasp the laws of war development; the fifth is the ability to self-growth, to be able to accurately recognize oneself , rationally plan military careers, freely use information means to acquire new knowledge, new technologies, and new methods, constantly improve the knowledge structure, enhance cognitive ability, and better adapt to the complex and changeable military revolution development.

Identifying the Emphasis Points of Military Higher Education Reform

At present, the superposition of informatization and intelligentization has brought greater complexity to the personnel training work of military academies. It is necessary to meet the actual needs of informatization operations and at the same time lay the foundation for adapting to intelligent warfare. We should focus on The following work.

Restructure the curriculum system. The curriculum system supports the formation of talent knowledge structure. In order to cultivate military talents that meet the needs of intelligent warfare and achieve the training goals of military majors, science and culture, it is necessary to break the practice of designing a curriculum system with a single major as the background and establish a curriculum system of “general education + direction”. The general education course is based on the existing natural science and public courses, adding courses such as mathematical logic, mathematical modeling, critical thinking, network foundation, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, system engineering, etc., to establish cross-field and interdisciplinary courses System, expand the knowledge of students, build a knowledge structure urgently needed for intelligent warfare, and lay a broad knowledge foundation for their lifelong growth. Orientation courses are to establish a discipline and professional direction, set up a vertical curriculum system of mathematical science, professional foundation, and professional positions, build a solid professional background, and cultivate students’ ability to use professional theories to solve complex combat training problems. The curriculum system of “General Education + Orientation” helps build a “T”-shaped knowledge structure and meets the needs of military personnel to adapt to diverse and intelligent warfare.

按照人才成長周期,目前正在接受高等教育的士兵將在10年以上成為作戰訓練的主力軍,也將成為迎接智能化戰爭挑戰的第一主力軍。 目前,我軍高等教育在人才培養目標設計上還存在一些不足,對適應未來瞬息萬變的智能戰場的能力重視不夠。 人才培養目標與智能化作戰需求還存在一定差距。 2020年7月23日,習主席視察空軍航空大學時強調,要堅持立德樹人、以戰育人、強軍

加強軍人精神教育,強化戰鬥精神,全面加強飛行員思想政治、軍事、科學、文化等方面的素質。 、身心素質基礎。 為貫徹落實習總書記重要指示精神,面向未來智能化戰爭需求,迫切需要構建以思維為核心的更高層次軍事人才培養目標,加快推進軍隊人才綜合素質升級再造。

智能戰爭是一個融合多領域的複雜巨系統。 其智能化特徵和迭代多變的發展趨勢正在改變士兵在戰爭中的角色。 士兵可能會逐漸從戰爭的前台走向幕後,從直接的面對面作戰走向人機協同作戰,從前線衝鋒走向戰爭的後端規劃設計。 為勝任人機協同、戰爭策劃設計等職能作用,除思想政治、生理心理等方面的要求外,在軍事職業和科學文化方面,士兵應著重提高以下五個方面 知識、能力和素質:一是多學科融合 掌握自然、軍事、認知心理學、網絡智能等與智能戰爭相關的多學科核心原理,能夠跨學科整合知識指導軍事實踐; 二是認知能力強,具有邏輯思維、判斷思維和系統思維能力,能夠運用科學的方法分析推理解決作戰問題; 三是人機協同能力,深刻把握智能作戰的特點和規律,熟練運用作戰平台、指揮控制系統、決策支持系統,駕馭多樣化智能武器。 具有敏銳的科技觸覺和極強的創造力,能夠把握科技前沿,創新作戰方式,把握戰爭發展規律; 五是自我成長能力,能夠準確認識自己,合理規劃軍旅生涯,自由運用信息手段獲取新知識、新技術、新方法,不斷完善知識結構,增強認知能力, 更好地適應複雜多變的軍事革命發展。

找准軍隊高等教育改革重點

當前,信息化與智能化的疊加,給軍隊院校的人才培養工作帶來了更大的複雜性。 既要滿足信息化作戰的實際需要,又要為適應智能化作戰打下基礎。 重點抓好以下工作。

重構課程體系。 課程體系支撐人才知識結構的形成。 為培養適應智能化作戰需求的軍事人才,實現軍事專業、科學文化的培養目標,必須打破以單一專業為背景設計課程體系的做法,建立課程體系 “通識教育+方向”。 通識教育課程在現有自然科學和公共課程的基礎上,增加數理邏輯、數學建模、批判性思維、網絡基礎、人工智能、認知神經科學、系統工程等課程,建立跨領域、跨學科的課程 課程體系,拓展學生知識面,構建智能化戰爭急需的知識結構,為學生終身成長奠定廣闊的知識基礎。 定向課程是確立學科專業方向,建立數學科學、專業基礎、專業崗位垂直課程體系,構建紮實的專業背景,培養學生運用專業理論解決複雜實戰訓練問題的能力。 “通識教育+迎新”課程體系構建“T”型知識結構,滿足軍隊人才適應多樣化、智能化戰爭的需求。

Deepen classroom reform. Educational neuroscience believes that education is the reshaping of students’ brains, and the classroom is the main position for reshaping students’ neural networks, especially for the formation of high-level cognitive abilities required for intelligent warfare. Continuously deepening classroom reform is the key to military Critical tasks for higher education today. It should be seen that a classroom with only knowledge and understanding is far from a good classroom. All human behaviors, though

ts and emotions are all controlled by the brain, and every knowledge, thought and emotion corresponds to a specific neural network of the brain. Therefore, classroom reform should center on students’ learning, follow the cognitive laws of the human brain, and Attract and maintain attention as the starting point, establish a scientific thinking framework, and mobilize students to think proactively. Usually, teaching methods aimed at higher-level abilities have a general model—problem-driven heuristic teaching, and the commonly used problem-based teaching methods, project-based teaching methods, and inquiry-based teaching methods all belong to this model. Therefore, the main path to promote classroom reform is to develop unknown, novel, and interesting questions and stories for students, design a thinking framework that points to logical reasoning, critical thinking, reflection, creativity, and learning ability, and inspire students under the guidance of the framework. Active thinking, supplemented by the output process of speaking and writing, finally achieves the goal of internalizing knowledge understanding and forming high-level abilities.

Promote comprehensive education. Modern educational theory not only regards the classroom as an important position of education, but also regards all time and space outside the classroom as an important resource for cultivating students. The time and space outside the classroom not only support classroom teaching and promote the formation of knowledge and ability, but also an important place to cultivate non-intellectual ability. Colleges and universities should make full use of these time and space, clarify specific training objectives, focus on going deep into the army, close to actual combat, highlighting practicality and creativity, and scientifically design education and training programs. Focus on giving full play to the advantages of military academies in management and education, explore the establishment of a student management model, and promote the cultivation of students’ leadership and management capabilities; continue to enrich the second classroom, build an innovative platform, create more opportunities for independent practice, and improve students’ innovation capabilities; make full use of various Large-scale activities to cultivate students’ competition awareness and teamwork ability; strengthen the construction of management cadres, improve scientific management and training capabilities, and effectively guide students to carry out time management, goal management, emotional management, psychological adjustment, habit formation, etc., to help students improve self-management and self-learning ability.

All in all, education is a systematic project. The above are only three aspects to break through the shortcomings of talent training in the era of intelligence. To truly solve the problem, military academies need to carry out systematic reforms, such as strategic planning, quality management, personnel quality, teaching conditions, etc. All aspects can effectively support the achievement of the goal of personnel training, and this requires us to continuously explore and innovate, continuously improve the level of running schools and educating people, and strive to create a new situation in the construction and development of military academies.

深化課堂改革。 教育神經科學認為,教育是對學生大腦的重塑,而課堂是重塑學生神經網絡的主要陣地,尤其是智能戰爭所需的高級認知能力的形成。 不斷深化課堂改革是當今軍事高等教育的關鍵任務。 應該看到,只有知識和理解力的課堂,遠談不上好課堂。 所有的人類行為,雖然

和情緒都是由大腦控制的,每一種知識、思想和情緒都對應著大腦特定的神經網絡。 因此,課堂改革應以學生的學習為中心,遵循人腦的認知規律,以吸引和保持注意力為出發點,建立科學的思維框架,調動學生主動思考。 通常,針對更高層次能力的教學方法有一個通用的模式——問題驅動啟發式教學,常用的問題導向教學法、項目導向教學法、探究式教學法都屬於這種模式。 因此,推動課堂改革的主要路徑是為學生開發未知的、新穎的、有趣的問題和故事,設計指向邏輯推理、批判性思維、反思、創造力和學習能力的思維框架,激發學生在 框架的指導。 思維活躍,輔之以說、寫的輸出過程,最終達到知識理解內化,形成高層次能力的目的。

推進綜合教育。 現代教育理論不僅把課堂視為教育的重要陣地,而且把課堂以外的一切時間和空間都視為培養學生的重要資源。 課堂外的時間和空間不僅支持課堂教學,促進知識和能力的形成,也是培養非智力能力的重要場所。 高校要充分利用這些時間和空間,明確具體培養目標,著眼於深入軍隊、貼近實戰、突出實踐性和創造性,科學設計教育培養方案。 著力發揮軍隊院校管理教育優勢,探索建立學生管理模式,促進學生領導力和管理能力培養; 繼續豐富第二課堂,搭建創新平台,創造更多自主實踐機會,提升學生創新能力; 充分利用各種大型活動,培養學生的競爭意識和團隊協作能力; 加強管理幹部隊伍建設,提高科學管理和培養能力,有效引導學生進行時間管理、目標管理、情緒管理、心理調適、習慣養成等,幫助學生提高自我管理和自主學習能力 能力。

總而言之,教育是一項系統工程。 以上只是要突破智能時代人才培養短板的三個方面。 要真正解決問題,軍隊院校需要進行系統性的改革,如戰略規劃、質量管理、人才素質、教學條件等,方方面面都能有效支撐人才培養目標的實現,這就需要我們 不斷探索創新,不斷提高辦學育人水平,努力開創軍隊院校建設發展新局面。

Source: PLA Military

http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/gfjy_index/jsyxgfs/000000.html?big=fan

中國軍方看智能戰制勝機制的演變

Chinese Military Perspective on the Evolution of the Winning Mechanisms of Intelligent Warfare

Military theorists have often said that victory tends to smile to those who can foresee changes in the character of warfare, rather than to those who wait for changes to occur before adapting. In recent years, disruptive technologies represented by artificial intelligence have developed rapidly and are widely used in the military field, accelerating the evolution of warfare to intelligence, and correspondingly, the concept of warfare is also undergoing changes. Only by discovering changes in time, actively responding to changes, and actively adapting to changes can we be invincible in future wars.

From “fighting the weak with the strong” to “controlling the clumsy with wisdom”

“The strong win the weak and the weak lose” is a law of victory in war with certain universality. Even those battles in which the weak defeated the strong often had to form a strength advantage against the enemy at a local and specific period of time in order to truly win. In the era of intelligent warfare, the contribution rate of intelligence superiority to combat effectiveness is much higher than that of other factors.

In the confrontation of intelligent warfare, human intelligence widely penetrates into the combat field and is transplanted into weapon systems. Global multi-dimensional and various types of intelligent combat platforms can quickly couple combat forces, build a combat system according to mission requirements, and independently implement coordinated operations. After the end, it quickly returned to the standby state, showing the trend of intelligence and autonomy. The side with a higher and stronger level of intelligence can better develop and use the mechanism of “controlling stupidity with wisdom”, and even design wars based on this, dominate the development of the battle situation, and win the final victory. It should also be noted that in the era of intelligent warfare, there are likely to be multiple stages of development from low to high. Try to keep yourself at an advanced stage, and attack your opponent so that it is at a low-dimensional stage. use.

From “destroying power” to “destroying cognition”

With the accelerated evolution of warfare to intelligence, the combat space has gradually expanded from the physical domain and the information domain to the cognitive domain, from the tangible battlefield to the invisible battlefield. The cognitive space composed of people’s spiritual and psychological activities has become a new combat space. Different from the main purpose of destroying the enemy’s vital forces in traditional warfare, intelligent warfare will pay more attention to weakening the enemy’s morale, disintegrating the enemy’s will, and destroying the enemy’s cognition.

Through the intelligent analysis of the opponent’s personality preferences, psychological characteristics, and decision-making habits, deterrent information can be “tailored” in a targeted manner, and the advantages of cutting-edge technologies such as intelligence can be used to show the opponent’s powerful strength in a vivid way, so that anxiety, suspicion, etc. , panic and other emotions continue to ferment inside it, which eventually leads to its self-defeating. Known as the “new oil”, big data not only enriches intelligence sources, but also becomes an important “weapon” that acts on the opponent’s cognition. By processing big data and deliberately “leaking” it to the opponent, it will create a new “fog of war” for it, and make it fall into a situation of cognitive confusion. In an intelligent war, the game of struggle will be more intense, and the party with a cognitive advantage will be ahead of the opponent, and it will be easier to grasp the initiative and opportunities.

From “people-oriented” to “human-machine collaboration”

In traditional warfare, the organization and use of military power are dominated by people. With the widespread application of intelligent technology, the proportion of unmanned equipment continues to increase. In intelligent warfare, combat tasks will be completed by man-machine collaboration, and the two will achieve organic integration and complement each other’s advantages. The third “offset strategy” proposed by the foreign military regards human-machine cooperation as a key technology for key development, and its successively proposed concepts such as “loyal wingman” are also aimed at exploring the realization of manned/unmanned coordinated operations. It is foreseeable that human-machine collaboration will play an important role in future warfare.

Using unmanned reconnaissance forces to carry out three-dimensional and multi-dimensional battlefield situational awareness can provide real-time intelligence support for manned combat forces; use unmanned platforms to carry relay loads to continuously provide communication relay support for manned combat forces; use

Modern Military Mandarin Chinese:

軍事理論家常說,勝利往往會向那些能夠預見戰爭性質變化的人微笑,而不是向那些等待變化發生再適應的人微笑。 近年來,以人工智能為代表的顛覆性技術發展迅速,廣泛應用於軍事領域,加速戰爭向智能化演進,相應地,戰爭理念也在發生變化。 只有及時發現變化,積極應對變化,積極適應變化,才能在未來的戰爭中立於不敗之地。

從“以強抗弱”到“以智治拙”

“強勝弱勝”是戰爭的製勝法則,具有一定的普遍性。 即便是那些以弱勝強的戰鬥,往往也需要在局部的、特定的時間段對敵形成實力優勢,才能真正取勝。 在智能化戰爭時代,情報優勢對戰鬥力的貢獻率遠高於其他因素。

在智能戰爭的對抗中,人類智能廣泛滲透到作戰領域,並被移植到武器系統中。 全球多維度、多類型智能作戰平台,可快速耦合作戰力量,按任務需求構建作戰體系,獨立實施協同作戰。 結束後迅速回到待機狀態,呈現出智能化、自主化的趨勢。 智力水平更高更強的一方,才能更好地開發和運用“以智治愚”機制,甚至以此為基礎設計戰爭,主導戰局發展,取得最終勝利。 還需要看到的是,在智能化戰爭時代,很可能存在從低到高的多個發展階段。 盡量讓自己保持在高級階段,攻擊對手使其處於低維階段。 使用。

從“毀滅權力”到“毀滅認知”

隨著戰爭向智能化加速演進,作戰空間逐漸從物理域、信息域擴展到認知域,從有形戰場擴展到無形戰場。 由人的精神心理活動構成的認知空間成為新的作戰空間。 與傳統戰爭以消滅敵人有生力量為主要目的不同,智能化戰爭將更加註重削弱敵人的士氣、瓦解敵人的意志、摧毀敵人的認知。

通過對對手的性格偏好、心理特徵、決策習慣等進行智能分析,有針對性地“量身定做”威懾信息,利用情報等前沿技術的優勢,展現對手的強大實力 以生動的方式表現力量,使焦慮、懷疑等、恐慌等情緒在其內部不斷發酵,最終導致其弄巧成拙。 被譽為“新石油”的大數據不僅豐富了情報來源,更成為作用於對手認知的重要“武器”。 通過處理大數據,故意“洩露”給對手,為其製造新的“戰爭迷霧”,使其陷入認知混亂的境地。 在智慧戰爭中,博弈博弈會更加激烈,擁有認知優勢的一方會先於對手,更容易掌握主動權和先機。

從“以人為本”到“人機協作”

在傳統戰爭中,軍事力量的組織和運用都是由人主導的。 隨著智能化技術的廣泛應用,無人化裝備比例不斷提高。 在智能戰爭中,作戰任務將由人機協同完成,兩者將實現有機結合,優勢互補。 外軍提出的第三次“抵消戰略”將人機協作作為重點發展的關鍵技術,其先後提出的“忠誠僚機”等概念也旨在探索實現有人/無人協同作戰。 可以預見,人機協作將在未來戰爭中發揮重要作用。

利用無人偵察力量進行三維、多維戰場態勢感知,可為有人作戰力量提供實時情報支持; 利用無人平台搭載中繼載荷,持續為有人作戰部隊提供通信中繼保障; 使用

unmanned combat forces to go deep into the front battlefield, It can attract the enemy to attack, force the enemy to expose its position, and provide target guidance and fire support for manned combat forces; use unmanned transport equipment to provide supplies for the front line, which can improve the efficiency of logistics support, reduce transportation costs, and reduce unnecessary casualties. With the assistance of artificial intelligence, manned combat forces and unmanned combat forces will realize scientific division of labor and reasonable collocation in terms of quantity, scale and function, so as to maximize the overall effectiveness.

From “eat the small with the big” to “eat the slow with the fast”

In traditional warfare, it is often necessary to make up for shortcomings in equipment performance and other aspects by increasing the number of troops. The rapid development of military intelligence has greatly improved the speed of information transmission and the accuracy of weapon strikes, greatly reduced the time for reconnaissance and early warning, intelligence processing, command decision-making, firepower strikes, and damage assessment, and accelerated the OODA kill chain cycle. , making “find and destroy” possible.

