Chinese Military Research of System-based Superior Warfare:How to fight system-based warfare in informationized warfare using Nine Typical Combat Styles

中國軍事基於系統的優勢戰爭研究:
資訊化戰爭中如何打好體系戰“九種典型戰法”

現代英語翻譯:

System-based superior warfare is a system-based warfare in information warfare. It is not limited to a specific combat style, but a “combination punch” or a group of combat styles composed of multiple combat styles and tactics . It emphasizes that according to the changes in combat missions, combat opponents and battlefield situations, as long as it is conducive to forming relative advantages and achieving system victory, any appropriate combat means and styles can be flexibly used to form combat advantages. In the specific implementation of system-based superior warfare, these specific combat styles and operational tactics can be organized and implemented separately as part of joint full-domain operations, and more emphasis is placed on playing a “combination punch”, taking multiple measures simultaneously, and winning as a whole. In order to better understand its core connotation, this article lists nine typical combat styles, including overall deterrence warfare, electromagnetic interference warfare, network attack warfare, cognitive control and interference warfare, and analyzes them .

       Systematic Aggregation Warfare – Flexible Use of Multiple Combat Styles “Combination Punch”


       The main content and keywords of this article
1. Overall deterrence warfare: Emphasis on multi-domain joint deterrence; Three major elements should be possessed to implement overall deterrence warfare ; Strong overall strength is the core of achieving effective deterrence
2. Electromagnetic interference warfare : The key to competing for information advantage; In terms of combined means and methods, information empowerment is achieved through “connection + sharing” ; Effective tactics to crack unmanned cluster warfare
       3. Network attack warfare: Mainly soft killing, combining soft and hard, focusing on breaking the network and reducing energy
       4. Cognitive control and interference warfare: Control situational awareness and cognitive rights, compete for information advantages; control command and decision-making rights, compete for decision-making advantages; control “brain” rights, and seize brain control advantages
       5. Agile mobile warfare: High-efficiency and rapid decision-making; high Efficiency forms a favorable combat situation; high efficiency and instant aggregation of combat forces; agile mobile warfare is an innovative development of traditional mobile warfare
       6. Swarm autonomous warfare: conducive to forming system advantages to suppress the enemy; conducive to enhancing combat effectiveness; conducive to trapping the enemy in combat difficulties
       7. Precision point killing warfare: achieving high cost-effectiveness in combat; hitting key node targets is an important option; large-scale system support is a basic condition; inseparable from accurate intelligence support
       8. Supply chain disruption warfare: the supply guarantee chain has a huge impact on the overall combat situation; the focus of attack is the key node of the enemy’s supply guarantee chain; the focus is on choosing the right time to use tactics
       9. System destruction and paralysis warfare: the combat goal is to cause the enemy’s combat system to run out of order; heavy punches hit the key nodes of the combat system; soft strikes on the enemy’s combat system

The combat concept is first proposed as a new combat style. Innovative combat style is the core content of combat concept development. It can be said that system aggregation and optimization warfare is a general term for a series of specific tactics. The following nine typical combat styles constitute the combat method system of system aggregation and optimization warfare. They are: 

First, overall deterrence warfare, actively organizing static power demonstrations and deterrence actions in the system-based superiority warfare, striving to win the battle without fighting or with a small battle; 

Second, electromagnetic interference warfare, using a variety of combat means and action styles such as electronic reconnaissance, attack and defense to disrupt, prevent and destroy the enemy’s electromagnetic capabilities, actively compete for electromagnetic spectrum advantages, seize information control, and thus win the initiative in combat; 

Third, network attack warfare, using a variety of means such as soft strikes and hard destruction to break the enemy’s command network, intelligence network, communication network, and logistics supply network, and disrupt the enemy’s command and support; 

Fourth, cognitive control and interference warfare. Through information attacks, public opinion attacks, and brain attacks, control advantages are formed in cognitive space; 

Fifth, agile mobile warfare. Rapidly adjust the deployment of troops and weapons, quickly gather capabilities on the battlefield, and seize combat opportunities; 

Sixth, swarm autonomous warfare. Widely use unmanned combat means such as “swarms”, “wolf packs”, and “fish schools” to autonomously organize actions and distributed attacks to achieve human-machine joint victory; 

seventh, precision point killing warfare. Accurately obtain intelligence, implement multi-domain precision strikes, strive to hit one point to shake the overall situation, and maximize combat effectiveness; 

Eighth, supply chain disruption warfare. Organize elite forces to attack the enemy’s logistics and equipment supply chain, supply lines and supply bases, and destroy the enemy’s loss of supply and withdrawal from the battle; 

Ninth, system destruction and paralysis warfare. Comprehensively adopt a variety of means such as breaking the network, training, and hitting nodes to interfere with, delay, destroy or even paralyze the effective operation of the enemy’s combat system and weaken the function of the enemy’s combat system.


       1. Overall deterrence warfare
       Overall deterrence warfare refers to actively organizing static power demonstrations and deterrence actions in system-based superior warfare, striving to defeat the enemy without fighting or fighting a small battle. Sun Tzu said: “To defeat the enemy without fighting is the best of the best.” Deterrence and war are the two main forms of military activities. Deterrence is mainly to show determination and will to potential opponents by showing strength or threatening to use strong strength to deter the opponent’s actions. It can be said that overall deterrence warfare in system-based superior warfare is an important means or method of achieving “stopping” the enemy’s troops without fighting. Clausewitz emphasized that the first rule of strategy is to be as strong as possible, first of all, strong in general, and then strong in key parts. Modern warfare is a confrontation between systems. The overall deterrence war under the informationized local war requires not only the traditional deterrence means and capabilities of land, sea, air and space, but also new deterrence means and capabilities such as space deterrence, electromagnetic deterrence, and network deterrence, and more importantly, the overall deterrence that demonstrates the overall strength of the country. In particular, with the rapid development of advanced technologies such as information technology, the scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution, and military revolution are accelerating their integration, and the coupling relationship between strategic competitiveness, social productivity, and military combat effectiveness is closer. Winning the informationized war is more of a contest of national will and national overall strength. If we want to contain war, we must first deter our opponents from the perspective of overall strength.
       1.1 Emphasize multi-domain joint deterrence
       Deterrence means usually include nuclear deterrence and conventional deterrence. In the system-based superiority war, the overall deterrence war is implemented, aiming to comprehensively use the conventional deterrence means of the land, sea, air, space, and power grid in the whole domain to achieve the purpose of deterrence. Especially with the application of information network technology and space and directed energy technology in the military, space, network, and electromagnetic weapons have become new deterrent means .It mainly uses rapid response electromagnetic orbital weapons, space-ground networked anti-navigation and positioning service systems, large elliptical orbit laser weapons, high-power microwave weapons and other equipment to threaten and attack the opponent’s space targets, forming a “interference and blocking” deterrence against the enemy’s space information. Cyber ​​deterrence mainly uses cyberspace situational awareness and attack equipment to threaten and attack the opponent’s military network and other key information infrastructure to achieve deterrence against the enemy. Electromagnetic deterrence mainly uses electromagnetic spectrum combat systems to threaten and attack enemy detection, navigation, communication and other informationized weapon equipment systems to achieve deafening and blinding deterrence against the enemy. 1.2 Three elements should be possessed to implement overall deterrence warfare.

To implement overall deterrence warfare and achieve the expected deterrence effect, three elements must usually be possessed: one is strength. The deterrent party must have reliable capabilities or strength that make the opponent feel daunted and fearful; the second is determination and will. The deterrent party must dare to use this capability when necessary; the third is clear information transmission. The deterrent party must accurately and effectively let the other party know its action capabilities and determination.


       Historically, the criteria for judging deterrence strength have changed in three aspects: first, active military strength; second, comprehensive national strength or war potential; and third, the total number of main combat weapons and equipment. For a long period of history, the number of troops was deterrence, and the strength of military strength was directly determined by non-material factors such as the size of the active army, the number of important weapons and equipment, and the morale of the army’s training organization. After the 20th century, with the expansion of the scale of war, deterrence strength is no longer limited to the number of troops and important weapons and equipment, but is determined by the country’s war potential, including economic strength, scientific and technological strength, energy resources, and even population size. 

The overall deterrence war in the system-based superiority war, the formation of its deterrence strength is mainly based on the network information system and the joint full-domain deterrence capability formed under the integration of the system.


       1.3 Strong overall strength is the core of achieving effective deterrence
       The development of information technology and its extensive penetration and application in the military field have provided favorable conditions for building overall strength and achieving overall deterrence. System-based superior warfare is supported by a network information system and fully utilizes the penetration and connectivity of information technology. It not only integrates various combat forces, combat elements, and combat units into an organic whole to achieve a military system combat advantage, but also connects and integrates various fields related to war and national mobilization, such as national politics, economy, diplomacy, finance, transportation, energy, etc., into the national war mobilization system, gathers forces and resources from all aspects to form an overall synergy, realizes the emergence effect of system capabilities, and displays the overall strength advantage as a whole, forming a powerful invisible deterrent of unity and common hatred of the enemy, and shaping a situation in which the enemy “has the power but cannot act” and “can act but has no effect”, playing a role in containing and winning the war.
       In the overall deterrence war, the scope of national war mobilization will be wider, not limited to a certain direction or region, but throughout the country and even the relevant regions of the world; the mobilization time will be faster, and the mobilization and action information can be quickly transmitted to everyone and every node at the first time by using the network and information system; the action coordination and collaboration will be more consistent, and the forces distributed in various regions can act in a unified manner almost at the same time based on the same situation and the same order, greatly improving the efficiency of action coordination; the resource utilization will be more sufficient, and various war resources based on the network can quickly realize the transition from peace to war and from military to civilian, and realize the integrated and precise guarantee of the front and rear.
       2. Electromagnetic interference warfare
       Electromagnetic interference warfare refers to the flexible use of various combat means and action styles such as electronic reconnaissance, attack and defense to disrupt, prevent and destroy the enemy’s electromagnetic capabilities, actively compete for the advantage of the electromagnetic spectrum, seize the right to control information, and then win the initiative in combat.
       2.1 The key to competing for information advantage Informatization local wars are highly dependent on the electromagnetic spectrum, and the control and counter-control of electromagnetic space have become the focus of competing for the right to control information. Organizing and implementing electromagnetic interference warfare is mainly to destroy the enemy’s electromagnetic spectrum and protect one’s own side from destruction. The electromagnetic spectrum is the main carrier for transmitting information. Using electromagnetic means to disrupt and destroy the enemy’s electromagnetic spectrum will effectively reduce the enemy’s information warfare capability, and enable the friendly side to ensure the rapid and effective flow of information in the scenario of having information control, and drive the command flow, action flow, material flow, and energy flow through the information flow, thereby gaining the leading power and initiative in combat.
       2.2 The basic focus is to disable and invalidate the enemy’s combat system. The implementation of electromagnetic interference warfare in the system-based superiority war is mainly aimed at the enemy’s dependence on electromagnetic space. At the same time, in order to ensure the effective use of electromagnetic space by the friendly side, various electronic reconnaissance, interference, attack, defense and support forces are organized to interfere with and attack the enemy’s communication network, radar network, computer network and command center, communication hub, radar station, computer network node, global navigation positioning system, space-ground integrated Internet and other space link systems, and other various frequency-using weapons and equipment, block and destroy their communication and data transmission, and destroy the “connection” and “sharing” structural center of gravity of the enemy’s combat system, so as to provide support for seizing information control and electromagnetic control from the root, thereby weakening the enemy’s command and control capabilities and disabling and invalidating the enemy’s entire combat system.
       2.3 Effective tactics to crack unmanned swarm warfare
     Unmanned autonomous swarm warfare such as “bee swarm”, “wolf pack” and “fish pack” is an important feature of information-based local wars with intelligent characteristics. Various unmanned autonomous swarms are huge in number, diverse in type and complex in characteristics, and each individual can complement each other and play a role in substitution. It will be very difficult to intercept and damage the entire unmanned swarm. However, from a technical perspective, in order to achieve effective coordination in unmanned combat swarms, each individual must share and interact with each other. Once the communication coordination between unmanned swarms is interfered with, it will be impossible to share battlefield situation and information, and it will be difficult to coordinate actions with each other, and it will be difficult to play its due combat effectiveness. This provides an opportunity for the other party to intercept communications and conduct electromagnetic interference. Therefore, the implementation of electromagnetic spectrum warfare, interference and attack on the information and communication network of unmanned swarms, and destruction of their information sharing and interaction will make it impossible for each individual in the unmanned swarm to achieve effective coordination, thereby losing combat capability.
       3. Network attack warfare
       Network attack warfare refers to the comprehensive use of network and computer technologies and other effective means to conduct military confrontation actions around the control of information and information networks. It is a major combat style for cyberspace operations and the struggle for network control. Its main combat operations include both soft kill and hard destruction, with soft as the main and a combination of soft and hard. Among them, soft kill is mainly network attack, that is, the comprehensive use of blocking attacks, virus attacks and other means to block and attack the enemy’s information network, command system, weapon platform, etc., making it difficult for the enemy’s network, command information system, etc. to operate effectively or even paralyzed; hard destruction mainly uses precision fire strikes, high-energy microwaves, electromagnetic pulses and anti-radiation attacks to paralyze the enemy’s information network physical facilities and destroy the enemy’s combat and weapon equipment entities. The
       focus is on breaking the network and reducing the power. Organizing a network attack war in the system concentration war is to target the weaknesses of the opponent’s military information network, take advantage of the system, organize various network attack forces, and continuously implement soft kill and hard destruction operations on the enemy’s combat command network, reconnaissance intelligence network, communication network and even logistics supply network throughout the combat process, destroy the enemy’s network system, and make the overall function of the enemy’s combat system decline or even become disabled. Mainly against the enemy’s basic information network, intelligence network, command network, support network and other core targets, implement a series of combat operations such as network and electronic coordinated attack, deception and confusion, link blocking, takeover and control, so as to disable the enemy’s intelligent combat network system and achieve a key victory in paralyzing the enemy system.
      4. Cognitive control and interference warfare:

Cognitive control and interference warfare refers to the use of information attack, public opinion attack, and brain attack in the system optimization war to interfere, destroy or control the enemy’s thinking and cognition, so that the enemy cannot make correct judgments and decisions, thereby forming a control advantage over the enemy in the cognitive space.
      Cognitive domain,That is, the human thinking space and consciousness space are areas that have a key impact on combat decisions and judgments. The development of information technology, especially artificial intelligence technology, and its widespread application in the military field have expanded the competition of war from physical space and information space to cognitive space, making cognitive space a new combat domain. With the development of information and intelligent technology and their extensive and in-depth application in the military field, human-machine intelligence tends to merge, making the position of cognition in intelligent warfare more prominent, and the cognitive field has gradually become an important battlefield. Controlling cognitive rights has become a key factor in future battlefield control rights. Fighting for cognitive control rights has become an important combat style for winning in informationized local wars with intelligent characteristics.
       4.1 Controlling situational awareness cognitive rights and fighting for information advantage
       In the system-based superiority battle, information flow drives material flow and energy flow, and information advantage determines decision-making advantage. Rapid and accurate cognition of intelligence information and battlefield situation has an important impact on seizing command and decision-making advantages. Therefore, in order to organize and implement the system-based optimization war, we must make full use of intelligent technology and big data technology to conduct comprehensive analysis and judgment on massive intelligence information data, mine and extract the required intelligence information, and achieve more accurate and faster cognition of the battlefield situation and combat environment, and ensure that we discover and recognize the enemy first from the source. While eliminating the “fog of war” of our own side, we must also create “fog” for the opponent. Therefore, in order to compete for the right of cognition, we must not only grasp and process information before the enemy, but also take measures such as network public opinion attacks and highly realistic virtual reality to actively create and spread false information, destroy and disrupt the enemy’s perception and cognition of the battlefield situation, maximize the creation of chaos, increase uncertainty, interfere with the opponent’s combat decision-making, and delay its combat operations.
       4.2 Control the command decision-making power and compete for decision-
       making advantages. Decision-making advantages determine action advantages. The commander’s quick decision-making is the key to shortening the “command cycle” and achieving rapid victory. In the organization of the system-based optimization war, the success or failure of combat operations depends to a large extent on the commander’s decision-making speed. We should make use of intelligent decision-making assistance systems to select the best combat plan, scientifically and rationally allocate combat resources, and maximize combat effectiveness; use ubiquitous intelligent networks to access the required combat nodes and combat platforms at any time, build an integrated combat system, realize the decentralized deployment of forces, information, and capabilities, and cross-domain linkage, form advantages at the location and time required for combat, gather energy, and win by gathering advantages; implement “core attack war” to make the enemy’s command and decision-making errors or deviations by invading the opponent’s “chips”, tampering with their programs and command and decision-making system algorithms, etc.
       4.3 Control “brain” power and seize brain control advantage
       The cognitive control and disturbance war in the system of gathering advantages emphasizes “attacking the mind and winning the will”, that is, using network warfare, electromagnetic warfare and other methods to implement cognitive control warfare of “attacking the mind, controlling the brain and winning the will” on the enemy’s human brain and consciousness cognition and the control system of unmanned autonomous platforms, replacing “destruction” with “control”, and achieving the purpose of stopping the war and winning the war at the lowest cost. Different from traditional strategic deterrence, attacking the mind and controlling the brain is more focused on active attack. It is an active attack action, mainly using advanced information warfare technology, brain control technology, etc., to control the enemy’s decision-making leaders, as well as intelligent unmanned autonomous combat platforms, auxiliary decision-making systems, etc., to implement “brain” attacks, directly control and disrupt the opponent’s “brain”, influence and control the enemy’s decision-making, or disable it, and achieve invisible control of the enemy’s combat operations. For example, targeting human cognitive thinking, using brain reading and brain control technology, using mind guidance and control means, directly “inject” and “invade” attacks on the enemy’s brain, interfere with, control or destroy the enemy’s commander’s cognitive system, deeply control them from the consciousness, thinking and psychology, seize the “intelligence control power”, disrupt the enemy’s decision-making, break the enemy’s morale, and force the enemy to surrender.
      5. Agile mobile warfare
      Agile mobile warfare refers to high-efficiency decision-making, high-efficiency adjustment of troop and weapon deployment, and high-efficiency and immediate aggregation of combat forces in system-based superior warfare, high-efficiency aggregation of capabilities on the established battlefield, and seizing combat opportunities. Agility is the ability to respond quickly and promptly to changes in the battlefield environment, and has characteristics such as responsiveness, robustness, flexibility, elasticity, innovation and adaptability.

Table 1 Concept of Agile Operations
      5.1 Efficient and rapid decision-making
      To implement agile mobile warfare, we must first make efficient and rapid decisions to gain the initiative in combat. Therefore, we must comprehensively use various reconnaissance, detection, perception and surveillance means to obtain battlefield situation and target information in a timely manner, especially the characteristic information, activity trajectory and real-time location information of time-sensitive targets, to ensure accurate intelligence support for rapid decision-making. Efficient decision-making is also reflected in the speed of intelligence processing. We must use less time to identify effective intelligence information, formulate action plans at a faster speed according to changes in the situation, take the initiative one step faster than the enemy, and seize the initiative. Efficient decision-making focuses on shortening the decision-making cycle. We must take the target time window as the center point, coordinate decision-making and command with combat units and weapon platforms, respond quickly, and link as a whole to improve combat efficiency.
      5.2 Efficiently form a favorable combat situation .
      We must keep abreast of changes in the battlefield situation at any time, rely on information network support, and achieve dynamic reorganization and integration of combat forces through cross-domain, cross-dimensional, and diversified three-dimensional maneuvers, and achieve efficient flow and aggregation of combat resources across the entire domain, so as to achieve mobile aggregation and form a favorable battlefield situation. Agile mobile warfare relies on data fusion processing, intelligent decision-making assistance and other means to quickly form combat plans, quickly deploy combat forces at a high frequency according to the plan, organize troops to quickly form favorable combat deployments, and achieve the first enemy discovery, first enemy decision-making, first enemy firing, and first enemy assessment, so as to change the balance of power in the shortest time and at the fastest speed, form combat advantages, and improve the efficiency of combat operations.
      5.3 High-efficiency and instant aggregation of combat forces
      The key to organizing agile mobile warfare is to select combat forces within a limited time, coordinate the entire battle situation, form an overall force, and ensure a fatal blow. Therefore, in response to changes in the battlefield situation, especially the target situation, a joint mobile combat system formed by multi-domain combat forces should be formed, combat forces should be aggregated in real time, and quickly deployed to a favorable battlefield to carry out immediate strikes on the enemy. In view of the deep space and deep sea becoming new combat spaces, intelligent unmanned autonomous combat platforms can be organized to quickly and flexibly deploy to key targets or important channels that are difficult for humans to reach due to physiological limitations, and wait for ambush operations to form a new cross-domain balance of power advantage.
      5.4 Agile mobile warfare is an innovative development of traditional mobile warfare.
      In the history of wars in ancient and modern times, there are many successful examples of relying on rapid and concealed maneuvers to achieve combat objectives. However, the combat process of local informationized wars has been greatly compressed, the combat rhythm has been accelerated, and the opportunity for war is fleeting, which puts higher requirements on rapid maneuvering to capture the opportunity. It is difficult to meet the requirements of joint operations and full-domain operations under informationized conditions by relying solely on “fast pace and high speed”, so agile maneuvers must be implemented.
       6. Unmanned cluster autonomous warfare
       Unmanned cluster autonomous warfare refers to the extensive use of unmanned combat means such as “bee swarms”, “wolf packs” and “fish schools” in system-based superior warfare, autonomously organizing actions and distributed attacks to achieve joint victory between man and machine. As unmanned autonomous equipment has become the main combat force on the battlefield, defeating the enemy with unmanned autonomous equipment clusters and numerical advantages has become an important combat style in informationized warfare.
       6.1 It is conducive to forming a system advantage to suppress the enemy.
       Autonomous warfare of unmanned clusters gives full play to the special advantages of unmanned combat weapons such as all-weather, unlimited, difficult to defend, and low consumption, and builds large-scale unmanned combat clusters or formations such as unmanned “bee swarms”, “wolf packs”, and “fish swarms”. They organize themselves autonomously and cooperate with each other. They can carry out close-range, full-coverage reconnaissance, or act as bait to implement interference and deception, or cooperate with main combat weapons to carry out distributed coordinated attacks, and achieve overall mobility and joint control of the enemy.
       6.2 It is conducive to enhancing combat effectiveness
       . In the autonomous combat of unmanned clusters, different combat units in the unmanned cluster formation are responsible for different functions and tasks. Some are responsible for reconnaissance, some are responsible for electromagnetic interference and firepower strikes, and some play the role of “bait”. The cluster transmits and shares battlefield information through the inter-cluster network, performs its duties according to the division of labor, and coordinates in real time, autonomously, and dynamically according to battlefield changes. It not only gives full play to the advantages of quantity and scale, but also uses information networks and intelligent integration technologies to achieve integration effects, and consumes the enemy’s defense detection, tracking and interception capabilities with the advantages of clusters, so that the enemy’s defense system is quickly saturated and paralyzed.
       6.3 It is conducive to trapping the enemy in a difficult situation in combat.
       Unmanned cluster autonomous warfare is a mixed formation of a large number of autonomous unmanned combat platforms with different functions, forming an unmanned combat cluster that integrates reconnaissance and detection, electronic interference, network attack, and firepower strike. It will carry out multi-directional, multi-wave, and continuous attacks on the same target or target group, making it difficult for the enemy to make an effective counterattack.
       7. Precision point killing war
       Precision point killing war refers to the precise acquisition of intelligence in the system-based superiority war, the implementation of multi-domain precision strikes, and the effort to hit one point to shake the overall situation and maximize combat effectiveness. Informationized local war is an overall confrontation between systems. Implementing precision point killing war, carrying out precision strikes on important nodes and key links of the enemy’s combat system, destroying the enemy’s combat system, and reducing the enemy’s combat capability will achieve twice the result with half the effort.
      7.1 Achieving high cost-effectiveness in combat
      Achieving maximum combat effectiveness at the lowest cost is the goal pursued by both sides in combat. With the widespread application of information technology in the military field and the advent of informationized warfare, precision-guided weapons, intelligent kinetic weapons, reconnaissance and strike integrated drones, and laser weapons are widely equipped with troops; through the use of big data, artificial intelligence and other technologies, it has become possible to accurately calculate the required troops and weapons. All these provide material and technical conditions for achieving precision point-killing warfare, achieving combat objectives at a relatively low cost, and realizing high efficiency and cost-effectiveness in combat.
       7.2 Hitting key node targets is an important option
       . Precision point-killing warfare focuses on hitting key points and nodes. If you don’t hit, you’ll lose. If you hit, you’ll hurt and win. Hitting one point will break the enemy’s system and shake the overall situation. The targets of the strike are not limited to the enemy’s dispersed ships and aircraft, but should also be targeted at enemy command centers, important hubs, and even local, dynamic, time-sensitive targets or independent targets such as major generals and commanders, in order to achieve deterrence and shock and destroy the enemy’s system. In response to the distributed tactics of decomposing the functions of expensive large equipment into a large number of small platforms and implementing dispersed deployment of troops, using precision strike firepower to “point-kill” them will also be an effective countermeasure.
       7.3 Large-scale system support is a basic condition
       . The implementation of precision point-killing warfare cannot be separated from large-scale system support. Focusing on achieving combat objectives, the required forces and weapons are drawn from the dispersed combat domains. Under the support of the network information system, the precision strike system is dynamically integrated to achieve overall linkage and system energy gathering. Through reasonable and sufficient firepower, the target is attacked, and precise use of troops and precise energy are achieved. To implement precision point killing warfare, it is necessary to be precise. All links in the entire combat system must be closely connected, and there must not be any mistakes. The operation of the US military to kill Bin Laden in 2011 can be said to be a typical strategic precision point killing operation supported by the strategic system.
       7.4 Inseparable from accurate intelligence support
       In precision point killing warfare, accurate intelligence support is always the key to achieving combat objectives. Therefore, before the war, various means should be used to collect various intelligence data and information of the enemy, especially to make accurate analysis and judgment of the enemy’s targets. During combat operations, various sensors and intelligence reconnaissance means should be used to accurately grasp the changes in enemy targets and dynamic target situations in a timely manner, so as to provide strong and effective intelligence support for the implementation of precision point killing warfare. The US military’s targeted elimination of Soleimani is a typical precision point killing war supported by an efficient intelligence system.
       8. Supply Chain Disruption War
       Supply chain-breaking warfare refers to organizing elite forces in the system-based superiority war to attack the enemy’s supply chain, supply lines and supply bases for logistical materials and equipment, so that the enemy will lose supply and withdraw from the battle. Aiming at the enemy’s weaknesses such as long logistic supply lines and large equipment support, elite forces are organized to build a “chain-breaking warfare” combat system to carry out continuous, precise and devastating strikes on the enemy’s supply chain, supply lines and supply bases for logistical materials and equipment, which will make it difficult for them to continue due to loss of supply and have to withdraw from the battle.
       8.1 The supply support chain has a huge impact on the overall combat situation
       . Logistics equipment support is an important foundation for combat. The continuous supply of logistical materials and weapons and equipment ultimately determines the size of an army’s combat force, whether it can fight, in what season to fight, where to fight, how far it can leave the rear base, how long it can fight, how fast it can maneuver, etc. In information warfare, battlefield material consumption has increased exponentially. The reliance of operations on logistical equipment support has not only not decreased, but has become increasingly greater. In addition, the requirements for the degree of specialization of support have also become increasingly higher. In particular, the types and specifications of modern combat equipment are diverse, the mixed transportation volume is huge, and the deployment of troops is more dispersed, which also puts forward very high requirements for transportation capacity, making bases, communication lines and transportation more important than ever before. The stable and efficient operation of the supply support chain and the continuous and uninterrupted supply support are the key to winning the battle and have a huge impact on the overall situation of the battle.
       8.2 The focus of the attack is the key node of the enemy’s supply support chain.
       The focus of the supply chain-breaking war is to attack the key link of the enemy’s supply support chain, and to make it lose its continuous support capability by breaking the chain. Therefore, the supply chain-breaking war should mainly target the enemy’s ground railway and highway transportation lines, maritime supply fleets, military-requisitioned merchant ships and combat support ships, large and medium-sized air transport aircraft, and rear supply bases. For example, attacking the enemy’s maritime supply chain and cutting off the enemy’s fuel, ammunition, fresh water, and food supplies will make the enemy’s aircraft carrier battle group lose its ability to continue to fight, and even affect the outcome of a battle.
       8.3 Focus on choosing the right time and using tactics
       to organize and implement the supply chain disruption war. It is crucial to choose a favorable time to strike. The timing of the supply chain disruption war should be selected when the enemy’s supply is maneuvering, using covert tactics to attack the enemy by surprise, and suddenly strike the enemy’s supply vehicles, ships, and transport aircraft to terminate their supply operations. Specific tactics usually include covert ambush warfare, organizing elite forces to ambush on the routes and routes that the enemy’s transportation vehicles must pass through, waiting for an opportunity to carry out covert and sudden strikes; stealth surprise attack warfare, using submarines, stealth fighters, etc. to covertly advance and strike enemy transportation targets to win by surprise; long-range precision warfare, using long-range conventional ground-to-ground missile forces to carry out long-range precision strikes on enemy supply bases and airports, docks and other supply departure points.
       9. System Destruction and Paralysis Warfare
       System destruction and paralysis warfare refers to the use of a variety of means such as breaking the network, breaking the chain, and hitting the nodes in the system concentration and superiority war to interfere with, delay, destroy or even paralyze the effective operation of the enemy’s combat system and weaken the function of the enemy’s combat system. The essence of system destruction and paralysis warfare is to weaken the correlation and structural strength between the elements of the enemy’s combat system, so that the system function degenerates and cannot play the role of multiplying capabilities.
       9.1 The combat goal is to cause disorder in the operation of the enemy’s combat system.
       In information warfare, the combat systems of both warring parties have their own internal order, which is the key to maintaining and supporting the operation of the combat system. The party that can maintain and control the internal order of the combat system will gain an advantage, otherwise it will be at a disadvantage. Therefore, system destruction and paralysis warfare should establish the goal of disrupting the enemy’s winning mechanism and causing disorder in the enemy’s combat system. This requires that in the system destruction and paralysis war, we must make full use of the powerful enabling role of information technology, especially intelligent algorithms , to quickly adjust and reconstruct our own combat system, quickly generate and release powerful combat power, and implement agile and precise strikes on the enemy’s combat system, so that the enemy’s combat system loses its normal operating order, and the system function is destroyed in the disorder, and the overall combat capability is significantly reduced.
       9.2 Strike the key nodes of the combat system with a heavy punch
       System confrontation is a major feature of information warfare. The system is an important foundation and support for system confrontation, and it is also the key to effectively exerting combat effectiveness by integrating various combat forces, weapon platforms and weapon systems on the battlefield. Whether the system can maintain a strong and smooth operation has a decisive impact on winning wars and campaigns. In the system destruction and paralysis war, the key is to focus on the enemy’s integrated combat system of land, sea, air, space and power grids, break the network, break the chain, and hit the nodes. By hitting the key node targets, the operation mechanism of the enemy’s combat system is disordered, or even severely damaged or destroyed. Therefore, the basic direction of system destruction and paralysis warfare is to select key units, key nodes, and key elements of the enemy’s combat system to carry out strikes, hit them at one point, destroy them in a piece, and paralyze them as a whole, so as to achieve the goal of defeating the enemy.
       9.3 Implementing soft strikes on the enemy’s combat system
       When organizing and implementing the hard destruction of system destruction warfare, soft kill operations such as electronic warfare, network warfare, psychological warfare, and public opinion warfare are organized simultaneously to carry out soft strikes on the information domain and cognitive domain of the enemy’s combat system. Electronic warfare, using electronic warfare forces to implement strong electromagnetic interference on the enemy, causing its information to fail and fall into the fog of war; network warfare, using network offensive forces to attack the enemy’s network information system, causing serious damage to the enemy’s command and communication system and computer network, causing its command to fail and fall into an information island or even a war island; psychological warfare and public opinion warfare, using psychological warfare and public opinion warfare means to implement psychological strikes and public opinion guidance on the enemy, severely damaging its combat will and inducing cognitive confusion. Organizing livelihood warfare to strike the opponent’s major national and livelihood facilities can also play a role in “cutting off the firewood from the bottom of the pot” for the enemy’s combat system. During the Kosovo War in 1999, the US military did not attack the Yugoslav army, but instead attacked its potential target system, causing the Yugoslav military and civilians to lose their will to fight and lead to defeat. 

現代國語翻譯:

體系聚優戰是資訊化戰爭中的體係作戰,其不限定特指某一種作戰樣式,而是由多種作戰樣式和戰法組成的“組合拳”,或作戰樣式群。強調根據作戰任務、作戰對手和戰場情勢變化,只要有利於形成相對優勢、達成體系製勝,可以靈活運用任何適宜的作戰手段和样式,形成作戰優勢。在體系聚優戰具體實施過程中,這些具體作戰樣式和行動戰法既可以作為聯合全局作戰的一部分單獨組織實施,更強調打“組合拳”,多策並舉,整體制勝。
為更能理解其核心內涵,本文列舉了整體威懾戰、電磁擾阻戰、網路破擊戰、認知控擾戰等九大典型作戰樣式,並進行分析。

體系聚優戰――靈活運用多種作戰樣式的「組合拳」作者:學術plus高級觀察員 東週
本文主要內容及關鍵字
1.整體威懾戰:強調多域聯合威懾;實施整體威懾戰應具備三大要素;強大整體實力是實現有效威懾的核心
2.電磁擾阻戰:爭奪資訊優勢的關鍵;在組合手段方法上,透過「連結+共享」實現資訊賦能;破解無人集群作戰的有效戰法
3.網路破擊戰:軟殺傷為主,軟硬結合,重在破網降能失效
4.認知控擾:控制態勢感知認知權,爭奪資訊優勢;控制指揮決策權,爭奪決策優勢;控制「腦」權,奪取腦控優勢
5.敏捷機動戰:高效率快速決策;高效率形成有利作戰態勢;高效率即時聚合作戰力量;敏捷機動戰是對傳統機動作戰的創新發展
6.蜂群自主戰:有利於形成體系優勢壓制敵方;有利於增強作戰效果;有利於陷敵於作戰困境
7.精確點殺戰:實現作戰的高效費比;打關鍵節點目標是重要選項;大範圍體系支撐是基本條件;離不開精確情報保障
8.補給斷鍊戰:供應保障鏈對作戰全局影響巨大;打擊重心是斷敵供應保障鏈的關鍵節點;重在選準時機活用戰法
9.體系毀癱戰:作戰目標是使敵作戰體系運作失序;重拳打擊作戰體系的關鍵節點;對敵作戰體系實施軟打擊

