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Chinese Military Guidelines for Analyzing Fundamental Mechanism of Winning Wars

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中國軍事勝利基本機制分析指導方針

來源：解放軍報 作者：張佔軍 責任編輯：喬楠楠 2018-07-24 

英文翻譯：

There are universal and special mechanisms for winning wars. Special winning mechanisms are conditional, while universal and fundamental winning mechanisms are relatively stable. Anyone and any era’s war guidance that violates these mechanisms will lose the war. Revealing the fundamental winning mechanism of wars can not only help us more deeply understand the scientific correctness of classical war theories and enhance theoretical confidence in war guidance, but also help us continuously innovate war and combat guidance that adapts to the conditions of the times according to changes in the war environment and conditions, and firmly grasp the strategic initiative.

To understand, prepare for, and direct war, the first thing is to uncover the fundamental mechanism of victory

Studying the fundamental mechanisms for winning wars is the logical starting point for understanding wars and the fundamental basis for preparing for and waging wars.

Studying the fundamental mechanism of winning a war is to reveal the necessary and sufficient conditions for winning. In essence, the mechanism of winning is the reason and condition for winning a war. Studying the fundamental mechanism of winning a war is to answer the fundamental question of “when and only when what conditions are met can we win a war”, aiming to make us realize that if this condition is met, we will definitely win, if this condition is not met, we will definitely fail; if we win, it must be because we have this fundamental condition. Philosophically speaking, this condition definitely exists, but it is just a matter of whether we can recognize it and reveal it. Otherwise, there will be no way to know the laws of winning so many battles in history.

“Winning with immediate advantage” is the fundamental winning mechanism of war. The advantage in immediate advantage is not a simple comparison of resources, but the comprehensive ability and favorable situation to defeat the enemy at the moment of exerting force on the enemy and in the confrontation at the decisive point of the war. “Winning with immediate advantage” means that with immediate advantage, victory will be achieved at the moment of confrontation with the enemy at the decisive point. If this advantage is maintained for only one moment, then this round can be won; if this advantage can be maintained at every moment and every round of confrontation, then the war will inevitably be won. The author believes that the winning mechanism of “winning with immediate advantage” is the “law behind the law” and the fundamental basis for war guidance, and it is also the fundamental winning mechanism of war and combat.

“Instant superiority wins” is the fundamental basis of the classical war guidance theory. All the classical war guidance theories are based on the mechanism of “instant superiority wins”. From the first Chinese civil war to the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, Mao Zedong always adhered to the guidance of using superior forces and favorable weather, terrain and people to launch a devastating attack on the enemy’s one point, and achieved victory, which proved that “instant superiority wins” is the fundamental law for achieving victory. In history, Sun Tzu’s ideas of “attacking the enemy when they are least prepared and taking them by surprise” and “attacking where they are least prepared”; the Thirty-Six Stratagems of “Deceiving the Heavens and Crossing the Sea”, “Besieging Wei to Save Zhao”, “Taking Advantage of the Troubled Times”, “Taking Advantage of the Fire to Loot”, “Attack the East and West by Making a Feint” and other strategies; Napoleon’s idea that “the secret of military art is to make your own military force surpass the enemy at the necessary place and time”; the “blitzkrieg” used by the German army in World War II etc., all focus on gathering immediate advantages and suddenly defeating the opponent when the opponent has no precautions; the U.S. military proposed the “air-ground integrated battle” 30 years ago, and in recent years proposed the “air-sea integrated battle”, which was later renamed the “global commons access and mobility” concept. In 2016, the U.S. Army proposed the “multi-domain battle”, which, in essence, is also through the operation of factors such as force and space to form immediate advantages over the opponent.

Understand and grasp the rich connotation of “instant advantage wins”

Regarding the mechanism of winning by immediate advantage, we can summarize its connotation into the following main aspects.

Immediate advantage is the unity of object, time and resources. Immediate advantage wins, including the three elements of object, instant and advantage. Object refers to the selected decision point, which may be a physical target with certain resistance of the opponent, or a unit with certain capabilities; instant refers to the moment of exerting force on the enemy in the war; advantage refers to the comprehensive capabilities and postures composed of various available war resources and elements (including spatial elements) that are superior to the opponent (object), and is the product of objective conditions and subjective efforts. Whether or not there is an immediate advantage is not necessarily related to the overall military strength of the army. When the overall military strength does not have an advantage, it can also win by gathering an advantage over the enemy at the moment of confrontation at the decisive point. Time advantage is an important decisive factor. Mastering time advantage means that the opponent will be suddenly attacked in the “gap” when he is not fully prepared. However, on the battlefield, the unity of target, time and advantage must be achieved. If we only emphasize the speed of time, but it is not good, then speed is meaningless; if we only emphasize the quality of resources, but it is not timely, then it will not play a role at the moment of confrontation, and the actual ability is equal to zero. This is the reason why many powerful armies in history were defeated.