Hypersonic missiles, laser weapons, microwave weapons, electromagnetic pulse weapons and other new rapid-kill weapons have further pushed the rhythm of war to “second kill”. In the Gulf War, the loop time of the OODA loop required 3 days; in the Iraq War, the loop time has been shortened to less than 10 minutes; and in the Syrian War, the loop has almost achieved near real-time. In intelligent warfare, the use of an unmanned platform for surveillance and attack to quickly target high-value targets such as the enemy’s core command post and high-level commanders will cause the opponent to suffer heavy losses before they can react, and even face the danger of paralysis. It can be seen that victory does not necessarily favor the side with a large military force, and the side that moves quickly and accurately will be more likely to win the battlefield. According to statistics, the reaction time required by artificial intelligence to respond to changes in the battlefield is more than 400 times faster than that of humans. In the face of the rapidly changing battlefield situation, people will be more inclined to use artificial intelligence technology to realize the adaptive planning and autonomous decision-making of the command and control system, so that the command and control mode will be changed from “people on the loop” to “people outside the loop”, so as to reduce the While shouldering the burden of commanding personnel, it can improve combat efficiency and the success rate of mission execution.

From “Integrated Winning” to “Cluster Winning”

The traditional concept of equipment development is to invest a lot of money in the research and development of highly integrated high-precision weapon platforms, in order to achieve dimensionality reduction strikes on the enemy by virtue of intergenerational advantages and performance advantages in war. However, developing and deploying a multi-functional high-end platform not only takes a lot of time and money, but when multiple software and hardware modules are integrated into a single weapon platform, there may be incompatibility among them. Once the platform is destroyed, it will cause heavy losses. The military application of disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence has led to the rapid development of unmanned swarms. Unmanned swarms have the advantages of large scale, low comprehensive cost, and decentralization. Unmanned platforms coordinate with each other, divide labor and cooperate, and can make independent decisions and carry out combat tasks in an organized manner. Even if some unmanned platforms are destroyed, it will not affect the overall operation. efficacy. Combat concepts such as “decision-making center warfare” and “mosaic warfare” proposed by foreign militaries focus on the use of unmanned swarms to complete combat tasks. In intelligent warfare, by dispersing functions such as reconnaissance and surveillance, information communication, command and control, and fire strikes into a large number of single-function unmanned combat units, a highly robust and highly elastic “kill net” is constructed, and then Adjusting the combination method will make it emerge a powerful group intelligence, creating great uncertainty for the opponent, and then trap the opponent in the judgment link of the OODA loop, unable to make effective decisions. In addition, due to the large number of unmanned swarms, the opponent’s detection, tracking, and interception capabilities can be quickly saturated, and the opponent has to face the dilemma of fortification failure because it cannot destroy all unmanned platforms in the swarm.

From “Military Dominance” to “Multiple Mixture”

Traditional warfare mainly relies on violent means to make the enemy submit to one’s own will, and usually has a strong war intensity, with clear boundaries between peacetime and wartime. With the continuous expansion of the field of military struggle to new fields such as space, network, and intelligence, and the increasingly prominent role of economic, cultural, diplomatic, and legal means in warfare, intelligent warfare will be carried out in many fields represented by the “grey zone”. Developed in the form of “multi-pronged approach”. The intensity of war may be weakened, and the boundary between peace and war will become more blurred. Whether in 2019, half of Saudi Arabia’s oil fields were attacked by drones and half of its oil production was shut down, or in 2021, the largest oil pipeline in the United States was hit by cyber attacks and caused a large-scale oil shortage. The far-reaching impact of various new attack methods cannot be ignored underestimate.

無人作戰部隊深入前線戰場,可以吸引敵人進攻,迫使敵人暴露位置,為有人作戰部隊提供目標引導和火力支援; 使用無人運輸設備為前線提供補給,可以提高後勤保障效率,降低運輸成本,減少不必要的人員傷亡。 在人工智能的輔助下,有人作戰力量和無人作戰力量將在數量、規模和功能上實現科學分工和合理搭配,實現整體效能最大化。

從“大吃小”到“快吃慢”

在傳統戰爭中,往往需要通過增加兵力數量來彌補裝備性能等方面的短板。 軍事情報的快速發展極大地提高了信息傳輸速度和武器打擊的準確性,大大縮短了偵察預警、情報處理、指揮決策、火力打擊、毀傷評估的時間,加速了OODA 殺傷鏈循環。 ,使“發現並摧毀”成為可能。

高超音速導彈、激光武器、微波武器、電磁脈衝武器等新型速殺武器進一步將戰爭節奏推向“秒殺”。 在海灣戰爭中,OODA循環的循環時間需要3天; 在伊拉克戰爭中,循環時間縮短到不到10分鐘; 而在敘利亞戰爭中,環路幾乎做到了近乎實時。 在智能化戰爭中,利用無人監視攻擊平台快速瞄準敵方核心指揮所、高級指揮員等高價值目標,使對方來不及反應就損失慘重,甚至面臨 癱瘓的危險。 由此可見,勝利並不一定偏向兵力多的一方,行動迅速準確的一方更容易贏得戰場。 據統計,人工智能應對戰場變化所需的反應時間比人類快400多倍。 面對瞬息萬變的戰場態勢,人們將更傾向於利用人工智能技術實現指揮控制系統的自適應規劃和自主決策,使指揮控制模式從“人”轉變為“人”。 環上”轉變為“環外人”,從而在減輕指揮人員負擔的同時,提高作戰效率和任務執行的成功率。

從“綜合製勝”到“集群制勝”

傳統的裝備研製理念是投入大量資金研發高度集成的高精度武器平台,以期憑藉代際優勢和戰爭性能優勢實現對敵降維打擊。 然而,開發和部署一個多功能的高端平台不僅需要花費大量的時間和金錢,而且當多個軟硬件模塊集成到一個武器平台時,它們之間可能會出現不兼容的情況。 一旦平台被破壞,將造成重大損失。 人工智能等顛覆性技術的軍事應用,催生了無人蜂群的快速發展。 無人蜂群具有規模大、綜合成本低、分散化等優點。 無人平台相互協調、分工協作,能夠自主決策、有組織地執行作戰任務。 即使部分無人平台被毀,也不會影響整體運作。 功效。 外軍提出的“決策中心戰”、“馬賽克戰”等作戰概念,著眼於利用無人蜂群完成作戰任務。 在智能化戰爭中,通過將偵察監視、信息通信、指揮控制、火力打擊等功能分散到大量功能單一的無人作戰單元中,構建高魯棒性、高彈性的“殺傷網”,進而 調整組合方式會使其湧現出強大的群體智能,給對手製造很大的不確定性,進而將對手困在OODA循環的判斷環節,無法做出有效的決策。 此外,由於無人蜂群數量眾多,對方的探測、跟踪、攔截能力會很快飽和,對方不得不面臨無法摧毀蜂群中所有無人平台的設防失敗的困境。

從“軍事獨霸”到“多元混合”

傳統戰爭主要依靠暴力手段使敵人屈服於自己的意志,通常具有強烈的戰爭強度,和平與戰時界限分明。 隨著軍事鬥爭領域不斷向太空、網絡、情報等新領域拓展,經濟、文化、外交、法律等手段在戰爭中的作用日益凸顯,智能化戰爭將在眾多領域展開 由“灰色地帶”。 以“多管齊下”的形式開展。 戰爭的激烈程度可能會減弱,和平與戰爭的界限將變得更加模糊。 無論是2019年,沙特半數油田遭到無人機襲擊、一半石油生產停產,還是2021年,美國最大的輸油管道遭到網絡攻擊,造成大規模石油短缺。 各種新型攻擊手段的深遠影響不容忽視低估。

With the development and maturity of intelligent technology, the comprehensive use of various means to attack opponents’ industrial, transportation, financial, communication, energy, medical and other facilities and networks will become more common. The threshold of intelligent warfare will show a downward trend, and the warring parties may adopt the method of undeclared war to launch a hybrid war that integrates economic warfare, diplomatic warfare, cyber warfare, public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, legal warfare, etc., so that the opponent is exhausted. Handle.

From “actual combat inspection” to “experimental exercise”

Under traditional conditions, due to the lack of scientific simulation and evaluation tools, the true capabilities of the army can only be tested in actual combat. Under intelligent conditions, using virtual reality technology can create a virtual scene with a strong sense of three-dimensional and realism based on the actual battlefield environment and task background. This scene can not only restore objective things such as weapons and equipment from multiple dimensions such as sound, appearance, and performance, but also simulate various severe weather such as heavy fog, heavy rain, and snowstorm, and display the terrain, meteorology, hydrology, etc. of the battlefield in a visualized form. Electromagnetic, nuclear and other information, close to the real situation of the battlefield.

Set the imaginary enemy in the virtual environment according to the characteristics of the enemy in reality, and carry out intelligent simulation of the possible trend of the battle situation, so that officers and soldiers can “experience” the war in virtual reality several times before the official war, so as to improve the equipment performance, The rhythm of the war and the situation of the enemy and the enemy are all clear, and it will be easier to perform realistic tasks. Before the outbreak of the Iraq War, the U.S. military secretly developed a computer game that simulated the combat environment in Baghdad. Among the personnel dispatched to Iraq to perform missions, the survival rate of those trained in the game was as high as 90%. With the continuous enrichment and improvement of data collected in reality, the construction of virtual battlefields will be more realistic, the prediction of the battlefield situation will be more accurate, and the comprehensive evaluation of exercises will be more credible. If the outcome of the war is known in advance, there may be a situation where “surrender the enemy” without a fight or a small fight.

隨著智能技術的發展和成熟,綜合運用各種手段攻擊對手的工業、交通、金融、通信、能源、醫療等設施和網絡將變得更加普遍。 智能戰的門檻將呈下降趨勢,交戰各方可能會採取不宣戰的方式,發動集經濟戰、外交戰、網絡戰、輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰等為一體的混合戰爭。 ,使對手筋疲力盡。 處理。

從“實戰考察”到“實驗演練”

在傳統條件下,由於缺乏科學的模擬和評估工具,軍隊的真實能力只能在實戰中檢驗。 在智能化條件下,利用虛擬現實技術,可以根據實際戰場環境和任務背景,營造立體感強、真實感強的虛擬場景。 該場景不僅可以從聲音、外觀、性能等多個維度還原武器裝備等客觀事物,還可以模擬大霧、暴雨、暴風雪等各種惡劣天氣,展示地形、氣象、水文等 等戰場的可視化形式。 電磁、核等信息,貼近戰場真實情況。

根據現實中敵人的特點,在虛擬環境中設置假想敵,對可能的戰局走向進行智能模擬,讓官兵在臨戰前數次在虛擬現實中“體驗”戰爭 正式戰爭,從而提升裝備性能,戰爭的節奏和敵我雙方的情況都一目了然,更容易執行逼真的任務。 伊拉克戰爭爆發前,美軍秘密研發了一款模擬巴格達作戰環境的電腦遊戲。 在派往伊拉克執行任務的人員中,在遊戲中受訓人員的存活率高達90%。 隨著現實採集數據的不斷豐富和完善,虛擬戰場的構建將更加真實,戰場態勢的預測將更加準確,演習的綜合評價將更加可信。 如果事先知道戰爭的結果,可能會出現不戰不戰、不戰不戰“投敵”的情況。

Source: http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/XXXX

中國軍隊著力推進機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展

Chinese Military to focus on the integration and development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence

Adhere to the integration and development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence

——Conscientiously study, publicize and implement the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China

■Chinese People’s Liberation Army Unit 66011

The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized that we should adhere to the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence. This important exposition endows the modernization of national defense and the armed forces with new connotations of the times, and further points out the development direction and path for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the armed forces. We must seize the opportunity, based on the status quo, insist on promoting the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence with systematic thinking, coordinate the development of various fields, especially key areas, realize the positive interaction of the three, and promote the overall improvement of national defense and military modernization.

Engels pointed out: “Human beings fight in the same way as they produce.” At present, the new military revolution in the world is developing rapidly, the degree of informatization in modern warfare is constantly improving, and the characteristics of intelligence are becoming increasingly apparent. Especially under the influence of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, the concepts, elements and methods of winning war are undergoing major changes. Judging from the recent local wars and armed conflicts in the world, a large number of high-tech weapons and equipment have been used in actual combat, and intelligent technology, unmanned equipment, and data information have become new growth points for combat effectiveness. In the face of increasingly fierce military competition, only by standing at the forefront of war and technology, and adhering to the integration of mechanization, information, and intelligence, can we seize the opportunity and win the initiative in military strategic competition.

“Everything must come, and it is a matter of course.” Mechanization, informatization, and intelligence are superimposed, interpenetrated, and mutually supported. Among them, mechanization is the material basis and carrier for the development of informatization and intelligence; informatization plays a connecting role between mechanization and intelligence; intelligence represents advanced combat effectiveness and is the development direction of future military construction. Without the previous “transformation” as the premise and foundation, there would be no emergence and development of the latter “transformation”.

Adhering to the integration and development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence is in line with the reality of our military construction and development, and is the only way for the modernization of national defense and the military in the future. Our army has basically achieved mechanization, and the construction of informatization has made significant progress but has not yet been completed. If the intelligentization is carried out after completing the informatization step by step, it will open up a new generation gap with the armed forces of developed countries; if the construction focus is fully shifted to intelligentization, it is unrealistic to expect to be in place in one step.

Science and technology are the core combat capability and the most active and revolutionary factor in military development. The key to adhering to the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence lies in promoting technological innovation. We should vigorously implement the strategy of strengthening the army through science and technology, actively promote self-reliance and self-improvement in high-level science and technology, accelerate the breakthrough of key core technologies, accelerate the development of strategic, cutting-edge, and disruptive technologies, and realize the transformation from following and running to leading and running as soon as possible. Persist in seeking combat effectiveness from scientific and technological innovation, improve scientific and technological cognition, innovation, and application capabilities, speed up the resolution of “stuck neck” problems, and firmly grasp the lifeline of our army’s development in our own hands.

Wars change with the times, and preparations for wars should not be conservative or rigid. To promote war preparations in the new era, we must focus on winning the new requirements of information-based and intelligent warfare. The construction of our army’s combat effectiveness has accelerated transformation, overall reshaping, and leapfrog development to ensure that it can attack and defend freely and win opportunities in future wars.

(Author unit: Unit 66011)

Original Mandarin Chinese:

堅持機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展

——認真學習宣傳貫徹黨的二十大精神

■ 中國人民解放軍66011部隊

黨的二十大報告強調,要堅持機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展。 這一重要論述賦予了國防和軍隊現代化建設新的時代內涵,進一步為加快推進國防和軍隊現代化建設指明了發展方向和路徑。 我們要抓住機遇,立足現狀,堅持以系統思維推進機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展,統籌各領域特別是重點領域發展,實現三者良性互動,促進 國防和軍隊現代化建設全面加強。

恩格斯指出:“人類以生產的方式進行鬥爭”。 當前,世界新軍事革命快速發展,現代戰爭信息化程度不斷提高,智能化特徵日益明顯。 特別是在新一輪科技革命的影響下,打贏戰爭的觀念、要素和方式正在發生重大變化。 從近期全球發生的局部戰爭和武裝衝突來看,大量高科技武器裝備投入實戰,智能技術、無人裝備、數據信息等成為戰鬥力新的增長點。 面對日益激烈的軍事競爭,只有站在戰爭和科技的前沿,堅持機械化、信息化、智能化融合,才能搶占先機,贏得軍事戰略競爭的主動權。

“凡事必來,順理成章。” 機械化、信息化、智能化相互疊加、相互滲透、相互支撐。 其中,機械化是信息化、智能化發展的物質基礎和載體; 信息化在機械化和智能化之間起著承上啟下的作用; 智能化代表著先進的戰鬥力,是未來軍隊建設的發展方向。 沒有前一個“轉化”作為前提和基礎,就沒有後一個“轉化”的產生和發展。

堅持機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展,符合我軍建設發展實際,是未來國防和軍隊現代化建設的必由之路。 我軍基本實現機械化,信息化建設取得重大進展但尚未完成。 如果在逐步完成信息化後進行智能化,將與發達國家軍隊拉開新的代溝; 如果建設重心全面轉向智能化,指望一步到位是不現實的。

科技是核心作戰能力,是軍隊發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。 堅持機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展,關鍵在於推進科技創新。 大力實施科技強軍戰略,積極推進高水平科技自立自強,加快突破關鍵核心技術,加快發展戰略性、前沿性、 和顛覆性技術,盡快實現從跟隨跑向引領跑的轉變。 堅持從科技創新中求戰鬥力,提昇科技認知、創新和應用能力,加快化解“卡脖子”問題,把我軍發展的生命線牢牢掌握在自己手中。

戰爭隨著時代的變化而變化,戰爭準備不能保守僵化。 推進新時代備戰,必須圍繞打贏信息化、智能化戰爭新要求。 我軍戰鬥力建設加快轉型、全面重塑、跨越發展,確保攻守自如,在未來戰爭中贏得先機。

(作者單位:66011部隊)

Source: http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4926673.html

中國軍隊將切實打好信息化和網絡戰的堅實基礎丨軍事論壇
來源:解放軍日報

Chinese Military Will Effectively Create a Solid Foundation for informatization & cyberwarfare丨 Military Forum
Source: PLA Daily

黨的二十大報告強調,堅持機械化信息化智能化融合發展。從機械化、信息化和智能化之間的關系看,機械化是信息化的基礎,智能化是信息化的升華。沒有機械化就沒有信息化,沒有充分的信息化,智能化也不可能取得重大突破。當前,大力推進軍事智能化,首先必須切實打牢信息化建設基礎,著力提升部隊信息化水平。