僅供學習參考,歡迎交流指正!文章觀點不代表本機構立場
作戰概念首先是作為一種新的作戰樣式提出。創新作戰樣式是作戰概念開發的核心內容。可以說,體系聚優戰是一系列具體戰法的總稱。以下九大典型作戰樣式構成了體系聚優戰的戰法體系。分別為:一是整體威懾戰,在體系聚優戰中積極組織靜態威力展示與威懾行動,力爭不戰或小戰而屈人之兵;二是電磁擾阻戰,運用電子偵攻防等多種作戰手段和行動樣式,擾亂、阻止、破壞敵電磁能力的發揮,積極爭奪電磁頻譜優勢,奪取制信息權,進而贏得作戰主動;三是網絡破擊戰,運用軟打擊和硬摧毀等多種手段,破敵指揮網、情報網、通訊網、後勤補給網,亂敵指揮保障;四是認知控擾。透過資訊攻擊、輿論攻擊、腦攻擊,在認知空間形成控制優勢;五是敏捷機動戰。快速調整兵力兵器部署,在即設戰場快速聚集能力,搶奪作戰先機;六是蜂群自主戰。廣泛運用「蜂群」、「狼群」、「魚群」等無人作戰手段,自主組織行動、分散式攻擊,實現人機聯合製勝;七是精確點殺戰。精準獲取情報,實施多域精確打擊,力爭打一點撼全局,實現作戰效益最大化;八是補給斷鏈戰。組織精銳力量,打敵後勤物資裝備供應補給鏈、補給線和補給基地,破敵失去補給而退出戰鬥;九是體系毀癱戰。綜合採取破網、鍛鍊、打節點等多種手段,幹擾、遲滯、破壞甚至癱瘓敵作戰體係有效運轉,削弱敵作戰系統功能。
1.整體威懾戰
整體威懾戰是指在體系聚優戰中積極組織靜態威力展示和威懾行動,力爭不戰或小戰而屈人之兵。孫子曰:「不戰而屈人之兵,善之善者也。」威懾和戰爭是軍事活動的兩種主要形式。而威懾,主要是透過展現力量或威脅使用強大實力,向潛在對手錶明決心意志,以嚇阻對手行動的行為。可以說,體系聚優戰中的整體威懾戰是實現不戰而「止」人之兵的重要手段或戰法。克勞塞維茨強調,策略的第一條規則是盡可能強大,首先是整體的強大,然後是在關鍵部位的強大。現代戰爭是體系與體系的對抗。資訊化局部戰爭下的整體威懾戰,不僅要有陸海空天傳統威懾手段和能力,也需要太空威懾、電磁威懾、網路威懾等新型威懾手段和能力,更需要有顯示國家整體實力的整體威懾。特別是隨著資訊科技等先進科技的快速發展,科技革命、產業革命、軍事革命加速融合,戰略競爭力、社會生產力和軍隊戰鬥力耦合關聯更加緊密,打贏資訊化戰爭更大程度上是國家意志和國家整體實力的較量。若要遏止戰爭,首先要從整體實力上對對手形成嚇阻。
1.1 強調多域聯合威懾
威懾手段通常包括核威懾和常規威懾。在體系聚優戰中,實施整體威懾戰,旨在綜合運用陸海空天電網全域常規威懾手段,以達成威懾目的。特別是隨著資訊網路技術及太空、定向能技術在軍事上的應用,太空、網路、電磁武器等成為新型威懾手段。太空威懾,主要以快速響應電磁軌道武器、天地網路化反導航定位服務系統、大橢圓軌道雷射武器、高功率微波武器等裝備,威脅攻擊對手空間目標,形成對敵空間資訊「幹擾阻斷」威懾。網路威懾,主要是以網路空間態勢感知和攻擊裝備,威脅攻擊對手軍事網路及其它關鍵資訊基礎設施,實現對敵威懾。電磁威懾,主要以電磁頻譜作戰系統,威脅攻擊敵探測、導航、通訊等資訊化武器裝備系統,實現對敵致聾致盲威懾。 1.2 實施整體嚇阻戰應具備三大要素
實施整體威懾戰並達成嚇阻預期效果,通常必須具備三大要素:一是實力。威嚇方必須具備令對手感到忌憚畏懼的可靠能力或力量;二是決心意志。威懾方在必要時必須敢於使用這種能力;三是明確傳遞訊息。威懾方必須將行動能力與決心準確、有效地讓對方清楚知道。
從歷史上看,判斷威懾實力的標準主要有三個面向變化:一是現役軍事力量;二是綜合國力或戰爭潛力;三是主戰武器裝備總數。在相當長一段歷史時期內,軍隊數量就是威懾,軍事實力的強弱直接取決於現役軍隊的規模、重要武器裝備的數量,以及軍隊訓練組織士氣等非物質因素。二十世紀後,隨著戰爭規模的擴大,威懾實力已不再僅限於軍隊兵力和重要武器裝備的數量,而是由國家戰爭潛力所決定,其中包括經濟實力、科技實力、能源資源,甚至人口數量,等等。體系聚優戰中的整體威懾戰,其威懾實力的形成主要基於網路資訊體系,以及在該體系融合整合下形成的聯合全局威懾能力。
1.3 強大整體實力是實現有效威懾的核心
資訊科技的發展及在軍事領域的廣泛滲透和應用,為建構整體實力、實現整體威懾提供了有利條件。體系聚優戰以網路資訊體系為支撐,充分利用資訊科技的滲透性和聯通性,不僅把各種作戰力量、作戰要素、作戰單元融合為一個有機整體,實現軍事上的體係作戰優勢,而且把國家政治、經濟、外交、金融、交通、能源等與戰爭和國家動員相關的各領域,都連結、匯入國家戰爭動員體系,凝聚各方面力量和資源形成整體合力,實現體系能力的湧現效應,從整體上顯示綜合實力優勢,形成眾志成城、同仇敵愾的強大無形威懾,塑造使敵「有力量但不能行動」「能行動但沒有效果」的態勢,起到遏制和打贏戰爭的作用。
在整體威懾戰中,國家戰爭動員的範圍將更加廣泛,不僅限於某一方向、區域,而是遍及全國各地,乃至世界相關地區;動員時間更加迅速,利用網絡和信息系統,動員和行動信息可在第一時間迅速傳達到每個人、每個節點;行動協調和協同更加一致,分佈在各域各地的各方力量可以基於同一態勢、根據同一命令幾乎在同一時間統一行動,極大提高行動協同效率;資源利用更加充分,以網路為基礎的各種戰爭資源,可快速實現平戰轉換、軍民轉換,實現前方後方一體化保障、精確保障。
2.電磁擾阻戰
電磁擾動戰,指靈活運用電子偵攻防等多種作戰手段和行動樣式,擾亂、阻止、破壞敵電磁能力的發揮,積極爭奪電磁頻譜優勢,奪取制信息權,進而贏得作戰主動。
2.1 爭奪資訊優勢的關鍵資訊化局部戰爭高度依賴電磁頻譜,對電磁空間的控制與反控製成為爭奪制資訊權的焦點。組織實施電磁阻擾戰,主要是破壞敵方電磁頻譜,保護己方不受破壞。電磁頻譜是傳輸訊息的主要載體。使用電磁手段對敵方電磁頻譜實施阻擾破壞,將有效降低敵資訊作戰能力,並使己方在擁有製資訊權的場景下,保障資訊的快速有效流動,透過資訊流驅動指揮流、行動流、物質流、能量流,進而擁有作戰的主導權、主動權。
2.2 基本著眼點是使敵作戰體系失能失效體系聚優戰中實施電磁擾阻戰,主要是針對敵方對電磁空間的依賴,同時為確保己方對電磁空間的有效利用,組織各種電子偵察、幹擾、攻擊、防禦和支援力量,對敵通信網、雷達網、電腦網和指揮中心、通信樞紐、雷達站、電腦網路節點,全球導航定位系統、天地一體互聯網等空間鏈路系統,及其他各種用頻武器裝備,實施幹擾、攻擊,阻斷、破壞其通訊聯絡與資料傳輸,破壞敵作戰體系的「連結」與「共享」結構重心,從根源為奪取制資訊權、制電磁權提供支撐,進而削弱敵指揮控制能力,使敵整個作戰體系失能、失效。
2.3 破解無人集群作戰的有效戰法
「蜂群」「狼群」「魚群」等無人自主集群作戰,是具有智慧化特徵的資訊化局部戰爭的重要特徵。各種無人自主集群數量龐大、類型多樣、特徵複雜,且每個個體都可以互補位置、互相替代發揮作用,攔截毀傷整個無人集群將十分困難。但從技術角度分析,無人作戰集群為實現有效協同,每個個體之間必須進行資訊共享與互動。無人集群間通訊協同一旦受到干擾,將無法分享戰場態勢與訊息,無法相互協同行動,也就很難發揮應有作戰效能。這就給對方實施通訊攔截與電磁幹擾提供了機會。因此,實施電磁頻譜戰,對無人集群的資訊通訊網路實施幹擾、攻擊,破壞其資訊共享與交互,將使無人集群中每個個體無法實現有效協同,從而失去作戰能力。
3.網路破擊戰
網路破擊戰,指綜合運用網路和電腦等技術以及其他有效手段,圍繞著資訊、資訊網路的控制權而進行的軍事對抗行動,是網路空間作戰、爭奪制網權的主要作戰樣式。其主要作戰行動既有軟殺傷也有硬摧毀,以軟為主、軟硬結合。其中,軟殺傷主要是網路攻擊,即綜合利用阻塞攻擊、病毒攻擊等手段,對敵資訊網路、指揮系統、武器平台等進行阻滯與攻擊,使敵網路、指揮資訊系統等難以有效運作甚至癱瘓;硬摧毀主要是利用精確火力打擊、高能量微波、電磁脈衝以及反輻射攻擊等手段,癱毀敵資訊網路物理設施,摧毀敵作戰及武器裝備實體。
重在破網降能失效。在體系聚優戰中組織網路破擊戰就是針對作戰對手軍事資訊網路存在的弱點,利用體系優勢,組織各種網路攻擊力量,在作戰全過程對敵作戰指揮網、偵察情報網、通訊網乃至後勤補給網等,持續實施軟殺傷與硬摧毀行動,破壞敵之網路體系,使敵作戰體系功能整體下降甚至失能。主要對敵基礎資訊網、情報網、指揮網、保障網等核心目標,實施網電協同攻擊、欺騙迷惘、連結阻塞、接管控制等一系列作戰行動,使敵智能化作戰網路體系失能失效,達成癱敵體系的關鍵性勝利。
4.認知控擾戰
認知控擾戰,是指在體系聚優戰中透過資訊攻擊、輿論攻擊、腦攻擊,幹擾、破壞或控制敵對思維認知,使敵不能做出正確判斷、決策,從而在認知空間對敵形成控制優勢。
認知域,即人的思考空間、意識空間,是對作戰決策、判斷等具有關鍵性影響的領域。資訊科技特別是人工智慧技術的發展及在軍事領域的廣泛應用,使戰爭的較量從物理空間、資訊空間擴大到認知空間,使認知空間成為一個全新的作戰域。隨著資訊化、智慧化技術發展並在軍事領域廣泛深入應用,人機智慧趨於融合,使認知在智慧化戰爭作戰中的地位更加凸顯,認知領域逐漸成為重要的戰場。制認知權成為未來戰場控制權的關鍵要素。爭奪認知控制權成為具有智慧化特徵的資訊化局部戰爭作戰制勝的重要作戰樣式。
4.1 控制態勢感知認知權,爭奪資訊優勢
體系聚優戰中,資訊流驅動物質流、能量流,資訊優勢決定決策優勢。對情報資訊與戰場態勢的快速、準確認知,對奪取指揮決策優勢有重要影響。因此,組織實施體系聚優戰,要充分利用智慧技術、大數據技術,對海量情報資訊資料進行綜合分析研判,挖掘提取所需情報訊息,實現對戰場態勢、作戰環境的更精準、更快速認知,從源頭確保先敵發現、先敵認知。在消除己方「戰爭迷霧」的同時,也要為對手製造「迷霧」。因此,爭奪認知權,不僅要先敵掌握、先敵處理訊息,還要採取網路輿論攻擊、高度虛擬現實亂真等措施,積極製造、散佈虛假訊息,破壞、擾亂敵對戰場態勢的感知、認知,盡量製造混亂、增加不確定性,幹擾對手的作戰決策,遲滯其作戰行動。
4.2 控制指揮決策權,爭奪決策優勢
決策優勢決定行動優勢。指揮者的快速決策是縮短「指揮週期」、實現快速勝利的關鍵。組織體系聚優戰,作戰行動成敗很大程度取決於指揮的決策速度。要利用智慧輔助決策系統,優選最佳作戰方案,科學合理調配作戰資源,實現作戰效能最大化;利用泛在智慧網絡,隨遇接入所需作戰節點、作戰平台,建構形成一體化作戰體系,實現力量、資訊、能力分散部署、跨域聯動,在作戰所需地點、時間形成優勢,集聚釋能、聚優制勝;實施“攻芯戰”,通過侵入對方“芯片”、篡改其程序及指揮決策系統演算法等,使敵指揮決策發生錯誤或偏差。
4.3 控制「腦」權,奪取腦控優勢
體系聚優戰中的認知控擾戰,強調“攻心奪志”,即利用網絡戰、電磁戰等方式,對敵方人腦和意識認知以及無人自主平台的控制系統實施“攻心控腦奪志」的認知控制戰,以“控制”取代“摧毀”,以最小代價實現止戰、勝戰之目的。攻心控腦與傳統的謀略威懾不同,其更強調主動攻擊,是一種主動攻擊行動,主要運用先進資訊作戰技術、控腦技術等,對敵決策首腦,以及智能化無人自主作戰平台、輔助決策系統等,實施控“腦”攻擊,直接控制、擾亂對手“大腦”,影響、控制敵決策,或使其失能,實現隱形操控敵作戰行動。如以人的認知思考為目標,利用讀腦、腦控技術,運用心智導控手段,直接對敵方人員大腦實施「注入」「侵入」式攻擊,幹擾、控製或破壞敵指揮人員認知體系,從意識、思維和心理上對其深度控制,奪取“制智權”,以亂敵決策、破敵士氣,迫敵繳械。
5.敏捷機動戰
敏捷機動戰,指在體系聚優戰中高效率決策、高效率調整兵力兵器部署和高效率即時聚合作戰力量,在既設戰場高效率聚集能力,搶奪作戰先機。敏捷是一種快速及時應對戰場環境變化的能力,具有響應性、穩健性、柔性、彈性、創新性和適應性等特徵。
表1 敏捷作戰概念內涵

5.1 高效率快速決策
實施敏捷機動戰,首先要高效率快速決策,贏得作戰先機。因此,要綜合運用各種偵察探測感知與監視手段,及時獲取戰場態勢和目標信息,特別是時敏目標的特徵信息、活動軌跡以及實時位置信息,確保為快速決策提供精準情報支持。高效率決策也體現在情報處理速度上,要用更少的時間甄別有效情報訊息,根據情況變化,以更快的速度製定行動方案,快敵一步佔據主動,奪取先機。高效率決策重在縮短決策週期,要以目標時間窗口為中心點,決策指揮與作戰單元、武器平台一體協同、快速反應、整體連動,提高作戰效率。
5.2 高效率形成有利作戰態勢
要隨時掌握戰場態勢變化,依靠資訊網支撐,透過跨域、跨維、多樣化立體機動,達成作戰力量動態重組、動中融合,作戰資源全局高效流動、動中聚集,實現機動聚優,形成有利戰場態勢。敏捷機動戰依賴資料融合處理、智慧化輔助決策等手段,快速形成作戰方案,依案高頻率快速投送作戰力量,組織部隊快速形成有利作戰部署,實現先敵發現、先敵決策、先敵開火、先敵評估,以最短時間、最快速度改變力量對比,形成作戰優勢,提升作戰行動效率。
5.3 高效率即時聚合作戰力量
組織敏捷機動戰,關鍵在於有限時間內選準作戰力量,協調整個戰局,形成整體合力,確保一擊致命。因此,要針對戰場態勢特別是目標情況變化,抽組形成由多域作戰力量形成的聯合機動作戰系統,即時聚合作戰力量,快速機動部署至有利戰場,對敵實施即時打擊。針對深空、深海等成為新的作戰空間,可組織智慧化無人自主作戰平台,快速機動部署至人類因生理所限而難以到達的重點目標或重要通道附近潛伏,待機實施伏擊作戰,形成新的跨域制衡優勢。
5.4 敏捷機動戰是對傳統機動作戰的創新發展
古今中外戰爭史上,靠著快速隱密機動達成作戰目的的成功戰例比比皆是。但資訊化局部戰爭作戰進程大幅壓縮,作戰節奏極速加快,戰機稍縱即逝,對快速機動捕捉戰機提出更高要求,僅靠「快節奏、高速度」已難以滿足資訊化條件下聯合作戰、全域作戰的要求,因而必須實施敏捷機動。
6.無人集群自主戰
無人集群自主戰,指在體系聚優戰中廣泛運用「蜂群」「狼群」「魚群」等無人作戰手段,自主組織行動、分散式攻擊,實現人機聯合製勝。隨著無人自主裝備成為戰場上的主要作戰力量,以無人自主裝備集群和數量優勢戰勝敵人,已成為資訊化戰爭中的重要作戰風格。
6.1 有利於形成體系優勢壓制敵方
無人集群自主戰充分發揮無人作戰兵器全天候、無極限、難防禦、低消耗等特殊優勢,建構組成無人「蜂群」「狼群」「魚群」等大規模無人作戰集群或編隊,自主組織、相互協同,可實施近距離、全覆蓋偵察,或充當誘餌實施幹擾、欺騙,或配合主戰兵器實施分散式協同攻擊,實現整體機動、聯合製敵。
6.2 有利於增強作戰效果
在無人群聚自主作戰中,無人群集編成內的不同作戰單元分別擔負不同功能、不同任務,既有負責偵察的,也有實施電磁幹擾、火力打擊的,還有扮演「誘餌」角色的。集群透過群間網路傳遞、共享戰場訊息,依照分工各司其職,根據戰場變化即時、自主、動態協同,既充分發揮數量規模優勢,又運用資訊網路和智慧整合技術實現整合效果,以集群優勢消耗敵防禦偵測、追蹤和攔截能力,使敵防禦體系迅速飽和、陷入癱瘓。
6.3 有利於陷敵於作戰困境
無人集群自主戰以大量不同功能的自主無人作戰平台混合編組,形成集偵察探測、電子乾擾、網路攻擊、火力打擊於一體的無人作戰集群,對同一目標或目標群實施多方向、多波次、持續不斷的攻擊,將使敵難以做出有效反擊。
7.精確點殺戰
精確點殺戰,是指在體系聚優戰中精準獲取情報,實施多域精確打擊,力爭打一點撼全局,實現作戰效益最大化。資訊化局部戰爭是體系與體系之間的整體對抗,實施精確點殺戰,對敵方作戰體系重要節點和關鍵環節實施精確打擊,破壞敵作戰體系,降維敵作戰能力,將形成事半功倍的作戰效果。
7.1 實現作戰的高效費比
以最小代價實現最大作戰效益是作戰雙方都在追求的目標。隨著資訊科技在軍事領域的廣泛應用及資訊化戰爭來臨,精確導引武器、智慧化動能武器、察打一體無人機以及雷射武器等廣泛裝備部隊;透過運用大數據、人工智慧等技術,精確計算所需兵力兵器已成為可能。這些都為實現精確點殺戰,以較小代價達成作戰目標,實現作戰高效費比,提供了物質和技術條件。
7.2 打關鍵節點目標是重要選項
精確點殺戰重在打關鍵、打節點,不打則已,打則必痛、打則必勝,打一點破敵體系、撼動全局。打擊的目標不僅限於敵分散部署的艦機等,還應針對敵指揮中心、重要樞紐,甚至主要將領、指揮等局部、動態、時敏目標或獨立目標實施打擊,追求威懾震撼和破敵體系效果。針對將昂貴的大型裝備功能分解到大量小型平台、實施兵力分散部署這一分佈式戰術,運用精確打擊火力對其進行「點殺」式打擊,也將是一個有效對策。
7.3 大範圍體系支撐是基本條件
實施精確點殺戰,離不開大範圍體系支撐。圍繞實現作戰目標,從分散部署的各作戰域抽調所需兵力兵器,在網路資訊體系支撐下,動態融合形成精確打擊體系,實現整體連動、體系聚能,透過合理夠用的火力集中對目標實施打擊,達成精確用兵、精確釋能。實施精確點殺戰要做到精確,需要整個作戰體系內各環節緊密銜接,不能有絲毫差錯。 2011年美軍擊斃賓拉登作戰行動,可以說是戰略體系支撐下的一次典型的戰略精確點殺作戰行動。
7.4 離不開精確情報保障
在精確點殺戰中,精確情報保障始終是達成作戰目標的關鍵。因此,戰前應動用各種手段蒐集敵方各種情報資料信息,特別要對敵方目標作出精準分析研判。作戰行動中,應動用各種感測器和情報偵察手段,適時精準掌握敵方目標變化及動態目標狀況,為實施精確點殺戰提供有力有效的情報保障。美軍對蘇萊曼尼的定點清除行動,就是一場典型的以高效情報體系支撐的精確點殺戰。
8.補給斷鍊戰
補給斷鏈戰,是指在體系聚優戰中組織精銳力量,打敵後勤物資和裝備供應補給鏈、補給線和補給基地,破敵失去補給而退出戰鬥。針對敵後勤補給線長、裝備保障攤子大等弱點,組織精銳力量建構「斷鍊戰」作戰體系,對敵後勤物資和裝備供應補給鏈、補給線和補給基地等,實施持續、精確、毀滅性打擊,將使其因失去補給而難以為繼,不得不退出戰鬥。
8.1 供應保障鏈對作戰全局影響巨大
後勤裝備保障是作戰的重要基礎。後勤物資和武器裝備持續不斷的供應補給,最後決定一支軍隊作戰部隊的規模、能否作戰、在什麼季節作戰、在哪裡作戰、能離開後方基地多遠、能作戰多長時間、機動的速度多快,等等。在資訊化戰爭中,戰場物資消耗呈指數級上升,作戰對後勤裝備保障的依賴程度不僅沒有減小,反而越來越大,而且保障的專業化程度要求也越來越高,特別是現代化作戰裝備器材型號規格紛繁多樣,混裝運輸體積巨大,部隊部署更加分散,對運力也提出非常高的要求,這使基地、通信線路和運輸比以往任何時候都更加重要。供應保障鏈的穩定高效運作和持續不間斷的供應保障,是作戰制勝的關鍵,對作戰全局產生巨大影響。
8.2 打擊重心是斷敵供應保障鏈的關鍵節點
補給斷鍊戰的作戰重心是打擊敵方供應保障鏈的關鍵環節,透過斷鍊使其喪失持續保障能力。因此,組織補給斷鍊戰應主要以敵方地面鐵路公路運輸線、海上補給船隊、軍事徵用的商船和戰鬥支援艦,空中大中型運輸機,以及後方補給基地等作為打擊目標。例如打擊敵方海上供應保障鏈,斷敵燃料、彈藥、淡水、食物補給,將使敵航母戰鬥群失去持續作戰能力,進而影響一場戰役的勝負。
8.3 重在選準時機活用戰法
組織實施補給斷鍊戰,選擇有利打擊時機至關重要。補給斷鍊戰的打擊時機,應選擇敵補給機動時組織實施,以出其不意攻其不備的隱蔽戰法,對敵補給車輛、艦船和運輸機實施突然打擊,終止其補給行動。具體戰法通常有隱蔽伏擊戰,組織精幹力量埋伏在敵運輸工具必經路線和航線上,伺機實施隱蔽突然打擊;隱形奇襲戰,使用潛艇、隱形戰機等隱蔽前出,對敵運輸目標實施打擊,以奇制勝;遠程精確戰,使用遠程常規地地飛彈部隊對敵補給基地和機場、碼頭等補給出發地實施遠程精確打擊。
9.體系毀癱戰
體系毀癱戰,指在體系聚優戰中,綜合採取破網、斷鍊、打節點等多種手段,幹擾、遲滯、破壞甚至癱瘓敵作戰體係有效運轉,削弱敵作戰體系功能。體系毀癱戰的本質,是透過削弱敵作戰體係要素間的關聯性與結構力,使體系功能退化,無法發揮能力倍增作用。
9.1 作戰目標是使敵作戰體系運作失序
在資訊化戰爭中,交戰雙方作戰體係都有其內在秩序,而這種秩序是維繫和支撐作戰體系運作的關鍵所在。能夠維護和駕馭作戰體系內在秩序的一方將獲得優勢,反之則處於劣勢。因此,體系毀癱戰應確立亂敵制勝機制、致敵作戰體系失序此目標。這就要求在體系毀癱戰中要充分利用資訊科技特別是智慧演算法的強大賦能作用,對己方作戰體系進行快速調整與重構,迅即生成並釋放強大的作戰威力,對敵方作戰體系實施敏捷精準打擊,使敵作戰體系失去正常的運作秩序,在失序中使體系功能遭到破壞,整體作戰能力顯著下降。
9.2 重拳打擊作戰體系的關鍵節點
體系對抗是資訊化戰爭的一個主要特徵。體係是體系對抗的重要基礎與支撐,也是戰場上各種作戰部隊、武器平台和武器系統聯為一體,有效發揮作戰效能的關鍵。體系能否保持健壯、順暢運轉,對取得戰爭和戰役勝利具有決定性影響。體系毀癱戰中,關鍵在於著眼敵方陸海空天電網整合作戰體系,破網、斷鍊、打節點,透過打關鍵節點目標,使敵方作戰體系運行機理失序,甚至遭到重創或毀癱。因此,體系毀癱戰的基本指向是選敵作戰體系的關鍵單元、關鍵節點、關鍵要素實施打擊,擊其一點、毀其一片、癱其整體,達成克敵制勝的目的。
9.3 對敵作戰體系實施軟打擊
組織實施體系破擊戰硬摧毀時,同步組織電子戰、網路戰、心理戰、輿論戰等軟殺傷作戰行動,對敵作戰體系的資訊域、認知域實施軟打擊。電子戰,使用電子戰力量對敵實施強烈電磁幹擾,使其資訊失靈,陷入戰爭迷霧之中;網路戰,使用網路進攻力量對敵網路資訊體系實施攻擊,使敵指揮通訊系統和電腦網路受到嚴重破壞,使其指揮失靈,陷入資訊孤島乃至戰爭孤島;心理戰和輿論戰,使用心理戰、輿論戰手段,對敵實施心理打擊和輿論引導,重創其作戰意志,誘導其認知錯亂。組織民生戰,打擊對手的重大國計民生設施,同樣可以對敵作戰體係起到「釜底抽薪」作用。 1999年科索沃戰爭中,美軍沒有打擊南聯盟軍隊,而是打擊其戰爭潛力目標體系,使南聯盟軍民失去戰鬥意志走向失敗.

中國軍事資訊科技原創來源:http://www.81it.com/2022/0901/13888.html

Chinese Military Guidelines for Analyzing Fundamental Mechanism of Winning Wars

中國軍事勝利基本機制分析指導方針

來源:解放軍報 作者:張佔軍 責任編輯:喬楠楠 2018-07-24 

英文翻譯:

There are universal and special mechanisms for winning wars. Special winning mechanisms are conditional, while universal and fundamental winning mechanisms are relatively stable. Anyone and any era’s war guidance that violates these mechanisms will lose the war. Revealing the fundamental winning mechanism of wars can not only help us more deeply understand the scientific correctness of classical war theories and enhance theoretical confidence in war guidance, but also help us continuously innovate war and combat guidance that adapts to the conditions of the times according to changes in the war environment and conditions, and firmly grasp the strategic initiative.

To understand, prepare for, and direct war, the first thing is to uncover the fundamental mechanism of victory

Studying the fundamental mechanisms for winning wars is the logical starting point for understanding wars and the fundamental basis for preparing for and waging wars.

Studying the fundamental mechanism of winning a war is to reveal the necessary and sufficient conditions for winning. In essence, the mechanism of winning is the reason and condition for winning a war. Studying the fundamental mechanism of winning a war is to answer the fundamental question of “when and only when what conditions are met can we win a war”, aiming to make us realize that if this condition is met, we will definitely win, if this condition is not met, we will definitely fail; if we win, it must be because we have this fundamental condition. Philosophically speaking, this condition definitely exists, but it is just a matter of whether we can recognize it and reveal it. Otherwise, there will be no way to know the laws of winning so many battles in history.

“Winning with immediate advantage” is the fundamental winning mechanism of war. The advantage in immediate advantage is not a simple comparison of resources, but the comprehensive ability and favorable situation to defeat the enemy at the moment of exerting force on the enemy and in the confrontation at the decisive point of the war. “Winning with immediate advantage” means that with immediate advantage, victory will be achieved at the moment of confrontation with the enemy at the decisive point. If this advantage is maintained for only one moment, then this round can be won; if this advantage can be maintained at every moment and every round of confrontation, then the war will inevitably be won. The author believes that the winning mechanism of “winning with immediate advantage” is the “law behind the law” and the fundamental basis for war guidance, and it is also the fundamental winning mechanism of war and combat.

“Instant superiority wins” is the fundamental basis of the classical war guidance theory. All the classical war guidance theories are based on the mechanism of “instant superiority wins”. From the first Chinese civil war to the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, Mao Zedong always adhered to the guidance of using superior forces and favorable weather, terrain and people to launch a devastating attack on the enemy’s one point, and achieved victory, which proved that “instant superiority wins” is the fundamental law for achieving victory. In history, Sun Tzu’s ideas of “attacking the enemy when they are least prepared and taking them by surprise” and “attacking where they are least prepared”; the Thirty-Six Stratagems of “Deceiving the Heavens and Crossing the Sea”, “Besieging Wei to Save Zhao”, “Taking Advantage of the Troubled Times”, “Taking Advantage of the Fire to Loot”, “Attack the East and West by Making a Feint” and other strategies; Napoleon’s idea that “the secret of military art is to make your own military force surpass the enemy at the necessary place and time”; the “blitzkrieg” used by the German army in World War II etc., all focus on gathering immediate advantages and suddenly defeating the opponent when the opponent has no precautions; the U.S. military proposed the “air-ground integrated battle” 30 years ago, and in recent years proposed the “air-sea integrated battle”, which was later renamed the “global commons access and mobility” concept. In 2016, the U.S. Army proposed the “multi-domain battle”, which, in essence, is also through the operation of factors such as force and space to form immediate advantages over the opponent.

Understand and grasp the rich connotation of “instant advantage wins”

Regarding the mechanism of winning by immediate advantage, we can summarize its connotation into the following main aspects.

Immediate advantage is the unity of object, time and resources. Immediate advantage wins, including the three elements of object, instant and advantage. Object refers to the selected decision point, which may be a physical target with certain resistance of the opponent, or a unit with certain capabilities; instant refers to the moment of exerting force on the enemy in the war; advantage refers to the comprehensive capabilities and postures composed of various available war resources and elements (including spatial elements) that are superior to the opponent (object), and is the product of objective conditions and subjective efforts. Whether or not there is an immediate advantage is not necessarily related to the overall military strength of the army. When the overall military strength does not have an advantage, it can also win by gathering an advantage over the enemy at the moment of confrontation at the decisive point. Time advantage is an important decisive factor. Mastering time advantage means that the opponent will be suddenly attacked in the “gap” when he is not fully prepared. However, on the battlefield, the unity of target, time and advantage must be achieved. If we only emphasize the speed of time, but it is not good, then speed is meaningless; if we only emphasize the quality of resources, but it is not timely, then it will not play a role at the moment of confrontation, and the actual ability is equal to zero. This is the reason why many powerful armies in history were defeated.

Immediate advantage is the system advantage at the moment of confrontation. In wars of different eras, immediate advantage has different manifestations. Modern warfare is a confrontation between systems. The elements in the system are divided into primary and secondary. The dominant factors of the system are naturally important to the system advantage, but the secondary factors will also eliminate and destroy the immediate advantage, and then turn victory into defeat. Strength advantage is the basis of immediate advantage, but it is only one of the many conditions for the formation of immediate advantage. In modern warfare, the more complex the technology and force structure, the stronger the complementarity of different resources and the variability of the structure, and the more complex the mechanism for forming immediate advantage. For example, in an integrated joint operation based on a network information system, if the traditionally unappreciated network backend operation and maintenance personnel cannot keep the system running normally, the advantages of this system may be greatly eliminated.

Immediate advantage is the unity of static and dynamic. The process of winning wars and operations is a process of constantly gathering and exerting immediate advantages at decisive points, gradually consuming the enemy, and expanding immediate advantages. Once it is impossible to form an advantage at a decisive point at a certain moment, this moment will become a turning point in the operational process. This is the inherent principle of emphasizing the ability to fight in one go and continuous operations. During the Korean War, our military’s support could only support about 7 days of continuous operations. At this turning point, we took the initiative to withdraw our troops and switch to defense because if we continued to fight, we would not have immediate advantages.

Real-time advantage only exists in a certain time window. On the battlefield, enemies and friends are opponents, fighting for life and death, and real-time advantage only exists in a certain period of time. In modern warfare, information transmission has reached the millisecond level, and the detection-judgment-decision-strike process is measured in seconds. The responsiveness of many long-range strike means no longer needs to take into account the platform’s spatial movement time. In particular, with the advancement of the intelligentization of combat systems, the time window for maintaining advantage will become shorter, which puts forward new requirements for gathering and exerting the effectiveness of real-time advantage.

Continuously optimize war and combat guidance based on the “instant advantage wins” mechanism

The winning mechanism is the “law behind” combat guidance and combat methods. We should continuously optimize war and combat guidance based on the mechanism of “winning by immediate advantage.”

Strive to seek distinctive advantages. Distinctive advantages are the special advantages of an army. For our army, it means that we must always seek distinctive advantages such as what the enemy does not have and what we are strong and the enemy is weak. We insist on you fight yours and I fight mine, implement asymmetric warfare, and strive to find the moment when the enemy is weakest, and give full play to our advantages to form our immediate advantages. In the future, we need to continue to give full play to our political advantages, and at the same time, we should gather and cultivate new distinctive advantages from the new system, new system, and new equipment. We must firmly believe that the side with weaker weapons and equipment always has the possibility of winning locally and gradually achieving overall victory. Based on this possibility, we should strive to design and guide operations around whether it is conducive to creating superior fighters and whether we can defeat the enemy before the fighters disappear.

We are committed to gathering the power of the system to form an immediate advantage. The information age is a system war, and what matters is the system capability. It is necessary to study how a single factor can win, but in actual combat, the real way to win is the comprehensive application of all factors. The concept of “multi-domain warfare” proposed by the US military in recent years is centered on the ability to form a multi-domain fusion and release energy at a decisive point. If we cannot gather the power of the system to form an immediate advantage, we will have to respond to the enemy with the shortcomings of the system, and defeat will naturally be inherent in it.

Form an immediate advantage around the enemy. Adapting to the enemy is an important manifestation of the art of war command. The key is not to change, but to constantly create new immediate advantages in the change. This needs to be achieved through correct command and scientific tactics. Future wars are increasingly showing an intelligent trend, but in essence, they are still about measuring the enemy’s strength and taking measures according to the enemy’s situation. It’s just that the pace of this change is faster and the situation is more confusing. If the speed of gathering capabilities cannot keep up with the changes in the battlefield situation, it is impossible to achieve “instant” by adapting to the enemy. It can be said that, under certain conditions of combat resources, the entire connotation of the art of command is to create and find the enemy’s weaknesses, and to plan and create immediate advantages over the enemy. This is the soul of war command and tactics.

Weakening the opponent’s advantage is an important way to form and maintain immediate advantage. Immediate advantage is compared with the opponent. In terms of resource comparison, this advantage can be obtained by aggregating one’s own advantages and weakening the enemy’s advantages, from technology to tactics, from strategy to battles and battles. Technically weakening the opponent is the most fundamental weakening; in terms of strategy and tactics, through deception, containment, and disruption at non-decisive points, dispersing and weakening the opponent to influence the opponent’s advantage concentration at the decisive point is an important way to transform the advantage and disadvantage comparison at the decisive point and win the victory.

Firmly grasp the principles of reconnaissance, concealment, initiative, offense, and quick decision. Reconnaissance, concealment, initiative, offense, and quick decision are ancient principles, but they have new connotations and new requirements in modern warfare. Fighting a battle for immediate advantage is even more indispensable. Accurately grasping the enemy’s ability and situation at the “predetermined strike point” is a prerequisite for forming an immediate advantage; in order to maintain an immediate advantage for a longer period of time, it is necessary to delay the time of being discovered by the enemy as much as possible by concealing intentions and actions; although we have an advantage in strength and deployment, once the enemy makes the first move, our immediate advantage may be eliminated. The US military even asserts that “whoever launches first will be saturated and hit first.” “You can win if you strike first, and whether you can effectively conceal yourself”; facing a strong enemy, simple defense becomes increasingly difficult. Whether it is a big war or a small war, offense can maximize the effectiveness of advantages and is the best defense; the battlefield situation changes very quickly, and the time window for immediate advantage is short. A quick battle and a quick decision may be the best choice to make full use of this time window.

Design and prepare for war with the core of “fighting a war for immediate advantage”

The key to judging whether an army has the combat capability to defeat the enemy is whether it can gain an immediate advantage over the enemy at the moment of exerting its strength in the confrontation with the enemy. The development of new operational concepts, design and preparation for future wars all require a firm grasp of the core of “fighting a war of immediate advantage.”

Design wars around the core concept of “fighting a war of immediate advantage”. In the future, if our army wants to defeat opponents with strong overall strength, it should always focus on forming and using the key of immediate advantage. Instead of confronting the enemy in all dimensions, it should seize the enemy’s most critical pain points and decision points, aggregate multi-dimensional capabilities at a moment and concentrate its efforts, and accordingly plan tactics to defeat the enemy with immediate advantage. The top priority is to design the decision points for striking and the methods and ways to gather immediate advantages. At all levels of strategy, campaign, tactics and even individual combat, operational guidance and tactics should be designed according to this idea, and this should be used as the fundamental test standard.

Military capabilities should be built based on whether or not they can form an immediate advantage. We should focus on the core concept of “fighting a war of immediate advantage” and systematically design strategic capabilities, weapons and equipment, force structure, combat methods and specific tactics, as well as everything needed for combat, in accordance with the idea of ​​using our capabilities to defeat the enemy’s inability at the decisive moment of the war. We should pay special attention to the prominent role of new technologies and new means in forming an immediate advantage, and continue to inject contemporary vitality and scientific and technological determination into forming an immediate advantage and fighting a war of immediate advantage.