Immediate advantage is the system advantage at the moment of confrontation. In wars of different eras, immediate advantage has different manifestations. Modern warfare is a confrontation between systems. The elements in the system are divided into primary and secondary. The dominant factors of the system are naturally important to the system advantage, but the secondary factors will also eliminate and destroy the immediate advantage, and then turn victory into defeat. Strength advantage is the basis of immediate advantage, but it is only one of the many conditions for the formation of immediate advantage. In modern warfare, the more complex the technology and force structure, the stronger the complementarity of different resources and the variability of the structure, and the more complex the mechanism for forming immediate advantage. For example, in an integrated joint operation based on a network information system, if the traditionally unappreciated network backend operation and maintenance personnel cannot keep the system running normally, the advantages of this system may be greatly eliminated.

Immediate advantage is the unity of static and dynamic. The process of winning wars and operations is a process of constantly gathering and exerting immediate advantages at decisive points, gradually consuming the enemy, and expanding immediate advantages. Once it is impossible to form an advantage at a decisive point at a certain moment, this moment will become a turning point in the operational process. This is the inherent principle of emphasizing the ability to fight in one go and continuous operations. During the Korean War, our military’s support could only support about 7 days of continuous operations. At this turning point, we took the initiative to withdraw our troops and switch to defense because if we continued to fight, we would not have immediate advantages.

Real-time advantage only exists in a certain time window. On the battlefield, enemies and friends are opponents, fighting for life and death, and real-time advantage only exists in a certain period of time. In modern warfare, information transmission has reached the millisecond level, and the detection-judgment-decision-strike process is measured in seconds. The responsiveness of many long-range strike means no longer needs to take into account the platform’s spatial movement time. In particular, with the advancement of the intelligentization of combat systems, the time window for maintaining advantage will become shorter, which puts forward new requirements for gathering and exerting the effectiveness of real-time advantage.

Continuously optimize war and combat guidance based on the “instant advantage wins” mechanism

The winning mechanism is the “law behind” combat guidance and combat methods. We should continuously optimize war and combat guidance based on the mechanism of “winning by immediate advantage.”

Strive to seek distinctive advantages. Distinctive advantages are the special advantages of an army. For our army, it means that we must always seek distinctive advantages such as what the enemy does not have and what we are strong and the enemy is weak. We insist on you fight yours and I fight mine, implement asymmetric warfare, and strive to find the moment when the enemy is weakest, and give full play to our advantages to form our immediate advantages. In the future, we need to continue to give full play to our political advantages, and at the same time, we should gather and cultivate new distinctive advantages from the new system, new system, and new equipment. We must firmly believe that the side with weaker weapons and equipment always has the possibility of winning locally and gradually achieving overall victory. Based on this possibility, we should strive to design and guide operations around whether it is conducive to creating superior fighters and whether we can defeat the enemy before the fighters disappear.

We are committed to gathering the power of the system to form an immediate advantage. The information age is a system war, and what matters is the system capability. It is necessary to study how a single factor can win, but in actual combat, the real way to win is the comprehensive application of all factors. The concept of “multi-domain warfare” proposed by the US military in recent years is centered on the ability to form a multi-domain fusion and release energy at a decisive point. If we cannot gather the power of the system to form an immediate advantage, we will have to respond to the enemy with the shortcomings of the system, and defeat will naturally be inherent in it.

Form an immediate advantage around the enemy. Adapting to the enemy is an important manifestation of the art of war command. The key is not to change, but to constantly create new immediate advantages in the change. This needs to be achieved through correct command and scientific tactics. Future wars are increasingly showing an intelligent trend, but in essence, they are still about measuring the enemy’s strength and taking measures according to the enemy’s situation. It’s just that the pace of this change is faster and the situation is more confusing. If the speed of gathering capabilities cannot keep up with the changes in the battlefield situation, it is impossible to achieve “instant” by adapting to the enemy. It can be said that, under certain conditions of combat resources, the entire connotation of the art of command is to create and find the enemy’s weaknesses, and to plan and create immediate advantages over the enemy. This is the soul of war command and tactics.