夯實物質基礎。巧婦難為無米之炊。為縮短與強敵的“體系差”,信息化建設應緊貼使命任務,緊跟前沿科技,搞好頂層設計,平戰一體推進。首先,升級完善各類信息系統。要以指控中心建設為重點,以信息基礎設施為平台,統籌抓好分系統建設和諸系統聯動建設,全要素、成體系推進指揮控制等領域建設,實現各分域信息網絡一體化、指揮控制實時化。其次,建好用好作戰數據庫。按照“平戰一體、統籌規劃、分類實施”的原則,建好作戰綜合數據庫,實現信息共享、數據支撐、輔助決策,以“信息流”支撐“指揮鏈”。再次,預置備份機動指揮所。積極借鑑外軍有益做法,大力加強人防工程,形成多點布局、動靜互補、快速配置的機動指揮能力。

建強力量隊伍。打贏具有智能化特征的信息化局部戰爭,建強信息力量隊伍是重要保證。綜合來看,應著力培養四類人才:一是信息指揮人才。一線中高級指揮員,應該像研究用兵一樣研究信息與數據,像研究戰役突破口一樣研究信息系統的構建,像研究彈藥性能一樣研究電磁頻譜的使用。二是信息作戰人才。培養一批勝任信息化作戰的智能參謀、作戰規劃、認知作戰等人才。三是信息保障人才。以信息保障部門和信息保障運維專業技術分隊人員為主要對象,持續加大專業培訓力度,提高網絡管理、系統使用、檢測維修等能力。四是信息研發人才。采取請進來、走出去等方式,放手壓擔子、交任務,培養一批具有較強系統研發能力的專家型技術人才,建立信息化高端人才流動站,形成“不為我有、但為我用”的良性循環。

變革指揮理念。現代戰爭拼的是體系,聯合作戰指揮是其中關鍵一環。為應對現實威脅挑戰,需確立與未來戰爭相適應的新型指揮觀。一是樹牢一體化指揮觀。克服狹隘的單一軍兵種指揮觀,全面協調陸、海、空、天、電、網等多維戰場行動,綜合集成各種作戰要素,切實提升整體制勝、聯合制勝的作戰效能。二是樹牢數字化指揮觀。由粗放式向精確化指揮轉變,將任務區分、力量使用、時空劃分、目標確定等具體化精細化,將聯合作戰力量的指揮程序、指揮方法、指揮內容等流程化標准化,將偵察情報、武器平台、指揮控制等網絡化實時化,縮短指揮流程,提高指揮時效。三是樹牢智能化指揮觀。積極探索人工智能技術成體系應用,加快智能決策、數字孿生、大數據、雲計算等新型技術開發運用,提升戰場復雜信息處理水平,實現指揮員在智能雲腦支撐下對作戰分隊及各類武器平台的任務式指揮。

推進創新實踐。為適應科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變,應加快構建打贏信息化戰爭的“三個體系”。首先是創新戰法體系。深入研討強敵對手全方位信息打擊和火力硬摧毀的情況下,防敵信息攻擊、抗敵信息干擾、對敵信息反擊的真招實策,努力實現精准制敵。其次是創新訓法體系。圍繞強敵對手和作戰任務,設置信息作戰環境,深度研練指揮協同、戰法運用、體系構建、綜合保障等課題,推動實戰化部署運用。再次是創新管理體系。堅持平戰一體管、虛實結合管,建立以戰領建的需求牽引機制、計劃主導機制、檢驗評估機制,打造自主可控的產業鏈、供給鏈、保障鏈,確保“平時管”“戰時用”無縫銜接,助力信息化作戰能力不斷提升。

The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized that we should adhere to the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence. From the perspective of the relationship between mechanization, informatization and intelligence, mechanization is the foundation of informatization, and intelligence is the sublimation of informatization. Without mechanization, there will be no informatization, and without sufficient informatization, it is impossible to achieve a major breakthrough in intelligence. At present, to vigorously promote military intelligence, we must first lay a solid foundation for informatization construction, and strive to improve the level of army informatization.

Lay a solid material foundation. Make bricks without straw. In order to shorten the “system gap” with powerful enemies, informatization construction should closely follow missions and tasks, keep up with cutting-edge technology, do a good job in top-level design, and promote peacetime and wartime integration. First, upgrade and improve various information systems. It is necessary to focus on the construction of the command and control center, use the information infrastructure as a platform, coordinate the construction of sub-systems and the linkage construction of various systems, promote the construction of command and control with all elements and a system, and realize the integration of information networks in various sub-domains, command and control real-time. Second, build and use the combat database well. In accordance with the principle of “integration of peacetime and wartime, overall planning, and classified implementation”, a comprehensive operational database will be established to achieve information sharing, data support, and decision-making assistance, and “information flow” to support the “chain of command.” Again, a backup mobile command post is preset. Actively learn from the beneficial practices of foreign militaries, vigorously strengthen civil air defense projects, and form a mobile command capability with multi-point layout, dynamic and static complementarity, and rapid deployment.

Build a strong team. Building a strong information force team is an important guarantee for winning an informationized local war with intelligent features. On the whole, we should focus on cultivating four types of talents: First, information command talents. Front-line mid-level and senior commanders should study information and data like they study soldiers, study the construction of information systems like they study the breakthroughs of battles, and study the use of electromagnetic spectrum like they study the performance of ammunition. The second is information warfare personnel. Cultivate a group of intelligent staff, combat planning, cognitive operations and other talents who are competent in information-based operations. The third is information security personnel. Focusing on the personnel of the information assurance department and the information assurance operation and maintenance professional technical team as the main target, continue to increase professional training efforts to improve network management, system use, inspection and maintenance capabilities. The fourth is information research and development personnel. Take the method of inviting in and going out, let go of the burden and hand over tasks, cultivate a group of expert technical talents with strong system research and development capabilities, establish a mobile station for high-end informatization talents, and form a “not for me, but for me” “A virtuous circle.

Change the concept of command. Modern warfare is all about the system, and joint combat command is a key part of it. In order to cope with the challenges of real threats, it is necessary to establish a new concept of command that is compatible with future warfare. The first is to firmly establish the concept of integrated command. Overcome the narrow command concept of a single service and arms, comprehensively coordinate multi-dimensional battlefield operations such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and network, comprehensively integrate various combat elements, and effectively improve the combat effectiveness of overall and joint victory. The second is to firmly establish the concept of digital command. Transform from extensive to precise command, specify and refine task division, force use, time-space division, and target determination, standardize the command procedures, command methods, and command content of joint combat forces, and integrate reconnaissance intelligence, weapons Platforms, command and control, etc. are networked and real-time, shortening the command process and improving command timeliness. The third is to firmly establish the concept of intelligent command. Actively explore the systematic application of artificial intelligence technology, accelerate the development and application of new technologies such as intelligent decision-making, digital twins, big data, and cloud computing, improve the level of complex information processing on the battlefield, and enable commanders to control combat units and various weapons with the support of intelligent cloud brains. Platform mission command.

Promote innovative practices. In order to adapt to changes in technology, changes in warfare, and changes in opponents, we should speed up the construction of the “three systems” to win the information war. The first is to innovate the tactical system. In-depth research on the real tactics of defending against enemy information attacks, resisting enemy information interference, and counterattacking enemy information under the circumstances of all-round information strikes and hard fire destruction by powerful enemies, and strive to achieve precise control of the enemy. The second is to innovate the training system. Focusing on powerful enemies and combat missions, set up an information warfare environment, conduct in-depth research on topics such as command coordination, tactical application, system construction, and comprehensive support, and promote actual combat deployment and application. The third is the innovation management system. Adhere to the integration of peacetime and wartime management and the combination of virtual reality and real situation, establish a demand traction mechanism led by war, a plan-led mechanism, and an inspection and evaluation mechanism to create independent and controllable industrial chains, supply chains, and guarantee chains to ensure that “peacetime management” and “wartime management” “Use” seamless connection to help the continuous improvement of informationized combat capabilities.

(Author unit: Central Theater)

Source: http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/0x0x0x0x0

深入學習貫徹習近平總書記重要論述  奮力開創新時代網絡法治工作新局面–時政–人民網

China’s Rule of Law for the Internet

China’s Law-Based Cyberspace Governance in the New Era

2023年03月17日06:41 | 來源:人民網-人民日報

深入學習貫徹習近平總書記重要論述  奮力開創新時代網絡法治工作新局面–時政–人民網

小字號

黨的十八大以來,以習近平同志為核心的黨中央在領導全面依法治國和建設網絡強國的偉大實踐中,提出一系列原創性的新理念新思想新戰略,形成了習近平法治思想和習近平總書記關於網絡強國的重要思想。習近平總書記深刻把握信息時代的“時”與“勢”,高度重視網絡法治工作,將依法治網納入全面依法治國和網絡強國建設全局,圍繞依法治網這一重大時代課題,多次作出重要論述、提出明確要求。在習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想特別是習近平法治思想和習近平總書記關於網絡強國的重要思想指引下,我國依法治網深入推進,中國特色網絡法治體系不斷完善,走出了一條既符合國際通行做法、又有中國特色的依法治網之路,網絡法治建設取得歷史性成就。

黨的二十大報告深刻指出:“全面依法治國是國家治理的一場深刻革命,關系黨執政興國,關系人民幸福安康,關系黨和國家長治久安。”2023年3月16日,國務院新聞辦公室發布《新時代的中國網絡法治建設》白皮書,這是我國第一次專門就網絡法治建設發布白皮書,對於深入學習貫徹黨的二十大精神,加快推進新時代網絡強國、數字中國建設,在法治軌道上全面建設社會主義現代化國家,都具有重要意義。我們要以《新時代的中國網絡法治建設》白皮書發布為契機,深入學習貫徹習近平法治思想和習近平總書記關於網絡強國的重要思想,深入學習領會習近平總書記關於網絡法治的重要論述,深刻領悟“兩個確立”的決定性意義,增強“四個意識”、堅定“四個自信”、做到“兩個維護”,全面貫徹落實黨的二十大關於全面依法治國和網絡強國建設的重大決策部署,奮力開創新時代網絡法治工作新局面,以法治力量護航數字中國高質量發展,為網絡強國建設提供堅實法治保障。

一、深入學習貫徹習近平總書記關於網絡法治的重要論述

習近平總書記圍繞依法治網這一重大時代課題,提出了一系列原創性的新理念新思想新戰略,明確了網絡法治在黨和國家事業全局中的重要地位、戰略目標、原則要求、國際主張和基本方法,等等。這些重要論述以新的內涵豐富和完善了習近平法治思想、習近平總書記關於網絡強國的重要思想,為我們做好網絡安全和信息化工作提供了科學指引。

習近平總書記深刻闡述了網絡法治建設的時代要求。當前,中華民族偉大復興戰略全局、世界百年未有之大變局與信息革命時代潮流發生歷史性交匯,新一輪科技革命和產業變革深入發展。習近平總書記准確把握人類社會正在經歷信息革命的時代大勢,強調互聯網這塊“新疆域”不是“法外之地”,同樣要講法治,同樣要維護國家主權、安全、發展利益,要加強重點領域、新興領域、涉外領域立法,統籌推進國內法治和涉外法治,以良法促進發展、保障善治,要把依法治網作為基礎性手段,繼續加快制定完善互聯網領域法律法規,推動依法管網、依法辦網、依法上網,確保互聯網在法治軌道上健康運行,等等。這些重要論述,科學標定了網絡法治建設的時代背景和歷史方位,充分體現了對信息時代發展脈搏的深刻洞察、對網絡空間全新特征的精准把握,進一步深化了我們對網絡法治建設歷史必然性和現實緊迫性的認識。

習近平總書記科學指明了網絡法治建設的實踐路徑。習近平總書記在深刻總結我國全功能接入國際互聯網以來依法治網實踐經驗的基礎上,聚焦新時代以來網絡法治工作面臨的新形勢新任務新情況新問題,對網絡法治建設作出全面部署,強調要深入實施網絡安全法,要以良法善治保障新業態新模式健康發展,要抓緊制定立法規劃,完善互聯網信息內容管理、關鍵信息基礎設施保護等法律法規,要依法加強網絡社會管理,等等。這些重要論述,深深植根我國網絡法治建設實踐沃土,源於實踐、指導實踐、又被實踐所驗証,引領我國網絡法治建設邁上新台階,展現出堅實的實踐根基、鮮明的實踐導向和強大的實踐偉力。

習近平總書記突出強調了網絡法治建設的為民理念。網絡法治與10億多網民直接相連,與14億多人民群眾的獲得感、幸福感、安全感息息相關。習近平總書記多次強調,要本著對社會負責、對人民負責的態度,依法加強網絡空間治理,要依法嚴厲打擊網絡黑客、電信網絡詐騙、侵犯公民個人隱私等違法犯罪行為,維護公民在網絡空間的合法權益,等等。這些重要論述,堅持網絡法治為了人民、依靠人民、造福人民、保護人民,為網絡法治建設注入了最深沉最持久的動力源泉和發展基礎。

習近平總書記明確提出了網絡法治國際交流合作的中國主張。習近平總書記創造性地提出了推進全球互聯網治理體系變革的“四項原則”和構建網絡空間命運共同體的“五點主張”,明確提出各國應該共同努力,防范和反對利用網絡空間進行的恐怖、淫穢、販毒、洗錢、賭博等犯罪活動﹔中國願同各國一道,推動制定各方普遍接受的網絡空間國際規則,健全打擊網絡犯罪司法協助機制,共同維護網絡空間和平安全,等等。這些重要論述,把法治作為推動全球互聯網治理體系變革和構建網絡空間命運共同體的重要保障,提出一系列契合網絡發展實踐、反映各國共同意願的思想理念、原則准則,為網絡法治建設提出了中國方案、貢獻了中國智慧。

習近平總書記關於網絡法治的重要論述,思想深邃、內涵豐富,具有很強的政治性、思想性、前瞻性、指導性,是習近平法治思想和習近平總書記關於網絡強國的重要思想的重要組成部分,為我們做好新時代網絡法治工作提供了根本遵循和行動指南。我們要深入學習和全面把握習近平總書記關於網絡法治的重要論述的豐富內涵、實踐要求、鮮明特征,切實增強學習貫徹的思想自覺、政治自覺、行動自覺。

二、全面把握新時代我國網絡法治建設取得的歷史性成就

自1994年全功能接入國際互聯網以來,我國高度重視網絡法治建設,不斷探索符合中國互聯網發展特點的依法治網之路。進入新時代,在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央堅強領導下,在習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想的科學指引下,我們認真學習貫徹習近平總書記關於網絡法治的重要論述,堅持把依法治網擺在更加突出位置,取得了一系列顯著成就,為網絡強國建設、全面依法治國、黨在信息化條件下治國理政作出了重要貢獻。

推進科學立法,奠定網絡空間法治基礎。把握互聯網發展規律,著力建立網絡權益保障法律制度、健全數字經濟法治規則、劃定網絡安全法律紅線、完善網絡生態治理規范,先后制定出台了網絡安全法、電子商務法、數據安全法、個人信息保護法等基礎性、綜合性、全局性法律。截至目前,已制定出台網絡領域立法140余部,基本形成了以憲法為根本,以法律、行政法規、部門規章和地方性法規、地方政府規章為依托,以傳統立法為基礎,以網絡內容建設與管理、網絡安全和信息化等網絡專門立法為主干的網絡法律體系,為網絡強國建設提供了堅實的制度保障。

推進嚴格執法,保障網絡空間規范有序。堅持嚴格規范公正文明網絡執法,加大重點領域執法力度,全面保護人民群眾合法權益、維護社會公共利益。加大個人信息保護執法力度,加強網絡知識產權保護,積極探索與網絡市場新業態相適應的執法模式,依法整治壟斷和不正當競爭行為。加強網絡基礎資源、重要網絡系統、網絡數據等領域安全執法工作,持續深入開展“淨網”“清朗”“護苗”等系列專項行動,加大對人民群眾反映強烈的網絡淫穢色情、虛假信息、網絡暴力、算法濫用、未成年人沉迷網絡游戲等問題的治理力度,推動網絡空間持續向好、天朗氣清。

推進公正司法,捍衛網絡空間公平正義。積極回應信息時代司法新需求,運用網絡信息技術賦能傳統司法。創新網絡司法規則,及時制定涉網司法解釋,依法審理新類型、疑難復雜和互聯網特性突出的司法案件。探索網絡司法模式,積極推行大數據、雲計算、人工智能等現代科技在訴訟服務、審判執行、司法管理等領域的深度應用,相繼設立杭州、北京、廣州互聯網法院,探索實行“網上案件網上審理”,審判質量、效率和效果呈現良好態勢。

推進全民守法,提升全社會網絡法治意識和素養。創新網絡法治宣傳教育的內容、形式、手段,拓展“互聯網+普法”新模式,積極運用網絡媒體開展網上普法活動,推進線下普法向線上延伸。圍繞青少年、互聯網企業從業人員等重要普法對象開展法治宣傳,全社會網絡法治意識和素養明顯增強。強化網絡法學科專業建設和人才培養,積極推進網絡法治智庫建設,為網絡法治建設提供了智力支持和人才保障。

推進國際交流,積極參與全球網絡法治建設。堅持以習近平總書記關於構建網絡空間命運共同體的理念主張為指引,積極開展網絡法治國際交流合作。支持發揮聯合國在網絡國際治理中的主渠道作用,提出《全球數據安全倡議》。積極參與形成區域性網絡治理規則。開展網絡法治雙多邊對話交流,加強網絡安全國際執法司法合作。搭建網絡法治國際對話合作平台,舉辦世界互聯網大會,發布《攜手構建網絡空間命運共同體行動倡議》等。

三、認真總結新時代我國網絡法治建設的寶貴經驗

黨的十八大以來,我國網絡法治建設之所以取得歷史性成就、實現跨越式發展,根本在於習近平總書記作為黨中央的核心、全黨的核心領航掌舵,在於習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想特別是習近平法治思想和習近平總書記關於網絡強國的重要思想科學指引。新時代以來,網絡法治建設在實踐中發展,在繼承中創新,積累了一系列來之不易、彌足珍貴的經驗。