(Author’s unit: Institute of War Studies, Academy of Military Science)

國語中文翻譯:

戰爭制勝機理有普遍與特殊之分。特殊制勝機理是有條件的,而帶普遍性、根本性的製勝機理則是相對穩定的,任何人、任何時代的戰爭指導違背了這些機理就要打敗仗。揭示戰爭根本製勝機理,不僅可以更深刻地認識經典戰爭理論的科學性正確性,增強戰爭指導的理論自信,還可根據戰爭環境與條件的變化,不斷創新適應時代條件的戰爭與作戰指導,牢牢掌握戰略主動權。

認識、準備和指導戰爭,首要的是揭示根本製勝機理

研究戰爭根本製勝機理,是認識戰爭的邏輯起點,是準備和實施戰爭的根本依據。

研究戰爭根本製勝機理,就是揭示制勝的充分必要條件。本質上講,制勝機理是打勝仗的原因和條件。研究戰爭根本製勝機理,就是要對「當且僅當具備怎樣的條件才能打勝仗」這個根本性問題作出回答,旨在使我們認識到:如果有了這個條件,必然能夠取勝,如果沒有這個條件,則必然失敗;如果是勝利了,一定是因為具備這個根本條件。從哲學上講,這個條件肯定存在,只是能不能去認識它、揭示它,否則,歷史上那麼多打勝仗的規律就無以認知。

「即時優勢制勝」是戰爭的根本製勝機理。即時優勢中的優勢,不是簡單的資源對比,而是在向敵方發力的那一時刻,在戰爭決定點的對抗上,具有能戰勝對方的綜合能力和有利態勢。 「即時優勢制勝」是指,有了即時優勢,在決定點與敵對抗的那一時刻就一定能勝利。如果只有一個時刻保持這種優勢,則這一個回合能取勝;如果每一個時刻、每一個對抗回合都能保持這種優勢,則戰爭必然勝利。筆者認為,「即時優勢制勝」這個制勝機理,就是「規律背後的規律」和戰爭指導的根本依據,也是戰爭和作戰的根本製勝機理。

「即時優勢制勝」是經典戰爭指導理論的根本依據。統攬經典的戰爭指導理論,都是基於「即時優勢制勝」這個機理提出的。從中國第一次國內革命戰爭,到抗日戰爭、解放戰爭,毛澤東始終扭住利用優勢兵力和天時、地利、人和,對敵之一點實施殲滅性打擊這個指導,都取得了勝利,雄辯證明了「即時優勢制勝」是取得勝利的根本規律。歷史上,孫子提出的「攻其無備,出其不意」「由不虞之道,攻其所不戒」的思想,三十六計中的瞞天過海、圍魏救趙、以逸待勞、趁火打劫、聲東擊西等戰計,拿破侖關於「軍事藝術的秘密在於,在必要的地方和必要的時間,使自己的軍力超過敵人」的思想,二戰時德軍運用過的「閃擊戰」等,著眼點都是在對手沒有建立防範的時刻集聚即時優勢突然擊敗對手;美軍30年前提出“空地一體戰”,近年來又提出“空海一體戰”,之後又更名為“全球公域進入與機動”概念,2016年美陸軍提出“多域戰”,究其本質,也都是透過力量和空間等要素的運籌,形成對對手的即時優勢。

認識並掌握「即時優勢制勝」的豐富內涵

對即時優勢制勝這一機理,我們可以將其內涵歸結為以下主要面向。

即時優勢是對象、時間、資源的統一。即時優勢制勝,包括物件、即時、優勢三要素。對象,即選定的決定點,這個決定點可能是對方具有一定抗擊力的物理目標,或是具有一定能力的部隊;即時,是戰爭中向敵發力的那一時刻;優勢,是由各種可用的戰爭資源、要素(包括空間要素)所構成的綜合能力和態勢優於對手(對象),是客觀條件與主觀努力的產物。是否具有即時優勢,與軍隊整體軍力優劣不是必然關系,軍力整體不佔優勢時,在決定點對抗的時刻凝聚起對敵優勢,同樣能取勝。時間優勢是重要的決定因素,掌握了時間優勢,意味著對手在沒有充分準備的「空檔」中突然遭到打擊。但在戰場上,必須實現對象、即時、優勢的統一。只強調時間之快,若快而不優,快速則無意義;只強調資源之優,若優不逢時,在對抗那一時刻發揮不了作用,實際能力等於零。這就是歷史上許多強勢之軍吃敗仗的原因。

即時優勢是對抗發力時刻的體系優勢。不同時代的戰爭,即時優勢有不同體現。現代戰爭是體係與體系的對抗,體系中的要素有主次之分,體系的主導因素對體系優勢自然重要,但次要因素也會消解和破壞即時優勢,進而使勝勢淪為敗勢。力量優勢是即時優勢的基礎,但它只是形成即時優勢多個條件中的一個。在現代戰爭中,技術和力量結構越復雜,不同資源的互補性和結構的可變性就越強,形成即時優勢的機制就越復雜。例如,在基於網絡資訊體系的一體化聯合作戰中,傳統上並不受重視的網絡後台運維人員如果不能保持系統正常運行,這個體系優勢就可能被極大消解。

即時優勢是靜態與動態的統一。戰爭和作戰制勝過程,是一個不斷在決定點聚集和發揮即時優勢、逐步消耗敵人、擴大即時優勢的過程。一旦某一時刻無法形成決定點上的優勢,這個時刻將成為作戰進程的轉折點,這就是強調一鼓作氣和連續作戰能力的內在原理。在朝鮮戰爭中,我軍的保障只能支持7天左右的連續作戰,到了這個轉​​折點,我們主動收兵轉入防禦,原因是再繼續作戰,我們將不會有即時優勢。

即時優勢只存在於一定時間窗口。戰場上,敵我互為對手、生死相爭,即時優勢只會存在於一定的時段。現代戰爭,訊息傳輸已達毫秒級,偵察—判斷—決策—打擊流程時以秒計,許多遠程打擊手段的反應力已經不需要再計入平台空間移動的時間,特別是隨著作戰體系智能化的推進,保持優勢的時間窗口會變得更短,這對聚集和發揮即時優勢效力提出了新要求。

基於「即時優勢制勝」機理不斷優化戰爭與作戰指導

制勝機理是作戰指導和作戰方法“背後的規律”,我們應依據“即時優勢制勝”的機理不斷優化戰爭和作戰指導。

努力謀求特色優勢。特色優勢即一支軍隊的特殊優長。對我軍來說,就是要在任何時候都謀求我有敵無、我強敵弱等特色優長,堅持你打你的、我打我的,實施不對稱作戰,致力尋找敵最薄弱的那個時刻,發揮我之優長形成我們的即時優勢。未來,我們需要繼續發揮我們的政治優勢,同時應從新體制、新體系、新裝備中凝聚和培育新的特色優勢。要堅信武器裝備弱的一方始終擁有局部取勝而逐步實現全局勝利的可能性,基於這種可能性,應致力圍繞是否能有利於營造優勢戰機、是否能在戰機消失前戰勝敵人設計與指導作戰。

致力凝聚體系力量形成即時優勢。資訊時代是體係作戰,拼的是體系能力。研究單一要素如何制勝固然必要,但實戰中,真正的製勝之道是諸要素的綜合運用。美軍近年提出的「多域戰」概念,核心在於在一個決定點形成多域融合聚能釋放的能力。不能聚體系之力形成即時優勢,就不得不以體系短板應敵,敗戰自然寓於其中。

圍繞形成即時優勢因敵而變。因敵而變是戰爭指導藝術的重要體現,其中的根本不在於變,而是在變化中不斷塑造新的即時優勢,這需要通過正確的指揮和科學的戰法來實現。未來戰爭越來越呈現智慧化趨勢,但本質上依然是量敵用力、因敵施法,只是這種變化節奏更快、態勢更加撲朔迷離,如果集聚能力的速度跟不上戰場形勢的變化,因敵而變就不可能達到「即時」。可以說,在作戰資源一定的情況下,指揮藝術的全部內涵,就是製造和尋找敵人的軟肋,運籌和營造對敵的即時優勢,這是戰爭指導和戰法的靈魂。

削弱對手優勢是形成和維持即時優勢的重要途徑。即時優勢是與對手比較而言的。在資源對比上,這種優勢可以透過聚集己方優勢和削弱敵方優勢兩個途徑獲得,從技術到戰術、從戰略到戰役戰鬥各層面展開。在技​​術上削弱對手是最具根本性的削弱;在戰略戰術上,通過在非決定點的欺騙、牽制、擾亂,分散削弱對手,以影響對方在決定點上的優勢聚集,則是轉化在決定點上的優劣對比、贏得勝勢的重要途徑。

堅定把握偵察、隱蔽、先機、攻勢和速決原則。偵察、隱蔽、先機、攻勢、速決,是古老原則,但現代作戰有新內涵、新要求,打即時優勢之戰,更具不可或缺性。準確掌握「預定打擊點」之敵的能力態勢,是形成即時優勢的前提;為保持更長時間的即時優勢,需要通過隱蔽意圖和行動,盡可能推遲被敵發現的時間;力量、部署雖然佔優,而一旦敵方首先發力,我之即時優勢將可能被消解,美軍甚至斷言,「誰先發動飽和打擊誰就能夠獲得勝利,能否率先打擊取決於是否能有效隱蔽自己」;面對強敵,單純防守越來越困難,無論大戰、小戰,攻勢才能最大限度發揮優勢效力,才是最好的防禦;戰場態勢變化極快,即時優勢的時間窗口短暫,速戰速決可能是充分利用這一時間視窗的最佳選擇。

以「打即時優勢之戰」為核心設計與準備戰​​爭

看一支軍隊是否具有克敵制勝的戰鬥力,核心是看這支軍隊能不能在與敵對抗的發力時刻,先敵形成即時優勢。開發新的作戰概念、設計和準備未來戰爭,都需要緊緊把握住「打即時優勢之戰」這個核心。

圍繞「打即時優勢之戰」這個核心概念設計戰爭。未來一個時期,我軍要戰勝整體實力強大的對手,應當始終著眼形成和運用即時優勢這個關鍵,不與敵全維全面對陣,而是抓住敵最要害的痛點和決定點,在一個時刻聚合多維能力集中發力,照此運籌以即時優勢敗敵的戰法。其中的重中之重,是設計好打擊的決定點和聚集即時優勢的方法途徑。在戰略、戰役、戰術甚至單兵作戰各層次,都應依此思想設計作戰指導與戰法,並以此作為根本的檢驗標準。

以是否能形成即時優勢為標準建設軍事能力。應圍繞「打即時優勢之戰」這個核心概念,按照在戰爭的決定點上打擊敵人的那一時刻以我之能擊敵之不能的思路,系統設計戰略能力、武器裝備、力量結構、作戰方式和具體戰法,以及作戰所需的一切。特別應關注新技術新手段在形成即時優勢中的突出作用,持續為形成即時優勢、打即時優勢之戰注入時代活力和科技定力。

(作者單位:軍事科學院戰爭研究院)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4820888.html?

How the People’s Republic of China, By the Middle of the 21st century, will Fully Develop the People’s Liberation Army Into a World-class Army…

到21世紀中葉,中華人民共和國將如何把解放軍全面建設成為世界一流軍隊…

現代英語:

Beijing, July 2, Title: Creating a new situation in reforming and strengthening the military – a summary of the achievements in national defense and military reform since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China

  On the great journey of the people’s army to reform and strengthen the army, we have ushered in another important moment that will go down in history——

  On April 19, 2024, the founding meeting of the Information Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was held grandly at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the Information Support Force and delivered a speech. On behalf of the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission, he extended warm congratulations to all officers and soldiers of the Information Support Force.

  After the flag-presenting ceremony, Xi Jinping delivered a speech. He pointed out that the adjustment and formation of the information support force is a major decision made by the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission based on the overall situation of strengthening the military. It is a strategic measure to build a new structure of services and arms and improve the modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. It is also important for accelerating national defense and military affairs. Modernizing and effectively fulfilling the missions and tasks of the People’s Army in the new era is of great and far-reaching significance.

  According to the decision of the Central Military Commission, the newly formed information support force will be directly commanded by the Central Military Commission. At the same time, the designation of the strategic support force will be revoked, and the leadership and management relationships of the military aerospace force and cyberspace force will be adjusted accordingly.

  Reform is the requirement of the times to realize the Chinese Dream and the dream of building a strong military. It is the only way to strengthen and rejuvenate the military, and it is also a key move to determine the future of the military.

  Since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the People’s Army has adhered to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, thoroughly implemented Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military, and guided the Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era, comprehensively implementing the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military. , deeply break through the institutional obstacles, structural contradictions, and policy issues that have long restricted national defense and military construction, deepen the reform of national defense and the military, and achieve historic achievements. The people’s army has a new system, a new structure, a new pattern, and a new look. Take firm steps on the road to building a strong military with Chinese characteristics.

  Reform promotes a strong military, and a strong military supports a strong country. Standing at a new historical starting point, under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, the People’s Army has achieved overall revolutionary reshaping and is making strides to become a world-class force, providing strategic support for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

  The commander-in-chief of strategic planning is at the helm and leads the way.

  Reform is the distinctive feature of contemporary China and the distinctive character of the Communists.

  Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, and national defense and military building have also entered a new era. Faced with the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the world’s major changes unseen in a century, as well as the deep-seated contradictions and problems that have long restricted the construction of national defense and the military, President Xi assessed the situation, took charge of the overall situation, and decisively made strategic decisions to reform and strengthen the military.

  A strong country must have a strong army, and a strong army must be reformed. “Once military backwardness occurs, the impact on national security will be fatal. I often read some historical materials in modern China, and it hurts my heart to see the tragic scenes of backwardness and beatings!” President Xi pointed out with strong historical concern. , National defense and military reform is an important part of comprehensive reform and an important symbol of comprehensively deepening reform. The military must keep up with the pace of the central government and resolutely promote various military reforms in the spirit of opening roads across mountains and building bridges across rivers. Everyone must have this kind of historical responsibility.

  Only reformers advance, only innovators are strong. President Xi encouraged the entire army: “The new military revolution provides us with a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. We must seize the opportunity and work hard. We must not only catch up with the trend and the times, but also strive to be at the forefront of the times.”

  After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, our army has carried out 13 relatively major reforms. The size and structure of the army have been continuously adjusted, and they have played an important role in different historical periods. At the same time, affected by various factors, deep-seated contradictions that restrict national defense and military construction still exist to varying degrees.

  ”The reform of national defense and the military has entered a critical period and a deep-water zone. Most of the problems that need to be solved are long-term accumulated institutional obstacles, structural contradictions, and policy issues. It is indeed not easy to advance.” President Xi warned the entire army, “Not reforming is a waste of time. You can’t fight and win the battle.”

  The more you think deeply, the more earnestly you act.

  In November 2013, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee was held. The Party Central Committee decided to include deepening the reform of national defense and the military into the overall plan of comprehensively deepening reforms, making it the will of the Party and the behavior of the state.

  This is the first time in the history of the plenary session that national defense and military reform were included in the plenary session’s decision as a separate part.

  Only four months later, another blockbuster news attracted widespread attention at home and abroad: President Xi decided to establish a Central Military Commission leading group for deepening national defense and military reform and served as the group leader. This is also the first time that the General Secretary of the Party personally serves as the leader of the Central Military Commission’s Leading Group for Deepening National Defense and Military Reform.

  These two extraordinary “firsts” demonstrated the firm will and determination of the core of the Party, the commander-in-chief of the army, and the people’s leaders to deepen the reform of national defense and the army. They greatly inspired and gathered all the officers and soldiers to support the reform and support the reform. Reform and the majestic force devoted to reform have become the fundamental guarantee for promoting reform.

  For a major country’s military, the question of what to change and how to change it involves issues of goals and layout, issues of stance and perspective, as well as issues of methods and paths. President Xi has put a lot of effort into the reform demonstration and design. He has chaired many meetings of the Central Military Commission’s Leading Group for Deepening National Defense and Military Reform, Central Military Commission Standing Meetings, and Central Political Bureau Standing Committee meetings. He has listened to the reform opinions and suggestions of relevant units in person on many occasions, and personally determined the reforms. Arrange major work, personally lead the research, demonstration and plan formulation work, personally organize research on major reform issues…

  Reform always pursues problems and uses problems to force reform. At each stage of reform, each plan pointed out the method and path to solve practical problems, and the solutions to each practical problem eventually converged into specific reform measures.

  Deepening the reform of national defense and the military is a comprehensive change that requires strengthening top-level planning and system design. At an important meeting of the military, President Xi emphasized the need to grasp the relevance and coupling of reform measures so that various reforms such as leadership and command systems, force structures, and policy systems can promote and complement each other to form an overall effect and achieve overall results.

  Plan the layout of the article and make a sound decision.

  Establish an expert advisory group of the Central Military Commission’s Leading Group for Deepening National Defense and Military Reform; establish an expert database for consultation and evaluation of military policy and system reform consisting of more than 200 military and civilian experts and leaders to give full play to the role of third-party independent evaluation; empower the Academy of Military Science and the National Defense University with relevant Research and demonstrate tasks and play its role as a think tank…

  Gather the wisdom of the entire military and all sectors to form the “greatest common denominator” for reform. President Xi visited institutions, joined squads, went to plateaus and islands, boarded tanks and took warships to conduct in-depth investigations and studies. The whole army and all aspects actively offer suggestions and suggestions, from outside the military to inside the military, from agencies to troops, from generals to soldiers; field surveys in all directions, interviews at all levels, large-scale questionnaire surveys; situation reports one after another, and letters one after another. Opinions, online messages… many good ideas, suggestions, and ideas have entered the reform plan.

  ”Anything that can be done with concentrated effort will be invincible; anything that can be done with collective wisdom can be achieved.” Under the leadership and planning of President Xi, a set of reform designs that solve deep-seated contradictions, have major innovative breakthroughs, and have distinctive characteristics of the People’s Army Break out of the cocoon.

  In July 2015, President Xi presided over the meeting of the Central Military Commission’s Leading Group for Deepening National Defense and Military Reform, the Central Military Commission Standing Meeting and the Central Political Bureau Standing Committee meeting, and reviewed and approved the overall plan for deepening national defense and military reform.

  In the process of leading this round of reforms, President Xi Jinping has issued a series of directional, fundamental and overall important strategic thoughts on deepening the reform of national defense and the military, which have established the fundamental principles and action guidelines for reforming and strengthening the military.

  From the overall layout of the party and the country to the mutual coupling of various military systems, from the overall plan, major field plans to special plans, and from the leadership and command system, the size, structure and strength of the army to the orderly advancement of the reform of military policies and systems, the new era The goal map, road map and construction drawings for the reform of the People’s Army were thus drawn up, and a historic change of rebirth from the ashes and new development was vigorously launched.

  Overcoming Difficulties and Deeply Promoting Reform

  A history of the development of the people’s army is a history of reform and innovation.

  November 24, 2015, is a day destined to go down in the history of the People’s Army. The Central Military Commission Reform Work Conference was held grandly in Beijing. President Xi issued a mobilization order to deepen the reform of national defense and the military—to comprehensively implement the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military and unswervingly follow the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics.

  When the commander-in-chief orders, the entire army obeys the order, unites to the center, exerts force for the battle, and overcomes difficulties.

  The leadership and command system achieves historic changes——

  The reform of the leadership and command system implements the general principles of the Central Military Commission, the main battle areas, and the military services, breaking the long-standing headquarters system, large military region system, and large army system, and building a leadership and management system of “Central Military Commission-Services-troops” and ” The combat command system of “Central Military Commission – Theater – Troops” has established a new “four beams and eight pillars” of the people’s army. The “Four Headquarters” have withdrawn from the historical stage, and 15 functional departments of the Central Military Commission have been adjusted and established. The paths of command, construction, management, and supervision have become clearer. Functional configurations such as decision-making, planning, execution, and evaluation have become more reasonable. The Central Military Commission has centralized and unified leadership and strategic planning, Strategic management functions have been effectively strengthened. The “Seven Military Regions” have completed their historical missions, reorganized and divided into five major theaters, improved the military commission and theater joint operations command structure, and established a strategic campaign command system that integrates peacetime and wartime operations, operates normally, specializes in main operations, and is capable and efficient. The leadership and management system of the services and arms has been further improved. The Armed Police Force is under the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission. The reserve forces are fully integrated into the military leadership and command system. Entering the “new system era”, the majority of officers and soldiers have both “changed their bodies” and “changed their minds”, liberating themselves from all outdated mindsets, inherent patterns, and path dependencies. The barriers to alliances have gradually been broken down, and the effectiveness of warfare has gradually become apparent.

  In drill after drill, units of different services and arms that used to be relatively independent carried out joint exercises and training on a regular basis under the dispatch of the war zone; data and information that were difficult to share in the past are now efficiently transferred among the various services and arms in the war zone; reconnaissance is no longer ” “Each one fights”, the commander no longer “sings his own tune”, and the firepower no longer “fights his own thing”, each one is born through the tempering of the iron fist.

  The size, structure and strength of the army have been profoundly reshaped——

  This is new data that has never appeared in the history of the people’s army: the proportion of the army’s total personnel in the army has dropped to less than 50%; the number of active-duty personnel in non-combat agencies of the army has been reduced by nearly half, and the number of officers has decreased by 30%…

  This is a new term that has never appeared in the history of the people’s army: synthetic brigade, air assault brigade, aircraft carrier formation, airborne force, information support force, joint logistics support force…

  The dialectic of reduction and increase is not only slimming down, but also strengthening the body. It is an epoch-making reshaping of strength. The reform of scale structure and force organization promotes the development of the army in the direction of enrichment, synthesis, multi-functionality and flexibility.

  On April 27, 2017, the Ministry of National Defense disclosed at a regular press conference that the designations of 18 army groups of the Army were cancelled, and the designations of the 13 adjusted armies were announced at the same time. In addition, the newly adjusted units also include many new combat forces.

  After the adjustment, our army has become more capable in scale, more optimized in structure, and more scientific in its organization. It has fundamentally changed the long-term land warfare-type force structure, changed the homeland defense-type force deployment, and changed the heavy-force grouping and victory with quantity. New combat forces such as strategic early warning, open sea defense, long-range strike, strategic projection, and information support have been enriched and strengthened, and a joint combat force system with elite combat forces as the main body is taking shape.

  The reform of military policy and system has been comprehensively advanced——

  Recently, civilian personnel who have been recruited for the 2024 open recruitment for the entire army have been reporting to various units. In June 2018, the military openly recruited civilian personnel for the first time. Among the recruited personnel, groups with high academic qualifications and “secondary enlistment” groups were particularly eye-catching. This marks that the openness and competitiveness of our military’s talent introduction work have been greatly enhanced. Civilians are an integral part of the military personnel and play an increasingly important role.

  Let the vitality of all combat effectiveness elements burst out, and let the sources of all military modernization fully flow. The establishment and improvement of the new civilian personnel system is a vivid epitome of the policy and system reform of the people’s army.

  This reform has completely changed the previous piecemeal approach. Systematic planning, forward-looking design, innovative development, and overall reshaping have established and improved the socialist military policy system with Chinese characteristics, forming a military party building system, a policy system for the use of military power, and a military power building system. The “four major sections” are policy system and military management policy system.

  President Xi presided over a meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, which successively reviewed and approved the “Regulations on Party Building of the Chinese Communist Party in the Military”, “Regulations on Military Political Work” and other backbone systems for party building in our military. The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress has successively reviewed and adopted the newly revised National Defense Law of the People’s Republic of China, the newly revised Military Service Law of the People’s Republic of China, and the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of the Status and Rights and Interests of Military Personnel.

  Establish a leading group for talent work of the Central Military Commission and establish a cadre evaluation committee of the Central Military Commission. The “Interim Regulations on the Management of Active Military Officers” and 11 supporting policies and systems were promulgated, and substantial progress was made in establishing a professional system for military officers with Chinese characteristics. The “Interim Regulations for Sergeants”, “Interim Regulations for Conscripts”, the newly revised “Regulations on Civilian Personnel of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army” and supporting regulations were promulgated.

  Build a military honor system, hold honor and title ceremonies; optimize military benefits, issue military parent support subsidies, spouse honorary funds, and implement new medical security policies such as free medical care for military spouses and children… Each heart-warming event enhances the professional honor of officers and soldiers sense, making military personnel a profession respected by the whole society.

  The reform of military policies and systems has matured one by one. Basic laws and regulations in more than 20 major fields have been introduced one after another. A large number of supporting policies and systems and major reform measures have been intensively introduced. The combat effectiveness of the military and the vitality of officers and soldiers have been further liberated, and the effectiveness of reforms has been continuously released.

  Major reforms across the military and civilian areas are implemented in depth——

  ”Coordinate economic construction and national defense construction, and strive to achieve the unity of enriching the country and strengthening the military.” Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi has attached great importance to major cross-military and local reforms, and has made many deployments to promote the implementation of a series of measures.

  Just after the Spring Festival in 2018, the Third Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China reviewed and approved the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Deepening the Reform of the Party and State Institutions” and the “Plan for Deepening the Reform of the Party and State Institutions”. Deepening cross-military and civilian reforms is an important part of it.

  Combined with deepening the reform of party and state institutions, deepening the cross-military reform of the Armed Police Force, advancing the reform of the active public security force, establishing the Ministry of Veterans Affairs; implementing the reform of the air traffic control system, establishing the Central Air Traffic Management Commission; advancing the reform of the national defense mobilization system, and building a modern national defense Mobilizing the force system; Comprehensive suspension of paid military services, and the goal of the military not engaging in business activities has been basically achieved…

  “With all our efforts, nothing can be done.” Central state agencies, local party committees, governments, and all sectors of society have introduced a series of policies and measures to support and serve reform, and the military and civilians have gathered a powerful force to promote reform.

  In the late autumn of 2021, the “Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party’s Centenary Struggle” passed by the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China fully affirmed the historic achievements made in deepening the reform of national defense and the army, calling it “New China” The most extensive and profound reform of national defense and the military since its establishment.”

  Reshaping and reshaping to become world-class

  Reform and strengthening the military have brought a series of profound changes to the People’s Army. The People’s Army has accelerated its transformation in the “new system era”: the Army’s mobile combat and three-dimensional offensive and defensive capabilities have been significantly enhanced, and the Navy has accelerated its transformation from offshore defense to far-sea defense. , the Air Force is accelerating its transformation into integrated air and space, and both offensive and defensive capabilities, and the Rocket Force continues to strengthen its nuclear and conventional capabilities and its ability to deter war in all areas…

  This is the new look of the People’s Army as a strong military after reform and reshaping——

  In July 2023, at the Air Force Aviation Open Event Changchun Air Show, the J-20 performed maneuvering flight demonstrations in a four-aircraft formation for the first time. The screen was displayed for aerial refueling, and the J-10S and J-11BS were displayed for the first time in simulated air combat of special-shaped aircraft…

  This event demonstrated the People’s Air Force’s ever-changing equipment development level, the quality and effectiveness of practical military training, and its strategic capabilities to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

  ”The Yunyou-20 is no longer a single static display and a single flight display, but an all-round presentation of the system’s capabilities, displaying combat postures commonly used in our daily combat training.” Wang Yuling, pilot of the Yunyou-20, said, “The reform has strengthened the The military strategy has enabled the people’s army to achieve historic changes in its organizational structure and force system. It is precisely because of the reform that our army has been reshaped and accelerated to become a world-class force.”

  On October 1, 2019, more than 200,000 soldiers and civilians celebrated the 70th anniversary of the Republic of China with a grand military parade and mass march.

  This is the first National Day military parade as socialism with Chinese characteristics enters a new era, and it is also the first overall appearance of the Republic’s armed forces after the reform and reshaping.

  The leadership and command formation that made its debut is a formation with the most distinctive imprint of reforming and strengthening the army and joint combat command – the members are drawn from 15 departments of the Central Military Commission and various war zones, service and arms agencies, and armed police forces.

  The leadership and command formation created two firsts: the first formation in the history of the People’s Army military parade to be drawn from the leadership and command organization, and the first formation with generals forming the first row.

  For the first time, this military parade has set up joint support forces, academic scientific research, civilian personnel and other formations, demonstrating the results of the integral and revolutionary reshaping of the national defense and military organizational structure and force system, and demonstrating the new composition of the people’s army in the new era. , new look.

  580 pieces (sets) of ground equipment formed 32 equipment formations, and more than 160 fighter planes of the army, navy and air force formed 12 air echelons… The equipment reviewed was all made in China, 40% of which were made for the first time, demonstrating the basics of the people’s army. Achieve mechanization and accelerate the momentum towards informatization.

  This is the more capable and efficient command system displayed by the People’s Army after the reform and reshaping——

  From May 23 to 24, 2024, the Eastern Theater Command of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army organized the theater’s army, navy, air force, rocket force and other forces to conduct the “Joint Sword-2024A” exercise around Taiwan Island.

  The exercise focuses on subjects such as joint naval and air combat readiness patrols, joint seizure of comprehensive battlefield control, and joint precision targeting of key targets. Ships and aircraft conduct combat patrols near Taiwan Island, and integrate internal and external linkage within the island chain to test the actual joint combat capabilities of the theater forces.

  This is also a strong punishment for the “Taiwan independence” separatist forces seeking “independence” and a serious warning against external forces interfering and provoking trouble.

  Military experts believe that during the exercise, under the unified command of the Eastern Theater Command, the theater’s army, navy, air force, rocket force and other services jointly participated, demonstrating the collaborative capabilities and overall operations of the Chinese military in joint operations after reform and reshaping. strength.

  More than 4 years ago, the COVID-19 epidemic broke out.

  With an order, medical personnel from the Army, Navy, Air Force, Rocket Force, Joint Logistics Support Force, Armed Police Force and other medical units quickly gathered to assist Wuhan.

  Aviation, railways, highways, three-dimensional delivery; manpower, materials, and information, efficient circulation; active military personnel, civilian personnel, and militia, close collaboration; joint command, joint formation, military-civilian joint…

  ”Getting into the state quickly, assembling troops quickly, and launching operations quickly, this is the real speed of war.” “Command and coordinate a picture, use strength as a game, and implement every move. This is the real war system.” Some military observers commented this way The performance of the Chinese military in the anti-epidemic operation in Wuhan. There was no preparation time, no battle rehearsal, and the decisive battle was the first battle. In this special battle, the People’s Army handed over an excellent answer sheet of “going to the front line on the day of receiving the order, controlling the situation in 3 weeks, and completing the task within 3 months.” This miraculous “speed” stems from the more efficient command system, leaner force scale, and more scientific structure after the reform and reshaping of the People’s Army.

  ”The People’s Army’s anti-epidemic response sheet condenses the reshaping of the People’s Army’s capabilities and the changes of the times, and demonstrates the new look and confidence of an army after reform and reshaping.” Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Sciences Researcher Yin Hao believes that although the fight against the epidemic is a non-war military operation, it tests and reflects the actual combat capabilities of the people’s army after reform and reshaping.

  Military experts believe that after the reform and adjustment, the entire army has further strengthened the concept of preparing for war and joint operations and joint training. Each theater has played the role of a hub for joint operations and joint training, and all services and arms units have closely aligned with the joint operations capability needs of the theater, and trained with the capabilities of the services and arms. Support system joint training to continuously improve the victory contribution rate.

  This is the new training style explored by the people’s army after reform and reshaping——

  From September 11 to 25, 2021, the “Peace Mission-2021” SCO joint anti-terrorism military exercise was held at the Donguz shooting range in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.

  In this joint exercise, the command structure of the Chinese participating troops is mainly composed of the Chinese directing department and the Chinese anti-terrorism cluster command headquarters in the northern theater. The task force is mainly composed of a synthetic battalion of a brigade in the northern theater and is equipped with relevant support detachments.

  Under the new system and new organization, the combined battalion of Chinese participating troops includes infantry, armor, artillery, reconnaissance, communications, engineering and other forces. It integrates multiple arms and realizes the strength structure, personnel organization, equipment deployment, The reshaping and leapfrogging of element grouping can be combined with a variety of combat forces and modularized, giving full play to its advantages of miniaturization, multi-functionality, and leanness, so that each combat unit and element can maximize the system’s combat capabilities.

  During a live-fire exercise on September 23, reporters saw the modular and multi-functional combat organization advantages of the combined battalion in a new combat command vehicle, boldly practicing multi-source perception of combat command, high integration of combat elements, and combat space orientation. The multi-dimensional expansion of the new combat style maximizes the role of the combined battalion’s “forward reach”.

  On July 23, 2023, with the successful conclusion of the “Anchorage Defense” drill of the ship formation, the “Northern Joint-2023” exercise completed various scheduled drill courses.

  The exercise focused on the theme of “Maintaining the Security of Strategic Maritime Channels”. The naval and air forces of China and Russia jointly planned, jointly commanded, and jointly operated. It effectively tested the actual combat capabilities in far seas and remote areas, and made achievements in the joint exercise organization form and force integration model. An innovative breakthrough.

  On May 17, 2024, the China-Mongolia “Grassland Partner-2024” joint army training was the first all-element and full-process live-fire training, which was held at a training ground in East Gobi Province, Mongolia.

  The participating troops from China and Mongolia jointly carried out joint training on the topic of dealing with the activities of illegal armed groups in accordance with the basic tactics of “attacking key points from all depths, concentric assaults from multiple directions, and clearing and encircling and annihilating in different areas”.

  …

  New systems, new forces, new equipment, new tactics… the people’s army has taken on a new look from the inside out, and is more confident in deterring the enemy with its sword.

  There is no end to reform. The people’s army that marches forward courageously on the road to reform and strengthen the army will surely continue to win new victories in the modernization of national defense and the army——

  In 2027, the centenary goal of the founding of the army will be achieved;

  By 2035, the modernization of national defense and the army will be basically realized;

  By the middle of the 21st century, the people’s army will be fully developed into a world-class army…

現代國語:

在人民軍隊改革強軍的偉大旅程上,又迎來一個載入史冊的重要時刻——

2024年4月19日,中國人民解放軍資訊支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習近平向資訊支援部隊授予軍旗並致訓詞,代表黨中央和中央軍委向資訊支援部隊全體官兵致以熱烈祝賀。

授旗儀式後,習近平致訓詞。他指出,調整組建資訊支援部隊,是黨中央和中央軍委從強軍事業全局出發作出的重大決策,是構建新型軍兵種結構佈局、完善中國特色現代軍事力量體系的戰略舉措,對加快國防和軍隊現代化、有效履行新時代人民軍隊使命任務具有重大而深遠的意義。

根據中央軍委決定,新組建的資訊支援部隊由中央軍委直接領導指揮,同時撤銷戰略支援部隊番號,相應調整軍事航天部隊、網絡空間部隊領導管理關系。

改革,是實現中國夢、強軍夢的時代要求,是強軍興軍的必經之路,也是決定軍隊未來的關鍵一招。

黨的十八屆三中全會以來,人民軍隊堅持以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想為指導,深入貫徹習近平強軍思想,以黨在新時代的強軍目標為引領,全面實施改革強軍戰略,深入破解長期制約國防和軍隊建設的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題,深化國防和軍隊改革取得歷史性成就,人民軍隊體制一新、結構一新、格局一新、面貌一新,在中國特色強軍之路上邁出堅定步伐。

改革推動強軍,強軍支撐強國。站在新的歷史起點上,在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央堅強領導下,實現整體性革命性重塑的人民軍隊,正闊步邁向世界一流,為實現中華民族偉大復興提供戰略支撐。

戰略擘畫 統帥掌舵領航

改革,當代中國的鮮明特色,共產黨人的鮮明品格。

黨的十八大以來,中國特色社會主義進入新時代,國防和軍隊建設也進入了新時代。面對中華民族偉大復興戰略全局和世界百年未有之大變局,面對長期制約國防和軍隊建設的深層次矛盾和問題,習主席審時度勢、總攬全局,果斷作出改革強軍的戰略決策。

強國必強軍,強軍必改革。 「軍事上的落後一旦形成,對國家安全的影響將是致命的。我經常看中國近代的一些史料,一看到落後挨打的悲慘場景就痛徹肺腑!」習主席以強烈的歷史憂患深刻指出,國防和軍隊改革是全面改革的重要組成部分,也是全面深化改革的重要標志。軍隊要跟上中央步伐,以逢山開路、遇河架橋的精神,堅決推進軍隊各項改革。大家一定要有這樣的歷史擔當。

惟改革者進,惟創新者強。習主席激勵全軍:“新軍事革命為我們提供了千載難逢的機遇,我們要抓住機遇、奮發有為,不僅要趕上潮流、趕上時代,還要力爭走在時代前列。”

新中國成立後,我軍先後進行了13次比較大的改革,部隊規模、體制編制不斷調整,在不同歷史時期都發揮了重要作用。同時,受各種因素影響,制約國防和軍隊建設的深層矛盾問題還不同程度存在。

「國防和軍隊改革進入了攻堅期和深水區,要解決的大都是長期積累的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題,推進起來確實不容易。」習主席告誡全軍,「不改革是打不了仗、打不了勝仗的。

思之彌深,行之愈篤。

2013年11月,黨的十八屆三中全會召開。黨中央決定將深化國防和軍隊改革納入全面深化改革的總盤子,上升為黨的意志和國家行為。

國防和軍隊改革作為單獨一部分寫進全會決定,這在全會歷史上是第一次。

僅4個月後,又一條重磅消息引起國內外廣泛關注:習主席決策成立中央軍委深化國防和軍隊改革領導小組,並擔任組長。黨的總書記親自擔任中央軍委深化國防和軍隊改革領導小組組長,這也是第一次。

這兩個非同尋常的“第一次”,昭示了黨的核心、軍隊統帥、人民領袖對深化國防和軍隊改革的堅定意志、堅強決心,極大激發和凝聚了全軍官兵擁護改革、支持改革、投身改革的磅礡力量,成為推動改革的根本保証。

對於一支大國軍隊來說,改什麼、怎麼改,有目標、佈局問題,有立場、觀點問題,也有方法、路徑問題。習主席為改革論証設計傾注大量心血,多次主持召開中央軍委深化國防和軍隊改革領導小組會議、中央軍委常務會議、中央政治局常委會會議,多次當面聽取有關單位改革意見建議,親自確定改革重大工作安排,親自領導調研論証和方案擬制工作,親自組織研究改革重大問題…

改革始終奔著問題去,以問題倒逼改革。在改革的各個階段,每一個方案都指明了破解現實問題的方法路徑,每一個現實問題的解決思路最終匯聚成一條條具體的改革措施。

深化國防和軍隊改革是一場整體性變革,要加強頂層謀劃、體系設計。在軍隊一次重要會議上,習主席強調,要掌握改革舉措的關聯性和耦合性,使領導指揮體制、力量結構、政策制度等各項改革相互促進、相得益彰,形成總體效應、取得總體效果。

謀篇佈局,落子有聲。

設立中央軍委深化國防和軍隊改革領導小組專家諮詢組﹔建立由軍地200多名專家和領導組成的軍事政策制度改革諮詢評估專家庫,充分發揮第三方獨立評估作用﹔賦予軍事科學院和國防大學相關研究論証任務,發揮其智囊作用…

匯聚全軍與各方面智慧,形成改革「最大公約數」。習主席到機關、進班排,上高原、赴海島,登戰車、乘軍艦,深入調查研究。全軍及各方面踴躍獻策、積極建言,軍外到軍內、機關到部隊、將軍到士兵﹔各方向實地調研、各層面座談訪談、大範圍問卷調查﹔一份份情況報告、一封封來信意見、一條條網留言……許多好點子、好建議、好點子進入了改革方案。

「積力之所舉,則無不勝也﹔眾智之所為,則無不成也。」在習主席領導運籌下,一整套解決深層次矛盾問題、有重大創新突破、人民軍隊特色鮮明的改革設計破繭而出。

2015年7月,習主席先後主持召開中央軍委深化國防和軍隊改革領導小組會議、中央軍委常務會議和中央政治局常委會會議,審議通過深化國防和軍隊改革總體方案。

在領導推動這輪改革的歷程中,習主席關於深化國防和軍隊改革一系列方向性、根本性、全局性的重要戰略思想,立起改革強軍的根本遵循和行動指南。

從黨和國家整體佈局到軍隊各系統相互耦合,從總體方案、重大領域方案到專項方案層層深入,從領導指揮體制、軍隊規模結構和力量編成到軍事政策制度改革有序推進,新時代人民軍隊改革的目標圖、路線圖和施工圖就此繪就,一場浴火重生、開新圖強的歷史性變革蓬勃展開。

攻堅克難 深入推進改革

一部人民軍隊的發展史,就是一部改革創新史。

2015年11月24日,一個注定載入人民軍隊史冊的日子。中央軍委會改革工作會議在北京隆重召開,習主席發出深化國防和軍隊改革的動員令——全面實施改革強軍戰略,堅定不移走中國特色強軍之路。

統帥號令所指,全軍聞令景從,向心凝聚、向戰發力、向難攻堅。

領導指揮體制實現歷史性變革——

領導指揮體制改革貫徹軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建總原則,打破長期實行的總部體制、大軍區體制、大陸軍體制,構建起「中央軍委-軍種-部隊」的領導管理體系、「中央軍委-戰區-部隊」的作戰指揮體系,立起人民軍隊新的「四樑八柱」。 「四總部」退出歷史舞台,調整組建軍委機關15個職能部門,指揮、建設、管理、監督等路徑更加清晰,決策、規劃、執行、評估等職能配置更加合理,軍委集中統一領導和戰略謀劃、戰略管理職能有效強化。 「七大軍區」完成歷史使命,重新調整劃設五大戰區,健全軍委、戰區聯合作戰指揮機構,構建起平戰一體、常態運行、專司主營、精幹高效的戰略戰役指揮體系。軍兵種領導管理體制進一步健全。武警部隊由黨中央、中央軍委集中統一領導。預備役部隊全面納入軍隊領導指揮體系。步入“新體制時間”,廣大官兵既“轉身子”又“換腦子”,從一切不合時宜的思維定勢、固有模式、路徑依賴中解放出來,聯的壁壘漸次打破,戰的效能逐步凸顯。