Weakening the opponent’s advantage is an important way to form and maintain immediate advantage. Immediate advantage is compared with the opponent. In terms of resource comparison, this advantage can be obtained by aggregating one’s own advantages and weakening the enemy’s advantages, from technology to tactics, from strategy to battles and battles. Technically weakening the opponent is the most fundamental weakening; in terms of strategy and tactics, through deception, containment, and disruption at non-decisive points, dispersing and weakening the opponent to influence the opponent’s advantage concentration at the decisive point is an important way to transform the advantage and disadvantage comparison at the decisive point and win the victory.

Firmly grasp the principles of reconnaissance, concealment, initiative, offense, and quick decision. Reconnaissance, concealment, initiative, offense, and quick decision are ancient principles, but they have new connotations and new requirements in modern warfare. Fighting a battle for immediate advantage is even more indispensable. Accurately grasping the enemy’s ability and situation at the “predetermined strike point” is a prerequisite for forming an immediate advantage; in order to maintain an immediate advantage for a longer period of time, it is necessary to delay the time of being discovered by the enemy as much as possible by concealing intentions and actions; although we have an advantage in strength and deployment, once the enemy makes the first move, our immediate advantage may be eliminated. The US military even asserts that “whoever launches first will be saturated and hit first.” “You can win if you strike first, and whether you can effectively conceal yourself”; facing a strong enemy, simple defense becomes increasingly difficult. Whether it is a big war or a small war, offense can maximize the effectiveness of advantages and is the best defense; the battlefield situation changes very quickly, and the time window for immediate advantage is short. A quick battle and a quick decision may be the best choice to make full use of this time window.

Design and prepare for war with the core of “fighting a war for immediate advantage”

The key to judging whether an army has the combat capability to defeat the enemy is whether it can gain an immediate advantage over the enemy at the moment of exerting its strength in the confrontation with the enemy. The development of new operational concepts, design and preparation for future wars all require a firm grasp of the core of “fighting a war of immediate advantage.”

Design wars around the core concept of “fighting a war of immediate advantage”. In the future, if our army wants to defeat opponents with strong overall strength, it should always focus on forming and using the key of immediate advantage. Instead of confronting the enemy in all dimensions, it should seize the enemy’s most critical pain points and decision points, aggregate multi-dimensional capabilities at a moment and concentrate its efforts, and accordingly plan tactics to defeat the enemy with immediate advantage. The top priority is to design the decision points for striking and the methods and ways to gather immediate advantages. At all levels of strategy, campaign, tactics and even individual combat, operational guidance and tactics should be designed according to this idea, and this should be used as the fundamental test standard.

Military capabilities should be built based on whether or not they can form an immediate advantage. We should focus on the core concept of “fighting a war of immediate advantage” and systematically design strategic capabilities, weapons and equipment, force structure, combat methods and specific tactics, as well as everything needed for combat, in accordance with the idea of ​​using our capabilities to defeat the enemy’s inability at the decisive moment of the war. We should pay special attention to the prominent role of new technologies and new means in forming an immediate advantage, and continue to inject contemporary vitality and scientific and technological determination into forming an immediate advantage and fighting a war of immediate advantage.

(Author’s unit: Institute of War Studies, Academy of Military Science)

國語中文翻譯：

戰爭制勝機理有普遍與特殊之分。特殊制勝機理是有條件的，而帶普遍性、根本性的製勝機理則是相對穩定的，任何人、任何時代的戰爭指導違背了這些機理就要打敗仗。揭示戰爭根本製勝機理，不僅可以更深刻地認識經典戰爭理論的科學性正確性，增強戰爭指導的理論自信，還可根據戰爭環境與條件的變化，不斷創新適應時代條件的戰爭與作戰指導，牢牢掌握戰略主動權。

認識、準備和指導戰爭，首要的是揭示根本製勝機理

研究戰爭根本製勝機理，是認識戰爭的邏輯起點，是準備和實施戰爭的根本依據。

研究戰爭根本製勝機理，就是揭示制勝的充分必要條件。本質上講，制勝機理是打勝仗的原因和條件。研究戰爭根本製勝機理，就是要對「當且僅當具備怎樣的條件才能打勝仗」這個根本性問題作出回答，旨在使我們認識到：如果有了這個條件，必然能夠取勝，如果沒有這個條件，則必然失敗；如果是勝利了，一定是因為具備這個根本條件。從哲學上講，這個條件肯定存在，只是能不能去認識它、揭示它，否則，歷史上那麼多打勝仗的規律就無以認知。