堅持以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想統領網絡法治工作全局。習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想是當代中國馬克思主義、二十一世紀馬克思主義,是全黨全國人民為實現中華民族偉大復興而奮斗的行動指南,也是推進網絡法治工作的根本遵循。我們要深入學習貫徹習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想,特別是把學習貫徹習近平法治思想和習近平總書記關於網絡強國的重要思想緊密結合起來,認真貫徹落實習近平總書記關於網絡法治的重要論述,切實用以武裝頭腦、指導實踐、推動工作。

堅持加強黨對網絡法治工作的全面領導。黨的全面領導是做好網絡法治工作的根本政治保証。必須加強黨對網信工作的全面領導,堅持黨管互聯網,深刻領悟“兩個確立”的決定性意義,增強“四個意識”、堅定“四個自信”、做到“兩個維護”,不斷提高政治判斷力、政治領悟力、政治執行力,把黨的領導貫穿到依法治網全過程和各方面,確保網絡法治工作始終沿著正確政治方向和道路前進。

堅持以人民為中心。網絡法治工作與人民群眾切身利益密切相關,必須始終堅持以人民為中心的發展思想,把體現人民利益、反映人民願望、維護人民權益、增進人民福祉落實到網絡法治建設全過程各方面,為人民群眾營造安全、公平、健康、文明、清朗的網絡空間。

堅持走中國特色的網絡法治道路。中國特色網絡法治道路本質上是中國特色社會主義法治道路在網信領域的具體體現,是我國網絡法治建設成就和經驗的集中體現。必須堅持中國特色治網之道,立足國情、民情、網情,運用法治思維和法治方式解決制約互聯網發展的瓶頸問題,走好中國特色的網絡法治道路,為推動全球互聯網治理體系變革提出中國方案、貢獻中國智慧。

堅持把握網絡法治工作規律。網絡法治是一門大學問、新學問,必須科學把握內在規律,處理好發展和安全、自由和秩序、開放和自主、管理和服務的關系,堅持依法治網和以德潤網相統一、規范發展和鼓勵支持相協調、國內法治和涉外法治相銜接,以高質量法治建設助推網信事業高質量發展,為互聯網健康有序發展提供保障,為網絡強國建設夯實法治基礎。

堅持推進網絡法治工作創新。互聯網因創新而生、因創新而興,網絡法治工作尤其需要創新。必須順應全球信息化發展大勢,立足我國互聯網發展實踐,加快推進網絡法治理念、內容、方式、方法等全方位創新,完善和創新新技術新領域規則,提升網絡法治工作的針對性和實效性,以創新引領網絡法治實踐。

堅持凝聚網絡法治工作合力。網絡法治工作是一項系統工程,必須統籌兼顧、把握重點、整體謀劃,更好發揮各方面的積極性、主動性、創造性,協調推進網絡內容建設與管理、網絡安全、信息化和網絡空間國際合作等各領域法治工作,讓互聯網在法治軌道上健康運行。

四、奮力開創新時代網絡法治工作新局面

推進依法治網是全面依法治國的必然要求,網絡法治工作是網絡強國建設的重要保障。我們要深入學習宣傳貫徹黨的二十大精神,以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想特別是習近平法治思想和習近平總書記關於網絡強國的重要思想為指引,筑法治之基、行法治之力、積法治之勢,深入推進網絡空間法治化進程,奮力開創網絡法治工作新局面。

切實提高政治站位,加強黨對網絡法治工作的全面領導。深刻領悟“兩個確立”的決定性意義,增強“四個意識”、堅定“四個自信”、做到“兩個維護”,把黨管互聯網全面貫穿於網絡立法、執法、司法、普法等工作的全過程和各方面。完善黨領導依法治網的制度和機制,形成強大工作合力。

強化重點領域立法,構建系統完備的網絡法律體系。立足“十四五”時期網信事業發展,進一步健全以網絡安全法、數據安全法、個人信息保護法等法律為引領,涵蓋網絡內容建設與管理、網絡安全、信息化、網絡空間國際合作等領域,法律、行政法規、部門規章等多個位階,民商法、刑法、行政法等多個法律部門的網絡法律體系。強化網絡重點立法,加快制定修訂網絡安全法、未成年人網絡保護條例、網絡數據安全管理條例等法律法規。堅持急用先行,豐富“小快靈”立法。強化前沿問題研究,加快推進數字經濟、互聯網金融、人工智能、大數據、雲計算等新興領域立法步伐,做到新技術新應用發展到哪裡、法治建設就覆蓋到哪裡。

深入開展網絡執法,保障網絡法律法規實施。深入推進網絡執法協調機制建設,強化跨領域跨部門聯合執法,推動形成橫向協同、縱向聯動的全國網絡行政執法工作體系,完善行政執法與刑事司法銜接機制。加強網絡傳播秩序規范治理。聚焦人民群眾反映強烈的突出問題,持續開展“清朗”系列專項行動,綜合運用多種懲戒方式,開展分類分級監管執法。依法打擊利用網絡從事危害國家安全和社會公共利益、擾亂經濟秩序和社會秩序、侵害他人合法權益等違法犯罪活動,嚴厲懲處利用網絡傳播違法信息行為。加強網絡執法人才隊伍建設,推進嚴格規范公正文明執法。

加強法治宣傳研究,凝聚依法治網強大力量。全面實施網信系統“八五”普法規劃,將“誰立法誰普法”“誰執法誰普法”“誰管理誰普法”“誰服務誰普法”貫穿於依法治網全過程。將領導干部和青少年網絡法治宣傳教育作為工作重點,加大互聯網行業從業人員法律法規教育培訓力度,不斷提升全社會網絡法治意識和素養。深化網絡法治研究與教育,推進網絡法治理論創新,建立健全網絡法治教育長效機制,推動網絡法治智庫建設,為網絡法治建設提供更強大的智力支持。

增進國際交流合作,推動構建網絡空間命運共同體。堅持以習近平總書記關於構建網絡空間命運共同體的理念主張為指引,加大我國互聯網治理實踐和理念主張的對外宣介力度,做好《新時代的中國網絡法治建設》白皮書宣傳解讀工作,加強對外傳播,講好中國故事。積極參與數字貨幣、數字稅、數據安全、個人信息保護等領域國際規則制定。充分發揮聯合國主渠道作用,通過金磚國家合作機制、上海合作組織、亞非法律協商組織、世界互聯網大會等平台,加強網絡立法和政策機制建設交流合作。

(作者為中央宣傳部副部長,中央網絡安全和信息化委員會辦公室主任、國家互聯網信息辦公室主任)

《 人民日報 》( 2023年03月17日 10 版)

In-depth study and implementation of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important expositions, and strive to create a new situation in the work of Internet rule of law in the new era

Zhuang RongwenMarch 17, 2023 06:41 | Source: 

People’s Daily Online – People’s Daily

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Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has put forward a series of original new ideas, new ideas, and new strategies in leading the great practice of comprehensively governing the country according to law and building a cyber power, forming Xi Jinping’s thoughts on the rule of law and President Xi Jinping’s thoughts on the rule of law. The secretary’s important thoughts on the power of the Internet. General Secretary Xi Jinping has a deep grasp of the “time” and “trend” of the information age, attaches great importance to the work of the rule of law on the Internet, and incorporates the rule of law into the overall law-based governance of the country and the construction of a strong network country. Discuss and make clear requirements. Under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, especially Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law and General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important thoughts on the power of the Internet, my country’s rule of law in the Internet has been further advanced, and the Internet legal system with Chinese characteristics has been continuously improved. , and the road to governing the Internet according to law with Chinese characteristics, the construction of the Internet rule of law has made historic achievements.

The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out profoundly: “Comprehensively ruling the country according to law is a profound revolution in state governance. This is the first time that my country has released a white paper on the construction of the rule of law on the Internet. It is important for in-depth study and implementation of the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and to accelerate the construction of a powerful network country and a digital China in the new era. On the track of the rule of law It is of great significance to build a modern socialist country in an all-round way. We must take the opportunity of the release of the white paper “Construction of the Internet Rule of Law in China in the New Era” to study and implement Xi Jinping’s thought on the rule of law and General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important thoughts on the power of the Internet. The decisive significance of “two establishments” is to strengthen the “four consciousnesses”, strengthen the “four self-confidence”, and achieve “two maintenances”, and fully implement the major decisions and deployments of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China on comprehensively governing the country according to law and building a powerful network country , strive to create a new situation in the work of the rule of law on the Internet in the new era, escort the high-quality development of digital China with the power of the rule of law, and provide a solid rule of law guarantee for the construction of a powerful network country.

1. In-depth study and implementation of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important exposition on the rule of law on the Internet

General Secretary Xi Jinping has put forward a series of original new ideas, new ideas and new strategies centering on the major era issue of governing the Internet according to the law, and clarified the important position, strategic goals, principle requirements, and international propositions of the Internet rule of law in the overall situation of the party and the country. and basic methods, etc. These important expositions have enriched and perfected Xi Jinping’s thoughts on the rule of law and General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important thoughts on the power of the Internet with new connotations, and provided scientific guidance for us to do a good job in network security and informatization.

General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly expounded the requirements of the times for the construction of the rule of law on the Internet. At present, the overall strategy of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, the major changes in the world unseen in a century, and the trend of the information revolution era have historically converged, and a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation has developed in depth. General Secretary Xi Jinping accurately grasped the general trend of the era when human society is undergoing an information revolution, and emphasized that the “new frontier” of the Internet is not a “land outside the law”. Legislation in key fields, emerging fields, and foreign-related fields, coordinate the advancement of domestic and foreign-related rule of law, promote development with good laws, and ensure good governance. We must use law-based governance of the Internet as a basic means, continue to accelerate the formulation and improvement of laws and regulations in the Internet field, and promote law-based management of the Internet. Run the Internet according to the law, access the Internet according to the law, ensure that the Internet operates on the track of the rule of law, and so on. These important expositions scientifically calibrate the background and historical orientation of the construction of the rule of law on the Internet, fully reflect the profound insight into the development pulse of the information age, and the precise grasp of the new characteristics of cyberspace, and further deepen our understanding of the historical inevitability and reality of the construction of the rule of law on the Internet. awareness of urgency.

General Secretary Xi Jinping scientifically pointed out the practical path for the construction of the rule of law on the Internet. General Secretary Xi Jinping, on the basis of profoundly summarizing the practical experience of law-based network governance since my country’s full-featured access to the international Internet, focused on the new situation, new tasks, new situations, and new problems faced by the network legal work since the new era, and made a comprehensive deployment of the network legal construction, emphasizing It is necessary to thoroughly implement the Cybersecurity Law, ensure the healthy development of new business forms and models with good laws and good governance, formulate legislative plans as soon as possible, improve laws and regulations such as Internet information content management and key information infrastructure protection, and strengthen network social management in accordance with the law, etc. These important expositions are deeply rooted in the fertile soil of practice in the construction of the rule of law on the Internet in my country. They originate from practice, guide practice, and are verified by practice. Powerful practical power.

General Secretary Xi Jinping highlighted the concept of serving the people in the construction of the rule of law on the Internet. The rule of law on the Internet is directly connected to more than 1 billion Internet users, and is closely related to the sense of gain, happiness, and security of more than 1.4 billion people. General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly stressed that cyberspace governance must be strengthened in accordance with the law in an attitude of being responsible to the society and the people, and that illegal and criminal acts such as cyber hacking, telecommunications and network fraud, and infringement of citizens’ personal privacy must be severely cracked down in accordance with the law, so as to protect citizens’ cyberspace security. Legal rights to space, etc. These important expositions, insisting that the rule of law on the Internet is for the people, rely on the people, benefit the people, and protect the people, have injected the deepest and most lasting source of motivation and development foundation for the construction of the rule of law on the Internet.

General Secretary Xi Jinping clearly put forward China’s proposition of international exchanges and cooperation on the rule of law on the Internet. General Secretary Xi Jinping creatively put forward the “Four Principles” to promote the reform of the global Internet governance system and the “Five Proposals” to build a community with a shared future in cyberspace. , drug trafficking, money laundering, gambling and other criminal activities; China is willing to work with other countries to promote the formulation of universally accepted international rules in cyberspace, improve the judicial assistance mechanism for combating cybercrime, and jointly maintain peace and security in cyberspace, etc. These important expositions regard the rule of law as an important guarantee for promoting the reform of the global Internet governance system and building a community with a shared future in cyberspace, put forward a series of ideologies, principles and guidelines that conform to the practice of network development and reflect the common wishes of all countries, and propose a Chinese plan for the construction of the rule of law on the Internet , Contributed Chinese wisdom.

General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important exposition on the rule of law on the Internet has profound thoughts and rich connotations, and is highly political, ideological, forward-looking, and instructive. It provides us with a fundamental follow-up and action guide for us to do a good job in the work of the rule of law on the Internet in the new era. We must in-depth study and comprehensively grasp the rich connotations, practical requirements, and distinctive features of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important expositions on the rule of law on the Internet, and earnestly enhance the ideological, political, and action awareness of learning and implementing them.

2. Comprehensively grasp the historic achievements made in the construction of the rule of law on the Internet in my country in the new era

Since full-featured access to the international Internet in 1994, my country has attached great importance to the construction of the rule of law on the Internet, and has continuously explored the way to rule the Internet according to the law in line with the characteristics of China’s Internet development. Entering the new era, under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, and under the scientific guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, we have conscientiously studied and implemented General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important exposition on the rule of law on the Internet, and insisted on governing the Internet by law. It has been placed in a more prominent position and has achieved a series of remarkable achievements, making important contributions to the construction of a strong network country, the comprehensive rule of law, and the party’s governance of the country under the conditions of informationization.

Promote scientific legislation and lay the foundation for the rule of law in cyberspace. Grasp the law of Internet development, focus on establishing a legal system for the protection of network rights and interests, improve the legal rules of the digital economy, delineate legal red lines for network security, and improve network ecological governance norms. Fundamental, comprehensive, and overall laws such as protection laws. Up to now, more than 140 pieces of legislation in the network field have been formulated and promulgated, basically forming a constitution based on the Constitution, relying on laws, administrative regulations, departmental regulations, local regulations, and local government regulations, based on traditional legislation, and based on network content construction and cooperation. The network legal system with special network legislation on management, network security and informatization as the main body provides a solid institutional guarantee for the construction of a strong network country.

Promote strict law enforcement to ensure orderly cyberspace. Adhere to strict, standardized, fair and civilized law enforcement on the Internet, increase law enforcement in key areas, comprehensively protect the legitimate rights and interests of the people, and safeguard social and public interests. Increase law enforcement efforts to protect personal information, strengthen network intellectual property protection, actively explore law enforcement models that are compatible with new business forms in the network market, and rectify monopoly and unfair competition behaviors in accordance with the law. Strengthen security law enforcement in areas such as network basic resources, important network systems, and network data, continue to carry out a series of special campaigns such as “cleaning the network”, “clearing the sky” and “protecting seedlings” , Internet violence, algorithm abuse, and minors’ addiction to online games, and other issues, to promote the continuous improvement of cyberspace and clear skies.

Promote fair justice and safeguard fairness and justice in cyberspace. Actively respond to the new demands of justice in the information age, and use network information technology to empower traditional justice. Innovate Internet judicial rules, formulate Internet-related judicial interpretations in a timely manner, and try new types of judicial cases that are difficult and complex and have prominent Internet characteristics in accordance with the law. Explore the network judicial model, actively promote the in-depth application of modern technologies such as big data, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence in the fields of litigation services, trial enforcement, and judicial management. The quality, efficiency and effect of trials are showing a good trend.

Promote the law-abiding of the whole people, and enhance the awareness and literacy of the rule of law in the Internet of the whole society. Innovate the content, form, and means of online legal publicity and education, expand the new model of “Internet + law popularization”, actively use online media to carry out online legal popularization activities, and promote the extension of offline legal popularization to online. Publicity on the rule of law was carried out around young people, employees of Internet companies and other important objects of law popularization, and the awareness and literacy of the rule of law in the Internet of the whole society were significantly enhanced. Strengthen the professional construction and personnel training of Internet law disciplines, actively promote the construction of Internet rule of law think tanks, and provide intellectual support and talent guarantee for the construction of Internet rule of law.

Promote international exchanges and actively participate in the construction of the rule of law on the global network. Adhere to the guidance of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s concept and proposition of building a community of shared future in cyberspace, and actively carry out international exchanges and cooperation on the rule of law in the Internet. Support the role of the United Nations as the main channel in the international governance of the Internet, and put forward the “Global Data Security Initiative”. Actively participate in the formation of regional network governance rules. Carry out bilateral and multilateral dialogues and exchanges on the rule of law on the Internet, and strengthen international law enforcement and judicial cooperation on Internet security. Establish a platform for international dialogue and cooperation on the rule of law in the Internet, hold the World Internet Conference, and release the “Action Initiative to Build a Community of Shared Future in Cyberspace”, etc.

3. Conscientiously summarize the valuable experience in the construction of the rule of law on the Internet in my country in the new era

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the reason why my country’s Internet rule of law has achieved historic achievements and achieved leapfrog development is fundamentally that General Secretary Xi Jinping, as the core of the Party Central Committee and the core of the whole party, is at the helm at the helm, and lies in Xi Jinping’s new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics In particular, Xi Jinping’s thoughts on the rule of law and General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important scientific guidance on the network power. Since the new era, the construction of the rule of law on the Internet has developed in practice, innovated in inheritance, and accumulated a series of hard-won and precious experiences.

Persist in guiding the overall work of the rule of law on the Internet with Xi Jinping’s socialist ideology with Chinese characteristics in the new era. Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is Marxism in contemporary China and Marxism in the 21st century. We must thoroughly study and implement Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, especially closely combine the study and implementation of Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law with General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important thoughts on the power of the Internet, conscientiously implement General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important exposition on the rule of law on the Internet, and earnestly implement it. It is used to arm the mind, guide practice, and promote work.