一次次演訓中,過去相對獨立的不同軍兵種部隊,在戰區的調度下常態化開展聯演聯訓﹔過去難以共享的數據信息,如今在戰區諸軍兵種部隊間高效流轉﹔偵察不再“各自為戰”,指揮不再“各唱各調”,火力不再“各打各的”,一個個聯合鐵拳淬火而生。

軍隊規模結構與力量編成深刻重塑——

這是人民軍隊歷史上不曾出現過的新數據:陸軍佔全軍總員額比例下降到50%以下﹔全軍非戰鬥機構現役員額壓減近一半,軍官數量減少30%…

這是人民軍隊歷史上不曾出現過的新名詞:合成旅、空中突擊旅、航空母艦編隊、空降兵軍、資訊支援部隊、聯勤保障部隊…

減與增的辯証法,既是瘦身,更是強體,是一次劃時代的力量重塑。規模結構與力量編成改革,推動部隊朝向充實、合成、多能、靈活方向發展。

2017年4月27日,國防部例行記者會披露,陸軍18個集團軍番號撤銷,調整組建後的13個集團軍番號同時公佈。此外,新調整組建的單位中,還包括諸多新型作戰力量。

調整之後,我軍規模更加精幹,結構更加優化,編成更加科學,從根本上改變了長期以來陸戰型的力量結構,改變了國土防禦型的兵力布勢,改變了重兵集團、以量取勝的製勝模式,戰略預警、遠海防衛、遠程打擊、戰略投送、資訊支援等新型作戰力量得到充實加強,以精銳作戰力量為主體的聯合作戰力量體係正在形成。

軍事政策制度改革全面推進——

近日,2024年全軍面向社會公開招聘已錄用文職人員陸續到各部隊報到。 2018年6月,全軍首次面向社會公開招募文職人員,錄取人員中,高學歷群體、「二次入伍」群體等格外引人注目。這標志我軍人才引進工作的開放性、競爭力大為增強。文職人員是軍隊人員的組成部分,發揮越來越重要的作用。

讓一切戰鬥力要素的活力競相迸發,讓一切軍隊現代化建設的源泉充分湧流。新型文職人員制度的建立與完善,是人民軍隊政策制度改革的生動縮影。

這次改革徹底改變以往零敲碎打的做法,系統謀劃、前瞻設計、創新發展、整體重塑,建立健全中國特色社會主義軍事政策制度體系,形成軍隊黨的建設制度、軍事力量運用政策制度、軍事力量建設政策制度、軍事管理政策制度「四大板塊」。

習主席主持召開中央政治局會議,相繼審議通過《中國共產黨軍隊黨的建設條例》《軍隊政治工作條例》等我軍黨的建設主幹制度。全國人民代表大會常務委員會陸續審議通過新修訂的《中華人民共和國國防法》、新修訂的《中華人民共和國兵役法》《中華人民共和國軍人地位和權益保障法》等軍事法律。

成立中央軍委人才工作領導小組,成立中央軍委幹部考評委員會。推出《現役軍官管理暫行條例》及11項配套政策制度,建立中國特色軍官職業化製度取得實質進展。頒布《軍士暫行條例》《義務兵暫行條例》、新修訂的《中國人民解放軍文職人員條例》以及配套法規。

建構軍人榮譽體系,舉辦授勛授稱儀式﹔優化軍人待遇,發放軍人父母贍養補助、配偶榮譽金,實行軍人配偶子女免費醫療等新的醫療保障政策…一件件暖心事,增強官兵職業榮譽感,讓軍人成為全社會尊崇的職業。

軍事政策制度改革成熟一項推進一項,20餘個重大領域基本法規相繼推出,一大批配套政策制度和重大改革舉措密集出台,軍隊戰鬥力和官兵活力進一步解放,改革效能持續釋放。

跨軍地重大改革深入實施——

「統籌經濟建設和國防建設,努力實現富國和強軍的統一。」黨的十八大以來,習主席對跨軍地重大改革高度重視,多次作出部署,推動一系列舉措落地。

2018年春節剛過,黨的十九屆三中全會審議通過《中共中央關於深化黨和國家機構改革的決定》和《深化黨和國家機構改革方案》,深化跨軍地改革是其中重要內容。

結合深化黨和國家機構改革,深化武警部隊跨軍地改革,推進公安現役部隊改革,組建退役軍人事務部﹔實施空管體制改革,成立中央空中交通管理委員會﹔推進國防動員體制改革,打造現代國防動員力量體系﹔全面停止軍隊有償服務,軍隊不從事經營活動的目標基本實現…

「眾力並,則萬鈞不足舉也。」中央國家機關和各地黨委政府、社會各界紛紛出台一系列支持改革、服務改革的政策舉措,軍地匯聚起推進改革的強大合力。

2021年深秋,黨的十九屆六中全會通過的《中共中央關於黨的百年奮鬥重大成就和歷史經驗的決議》,充分肯定深化國防和軍隊改革取得的歷史性成就,稱之為“新中國成立以來最為廣泛、最深刻的國防和軍隊改革」。

重整重塑 邁向世界一流

改革強軍為人民軍隊帶來一系列深刻變化,人民軍隊在「新體制時間」加速破繭蝶變:陸軍機動作戰、立體攻防能力顯著增強,海軍加快推進由近海防禦型向遠海防衛型轉變,空軍加速向空天一體、攻防兼備轉型,火箭軍不斷強化核常兼備、全域懾戰能力…

這是改革重塑後,人民軍隊展現的強軍新貌—

2023年7月,在空軍航空開放活動·長春航空展上,殲-20首次以四機編隊進行機動飛行展示,運油-20首次與殲-20、殲-16以「五機同框」的畫面進行空中加油通場展示,殲-10S、殲-11BS首次進行異型機模擬空戰展示…

此次活動展現了人民空軍日新月異的裝備發展水準、實戰化軍事訓練質效和捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益的戰略能力。

「運油-20不再是單一的靜態展示和單機飛行展示,而是全方位呈現體系能力,展示的是我們日常戰訓中常用的戰鬥姿態。」運油-20 飛行員王宇凌說,「改革強軍戰略,使人民軍隊實現了組織形態和力量體系的歷史性變革。

2019年10月1日,20萬名軍民以盛大閱兵儀式和群眾遊行歡慶共和國70華誕。

這是中國特色社會主義進入新時代的首次國慶閱兵,也是共和國武裝力量改革重塑後的首次整體亮相。

首次亮相的領導指揮方隊,是一個改革強軍、聯合作戰指揮印記最鮮明的方隊-隊員從軍委機關15個部門和各戰區、軍兵種機關、武警部隊抽組而成。

領導指揮方隊創造了兩個第一:人民軍隊閱兵史上第一個從領導指揮機構抽組的方隊,第一個由將軍組成第一排面的方隊。

這次閱兵首次設置了聯勤保障部隊、院校科研、文職人員等方隊,展現了國防和軍隊組織架構和力量體系的整體性、革命性重塑成果,展示著新時代人民軍隊的新構成、新風貌。

580台(套)地面裝備組成32個裝備方隊,陸、海、空軍航空兵160餘架戰機組成12個空中梯隊……受閱裝備全部為中國製造,40%為首次亮相,展示出人民軍隊基本實現機械化、加速邁向資訊化的如虹氣勢。

這是改革重塑後,人民軍隊展現的更精幹高效的指揮體制——

2024年5月23日至24日,中國人民解放軍東部戰區組織戰區陸軍、海軍、空軍、火箭軍等兵力,位台島週邊開展「聯合利劍-2024A」演習。

演習重點演練聯合海空戰備警巡、聯合奪取戰場綜合控制權、聯合精打要害目標等科目,艦機抵近台島週邊戰巡,島鏈內外一體聯動,檢驗戰區部隊聯合作戰實戰能力。

這也是對「台獨」分裂勢力謀「獨」行徑的有力懲戒,對外部勢力干涉挑舋的嚴重警告。

軍事專家認為,演習中,在東部戰區的統一指揮下,戰區陸軍、海軍、空軍、火箭軍等多個軍兵種共同參與,展示了改革重塑後中國軍隊在聯合作戰中的協同能力和整體作戰實力。

4年多前,新冠疫情暴發。

一聲令下,來自陸軍、海軍、空軍、火箭軍、聯勤保障部隊、武警部隊等多個醫療單位的醫務人員迅速集結,馳援武漢。

航空、鐵路、公路,立體投送﹔人力、物資、信息,高效流轉﹔現役軍人、文職人員、民兵,密切協作﹔聯合指揮、聯合編組、軍地聯合…

「進入狀態快、部隊集結快、行動展開快,這是真正的戰爭速度。」「指揮統籌一張圖、力量運用一盤棋、貫徹執行一竿子,這是真正的打仗體制。」有軍事觀察者這樣評價中國軍隊在武漢抗疫行動中的表現。沒有備戰時間、沒有臨戰預演、初戰即決戰,人民軍隊在這場特殊戰役中,交出了一份「接令當天開赴前線、3個星期控制局面、3個月內完成任務」的優異答卷。這種奇蹟般的“快”,源於人民軍隊改革重塑後更加高效的指揮體制、更加精幹的力量規模、更加科學的結構編成。

「人民軍隊的抗疫答卷,濃縮著人民軍隊的能力重塑和時代之變,彰顯了一支軍隊在改革重塑後的全新面貌和勝戰底氣。」中國科學院院士、軍事科學院系統工程研究院研究員尹浩認為,雖然抗擊疫情是一次非戰爭軍事行動,但檢驗並體現了人民軍隊改革重塑後的實戰能力。

軍事專家認為,改革調整後,全軍上下備戰打仗、聯戰聯訓的觀念進一步強化,各戰區發揮聯戰聯訓樞紐作用,各軍兵種部隊緊密對接戰區聯合作戰能力需求,以軍兵種能力訓練支撐體系聯合訓練,不斷提升勝戰貢獻率。

這是改革重塑後,人民軍隊探索的新型演訓樣式—

2021年9月11日至25日,「和平使命-2021」上合組織聯合反恐軍演,在俄羅斯奧倫堡州東古茲靶場舉行。

此次聯演,中方參演部隊指揮機構以北部戰區為主編成中方導演部和中方反恐集群指揮部,任務部隊以北部戰區某旅合成營為主、配屬相關保障分隊編成。

新體制新編制下的中方參演部隊合成營,既有步兵、裝甲兵、砲兵,又有偵察、通信、工兵等力量,集多兵種於一體,實現了力量結構、人員編成、裝備編配、要素編組的重塑與跨越,可與多種作戰力量對接組合、模塊化編組,充分發揮其小型化、多能化、精幹化等優勢,讓各作戰單元和要素發揮最大體係作戰能力。

9月23日實兵實彈演習中,記者在某新型作戰指揮車內看到合成營模塊化、多能化的作戰編成優勢,大膽實踐作戰指揮多源感知、作戰要素高度融合、作戰空間向多維拓展的新型作戰樣式,最大限度發揮合成營「前伸觸角」的作用。

2023年7月23日,隨著艦艇編隊「錨地防禦」演練順利結束,「北部·聯合-2023」演習完成了各項預定演練課目。

演習圍繞著「維護海上戰略通道安全」這個主題,中俄雙方海空兵力聯合籌劃、聯合指揮、聯合作戰,有效錘煉檢驗了遠海遠域實戰能力,在聯演組織形式、兵力融合模式等方面取得了創新突破。

2024年5月17日,中蒙「草原夥伴-2024」陸軍聯合訓練首次全要素、全過程實兵實彈合練,在蒙古國東戈壁省某訓練場舉行。

中蒙雙方參訓部隊依照「全縱深精打要害、多方向向心突擊、分區域清剿圍殲」的基本戰法,共同展開以應對非法武裝團體活動為課題的聯合訓練。

新的體系、新的力量、新的裝備、新的戰法……人民軍隊由內而外煥然一新,亮劍懾敵的底氣更加充盈。

改革未有窮期。在改革強軍之路上奮勇向前的人民軍隊必將不斷奪取國防和軍隊現代化新勝利——

2027年,實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標﹔

2035年,基本實現國防與軍隊現代化﹔

21世紀中葉,把人民軍隊全面建成世界一流軍隊…

中國共產黨資源:http://politics.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2024/0702/c1001-40269268.html

What is China’s Organizational Form of the Military in the Era of Intelligence?

智能化時代中國軍隊的組織形態是什麼?

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2019年4月18日 星期四

現代英語:

The organizational form of the military in the intelligent era is a military organizational form in which the military organizational system, scale structure, force composition and operation mode have the characteristics of the intelligent era, meet the requirements of intelligent warfare, and have an intelligent external manifestation and internal operation state. Since the 21st century, the armies of some developed countries have set off a new wave of intelligent military revolution in order to maintain their military leadership, and the war form has begun to accelerate from informationization to intelligence. The battlefield space has expanded from the traditional physical domain to the ubiquitous cognitive domain and the broad-spectrum social domain, and the combat style has extended to unmanned combat, distributed combat and multi-domain combat. Close coupling of man and machine and flexible and autonomous combat have become the future trend, and the control of intelligence has evolved into the core control of battlefield competition. The world military competition around intelligence has begun, and it is urgent to adapt the organizational form of the military to it, calling for a new round of changes in the organizational form of the military.

The army will be streamlined. With the development of unmanned weapons and equipment based on artificial intelligence and its derivative technologies, the material basis of war and the face of combat forces will change greatly. Unmanned combat forces such as unmanned armored forces, unmanned fleets, and drone forces will soon enter the historical stage and dominate the battlefield in the future. It can be foreseen that an operator of an unmanned force can control several, dozens, or even hundreds of unmanned combat units to perform tasks that were originally completed by a unit, fleet, or fleet. The number of front-line combat personnel will drop significantly, while the number of personnel in the rear who are concerned about how to develop, use, and ensure intelligent equipment will increase sharply. At the same time, the evolution of intelligent technology will enable weapons and equipment to develop from passive use to active learning and deep learning. Autonomous planning, automatic updating, free action, and even self-repair will become the norm. The demand for personnel at all levels and types of combat command, construction management, and comprehensive support will be significantly reduced, further weakening the overall size of the army. Some traditional large-scale troops are facing “collective unemployment.” The ratio of combat personnel to weapons has undergone a historic reversal, with the proportion of combat personnel dropping significantly and the proportion of intelligent unmanned systems rising significantly. The overall appearance of the military will change to an intelligence-intensive, human-machine integrated type, and the weapons and equipment system will evolve from “firepower + information” to “firepower + intelligence”.

Integration of force structure. In the era of mechanized warfare, the prominent features of the military organization are the separation of services and self-development. The battlefield unfolds in the three domains of land, sea and air, and the boundaries of the services are clear. In the era of information warfare, the performance of weapons and equipment has been greatly improved. Each service has broken the original boundaries and gradually extended to other battlefields, ending the pattern of the three services monopolizing land warfare, sea warfare and air warfare respectively. The characteristics of the services have weakened, requiring unprecedented joint combat force systems. In the era of intelligent warfare, the winning mechanism has evolved from the precise release of information-controlled power to cognitive warfare, will warfare, swarm warfare, wolf pack warfare, etc. controlled by intelligence. “Unmanned, invisible, and silent” combat will become the main mode of war. The combination of people and land, sea and air equipment will give way to the combination of people and intelligent machines. The military structure has developed from the “land, sea and air” field organization to the “unmanned + manned” integrated force model divided by combat subjects. The fundamental change in combat style and the full-domain combat capability of weapons and equipment have brought subversive impacts on the traditional combat force organization structure, shaking the foundation of the existence of the services. The services are more integrated and will eventually achieve “integration”. At the same time, the boundaries of traditional battlefields are becoming increasingly blurred, the effects of war expansion are becoming more obvious, the degree of military-civilian integration is deepening, and more and more “soldiers without uniforms” are performing military tasks, which has a profound impact on the composition of traditional armies. The army’s organizational structure is rapidly developing towards a cross-border, cross-domain, and cross-generational mixed organization model.

Flexible command system. Intelligent warfare has the characteristics of “human-machine integration, using speed to defeat slowness”. The situation on the intelligent battlefield is more complex, with all-dimensional and all-domain “hard kill” and “soft confrontation” intertwined and iterated. Multi-type and multi-channel battlefield information converges to form massive data, which poses severe challenges and higher requirements for the construction and operation of the command system. In terms of the establishment of the command system, the command chain evolves to the three levels of “strategic command organization-functional command organization-intelligent combat force”; the command organization personnel are more capable, and the staff seats will be replaced by “cloud brain” and “digital staff”. Commanders will mainly rely on intelligent command systems to analyze information, implement communication control, and process various types of intelligence. With the help of intelligent decision-making technologies such as intelligent recognition of graphic image processing, decision-making “optimization” algorithms, and deep neural networks, the quality of command decisions will be improved, and the shortest “decision-response” cycle will be achieved. In terms of the operation mode of the command system, more attention will be paid to following the human-machine interaction mode, and expanding the application and development of independent and autonomous command decisions by machines. We will promote the intelligence of command and control, use artificial intelligence to obtain useful, orderly, timely and accurate battlefield information data, greatly shorten the operational cycle of operational conception, task allocation, target attack, damage assessment, etc., and ensure that commanders can think more rationally about unexpected situations on the battlefield and deal with battlefield situations, so that they can achieve the operational cycle characteristics of “man out of the loop”. In terms of the configuration of command system authority, commanders are required to actively delegate “power” and let machines replace humans to perform some command and decision-making functions. Some decision-making functions are embedded in machines through implanted programs, and machines are allowed to make autonomous decisions, while retaining the final decision-making power of humans on major matters.

Autonomous combat formation. In the era of information warfare, the external characteristics of combat formations are modularization and “plug and play”, and the formation of troops is quite different from combat formations. In the era of intelligent warfare, combat missions, combat targets, combat space, and combat styles are mixed and varied. The combat effectiveness is determined by the degree of integration between man and machine, requiring combat formations to be more flexible, elastic, and have autonomous adaptability. The emergence of intelligent unmanned forces provides the prerequisite for realizing the autonomous adaptability of combat formations. In 2015, the French army conducted a demonstration and verification of the “neuron” UAV, realizing autonomous formation flight. Several “neurons” can accept the command and control of a “Rafale” fighter at the same time, solving the formation control, information fusion, inter-machine data communication, and tactical decision-making technologies. It is not difficult to speculate that in the future, unmanned forces may have hundreds or thousands of unmanned combat units. Different combat units may have multiple functions such as “reconnaissance, control, attack, and evaluation”, and may also have multi-dimensional combat capabilities such as land, sea, air, space, network, and electricity. By differentiating these combat units into “machine-machine formations” and “man-machine formations”, they can perform tasks in different fields. At the same time, through preset rules, these combat units can also be autonomously organized according to changes in tasks, thereby achieving autonomous adaptability and flexible organization of combat units, and generating diversified combat capabilities that traditional forces do not have.

現代國語:

楊 震 蔣 艷

智能化時代軍隊組織形態,是軍隊組織體制、規模結構、力量編成和運行模式具備智能化時代特徵、符合智能化戰爭要求,具有智能化外在表現形式及內在運作狀態的一種軍隊組織形態。自21世紀以來,一些已開發國家軍隊為維持軍事領先優勢,掀起了新一輪智慧化軍事革命浪潮,戰爭形態開始由資訊化加速向智慧轉型。戰場空間從傳統物理域向泛在認知域、廣譜社會域拓展,作戰樣式向無人作戰、分散式作戰和多域作戰延伸,人機緊密耦合、靈活自主作戰成為未來趨勢,制智權演化為戰場爭奪的核心製權。圍繞智慧化的世界軍事競爭已拉開序幕,迫切要求軍隊組織形態與之相適應,呼喚新一輪軍隊組織形態變革。

軍隊規模精乾化。隨著基於人工智慧及其衍生技術的無人化武器裝備發展,戰爭的物質基礎和作戰力量面貌將發生極大變化。無人裝甲部隊、無人艦隊、無人機部隊等無人作戰部隊即將登上歷史舞台,成為未來戰場主宰。可以預見,無人部隊的一名操作手即可控制數個、數十個、甚至成百上千個無人作戰單元,去執行原來由一支部隊、機群或艦隊完成的任務,一線作戰人員規模將大幅下降,而後方圍繞如何發展、如何運用、如何保障智慧裝備的人員將急劇增加。同時,智慧技術的進化將使武器裝備從被動使用向主動學習、深度學習發展,自主規劃、自動更新、自由行動甚至自我修復成為常態,各級各類作戰指揮、建設管理、綜合保障等人員需求明顯減少,進一步削弱了軍隊整體規模,部分傳統規模化部隊面臨「集體失業」。戰鬥人員與武器編配比例出現歷史性逆轉,戰鬥人員比例大幅下降,而智慧化無人系統的比例大幅上升。軍隊整體面貌將向智力密集、人機融合型轉變,武器裝備體係由「火力+資訊」向「火力+智慧」方向演進。

力量結構一體化。機械化戰爭時代,軍隊組織形態的顯著特徵是軍種分立、自我發展,戰場在陸、海、空三域展開,軍種界限分明;資訊化戰爭時代,武器裝備性能極大提升,各軍種打破原有界限,逐漸向其他戰場延伸拓展,結束了三軍分別壟斷陸戰、海戰和空戰的格局,軍種特性弱化,要求作戰力量體系空前聯合化;智能化戰爭時代,制勝機理由信息控制的力量精確釋放演進到由智慧控制的認知戰、意志戰、蜂群戰、狼戰等,「無人、無形、無聲」作戰將成為戰爭主要模式,人與陸海空裝備組合將讓位給人與智慧機器組合,軍隊結構由「陸、海、空」領域編成向按作戰主體劃分的「無人+有人」一體化力量模式發展。作戰樣式的根本改變和武器裝備的全域作戰能力,對傳統作戰力量編成結構帶來顛覆性影響,動搖了軍種存在的根基,軍種更加一體化,終將實現「合而為一」。同時,傳統戰場邊界日益模糊,戰爭外擴效益明顯,軍民一體化程度加深,越來越多「不穿軍裝的戰士」執行軍事任務,對傳統軍隊構成帶來深刻影響,軍隊編成結構向著跨界、跨域、跨世代混合編組模式快速發展。

指揮體制靈活化。智慧化戰爭具有「人機融合,以快製慢」特點,智慧化戰場態勢更加複雜,全維全局「硬殺傷」「軟對抗」交織迭代,多類型多通路戰場資訊交匯形成海量數據,對指揮體制的建構及運作提出了嚴峻挑戰和更高要求。在指揮體制編制上,指揮鏈向「戰略指揮機構─職能指揮機構─智慧作戰力量」三級演進;指揮機構人員更加精幹,參謀席位將被「雲端大腦」「數位參謀」取代。指揮人員將主要依托智能化指揮系統進行資訊分析、實施通訊控制、處理各類情報,借助圖形影像處理智慧識別、決策「尋優」演算法以及深度神經網路等智慧決策技術提升指揮決策質量,實現最短“決策—反應”週期。在指揮體制運作模式上,更重視遵循人機互動模式,拓展機器獨立自主指揮決策的應用與開發。推進指揮控制智能化,利用人工智慧手段取得有用、有序、及時、準確的戰場資訊數據,大幅壓縮作戰構想、任務分配、目標打擊、毀傷評估等作戰週期,確保指揮官更理性地思考戰場上出現的意外情況,處置戰場態勢,使其實現「人在迴路外」的作戰循環特性。在指揮體制權限配置上,要求指揮官主動放“權”,讓機器代替人類進行一部分指揮決策職能,將部分決策職能通過植入程序嵌入機器,交由機器進行自主決策,保留重大事項的人類最終決策權。

作戰編組自主化。在資訊化戰爭時代,作戰編組的外部特徵是模組化、“即插即用”,部隊編成與作戰編組差異較大。智慧化戰爭時代,作戰任務、作戰對象、作戰空間、作戰樣式混合多變,作戰效能由人與機器的融合程度所決定,要求作戰編組更加靈活、富於彈性、具備自主適應能力。智慧化無人部隊的產生,為實現作戰編組的自主適應提供了前提。 2015年,法軍進行了「神經元」無人機展示驗證,實現了自主編隊飛行,數架「神經元」可同時接受1架「陣風」戰鬥機的指揮控制,解決了編隊控制、資訊融合、機間數據通訊以及戰術決策等技術。不難推測,未來無人部隊可擁有數百上千個無人作戰單元,不同的作戰單元可具備「偵、控、打、評」等多種功能,還可具備陸、海、空、天、網、電等多維作戰能力,將這些作戰單元進行差異化“機機編組”“人機編組”,就能執行不同領域任務。同時,透過預設規則,這些作戰單元還可根據任務變化臨機自主編組,從而實現作戰單元自主適應、彈性編組,產生傳統部隊所不具備的多樣化作戰能力。

中國軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2019-04/18/content_231980.htm

Chinese Military “new domains” and “new quality combat space force”?

中國軍隊的「新領域」與「新素質作戰太空軍」?

現代英語:

The report of the 20th CPC National Congress proposed to increase the proportion of new-domain and new-quality combat forces. In today’s world, the war situation is accelerating its evolution towards intelligence, and a large number of advanced technologies are widely used in the military field. New-domain and new-quality combat forces have become the commanding heights of strategic competition among major powers and the key force to win the future. Developing new-domain and new-quality combat forces has become a priority option for the world’s military powers. Understanding what is “new” about new-domain and new-quality combat forces is of great value in clarifying ideas, building scientifically, and improving quality and efficiency.

New developments in space

The space domain is the attribute embodiment of the environment that combat forces rely on and the scope of influence. With the expansion of the scope of human activities and the development of national interests, the current military struggle space has exceeded the traditional land, territorial waters and airspace, and has continuously expanded to the deep sea, space, electromagnetic and other fields, and new domains and new types of combat forces have also emerged.

The scope of action has entered social cognition. The scope of action of new-domain and new-quality combat forces has expanded from the traditional physical domain to the social domain and cognitive domain. In the era of intelligence, disruptive technologies represented by artificial intelligence are accelerating the expansion of the scope of influence of combat forces. The rapid application of technologies such as biological cross-fertilization, brain science, and human-computer interface has promoted the deep penetration and high integration of intelligent network systems and human social activities. New situations and new means such as “intelligent deep forgery” and “fabrication of information manholes” have surfaced in large numbers, and the struggle in the social domain and cognitive domain has gradually evolved into a new domain and new “trend” for power games.

The activity space is more three-dimensional and diversified. Driven by advanced technology, new domain and new quality combat forces have broken through the traditional space of land, sea, air and space, and the scope of activities is more three-dimensional and diversified. The deep sea, space, underground, polar regions, etc. have become new territories for the competition of new domain and new quality combat forces, and have grown into a “new sector” for leveraging the combat space. In 2018, the U.S. Department of Defense issued the “National Defense Space Strategy”. Against the background of the establishment of an independent space force and space command in the United States, its space force has evolved into a synonym for comprehensive space capabilities that integrate military, political, economic, and diplomatic capabilities.

Battlefield dimensions emphasize high-level multi-dimensionality. New domain and new quality combat forces often achieve performance aggregation through high-level multi-dimensional deployment, which is very different from the battlefield deployment of conventional forces. With the extension of battlefield dimensions such as network and electromagnetic, the matrix distribution of new domain and new quality combat forces has broken through the traditional three-dimensional limitations and expanded to a high-level space of high-dimensional, full-dimensional, and large-scale joint. At the end of 2019, the US military launched the concept of “all-domain operations”, integrating space, network, electromagnetic and missile defense capabilities, claiming to compete with competitors in all possible conflict dimensions.

Winning mechanism highlights new changes

The winning mechanism contains the mechanism and principle of seizing the right to occupy and winning. At present, the winning mechanism of intelligent high-end warfare is undergoing profound changes. The new domain and new quality combat force is precisely the “blade” that conforms to the evolution of the war form and conforms to the winning mechanism of intelligent high-end warfare.

The focus of force confrontation is on dimensionality reduction and intelligence control. For new domain and new quality combat forces, data drive is the driving force of power, breaking the network chain is the focus of action, and dimensionality reduction and intelligence control is the focus of confrontation. New domain and new quality combat forces confront based on advanced algorithms and intelligent models, effectively drive key nodes such as cloud, terminal, and library of intelligent combat systems, and form intelligent advantages based on data resources. At the same time, focus on attacking weak links such as the enemy’s data chain system and mobile communication network, cut off the enemy’s cross-domain actions, and block its energy release.

The action path tends to be compound and iterative. Conventional combat forces generally achieve the expected effect through the superposition and accumulation of soft kill and hard destruction, while new domain and new quality combat forces use compound iteration of action effects as an effective path for efficient energy release. In the process of action, it not only emphasizes the role of new forces and new means such as hypersonic, long-range precision, laser electromagnetic and high-power microwave, but also focuses on multi-domain effects such as comprehensive algorithm control, network point paralysis, electromagnetic confrontation, psychological offense and defense, and public opinion building, so as to achieve cross-domain release of combat effects, multi-domain resonance and iterative efficiency enhancement.

The game mode focuses on gray over-limit. Traditional combat forces often pursue the direct effect of damage and destruction, while new domain and new quality combat forces pay more attention to gray over-limit battlefield games. The essence is to effectively reduce domains and control intelligence through non-military destruction, unconventional warfare and non-physical destruction in more fields, wider dimensions and wider ranges based on intelligent means and intelligent tools. It is reported that the US military has developed more than 2,000 computer virus weapons such as Stuxnet, Flame, and Shute, and has successfully used them in battlefields such as Syria and Iran. At present, the US military is striving to use projects such as the “National Cyber ​​​​Range” to continue to consolidate its dominant position.

New mutations emerge in science and technology

Science and technology have always been the most dynamic and revolutionary factor in military development. Entering the new century, leading, cutting-edge, and disruptive technologies have shown a “spurting” growth and have become an important variable in promoting the development of new domains and new types of combat forces.

Mutations come from emerging technologies. Advanced technologies play a vital role in driving the development of combat forces. The core technologies that support new-domain and new-quality combat forces have been rapidly transformed from traditional categories to emerging fields. In today’s world, intelligent technology has made new progress, unmanned system technology has entered an explosive period, space confrontation technology has flourished, network combat technology has advanced in depth, new concept weapons technology has attracted much attention, and fusion technology has given birth to disruptive innovation. As the key to changing the rules of the war game, new-domain and new-quality combat forces must firmly grasp the “key to victory” of emerging technologies.

Mutations present cluster effects. Breakthroughs in advanced science and technology often have a decisive impact on the development of new domains and new types of combat forces. In the era of intelligence, the science and technology system is more complex and systematic, and the role of core and key technologies emphasizes cluster effects and overall emergence. At present, the world’s military science and technology presents an all-round, multi-domain, and deep-level development trend. Various professional directions are accelerating through multi-point breakthroughs, multi-party penetration, and deep integration. The key technologies that support new domains and new types of combat forces are also undergoing a transformation from single competition to cluster promotion.

Mutation favors integration and crossover. Advanced science and technology have a subversive effect of changing the rules of engagement and breaking the conventional path in promoting the development of new domain and new quality combat forces. Today, the development of cutting-edge technology is shifting from conventional disciplines to cutting-edge crossovers. Big crossovers, big integrations, and big breakthroughs have become the general trend. The world’s military powers have increased their investment in artificial intelligence, biological crossovers, advanced computing, hypersonics, and other directions, and have used integration and crossover as an effective way to innovate cutting-edge technologies, competing for the strategic commanding heights of the development of new domain and new quality combat forces.

New modes for weapons and equipment

Weapons and equipment have always been an effective carrier for combat forces to exert their effectiveness. The weapons and equipment of new-domain and new-quality combat forces have the characteristics of new technology, new functions, and new modes. They can effectively exert new-domain and new-quality combat capabilities, create a window of advantage, paralyze the opponent’s system, and form a shock effect.

Platform equipment focuses on intelligent unmanned. At present, the platform equipment of new domain and new quality combat forces has broken through the conventional manned control mode and accelerated the transformation to intelligent unmanned form. In recent years, based on the rapid application of intelligent unmanned technology, the full spectrum of unmanned platforms, intelligent equipment and unmanned swarms have experienced explosive growth. The US military’s “Global Hawk” and “Predator” drones have been put into actual combat in large numbers. The F-35 and the unmanned version of the F-16 continue to strengthen manned and unmanned collaboration through the “Loyal Wingman” program. The US military plans that drones will account for 90% of its air force aircraft equipment in the future.

The weapon system highlights heterogeneity and versatility. The integration of various types of data links, standards and waveforms provides a richer set of technical integration tools for the weapon systems of new-domain and new-quality combat forces. The weapon systems of new-domain and new-quality combat forces have changed the fixed state of individual operation and static combination, and put more emphasis on heterogeneous hinges and data conversion based on network information systems to quickly build cross-domain and cross-dimensional wide-area distributed weapon systems. In 2017, the US military proposed the concept of “mosaic warfare”, envisioning the use of dynamic distribution technology to transform the previously centralized and static weapon systems into heterogeneous and multi-functional ones.

The equipment system is more flexible and open. The equipment system of the new domain and new quality combat force has changed the structural mode of element series connection and unit parallel connection, becoming more flexible and open. With the help of “decentralized” design, the new domain and new quality combat force distributes the key functions of the equipment system nodes to each unit module, which can effectively avoid the passive situation of paralysis as a whole once a certain type or some key equipment is hit. In recent years, the US military has actively promoted the test and verification of “sewing” new electronic system integration technology, which is to accelerate the development of new information fusion and interoperability technologies.

New forms of force formation

Force organization is a form of deployment of combat forces, which directly affects the role and effectiveness of combat forces. New-domain and new-type combat forces have the characteristics of new force platforms, wide range of areas involved, innovative combat mechanisms, and sudden technological development. Force organization is significantly different from traditional forces.

The integration of elements emphasizes dynamic reconstruction. New-domain and new-quality combat forces have realized the dynamic reconstruction and cross-domain integration of combat elements, and promoted the transformation of combat elements from static matching to dynamic reconstruction. Based on the support of intelligent network information system, new-domain and new-quality combat forces can give full play to the derivative effectiveness of intelligent technology, and build a fusion iterative update mechanism of system elements based on autonomous and intelligent battlefield real-time command and control. Through heterogeneous functional elements and unit modules, iterative updates of system elements, reorganization and optimization of system structure, and evolutionary improvement of system capabilities can be achieved.

The unit architecture relies on cross-domain networking. The new domain and new quality combat force has achieved a leap from intra-domain combination to multi-domain aggregation of the unit architecture. Using advanced information network technology and based on mutually cooperative functional nodes, the new domain and new quality combat force can build a distributed “kill network” with good resilience to achieve wide-area configuration, cross-domain networking and multi-domain aggregation of combat units and basic modules. In the U.S. Army’s “Convergence Plan 2020” exercise, the “Firestorm” artificial intelligence-assisted decision-making system was able to achieve target input for the cutting-edge “Gray Eagle” drone within 20 seconds, and connect with attack weapons such as glide guided bombs, helicopters, and ground artillery.

The formation structure emphasizes human-machine hybrid. The new domain and new quality combat force has realized the transformation of the formation structure from manned to man-machine hybrid. The application of a large number of unmanned platforms and unmanned combat clusters enables the new domain and new quality combat force to rely on the intelligent combat system to form a heterogeneous and diverse open hybrid formation. Based on artificial intelligence and machine learning technology, various unmanned system platforms can autonomously build links and networks to generate multiple sets of combination plans. With the help of auxiliary decision-making tools, commanders can quickly select the best man-machine hybrid formation to achieve intelligent decision-making and unexpected victory.