「即時優勢制勝」是戰爭的根本製勝機理。即時優勢中的優勢，不是簡單的資源對比，而是在向敵方發力的那一時刻，在戰爭決定點的對抗上，具有能戰勝對方的綜合能力和有利態勢。 「即時優勢制勝」是指，有了即時優勢，在決定點與敵對抗的那一時刻就一定能勝利。如果只有一個時刻保持這種優勢，則這一個回合能取勝；如果每一個時刻、每一個對抗回合都能保持這種優勢，則戰爭必然勝利。筆者認為，「即時優勢制勝」這個制勝機理，就是「規律背後的規律」和戰爭指導的根本依據，也是戰爭和作戰的根本製勝機理。

「即時優勢制勝」是經典戰爭指導理論的根本依據。統攬經典的戰爭指導理論，都是基於「即時優勢制勝」這個機理提出的。從中國第一次國內革命戰爭，到抗日戰爭、解放戰爭，毛澤東始終扭住利用優勢兵力和天時、地利、人和，對敵之一點實施殲滅性打擊這個指導，都取得了勝利，雄辯證明了「即時優勢制勝」是取得勝利的根本規律。歷史上，孫子提出的「攻其無備，出其不意」「由不虞之道，攻其所不戒」的思想，三十六計中的瞞天過海、圍魏救趙、以逸待勞、趁火打劫、聲東擊西等戰計，拿破侖關於「軍事藝術的秘密在於，在必要的地方和必要的時間，使自己的軍力超過敵人」的思想，二戰時德軍運用過的「閃擊戰」等，著眼點都是在對手沒有建立防範的時刻集聚即時優勢突然擊敗對手；美軍30年前提出“空地一體戰”，近年來又提出“空海一體戰”，之後又更名為“全球公域進入與機動”概念，2016年美陸軍提出“多域戰”，究其本質，也都是透過力量和空間等要素的運籌，形成對對手的即時優勢。

認識並掌握「即時優勢制勝」的豐富內涵

對即時優勢制勝這一機理，我們可以將其內涵歸結為以下主要面向。

即時優勢是對象、時間、資源的統一。即時優勢制勝，包括物件、即時、優勢三要素。對象，即選定的決定點，這個決定點可能是對方具有一定抗擊力的物理目標，或是具有一定能力的部隊；即時，是戰爭中向敵發力的那一時刻；優勢，是由各種可用的戰爭資源、要素（包括空間要素）所構成的綜合能力和態勢優於對手（對象），是客觀條件與主觀努力的產物。是否具有即時優勢，與軍隊整體軍力優劣不是必然關系，軍力整體不佔優勢時，在決定點對抗的時刻凝聚起對敵優勢，同樣能取勝。時間優勢是重要的決定因素，掌握了時間優勢，意味著對手在沒有充分準備的「空檔」中突然遭到打擊。但在戰場上，必須實現對象、即時、優勢的統一。只強調時間之快，若快而不優，快速則無意義；只強調資源之優，若優不逢時，在對抗那一時刻發揮不了作用，實際能力等於零。這就是歷史上許多強勢之軍吃敗仗的原因。

即時優勢是對抗發力時刻的體系優勢。不同時代的戰爭，即時優勢有不同體現。現代戰爭是體係與體系的對抗，體系中的要素有主次之分，體系的主導因素對體系優勢自然重要，但次要因素也會消解和破壞即時優勢，進而使勝勢淪為敗勢。力量優勢是即時優勢的基礎，但它只是形成即時優勢多個條件中的一個。在現代戰爭中，技術和力量結構越復雜，不同資源的互補性和結構的可變性就越強，形成即時優勢的機制就越復雜。例如，在基於網絡資訊體系的一體化聯合作戰中，傳統上並不受重視的網絡後台運維人員如果不能保持系統正常運行，這個體系優勢就可能被極大消解。

即時優勢是靜態與動態的統一。戰爭和作戰制勝過程，是一個不斷在決定點聚集和發揮即時優勢、逐步消耗敵人、擴大即時優勢的過程。一旦某一時刻無法形成決定點上的優勢，這個時刻將成為作戰進程的轉折點，這就是強調一鼓作氣和連續作戰能力的內在原理。在朝鮮戰爭中，我軍的保障只能支持7天左右的連續作戰，到了這個轉​​折點，我們主動收兵轉入防禦，原因是再繼續作戰，我們將不會有即時優勢。

即時優勢只存在於一定時間窗口。戰場上，敵我互為對手、生死相爭，即時優勢只會存在於一定的時段。現代戰爭，訊息傳輸已達毫秒級，偵察—判斷—決策—打擊流程時以秒計，許多遠程打擊手段的反應力已經不需要再計入平台空間移動的時間，特別是隨著作戰體系智能化的推進，保持優勢的時間窗口會變得更短，這對聚集和發揮即時優勢效力提出了新要求。