Persist in strengthening the party’s overall leadership over the rule of law work on the Internet. The party’s overall leadership is the fundamental political guarantee for doing a good job in the rule of law on the Internet. It is necessary to strengthen the party’s overall leadership over the Internet and information work, insist on the party’s management of the Internet, deeply understand the decisive significance of the “two establishments”, strengthen the “four consciousnesses”, strengthen the “four self-confidence”, and achieve the “two maintenances”, and constantly Improve political judgment, political comprehension, and political execution, and implement the party’s leadership throughout the entire process and all aspects of governing the Internet by law, so as to ensure that Internet rule of law work always advances along the correct political direction and path.

Adhere to the people as the center. The work of the rule of law on the Internet is closely related to the vital interests of the people. We must always adhere to the people-centered development idea, and implement the interests of the people, reflect the wishes of the people, safeguard the rights and interests of the people, and improve the well-being of the people in all aspects of the construction of the rule of law on the Internet. The masses create a safe, fair, healthy, civilized, and clear cyberspace.

Adhere to the road of Internet rule of law with Chinese characteristics. The path of Internet rule of law with Chinese characteristics is essentially a concrete manifestation of the path of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics in the field of Internet information, and it is a concentrated expression of the achievements and experience of my country’s Internet rule of law construction. We must adhere to the way of governing the Internet with Chinese characteristics, based on national conditions, public conditions, and Internet conditions, use legal thinking and methods to solve bottlenecks that restrict Internet development, take the road of Internet rule of law with Chinese characteristics, and propose Chinese solutions for promoting the reform of the global Internet governance system , Contribute Chinese wisdom.

Persist in grasping the law of network rule of law work. The rule of law on the Internet is a university and a new study. It is necessary to scientifically grasp the internal laws, properly handle the relationship between development and security, freedom and order, openness and autonomy, and management and service. Coordinating with encouragement and support, linking domestic rule of law with foreign-related rule of law, boosting the high-quality development of cybersecurity and informatization with high-quality rule of law construction, providing guarantees for the healthy and orderly development of the Internet, and laying a solid foundation for the rule of law for the construction of a strong network country.

Persist in advancing the innovation of network rule of law work. The Internet was born and prospered because of innovation, and the rule of law on the Internet especially needs innovation. It is necessary to conform to the general trend of global informatization development, based on the practice of my country’s Internet development, accelerate the promotion of all-round innovations in the concept, content, methods, and methods of the rule of law on the Internet, improve and innovate the rules of new technologies and new fields, and enhance the pertinence and effectiveness of the rule of law work on the Internet. Lead the practice of the rule of law on the Internet with innovation.

Persist in cohesive efforts in network rule of law work. The rule of law work on the Internet is a systematic project, and it is necessary to make overall plans, grasp the key points, and make overall plans, better exert the enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity of all parties, and coordinate and promote the construction and management of Internet content, Internet security, informatization, and international cooperation in cyberspace The rule of law work in various fields, so that the Internet can run healthily on the track of the rule of law.

4. Strive to create a new situation in the network rule of law work in the new era

Promoting law-based governance of the Internet is an inevitable requirement for comprehensive law-based governance, and Internet rule of law work is an important guarantee for the construction of a powerful Internet country. We must thoroughly study, publicize and implement the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, especially Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law and General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important thoughts on the power of the Internet, build the foundation of the rule of law, practice the power of the rule of law, Accumulate the momentum of the rule of law, deeply promote the process of the rule of law in cyberspace, and strive to create a new situation in the work of the rule of law in the Internet.

Effectively improve political standing, and strengthen the party’s overall leadership over the rule of law on the Internet. Deeply comprehend the decisive significance of the “two establishments”, strengthen the “four consciousnesses”, strengthen the “four self-confidence”, and achieve the “two maintenances”, and fully implement the party’s management of the Internet in the work of online legislation, law enforcement, judiciary, and law popularization the whole process and all aspects. Improve the system and mechanism for the party leadership to rule the Internet according to the law, and form a strong working force.

Strengthen legislation in key areas, and build a systematic and complete network legal system. Based on the development of the Internet information business during the “14th Five-Year Plan” period, further improve laws such as the Network Security Law, Data Security Law, and Personal Information Protection Law, covering network content construction and management, network security, informatization, international cooperation in cyberspace, etc. Fields, laws, administrative regulations, departmental rules and other levels, civil and commercial law, criminal law, administrative law and other legal departments of the network legal system. Strengthen key legislation on the Internet, and speed up the formulation and revision of laws and regulations such as the Internet Security Law, the Regulations on the Internet Protection of Minors, and the Regulations on the Management of Internet Data Security. Adhere to urgent needs first, and enrich the “small, fast and smart” legislation. Strengthen research on cutting-edge issues, accelerate the pace of legislation in emerging fields such as digital economy, Internet finance, artificial intelligence, big data, and cloud computing, so that wherever new technologies and applications develop, the rule of law will be covered.

Carry out in-depth cyber law enforcement to ensure the implementation of cyber laws and regulations. Deeply promote the construction of network law enforcement coordination mechanisms, strengthen cross-field and cross-departmental joint law enforcement, promote the formation of a national network administrative law enforcement work system with horizontal coordination and vertical linkage, and improve the connection mechanism between administrative law enforcement and criminal justice. Strengthen the orderly and standardized governance of online communication. Focus on outstanding issues that the people have strongly reported, continue to carry out the “Qinglang” series of special actions, comprehensively use various punishment methods, and carry out classified and hierarchical supervision and law enforcement. Crack down on the use of the Internet to engage in illegal and criminal activities that endanger national security and social and public interests, disrupt economic and social order, and infringe on the legitimate rights and interests of others, and severely punish the use of the Internet to disseminate illegal information. Strengthen the construction of online law enforcement talent teams, and promote strict, standardized, fair and civilized law enforcement.

Strengthen the publicity and research of the rule of law, and gather powerful forces to rule the Internet according to the law. Fully implement the “Eighth Five-Year” law popularization plan of the network information system, and “whoever makes the law popularizes the law”, “whoever enforces the law popularizes the law”, “whoever manages the law popularizes”, and “whoever serves the service popularizes the law” runs through the entire process of governing the Internet by law. Make the publicity and education of the rule of law on the Internet for leading cadres and youth a priority, increase the education and training of laws and regulations for Internet industry practitioners, and continuously improve the awareness and quality of the rule of law in the entire society. Deepen research and education on the rule of law on the Internet, promote theoretical innovation on the rule of law on the Internet, establish and improve a long-term mechanism for education on the rule of law on the Internet, promote the construction of think tanks on the rule of law on the Internet, and provide stronger intellectual support for the construction of the rule of law on the Internet.

Enhance international exchanges and cooperation, and promote the building of a community of shared future in cyberspace. Adhere to the guidance of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s concept and proposition of building a community with a shared future in cyberspace, increase the intensity of publicity of my country’s Internet governance practices and concepts to the outside world, do a good job in the publicity and interpretation of the white paper “Construction of China’s Internet Rule of Law in the New Era”, and strengthen external communication. Spread and tell Chinese stories well. Actively participate in the formulation of international rules in the fields of digital currency, digital taxation, data security, and personal information protection. Give full play to the role of the United Nations as the main channel, and strengthen exchanges and cooperation in the construction of online legislation and policy mechanisms through platforms such as the BRICS cooperation mechanism, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization, and the World Internet Conference.

(The author is the deputy director of the Central Propaganda Department, the director of the Office of the Central Cyber ​​Security and Informatization Commission, and the director of the State Internet Information Office)

“People’s Daily” (version 10, March 17, 2023)

http://politics.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2023/0317/c1001-32645866.html

中國風諜戰遊戲

Chinese Spying Operations – Games Chinese Spooks Play

From 國家安全部 ‘Guójiā ānquán bù’ to 新華社 ‘Xinhua’, how China’s espionage network operates in shadows.

China has systemically set up one of the quietest but most lethal espionage networks across the world.

As the world continues to debate over the spy balloons allegedly sent by China for espionage in the United States, probably it is missing the big picture. The real threat to global security comes from China’s spy network which is a complex web of many agencies, most of whom have successfully remained in the shadows. This multipart series would unravel the lesser known as well the unknown details about the Chinese espionage network.

The Chinese spy network has successfully remained in the shadows for decades. The Chinese Communist Party had built its spy network much before it came to power in China in 1949 turning a republic into a communist dictatorship. Since then, China has systematically set up one of the quietest but one of the most lethal espionage networks across the world.

The information regarding the Chinese spy network is scant and so scattered that it makes it difficult for even keen China watchers to paint the big and the real picture.

Ministry of State for Security

Ministry of State for Security (MSS) is China’s premier intelligence agency. It is also known as 國家安全部 ‘Guójiā ānquán bù’. MSS is largely responsible for operations outside China. The domestic intelligence and surveillance is looked after by the Ministry of Public Security (MPS). In addition, Chinese defence forces have their own intelligence agencies which conduct operations all over the globe.

Peter Mattis, one of the foremost authorities on Chinese intelligence operations, explains the Chinese military intelligence network (A Guide to Chinese Intelligence Operations, August 18, 2015), “Within the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), intelligence organizations fall under the General Staff Department (the Second and Third Departments, or, respectively, China’s DIA and NSA equivalents); the General Political Department for intelligence and covert influence operations; the PLA Navy, Air Force, and Second Artillery headquarters; and technical reconnaissance bureaus in the military regions. Much of the military intelligence infrastructure is based in China, but defence attachés and clandestine collectors do operate abroad, including from the service intelligence elements.”

New China News Agency (Xinhua)

Founded in 1931 by the Chinese Communist Party, Xinhua is the official news agency of China and a major facilitator for China’s intelligence gathering. According to an investigative report in Greek media outlet Pentapostagma published in April 2021, “Xinhua is primarily the eyes, ears, and voice of China. It is one of the important arms of the Chinese Intelligence agency in gathering information. Its prime objective is to promote positive news/narrative about CCP leadership/Chinese government and to marginalize, demonize, or entirely suppress anti-CCP voices, incisive political commentary and exposes that present the Chinese Government/CCP leadership in a negative light. It owns more than 20 newspapers and a dozen magazines and prints in eight languages: Chinese, English, Spanish, French, Russian, Portuguese, Arabic and Japanese It has established 107 bureaus in foreign countries including eight sub offices or editorial offices in Hong Kong, New York, Mexico, Nairobi, Cairo, Paris, Moscow, and Rio de Janeiro and currently employs more than 10,000 people.”

The report explained the standard operating procedure of gathering intelligence by this Chinese agency which has been operating in India also for several years, “Xinhua covers all news and developments/events in foreign countries which have meaning, or which could be of any significance for China. It then forwards reports/articles to China’s Ministry of State Security which directly handles the information inflow from Xinhua. The reports/articles are uploaded in a secured web system. Those that contain intelligence value are treated as classified and forwarded to CCP leadership for their consumption. Xinhua journalists are trained to be able to identify news/articles that are suitable for the CCP leaders and not for the public.” 

According to this investigative report, “The agency (Xinhua) maintains a huge database of experts across the world and contacts favorable pro-Chinese contacts/assets in foreign countries and forwards their articles/reports to concerned departments back in Beijing.”

United Front Work Department (UFWD)

Set up in 1942, UFWD is the blue-eyed boy of the Communist Party Chinese (CPC). President Xi Jinping has further strengthened it ever since he came to power in 2012 and now it plays a significant role in China’s overall espionage network as well foreign policy framework. According to a research report published in August 2018 by the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission, “The United Front strategy uses a range of methods to influence overseas Chinese communities, foreign governments, and other actors to take actions or adopt positions supportive of Beijing’s preferred policies.”

‘Several official and quasi-official entities conduct overseas activities guided or funded by the United Front including Chinese government and military organizations, cultural and “friendship” associations, and overseas academic groups such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs) and Confucius Institutes.  The UFWD also oversees influence operations targeting Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau that aim to suppress independence movements, undermine local identity, and promote support for Beijing’s political system.

In all these cases, United Front work serves to promote Beijing’s preferred global narrative, pressure individuals living in free and open societies to self-censor and avoid discussing issues unfavorable to the CPC and harass or undermine groups critical of Beijing’s policies.’

Ryan Fedasiuk, a research Analyst at Georgetown University’s Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET) meticulously calculated the budget for UFWD in his essay ‘How China Mobilizes Funding for United Front Work (China Brief Volume: 20 Issue: 16). This indicates the priority given to this agency by the Chinese government and the CCP.

There is no direct budget for UFWD but there are several government and quasi-government bodies which fund it. That include Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, State Administration of Religious Affairs, Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council and All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce. The current annual budget for UFWD allocated through these bodies stands at not less than $1.4 billion.

“Chinese officials maintain that the United Front system is a benign network of administrative organizations, and that the PRC’s foreign policy is based on “mutual respect and non-interference in each other’s internal affairs” (PRC Embassy in Sweden, August 2019; ABC, June 2020). If this really were the case, regional governments probably would not classify their united front spending as secret 秘密資助 (Mìmì zīzhù) or refuse to disclose the structure of government offices ostensibly reserved for public diplomacy,” says Fedasiuk.

He further adds, “That regional governments in China budget nearly as much for united front work ($1.3 billion annually) as they do for CPC propaganda indicates how highly the Party values the united front as a tool for both domestic and foreign influence’.”

Overseas Chinese Affairs Office (OCAO)

This department /office is a front for keeping tabs on the Chinese communities abroad. It works closely with the Chinese Ministry of Education. According to Mattis, “The Overseas Chinese Affairs Office and the Ministry of Education… keep tabs on Chinese who live outside of China. The former office maintains ties to overseas Chinese communities and sponsors a variety of Chinese professional associations. The Ministry of Education keeps tabs on Chinese students abroad and helps support students’ and scholars’ associations. Both assist in mobilizing Chinese expats and émigrés for visible displays of support when Beijing wants, such as during the 2008 Olympic torch relay.”

According to the official website of ‘Overseas Chinese Office’, its major responsibilities include, “To study and formulate the guidelines, policies and regulations concerning overseas Chinese affairs, as well as to supervise and check their implementation; and to conduct research and study on the development of overseas Chinese affairs both domestically and abroad, to provide the information to the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council.

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (ISTIC)

Established in 1956, the ISTIC is officially a premier scientific research institute of China. But that is a façade. Its real task is to collect technologies and related information from all over the world in whichever manner it is possible. If one can read between the lines, the official website of ISTIC gives ample indications about the real work it does. The website says, “ISTIC has established long-term and stable business cooperation relations with relevant research institutions in the United States, Canada, Japan and other countries and regions, and has become an important platform for international cooperation and exchange in the field of science and technology information in China.”

George Soros and Chinese spy agency worked together as comrades.

George Soros’ history with the Chinese reveals his hypocrisy as he presents himself as a champion of democracy.

George Soros, the US-based controversial billionaire, and the Chinese premier spy agency Ministry of State Security (MSS) have worked hand in glove in the 1980s where Soros provided substantial funding to MSS through Economic System Reform Institute (ESRI) and China International Culture Exchange Center (CICEC).

It appears that Soros was playing a ‘double game’ by pursuing the Western interests to infiltrate China while also forging a close partnership with Chinese intelligence network and top bosses of the Chinese Communist Party. The apparent reason was an opportunity that he must have seen to benefit from China’s economic growth in the 1980s.

But this partnership fell apart with the change in the Chinese regime after 1989. Several representatives of Soros’ entity ‘China Fund’ were arrested by the Chinese authorities post- Tiananmen square massacre in 1989. The Chinese authorities accused them of working for the US’ Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

Soros’ China Fund and the Ministry of State Security

Soros started making overtures to China in the 1980s. He first identified and handpicked Liang Heng, a bestselling author in 1984 to set up his shop in China. Heng had become famous after publishing his memoir Son of the Revolution’ that was a personal account of how China was opening to the West and the purges carried out at regular intervals by the Communist Party China (CPC).

Liang connected Soros with important people in the Chinese establishment. The façade kept for this whole initiative was that Soros wanted to help China to carry out reforms.

By that time, he had already set up ‘Open Society Foundations’, a funding arm known for instigating coups, political upheavals, and chaos in various countries through a web of well-funded non-Governmental organizations (NGOs). But given the fact that bets were very high in China, Soros decided to set up a separate entity which would work only in China.

In 1986, Soros set up ‘China Fund’ with a $1 million endowment. Through Liang’s network, the China Fund initially partnered with a Chinese think tank Economic System Reform Institute (ESRI).

In October 1986, Soros opened the China Fund formally in a signing ceremony at Beijing’s Diaoyutai State Guesthouse. This was his first trip to China.

Soros struck gold by roping ESRI as it was close to the premier Zhao Ziyang, who became the Party’s general secretary the next year. Zhao’s personal secretary, Bao Tong, was also known for helping the China Fund-ESRI joint venture whenever they needed to get through the Chinese bureaucracy.

Behind the façade of helping China to shape reformist economic policies, the China Fund started spreading its tentacles very fast. Within a year of its establishment, it set up an artists’ club in Beijing and an academic unit at Nankai University in Tianjin. Within the first two years of arriving in China, Soros’ China Fund gave hefty grants for at least 200 proposals. However, as the Fund started pushing the envelope too far by funding research on sensitive topics like the notorious ‘Cultural Revolution’ that had resulted in torture and deaths of millions of Chinese in 1960s, alarm bells started ringing in Chinese official circles and Zhao Ziyang had to step in despite his support for Soros and China Fund.

Alex Joske says in Spies and Lies: How China’s Greatest Covert Operations Fooled the World, “In the face of complaints from Party elders about the China Fund, Zhao Ziyang ceded its control to new management. It wasn’t a fight he wanted to pick, nor one he could dare to. Zhao agreed to sever ties between the ESRI and the China Fund, bringing in the China International Culture Exchange Center (CICEC), a group under the Ministry of Culture, as its new partner institution.

Things weren’t all bad, or so it seemed. CICEC had the backing of senior Party leaders, including (present Chinese president) Xi Jinping’s father, and served as one of the only official channels for cultural exchanges with the outside world. Its strong ties to officialdom could insulate Zhao and the China Fund.”