現代國語:

黨的二十大報告提出,增加新域新質作戰力量比重。當今世界,戰爭形態加速向智慧化演變,大量先進科技在軍事領域廣泛應用,新域新質作戰力量已成為大國戰略競爭的製高點和製勝未來的關鍵力量。發展新域新質作戰力量已成為世界軍事強國的優先選項。認清新域新質作戰力量到底「新」在哪裡,對於釐清思緒、科學抓建、提升質效具有重要價值。

空間領域出現新拓展

空間領域是作戰力量環境依賴和影響範圍的屬性體現。隨著人類活動範圍的擴大和國家利益的發展,當前軍事鬥爭空間已經超越傳統的領陸、領海和領空,不斷向深海、太空、電磁等領域拓展,新域新質作戰力量也隨之應運而生。

作用領域進入社會認知。新域新質作戰力量的作用領域已由傳統的物理域擴展進入社會域、認知域。智慧化時代,以人工智慧為代表的顛覆性技術加速擴展作戰力量的影響領域。生物交叉、類腦科學和人機介面等技術的快速應用,促使智慧化網絡體係與人類社會活動深度滲透、高度融合。 「智慧深度偽造」「編制資訊繭房」等新情況、新手段大量浮出水面,社會域、認知域的鬥爭已逐漸演變為力量博弈的新領域和新「風口」。

活動空間更加立體多元。在先進技術推動下,新域新質作戰力量已突破陸、海、空、天等傳統空間,活動範圍更加立體多元。深海、太空、地下、極地等都已成為新域新質作戰力量角逐比拼的新領地,並成長為撬動作戰空間的「新版塊」。 2018年,美國國防部發布《國防太空戰略》,在美國成立獨立太空軍和太空司令部的背景下,其太空力量已經演變成為集軍事、政治、經濟、外交等於一體的太空綜合能力代名詞。

戰場維度強調高階多維。新域新質作戰力量往往透過高層的多維布勢實現效能聚合,與常規力量的戰場部署表現出極大不同。隨著網絡、電磁等戰場維度的延展,新域新質作戰力量的矩陣分佈已突破傳統的三維限制,擴展到高立體、全維度、大聯合的高階空間。 2019年底,美軍推出「全域作戰」概念,將太空、網路、電磁和導彈防禦等能力整合,聲稱要與競爭對手在所有可能的沖突維度展開競爭。

制勝機理突顯新變化

制勝機理蘊含著搶佔制權、奪取勝利的機制和原理。當前,智慧化高端戰爭的製勝機理正在發生深刻改變,新域新質作戰力量恰恰正是順應戰爭形態演變、契合智能化高端戰爭制勝機理的「刀鋒」。

力量對抗聚焦降維制智。對新域新質作戰力量來說,數據驅動是力量的動力來源,破擊網鍊是作用的著力處,降維制智是對抗的聚焦點。新域新質作戰力量基於先進演算法和智慧模型對抗,有效驅動智慧化作戰體系雲、端、庫等關鍵節點,形成基於數據資源的智慧優勢。同時,注重打擊敵方數據鏈體系和行動通訊網等弱點,切斷敵跨域行動,阻隔其能量釋放。

作用路徑傾向複合迭代。常規作戰力量一般透過軟殺傷和硬摧毀的疊加累積達成預期效果,新域新質作戰力量則將作用效果的複合迭代作為高效釋能的有效路徑。作用過程中,其不僅強調發揮高超聲速、遠程精確、雷射電磁和高功率微波等新力量、新手段的作用,而且注重綜合演算法控制、網點毀癱、電磁對抗、心理攻防和輿論造勢等多域效果,以實現作戰效果的跨域釋放、多域共振和迭代增效。

博弈方式註重灰色超限。傳統作戰力量常常追求毀傷破壞的直接作用,新域新質作戰力量更重視灰色超限的戰場賽局。實質是基於智慧手段和智慧工具,在更多領域、更寬維度和更廣範圍,通過非軍事破壞、非常規作戰和非物理摧毀等作用方式,有效降域制智。據悉,美軍已研發出震網、火焰、舒特等2,000多種電腦病毒武器,並在敘利亞、伊朗等戰場成功使用。目前,美軍正力求藉助「國家網絡靶場」等項目,持續鞏固其優勢地位。

科學技術湧現新突變

科學技術一直以來都是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。進入新世紀,先導性、前衛性、顛覆性技術呈現「井噴式」成長,並成為推動新域新質作戰力量發展的重要變數。

突變源於新興科技。先進科技對作戰力量的產生發展具有至關重要的驅動作用,而支撐新域新質作戰力量的核心技術已由傳統範疇加速向新興領域轉變。當今世界,智慧技術取得新進展,無人系統技術進入爆發期,空間對抗技術蓬勃興起,網絡作戰技術向縱深推進,新概念武器技術備受關注,融合技術催生顛覆性創新。新域新質作戰力量作為改變戰爭遊戲規則的關鍵,必須緊緊扭住新興科技這把「勝利之鑰」。

突變呈現集群效應。先進科技的突破往往對新域新質作戰力量的發展有決定性影響。在智慧化時代,科技體系的複雜程度更高、系統性更強,核心和關鍵技術的作用發揮更加強調集群效應和整體湧現。當前,世界軍事科技呈現全方位、多領域、深層次的發展態勢,各專業方向透過多點突破、多方滲透和深度融合等方式加速推進,支撐新域新質作戰力量的關鍵技術也正在經歷由單項比拼向集群推動轉換。

突變青睞融合交叉。先進科技對於推動新域新質作戰力量發展,具有改變交戰規則、打破常規路徑的顛覆性效果。如今,前沿技術的發展正由常規學科延伸向前沿交叉轉移,大交叉、大融合、大突破已成為大勢所趨。世界軍事強國紛紛在人工智慧、生物交叉、先進計算、高超音波等方向加大投入,並將融合交叉作為前沿技術創新的有效途徑,爭相搶佔新域新質作戰力量發展的戰略制高點。

武器裝備呈現新模態

武器裝備一直以來都是作戰力量發揮效用的有效載體。新域新質作戰力量的武器裝備具有技術新、功能新、模態新等特點,可有效發揮新域新質作戰能力,創設優勢窗口,毀癱對方體系,形成震懾效應。

平台裝備側重於智慧無人。當前,新域新質作戰力量的平台裝備已經突破有人為主的常規操控模式,加速向智慧化無人形態轉變。近年來,基於智慧化無人技術的快速應用,全譜係無人平台、智慧裝備和無人蜂群迎來爆發性成長。美軍「全球鷹」「掠食者」等無人機已大量投入實戰,F-35與無人版F-16通過「忠誠僚機」計畫不斷強化有人無人協同。美軍規劃未來無人機將佔到其空軍飛機裝備量的90%。

武器系統突顯異構多能。多種類型的數據鏈、標準和波形的整合,為新域新質作戰力量的武器系統提供了更豐富的技術整合工具。新域新質作戰力量的武器系統改變了個體運行、靜態組合的固定狀態,更加強調基於網絡資訊體系的異構鉸鍊和數據轉換,以快速構建跨領域、穿維度的廣域分散式武器系統。 2017年,美軍提出「馬賽克戰」概念,設想藉助動態分佈技術將以往集中靜態的武器系統變得異構且多能。

裝備體系更彈性開放。新域新質作戰力量的裝備體系改變了要素串聯、單元並聯的結構化模式,變得更有彈性開放。透過「去中心化」設計,新域新質作戰力量將裝備體系節點的關鍵功能分散至各單元模塊,可有效避免一旦某類或某些重點裝備遭到打擊,整體陷入癱瘓的被動局面。近幾年,美軍積極推進「縫合」全新電子系統整合技術的試驗驗證,就是要加速研發新型資訊融合與互通技術。

力量編組顯現新樣態

力量編組是作戰力量編配的形式體現,直接影響作戰力量的角色發揮與效能釋放。新域新質作戰力量具有力量平台新生性、涉及領域廣泛性、作戰機理創新性和技術發展突變性等特徵,力量編組與傳統力量相比有著明顯不同。

要素融合強調動態重構。新域新質作戰力量實現了作戰要素的動態重構與跨域融合,推動了作戰要素由靜態搭配向動態重構的轉變。基於智慧化網絡資訊體系的支撐,新域新質作戰力量可充分發揮智慧技術的衍生效能,基於自主化、智慧化的戰場實時指揮控制,構建一種體係要素的融合式迭代更新機制。透過異構的功能要素和單元模塊,實現體係要素的迭代更新、體系結構的重組優化和體系能力的演進提升。

單元架構借助跨域組網。新域新質作戰力量實現了單元架構由域內組合向多域聚合躍升。利用先進的資訊網絡技術,基於相互協作的功能節點,新域新質作戰力量可構建具有良好韌性的分佈式“殺傷網”,以實現作戰單元和基本模塊的廣域配置、跨域組網和多域聚合。在美陸軍「融合計畫2020」演習中,「火焰風暴」人工智慧輔助決策系統能夠在20秒鐘內實現前沿「灰鷹」無人機的目標輸入,並與滑翔導引炸彈、直升機、地面火砲等攻擊武器連接起來。

編組構成講求人機混合。新域新質作戰力量實現了編組構成由有人為主向人機混合轉變。大量無人平台和無人作戰集群的應用,使得新域新質作戰力量能夠依托智能化作戰體系,形成異構多樣的開放式混合編組。各類無人系統平台基於人工智慧與機器學習技術,自主建鏈組網,產生多套組合方案。指揮員借助輔助決策工具,可快速選定最優的人機混合編組,以實現智慧決策、出奇制勝。

來源:解放軍報 作者:劉海江 責任編輯:劉上靖 2022-11-29

中國國防部原文資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4927208.html?big=fan

Chinese Military Identifying Characteristics of Intelligent Transformation of Command and Control


中國軍隊指揮控制智慧轉型特點

現代英語:

Grasp the characteristics of intelligent transformation of command and control

Command and control is the key to the operation of the war system and is the most sensitive to the core technologies that shape the war situation. With the accelerated development of artificial intelligence, especially military intelligence, human-machine integration, intelligent game, and network empowerment have gradually become key factors for winning on the battlefield, and intelligent warfare is coming step by step. Studying the development and changes of command and control in the evolution of war situations is an inevitable requirement for actively designing wars, seeking command advantages, and winning future battlefields.

Flat mesh command systems tend to be more elastic and self-organized

The command system covers command elements, command institutions, command relationships, and other contents, and has a global and fundamental impact on combat command. The development of “network +” towards “intelligence +” has accelerated the reconstruction of the command system. The command elements of the linkage network are more compact and flexible. While information warfare reduces the command gradient, it also increases the command span, resulting in the complexity of the command link and a greatly compressed response time limit. The breakthrough changes in intelligent technology enable it to achieve intelligent migration through simple replication or appropriate transformation, which can not only assist commanders to improve their control, but also leave flexible command redundancy. In the future, intelligent systems can fight one enemy against ten or even one hundred, and can continuously upgrade themselves through self-game iteration. Command agencies with centralized authority tend to be distributed and self-organized. Information on the informationized battlefield accelerates the flow of information, and command agencies must quickly classify and handle problems like sorting machines on an assembly line. The intelligent battlefield emphasizes systematization. Relying on the resource pool, wisdom library, and tactics shelf of the “Comprehensive Integration Seminar Hall”, each command agency can have a clear view of the battlefield situation in a distributed environment and dynamically adjust the investment in manpower, intelligence, and computing power, which not only reduces the burden on the command core but also improves its battlefield survival rate through decentralization. Clear and stable command relationships tend to be dynamically reconfigurable. The information chain determines the command relationship. The “smoke-filled” information system is inefficient and faces the risk of being “broken and paralyzed” by the enemy during a war. The intelligent-driven border monitoring and early warning system and the endogenous traceability defense system can quickly verify the source of the attack, randomly jump the command link, dynamically adjust the command relationship, increase or decrease the command intensity as needed, and maintain the stable operation of the command system.

The operating mechanism of system confrontation emphasizes that victory is determined by superiority

The operating mechanism is the invisible baton of the command and control system, which interacts deeply with the winning mechanism and affects the outcome of the war. The core of the system has shifted from being human-centered to being coaxially driven by humans and machines. The debate over the decision-making power of intelligent warfare has been going on for a long time. Due to the political nature of war and the inorganic nature of intelligent systems, the final decision must be made by humans. The complexity, emergence and uncertainty of the intelligent battlefield require a reasonable division of labor between humans and machines. By strengthening the top-level design to establish the human-machine boundary and the cooperation mechanism, commanders will be freed from heavy physical and mental labor to focus on creative thinking activities. The system operation has developed from step-by-step transmission to on-demand linkage. Modern warfare pursues “unimpeded communication from sensor to shooter”. The high mutation and unpredictability of battlefield situations require the command and control system to be more adaptable. Compared with traditional step-by-step command, the intelligent command and control system focuses on cross-domain linkage under unified command, which can be “pseudo-controlled” according to the enemy, situation and circumstances, and can fully stimulate and mobilize the subjective initiative of subordinates. The utility model changes from comprehensive control to key point energy release. Intelligent warfare has the distinct characteristics of non-contact, asymmetric and nonlinear. From the accelerated militarization of space, to the exposure of the world’s largest network arsenal, to the nuclearization of weapon power and the frequent testing of hypersonic weapons, the trend of military powers seeking to implement key point energy release through technological assault is obvious. Adhering to the principle of “you fight yours, I fight mine” and countering asymmetric threats with asymmetric advantages will be the basic effectiveness model of intelligent warfare.

The battlefield situation of full-dimensional perception is extended to deep cognition

Battlefield situation is the premise for judging the situation and planning decisions. Through the transmission of the value chain of “data-information-knowledge-cognition”, it promotes understanding of the battle situation and reaching consensus. Intelligent situation perception helps to penetrate the surface and gain insight into the essence. The rise of distributed access and edge computing promotes situational equality. The acquisition of informationized battlefield data is greatly facilitated, but there are also problems such as uneven configuration of infrastructure, inconsistent standard formats, and difficulty in sharing and privacy protection. Large data centers face challenges such as difficulty in load balancing and stable operation. With the promotion and deployment of flexible and ad hoc access networks, autonomous trusted computing, and lightweight data centers, modular forces will gain more equal, friendly, and convenient situational authority, significantly improving situational response efficiency. Situational analysis transforms from intelligence extraction to cognitive discovery. As the offensive and defensive forces expand from tangible space to intangible space, facing true and false, chaotic and disordered situational data, based on data correlation analysis, intelligent knowledge graphs, and intelligent analysis of diversified corpora, a three-dimensional but incomplete “portrait” of the target can be made, and with the help of battle case libraries and typical behavior models, the real enemy behind the complex situation can be understood. Situational services expand from correlation integration to on-demand push. Traditional situation services are limited by static display, delayed update, and indiscriminate simultaneous release. It is difficult to reasonably distinguish the granularity and number of meshes, which increases the burden on users. Visual demonstration graphics can efficiently convey information. Relying on data visualization, electronic sandbox, and situation map hierarchical push, it can realize on-demand customized push, reduce data congestion, and improve the accuracy of delivery.

Scientific and normative planning and decision-making call for the integration of wisdom and strategy

Planning and decision-making are the core of command and control, and are also the stage for war technology and art to compete and flourish. Planning and decision-making in the intelligent era will shift from “decision-making based on intuition” to “decision-making based on data” to “decision-making based on wisdom”. The role of commanders is more creative. In a fast-paced and highly complex decision-making environment, the amount and efficiency of information processed by the human brain are limited, which is more suitable for creative thinking activities. In the decision-making mechanism of human-machine “co-conspiracy”, the machine “staff” will mainly undertake various difficult and overloaded “calculation” tasks, while the commander will focus on “calculation” work such as setting up a situation, implementing strategies and using them, so as to maximize their respective advantages. Intelligent computers are the key to understanding the war situation. In the face of the fog of war, “dispersing or bypassing the fog” depends on the commander’s operation and means of support. In the case that the characteristics of the commanders of both sides, tactics and regulations, main combat equipment and support systems are difficult to hide, the dominant side will have targeted layouts and obstacles. Autonomous and controllable intelligent systems can surpass human thinking and create new strategies without input or weak intervention, making it possible to break through the fog. Human-machine integration fills the gaps in the battlefield system. In the future battlefield, the modular force system, the fully interconnected information system, and the command system of human-machine cooperation will inevitably have gaps or barriers, which are often the “weak points” of the enemy system. The edge computing nodes and terminal decision-making entities that constitute the human-machine system can form a highly adaptable interface environment through human-machine brain connection, playing the role of a combat system adhesive.

Accurate and efficient coordinated control emphasizes cross-domain linkage

Coordinated control is the practical chapter of command control. In the intelligent era, coordinated control will move from two-dimensional to three-dimensional, with greater emphasis on cross-domain linkage. The selection of combat targets has evolved from careful selection to precise attack with full visibility. Critical targets and key nodes are like the “life gate” of the combat system, and are the key to attack and defense. How to locate the target? How to evaluate the target? How to measure the benefit? If the control is not appropriate, once a misfire or misinjury occurs, it will inevitably cause serious political and military consequences. In the future, the combination of “front-line cheap unmanned equipment + mid-stage solution and recognition system + back-stage judgment and evaluation personnel” can not only quickly identify and locate targets, but also intelligently screen and distinguish high-value targets. The control of the combat process has evolved from precise control to dynamic adjustment. The goal of coordinated control is to effectively connect various sub-domain directions, various participating forces, various offensive and defensive actions, and operations at all stages. Usually affected by the time lag of commands, it is difficult for deep command organizations to accurately control front-line troops in real time. The use of virtual augmented reality, real-time situation sharing, and data concurrent links can enable commanders to see, judge, and control the battle situation as if they were “on the scene”. The achievement of combat effectiveness has evolved from focusing on energy release to cross-domain coupling. Joint operations emphasize the close coupling and joint response of multi-domain battlefields, bringing about a positive superposition of combat effects. With the help of situation tracking systems, strike evaluation models, and effect diffusion algorithms, commanders can accurately predict the battle situation, reasonably seek benefits and avoid harm, and comprehensively control combat effects.

Precise and quantitative performance evaluation pursues iterative efficiency improvement

Effectiveness evaluation is a test of the degree of command and control, and is also the basis for optimizing and improving the combat system. The promotion of intelligent deduction and evaluation theories and methods will further demonstrate the benefits of “learning war from war”. Classic battle examples contribute new quality combat power under a new perspective. The military inherits military traditions, and past battle examples are an important carrier. With the help of behavioral logic modeling, intelligent image synthesis, natural language compilation and other technologies, historical scenes can be “reproduced”, key figures can be “revived”, key decisions can be reviewed, and opponents can be preset in a targeted manner to improve the readiness of war and combat command. Realistic operations reduce uncertainty in simulation verification. Organizing war games before the launch of a campaign action, after the end of a combat action, or during a major exercise can verify combat concepts, practice tactics and processes, and identify strengths and weaknesses. Under intelligent conditions, command agencies rely on computer war game systems to repeatedly conduct pre-war simulations, design intelligent blue troops to cooperate with actual military exercises, and organize post-war reviews based on data identification and image synthesis, which can approach the “standard answer” in “violent actions”. Wars are happening in combat laboratories in advance. In the future, people with more and more machine-like superpowers and machines that are more and more like humans will fight side by side. By constructing realistic battlefields, mixed human-machine formations, creating multi-script rules, defining flexible boundaries between humans and machines, and simulating extreme training conditions, it will help the troops understand the intelligent battlefield, deepen human-machine collaboration, rehearse future battles, and proactively open the door to intelligent warfare.

國語中文:

指揮控制是戰爭體系運作的樞紐,對塑造戰爭形態的核心技術最敏感。隨著人工智慧特別是軍事智慧化加速發展,人機融合、智慧博弈、網絡賦能逐步成為戰場制勝關鍵因素,智慧化戰爭正一步步走來。研究戰爭形態演變中指揮控制的發展變革,是主動設計戰爭、謀求指揮優勢,制勝未來戰場的必然要求。

扁平網狀的指揮體系較趨向彈性自組織

指揮體系涵蓋指揮要素、指揮機構、指揮關係等內容,對作戰指揮具有全局性、根本性影響。 「網絡+」向「智慧+」方向發展,加速了指揮體系重構。聯動網聚的指揮要素較趨緊湊有彈性。資訊化戰爭在縮減指揮梯度的同時也帶來指揮跨度增加,導致指揮鏈路複雜化和響應時限極大壓縮。智慧技術的突破性變革使其可透過簡單複製或適當改造實現智慧遷移,既能輔助指揮員提高掌控力,又留有彈性指揮冗餘。未來智慧系統,可以一敵十甚至以一敵百,並能不斷自我博弈迭代升級。集中權威的指揮機構較趨分佈自組織。資訊化戰場資訊加速流轉,指揮機構要像流水線上的分揀機一樣快速分類處理問題。智慧化戰場更強調體系性,各指揮機構依托「綜合整合研討廳」的資源池、智慧庫、戰法貨架,可在分散式環境下通視戰局,並能動態調整人力、智力、算力投向投量,既降低了指揮核心的負擔又通過去中心化提高其戰場生存率。清晰穩固的指揮關系更趨動態可重構。資訊鏈決定指揮關系,「煙囪林立」的資訊系統效率低且面臨戰時遭敵「斷鏈癱體」的風險,智慧驅動的邊界監測預警系統和內生溯源防禦系統,可快速查證攻擊源、隨機跳變指揮鏈路、動態調組指揮關系、按需增減指揮強度,維持指揮體系穩健運作。

體系對抗的運行機理更強調優勢決勝

運行機理是指揮控制體系的隱形指揮棒,與制勝機理深層互動交鏈並影響戰爭勝負走向。體系核心由以人為主轉為人-機共軸驅動。智慧化戰爭決策權的爭論由來已久,由於戰爭的政治性和智慧系統的無機性,做出最終決策的必然是人。智慧戰場的複雜性、湧現性和不確定性,要求人與機器合理分工,透過加強頂層設計確立人機分界及協作機制,將使指揮員從繁重的體力腦力勞動中解放出來專事創造性思維活動。體系運轉由逐級傳動向按需聯動發展。現代戰爭追求“從傳感器到射手無障礙貫通”,戰場形勢的高突變性和不可預知性,要求指揮控制體系更具適應性。較之傳統按部就班式指揮,智能化指揮控制體繫著眼統一指揮下的跨域聯動,既可因敵、因勢、因情「擬態」調控,又可充分激發調動下級主觀能動性。效用模式由全面瞰制向要點釋能轉變。智慧化戰爭具有非接觸性、非對稱、非線性的鮮明特徵。從太空加速軍事化,到全球最大網絡武器庫曝光,再到武器動力核能化和高超聲速武器頻繁試驗,軍事強國謀求以技術突襲實施要點釋能趨勢明顯。堅持“你打你的,我打我的”,以不對稱優勢反制不對稱威懾將是智能化戰爭的基本效用模式。

全維感知的戰場態勢向深度認知拓展

戰場態勢是研判情況和規劃決策的前提,透過「數據-資訊-知識-認知」的價值鏈傳遞,促進理解戰局、達成共識。智慧化態勢感知有助於穿透表象洞察本質。分散式接取和邊緣計算興起促使態勢平權。資訊化戰場數據獲取極大便利化,同時也存在基礎設施配置不均、標準格式不統一、共享和隱私保護難等問題,大型數據中心面臨負載平衡難和穩定運行難等挑戰。隨著彈性隨遇接取網絡、自主可信計算和輕量化資料中心推廣部署,模塊化部隊將獲得更為均等、友善、便捷的態勢權限,顯著提升態勢響應效能。態勢分析由情報提取向認知發現轉型。隨著攻防較量由有形空間向無形空間拓展,面對真假互見、零亂無序的態勢數據,基於數據關聯分析、智能知識圖譜、多樣化語料庫的智能化分析,可對目標作立體但不完整的“畫像”,並配合戰例庫和典型行為模型,洞察復雜態勢背後的真實敵情。態勢服務由關聯綜合向按需推送拓展。傳統態勢服務受靜態展示、延時更新、無差別同放等限制,粒度、目數難以合理區分,導致用戶負擔加重。形象化簡報圖形可高效傳遞訊息,依托資料可視化、電子沙盤、態勢圖分級推送等手段可實現按需客製化推送,降低資料擁塞,提高投放精準度。

科學規範的規劃決策更呼喚智謀融合

籌劃決策是指揮控制的核心,也是戰爭技術、藝術競爭的舞台。智慧時代的籌劃決策將由「靠直覺決策」經由「靠數據決策」轉變為「靠智慧決策」。指揮員角色更富創造性。在快節奏和高複雜度決策環境下,人腦處理資訊的量度和效能受限,更適合創造性思維活動。人機「共謀」的決策機構,機器「參謀」將主要承擔各種高難度、超負荷「計算」任務,指揮員則聚焦設局造勢、施計用謀等「算計」工作,從而使各自優勢最大化發揮。智慧型機腦是洞悉戰局的關鍵。面對戰爭迷霧,「驅散或繞開霧團」取決於指揮員運籌和手段支撐。在雙方指揮員特點、戰法條令、主戰裝備及支撐體係等較難隱藏情況下,優勢一方將有針對性佈局設障。而自主可控智慧系統可在無輸入或弱幹預情況下超越人類思維開創嶄新策略,使沖破迷霧成為可能。人機交融彌合戰場體系縫隙。未來戰場,模塊化編組的力量體系、全域互聯的資訊體系、人機配合的指揮體係不可避免存在縫隙或壁壘,往往是遭敵體系破擊的「七寸」。構成人機系統的邊緣計算節點和末端決策實體,可由人腦-機腦接駁形成高適應性介面環境,並發揮作戰體系黏合劑的功能。

精準高效率的協調控制更強調跨域聯動

協調控制是指揮控制的實踐篇章,智慧時代的協調控制將從平面走向立體,並更加強調跨域聯動。作戰目標選取從甄選慎打到通視精打。要害目標及關鍵節點猶如作戰體系的“命門”,是攻防之要。如何定位目標?如何評價目標?如何測算效益?若掌控失當,一旦出現誤擊誤傷,勢必造成嚴重政治軍事後果。未來「前沿廉價無人裝備+中台解算識別系統+後台判讀評估人員」的組合既可快速識別、定位目標,更能智慧篩選、區分高價值目標。作戰過程掌控從精確控製到動態調節。協調控制的目標是使各分域方向、各種參戰力量、各類攻防行動及各階段作戰有效銜接。通常受指令時滯性等影響,縱深指揮機構很難即時精準掌控前線部隊。虛擬增強現實、態勢即時共享和數據並發鏈路等的運用,可使指揮員「身臨其境」般通視、研判和掌控戰局。作戰效果達成從聚力釋能到跨域耦合。聯合作戰強調多域戰場緊密耦合與聯動呼應,帶來作戰效果正向疊加。借助態勢追踪系統、打擊評估模型及效應擴散演算法,指揮員可精準預測戰局,合理趨利避害,綜合調控作戰效果。

精細量化的效能評估更追求迭代增效

效能評估是對指揮控制達成度的檢驗,也是優化完善作戰體系的依據。智慧推演評估理論與手段推廣,將使「從戰爭中學習戰爭」的效益進一步顯現。經典戰例在新視域下貢獻新質戰力。軍隊傳承軍事傳統,既往戰例是重要載體。借助行為邏輯建模、智慧影像合成、自然語言編譯等技術,可「重現」歷史場景、「復活」核心人物、復盤關鍵決策並有針對性預設對手,提升戰爭和作戰指揮準備度。現實作戰在模擬驗證中降低不確定性。在戰役行動發起前、作戰行動結束後或重大演訓期間組織兵棋推演,能夠驗證作戰概念、研練戰法流程、查擺優長不足。智能條件下,指揮機構依托計算機兵棋系統反復進行戰前推演、設計智能藍軍配合實兵演練、基於數據標識與影像合成組織戰後復盤,可在“暴力窮舉”中逼近“標準答案” 。戰爭較量提前在作戰實驗室打響。未來,越來越具備機器般超能力的人和越來越像人的機器將並肩作戰。透過構設逼真戰場、人機混合編組、創設多腳本規則、劃定人機彈性分界、發展極限研練條件,有助於部隊認知智慧戰場、深化人機協作、預演未來之戰,主動叩開智能化戰爭之門。

魯曉彬

來源:解放軍報 作者:魯曉彬 責任編輯:劉上靖 2021-05-25

中國國防部原文資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4885987.html

Guided by Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening China’s Military, People’s Liberation Army Strives to Create New Realm of War Research

以習近平強軍思想為指導,解放軍努力開創戰爭研究新境界

軍事科學學院戰爭研究所

2017-11-02 10:48 資料來源:解放軍報

現代英語:

● If soldiers do not plan for war, the country will be in danger; if the army does not study war, chaos will occur. Always preparing for war, firmly establishing combat effectiveness as the only fundamental standard, and focusing on studying military affairs, studying war, and studying how to fight are necessary to achieve the Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era and building a world-class military in an all-round way.

● Creating a new realm of war research is a concrete manifestation of the military’s main responsibility and mission. The accelerated evolution of war forms and the severe challenges to international and regional security urgently require the military to carry out practical research on war topics and lay a solid foundation for victory.

● The key to creating a new realm of war research is to seek breakthroughs in war research innovation. This requires focusing on system design, adhering to problem orientation, keeping a close eye on combat opponents, focusing on independent innovation, and striving to solve the theoretical confusion and practical problems faced by future wars.

● To create a new realm in war research, we must find the right foothold, grasp the direction, focus on the major needs of strengthening the military and winning wars, and innovate in the face of actual combat, battlefields, and troops.

The 19th CPC National Congress clearly emphasized the establishment of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military as a guide in national defense and military construction. Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military provides a fundamental guideline and action guide for achieving the Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era and building a world-class military in an all-round way. Entering the new era, we must take the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics, build a modern combat system with Chinese characteristics, and undertake the mission and tasks of the new era entrusted by the Party and the people. We must take Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military as a guide and strive to create a new realm of war research.

Facing realistic challenges and strengthening the core functions of research and development to win the war

Creating a new realm of war research is a concrete manifestation of the military’s main responsibility and mission. The accelerated evolution of war forms and the severe challenges to international and regional security urgently require the military to carry out practical research on war topics and lay a solid foundation for victory.

A realistic issue for responding to security challenges. The world is undergoing new, complex and profound changes. The international security situation is generally stable, but hegemonism and power politics still exist. Strategic competition and rights and interests among major powers are becoming increasingly fierce. There are many risk variables in the geopolitical security environment. Hotspots such as international counter-terrorism, arms race, nuclear proliferation, territorial disputes, and ideological confrontation are complex and changeable, and uncertainty, linkage, and comprehensiveness are prominent. With the rapid rise of China, Western powers are stepping up their efforts to contain and divide China, and some neighboring countries are deliberately provoking land and sea disputes. Overseas security risks are concentrated, and security threats in new areas are constantly emerging. Various predictable and unpredictable security crises and war risks are increasing. Maintaining national unity, territorial integrity, development interests, and political and social security faces new challenges. To respond to security challenges, we must control the security situation in real time, accurately assess war risks, and thoroughly understand potential opponents, so as to provide reliable and advanced preparations for responding to crises and winning wars.

Adapt to the urgent call for the in-depth development of the new military revolution. At present, the impact of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution on the world military revolution continues to expand, the arms competition in the Asia-Pacific region has intensified, and the competition for strategic initiative has become more intense. Major countries in the world are actively adjusting their national security strategies and military strategies, reshaping their military power systems, and seizing strategic commanding heights. Intelligent warfare is accelerating from theoretical foresight to actual combat forms. The strong trend of the development of the new military revolution requires us to pay close attention to new trends in war, explore new concepts in war, study new methods of war, and develop new means to maintain peace and win wars. Only in this way can we stand at the forefront of the new world military revolution and always maintain strategic capabilities that are compatible with the status of a major power.

The inherent requirement for realizing the modernization of military theory. A first-class army must have a first-class war theory. In recent years, the U.S. military has successively proposed “network-centric warfare”, “air-sea integrated warfare”, “third offset strategy” and “hybrid warfare”, and the Russian military has proposed “non-nuclear containment strategy”, “strategic air-space battle”, “national information security doctrine” and “ocean doctrine” and other theories, reflecting the strategic design of the world’s military powers to seize the military commanding heights. To realize the modernization of military theory, our army must establish a sense of transcendence and leadership in war research. However, the reality is that the current war research still has problems of being out of touch with the troops, the opponents, and the battlefield to varying degrees; in addition, our army has not fought for decades, and has little or no deep understanding of the form and style of informationized warfare, and the problem of “two insufficient capabilities” is still prominent. Standing at a new historical starting point for national defense and military construction, facing the profound changes in the national security environment and the requirements of the times for a strong country and a strong army, the army must establish a sense of urgency in researching and winning wars.

Grasp the key points and solve the theoretical confusion and practical problems faced by future wars

The key to creating a new realm of war research is to seek breakthroughs in war research innovation. This requires focusing on system design, adhering to problem orientation, keeping a close eye on combat opponents, focusing on independent innovation, and striving to solve the theoretical confusion and practical problems faced by future wars.

Analyze the trend of war in the unprecedented great changes. Understanding and grasping the motivations, types and timing of future wars is the primary issue in war research. To do this, we need to see through the chaotic world, track the trends of hegemonism, power politics and neo-interventionism, keep a close eye on the complex situation of regional conflicts and surrounding hot issues, pay attention to hidden dangers such as national security, new field security, and nuclear security, be vigilant against various forces seeking change and profit in chaos, and the struggle for the redistribution of power and interests among major powers, conduct in-depth research on factors that target my country or may drag my country into local wars and armed conflicts, study the possible military frictions, armed conflicts and even strategic accidents under the conditions of the new era, and the wars of different scales caused by them, and be prepared for military struggles in response to various complex situations.

Study the use of war under the goal of national rejuvenation. A deep understanding and grasp of the relationship between war and national development goals is a political requirement for war research. War has always been a continuation of politics and a means to achieve national political goals. To achieve the goal of building a modern socialist country in an all-round way, war research must grasp the master-slave relationship between politics and the military and study the impact and constraints of politics on war. The impact and constraints of politics on war should be taken as an important topic. Under the goal of achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, we should not only study the tactics and means of winning wars, but also study the countermeasures and strategies for shaping the situation, managing crises, and containing wars. On major issues such as whether to fight or not, when to fight, how to fight, and to what extent, we should come up with strategic planning that meets political requirements to ensure that there are no strategic mistakes in war decisions and the use of means, and give full play to the bottom line of military means to safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

Grasp the laws of war in the general trend of war evolution. Understanding the characteristics, laws and winning mechanisms of modern war is the cognitive foundation of war research. Entering the new era, war research is required to keep up with the historical process of the rapid advancement of war forms towards systematization and intelligence, coordinate military struggles in traditional security fields and new security fields, and push the research of war laws to a new level. In-depth research on new changes in the general winning mechanism of war, in view of the new characteristics of modern war such as the integration of multi-dimensional battlefield space, the continuous appreciation of time elements, the implementation of precision operations with elite forces, and the increasingly flattened combat command, explore the methods and paths that reflect the requirements of information dominance, precision attack, joint victory, and system combat, and make new breakthroughs in planning wars according to reason and fighting in accordance with regulations. In-depth research on new manifestations of special winning mechanisms for fulfilling missions and tasks, combine the general winning mechanisms of war with the special conditions for our army to fulfill its missions and tasks, explore special winning mechanisms around different wars and combat objectives, and find the right countermeasures and strategies for planning and winning wars.

Deepen war guidance under the premise of independent operations. Studying methods and approaches to win wars is a key task of war research. The highest realm of the art of war guidance is that you fight yours and I fight mine. We must strive to innovate military strategic theory, study the needs of strategic goals for military strategic capabilities, improve military strategy in major security areas, theater strategy, service and armed police force development strategy, and explore new ideas and measures to ensure the security of national interests; strive to innovate joint operations theory, study operational concepts, operational guidance and operational methods, innovate operational command and operational support, and explore the formation of “using what can be done to defeat what cannot be done” in the context of integrated joint operations. Strategies and countermeasures, build a joint operations theory system that adapts to information warfare. On this basis, we must also strive to innovate operational needs, wartime political work and logistics equipment support theories, explore countermeasures in tracking, and boldly “learn from the strengths of foreign countries” in comparison.

Expand the means of warfare at the commanding heights of the science and technology game. Transforming the most advanced science and technology of mankind into means of warfare is the eternal task of war research. Science and technology are the primary productive forces and the core combat power. Modern warfare has actually become a strategic game of military science and technology. This requires us to attach great importance to the study of the war effectiveness of new technologies, lead the development of military technology with advanced concepts, and maintain the contemporary vitality and scientific and technological determination of war theory; attach great importance to the extension of war theory research to equipment realization, so that war concepts, combat concepts, combat guidance and combat methods can be transformed into equipment requirements, and maintain the leading edge of the combat system; attach great importance to the impact of new equipment on war forms and combat methods, and comprehensively deepen the research on the use of new combat means and combat forces; attach great importance to the study of combat styles based on the latest scientific and technological means, and explore the guidance and tactics of various combat forms and styles; attach great importance to combat experiments based on modern simulation and effectiveness test technologies, explore innovative paths to support theoretical concepts with scientific experiments, and provide strong scientific and technological support for innovative theories.

Adhere to three aspects and create a new situation in war research

To create a new realm in war research, we must find the right foothold, grasp the direction, focus on the major needs of strengthening the military and winning wars, and innovate in actual combat, on the battlefield, and in the troops.

Make the first move in war design. War design occupies a core position in war research and plays a global and long-term leading role in all aspects of national defense and military construction. In the grand chess game of world military competition, in order to seek the initiative in future wars, we must foresee wars as early as possible, design wars scientifically, focus on achieving the transformation from following and running side by side to leading, and strive to become the visionary and game rule maker of future wars. We must grasp the future cutting-edge trends of scientific and technological innovation, find the fulcrum for leveraging the scientific and technological revolution, gain insight into the key areas, key directions, and key technologies that can trigger changes in the form of war, and grasp the source of science and technology and the direction of development of war; vigorously strengthen the development of core war concepts, and formulate systematic operational concepts in layers and directions for possible war actions, and use systematic war design results to guide military struggle preparation and equipment construction; integrate war design into combat readiness training, verify and improve war design in training practice, and form a virtuous cycle of mutual promotion between war design and troop practice. Modern war design must not only design today’s war, but also tomorrow’s war. In particular, we must prevent using today’s opponents or today’s theories to design tomorrow’s war. We must consider not only the situation in which the war proceeds smoothly, but also the possible crises, deadlocks, and endgames, to ensure the scientific guidance and leadership of war design.

Take the path of integrating theory and technology. Science and technology are the most active and revolutionary factors in military development. The organic combination, mutual promotion and collaborative innovation of military theory and military science and technology have become the only way to break through the difficulties of traditional war research and improve the quality and efficiency of war research. It is necessary to change the mindset and organizational model of the binary separation and dual-track operation of theoretical research and scientific and technological research, combine theoretical guidance with scientific and technological guidance, theoretical conception with technical realization, judge the changes in war based on the changes in science and technology, and use technical principles to explore the winning mechanism; guided by the major needs of strengthening military practice, rationally cross-configure the organizational elements of theory and scientific and technological research, jointly allocate and coordinate the use of theoretical and scientific and technological research forces, strive to create a first-class innovation team integrating theoretical masters and technical experts, and form a new structure and layout of war research that integrates theory and technology; explore new methods of war research that fully integrate theory and technology, build a joint combat experimental environment, scientifically design major innovation projects integrating theory and technology, and test and improve war theories and operational concepts through the combination of man and machine, man and equipment, and virtual and real, improve the scientificity and practicality of war research results, and comprehensively improve the overall level of war research.

Improve the new mechanism of war research. Actively explore the characteristics and laws of war research in the new era, summarize new experiences in war research, and innovate new mechanisms for war research. Improve the collaborative innovation mechanism of small core and large periphery to form an overall synergy for war research. Improve the leading mechanism of planning and planning, take demand as the driving force, problem as the orientation, and integration as the path, refine and improve the roadmap construction drawings for the development of war research in various fields and directions; scientifically allocate the investment direction and volume of scientific research resources, and form a war research planning system that takes into account both the near and far, connects the top and the bottom, and connects the left and the right. Improve the mechanism for combining war research with combat training, take war research as an important part of training, increase the proportion of research training, and make troop training an organic part of war research. Improve the mechanism for rapid transformation and promotion of theoretical exploration and regulations, so that the results of war theory research can be quickly transformed into combat regulations, and open up the innovation link of rapid transformation and mutual promotion from theory to practice. Improve the talent management and incentive mechanism, combine the new reality of war research, adjust and improve the mechanisms for talent introduction, selection, evaluation, incentives, and guarantees, stimulate and mobilize the enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity of the majority of scientific researchers, and maximize the release of innovative vitality.