Soros travelled to China in February 1988 to sign a revised agreement with Yu Enguang, a Chinese spy master who was a high-ranking official of the MSS. CICEC itself was a front for the MSS. It would be too naïve to accept that Soros didn’t know about this ‘open secret’ though he tried to defend himself later by pleading ignorance about this fact.

Soros got along well with Yu Enguang at a personal level. The latter secured Soros a rare meeting with the top leadership of CCP in Beijing. Soros, reconfirmed his commitment to bankroll joint operations of China Fund and CICEC. The new Chinese co-chair of this project Yu Enguang.

According to Joske, Yu Enguang was the pseudonym of the Chinese spy master Yu Fang. ‘Among his comrades in the MSS, Yu Fang was just as respected as ‘Yu Enguang’ was by the targets he cultivated. At some point in his career, he headed the agency’s important central administrative office, and in the early nineties helped secure the passage of China’s first National Security Law, which expanded and codified MSS powers. The authors of several MSS publications, marked for internal distribution only, thank him for advising on and improving their drafts. He also oversaw MSS production and censorship of histories, TV dramas and movies about spies, which were designed to build public awareness and support for the MSS’s mission.’

Joske adds, “Ironically for a man who helped bring Chinese intelligence history into the public sphere, Yu’s true legacy is an official secret. Official references to his achievements are brief and elliptical. The authoritative People’s Daily eulogized him in 2013, an honor only a handful of intelligence officers receive: ‘In his sixty years of life in the revolution, Comrade Yu Fang was loyal to the Party, scrupulously carried out his duties and selflessly offered himself to the Party’s endeavors, making important contributions to the Party’s state security endeavor.’ The article also noted that he’d been a member of the National People’s Congress, China’s national legislature.”

Thus, Soros was dealing with a top-ranking Chinese intelligence official. Initially, this partnership was going off well. In fact, MSS was using Soros’ money to fund its operations under the garb of cultural exchange programs carried out by CICEC.

Incidentally, the official website of the CICEC, when accessed currently, doesn’t show any link it had in the past with Soros and the China Fund. It talks about its focus on ‘cultural exchange programs, which is a common phrase used frequently by the Chinese intelligence agencies to give legitimacy to their spy operations. The CICEC holds cultural festivals across the world and officially claims to be working to create support for China’s ‘One belt, one road’ initiative. Incidentally, CICEC was set up in 1984, a year after MSS came into existence and it was just a couple of years old when Soros’ China Fund forged a partnership with it. It was well-known to China watchers right since its inception that CICEC was a front for the MSS. It is difficult to apprehend that Soros didn’t know about this!

Post-Tiananmen Square

Everything was going well for Soros’ China Fund till Tiananmen square happened in 1989. Chinese authorities suspected that the China Fund played an active role in fueling demonstrations at Tiananmen square that ended in a massacre of thousands of people by Chinese authorities. Meanwhile the Tiananmen square massacre also led to a purge within the party as CCP’s general secretary Zhao Ziyang was not only replaced but was also put under house arrest.

With the arrest of Zhao as well as his secretary Bao Tong, both of whom backed Soros and his China Fund, the Chinese authorities began their crackdown. Soros immediately shut the shop leaving many of his Chinese associates in the lurch and at the mercy of Chinese authorities.

MSS, in its updates to the top party bosses, days before the Tiananmen massacre happened gave details about the role of China Fund as a CIA front in fueling these demonstrations.

According to The Tiananmen Papers, a huge cache of internal CCP reports related to the massacre, that was leaked later, the MSS told the party bosses, “Our investigations have revealed that Liang Heng, the personal representative of the (China Fund) chairman George Soros, was a suspected US spy. Moreover, four American members of the foundation’s advisory committee had CIA connections.”

“According to the MSS’s narrative, Soros showed his ‘true colors’ by asking Yu to close the fund in May 1989 once he realized that supporters of reform were being purged,” observed Joske.

Soros co-chaired the China Fund-CICEC partnership with a top-level Chinese spy master Yu Enguang (also known as Yu Fang). The MSS used the funds provided by Soros’ China Fund to finance many of its operations. Had there not been an internal turmoil in the Chinese Communist Party throwing Soros’ supporters in the Chinese establishment out of power, Soros would have been working closely with an authoritarian Chinese government and continued to play the ‘double game’ ultimately benefiting his business interests from both sides. This history of Soros with the Chinese also exposes his double speak as he claims to be the champion of democracy!

What a Chinese spy agency the Ministry of State Security disrupts the world

MSS was set up in 1983 to bring together multiple agencies which were already functional so that Chinese spy networks could work more cohesively as well as ruthlessly.

國家安全部 ‘Guójiā ānquán bù’ MSS facilities

國家安全部 ‘Guójiā ānquán bù’ MSS facilities in Xiyuan, Haidian District, Beijing. Image courtesy: Wikimedia commons

China’s premier spy agency Ministry for State Security (MSS) has been on the forefront of setting up and running a ruthless global espionage and counter-espionage network.

MSS was set up in 1983 to bring together multiple agencies which were already functional so that Chinese spy networks could work more cohesively as well as ruthlessly.

Officially the proposal to set up this agency was brought by Zhao Ziyang at the first session of the sixth National People’s Congress (NPC) on June 20, 1983. The NPC can be broadly termed as the Parliament of China.

Ziyang proposed the establishment of a state security ministry “to protect the security of the state and strengthen China’s counterespionage work.” The NPC approved it and voted to appoint Ling Yun as the first minister.

The inaugural meeting of the MSS was held on 1 July 1983 to announce the formal establishment of the. The opening speech was delivered by chairman Chen Pixian of the ‘Central Political-Legal Commission’ one of the key bodies of CCP. He categorically said, “Doing state security work well will effectively promote socialist modernization and the cause of realizing the unification of the motherland opposing hegemonism and defending world peace.” The Chinese intent was clear: MSS would be its ace espionage and counter-intelligence agency.

Since President Xi Jinping took over the reins of the Communist Party of China (CCP) and the Chinese establishment in 2012, MSS has been endowed with even greater authority and its sphere of influence has increased significantly. In Xi Jinping’s scheme of things, Chinese espionage agencies, especially MSS, lead from the front to change the existing world order.

Since the remit of China’s intelligence agencies is much broader than those of Western nations, they need more resources, and Xi Jinping has made sure they receive them, say Clive Hamilton and Mareike Ohlberg in Hidden Hand: Exposing How the Chinese Communist Party is Reshaping the World.

Roger Faligot (Chinese Spies: From Chairman Mao to Xi Jinping) has written, there has been a “formidable increase in the authority of the Chinese intelligence apparatus, specifically since 2017”.

The MSS indulges in all kinds of dubious clandestine activities including sabotage, industrial espionage, theft of technology. It has created several fronts in the form of think tanks and trade and cultural bodies to carry out such activities. The prominent among them are China Institute of Contemporary International Relations, China Reform Forum and Chinese Association for the Promotion of Cultural Exchange and Cooperation.

Structure of MSS

Last known, MSS has 18 bureaus spread over at least four compounds in Beijing serving as their headquarters and then they have provincial and other local networks within China as well as a global network. The functions of many of them are not yet known. China Institute of Contemporary International Relations is the public façade of 11th bureau of MSS. Peter Mattis and Matthew Brazil have painstakingly gathered some details about these bureaus in ‘Chinese Communist Espionage: A Primer’ such as:

“     • First Bureau: “secret line” operations by MSS officers not under covers associated with Chinese government organizations.

  • Second Bureau: “open line” operations by MSS officers using diplomatic, journalistic, or other government-related covers.
  • Fourth Bureau: Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau.
  • Fifth Bureau: Report Analysis and Dissemination.
  • Seventh Bureau: Counterespionage Intelligence Bureau, gathers information and develops intelligence on hostile intelligence services inside and outside China.
  • Eighth Bureau: Counterespionage Investigation, runs investigations to detect and apprehend foreign spies in China.
  • Ninth Bureau: Internal Protection and Reconnaissance Bureau, supervises and monitors foreign entities and reactionary organizations in China to prevent espionage.
  • Tenth Bureau: Foreign Security and Reconnaissance Bureau, manages Chinese student organizations and other entities overseas and investigates the activities of reactionary organizations abroad.
  • Eleventh Bureau: China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations, performs open-source research, translation, and analysis. Its analysts also meet regularly with foreign delegations and spend time abroad as visiting fellows.
  • Twelfth Bureau: Social Affairs or Social Investigation Bureau, handles MSS contributions to the CCP’s united front work System (also known as United Front Works Department-UFWD, which is another major espionage network of Chinese government and CPC).
  • Thirteenth Bureau: Network Security and Exploitation (also known as the China Information Technology Evaluation Center, manages the research and development of other investigative equipment.
  • Fourteenth Bureau: Technical Reconnaissance Bureau, conducts mail inspection and telecommunications inspection and control.
  • Fifteenth Bureau: Taiwan operations linked to the broader Taiwan Affairs work system. Its public face is the Institute of Taiwan Studies at the China Academy of Social Sciences.
  • Eighteenth Bureau: US Operations Bureau for conducting and managing clandestine intelligence operations against the United States.”

There is hardly any information about the real work done by the third, sixth, sixteenth and seventeenth bureau of the MSS.

According to an online report by China Digital published in 2015, the MSS had a strength of 100,000 ‘spies’. Around 60,000 of them worked within China while 40,000 of them were working in other countries for China.

Explaining this mammoth size and the massive expansion of MSS, Mattis and Brazil elaborated, “The expansion occurred in four waves. The original departments (or those created within the first year) appeared to be the municipal bureaus or provincial departments of state security for Beijing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Liaoning, and Shanghai. A second wave appeared shortly thereafter between 1985 and 1988, including Chongqing, Gansu, Hainan, Henan, Shaanxi, Tianjin, and Zhejiang. The third wave from 1990 to 1995 completed the expansion of the ministry across the country at provincial levels, bringing in Anhui, Hunan, Qinghai, and Sichuan provinces.161 The fourth wave of MSS expansion was vertical. The provincial-level departments either took over local public security bureaus or established subordinate municipal or county bureaus. For many local PSB officers, they were police one day and state security the next. When MSS minister Jia left in 1998 for the MPS, the MSS was a nationwide organization at every level.”

“From the national level to the local levels, the MSS and its subordinate departments and bureaus report to a system of leading small groups, coordinating offices, and commissions to guide security work while lessening the risk of politicization on behalf of CCP leaders. At present, the two most important of these are the Political-Legal Commission and the Central State Security Commission.”

Clive Hamilton and Mareike Ohlberg have mentioned in Hidden Hand: Exposing How the Chinese Communist Party is Reshaping the World, “It was reported in 2005 that the FBI believed the MSS had set up around 3000 front companies to conceal its activities. The MSS has various arms engaged in economic espionage and it has ‘embedded itself deep in major financial and commercial organizations, particularly in Shanghai and Hong Kong’. Not all economic espionage is state directed. Chinese nationals are known to set up firms that take orders from companies in China to obtain and supply specific pieces of intellectual property from their competitors in the West, usually by identifying an employee willing to provide such secrets.”

Bloody Purge within MSS

While MSS has successfully infiltrated many spy agencies of other countries, it also suffered a major setback when in 2010, it was revealed that there are several Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) moles working in China and MSS for the American agency.

This led to a bloody purge within MSS. The CIA assets were exposed because of a botched-up communication system of the US spy agency. It reportedly used the same equipment in China which it was using to communicate with its operatives in the middle east. But the Chinese spy agency was much more efficient than the middle east and the CIA underestimated its tech capability. MSS was able to crack this communication network. According to various reports, anywhere between one dozen to two dozen operatives of the CIA were rounded up and executed over a period of two years by the MSS. The CIA did manage to take out many of its ‘assets’ but it had to suffer a major loss.

According to a report published in the journal Foreign Policy in 2018, “It was considered one of the CIA’s worst failures in decades: Over a two-year period starting in late 2010, Chinese authorities systematically dismantled the agency’s network of agents across the country, executing dozens of suspected US spies.”

Recruitment and working pattern.

One of the key methods deployed by MSS is to use the Chinese diaspora to create assets in other countries. Its first bureau plays a significant role in this regard. A survey done by the US-based Centre for Strategic Studies gives an indication about MSS’ approach towards espionage. This survey listed 160 publicly reported instances of Chinese espionage directed at the United States since 2000. According to the survey report:

  • 42% of actors were Chinese military or government employees.
  • 32% were private Chinese citizens.
  • 26% were non-Chinese actors (usually U.S. persons recruited by Chinese officials)
  • 34% of incidents sought to acquire military technology.
  • 51% of incidents sought to acquire commercial technologies.
  • 16% of incidents sought to acquire information on U.S. civilian agencies or politicians.
  • 41% of incidents involved cyber espionage, usually by State-affiliated actors.

According to Hamilton and Ohlberg, “Ego, sex, ideology, patriotism, and especially money is all exploited by China’s intelligence services to recruit spies. In 2017 an FBI employee, Kun Shan Chun (Joey Chun), was convicted of supplying information about the bureau’s organization and operations to Chinese agents, in exchange for free international travel and visits to prostitutes. Among those who spy for China, ideology is a factor mainly for people of Chinese heritage (unlike during the Cold War, when Westerners spied for the USSR for ideological reasons). Beijing also deploys the threat of punishment of family members in China if a target refuses to cooperate.

UFWD: ‘Magic weapon’ in China’s espionage arsenal

The UFWD’s work is inspired by the Leninist theory of uniting with lesser enemies to defeat greater ones

Chinese President Xi Jinping

One of the key constituents of the global Chinese Spy Network is the United Front Work Department (UFWD). It is entrusted with coordination and operational aspects of ‘united front’ activities. The Chinese initially defined ‘united front’ more as a concept. Later it set up UFWD to carry out these activities as the nodal agency.

Background

The UFWD’s work is inspired by the Leninist theory of uniting with lesser enemies to defeat greater ones. Since its founding, this has been a key element of the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) strategy to consolidate its hold on power, both domestically and internationally.

The UFWD’s first deployment was to join and subvert the then ruling Nationalist government, the Kuomintang, in the early 1920s. A 2018 research report by US-China Economic and Security Review Commission explained it further, “The CCP then formed an alliance of convenience with the Kuomintang to discourage it from trying to wipe out the fledgling CCP while uniting their efforts against Japan.”

According to Gerry Groot, senior lecturer at the University of Adelaide and renowned expert on the United Front, this campaign evolved into a systematic effort to recruit “fellow travelers,” mostly “famous intellectuals, writers, teachers, students, publishers, and businesspeople who were not necessarily Communists.”

Modus Operandi

The modus operandi of the UFWD is one of the least discussed issues in the public domain when it comes to Chinese covert operations. It is not surprising as UFWD operates through a complex web of organizations which act as a front for united front work.

There are thousands of organizations which work for UFWD under the garb of cultural, educational, commercial, and philanthropic organizations. Alex Joske explains the philosophy behind UFWD in his groundbreaking expose of Chinese intelligence operations Spies and Lies, “Party leaders since Mao Zedong have referred to the united front as one of their three ‘magic weapons’. Together with armed struggle and efforts to strengthen Party organization, the two other magic weapons, the CCP credits the united front work with major contributions to its victory in 1949, China’s modernization and subsequent economic development.”

The key task of UFWD is to build a global network of influencers and ‘operators’ who manipulate the global narrative by hook or crook.  The UFWD specifically brings into its spy net intellectuals, local community leaders, religious and ethnic figures, journalists, academia, and business magnates.

According to Joske, recent cases from around the world have shown, the (Chinese Communist) Party seeks to insert itself into segments of diaspora communities and then mobilize them as political influence. Co-optees can be used to suppress dissidents, make political donations, mentor political candidates and staffers, and otherwise apply pressure in support of Beijing’s interests.

In a 2020 research paper on UFWD, ASPI said, “There’s no clear distinction between domestic and overseas united front work: all bureaus of the UFWD and all areas of united front work involve overseas activities. This is because the key distinction underlying the United Front is not between domestic and overseas groups, but between the CCP and everyone else. For example, the UFWD’s Xinjiang Bureau plays a central role in policy on Xinjiang but is also involved in worldwide efforts to whitewash the CCP’s internment of an estimated 1.5 million people in Xinjiang, primarily ethnic Uyghur Muslims, as an anti-terrorism and vocational training effort.”

Structure

The UFWD follows the directions given by an important CCP body known as the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). The latter is led by a member of the CCP’s Politburo Standing Committee.

According to the latest information available, UFWD has a presence across all provinces in China, in all its embassies abroad, in foreign universities and in various international trade organizations as well as in civil society also. According to the ASPI report, “Internally, the department has 10 leaders, at least six of whom hold ministerial rank or higher. It has 12 bureaus, half of which were created after 2015. Bureaucratic changes in 2018 that brought overseas Chinese affairs under the UFWD’s ‘unified management’ also injected dozens if not hundreds of officials with substantial overseas experience into the department. Jinan University, Huaqiao University and the Central Institute of Socialism in Beijing are all subordinate to the UFWD and carry out research and training to support its efforts. Additionally, the UFWD runs dedicated training facilities, such as the Jixian Mountain Estate, which is a complex in the outskirts of Beijing used for training China Overseas Friendship Association cadres.”

Organizations such as the China Overseas Friendship Association, are part of the ‘united front system’. At least two such organizations held special consultative status as non-governmental organizations in the UN Economic and Social Council. According to an ASPI report, “In 2014, an official from one of them, the China Association for Preservation and Development of Tibetan Culture, was barred from a UN human rights hearing after he intimidated a woman testifying about her father, political prisoner Wang Bingzhang.”

The 12 bureaus of UFWD

UFWD’s 12 bureaus deal with separate tasks. Here is how the work has been distributed to them:

First Bureau: Minor Parties Work Bureau (Oversees China’s eight democratic parties)
Second Bureau: Deals with Ethnic Affairs
Third Bureau: Deals with Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan
Fourth Bureau: Deals with business persons and private companies
Fifth Bureau: Non-Affiliated and Minor Party Intellectuals related work
Sixth Bureau: Targets urban professionals such as employees of foreign companies
Seventh Bureau: Handles Tibet related issues
Eighth Bureau: Handles issues related to Xinjiang province
Ninth Bureau: Overseas Chinese affairs (regional responsibilities)
Tenth Bureau: Overseas Chinese Affairs (Media, Cultural and educational activities)
Eleventh Bureau and Twelfth Bureau: Issues related to religion

Xi Jinping and UFWD

Though UFWD has always been used by the CCP as a key element of its spy network, Xi Jinping pushed it to a new high after he took over as Chinese President in 2012. In 2015, Xi declared in an important central united front work meeting, “The United Front … is an important magic weapon for strengthening the party’s ruling position … and an important magic weapon for realizing the China Dream of the Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation.”

More than 40,000 new personnel were recruited for different wings of UFWD within a few years of Xi taking over the reins of CCP. Xi’s specific focus on UFWD shouldn’t surprise those who know his background. Xi Jinping’s father Xi Zhongxun was known for carrying out UFWD missions in Tibet. One of his key assignments was to influence the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama. As a Politburo member he supervised the UFWD work in the 1980s. Xi rose in the party by climbing through CCP ranks in Fujian province which is known to be a hotbed of united front activities targeting Taiwan. In 1995, he wrote a paper on united front work in the Chinese diaspora. He advocated several new ideas in this paper regarding UFWD which he started implementing in 2012 and expedited it further after the 2015 conference of united front work.

The result is evident. Countries like Australia, US, Canada have exposed how Chinese have been using their spying arms like UFWD to create a deep Chinese state in their countries especially in their political and policy making sphere.

What Jamie Watt, a contributing Columnist to The Toronto Star, wrote in his column on 23 February 2023, would aptly explain the lethalness of Chinese ‘magic weapons’ such as UFWD. Commenting on how incriminating evidence has come out regarding Chinese interference in Canadian elections benefitting Justin Trudeau’s party, Watt wrote: “Just this past week, the Globe and Mail reported news from CSIS that Canadian politicians, government officials, business executives and Chinese Canadians all have been prime targets of Chinese government espionage. This espionage has deployed blackmail, bribery, and sexual seduction. The range and nature of the tactics used are usually reserved for spy novels, but national security experts now deem China’s espionage infrastructure to go far deeper than even the Soviet’s efforts at the height of the Cold War.”

Watt sounds an alarm bell about Canada which explains how Chinese espionage works through organs like UFWD, “It is time that we understand our politicians have proven incapable of addressing Chinese state influence. Chinese aren’t just at our gates, they own them. And they’re standing idly by flipping us the bird.”

A US State Department report on China’s Coercive Activities Abroad specifically highlights the role of UFWD as it says, “The CCP’s United Front Work Department (UFWD) is responsible for coordinating domestic and foreign influence operations, through propaganda and manipulation of susceptible audiences and individuals. The CCP’s United Front permeates every aspect of its extensive engagements with the international community. It targets the highest levels of Western democracies; creates a permanent class of China lobbyists whose primary job is to sell access to high level Chinese leaders to corporate America. The United Front has also penetrated deeply into state, local and municipal governments through a myriad of front organizations such as the CCP’s sister-cities programs, trade commissions, and friendship associations.”

This report also reiterates that China considers UFWD to be its ‘magic weapon’ used by China to dominate the world and manipulate the global narrative.

Chinese Military intelligence: How a mammoth war machine plays spy games across the globe.

India remains one of the primary targets of the Chinese espionage network. And Chinese military has a significant role to play in this game of cloak and dagger.

One of the key elements of the Chinese espionage network is the military intelligence that it has been able to keep under wraps. What we are witnessing is a new avatar of Chinese Military intelligence under President Xi Jinping who as a head of the Central Military Commission directly controls the Chinese military.

He started restructuring the Chinese military in 2015-16 and that also included revamping of the Chinese military intelligence network. Peter Mattis explained the importance and implications of this exercise of Chinese espionage network in China reorients strategic military intelligence (Janes, 2017), “On 26 November 2015, Chinese president Xi Jinping announced the first significant revision of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) since its reorganization during the 1950s, when the PLA transformed from an army fighting a civil war to one capable of protecting a nation-state. The reforms removed the Soviet-inspired system of general departments, established a new division of labour, and realigned the PLA organizationally to better fulfil the Military Strategic Guidelines that state the goal of winning informationized local wars.”

“Many elements of the PLA’s modernization effort in the past 25 years have had strictly military implications, but this round of reforms reaches far beyond the Chinese military to reshape how the leadership receives information. To reinforce the Central Military Commission’s (CMC’s) control over operational forces and provide better battlefield intelligence support, the PLA created the Strategic Support Force (PLASSF). The new force consolidated much of the PLA’s technical collection capabilities to direct them towards supporting military operations.”

Chinese Military Intelligence Arm: Joint Staff Department

The Chinese military intelligence arm has been innocuously named as Joint Staff Department (JSD). Earlier it was known as 2PLA or second department of the PLA (People’s Liberation Army) General Staff Department. The JSD came into existence around seven years ago.

According to Clive Hamilton and Mareike Ohlberg (Hidden Hand: Exposing How the Chinese Communist Party is Reshaping the World), “The Intelligence Bureau of the CMC Joint Staff Department is not only responsible for military intelligence but also has a history of extensive activity in civilian domains. It draws on military attachés and signals intelligence to gather intelligence. The Joint Staff Department has its own think tanks — the China Institute for International Strategic Studies, which focuses on research, and the China Foundation for International and Strategic Studies, which engages in academic and policy exchanges. Its Institute of International Relations (now part of the National University of Defense Technology) trains military attachés and secret agents.”

Structure of Chinese Military Intelligence Apparatus

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) controls the PLA through its Central Military Commission. President Xi Jinping has been the chairman of the CMC ever since he came to power in 2012.

According to a US Congressional Research Report published in June 2021, China’s current military modernization push began in 1978 and accelerated in the 1990s. Xi Jinping, the General Secretary and “core leader” of the CCP, Chairman of the CCP’s Central Military Commission, and State President, has continued to make military modernization a priority and has linked military modernization to his signature issue: the “China Dream” of a modern, strong, and prosperous country.

‘In 2017, Xi formalized three broad goals for the PLA: (1) to achieve mechanization of the armed forces and to make significant progress toward what the United States would call a “networked” force by 2020; (2) to “basically complete” China’s military modernization process by 2035; and (3) to have a “world-class” military by 2049, the centenary of the establishment of the PRC. Xi has initiated the most ambitious reform and reorganization of the PLA since the 1950s, to transform the military into a capable joint force as well as to further consolidate control of the PLA in the hands of Xi and the CCP.’

Institute for Critical Infrastructure Technology (ICIT), a Washington-based think tank has worked extensively on detailing the structure of Chinese military intelligence through their senior fellow James Drew and Researcher Scott Spaniel. According to Scott and Spaniel, “The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Joint Staff Department (JSD) replaced the General Staff Department on January 11, 2016, as part of Xi Jinping’s military reforms. It manages most military and covert operations. The JSD, as a division of the PLA, is dedicated to warfare. The duties of the PLA JSD include PLA Operations Command, Recruitment, Mobilization, Formation, Training, and Administration.”

Second and Third Department

The JSD has three departments which work in coordination to conduct various intelligence operations. These departments deal respectively with electronic intelligence, human intelligence, and signal intelligence. The section within the PLA’s Joint Staff Department that deals with conventional human intelligence (HUMINT) is known as ‘Second Department’.

James Scott and Drew Spaniel estimated in their 2016 book, China’s Espionage Dynasty, that this department had around 30,000–50,000 agents around the world. Their primary task is to collect useful, relevant, and confidential information and send it back to China.

‘A common misconception is that agents of the Chinese government are “sloppy”; however, agents of the second department who serve as high level spies or handlers are rarely caught. Rather, low-level assets, often belonging to the overt structure, are more often detected by foreign intelligence agencies.’

The Third Department which is entrusted with the task of signals intelligence (SIGNIT). According to Drew and Spaniel, “The Third Department is the largest intelligence agency in the Chinese government, consisting of an estimated 250,000- 300,000 linguists, technical staff, and cyber soldiers. There are at least four known Research Institutes (56, 57, 58, and 61) under the Third Department. Within the 61 Research Institute are approximately 20 bureaus that launch cyberattacks. The Third Department intercepts phone calls, launches cyberattacks, and monitors communications. Much of its efforts involve hacking devices and exfiltrating targeted data. The Third Department may launch obvious cyberattacks, such as DDoS or ransomware attacks, against target systems to mask the activity of Second Department operatives.”

Fourth Department

The Fourth Department is responsible for electronic intelligence (ELINT) operations. Its prime focus is on intercepting satellite and radar data. The operatives of Fourth Department are experts in altering, jamming, or spoofing of signals.

“It is believed that the Fourth Department research direct methods of disabling enemy communication networks. State-Sponsored APTs (i.e., Chinese state sponsored advanced persistent threats) can be identified based on their choice of targets, their proclivity for cyberespionage, and the language settings on the keyboards used to develop the malware, and their connections to other campaigns. Some groups, such as APT 1 (Unit 61398), APT 2 (Unit 61486) and APT 30 (Unit 78020) can be linked to specific units within the Third Department. Other APTs remain less defined.”

PLA Unit 61398

In May 2014, five officers of the PLA who belonged to its unit ‘61398’ commonly known for cyber espionage and cyberattacks were indicted by a US court. Several cyber security firms have reported about the clandestine operations of this unit which is one of the key parts of the Chinese Military Intelligence apparatus. This unit primarily targets countries with flourishing democracies as they are a perfect antidote to the Chinese authoritarian system. Hence along with several other countries, India has also been one of their targets. Several cyberattacks on the Indian establishment are believed to have been carried out by this unit. It is reportedly headquartered in Datong Avenue of Pudong district in Shanghai. There has been a consistent spurt in its activities.

Conclusion

The Chinese military intelligence is committed to pursue the so-called vision of Xi Jinping and peddle a pro-China global narrative. China Institute of International Studies (CIIS), a front form the Chinese military intelligence network, carried a detailed comment on India. Authored by Lan Jianxue, Director of the Department for Asia-Pacific Studies at CIIS, this is what Chinese military intelligence conveyed, “Noticeably, the connotation of the so-called Asian Century, as understood by the United States, is not quite the same as that understood by the Chinese. The expression “Asian Century” was coined by former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in 1988. Deng pointed out that no genuine Asian Century can come until China, India and other neighboring countries are developed.

It is clear the United States remains one of the primary targets of the Chinese espionage network. And the Chinese military has a significant role to play in this game of cloak and dagger.

加快推進國防和人民解放軍現代化建設Accelerating the Modernization of National Defense and the People’s Liberation Army

加快推進國防和人民解放軍現代化建設

現代漢語:// Modern Chinese:

國防和軍隊現代化建設是全面建設社會主義現代化國家的一項戰略任務。 《綱要》著眼於到2035年基本實現社會主義現代化建設遠景目標和到2027年建軍百年目標,對加快推進國防和軍隊現代化建設作出戰略部署,充分體現了 以習近平同志為核心的黨中央發展大局和安全大局。 富國強軍的戰略定力和深远战略謀劃。 要堅決貫徹落實《綱要》部署要求,在新的歷史起點上以更大的努力、更大的作為,努力開創國防和軍隊現代化建設新局面。 一、深刻認識國防和軍隊現代化時代特徵 黨的十八大以來,習主席把實現中國夢和強軍夢作為工作重點。 他開創和形成了習近平強軍思想。 現代化建設取得歷史性成就。 我軍思想政治基礎更加牢固,組織形式重塑重構,國防科技和武器裝備發展水平顯著提高,全軍隊伍建設得到加強,國防建設取得突破性進展。 法治建設和軍隊建設進一步聚焦備戰打戰。 創新驅動變革,軍事戰略能力大幅躍升。 但也要看到,我軍現代化水平與國家安全需要、與世界先進水平相比還有差距。 我軍打現代戰爭的能力和各級幹部指揮現代戰爭的能力亟待提高。 “十四五”時期,國際戰略形勢和國家安全環境面臨新的重大變化。 要適應國家發展戰略、安全戰略和軍事戰略的新要求,加快國防和軍隊現代化進程,切實維護國家主權、安全和發展利益。 . (一)國防和軍隊現代化建設必須為中華民族偉大復興提供更有力的戰略支撐 當前,世界大變局加速發生。 新冠肺炎疫情影響廣泛而深遠。 大國之間的戰略博弈明顯升溫。 國際力量對比深刻調整,國際形勢的不穩定不確定性明顯增加。 我國正處於由大變強的關鍵發展階段。 中華民族偉大復興既迎來了前所未有的歷史機遇,也面臨著前所未有的風險挑戰。 我們越發展、越成長,遇到的阻力和壓力就越大。 軍隊作為維護國家安全的重要手段,必須充分發揮軍事力量建設和運用對維護國家安全的戰略作用,加快發展軍事力量,加快形成強大的戰略威懾力和實戰能力,確保 切實履行新時代軍事使命使命,有力支持中華民族偉大復興。

國防和軍隊現代化建設是全面建設社會主義現代化國家的一項戰略任務。 《綱要》著眼於到2035年基本實現社會主義現代化建設遠景目標和到2027年建軍百年目標,對加快推進國防和軍隊現代化建設作出戰略部署,充分體現了 以習近平同志為核心的黨中央發展大局和安全大局。 富國強軍的戰略定力和深远战略謀劃。 要堅決貫徹落實《綱要》部署要求,在新的歷史起點上以更大的努力、更大的作為,努力開創國防和軍隊現代化建設新局面。

一、深刻認識國防和軍隊現代化時代特徵

黨的十八大以來,習主席把實現中國夢和強軍夢作為工作重點。 他開創和形成了習近平強軍思想。 現代化建設取得歷史性成就。 我軍思想政治基礎更加牢固,組織形式重塑重構,國防科技和武器裝備發展水平顯著提高,全軍隊伍建設得到加強,國防建設取得突破性進展。 法治建設和軍隊建設進一步聚焦備戰打戰。 創新驅動變革,軍事戰略能力大幅躍升。 但也要看到,我軍現代化水平與國家安全需要、與世界先進水平相比還有差距。 我軍打現代戰爭的能力和各級幹部指揮現代戰爭的能力亟待提高。 “十四五”時期,國際戰略形勢和國家安全環境面臨新的重大變化。 要適應國家發展戰略、安全戰略和軍事戰略的新要求,加快國防和軍隊現代化進程,切實維護國家主權、安全和發展利益。 .

(一)國防和軍隊現代化建設必須為中華民族偉大復興提供更有力的戰略支撐

當前,世界大變局加速發生。 新冠肺炎疫情影響廣泛而深遠。 大國之間的戰略博弈明顯升溫。 國際力量對比深刻調整,國際形勢的不穩定不確定性明顯增加。 我國正處於由大變強的關鍵發展階段。 中華民族偉大復興既迎來了前所未有的歷史機遇,也面臨著前所未有的風險挑戰。 我們越發展、越成長,遇到的阻力和壓力就越大。 軍隊作為維護國家安全的重要手段,必須充分發揮軍事力量建設和運用對維護國家安全的戰略作用,加快發展軍事力量,加快形成強大的戰略威懾力和實戰能力,確保 切實履行新時代軍事使命使命,有力支持中華民族偉大復興。

(一)提高國防和軍隊現代化建設提質增效

國防和軍隊現代化建設進入轉型升級關鍵階段。 要將提質增效與加快現代化進程有機統一起來,加強先進作戰能力有效供給,發揮創新驅動在全面現代化建設中的核心作用,轉變發展觀念, 創新發展模式,增強發展動力,確保高質量發展。

加快軍事理論現代化。 人民軍隊不斷發展壯大,從勝利走向勝利,關鍵在於黨先進軍事指導理論的指導。 要繼續深入學習貫徹習近平強軍思想,自覺用黨的軍事指導理論的最新成果解決軍事鬥爭和軍隊建設中的實際問題。 善於戰略謀劃,注重戰略引領和創新,是我們黨的鮮明特色和獨特優勢。 要深入貫徹落實習近平軍事戰略思想,深入研究現代戰爭特點規律和製勝機制,不斷創新發展我軍作戰方式和戰略導向,完善新時代軍事戰略體系。 時代。 要緊跟戰爭形態和作戰方式變化,加強作戰問題研究和作戰理念研製驗證,加快建設先進作戰理論體系。

加快軍隊編制現代化建設。 改革永遠在路上。 要堅持方向一致、道路正確、力量不減,深化國防和軍隊改革,不斷解放和發展戰鬥力,解放和增強軍隊活力。 現代化的軍隊需要現代化的管理。 要深入推進軍隊管理革命,更新管理理念,優化管理流程,完善管理機制,提高軍隊系統運行效率和國防資源使用效率。 現代戰爭強調系統戰和聯合勝利。 要加快軍隊和武警部隊轉型建設,壯大新領域、新素質的戰略力量和作戰力量,豐富戰略選擇,提升戰略權重,打造高水平的戰略威懾和作戰力量。 聯合作戰系統。 要強化練兵備戰導向,加強軍隊聯合訓練、聯合保障、聯合使用,提高基於網絡信息系統的聯合作戰能力和全域作戰能力。

加快軍隊人才現代化建設。 歸根結底,現代戰爭是人才的競爭。 要貫徹新時代軍事教育方針,著力培養聯合作戰指揮人才、新型作戰力量人才、高層次科技創新人才、高層次戰略管理人才,加快鍛造 培養高素質、專業化、德才兼備的新型軍事人才。 . 要完善軍隊院校、軍事訓練實踐、軍事職業教育三位一體的新型軍事人才培養體系,創新軍隊人力資源開發和管理,完善人才識別、集聚、 培訓、就業,加快形成適合崗位、人盡其才的人才隊伍。 ,人才輩出的生動局面。