原始國語中文:

●軍人不謀戰,國必有危難;軍隊不研戰,當事必生亂。時刻準備打仗,牢固樹立戰鬥力這個唯一的根本的標準,集中精力研究軍事、研究戰爭、研究打仗,是實現黨在新時代的強軍目標、全面建成世界一流軍隊題中應有之義。

●開創戰爭研究新境界,是軍隊主責主業的具體展現。戰爭形態加速演變和國際區域安全的嚴峻挑戰,迫切要求軍隊做實研戰課題,夯實勝戰根基。

●開創戰爭研究新境界,關鍵在於在戰爭研究創新上求突破。這要求著重體系設計,堅持問題導向,緊盯作戰對手,聚力自主創新,致力於破解未來戰爭面臨的理論困惑和實踐難題。

●開創戰爭研究新境界,必須找準立足點,把握方向標,緊盯強軍勝戰的重大需求,面向實戰、面向戰場、面向部隊開拓創新。

黨的十九大明確強調確立習近平強軍思想在國防和軍事建設中的指導地位。習近平強軍思想為實現黨在新時代的強軍目標、全面建成世界一流軍隊提供了根本遵循和行動指南。進入新時代,要實現中國特色的強軍之路,建構中國特色現代作戰體系,擔當起黨和人民賦予的新時代使命任務,必須以習近平強軍思想為指導,奮力開創戰爭研究的新境界。

正視現實挑戰,強化研發戰的核心功能

開創戰爭研究新境界,是軍隊主責主業的具體展現。戰爭形態加速演變和國際區域安全的嚴峻挑戰,迫切要求軍隊做實研戰課題,夯實勝戰根基。

應對安全挑戰的現實課題。當今世界正在發生新的複雜深刻變化,國際安全情勢整體穩定,但霸權主義和強權政治依然存在,大國戰略競爭和權益博弈日趨激烈,地緣安全環境風險變數較多,國際反恐、軍備競賽、核武擴散、領土爭奪、思潮交鋒等熱點複雜多變,不確定性、連動性、綜合性凸顯。隨著中國快速崛起,西方大國加緊對我遏制圍堵和分化西化,個別週邊國家蓄意挑起陸海爭端,海外安全風險集中顯現,新型領域安全威脅不斷顯現,各種可以預料和難以預料的安全危機、戰爭風險增多,維護國家統一、領土完整、發展利益和政治社會安全面臨新挑戰。要應對安全挑戰,就必須即時掌控安全情勢,準確研判戰爭風險,搞透潛在對手,為應對危機和打贏戰爭提供可靠的超前準備。

適應新軍事革命深入發展的迫切呼喚。目前,新一輪科技革命和產業革命對世界軍事革命的影響持續擴大,亞太地區軍備競爭態勢增強,圍繞戰略主動權爭奪更加激烈。世界主要國家積極調整國家安全戰略和軍事戰略,重塑軍事力量體系,搶佔戰略制高點,智慧化戰爭正由理論預見向實戰形態加速演進。新軍事革命發展的強勁趨勢,要求我們密切關注戰爭新趨勢、探討戰爭新觀念、研究戰爭新方法、發展維護和平、打贏戰爭的新手段。唯此,才能站上世界新軍事革命潮頭,始終保持與大國地位相符的戰略能力。

實現軍事理論現代化的內在要求。一流的軍隊必須有一流的戰爭理論。近年來,美軍先後提出“網絡中心戰”“空海一體戰”“第三次抵消戰略”“混合戰爭”,俄軍提出“非核遏制戰略”“戰略性空天戰役”“國家信息安全學說”“海洋學說」等理論,反映了世界軍事強國搶佔軍事制高點的戰略設計。我軍要實現軍事理論現代化,必須在戰爭研究上確立超越意識和引領意識。但現實是,當前戰爭研究還不同程度存在與部隊脫節、與對手脫節、與戰場脫節問題;加上我軍幾十年沒有打過仗,對資訊化戰爭形態和作戰樣式認知不多不深,「兩個能力不夠」問題依然突出。站在國防和軍隊建立新的歷史起點上,面對國家安全環境的深刻變化,面對強國強軍的時代要求,軍隊必須確立起研戰勝戰的迫切意識。

掌握重點關鍵,破解未來戰爭面臨的理論困惑與實踐難題

開創戰爭研究新境界,關鍵在於戰爭研究創新上求突破。這要求著重體系設計,堅持問題導向,緊盯作戰對手,聚力自主創新,致力於破解未來戰爭面臨的理論困惑和實踐難題。

在前所未有的大變局中透析戰爭走勢。認識並掌握未來戰爭的動因、類型和時機,是戰爭研究的首要問題。做到這一點,需要透過亂象紛呈的世界,追蹤霸權主義、強權政治和新干涉主義動向,緊盯地區衝突和周邊熱點問題的複雜形勢,關注國土安全、新型領域安全、核安全等隱患,警惕各種力量亂中求變、亂中謀利及大國權力和利益再分配的鬥爭,深入研究針對我國或可能把我國拖入局部戰爭和武裝衝突的因素,研究新時代條件下可能發生的軍事摩擦、武裝衝突甚至戰略意外,以及由此引發的不同規模的戰爭,做好應對各種複雜情況的軍事鬥爭準備。

在民族復興的大目標下研究戰爭運用。深刻認識並掌握戰爭與國家發展目標的關係,是戰爭研究的政治要求。戰爭從來都是政治的延續,是實現國家政治目標的手段。實現全面建成社會主義現代化強國的奮鬥目標,要求戰爭研究必須掌握政治與軍事的主從關係,研究政治對戰爭的影響與限制。要把政治對戰爭的影響和限製作為重要課題,在實現中華民族偉大復興大目標下,既要研究打贏戰爭的戰法手段,又要研究塑造態勢、管控危機、遏制戰爭的對策方略,在打與不打、何時打、怎麼打、打到什麼程度等重大問題上,拿出符合政治要求的戰略籌劃,確保戰爭決策和手段運用不出現戰略性失誤,充分發揮好軍事手段保障國家主權、安全、發展利益的保底作用。

在戰爭演變的大趨勢中掌握戰爭規律。搞透現代戰爭特徵規律和致勝機理,是戰爭研究的認識根基。進入新時代,要求戰爭研究緊跟戰爭形態向體系化、智慧化快速邁進的歷史進程,統籌傳統安全領域和新型安全領域軍事鬥爭,把戰爭規律的研究推向新境界。深入研究戰爭一般制勝機理的新變化,針對現代戰爭多維戰場空間融為一體、時間要素不斷升值、以精銳力量實施精確作戰、作戰指揮日趨扁平化等新特點,探討體現信息主導、精打要害、聯合製勝、體係作戰要求的方法路徑,在依理謀戰、遵規施戰上取得新突破。深入研究履行使命任務特殊制勝機理的新表現,把戰爭一般制勝機理與我軍履行使命任務的特殊條件結合起來,圍繞不同的戰爭和作戰目標,探索特殊制勝機理,找準謀戰勝戰的對策方略。

在自主作戰的大前提下深化戰爭指導。研究打贏戰爭的方法途徑,是戰爭研究的關鍵任務。戰爭指導藝術的最高境界是你打你的、我打我的。要致力於創新軍事戰略理論,研究戰略目標對軍事戰略能力的需求,完善重大安全領域軍事戰略、戰區戰略、軍種和武警部隊發展戰略,探索保證國家利益安全的新思路新舉措;致力於創新聯合作戰理論,研究作戰概念、作戰指導和作戰方法,創新作戰指揮和作戰保障,面向一體化聯合作戰背景下各戰略方向、作戰樣式、作戰行動以及聯合應急行動,探索形成「以能擊不能」的戰法對策,建構適應資訊化戰爭的聯合作戰理論體系。在這個基礎上,還要致力創新作戰需求、戰時政治工作和後勤裝備保障理論,在追蹤中探討應對之策,在比較中大膽「師夷長技」。

在科技博弈的製高點上拓展戰爭手段。把人類最先進的科學技術轉化為戰爭手段,是戰爭研究的永恆任務。科學技術是第一生產力,也是核心戰鬥力。現代戰爭,實際上已成為軍事科技魔道相爭的戰略博弈。這要求我們高度重視研究新科技的戰爭效用,以先進概念引領軍事科技發展,維持戰爭理論的時代活力與科技定力;高度重視戰爭理論研究向裝備實現延伸,使戰爭概念、作戰構想、作戰指導和作戰方法轉化為裝備需求,維持作戰體系的領先優勢;高度重視新裝備對戰爭形態和作戰方法的影響,全面深化新型作戰手段和作戰力量的運用研究;高度重視基於最新科技手段的作戰樣式研究,探討各種作戰形式樣式的指導與戰法;高度重視基於現代模擬與效能試驗技術的作戰實驗,探討以科學實驗支持理論構想的創新路徑,為創新理論提供有力的科技支撐。

堅持三個面向,開創戰爭研究的嶄新局面

開創戰爭研究新境界,必須找準立足點,把握方向標,緊盯強軍勝戰的重大需求,面向實戰、面向戰場、面向部隊開拓創新。

下好戰爭設計的先手棋。戰爭設計在戰爭研究中居於核心地位,對國防和軍隊建設各方面工作具有全局性長遠引領作用。在世界軍事競爭的大棋局中,要尋求未來戰爭的主動地位,必須儘早預見戰爭、科學設計戰爭,著眼實現從跟進、並跑到領跑的轉變,努力成為未來戰爭的洞見者和遊戲規則的制定者。要掌握未來科技創新前沿趨向,找準撬動科技革命的支點,洞察能夠引發戰爭形態變革的關鍵領域、關​​鍵方向、關鍵技術,把握戰爭發展的科技之源和發展方向;大力加強戰爭核心概念開發,針對可能的戰爭行動,分層次、分方向研究制定體系化的作戰構想,用體系化的戰爭設計成果牽引軍事鬥爭準備和裝備建設;把戰爭設計融入戰備訓練,在訓練實踐中驗證和完善戰爭設計,形成戰爭設計與部隊實踐相互促進的良性循環。現代戰爭設計,既要設計好今天的戰爭,更要設計好明天的戰爭,特別要防止用今天的對手、今天的理論設計明天的戰爭;既要考慮戰爭進程順利的局面,更要考慮可能出現的危險局、僵局、殘局,確保戰爭設計的科學指導與領導作用。

走開理技融合的大路徑。科學技術是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。軍事理論與軍事科技有機結合、相互促進、協同創新,已成為突破傳統戰爭研究困境、提升戰爭研究品質效益的必經之路。要改變理論研究和科技研究二元分立、雙軌運行的思維定式和組織模式,把理論引領與科技引領、理論構想與技術實現結合起來,基於科技之變研判戰爭之變,運用技術原理探索制勝機理;以強軍實踐重大需求為牽引,合理交叉配置理論和科技研究組織要素,聯合編配、統籌使用理論和科技研究力量,努力打造理論大家與技術專家融合的一流創新團隊,形成理技合一的戰爭研究新結構新佈局;探索理論與技術全面融合的戰爭研究新方法,建好聯合作戰實驗環境,科學設計重大理技融合創新工程,透過人機結合、人裝結合、虛實結合,檢驗完善戰爭理論與作戰構想,提升戰爭研究成果的科學性實用性,全面提升戰爭研究的整體水準。

完善戰爭研究的新機制。積極探索新時代戰爭研究的特徵規律,總結戰爭研究的新經驗,創新戰爭研究的新機制。完善小核心、大外圍的協同創新機制,形成戰爭研究的整體合力。完善規劃計畫主導機制,以需求為牽引、以問題為導向、以融合為路徑,細化完善戰爭研究各領域、各方向發展的路線圖施工圖;科學配置科研資源投向投量,形成遠近兼顧、上下貫通、左右銜接的戰爭研究規劃計畫體系。完善戰爭研究與作戰訓練結合機制,把戰爭研究當作訓練的重要環節,加大研究性訓練比重,使部隊訓練成為戰爭研究的有機組成部分。完善理論探索與條令法規快速轉化與促進機制,使戰爭理論研究成果迅速轉化為作戰條令法規,打通從理論到實踐快速轉化、相互促進的創新鏈路。改善人才管理與激勵機制,結合新的戰爭研究實際,調整完善人才引進、選拔、評估、激勵、保障等機制,激發及調動廣大科研人員的積極性主動性創造性,最大限度釋放創新活力。

中國共產黨原文參考:http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2017/1102/c415067-29623228.html

Chinese People’s Liberation Army : “Selected Collection of Important Documents on Military Work of the Communist Party of China”

中國人民解放軍:《中國共產黨軍事工作重要文獻選集》

現代英語:

Beijing, July 30. The “Selected Collection of Important Documents on the Military Work of the Communist Party of China” edited by the Party History and Documentation Research Institute of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Academy of Military Sciences of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army has been published by the Central Literature Publishing House and the People’s Liberation Army Publishing House. The main chapters of the book are introduced below.

  ”On Correcting Wrong Thoughts within the Party” is the first part of the resolution written by Comrade Mao Zedong for the Ninth Congress of the Fourth Army of the Red Army of the Communist Party of China in December 1929. It was pointed out that various non-proletarian ideas existed within the Communist Party of the Fourth Red Army, which was a great hindrance to the implementation of the party’s correct line. Based on the spirit of the September letter from the Central Committee, the congress pointed out the manifestations, sources and methods of correction of various non-proletarian ideas within the Fourth Army Party, and called on comrades to rise up and eliminate them thoroughly. It was emphasized that the Red Army is by no means simply fighting wars. In addition to fighting to eliminate the enemy’s military power, it also undertakes major tasks such as propagandizing the masses, organizing the masses, arming the masses, helping the masses establish revolutionary political power and even establish communist organizations.

  ”A single spark can start a prairie fire” is a letter written by Comrade Mao Zedong on January 5, 1930. The letter criticized some comrades in the party for their pessimistic assessment of the current situation, pointing out that “there is no profound concept of establishing a red political power in the guerrilla areas” and that “nationwide, including all localities, win over the masses first and then The theory of establishing political power is not suitable for the actual situation of the Chinese revolution. “The main source of their theory is that they did not clearly understand that China is a semi-colony that many imperialist countries compete with each other. The letter provides an in-depth analysis of the balance of power between the enemy and ourselves, and profoundly reveals the inevitable development trend of the Chinese revolution from a “spark” of a small red regime to a “prairie fire” across the country.

  ”Strategic Issues in China’s Revolutionary War” was written by Comrade Mao Zedong in December 1936 and gave a lecture at the Red Army University. The article discusses the basic viewpoints and methods of studying war issues, further discusses the characteristics of China’s revolutionary war and the main conditions for victory, stipulates the guiding line for the Red Army’s war under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, and stipulates the characteristics of China’s revolutionary war. Strategy and tactics. The main ones are: it is necessary to grasp the law of long-term repetition of “encirclement and suppression” and counter-“encirclement and suppression”; it is necessary to adopt the strategic policy of active defense; it is necessary to retreat and lure the enemy deeper for the attack under certain conditions; it is necessary to implement the concentration of troops to defeat the enemy. We should adopt mobile warfare as the main form of combat of the Red Army; we should adopt strategic protracted warfare, battles and quick decisive battles in battles, and regard the war of annihilation as a fundamental guiding ideology of the Red Army’s operations.

  ”Strategic Issues in the Anti-Japanese Guerrilla War” was written by Comrade Mao Zedong in May 1938 in response to the erroneous tendency of many people inside and outside the Party at that time to underestimate the important strategic role of guerrilla war and to place their hopes only in regular warfare, especially in the operations of the Kuomintang army. A long article written. It is pointed out that the strategic problem of guerrilla war occurs under such circumstances: China is neither a small country nor, unlike the Soviet Union, a large but weak country. This big but weak country is attacked by another small but strong country, but this big but weak country is in the era of progress, and the whole problem occurs from here. Because China is large and weak, but has the Communist Party and its army and the broad masses of the people; Japan is small and strong, but has insufficient military strength, which will leave many empty places in its occupied areas. This makes the Eighth Route Army led by the Communist Party and the anti-Japanese The people’s armed forces have gained broad scope in developing guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines. The anti-Japanese guerrilla war is not just a tactical and operational issue, but has a strategic status.

  ”On Protracted War” was a speech delivered by Comrade Mao Zedong at the Yan’an Anti-Japanese War Research Society from May 26 to June 3, 1938. Based on the experience of the past year of the Anti-Japanese War, the article refuted the “theory of national subjugation” and the “theory of quick victory” and pointed out that the Sino-Japanese War was a desperate struggle between semi-colonial and semi-feudal China and imperialist Japan in the 1930s. war. In this war, China and Japan had four basic contradictory characteristics. These characteristics stipulate that the protracted war and the final victory belong to China, and China must adopt the policy of lasting victory over the enemy in the war of resistance. The article scientifically foresees the three stages that the Anti-Japanese War will pass through. The article completely puts forward the strategic and tactical guiding principles of the Anti-Japanese War, pointing out that the soldiers and the people are the foundation of victory; the deepest root of the power of war exists among the people.

  ”War and Strategic Issues” is part of the conclusion made by Comrade Mao Zedong at the enlarged Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on November 6, 1938. It was pointed out that the strategic status of the anti-Japanese guerrilla war must be clarified. In the entire War of Resistance Against Japan, regular warfare is the main force and guerrilla warfare is the auxiliary force, but guerrilla warfare occupies an important strategic position. Because there is no guerrilla war with the largest and most persistent force behind enemy lines, the enemy has no worries, and the attack will be more aggressive. The continued resistance may be shaken; or the counterattack force is insufficiently prepared and there is no response during the counterattack, it is impossible to defeat Japan. China’s survival depends on the outcome of the war. Therefore, the study of military theory, strategy and tactics, and political work cannot be delayed, and the theory of war and strategy is the backbone of everything.

  ”Concentrate superior forces and annihilate enemies individually” is an instruction to the party drafted by Comrade Mao Zedong for the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China on September 16, 1946. The instructions concentrated on the combat methods of concentrating superior forces and annihilating the enemy one by one, and fundamentally solved the military principle problem of how to gradually defeat the Kuomintang army in the war. It was pointed out that the principle of concentrating forces to annihilate the enemy individually is to take the annihilation of the enemy’s effective forces as the main goal, and not to defend or seize the place as the main goal. The instructions also pointed out that the effects of this method of warfare are: first, total annihilation; second, quick victory. Quick decisions in tactics and operations are a necessary condition for lasting strategy.

  The “Declaration of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army” is a political declaration drafted by Comrade Mao Zedong for the headquarters of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army on October 10, 1947. It was pointed out that the purpose of our army’s operations, which has been repeatedly announced at home and abroad, is for the liberation of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation. Today, it is to realize the urgent demands of the people across the country, to overthrow Chiang Kai-shek, the culprit of the civil war, to organize a democratic coalition government to achieve the overall goal of liberating the people and the nation, and to announce eight basic policies. Emphasizing that all officers and soldiers of our army must always remember that we are the great People’s Liberation Army and a team led by the great Communist Party of China. As long as we always abide by the party’s instructions, we will surely win.

  ”The People’s Liberation Army is always a fighting team and a working team” is part of Comrade Mao Zedong’s report at the second plenary session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on March 5, 1949. It was pointed out that there are only three ways to deal with the remaining Kuomintang troops in the future: Tianjin, Peiping, and Suiyuan. The People’s Liberation Army is always a fighting team and a work team. As the fighting gradually decreases, the role of the work team increases, especially when the Beiping method or the Suiyuan method is used to solve problems in various parts of the south. Within a short period of time, the entire People’s Liberation Army must be transformed into work teams. The 2.1 million field army must be regarded as a huge cadre school. In the situation of national victory, the focus of the party’s work must be moved from the countryside to the city, and great efforts must be made to learn to manage and build cities.

  ”The Victory and Significance of Resisting U.S. Aggression and Aiding Korea” was part of Comrade Mao Zedong’s speech at the 24th Session of the Central People’s Government Committee on September 12, 1953. It was pointed out that after three years of resisting U.S. aggression and aiding Korea, a great victory was achieved, and there were military, political, and economic reasons for its success. Leadership is one factor, and the masses’ thinking of solutions is the most important. Our experience is: relying on the people and a relatively correct leadership, we can use our inferior equipment to defeat the enemy with superior equipment. The victory in the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea was great and of great significance.

  The “General Provisions of the Political Work Regulations of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (Draft)” were promulgated by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the People’s Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central People’s Government on April 15, 1954, and ordered the entire army to implement them. There are seven general principles in total, which point out that the Chinese People’s Liberation Army is the armed force of the People’s Republic of China and a people’s army led by the Communist Party of China that defends the motherland and serves the people’s revolutionary struggle and national construction. The Communist Party of China is the founder and organizer of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army. The Party’s Marxist-Leninist political line and military line are the decisive factors for this army’s victory. Standing closely with the people and serving the people wholeheartedly is the sole purpose of this army. The Chinese People’s Liberation Army must resolutely fight for the party’s program and line and for socialist communism. The Communist Party of China has established party committees at all levels in the Chinese People’s Liberation Army as the core of the unified leadership of the army; it has also determined the division of labor and responsibility system of chiefs under the unified collective leadership of the party committee as the party’s leadership system for the army. The political work of the Communist Party of China in the Chinese People’s Liberation Army is the lifeline of our army.

  ”The Relationship between Economic Construction and National Defense Construction” is the third part of Comrade Mao Zedong’s speech at the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on April 25, 1956. The speech explained the dialectical relationship between economic construction and national defense construction, pointing out that national defense is indispensable. Now, we have a certain defense capability. Our defense industry is building. Only if economic construction develops faster can national defense construction make greater progress. We must strengthen national defense, so we must first strengthen economic construction. This is a question of strategic policy.

  ”The Task of Military Reorganization” was Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s speech at the enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China on July 14, 1975. He pointed out that the army is now a bit bloated, scattered, arrogant, extravagant and lazy. To reorganize the army is to reorganize the five words mentioned above. During the reorganization of the army, it is necessary to strengthen cadre learning, strengthen party spirit, opposition spirit, strengthen discipline, and carry forward the traditional style of hard work. The Military Commission must focus on establishment, equipment, and strategy. The issues to be studied in strategy are not only combat issues, but also training. Our tradition has always been that political organs manage cadres, and leaders always have to go through political organs to assess and review cadres. This is in line with organizational principles. We must inherit this good tradition. Nowadays, when selecting cadres, especially senior cadres, we must choose those who work hard or work relatively hard. The responsibility for running the military well lies with the main members above the military level. As long as everyone takes the lead and works hard to achieve the eight words Comrade Mao Zedong said: unity, intensity, seriousness, and liveliness, the problems of the army will not be difficult to solve, and the party’s line, principles, and policies can be implemented well. In short, the people’s army must carry forward the revolutionary tradition and strive for greater glory.

  ”The military must raise education and training to a strategic position” was part of Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s speech at a symposium of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China on August 23, 1977. It was pointed out that under the conditions of no war, the education and training of the military should be raised to a strategic position. It should be done from two aspects. On the one hand, the army itself should promote hard study and training; on the other hand, it should solve the cadre problem by running schools. There are three requirements for running a school. First, train cadres, select cadres, and recommend cadres. Second, earnestly study the knowledge of modern warfare and learn the joint operations of all services and arms. Third, restore the traditional style of our military. The purpose of running a school is to improve the level of the cadres, strengthen their capabilities, and make them younger, especially the cadres of the combat troops, so that our cadres can master some knowledge of modern warfare and have a good style of work.

  ”Our strategic policy is active defense” was part of Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s speech at the plenary session of the Defense Operations Research Class held by the General Staff Headquarters of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army on October 15, 1980. Point out, what policy will we adopt in our future anti-aggression war? I agree with the four words “active defense”. Active defense itself is not just a defense, there is offense within defense. Another thing to emphasize is to focus on training. You can’t relax on this matter. In training, we must pay attention to synthetic training and focus on synthetic army combat training. Not only schools pay attention to training, but the troops also pay attention to actual combat training.

  ”Building a powerful modernized and regularized revolutionary army” was a speech delivered by Comrade Deng Xiaoping when he reviewed the military exercise troops somewhere in North China on September 19, 1981. It was pointed out that our army is a strong pillar of the people’s democratic dictatorship and shoulders the glorious mission of defending the socialist motherland and safeguarding the construction of the four modernizations. Our army must be built into a powerful, modern and regularized revolutionary army.

  ”The military must obey the overall situation of national construction” was part of Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s speech at the Central Military Commission symposium on November 1, 1984. He pointed out that what is needed now is for the party, government, military and civilians across the country to wholeheartedly obey the overall situation of national construction and take care of this overall situation. Our military has its own responsibilities and must not hinder this overall situation. It must closely cooperate with this overall situation and act within this overall situation. Everyone must proceed from the overall situation, take care of the overall situation, and do everything possible to develop our country’s economy.

  ”Speech at the Enlarged Meeting of the Central Military Commission” was Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s speech on June 4, 1985. It was pointed out that reducing the number of personnel in the Chinese People’s Liberation Army by one million is a sign of the strength and confidence of the Chinese Communist Party, the Chinese government and the Chinese people. It was pointed out that after smashing the “Gang of Four”, especially after the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, our judgment on the international situation has changed, and our foreign policy has also changed. These are two important changes. The first change is the understanding of war and peace issues. It is possible that a large-scale world war will not occur for a relatively long period of time, and there is hope for maintaining world peace. Based on these analyzes of the general trend of the world and the analysis of our surrounding environment, we have changed our original view that the danger of war is imminent. The second change is our foreign policy. For some time in the past, we implemented a “one-line” strategy. Now we have changed that strategy, which is a major shift. We pursue an independent and correct diplomatic line and foreign policy, hold high the banner of opposing hegemonism and safeguarding world peace, and stand firmly on the side of the forces of peace.

  The “Notice of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China approving the Central Military Commission’s Decision on Military Political Work in the New Era” was issued on February 15, 1987. It was pointed out that this decision is guided by Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, inherits the fine traditions of the political work of the party and the army, and combines the tasks and situations faced by the army in the new historical period, and sets out the guiding ideology, main tasks, principles and policies of the political work of the army. and basic methods, and has made correct explanations and regulations, which has an important long-term guiding role in ensuring the revolutionary, modernization, and regularization of the army and ensuring that the army completes the glorious mission of defending the motherland and building the motherland. The “Decision” discusses how to implement strategic changes in adapting to the guiding ideology of national defense construction and army building and do a good job in the political work of the army in the new era. It is divided into seven issues. It was pointed out that the People’s Liberation Army shoulders major historical responsibilities in realizing the country’s three major tasks and must strengthen the political work of our army under new historical conditions.

  ”Speech when meeting all comrades attending the enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission” was a speech delivered by Comrade Deng Xiaoping on November 12, 1989. pointed out that I am convinced that our military can always adhere to its own nature. This nature is the army of the party, the army of the people, and the army of the socialist country. This is different from militaries around the world. It is also different from the armies of other socialist countries because their armies have different experiences from our armies. Our military must always be loyal to the party, the people, the country, and socialism.

  ”The troops must be politically qualified, militarily strong, have a good work style, have strict discipline, and have strong support” was part of Comrade Jiang Zemin’s speech at the military work conference of the entire army on December 1, 1990. It was pointed out that the most fundamental thing to do in building the army is to do a good job in ideological and political work. It is necessary to strengthen organizational discipline and ensure the concentration and unity of the troops. Military training is an important means for the troops to cultivate their style, improve their military quality, and enhance their combat effectiveness in peacetime. Military training must be placed in a strategic position. Whether it is military training or the entire military work, we should do it in a practical way. Only by doing it in a practical way can we achieve results.

  ”The International Situation and Military Strategic Principles” was the main part of Comrade Jiang Zemin’s speech at the enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission on January 13, 1993. It is pointed out that the basic content of the military strategic policy of active defense is to take Mao Zedong’s military thought and Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s thoughts on military construction in the new era as the fundamental guidance, obey and serve the national development strategy, and be based on winning a possible modern technological special situation. It is a local war under high-tech conditions. Accelerate the quality construction of our army, strive to improve our army’s emergency combat capabilities, use strengths and avoid weaknesses, be flexible, contain wars, win wars, defend the country’s territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests, maintain the unity of the motherland and social stability, and provide Reform, opening up and modernization provide a strong security guarantee.

  The “Notice of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Forwarding the Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Ideological and Political Construction of the Army under the Conditions of Reform, Opening Up and the Development of a Socialist Market Economy” was issued on August 24, 1999. It was pointed out that winning future high-tech wars and maintaining the nature, true character and style of the people’s army are the party’s highest political requirements for the people’s army in the new era. The “Decision” pointed out that we must unswervingly hold high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory, ensure the Party’s absolute leadership over the military, must always put ideological and political construction at the top of all military constructions, and must closely focus on the centralization of military modernization. We must adhere to the unity of inheriting fine traditions and reform and innovation. The mission of our military’s ideological and political construction under the new historical conditions is to provide strong spiritual motivation for winning future high-tech wars and to provide reliable political guarantee for maintaining the nature, true character and style of the people’s army.

  ”Mechanization and informatization are the dual historical tasks of our military construction” was part of Comrade Jiang Zemin’s speech at the enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission on December 11, 2000. He pointed out that by stepping up preparations for military struggle, we have grasped the main contradiction in the current military construction. We must strive to complete the dual historical tasks of mechanization and informatization of our army, focus on building a modern combat system that adapts to the requirements of high-tech warfare, persist in using the spirit of reform and innovation to carry out the comprehensive construction of our army centered on modernization, and further improve the mechanism of scientific decision-making and means.

  ”On Military Transformation with Chinese Characteristics” was Comrade Jiang Zemin’s speech at the enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission on December 27, 2002. It is pointed out that the new military revolution is entering a new stage of qualitative change and is likely to develop into a profound military revolution that affects the world and involves all military fields. It will inevitably lead to revolutionary changes in a series of aspects such as military construction and combat methods. It is possible that It further widens the gap in military strength between China and major countries in the world and increases the potential threat to China’s military security. With a sense of urgency that time cannot wait, we must actively promote military reform with Chinese characteristics, accelerate the transformation of our military from mechanization and semi-mechanization to informationization, and comprehensively improve our military’s deterrence and actual combat capabilities.

  ”The Historical Mission of Our Army in the New Century and New Stage” was part of Comrade Hu Jintao’s speech at the enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission on December 24, 2004. It was pointed out that after a comprehensive analysis of the development requirements of the times and changes in China’s security situation, the historical mission of our army in the new century and new stage must be accurately grasped from the following aspects: providing an important force guarantee for the party to consolidate its ruling position, and safeguarding the development of the country. It provides a strong security guarantee during a period of important strategic opportunities, provides strong strategic support for safeguarding national interests, and plays an important role in safeguarding world peace and promoting common development.

  ”Transformation to Military Training under Informatization Conditions” was part of Comrade Hu Jintao’s speech at the military training conference on June 27, 2006. It was pointed out that entering the new stage of the new century, our army has adapted to the development trend of war forms and combat methods, established the strategic goal of building an information-based army and winning information-based wars, and strives to promote the compound development of mechanization and informationization. Military training is undergoing a revolution. Profound change. Based on the actual progress and development level of mechanization and informatization construction, we must proceed from reality, provide classified guidance, creatively carry out military training, strive to improve the quality and effect of training, and solidly promote the transformation of military training under mechanized conditions to military training under informationized conditions. Accelerate the improvement of our military’s deterrence and actual combat capabilities under informationization conditions.

  ”Building a consolidated national defense and a strong military compatible with national security and development interests” was part of Comrade Hu Jintao’s speech at the enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission on December 28, 2007. It was pointed out that continuing to develop socialism with Chinese characteristics at a new historical starting point has put forward new requirements for strengthening national defense and army building. We must strive to build a solid national defense and a strong military that is commensurate with the country’s international status and consistent with national security and development interests. Enriching the country and strengthening the army are the two cornerstones for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. It is necessary to coordinate economic construction and national defense construction, and achieve the unity of enriching the country and strengthening the military in the process of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way.

  ”Cultivating the Core Values ​​of Contemporary Revolutionary Soldiers” was part of Comrade Hu Jintao’s speech at the enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission on December 24, 2008. It was pointed out that the core values ​​of contemporary revolutionary soldiers are embodied in “loyalty to the party, love for the people, serving the country, dedication to the mission, and advocating honor.” We must persist in using the core values ​​of contemporary revolutionary soldiers to guide the thoughts and behaviors of officers and soldiers, guide officers and soldiers to always maintain political firmness and ideological and moral purity, and truly win the battle without deterioration. It is necessary to integrate the core values ​​​​of contemporary revolutionary soldiers into all aspects of military building, and do a good job in ideological education, public opinion guidance, cultural edification, model demonstration, practical cultivation, and institutional guarantees, so that the core values ​​​​of contemporary revolutionary soldiers can be universally understood and recognized by officers and soldiers, and they can consciously cultivate and practice them. .

  The “Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council, and the Central Military Commission on Strengthening National Defense Education under the New Situation” was issued on April 19, 2011. It was pointed out that national defense education is the foundation for building and consolidating national defense and an important way to enhance national cohesion and improve the quality of the entire people. We must fully understand the importance of strengthening national defense education under the new situation. It is necessary to firmly establish a concept of national defense that is consistent with the requirements of the Scientific Outlook on Development, focus on national defense education for leading cadres at all levels, vigorously promote the popularization of national defense education in all sectors of society, actively improve and innovate methods and means of national defense education, and strive to provide policies for popularizing national defense education Support and related guarantees, and effectively strengthen the organizational leadership of national defense education.

  ”Firmly grasp the goal of strengthening the military and build a strong people’s army” was part of Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech at the plenary session of the People’s Liberation Army delegation at the first session of the 12th National People’s Congress on March 11, 2013. It was pointed out that the party’s goal of strengthening the army under the new situation is to build a people’s army that obeys the party’s command, can win wars, and has a good work style. Listening to the party’s command is the soul and determines the political direction of military construction; being able to win battles is the core, reflecting the fundamental functions of the military and the fundamental direction of military construction; excellent work style is the guarantee, and is related to the nature, purpose and true quality of the military. This goal clarifies the focus and focus of strengthening military construction, which the entire military must accurately grasp to guide military construction, reform and military struggle preparations, and strive to raise national defense and military construction to a new level.

  ”Deepening National Defense and Military Reform” is the fifteenth part of the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform” adopted at the third plenary session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on November 12, 2013. It is pointed out that we must closely focus on the party’s goal of strengthening the military under the new situation, strive to solve outstanding contradictions and problems that restrict the development of national defense and military construction, innovate and develop military theory, strengthen military strategic guidance, improve military strategic guidelines for the new era, and build a modern modern society with Chinese characteristics. military power system.

  ”Effectively strengthening and improving the political work of our military under the new situation” was part of Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech at the military political work conference on October 31, 2014. It was pointed out that we must closely focus on the theme of the times for our military’s political work, strengthen and improve our military’s political work under the new situation, and give full play to the lifeline role of political work in strengthening and rejuvenating the army. The most important thing is to firmly establish four fundamental things in the entire army: ideals and beliefs, party spirit principles, combat effectiveness standards, and political work authority. He emphasized that adhering to the Party’s absolute leadership over the military is the soul of a strong military, and forging a solid military soul is the core task of our military’s political work. It is necessary to grasp the characteristics and laws of soul-casting and educating people under the new situation, and strive to cultivate a new generation of revolutionary soldiers with soul, ability, blood and moral character.

  ”Comprehensively implement the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military, and unswervingly follow the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics” was part of Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech at the Central Military Commission Reform Work Conference on November 24, 2015. It is pointed out that deepening the reform of national defense and the army is the requirement of the times to realize the Chinese Dream and the dream of building a strong military. It is the only way to strengthen and rejuvenate the army, and it is also a key move to determine the future of the army. In accordance with the requirements of the “Four Comprehensives” strategic layout, guided by the Party’s goal of strengthening the military under the new situation, we must implement the military strategic guidelines under the new situation, comprehensively implement the strategy of reform and strengthening the military, and strive to solve the institutional obstacles that restrict national defense and military construction. , structural contradictions and policy issues, promote the modernization of the military’s organizational form, further liberate and develop combat effectiveness, further liberate and enhance the vitality of the military, and build a consolidated national defense and a strong military commensurate with our country’s international status and compatible with national security and development interests, Provide a strong guarantee of strength to achieve the “Two Centenary Goals” and realize the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. It was emphasized that the General Principle of the leadership and command system reform is that the Military Commission takes charge of the overall affairs, the theaters are responsible for the battle, and the military services are responsible for the construction.

  ”Comprehensively implement the innovation-driven development strategy and promote national defense and military construction to achieve new leaps” was part of Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech at the plenary session of the People’s Liberation Army Delegation at the Fourth Session of the 12th National People’s Congress on March 13, 2016. It is pointed out that innovation capability is the core competitiveness of an army and an accelerator for generating and improving combat effectiveness. Promoting new leaps and bounds in national defense and military construction through reform and innovation is a key to determining the future and destiny of our military. We must make great efforts to focus on theoretical innovation, scientific and technological innovation, scientific management, talent gathering, and practical innovation, drive and promote comprehensive innovation with key breakthroughs, and continuously create new situations for strengthening the military.

  ”On the Central Military Commission’s Adherence to the Chairman’s Responsibility System” was part of Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech at the Central Military Commission’s Democratic Life Conference on February 4, 2017. He pointed out that our party’s system is for the party leader to serve as chairman of the Central Military Commission, which is to ensure the party’s absolute leadership over the military. We must understand the extreme importance of this system from the perspective of prosperity and long-term stability of the party, country and army. The chairman’s responsibility system solves the issue of the highest leadership and command power of our military. It is the chairman of the Central Military Commission who has the final say and final say on major issues of our military. To implement the chairman’s responsibility system, the entire military must be particularly clear-headed and conscious in its actions, and report major issues to the request for instructions.

  ”Speech at the Conference to Celebrate the 90th Anniversary of the Founding of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army” was Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech on August 1, 2017. It was pointed out that standing at a new historical starting point, we must speed up the construction of the people’s army into a world-class army. To advance the cause of building a strong military, we must unswervingly uphold the Party’s absolute leadership over the military and ensure that the People’s Army always follows the Party; we must uphold and develop the Party’s military guiding theory, and constantly open up new realms of development of Marxist military theory and contemporary China’s military practice; We must always focus on preparing for war, and forging elite troops who are ready to fight when called upon, and who are sure to win in battle; we must persist in building the army politically, strengthening the army through reform, developing the army through science and technology, and running the army in accordance with the law, so as to comprehensively improve the modernization level of national defense and the army. ; We must further promote the development of military-civilian integration and build a national strategic system and capability for military-civilian integration; we must adhere to the fundamental purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly and always be a soldier trusted by the people, supported by the people, and loved by the people.

  ”Adhere to the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics and comprehensively promote the modernization of national defense and the military” was part of Comrade Xi Jinping’s report at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China on October 18, 2017. It was pointed out that in the face of profound changes in the national security environment and the requirements of the times for a strong country and strong military, we must fully implement the Party’s thought on strengthening the military in the new era, implement the military strategic guidelines under the new situation, and build a powerful modern army, navy, air force, rocket Army and strategic support forces, build a strong and efficient theater joint operations command structure, build a modern combat system with Chinese characteristics, and shoulder the missions of the new era entrusted by the party and the people.

  ”Continuously creating a new realm for the development of contemporary China’s Marxist military theory and military practice” was part of Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech at the enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission on December 22, 2017. It was pointed out that in the magnificent practice of strengthening the army, we focus on realizing the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, focus on what kind of strong people’s army to build in the new era and how to build a strong people’s army, and conduct in-depth theoretical exploration and practical creation to form The Party’s thought on strengthening the army in the new era. It is clear that a strong country must have a strong army. Consolidating national defense and a strong people’s army are strategic supports for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in the new era. It is clear that the party’s goal of strengthening the army in the new era is to build a force that can obey the party’s command and be capable. The people’s army that wins battles and has an excellent work style must be consistent with the national modernization process and strive to basically realize the modernization of national defense and the army by 2035, and fully build the people’s army into a world-class army by the middle of this century; it is clear that the party’s absolute leadership over the army is the people The foundation of building an army and the soul of a strong army must fully implement a series of fundamental principles and systems for the Party’s leadership of the army to ensure that the army is absolutely loyal, absolutely pure, and absolutely reliable; it is clear that the army must be prepared to fight, and must focus on being able to fight and fight. To win the war, innovatively develop military strategic guidance, build a modern combat system with Chinese characteristics, comprehensively improve the ability to prepare for war in the new era, effectively shape the situation, manage crises, contain wars, and win wars; it is clear that excellent work style is the distinctive feature and political advantage of our military, and must Strengthen the construction of work style and discipline, unswervingly improve the work style and discipline, fight corruption and punish evil, vigorously carry forward the glorious traditions and fine styles of our party and our army, and always maintain the nature, purpose and true quality of the people’s army; it is clear that to advance the cause of strengthening the army, we must adhere to political construction The army, reform and strengthen the army, develop the army through science and technology, and run the army in accordance with the law, pay more attention to focusing on actual combat, pay more attention to innovation-driven, pay more attention to system construction, pay more attention to intensive and efficient, pay more attention to military-civilian integration, comprehensively improve the level of revolution, modernization and regularization; clarify the reform It is the only way to strengthen the army. We must promote the modernization of the military’s organizational form, build a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics, and improve the socialist military system with Chinese characteristics. It is clear that innovation is the first driving force for development, and we must insist on seeking combat effectiveness from scientific and technological innovation, and coordinate the advancement of the military Innovate in theory, technology, organization, management, culture and other aspects to build an innovative people’s army; clarify that a modern military must build a military legal system with Chinese characteristics, promote fundamental changes in the way of running the military, and improve the level of legalization of national defense and military construction; clarify that the military and civilians must Integrated development is a strategy to rejuvenate the country and strengthen the military. We must adhere to the principle of balancing development and security, enriching the country and strengthening the military, forming an all-factor, multi-domain, and highly effective military-civilian integration in-depth development pattern, and building an integrated national strategic system and capabilities. We must comprehensively and accurately study and understand the Party’s thought on strengthening the military in the new era and implement it unswervingly.

  ”Unswervingly Uphold the Party’s Absolute Leadership over the Military” was part of Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech at the Party Building Conference of the Central Military Commission on August 17, 2018. It was pointed out that to uphold the Party’s absolute leadership over the military, first of all, the entire military must be absolutely loyal to the Party. To be absolutely loyal to the Party, we must build a solid ideological foundation of listening to the Party and following the Party. It is necessary to strengthen loyalty identification and political inspection to ensure that the barrel of the gun is firmly in the hands of those who are absolutely loyal to the party.

  ”Uphold and improve the Party’s absolute leadership system over the People’s Army and ensure that the People’s Army faithfully performs its missions and tasks in the new era” is the “Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s Resolution on Upholding the Mission and Tasks of the New Era” adopted at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on October 31, 2019. and the Decision on Several Major Issues in Improving the Socialist System with Chinese Characteristics and Advancing the Modernization of the National Governance System and Governance Capacity.” It was pointed out that the party’s absolute leadership over the people’s army is the foundation of the people’s army and the soul of a strong army. The Central Military Commission’s implementation of the chairman’s responsibility system is the fundamental implementation form of upholding the party’s absolute leadership over the people’s military. We must firmly establish the guiding position of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military in national defense and military construction, insist that the highest leadership and command power of the People’s Army belong to the Party Central Committee, improve the Party building system of the People’s Army, and implement the Party’s absolute leadership over the People’s Army into the military The entire process of construction in various fields.

  ”Comprehensively strengthening practical military training and comprehensively improving training levels and winning capabilities” are the key points of Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech at the Central Military Commission’s military training conference on November 25, 2020. It is pointed out that military training is the regular and central work of the army, the basic way to generate and improve combat effectiveness, and the most direct preparation for military struggle. We must continue to focus on preparing for war, adhere to actual combat training, joint combat training, science and technology-based training, and law-based training, carry forward fine traditions, strengthen reform and innovation, accelerate the construction of a new military training system, and comprehensively improve training levels and winning capabilities, in order to achieve The Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era is to provide strong support for building our military into a world-class military.

  ”Promoting historic achievements and historic changes in national defense and military construction in the new era” is derived from the “Major Issues of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Party’s Centenary Struggle” adopted at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on November 11, 2021. The fourth part of the resolution “Creating a New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics”. It was pointed out that since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the party has proposed the goal of strengthening the military in the new era, established military strategic guidelines for the new era, and formulated the goal of achieving the centenary goal of the founding of the army by 2027, basically realizing the modernization of national defense and the army by 2035, and The new “three-step” strategy for national defense and military modernization to build a world-class military in an all-round way by the middle of the century, promote political military building, strengthen the military through reform, strengthen the military through science and technology, strengthen the military through talent, and run the military in accordance with the law, and accelerate the modernization of military theory and the modernization of military organizational forms. , modernize military personnel, modernize weapons and equipment, accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, comprehensively strengthen military training and preparations, and adhere to the path of building a strong military with Chinese characteristics. Under the strong leadership of the Party, the People’s Army has achieved overall revolutionary reshaping, reorganized and started again, simultaneously improved its national defense strength and economic strength, accelerated the construction of an integrated national strategic system and capabilities, established and improved the management and support system for veterans, and established a national defense system. Mobilization is more efficient, and unity between the military and the government and the people is more consolidated. The People’s Army has resolutely fulfilled its missions and tasks in the new era, and defended national sovereignty, security, and development interests with its tenacious fighting spirit and practical actions.

  ”In-depth implementation of the strategy of strengthening the military through talents in the new era” is the key point of Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech at the Central Military Commission Talent Work Conference on November 26, 2021. It is pointed out that talents are the key factor to promote the high-quality development of our military, win military competition and take the initiative in future wars. To implement the strategy of strengthening the military with talents in the new era, we must implement the Party’s absolute leadership over the military in all aspects and the entire process of talent work. We must regard the ability to fight and win wars as the starting point and foothold of talent work. We must face the world’s military frontier and face major national security issues. To meet the needs of national defense and military modernization, we must cultivate and make good use of talents in an all-round way, deepen the reform of military human resources policies and systems, and implement the strategy of strengthening the country through talents.

  ”Implementing the strategy of running the military according to law and improving the level of legalization of national defense and military construction” were the key points of Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech when attending the plenary meeting of the People’s Liberation Army and Armed Police Force delegation at the fifth session of the 13th National People’s Congress on March 7, 2022. It was pointed out that running the army in accordance with the law is the basic way for our party to build and run the army, and is an inevitable requirement to achieve the party’s goal of strengthening the army in the new era. It is necessary to uphold the party’s absolute leadership over the military, adhere to combat effectiveness standards, insist on building a military legal system with Chinese characteristics, insist on transforming the way of running the military in accordance with the requirements of the rule of law, insist on strict discipline in the military, insist on seizing the “critical minority” of leading cadres, and insist on the dominant position of officers and soldiers. , insisting on implementing the requirements of comprehensively governing the country according to law.

  ”Achieve the Centenary Goal of the Founding of the Army and Create a New Situation in the Modernization of National Defense and the Army” is part of Comrade Xi Jinping’s report at the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China on October 16, 2022. It was pointed out that achieving the centenary goal of the founding of the army as scheduled and accelerating the building of the people’s army into a world-class army are strategic requirements for comprehensively building a modern socialist country. We must implement the Party’s thought on strengthening the army in the new era, implement the military strategic principles of the new era, adhere to the Party’s absolute leadership over the people’s army, adhere to political army building, reform to strengthen the army, science and technology to strengthen the army, talents to strengthen the army, and rule of law, and adhere to border struggles. , prepare for war while building, adhere to the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, accelerate the modernization of military theory, military organizational form, military personnel, and weapons and equipment, improve the strategic ability to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests, and effectively fulfill the new era People’s Army missions.

現代漢語普通話:

新華社北京7月30日電 由中共中央黨史與文獻研究院、中國人民解放軍軍事科學院編輯的《中國共產黨軍事工作重要文獻選編》,已由中央文獻出版社、解放軍出版社出版。現將該書主要篇目介紹如下。

《關於糾正黨內的錯誤思想》是毛澤東同志1929年12月為中國共產黨紅軍第四軍第九次代表大會寫的決議的第一部分。指出,紅軍第四軍的共產黨內存在著各種非無產階級的思想,這對於執行黨的正確路線,妨礙極大。大會根據中央九月來信的精神,指出四軍黨內各種非無產階級思想的表現、來源及其糾正的方法,號召同志們起來徹底地加以肅清。強調,紅軍決不是單純地打仗的,它除了打仗消滅敵人軍事力量之外,還要負擔宣傳群眾、組織群眾、武裝群眾、幫助群眾建立革命政權以至於建立共產黨的組織等項重大的任務。

《星星之火,可以燎原》是毛澤東同志1930年1月5日的一封信。信中批評黨內一些同志對時局估量的一種悲觀思想,指出那種“沒有在遊擊區域建立紅色政權的深刻的觀念”,那種“全國範圍的、包括一切地方的、先爭取群眾後建立政權的理論,是於中國革命的實情不適合的。信中深入分析了敵我力量對比情況,深刻地揭示了中國革命由小塊紅色政權的「星星之火」到全國「燎原」的必然發展趨勢。

《中國革命戰爭的戰略問題》是毛澤東同志1936年12月寫的,曾在紅軍大學作過講演。文章論述了研究戰爭問題的基本觀點和方法,進一步論述了中國革命戰爭的特點和取得勝利的主要條件,規定了在中國共產黨領導之下的紅軍戰爭的指導路線,規定了適合中國革命戰爭特點的戰略戰術。主要是:要掌握「圍剿」和反「圍剿」長期反復的規律﹔要採取積極防禦的戰略方針﹔要在一定條件下為著進攻所必須採取的退卻和誘敵深入﹔要實行集中兵力這個克敵制勝的作戰方法,把運動戰作為紅軍的主要作戰形式﹔要採取戰略的持久戰、戰役和戰鬥的速決戰,把殲滅戰作為紅軍作戰的一個根本指導思想。

《抗日遊擊戰爭的戰略問題》是毛澤東同志1938年5月針對當時黨內外許多人輕視遊擊戰爭的重大戰略作用,而隻把自己的希望寄託於正規戰爭,特別是國民黨軍隊的作戰的錯誤傾向所寫的一篇長文。指出,遊擊戰爭的戰略問題是在這樣的情況之下發生的:中國既不是小國,又不像蘇聯,是一個大而弱的國家。這一個大而弱的國家被另一個小而強的國家所攻擊,但是這個大而弱的國家卻處於進步的時代,全部問題就從這裡發生了。由於中國大而弱,但有共產黨及其領導的軍隊和廣大人民群眾﹔日本小而強,但兵力不足,必將在其佔領區留下許多空虛的地方,這就使共產黨領導的八路軍和抗日人民武裝發展敵後遊擊戰爭獲得廣闊的天地。抗日遊擊戰爭就不僅僅是戰術和戰役上的問題,而是具有戰略地位。

《論持久戰》是毛澤東同志1938年5月26日至6月3日在延安抗日戰爭研究會的講演。文章根據抗日戰爭一年來的經驗,批駁了“亡國論”和“速勝論”,指出,中日戰爭是半殖民地半封建的中國和帝國主義的日本之間在20世紀30年代進行的一個決死的戰爭。在這場戰爭中,中日雙方存在著互相矛盾的四個基本特點。這些特點規定了戰爭的持久性和最後勝利屬於中國,中國必須採取持久勝敵的抗戰方針。文章科學地預見了抗日戰爭必將經過的三個階段。文章完整地提出了抗日戰爭的戰略戰術指導原則,指出,兵民是勝利之本﹔戰爭的偉力之最深厚的根源,存在於民眾之中。

《戰爭與戰略問題》是毛澤東同志1938年11月6日在中國共產黨第六屆中央委員會擴大的第六次全體會議上所作結論的一部分。指出,必須明確抗日遊擊戰爭的戰略地位。在抗日戰爭的全體上,正規戰爭是主要的,遊擊戰爭是輔助的,但遊擊戰爭佔有重要的戰略地位。因為沒有敵後最廣大的最堅持的遊擊戰爭,敵無後顧之憂,進攻必更猖獗,繼續抗戰可能動搖﹔或反攻力量準備不足,反攻時沒有呼應,要戰勝日本也是不可能的。中國的存亡係於戰爭的勝負,因此,研究軍事理論,研究戰略和戰術,研究政治工作,不可或緩,而戰爭和戰略的理論則是一切的骨幹。

《集中優勢兵力,各殲滅敵人》是毛澤東同志1946年9月16日為中共中央軍委起草的對黨內的指示。指示集中闡述了集中優勢兵力、各個殲滅敵人的作戰方法,從根本上解決瞭如何在戰爭中逐步擊敗國民黨軍的軍事原則問題。指出,集中兵力各殲敵的原則,以殲滅敵軍有生力量為主要目標,不以保守或奪取地方為主要目標。指示也指出,這種戰法的效果是:一能全殲﹔二能速決。在戰術和戰役上的速決,是戰略上持久的必要條件。

《中國人民解放軍宣言》是毛澤東同志1947年10月10日為中國人民解放軍總部起草的政治宣言。指出,本軍作戰目的,迭經宣告中外,是為了中國人民和中華民族的解放。而在今天,則是實現全國人民的迫切要求,打倒內戰禍首蔣介石,組織民主聯合政府,藉以達到解放人民和民族的總目標,並宣布了八項基本政策。強調,我全軍將士必須時時牢記,我們是偉大的人民解放軍,是偉大的中國共產黨領導的隊伍。只要我們時時刻刻遵守黨的指示,我們就一定勝利。

《人民解放軍永遠是一個戰鬥隊又是一個工作隊》是毛澤東同志1949年3月5日在中國共產黨第七屆中央委員會第二次全體會議上報告的一部分。指出,今後解決殘餘國民黨軍隊的方式,不外天津、北平、綏遠三種。解放軍永遠是一個戰鬥隊又是一個工作隊,隨著戰鬥的逐步地減少,工作隊的作用就增加了,特別是在南方各地用北平方式或者綏遠方式解決問題的時候是這樣。在不要很久的時間之內,要使解放軍全部轉化為工作隊。必須把二百一十萬野戰軍看成一個巨大的幹部學校。在全國勝利的局面下,黨的工作重心必須由鄉村移到城市,必須用極大的努力去學會管理城市和建設城市。

《抗美援朝的勝利和意義》是毛澤東同志1953年9月12日在中央人民政府委員會第二十四次會議上講話的一部分。指出,抗美援朝,經過三年,取得了偉大勝利,能夠和下來有軍事方面、政治方面、經濟方面的原因。領導是一個因素,群眾想辦法是最主要的。我們的經驗是:依靠人民,再加上一個比較正確的領導,就可以用我們劣勢裝備戰勝優勢裝備的敵人。抗美援朝戰爭的勝利是偉大的,而且是有很重要意義的。

《中國人民解放軍政治工作條例總則(草案)》於1954年4月15日由中國共產黨中央委員會、中央人民政府人民革命軍事委員會頒布,命令全軍執行。總則共七條,指出,中國人民解放軍是中華人民共和國的武裝力量,是中國共產黨領導的、保衛祖國、服務於人民革命鬥爭和國家建設的人民軍隊。中國共產黨是中國人民解放軍的締造者和組織者。黨的馬克思列寧主義的政治路線和軍事路線是這個軍隊取得勝利的決定因素。緊緊地和人民站在一起,全心全意地為人民服務,就是這個軍隊的唯一的宗旨。中國人民解放軍必須堅決為黨的綱領、路線,為社會主義共產主義而奮鬥。中國共產黨在中國人民解放軍中設立黨的各級委員會,作為部隊統一領導的核心﹔並確定黨委統一的集體的領導下的首長分工負責制,為黨對軍隊的領導制度。中國共產黨在中國人民解放軍中的政治工作是我軍的生命線。

《經濟建設與國防建設的關系》是毛澤東同志1956年4月25日在中共中央政治局擴大會議上講話的第三部分。講話闡釋了經濟建設和國防建設的辯証關系,指出,國防不可不有。現在,我們有了一定的國防力量。我們的國防工業正在建立。有經濟建設發展得更快了,國防建設才能夠有更大的進步。我們一定要加強國防,因此,一定要先加強經濟建設。這是戰略方針的問題。

《軍隊整頓的任務》是鄧小平同志1975年7月14日在中共中央軍委擴大會議上的講話。指出,軍隊現在有點腫、散、驕、奢、惰。軍隊整頓就是整上面講的那五個字。軍隊整頓當中,要加強幹部學習,增強黨性,反對派性,加強紀律性,發揚艱苦奮鬥的傳統作風。軍委要抓編制,抓裝備,還要抓戰略。戰略要研究的問題,不只是作戰問題,還包括訓練。我們的傳統歷來是政治機關管幹部,首長總要經過政治機關去評鑑、審查幹部,這才符合組織原則。要把這個好的傳統繼承起來。現在選幹部,特別是選高級幹部,要選艱苦奮鬥或比較艱苦奮鬥的。搞好軍隊的責任在軍隊以上的主要成員。若要大家帶頭努力,做到毛澤東同志說的八個字,團結、緊張、嚴肅、活潑,軍隊的問題是不難解決的,黨的路線、方針、政策是可以貫徹好的。總之,人民軍隊要發揚革命傳統,爭取更大榮耀。

《軍隊要把教育訓練提升到戰略地位》是鄧小平同志1977年8月23日在中共中央軍委座談會上講話的一部分。指出,在沒有戰爭的條件下,要把軍隊的教育訓練提升到戰略地位。要從兩個方面去做。一個方面是部隊本身要提倡苦學苦練,另一方面是透過辦學校來解決幹部問題。辦學校有三個要求。第一,訓練幹部,選拔幹部,推薦幹部。第二,認真學習現代化戰爭知識,學習諸軍兵種聯合作戰。第三,恢復我們軍隊的傳統作風。辦學校要達到一個目的:使幹部隊伍水準提高,能力加強,比較年輕化,特別是戰鬥部隊的幹部更要年輕些,使我們的幹部能夠掌握一些現代化戰爭知識,並且有好的作風。

《我們的戰略方針是積極防禦》是鄧小平同志1980年10月15日在中國人民解放軍總參謀部舉辦的防衛作戰研究班全體會議上講話的一部分。指出,我們未來的反侵略戰爭,究竟採取什麼方針?我贊成就是「積極防禦」四個字。積極防禦本身不只是一個防禦,防禦中有進攻。強調,再一件事,就是抓訓練。這件事可不能放鬆。訓練可是要注意合成訓練,抓合成軍作戰訓練。不但學校注意訓練,部隊也要注意實戰訓練。

《建設強大的現代化正規化的革命軍隊》是鄧小平同志1981年9月19日在華北某地檢閱軍事演習部隊時的講話。指出,我軍是人民民主專政的堅強柱石,肩負著保衛社會主義祖國、保衛四化建設的光榮使命。必須把我軍建設成為一支強大的現代化、正規化的革命軍隊。

《軍隊要服從整個國家建設大局》是鄧小平同志1984年11月1日在中央軍委座談會上講話的一部分。指出,現在需要的是全國黨政軍民一心一意地服從國家建設這個大局,照顧這個大局。我們軍隊有自己的責任,不能妨礙這個大局,要緊密地配合這個大局,而且要在這個大局下面行動。大家都要從大局出發,照顧大局,千方百計使我們國家經濟發展。

《在軍委擴大會議上的講話》是鄧小平同志1985年6月4日的講話。指出,把中國人民解放軍的員額減少一百萬,這是中國共產黨、中國政府和中國人民有力量、有信心的表現。提出,粉碎「四人幫」以後,特別是黨的十一屆三中全會以後,我們對國際形勢的判斷有變化,對外政策也有變化,這是兩個重要的轉變。第一個轉變,是對戰爭與和平問題的認識。在較長時間內不發生大規模的世界戰爭是可能的,維護世界和平是有希望的。根據對世界大勢的這些分析,以及對我們周圍環境的分析,我們改變了原來認為戰爭的危險很迫近的看法。第二個轉變,是我們的對外政策。過去有一段時間,我們搞了「一條線」的戰略。現在我們改變了這個戰略,這是一個重大的轉變。我們奉行獨立自主的正確的外交路線和對外政策,高舉反對霸權主義、維護世界和平的旗幟,堅定地站在和平力量一邊。

《中共中央批轉中央軍委〈關於新時期軍隊政治工作的決定》的通知》是1987年2月15日印發的。指出,這個決定,以馬列主義、毛澤東思想為指導,繼承黨和軍隊政治工作的優良傳統,結合新的歷史時期軍隊的任務和麵臨的情況,對軍隊政治工作的指導思想、主要任務、方針政策和基本方法,做出了正確的闡述和規定,對於保証軍隊的革命化、現代化、正規化建設,保証軍隊完成保衛祖國、建設祖國的光榮任務,具有重要的長遠的指導作用。 《決定》就如何適應國防建設和軍隊建設的指導思想實行戰略性的轉變,做好新時期軍隊的政治工作,分七個問題作了論述。指出,人民解放軍在國家實現三大任務中肩負著重大的歷史責任,必須在新的歷史條件下加強我軍政治工作。

《會見參加中央軍委擴大會議全體同志時的講話》是鄧小平同志1989年11月12日的講話。指出,我確信,我們的軍隊能夠始終不渝地堅持自己的性質。這個性質是,黨的軍隊,人民的軍隊,社會主義國家的軍隊。這與世界各國的軍隊不同。就是與別的社會主義國家的軍隊也不同,因為他們的軍隊與我們的軍隊經歷不同。我們的軍隊始終要忠於黨,忠於人民,忠於國家,忠於社會主義。

《部隊要做到政治合格、軍事過硬、作風優良、紀律嚴明、保障有力》是江澤民同志1990年12月1日在全軍軍事工作會議上講話的一部分。指出,抓部隊建設,最根本的要把思想政治工作做好。要加強組織紀律性,保証部隊集中統一。軍事訓練是部隊平時培養作風、提升軍事素質、增強戰鬥力的一個主要手段,要把軍事訓練切實擺在戰略位置。軍訓也好,整個軍事工作也好,都應該抓實,隻有抓實,才能抓出效果。

《國際形勢與軍事戰略方針》是江澤民同志1993年1月13日在中央軍委擴大會議上講話的主要部分。指出,積極防禦的軍事戰略方針的基本內容是,以毛澤東軍事思想、鄧小平同志關於新時期軍隊建設的思想為根本指導,服從和服務於國家發展戰略,立足打贏一場可能發生的現代技術特別是高技術條件下的局部戰爭,加速我軍質量建設,努力提高我軍應急作戰能力,揚長避短,靈活應變,遏制戰爭,贏得戰爭,保衛國家領土主權和海洋權益,維護祖國統一和社會穩定,為改革開放和現代化建設提供強而有力的安全保証。

《中共中央關於轉發〈關於改革開放和發展社會主義市場經濟條件下軍隊思想政治建設若干問題的決定”的通知”是1999年8月24日印發的。指出,打贏未來高技術戰爭,維持人民軍隊的性質、本色和作風,是新時期黨對人民軍隊的最高政治要求。 《決定》指出,必須堅定不移地高舉鄧小平理論偉大旗幟,必須確保黨對軍隊的絕對領導,必須始終把思想政治建設擺在軍隊各項建設的首位,必須緊緊圍繞軍隊現代化建設這個中心,必須堅持繼承優良傳統與改革創新的統一。新的歷史條件下我軍思想政治建設的使命是:為打贏未來高技術戰爭提供強大的精神動力,為維持人民軍隊的性質、本色和作風提供可靠的政治保証。

《機械化和資訊化是我軍建設的雙重歷史任務》是江澤民同志2000年12月11日在中央軍委擴大會議上講話的一部分。指出,我們抓緊進行軍事鬥爭準備,也就抓住了當前軍隊建設的主要矛盾。要努力完成我軍機械化和資訊化建設的雙重歷史任務,著力構建適應高技術戰爭要求的現代作戰體系,堅持用改革創新精神搞好我軍以現代化為中心的全面建設,進一步完善科學決策的機制和手段。

《論中國特色軍事變革》是江澤民同志2002年12月27日在中央軍委擴大會議上的講話。指出,新軍事變革正在進入一個新的質變階段,很可能發展成為一場波及全球、涉及所有軍事領域的深刻的軍事革命,必然導致軍隊建設和作戰方式等一系列方面發生革命性變化,有可能進一步拉大我國同世界主要國家在軍事實力上的差距,增大對我國軍事安全的潛在威脅。我們要以時不我待的緊迫感,積極推進中國特色軍事變革,加快我軍由機械化半機械化向資訊化的轉變,全面提升我軍的威懾和實戰能力。

《我軍在新世紀新階段的歷史使命》是胡錦濤同志2004年12月24日在中央軍委擴大會議上講話的一部分。指出,全面分析時代發展要求和我國安全形勢變化,對於我軍在新世紀新階段的歷史使命,要從以下幾個方面加以準確把握:為黨鞏固執政地位提供重要力量保証,為維護國家發展的重要戰略機遇期提供堅強安全保障,為維護國家利益提供強大戰略支撐,為維護世界和平與促進共同發展發揮重要作用。

《向資訊化條件下軍事訓練轉變》是胡錦濤同志2006年6月27日在全軍軍事訓練會議上講話的一部分。指出,進入新世紀新階段,我軍適應戰爭形態和作戰方式發展趨勢,確立了建設資訊化軍隊、打贏資訊化戰爭的戰略目標,努力推進機械化和資訊化復合發展,軍事訓練正在經歷一場深刻變革。要根據機械化、資訊化建設實際進程和發展水平,從實際出發,分類指導,創造性開展軍事訓練,著力提高訓練質量和效果,紮紮實實推進機械化條件下軍事訓練向信息化條件下軍事訓練轉變,加速提高我軍資訊化條件下的威懾和實戰能力。

《建設與國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大軍隊》是胡錦濤同志2007年12月28日在中央軍委擴大會議上講話的一部分。指出,在新的歷史起點上繼續發展中國特色社會主義,對加強國防和軍隊建設提出了新的要求。我們必須努力建設與國家國際地位相稱、與國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大軍隊。富國和強軍,是發展中國特色社會主義、實現中華民族偉大復興的兩大基石。要統籌經濟建設和國防建設,在全面建設小康社會進程中實現富國和強軍的統一。

《培育當代革命軍人核心價值觀》是胡錦濤同志2008年12月24日在中央軍委擴大會議上講話的一部分。指出,當代革命軍人核心價值觀集中體現為「忠誠於黨,熱愛人民,報效國家,獻身使命,崇尚榮譽」。要堅持不懈以當代革命軍人核心價值觀引領官兵的思想和行為,引導官兵始終保持政治堅定和思想道德純潔,真正做到打得贏、不變質。要把培育當代革命軍人核心價值觀融入部隊建設方方面面,抓好思想教育、輿論引導、文化薰陶、典型示範、實踐養成、制度保障,使當代革命軍人核心價值觀為官兵普遍理解認同、自覺培養踐行。

《中共中央、國務院、中央軍委關於加強新形勢下國防教育工作的意見》是2011年4月19日印發的。指出,國防教育是建設和鞏固國防的基礎,是增強民族凝聚力、提高全民素質的重要途徑。要充分認識加強新形勢下防衛教育工作的重要性。要穩固樹立與科學發展觀要求相適應的國防觀,突顯抓好各級領導幹部的國防教育,大力推動社會各界普及國防教育,積極改進和創新國防教育的方法手段,努力為普及國防教育提供政策支持與相關保障,切實加強國防教育工作的組織領導。

《牢牢把握強軍目標,建設一支強大人民軍隊》是習近平同志2013年3月11日在十二屆全國人大一次會議解放軍代表團全體會議上講話的一部分。指出,黨在新形勢下的強軍目標是建立一支聽黨指揮、能打勝仗、作風優良的人民軍隊。聽黨指揮是靈魂,決定軍隊建設的政治方向﹔能打勝仗是核心,反映軍隊的根本職能和軍隊建設的根本指向﹔作風優良是保証,關系軍隊的性質、宗旨、本色。這個目標明確了加強軍隊建設的聚焦點和著力點,全軍要準確把握,用以統領軍隊建設、改革和軍事鬥爭準備,努力把國防和軍隊建設提高到一個新水平。

《深化國防與軍隊改革》是2013年11月12日中國共產黨第十八屆中央委員會第三次全體會議通過的《中共中央關於全面深化改革若干重大問題的決定》的第十五部分。指出,要緊緊圍繞黨在新形勢下的強軍目標,著力解決制約國防和軍隊建設發展的突出矛盾和問題,創新發展軍事理論,加強軍事戰略指導,完善新時期軍事戰略方針,構建中國特色現代軍事力量體系。

《切實加強和改進新形勢下我軍政治工作》是習近平同志2014年10月31日在全軍政治工作會議上講話的一部分。指出,必須緊緊圍繞我軍政治工作的時代主題,加強和改進新形勢下我軍政治工作,充分發揮政治工作對強軍興軍的生命線作用。最緊要的是把理想信念、黨性原則、戰鬥力標準、政治工作威信四個帶根本性的東西在全軍牢固立起來。強調,堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導是強軍之魂,鑄牢軍魂是我軍政治工作的核心任務。要把握新形勢下鑄魂育人的特點和規律,著力培養有靈魂、有本事、有血性、有品德的新一代革命軍人。

《全面實施改革強軍戰略,堅定不移走中國特色強軍之路》是習近平同志2015年11月24日在中央軍委改革工作會議上講話的一部分。指出,深化國防和軍隊改革是實現中國夢強軍夢的時代要求,是強軍興軍的必經之路,也是決定軍隊未來的關鍵一招。要依照「四個全面」戰略佈局要求,以黨在新形勢下的強軍目標為引領,貫徹新形勢下軍事戰略方針,全面實施改革強軍戰略,著力解決制約國防和軍隊建設的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題,推進軍隊組織形態現代化,進一步解放和發展戰鬥力,進一步解放和增強軍隊活力,建設同我國國際地位相稱、同國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大軍隊,為實現「兩個一百年」奮鬥目標、實現中華民族偉大復興的中國夢提供堅強力量保証。強調,軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建,是領導指揮體制改革的總原則。

《全面實施創新驅動發展戰略,推動國防和軍隊建設實現新跨越》是習近平同志2016年3月13日在十二屆全國人大四次會議解放軍代表團全體會議上講話的一部分。指出,創新能力是一支軍隊的核心競爭力,也是產生和提升戰鬥力的加速器。靠改革創新推動國防和軍隊建設實現新跨越,是決定我軍前途命運的關鍵。必須下大氣力抓理論創新、科技創新、科學管理、人才集聚、實踐創新,以重點突破帶動與推進全面創新,不斷開創強軍興軍新局面。

《關於軍委堅持主席負責制》是習近平同志2017年2月4日在中央軍委民主生活會上講話的一部分。指出,我們黨的製度是黨的領袖擔任中央軍委主席,就是為了確保實現黨對軍隊絕對領導。對這項制度的極端重要性,我們要從黨、國家和軍隊興旺發達、長治久安的高度來認識。主席負責制解決的是我軍最高領導權和指揮權問題,就是軍委會主席對我軍重大問題最後拍板、一錘定音。貫徹主席負責制,全軍頭腦要特別清醒、行動要特別自覺,重大問題要請示報告。

《在慶祝中國人民解放軍建軍九十週年大會上的講話》是習近平同志2017年8月1日的講話。指出,站在新的歷史起點上,必須加快把人民軍隊建設成世界一流軍隊。推進強軍事業,必須毫不動搖堅持黨對軍隊的絕對領導,確保人民軍隊永遠跟黨走﹔必須堅持和發展黨的軍事指導理論,不斷開拓馬克思主義軍事理論和當代中國軍事實踐發展新境界﹔必須始終聚焦備戰打仗,鍛造召之即來、來之能戰、戰之必勝的精兵勁旅﹔必須堅持政治建軍、改革強軍、科技興軍、依法治軍,全面提高國防和軍隊現代化水平﹔必須深入推進軍民融合發展,建構軍民一體化的國家戰略體系和能力﹔必須堅持全心全意為人民服務的根本宗旨,始終做人民信賴、人民擁護、人民熱愛的子弟兵。

《堅持走中國特色強軍之路,全面推進國防和軍隊現代化》是習近平同志2017年10月18日在中國共產黨第十九次全國代表大會上報告的一部分。指出,面對國家安全環境的深刻變化,面對強國強軍的時代要求,必須全面貫徹新時代黨的強軍思想,貫徹新形勢下軍事戰略方針,建設強大的現代化陸軍、海軍、空軍、火箭軍和戰略支援部隊,打造堅強高效的戰區聯合作戰指揮機構,建立中國特色現代作戰體系,擔當起黨和人民賦予的新時代使命任務。

《不斷開創當代中國馬克思主義軍事理論和軍事實踐發展新境界》是習近平同志2017年12月22日在中央軍委擴大會議上講話的一部分。指出,在波瀾壯闊的強軍實踐中,我們著眼於實現中華民族偉大復興的中國夢,圍繞新時代建設一支什麼樣的強大人民軍隊、怎樣建設強大人民軍隊,深入進行理論探索和實踐創造,形成了新時代黨的強軍思想。明確強國必須強軍,鞏固國防和強大人民軍隊是新時代堅持和發展中國特色社會主義、實現中華民族偉大復興的戰略支撐﹔明確黨在新時代的強軍目標是建設一支聽黨指揮、能打勝仗、作風優良的人民軍隊,必須與國家現代化進程相一致,力爭到2035年基本實現國防和軍隊現代化,到本世紀中葉把人民軍隊全面建成世界一流軍隊﹔明確黨對軍隊的絕對領導是人民軍隊建軍之本、強軍之魂,必須全面貫徹黨領導軍隊的一系列根本原則和製度,確保部隊絕對忠誠、絕對純潔、絕對可靠﹔明確軍隊是要準備打仗的,必須聚焦能打仗、打勝仗,創新發展軍事戰略指導,建構中國特色現代作戰體系,全面提升新時代備戰打仗能力,有效塑造態勢、管控危機、遏制戰爭、打贏戰爭﹔明確作風優良是我軍鮮明特色和政治優勢,必須加強作風建設、紀律建設,堅定不移正風肅紀、反腐懲惡,大力弘揚我黨我軍光榮傳統和優良作風,永葆人民軍隊性質、宗旨、本色﹔明確推進強軍事業必須堅持政治建軍、改革強軍、科技興軍、依法治軍,更重視聚焦實戰、更重視創新驅動、更重視體系建設、更重視集約高效、更加重視軍民融合,全面提升革命化現代化正規化水準﹔明確改革是強軍的必經之路,必須推進軍隊組織形態現代化,建構中國特色現代軍事力量體系,完善中國特色社會主義軍事制度﹔明確創新是引領發展的第一動力,必須堅持向科技創新要戰鬥力,統籌推進軍事理論、技術、組織、管理、文化等各方面創新,建設創新型人民軍隊﹔明確現代化軍隊必須建構中國特色軍事法治體系,推動治軍方式根本性轉變,提高國防與軍隊建設法治化水準﹔明確軍民融合發展是興國之舉、強軍之策,必須堅持發展和安全兼顧、富國和強軍統一,形成全要素、多領域、高效益軍民融合深度發展格局,建構一體化的國家戰略體系與能力。對新時代黨的強軍思想,要全面準確學習領會,毫不動搖貫徹落實。

《毫不動搖堅持黨對軍隊的絕對領導》是習近平同志2018年8月17日在中央軍委黨的建設會議上講話的一部分。指出,堅持黨對軍隊的絕對領導,首先全軍對黨要絕對忠誠。要做到對黨絕對忠誠,必須鑄牢聽黨話、跟黨走的思想根基。要加強忠誠度鑒別和政治考察,確保槍桿子牢牢掌握在對黨絕對忠誠的人手中。

《堅持並完善黨對人民軍隊的絕對領導制度,確保人民軍隊忠實履行新時代使命任務》是2019年10月31日中國共產黨第十九屆中央委員會第四次全體會議通過的《中共中央關於堅持和完善中國特色社會主義制度、推進國家治理體系和治理能力現代化若干重大問題的決定》的第十一部分。指出,黨對人民軍隊的絕對領導是人民軍隊的建軍之本、強軍之魂。中央軍委實行主席負責制是堅持黨對人民軍隊絕對領導的根本實現形式。必須牢固確立習近平強軍思想在國防和軍隊建設中的指導地位,堅持人民軍隊最高領導權和指揮權屬於黨中央,健全人民軍隊黨的建設製度體系,把黨對人民軍隊的絕對領導貫徹到軍隊建設各領域全過程。

《全面加強實戰化軍事訓練,全面提升訓練水準和打贏能力》是習近平同志2020年11月25日在中央軍委軍事訓練會議上講話的要點。指出,軍訓是部隊經常性中心工作,是產生和提升戰鬥力的基本途徑,是最直接的軍事鬥爭準備。要堅持聚焦備戰打仗,堅持實戰實訓、聯戰聯訓、科技強訓、依法治訓,發揚優良傳統,強化改革創新,加速建構新型軍事訓練體系,全面提升訓練水準和打贏能力,為實現黨在新時代的強軍目標、把我軍全面建成世界一流軍隊提供堅強支撐。

《推動新時代國防與軍隊建設取得歷史性成就、發生歷史性變革》節自2021年11月11日中國共產黨第十九屆中央委員會第六次全體會議通過的《中共中央關於黨的百年奮鬥重大成就與歷史經驗的決議》的第四部分「開創中國特色社會主義新時代」。指出,黨的十八大以來,黨提出新時代的強軍目標,確立新時代軍事戰略方針,制定到2027年實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標、到2035年基本實現國防和軍隊現代化、到本世紀中葉全面建成世界一流軍隊的國防與軍隊現代化新「三步驟」戰略,推進政治建軍、改革強軍、科技強軍、人才強軍、依法治軍,加速軍事理論現代化、軍隊組織形態現代化、軍事人員現代化、武器裝備現代化,加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,全面加強練兵備戰,堅持走中國特色強軍之路。在黨的堅強領導下,人民軍隊實現整體性革命性重塑、重整行裝再出發,國防實力和經濟實力同步提升,一體化國家戰略體系和能力加快構建,建立健全退役軍人管理保障體制,國防動員更加高效,軍政軍民團結更加鞏固。人民軍隊堅決履行新時代使命任務,以頑強鬥爭精神和實際行動捍衛了國家主權、安全、發展利益。

《深入實施新時代人才強軍戰略》是習近平同志2021年11月26日在中央軍委人才工作會議上講話的要點。指出,人才是推動我軍高品質發展、贏得軍事競爭和未來戰爭主動的關鍵因素。實施新時代人才強軍戰略,必須把黨對軍隊絕對領導貫徹到人才工作各方面和全過程,必須把能打仗、打勝仗作為人才工作出發點和落腳點,必鬚麵向世界軍事前沿、面向國家安全重大需求、面向國防與軍隊現代化,必須全方位培養用好人才,必須深化軍事人力資源政策制度改革,必須貫徹人才強國戰略。

《貫徹依法治軍戰略,提高國防和軍隊建設法治化水準》是習近平同志2022年3月7日在出席十三屆全國人大五次會議解放軍和武警部隊代表團全體會議時講話的要點。指出,依法治軍是我們黨建軍治軍的基本方式,是實現黨在新時代的強軍目標的必然要求。要堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導,堅持戰鬥力標準,堅持建設中國特色軍事法治體系,堅持按照法治要求轉變治軍方式,堅持從嚴治軍鐵律,堅持抓住領導幹部這個“關鍵少數”,堅持官兵主體地位,堅持貫徹全面依法治國要求。

《實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標,開創國防和軍隊現代化新局面》是習近平同志2022年10月16日在中國共產黨第二十次全國代表大會上報告的一部分。指出,如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標,加速把人民軍隊建成世界一流軍隊,是全面建設社會主義現代化國家的戰略要求。必須貫徹新時代黨的強軍思想,貫徹新時代軍事戰略方針,堅持黨對人民軍隊的絕對領導,堅持政治建軍、改革強軍、科技強軍、人才強軍、依法治軍,堅持邊鬥爭、邊備戰、邊建設,堅持機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,加速軍事理論現代化、軍隊組織形態現代化、軍事人員現代化、武器裝備現代化,提升捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益戰略能力,有效履行新時代人民軍隊使命任務。

2023年07月31日06:27 | 來源:人民網-人民日報

中國共產黨原文來源:http://politics.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2023/0731/c1001-40046776.html

Chinese Intelligent Warfare is Accelerating and Advancing

中國智能化戰爭正在加速推進

中國軍網 國防部網. 2022年3月17日 星期四

現代英語:

With the widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field, intelligent warfare has gradually become a hot topic. History has repeatedly proved that the evolution of war forms will lead to profound changes in the winning mechanism. In today’s era when information warfare is developing in depth and intelligent warfare is beginning to emerge, the armies of major countries in the world have made great efforts to promote military intelligence, and many of these trends are worthy of attention.