加快武器裝備現代化建設。 武器裝備是軍隊現代化的重要標誌。 要堅持自主創新戰略立足點,以國防科技自主創新和原始創新為重點,加強基礎理論和基礎技術研究,加快突破關鍵核心技術,牢牢把握發展命脈。 要密切關注全球科技創新趨勢,加快發展戰略前沿和顛覆性技術,積極搶占軍事競爭戰略制高點。 要加快武器裝備更新換代和智能化武器裝備發展,加強高技術新概念武器裝備建設

(二)促進國防實力和經濟實力同步提升

與國家現代化進程相適應,適應國家構建新發展格局,加強跨軍隊、跨部門、跨領域力量和資源整合配置,健全組織管理、工作運作、政策體系, 人才隊伍、風險防控體系。 整合國家戰略體系和能力,實現發展與安全並舉,富國強軍。

做好戰略規劃。 把經濟建設和國防建設統籌安排在國家總體戰略中,是我們黨長期治國理政的成功經驗。 要加強戰略規劃銜接。 國家在製定戰略規劃時充分考慮軍事需要。 軍隊發展戰略和建設規劃貫徹落實黨和國家的總體部署,確保有關建設部署有計劃、有協調。 要深化資源要素共享,打破利益壁壘,完善有利於優勢軍地資源雙向高效流動的暢通機制。 要加強政策制度協同,做好流程銜接和任務協同,提高軍民相關政策制度對接度。

推動重點區域、重點領域、新興領域協調發展,進一步盤活存量資源,優化增量資源,提高資源利用水平。 加強經濟建設項目落實國防要求,推進空中交通管理改革,增強對經濟建設和國防建設的統籌支持。 要注重依托國民教育體系培養軍人,加快建立現代軍人交流使用、資格認證等製度,探索建立軍地干部有序交流機制。 要結合國家重大工程建設,集中力量實施國防領域重大工程,更好服務國家安全發展戰略需求。

優化國防科技產業佈局。 當前,我國國防科技工業總體上大而不強,還不適應強國強軍的要求。 要深化國防科技工業體制改革,調整軍隊科研生產能力結構,構建技術先進、佈局合理、反應靈活、開放融合的國防科技工業體系。 要激發軍品市場活力,推進武器裝備市場准入改革,調整軍品價格和稅收政策,營造公平競爭環境。 要加快標準化、通用化進程,在國防和軍隊建設中積極採用先進民用標準,促進先進軍民技術雙向轉移利用。

匯聚強大力量,推進強國強軍事業。 我們的軍隊是人民軍隊,我們的國防是全民的國防。 要健全國防動員體系,加強突發事件應對協調,構建黨中央集中統一領導、軍地各司其職的國防動員新格局。 各司其職,密切配合。 要健全邊防強邊機制,黨、政、軍、警、民共同努力,構建與中國特色社會主義制度相適應的邊防治國格局。 要加強全民國防教育,鞏固軍政軍民團結,為建設鞏固國防和人民軍隊提供有力支撐。

三、認真落實加快國防和軍隊現代化建設措施要求

“十四五”時期,國防和軍隊現代化建設任務艱鉅艱鉅。 要按照《綱要》決策部署,凝聚力量,下苦功夫,確保各項工作落到實處。

(一)發揮制度優勢

充分發揮黨總攬全局、協調各方的作用,把黨的領導落實到經濟建設和國防建設的各個領域和各個環節。 堅定不移堅持黨對軍隊的絕對領導,全面深入落實軍委主席負責制,全面加強全軍黨的建設,把中國特色社會主義制度優勢轉化為推動全軍發展的強大力量 國防和軍隊現代化建設。

(二)著眼於能打能打

堅持戰鬥力基本標準,密切關注國家安全形勢變化,始終對敵情保持高度敏感,保持高度警惕。 以提升系統作戰能力為重點,強長補短、強本壘,加強鬥志修養,著力做好各項戰略方向軍事鬥爭準備工作。 統籌推進傳統安全領域和新型安全領域的軍事鬥爭準備,確保有事能打勝仗。

(三)深化改革創新

把改革創新作為解放和發展戰鬥力的根本出路,緊盯戰爭形態變化和科技發展變化,不斷深化自我提升和自主創新,推動改革舉措落到實處,發布 發揮改革紅利,突出原創創新超越,加強戰略必爭領域前瞻佈局,全面推進軍事理論、技術、組織、管理、文化等方面的創新,努力建設創新型人民軍隊。

(四)完善法治保障

貫徹落實習近平依法治軍思想,堅持依法治軍、從嚴治軍,善於運用法治思想和方法推進建設開展工作,加強軍隊建設 中國特色法治建設,構建實用系統的軍事法律體系,加快推進軍隊治理模式發生根本性轉變,國防和軍隊現代化建設法治化水平不斷提高 得到不斷改進。

The modernization of national defense and the army is a strategic task for building a modern socialist country in an all-round way. The “Outline” focuses on basically realizing the long-term goal of socialist modernization by 2035 and the century-old goal of building the army by 2027. It makes a strategic deployment for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the army, which fully embodies the overall development and security of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at the core. The strategic determination and far-reaching strategic planning to enrich the country and strengthen the army. We must resolutely implement the deployment requirements of the “Outline”, and strive to create a new situation in the modernization of national defense and the army at a new historical starting point with greater efforts and greater actions.

  1. A deep understanding of the characteristics of the era of national defense and military modernization

  Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Chairman Xi has focused on the realization of the Chinese Dream and the dream of strengthening the military. He has created and formed Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military. Historic achievements have been made in the modernization drive. The ideological and political foundation of our army has become stronger, the organizational form has been reshaped and reconstructed, the development level of national defense technology and weaponry has been significantly improved, the integrity of the military personnel has been strengthened, breakthroughs have been made in the construction of the rule of law, and the military construction has further focused on preparing for and fighting wars. Innovation drives transformation, and military strategic capabilities have leapt sharply. But we must also see that there is still a gap between our military’s modernization level and national security needs, and compared with the world’s advanced level. Our military’s ability to fight modern warfare and the ability of cadres at all levels to command modern warfare need to be improved urgently. During the ” 14th Five-Year Plan ” period, the international strategic situation and national security environment are facing new and major changes. It is necessary to adapt to the new requirements of the national development strategy, security strategy and military strategy, accelerate the modernization process of national defense and the military, and effectively safeguard national sovereignty, security and development interests. .

  (1) National defense and military modernization must provide stronger strategic support for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation

  At present, the world’s major changes are accelerating. The impact of the new crown pneumonia epidemic is extensive and far-reaching. The strategic game between major powers has obviously heated up. The international balance of power has been profoundly adjusted, and the instability and uncertainty of the international situation have increased significantly. Our country is in a critical stage of development from big to strong. The great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has ushered in unprecedented historical opportunities, as well as unprecedented risks and challenges. The more we develop and grow, the greater the resistance and pressure we will encounter. As a means of safeguarding national security, the military must give full play to the strategic role of military power building and utilization in maintaining national security, accelerate the development of military power, accelerate the formation of strong strategic deterrence and actual combat capabilities, and ensure the effective fulfillment of military missions in the new era mission and strongly support the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

  (2) The modernization of national defense and the military must accelerate the integration of mechanization, informationization and intelligence

  The world’s new military revolution is developing rapidly, the degree of informatization of modern warfare is constantly improving, and the characteristics of intelligence are becoming more and more obvious. Unmanned combat systems are heavily used in actual combat, which has a profound impact on the concept, elements, and methods of winning wars. The major military powers are speeding up the construction of an intelligent military system and seeking new advantages in military competition, which has created enormous strategic pressure on us. We must enhance scientific and technological insight and war insight, adhere to mechanization as the basis, informationization as the leading, and intelligence as the direction, promote the integration and development of mechanization, informationization, and intelligence, actively cultivate and incubate new growth poles of combat effectiveness, and promote the process of intelligence. Develop highly developed mechanization and a higher level of informatization, leading the transformation and upgrading of national defense and military modernization.

  (3) National defense and military modernization must be deeply integrated into the national modernization strategic layout

  my country has become the world’s second largest economy, but its national defense strength is still not compatible with my country’s international status, and it is necessary to take effective measures to speed up the modernization of national defense and the military. Adapting to the development of a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, our party has lost no time in proposing major goals such as building a scientific and technological power, a marine power, an aerospace power, and a cyber power. On the one hand, a series of strategic measures have been introduced, which will provide more substantial material and technical support for the modernization of national defense and the army. We must more consciously integrate into the overall layout of national development, make full use of the achievements of national modernization and development and high-quality social resources, promote the sound and rapid development of the cause of strengthening the military, and promote the simultaneous improvement of national defense strength and economic strength.

  2. Accurately Grasp the Strategic Task of Accelerating the Modernization of National Defense and the Army

  The “Outline” clarifies the overall thinking and objectives and tasks for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the armed forces. In general, we must implement Xi Jinping’s thinking on strengthening the military, implement the military strategic guidelines for the new era, uphold the Party’s absolute leadership over the people’s military, insist on building the military politically, strengthening the military through reform, strengthening the military through technology, strengthening the military with talents, and governing the military according to the law. The integrated development of modernization and intelligence will comprehensively strengthen military training and preparations, improve the strategic ability to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests, and ensure the realization of the century-old goal of the army in 2027 .

  (1) Improving the quality and efficiency of national defense and military modernization

  The modernization of national defense and the military has entered a critical stage of transformation and upgrading. It is necessary to organically unify the improvement of quality and efficiency with the acceleration of the modernization process, strengthen the effective supply of advanced combat capabilities, give play to the core role of innovation-driven in the overall modernization, change the concept of development, and innovate the development model , enhance development momentum and ensure high-quality development.

  Accelerate the modernization of military theory. The key to the continuous development and growth of the people’s army, from victory to victory, lies in the guidance of the party’s advanced military guidance theory. It is necessary to continue to deepen the study and implementation of Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the army, and consciously use the latest achievements of the party’s military guidance theory to solve practical problems in military struggle and army building. It is the distinctive feature and unique advantage of our party to be good at strategic planning and focus on strategic guidance and innovation. It is necessary to thoroughly implement Xi Jinping’s military strategic thinking, in-depth study of the characteristics and laws of modern warfare and the mechanism of victory, constantly innovate and develop our military’s warfare and strategic guidance, and improve the military strategic system in the new era. It is necessary to keep up with changes in the form of war and combat methods, strengthen the research on combat issues and the development and verification of combat concepts, and accelerate the construction of an advanced combat theory system.

  Accelerate the modernization of the military organization. Reform is always on the way. We must adhere to the same direction, the right path, and the undiminished strength, deepen the reform of national defense and the army, continuously liberate and develop combat effectiveness, and liberate and enhance the vitality of the army. A modern army needs modern management. It is necessary to further promote the military management revolution, update management concepts, optimize management processes, improve management mechanisms, and improve the operational efficiency of military systems and the efficiency of the use of national defense resources. Modern warfare emphasizes systematic warfare and joint victory. It is necessary to speed up the transformation and construction of the armed forces and the armed police force, strengthen strategic forces and combat forces in new domains and new qualities, enrich strategic options, increase strategic weight, and create a high-level strategic deterrence and joint combat system. It is necessary to strengthen the clear orientation of military training and preparation, strengthen joint training, joint support, and joint use of military forces, and improve joint combat capabilities and all-domain combat capabilities based on network information systems.

  Accelerate the modernization of military personnel. In the final analysis, modern warfare is a competition for talents. It is necessary to implement the military education policy for the new era, focus on the training of joint combat command talents, new combat force talents, high-level scientific and technological innovation talents, and high-level strategic management talents, and accelerate the forging of high-quality, professional new-type military talents with both ability and political integrity. . It is necessary to improve the three-in-one new military personnel training system of military academies, military training practices, and military vocational education, innovate the development and management of military human resources, improve the system and mechanism of talent identification, gathering, training, and employment, and accelerate the formation of people who are suitable for posts and make full use of their talents. , A vivid situation where talents emerge in large numbers.

  Accelerate the modernization of weapons and equipment. Weaponry is an important symbol of military modernization. We must adhere to the basic point of the independent innovation strategy, focus on independent innovation and original innovation in national defense science and technology, strengthen basic theory and basic technology research, accelerate breakthroughs in key core technologies, and firmly grasp the lifeline of development. It is necessary to keep a close eye on global technological innovation trends, accelerate the development of strategic frontier and disruptive technologies, and actively seize the strategic commanding heights of military competition. It is necessary to accelerate the upgrading of weapons and equipment and the development of intelligent weapons and equipment, strengthen the construction of high-tech and new-concept weapons and equipment, and promote the modernization of weapons and equipment to accelerate into the world’s advanced ranks.

  (2) Promote the simultaneous improvement of national defense strength and economic strength

  Consistent with the country’s modernization process and adapting to the country’s construction of a new development pattern, strengthen the integration and allocation of cross-military, cross-departmental, and cross-field forces and resources, improve organizational management, work operations, policy systems, talent teams, and risk prevention and control systems. Integrate the national strategic system and capabilities to achieve both development and security, enrich the country and strengthen the military.

  Do a good job in strategic planning. Coordinating economic construction and national defense construction in the overall national strategy is our party’s long-term successful experience in governing the country. It is necessary to strengthen the connection of strategic planning. The state fully considers military needs when formulating strategic planning. The military development strategy and construction plan implement the overall deployment of the party and the state to ensure that relevant construction arrangements are planned and coordinated. It is necessary to deepen the sharing of resource elements, break down barriers of interest, and improve a smooth mechanism that is conducive to the two-way and efficient flow of superior military and local resources. It is necessary to strengthen the coordination of policies and systems, do a good job in process connection and task coordination, and improve the coupling of military-civilian related policies and systems.

  Promote the coordinated development of key regions, key areas, and emerging areas, further revitalize existing resources, optimize incremental resources, and improve the level of resource utilization. Strengthen the implementation of national defense requirements for economic construction projects, promote the reform of air traffic management, and enhance the overall support for economic construction and national defense construction. We must pay attention to relying on the national education system to cultivate military personnel, accelerate the establishment of modern military personnel exchange and use, qualification certification and other systems, and explore the establishment of an orderly exchange mechanism for military and local cadres. It is necessary to combine the construction of major national projects and concentrate on implementing major projects in the field of national defense to better serve the strategic needs of national security development.

  Optimize the layout of national defense science and technology industry. At present, my country’s national defense science and technology industry is generally large but not strong, and it is not yet adapted to the requirements of a strong country and a strong army. It is necessary to deepen the reform of the defense science and technology industry system, adjust the structure of military scientific research and production capabilities, and build a defense science and technology industry system with advanced technology, reasonable layout, flexible response, openness and integration. It is necessary to stimulate the vitality of the military product market, promote the reform of market access for weapons and equipment, adjust the price and tax policies of military products, and create a level playing field. It is necessary to speed up the process of standardization and generalization, actively adopt advanced civilian standards in national defense and military construction, and promote the two-way transfer and utilization of advanced military and civilian technologies.

  Bring together powerful forces to advance the cause of a strong country and a strong military. Our army is the people’s army, and our national defense is the national defense of the whole people. It is necessary to improve the national defense mobilization system, strengthen coordination in response to emergencies, and build a new pattern of national defense mobilization under the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, with both the military and the local government performing their own responsibilities and closely coordinating. It is necessary to improve the mechanism of strong border defense, the party, the government, the army, the police and the people should work together to build a border governance pattern that is compatible with the socialist system with Chinese characteristics. It is necessary to strengthen national defense education for all, consolidate the unity of the military, the government, the military and the people, and provide strong support for building and consolidating national defense and a strong people’s army.

  3. Conscientiously implement the requirements for measures to accelerate the modernization of national defense and the military

  During the ” 14th Five-Year Plan ” period, the national defense and military modernization tasks are arduous and arduous. It is necessary to make decisions and deploy in accordance with the “Outline”, gather strength and work hard to ensure the implementation of various tasks.

  (1) Give full play to institutional advantages

  Give full play to the role of the party in overseeing the overall situation and coordinating all parties, and implement the party’s leadership in all fields and links of economic construction and national defense construction. Unswervingly uphold the Party’s absolute leadership over the military, comprehensively and thoroughly implement the responsibility system of the Chairman of the Military Commission, comprehensively strengthen Party building in the military, and transform the advantages of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics into a powerful force to promote the modernization of national defense and the military.

  (2) Focus on being able to fight and win

  Adhere to the basic standard of combat effectiveness, pay close attention to changes in the national security situation, always maintain a high degree of sensitivity to the enemy’s situation, and maintain a high level of alertness. Focusing on improving the combat capability of the system, we will forge our strengths, make up for our weaknesses, and strengthen our bases, strengthen the cultivation of fighting spirit, and step up efforts to complete various strategic directions Preparations for military struggles. Coordinate the promotion of military struggle preparations in traditional and new security fields to ensure that once something happens, we can win the battle.

  (3) Deepen reform and innovation

  Take reform and innovation as the fundamental way to liberate and develop combat effectiveness, keep an eye on changes in the form of warfare and changes in technological development, continue to deepen self-improvement and self-innovation, promote the implementation of reform measures, release reform dividends, highlight originality, innovation and transcendence, and strengthen Forward-looking layout in strategically contested fields, comprehensively promote innovation in military theory, technology, organization, management, culture, etc., and strive to build an innovative people’s army.

  (4) Improving the protection of the rule of law

  Implement Xi Jinping’s thought on the rule of law, adhere to the principle of governing the military according to the law and strictly, be good at using the rule of law thinking and methods to promote construction and carry out work, strengthen the construction of the military rule of law with Chinese characteristics, build a practical and systematic military legal system, and accelerate the advancement of military governance Fundamental changes have been made in the mode, and the level of rule of law in the modernization of national defense and the armed forces has been continuously improved.