Strengthen top-level design

Outlining a “roadmap” for intelligent warfare

Driven by a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, intelligent military transformation is developing in depth. The United States, Russia, Japan and other countries have regarded artificial intelligence as a disruptive technology that “changes the rules of the war game” and have made early arrangements, strengthened top-level design and planning guidance, and explored the direction of military application of artificial intelligence.

The U.S. military has detailed the current status and development plan of artificial intelligence in documents such as “Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence”, “National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan”, “Artificial Intelligence and National Security”, “Integrated Roadmap for Unmanned Systems, Fiscal Year 2017-2042”, and “American Artificial Intelligence Initiative: First Annual Report”, and has elevated the development of artificial intelligence to the national strategic level. In 2021, the U.S. military pointed out in its “U.S. Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Posture: Assessment and Improvement Recommendations” that the U.S. military should consider three guiding questions in developing artificial intelligence: what is the current state of artificial intelligence related to the U.S. military; what is the current situation of the U.S. military in artificial intelligence; and what internal actions and potential legislative or regulatory actions may enhance the U.S. military’s artificial intelligence advantage.

Russia has invested a lot of resources to maintain a balance with the United States in the competition for the application of artificial intelligence in the military field. In 2021, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated at the first Defense Ministry meeting of the year that artificial intelligence will greatly promote changes in the military field, and the Russian Federation Armed Forces must accelerate the research and development of artificial intelligence application technologies such as robots, intelligent individual systems, and intelligent weapon modules, so as to form core technical capabilities and battlefield competitive advantages as soon as possible. Documents such as “Special Outline for the Research and Development of Future Military Robot Technology and Equipment before 2025”, “Future Russian Military Robot Application Concept”, and “The Development Status and Application Prospects of Artificial Intelligence in the Military Field” have established a series of mechanisms at the national level for the Russian military to promote the military application of artificial intelligence.

The Japanese government has also issued an “Artificial Intelligence Strategy” to lead the research and development of artificial intelligence technology and industrial development. In the “Robotics and Artificial Intelligence” strategic plan formulated by the United Kingdom, the application of artificial intelligence in battlefield construction is emphasized. In January 2021, the Australian Department of Defense released “Fighting the Artificial Intelligence War: Operational Concepts for Future Intelligent Warfare”, which explores how to apply artificial intelligence to land, sea and air combat.

Innovative combat concepts

Promoting the “Thinking First” Approach to Intelligent Warfare

The innovation of operational concepts has an ideological driving effect on the development of military science and technology and the evolution of war forms. In the past, people’s understanding and grasp of war mainly came from the summary of practical experience, and operational concepts were empirical concepts. In the future era of intelligent warfare, operational concepts are not only empirical concepts, but also the conception, design and foresight of operations.

The U.S. Army has proposed the concept of “multi-domain warfare”, which requires deep integration and close coordination of combat capabilities in various domains such as land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, and network. To this end, the U.S. Army has successively issued white papers such as “Multi-Domain Warfare: The Development of Synthetic Arms in the 21st Century (2025-2040)”, “U.S. Army Multi-Domain Warfare (2028)”, and “Using Robotics and Autonomous Technologies to Support Multi-Domain Warfare”. In March 2021, the U.S. Department of the Army issued the document “Army Multi-Domain Transformation: Preparing to Win in Competition and Conflict”, indicating that “multi-domain warfare” has become a “flag” leading the transformation and development of the U.S. Army. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency proposed the concept of “mosaic warfare”, which aims to create a highly decentralized and highly adaptable “kill net” composed of different combat functional units, based on advanced computer technology and network technology. The U.S. Department of Defense strongly supports the concept of “joint all-domain operations”. In March 2020, the U.S. Air Force took the lead in writing “joint all-domain operations” into the doctrine to explore how the Air Force can play a role in “joint all-domain operations”.

The Russian military proposed the concept of “charge disintegration”. “Disintegration” is one of the most important operational concepts in Russia at present. The Russian electronic warfare forces set the goal of making the enemy’s information, charge, electronic warfare and robot systems ineffective, and believe that this goal will “determine the fate of all military operations”. Disrupting the command and control of enemy forces and weapon systems and reducing the efficiency of enemy reconnaissance and use of weapons are the primary tasks of electronic warfare. At present, the Russian military is considering forming 12 types of electronic warfare forces. The Russian military also proposed the concept of “non-nuclear containment system”, the core of which is to use non-nuclear offensive strategic weapons to contain opponents. The non-nuclear offensive strategic weapons it defines include all ballistic missiles equipped with non-nuclear warheads, as well as strategic bombers and long-range air-based and sea-based cruise missiles. In addition, the Russian military also proposed the concept of “hybrid warfare”, hoping to use artificial intelligence systems to seek battlefield information advantages.

The British Ministry of Defense has proposed the concept of “multi-domain integration” and will develop a new command and control system with intelligent capabilities to achieve comprehensive, persistent, accurate and rapid battlefield perception and force coordination.

Focus on technology research and development

Shaping the Intelligent Warfare Operational Model

The key to the effectiveness of artificial intelligence is the combination with other technologies, which is also described as the “AI stack”. Various technologies interact to produce a combined effect, thereby enhancing the capabilities and effects of each technology. In the intelligent warfare supported by artificial intelligence technology, the collaborative combat mode of “man-machine integration, cloud brain control”, the cluster combat mode of “mixed formation, group intelligence”, and the cognitive combat mode of “intelligence-led, attacking with intelligence first” will constantly update people’s understanding of war.

Focus on the research and development of innovative projects. The US military is vigorously promoting the application of artificial intelligence chips in existing weapons and equipment systems, adding “intelligent brains” to weapons to enable them to have human-like thinking and autonomous interaction capabilities. In October 2021, the US Navy launched the “Beyond Plan”, which is regarded as the “current highest priority”. It aims to accelerate the delivery of artificial intelligence and machine learning tools by building a military Internet of Things for maritime operations, integrating manned and unmanned joint formations, supporting a new intelligent naval architecture, enhancing large-scale firepower killing, and realizing intelligent distributed operations of the navy. In addition, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has also carried out cognitive electronic warfare projects such as “Adaptive Electronic Warfare Behavior Learning”, “Adaptive Radar Countermeasures”, and “Communications under Extreme Radio Frequency Spectrum Conditions”, and developed a prototype of a cognitive radar electronic warfare system. The Russian Ministry of Defense’s Intelligent Technology and Equipment Research and Experimental Center cooperated with the Institute of Control Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences to develop and test autonomous intelligent algorithms including drone swarm command and control, and also jointly developed an object automatic recognition software system based on neural network principles with the National Aviation System Research Institute.

Establish innovative R&D institutions. The continuous emergence of new technologies is an inexhaustible driving force for the vigorous development of military intelligence. High-level military intelligence construction cannot be separated from the technical research and development of professional institutions. Some countries and militaries have established R&D centers, focusing on innovative development from a technical level. The U.S. Department of Defense has established a joint artificial intelligence center, which is planned to be built into a national key laboratory to lead the promotion of hundreds of artificial intelligence-related projects and ensure the efficient use of artificial intelligence-related data and information to maintain the United States’ technological advantage in this field. Russia has established an artificial intelligence and big data alliance, a national artificial intelligence center, and a robotics technology research and experimental center under the Ministry of Defense, mainly conducting theoretical and applied research in the fields of artificial intelligence and information technology. France has established an innovative defense laboratory, the United Kingdom has set up an artificial intelligence laboratory, and India has established an artificial intelligence task force to explore related technologies.

Strengthen equipment research and development and deployment. In recent years, many countries have attached great importance to the research and development of intelligent weapons and equipment, and unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned combat vehicles, unmanned ships, unmanned submarines, etc. have continued to emerge. At present, the US Air Force has begun to practice the combat concept of “man-machine collaboration, man in the loop” on the F-35 fighter. The US XQ-58A “Valkyrie” stealth drone previously mainly carried out man-machine collaborative operations with F-35 and F-22 fighters. In April 2021, the stealth drone successfully launched the ALTIUS-600 small drone system, further enhancing its manned and unmanned collaborative combat capabilities. Russia is focusing on reconnaissance and surveillance, command and decision-making, firepower strikes, combat support and other fields, and is developing and deploying intelligent equipment. It plans to increase the proportion of unmanned combat systems in weapons and equipment to more than 30% by 2025. Russia’s ground unmanned combat weapons, represented by the “Uranus” series and “Platform-M” and “Argo” models, are developing rapidly. Among them, the Nerekhta unmanned combat vehicle can be equipped with remote-controlled machine guns and rocket launchers. In addition to the combat capabilities of ordinary armored vehicles, it also has transportation and reconnaissance functions. In addition, the Japanese Self-Defense Forces plan to officially deploy an unmanned aerial formation with strong combat capabilities in 2035.

(Author’s unit: National University of Defense Technology)

國語中文:

■賈珍珍 丁 寧 陳方舟

隨著人工智慧在軍事領域的廣泛應用,智慧化戰爭逐漸成為備受矚目的焦點話題。歷史多次證明,戰爭形態的演進將引發致勝機理的深刻改變。在資訊化戰爭向縱深發展、智慧化戰爭初露端倪的當今時代,世界主要國家軍隊紛紛下大力推動軍事智慧化,其中的諸多動向值得關注。

加強頂層設計

勾勒智能化戰爭“路線圖”

在新一輪科技革命與產業革命推動下,智慧化軍事變革正向縱深發展。美國、俄羅斯、日本等國紛紛把人工智慧視為「改變戰爭遊戲規則」的顛覆性技術,並事先佈局,加強頂層設計和規劃引領,探索人工智慧的軍事應用方向。

美軍在《為人工智慧的未來做好準備》《國家人工智慧研究與發展戰略計畫》《人工智慧與國家安全》《2017至2042財年無人係統綜合路線圖》《美國人工智慧計畫》:在首個年度報告》等文件中,詳述了人工智慧的發展現狀和發展規劃,並將人工智慧發展提升至國家戰略層面。 2021年,美軍在發布的《美國防部人工智慧態勢:評估與改進建議》中指出,美軍發展人工智慧應考慮三個指導性問題:與美軍相關的人工智慧現處於何種狀態;美軍目前在人工智慧方面的態勢如何;哪些內部行動以及潛在的立法或監管行動可能會增強美軍的人工智慧優勢。

俄羅斯投入大量資源,以維持與美國在人工智慧軍事領域應用競爭的平衡。 2021年,俄總統普丁在年度首場國防部會議上表示,人工智慧將大幅推動軍事領域變革,俄國聯邦武裝力量要加速機器人、智慧單兵系統和武器智慧化模組等人工智慧應用技術的研發工作,早日形成核心技術能力和戰場競爭優勢。 《2025年前未來軍用機器人技術裝備研發專題綱要》《未來俄軍用機器人應用構想》《人工智慧在軍事領域的發展現狀以及應用前景》等文件,從國家層面為俄軍推動人工智慧軍事應用確立了一系列機制。

日本政府也推出了《人工智慧戰略》,旨在引領人工智慧技術研發和產業發展。在英國制定的《機器人與人工智慧》戰略規劃中,強調了人工智慧在戰場建設中的應用。 2021年1月,澳洲國防部發布《打好人工智慧戰爭:未來智慧化戰爭之作戰構想》,這份文件探討如何將人工智慧應用到陸、海、空作戰領域。

創新作戰概念

推動智慧化戰爭“思想先行”

作戰概念創新對軍事科技發展、戰爭形態演變具有思想牽引作用。過去人們對戰爭的認識與掌握,主要源自於對實踐經驗的歸納總結,作戰概念即經驗概念。未來智慧化戰爭時代,作戰概念不僅是經驗概念,更是對作戰的構想、設計與前瞻。

美陸軍提出「多域戰」概念,要求陸、海、空、天、電磁、網路等各域作戰能力深度整合與密切協同。為此,美陸軍先後發布《多域戰:21世紀合成兵種的發展(2025至2040)》《美國陸軍多域戰(2028)》《運用機器人與自主技術支援多域戰》等白皮書。 2021年3月,美陸軍部發布文件《陸軍多域轉型:準備在競爭和衝突中取勝》,顯示「多域戰」已成為引領美陸軍轉型發展的一面「旗幟」。美國防高級研究計畫局提出「馬賽克戰」概念,旨在打造一種由不同作戰功能單元構成的、以先進電腦技術與網路技術為基礎的、高度分散、具有高度適應性的「殺傷網」。美國防部大力支持「聯合全域作戰」概念。 2020年3月,美空軍率先將「聯合全域作戰」寫入條令,探討空軍如何在「聯合全域作戰」中發揮作用。

俄軍提出「指控瓦解」概念。 「瓦解」是當前俄羅斯最重要的作戰概念之一,俄軍電子戰部隊把使敵人的訊息、指控、電子戰和機器人系統失效作為目標,認為這一目標將「決定所有軍事行動的命運」。擾亂敵方部隊和武器系統的指揮和控制,降低敵方偵察和使用武器的效率,是進行電子戰的首要任務。目前,俄軍正在考慮組建12種類型的電子戰部隊。俄軍也提出「非核武遏制體系」概念,核心是使用非核武進攻性戰略武器來遏制對手。其所定義的非核武攻擊性戰略武器既包括所有裝備非核彈頭的彈道飛彈,也包括戰略轟炸機和遠程空基、海基巡航飛彈。此外,俄軍也提出「混合戰爭」概念,希望利用人工智慧系統謀求戰場資訊優勢。

英國防部提出「多域融合」概念,將發展具備智慧化能力的新型指控系統,以實現全面、持久、準確、快速的戰場感知與力量協同。

注重技術研發

塑造智慧化戰爭作戰模式

人工智慧發揮效用的關鍵是與其他多種技術的組合,這種組合也被描述為「人工智慧堆疊」。各種技術透過互動的方式產生組合效應,進而提升每項技術所產生的能力與效果。在人工智慧技術支援的智慧化戰爭中,「人機一體、雲腦控制」的協同作戰模式,「混搭編組、群體智慧」的集群作戰模式,「智慧主導、攻智為上」的認知作戰模式等,將不斷更新人們對戰爭的認知。

聚焦創新專案研發。美軍正在大力推廣人工智慧晶片在現有武器裝備系統中的應用,為武器加上“智慧大腦”,使之具備類人思考和自主互動能力。 2021年10月,美海軍推出被視為“當前最高優先事項”的“超越計劃”,旨在通過構建海上作戰軍事物聯網,整合有人無人聯合編隊,加速交付人工智能和機器學習工具,支撐全新的智慧化海軍架構,提升大規模火力殺傷、實現海軍智慧化分散式作戰。此外,美國防高級研究計畫局也進行了「自適應電子戰行為學習」「自適應雷達對抗」「極端射頻頻譜條件下的通訊」等認知電子戰項目,研發出認知雷達電子戰系統原型機。俄國防部智慧技術裝備科研試驗中心與俄聯邦科學院控制問題研究所合作,開發測試了包括無人機群指揮控制在內的自主智慧演算法,也與國家航空系統科研所共同開發基於神經網路原理的物體自動辨識軟體系統。

組成創新研發機構。新技術的不斷湧現是軍事智慧化蓬勃發展的不竭動力,高水準的軍事智慧化建設離不開專職機構的技術研發。一些國家和軍隊組成研發中心,注重從技術層面創新發展。美國國防部建立了聯合人工智慧中心,計劃將該中心打造成國家級重點實驗室,用於領導數百個與人工智慧相關的項目,確保對人工智慧相關數據資訊的高效利用,以保持美國在該領域的技術優勢。俄羅斯組成了人工智慧和大數據聯盟、國家人工智慧中心和隸屬國防部的機器人技術科研試驗中心,主要進行人工智慧和資訊科技領域的理論和應用研究。法國成立了創新國防實驗室,英國設立了人工智慧實驗室,印度組成了人工智慧特別工作小組,進行相關技術探索。

加強裝備研發列裝。近年來,多國重視研發智慧武器裝備,無人飛行器、無人戰車、無人艦艇、無人潛航器等不斷湧現。目前,美空軍已開始在F-35戰機上實踐「人機協同,人在迴路」的作戰理念。美XQ-58A「女武神」隱身無人機先前主要與F-35和F-22戰機進行人機協同作戰,2021年4月該隱身無人機成功投放ALTIUS-600小型無人機系統,進一步提升了其有人無人協同作戰能力。俄羅斯正聚焦偵察監視、指揮決策、火力打擊、作戰支援等多個領域,展開智慧裝備研發和列裝工作,計畫到2025年將無人作戰系統在武器裝備中的比例提高到30%以上。以“天王星”系列和“平台-M”“阿爾戈”等型號為代表的俄地面無人作戰武器發展迅速。其中,Nerekhta無人戰車可搭載遙控機槍和火箭發射器,除擁有一般裝甲車的戰鬥力外,還兼具運輸和偵察功能。此外,日本自衛隊計劃在2035年正式部署具有較強作戰能力的無人空中編隊。

(作者單位:國防科技大學)

中國軍事資料來源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-03/17/content_311555.htm

How Chinese Military Will Achieve Precise Strikes in Cognitive Domain Operations

中國軍隊如何在認知域作戰中實現精準打擊

現代英語:

How to achieve precise strikes in cognitive domain operations

■Bu Jiang Jiang Rilie

introduction

Currently, driven by intelligent technology, cognitive domain operations are showing new characteristics such as precise perception, precise prediction and precise calculation. Studying and grasping the connotation mechanism of precision strikes in cognitive domain operations to ensure clear operational targets, personalized information generation, and precise information delivery will be more conducive to seizing the commanding heights and initiative in future cognitive domain operations.

Accurately establish combat goals

The establishment of operational goals is often the primary issue of concern in cognitive domain operations. With the continuous application of artificial intelligence, big data and other technologies, the party with a technological advantage is often able to quickly and efficiently collect cognitive data of different dimensions, levels and modalities, thereby discovering the weaknesses and sensitivities of the opponent’s cognitive system. point and detonation point.

Massive “data sources” refine target clarity. Today, as the Internet becomes more popular, cognitive data is growing exponentially. With the support of big data, psychometric and other technologies, target portraits are gradually evolving rapidly towards accurate portraits and intelligent portraits. According to foreign statistics, as of July 2022, the global Internet penetration rate reached 69%, and the Internet has become an essential platform for users’ daily lives. With the help of the Internet, both combatants can widely and quickly realize target object cognitive data collection and cognitive situation awareness, providing support for analyzing the target object’s political beliefs, values, national sentiments, public opinion positions, etc. It is reported that in foreign elections in recent years, foreign data analysis companies have captured social media user data, established character analysis models, accurately portrayed voters’ personalities and cognitive characteristics, and on this basis pushed suggestive campaigns to swing voters. advertising, thereby influencing their electoral decisions.

Dynamic “tag pool” improves target recognition rate. Labeling usually refers to the abstract classification and generalization of certain characteristics of a specific group or object. In cognitive domain operations, labeling is an important process to achieve classification and visualization of cognitive data. In the face of massive user data, establishing a mature and reliable label system is a prerequisite for sorting out, analyzing, and making good use of cognitive data. Using the label system to filter useless data and mine potential value information can provide information for presetting combat scenarios in the cognitive domain. Direct frame of reference. The development of the labeling system should be based on the logical starting point of cognitive domain operations, and ultimately comes down to the application of cognitive domain operations. For the target object, the transfer of interests, changes in personality, and changes in emotion are real-time and dynamic. The establishment of a “tag pool” can sense the cognitive dynamics of the target object in real time and accurately improve the target recognition rate.

Intelligent “algorithm library” shows target relevance. If data is compared to the “fuel” of cognitive domain operations, algorithms are the “engine” and an important source of power for cognitive precision strikes. In a certain sense, cognitive domain operations are “confrontation of data or algorithms.” Through intelligent algorithms, we can deeply mine the multi-dimensional correlation data of the target object’s behavior, build an accurate target portrait, and then combine it with machine learning algorithms to build a prediction model to automatically match and associate cognitive information with the target object, at the right time and at the right place. Deliver cognitive information in an appropriate manner to change the target object’s cognition. As analyzed by some foreign research institutions, with 10 likes, the algorithm can know you better than your colleagues; with 150 likes, the algorithm will know you better than your parents; with 300 likes, the algorithm will know you better than your closest partner you.

Accurately generate information “ammunition”

Designing information “ammunition” that conforms to the target’s thinking habits and perception style is the key to improving the cognitive domain killing effect. The development and application of intelligent science and technology provides a convenient means to achieve “private customization” of cognitive information themes, content and forms, making it possible to instantly and forcibly change the decisions and actions of target objects.

Information theme planning based on target value orientation. Cognitive information theme is the central idea represented by the information and the core of the information content. From legal advice, military deterrence, conflict and separation, and emotional summons, to moral guidance, war mobilization, behavioral instructions, and motivational incentives, different information themes exert different influences. Practice shows that the theme of cognitive information must be planned closely around the target object. According to the different value orientations shown by different combat stages and different target objects, the information theme must be optimized in a timely manner so that the information “ammunition” can satisfy the target object to the maximum extent. needs. According to the analysis of foreign research institutions, foreign election campaign advertisements in recent years are often inseparable from the support of big data. Accurately designing different advertising themes for voters with different values ​​​​can resonate with voters’ values.

Information content design based on target mindset. In the Internet era, the life trajectory, geographical location, hobbies, social relationships, etc. of the target object are all recorded on the Internet, making it possible to accurately create an “information cocoon” that caters to the target object’s way of thinking. Driven by big data technology, the interaction trajectories of target objects in the virtual world can also be easily captured, perceived and calculated. With the assistance of multimedia content intelligent generation systems, information similar to the target’s thinking habits can be generated in batches, causing the target to be trapped in an “information cocoon”. The scope of information acceptance narrows, and the perception of the outside world gradually decreases, and then falls into cognitive confusion. Know the trap. In recent years, many “color revolutions” that have occurred around the world are inseparable from the support of cognitive control. Some Western countries use “deep forgery” technology to instill false information in target objects that conforms to their way of thinking, creating anti-intellectual, The information environment stupefies the people, forming cognitive biases and inducing them to deny their own national and cultural values, thereby creating anti-government sentiments.

Information form selection based on target perceptual characteristics. Psychology believes that the formation and change of the cognitive subject’s attitude needs to go through three processes of “attention-understanding-acceptance”. Whether the target object can be affected by the dissemination of information, attracting attention is the first step. Information form is an important carrier to attract the attention of the target audience, and its form design is crucial to improving the acceptance, dissemination and infectivity of information “ammunition”. Through big data technology, we can mine the national emotions, customs and habits, religious beliefs, personal preferences and other characteristics of the target object, and scientifically judge the perceptual characteristics such as information receiving habits. On this basis, we can comprehensively use text, language, video, image and other information carriers to integrate Color, layout and other elements can cause strong stimulation to the target object’s senses. Since 2011, some Syrian anti-war activists have produced a number of anti-war propaganda short films from the perspectives of children and women and spread them on the international Internet, arousing strong responses from international public opinion. This internationally accepted information carrier meets the aesthetic needs of the public, avoids differential interpretation by the audience, and can often achieve unexpected results.

Accurately deliver information

Cognitive information delivery follows the laws of information dissemination. In order to achieve the effect of precise cognitive attack, it is necessary to deal with issues such as delivery objects, delivery channels, and delivery timing.

Extract cognitive features and filter information delivery objects. The profiling technology supported by big data makes it possible to extract the cognitive characteristics of target objects. Through the cognitive characteristic library, objects with similar characteristics can be screened out from groups of different races, different parties, different occupations, etc., thereby upgrading the traditional extensive screening method. , so that the information “ammunition” is more closely matched with the target object, thereby improving the pertinence and accuracy of cognitive attacks. In recent years, Cambridge Analytica has used machine learning methods to classify Facebook users according to five personality types: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and emotional instability, and established a linear regression of the five personality traits. model to establish a “target” for precise delivery of campaign advertisements. This move has many implications for the world. In the future, cognitive domain operations, based on the extensive collection of users’ cognitive characteristics, will place more emphasis on accurately dividing groups, and carry out targeted campaigns based on the differences in values ​​and behavioral habits of different groups. information delivery and behavior prediction.

Follow social habits and match information delivery channels. The deep popularization of the Internet has brought about tremendous changes in the way information is disseminated, and the ways in which people receive information are becoming more diversified and diversified. According to data from foreign research institutions, there are currently more than 4.62 billion social media users worldwide, and social media platforms have become the main battlefield in the cognitive domain. In the many “color revolutions” that have occurred in recent years, social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, controlled by Western countries, have played an important role in spreading public opinion, organizing protests, and mobilizing the public. It is reported that in similar operations, Facebook is often used to determine the schedule, Twitter is used to coordinate actions, and YouTube is used to spread the word widely. Future operations in the cognitive domain will place great emphasis on focusing on the target’s social habits and characteristics, fully understanding the target’s social circle and life circle, and selecting information delivery methods from multiple channels, including online and offline, military and civilian, to ensure the effectiveness of cognitive information. Delivery rate.

Track cognitive dynamics and accurately deliver information at the right time. Changes in cognition do not happen overnight. Blindly pursuing high rhythm and achieving goals in an instant will have the opposite effect. Therefore, cognitive domain operations must grasp the rhythm and intensity of “time immersion”, select the correct delivery time based on the cognitive dynamics of the target object, and gradually seek to expand the effect advantage. Before the target object has formed a preliminary understanding of a certain event, it is necessary to actively seize the priority of information release, carry out information “bombing” as soon as possible, and strive to “preemptively strike first.” In addition, during the public opinion fermentation stage of the incident, the subject’s cognition has not yet been completely solidified. At this time, by repeatedly disseminating a specific information, the purpose of subtly reconstructing the subject’s cognition can also be achieved.

(Author’s unit: National University of Defense Technology)

國語中文:

如何實現認知域作戰精準打擊

■卜江 蔣日烈

引言

目前,在智慧化技術的推動下,認知域作戰正呈現出精確感知、精確預測和精確計算等全新特徵。研究掌握好認知域作戰精準打擊的內涵機理,從而確保作戰目標清晰化、資訊生成個性化、資訊投射精準化,將更有利於奪取未來認知域作戰制高點和主動權。

精準確立戰目標

作戰目標的確立往往是認知域作戰關注的首要問題。隨著人工智慧、大數據等技術的不斷應用,佔據技術優勢的一方往往能夠快速、有效率地採集不同維度、不同層級、不同模態的認知數據,進而發現對手認知體系的薄弱點、敏感點和爆燃點。

海量「資料來源」細化目標清晰度。在網路深入普及的今天,認知數據正呈指數級增長,目標畫像在大數據、心理測量等技術的支撐下,正逐漸朝著精準畫像、智慧畫像的方向快速演進。根據國外統計數據顯示,截至2022年7月,全球互聯網滲透率達69%,互聯網已成為用戶日常生活的必備平台。借助互聯網,作戰雙方能夠廣泛快速地實現目標對象認知數據收集和認知態勢感知,為分析目標對象的政治信念、價值觀念、民族情感、輿論立場等提供支撐。據悉,在近年的國外大選中,國外數據分析公司就曾透過抓取社群媒體用戶數據,建立人物分析模型,精準刻畫選民性格、認知特徵,在此基礎上對搖擺選民推送暗示性競選廣告,從而影響其選舉決策。

動態「標簽池」提升目標辨識率。貼標簽通常是指對某一類特定群體或物件的某項特徵進行的抽象分類和概括。在認知域作戰中,貼標簽是實現認知資料分類與可視化的重要過程。面對海量的用戶數據,建立一套成熟可靠的標簽體係是梳理分析、用活用好認知數據的前提,利用標簽體系過濾無用數據,挖掘潛在價值信息,能夠為認知域作戰場景預設提供直接參考框架。標簽體系的開發要基於認知域作戰這個邏輯起點,最終歸結於認知域作戰應用。對於目標對象來講,興趣的遷移、性格的改變、情感的變化是即時動態的,建立「標簽池」能夠即時感知目標對象的認知動態,精準提升目標辨識率。

智慧“演算法庫”顯現目標關聯性。如果將數據比作認知域作戰的“燃料”,演算法則是“引擎”,是認知精準打擊的重要動力源。從一定意義上講,認知域作戰是「數據或演算法的對抗」。透過智慧演算法,可以深度挖掘目標對象行為的多維關聯數據,構建精準目標畫像,再結合機器學習演算法構建預測模型,將認知資訊與目標對象進行自動匹配關聯,在合適的時間、合適的地點,以合適的方式投送認知訊息,從而改變目標對象認知。正如國外一些研究機構分析發現,透過10個點贊,演算法可以比同事更了解你;150個點贊,演算法將比你父母更了解你;300個點贊,演算法將比最親密的伴侶更了解你。

精準生成資訊“彈藥”

設計符合目標對象思維習慣和感知風格的訊息“彈藥”,是提升認知域殺傷效果的關鍵所在。智慧科學技術的發展運用,為實現認知資訊主題、內容和形式的「私人客製化」提供了便捷手段,即時、強制地改變目標對象決策和行動成為可能。

基於目標價值取向的資訊主題策劃。認知資訊主題是資訊所表現的中心思想,是資訊內容的核心。從法理勸告、軍事威懾、矛盾離間、情感召喚,到義理引導、戰爭動員、行為指示、動機激勵,不同的訊息主題發揮不同的影響作用。實踐表明,認知訊息的主題必須緊緊圍繞目標對像做策劃,針對不同作戰階段、不同目標對象所表現出來的不同價值取向,及時優化信息主題,才能使信息“彈藥”最大限度地滿足目標對象的需求。根據國外研究機構分析,近年來的國外大選競選廣告背後往往離不開大數據的支撐,針對不同價值觀的選民精準設計不同廣告主題,可以引起選民價值共鳴。

基於目標思維方式的資訊內容設計。在互聯網時代,目標對象的生活軌跡、地理位置、興趣愛好、社交關係等都被網絡所記錄,精準打造迎合目標對象思維方式的「資訊繭房」成為可能。在大數據技術驅動下,目標對像在虛擬世界中的互動軌跡也很容易被捕捉、被感知和被計算。在多媒體內容智慧生成系統等輔助下,可大量產生與目標對象思維習慣類似的訊息,致使其陷於「訊息繭房」之中,訊息接受範圍變窄,對外界的感知度逐漸降低,進而陷入認知陷阱。近年來,全球發生的多起「顏色革命」背後都離不開認知控制的支撐,一些西方國家利用「深度偽造」技術,向目標對象灌輸符合其思維方式的虛假信息,製造反智化、愚民化資訊環境,形成認知偏差,誘導其否定自身民族文化價值理念,進而產生反政府情緒。

基於目標感知特性的資訊形式選擇。心理學認為,認知主體的態度的形成與改變需經過「注意力-了解-接受」三個過程,目標對象能否受到訊息傳播的影響,吸引註意是第一步。資訊形式作為引起目標對象注意的重要載體,其形式設計對提高訊息「彈藥」的接受度、傳播力、感染性至關重要。透過大數據技術可以挖掘目標對象民族情感、風俗習慣、宗教信仰、個人喜好等特徵,科學判斷訊息接受習慣等感知特性,在此基礎上綜合運用文本、語言、視頻、圖像等資訊載體,加以融入色彩、佈局等元素,可以給目標感官造成強烈刺激。自2011年以來,一些敘利亞反戰人士以兒童、婦女等視角,製作出多部反戰宣傳短片在國際互聯網上傳播,引起國際社會輿論強烈反響。這種國際通用的資訊載體,符合大眾審美需求,避免了受眾差異性解讀,往往能達到意想不到的效果。

精準實現資訊投送

認知訊息投送遵循資訊傳播規律,要達到認知精準打擊效果,需要處理好投送對象、投送管道、投送時機等問題。

提取認知特徵,篩選訊息傳遞對象。大數據支撐的畫像技術使提取目標對象認知特徵成為可能,透過認知特徵庫,可以從不同種族、不同黨派、不同職業等群體中篩選出具有相似特徵的對象,從而升級傳統的粗放篩選方式,讓資訊「彈藥」與目標對象更加匹配,從而提高認知攻擊的針對性和精準性。近年來,劍橋分析公司曾使用機器學習方法,依照經驗開放型、盡責型、外向型、親和型、情緒不穩定型五類人格對臉書用戶進行分類,建立了五種人格特質的線性回歸模型,為精準投送競選廣告立起「標靶」。此舉對世人的啟示是多方面的,未來認知域作戰,在廣泛蒐集用戶認知特徵的基礎上,將更加強調精準劃分群體,依據不同群體的價值觀念和行動習慣的差異,進行有目的地信息投送和行為預測。

遵循社交習慣,匹配資訊投送管道。互聯網的深度普及使資訊的傳播方式正發生巨大變革,人們接受資訊的方式更加多樣化、多元化。根據國外調研機構數據顯示,目前全球社群媒體用戶超過46.2億,社群媒體平台成為認知域作戰主戰場。在近年來發生的多起「顏色革命」中,臉書、推特、優兔等社群媒體在西方國家操縱下,在輿論傳播、組織抗議、動員民眾等方面發揮了重要作用。據悉,在類似行動中臉書往往用來確定日程,推特用來協調行動,優兔用來廣泛傳播。未來的認知域作戰,十分強調著眼目標對象社交習慣和特點,充分掌握目標對象的社交圈、生活圈,從線上線下、軍用民用等多渠道選擇信息投送方式,從而確保認知信息的送達率。

追蹤認知動態,把準資訊投送時機。認知的改變,並非一蹴而就,一味地追求高節奏、瞬間達成目的反而會起到反面效果。因此,認知域作戰要掌握好「時間沉浸」的節奏與力度,根據目標對象認知動態選準投送時間,逐步漸進地謀求擴大效果優勢。在目標對像對某一事件還未形成初步認知前,要積極搶佔信息的發布優先權,第一時間進行信息“轟炸”,力求“先發製人、先入為主”。此外,在事件的輿論發酵階段,主體的認知還未徹底固化,此時透過不斷重復傳播某個特定訊息,也可以達到潛移默化地重構主體認知的目的。

(作者單位:國防科技大學)

中國軍事資料來源:http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16209631.html