基於「即時優勢制勝」機理不斷優化戰爭與作戰指導

制勝機理是作戰指導和作戰方法“背後的規律”，我們應依據“即時優勢制勝”的機理不斷優化戰爭和作戰指導。

努力謀求特色優勢。特色優勢即一支軍隊的特殊優長。對我軍來說，就是要在任何時候都謀求我有敵無、我強敵弱等特色優長，堅持你打你的、我打我的，實施不對稱作戰，致力尋找敵最薄弱的那個時刻，發揮我之優長形成我們的即時優勢。未來，我們需要繼續發揮我們的政治優勢，同時應從新體制、新體系、新裝備中凝聚和培育新的特色優勢。要堅信武器裝備弱的一方始終擁有局部取勝而逐步實現全局勝利的可能性，基於這種可能性，應致力圍繞是否能有利於營造優勢戰機、是否能在戰機消失前戰勝敵人設計與指導作戰。

致力凝聚體系力量形成即時優勢。資訊時代是體係作戰，拼的是體系能力。研究單一要素如何制勝固然必要，但實戰中，真正的製勝之道是諸要素的綜合運用。美軍近年提出的「多域戰」概念，核心在於在一個決定點形成多域融合聚能釋放的能力。不能聚體系之力形成即時優勢，就不得不以體系短板應敵，敗戰自然寓於其中。

圍繞形成即時優勢因敵而變。因敵而變是戰爭指導藝術的重要體現，其中的根本不在於變，而是在變化中不斷塑造新的即時優勢，這需要通過正確的指揮和科學的戰法來實現。未來戰爭越來越呈現智慧化趨勢，但本質上依然是量敵用力、因敵施法，只是這種變化節奏更快、態勢更加撲朔迷離，如果集聚能力的速度跟不上戰場形勢的變化，因敵而變就不可能達到「即時」。可以說，在作戰資源一定的情況下，指揮藝術的全部內涵，就是製造和尋找敵人的軟肋，運籌和營造對敵的即時優勢，這是戰爭指導和戰法的靈魂。

削弱對手優勢是形成和維持即時優勢的重要途徑。即時優勢是與對手比較而言的。在資源對比上，這種優勢可以透過聚集己方優勢和削弱敵方優勢兩個途徑獲得，從技術到戰術、從戰略到戰役戰鬥各層面展開。在技​​術上削弱對手是最具根本性的削弱；在戰略戰術上，通過在非決定點的欺騙、牽制、擾亂，分散削弱對手，以影響對方在決定點上的優勢聚集，則是轉化在決定點上的優劣對比、贏得勝勢的重要途徑。

堅定把握偵察、隱蔽、先機、攻勢和速決原則。偵察、隱蔽、先機、攻勢、速決，是古老原則，但現代作戰有新內涵、新要求，打即時優勢之戰，更具不可或缺性。準確掌握「預定打擊點」之敵的能力態勢，是形成即時優勢的前提；為保持更長時間的即時優勢，需要通過隱蔽意圖和行動，盡可能推遲被敵發現的時間；力量、部署雖然佔優，而一旦敵方首先發力，我之即時優勢將可能被消解，美軍甚至斷言，「誰先發動飽和打擊誰就能夠獲得勝利，能否率先打擊取決於是否能有效隱蔽自己」；面對強敵，單純防守越來越困難，無論大戰、小戰，攻勢才能最大限度發揮優勢效力，才是最好的防禦；戰場態勢變化極快，即時優勢的時間窗口短暫，速戰速決可能是充分利用這一時間視窗的最佳選擇。

以「打即時優勢之戰」為核心設計與準備戰​​爭

看一支軍隊是否具有克敵制勝的戰鬥力，核心是看這支軍隊能不能在與敵對抗的發力時刻，先敵形成即時優勢。開發新的作戰概念、設計和準備未來戰爭，都需要緊緊把握住「打即時優勢之戰」這個核心。

圍繞「打即時優勢之戰」這個核心概念設計戰爭。未來一個時期，我軍要戰勝整體實力強大的對手，應當始終著眼形成和運用即時優勢這個關鍵，不與敵全維全面對陣，而是抓住敵最要害的痛點和決定點，在一個時刻聚合多維能力集中發力，照此運籌以即時優勢敗敵的戰法。其中的重中之重，是設計好打擊的決定點和聚集即時優勢的方法途徑。在戰略、戰役、戰術甚至單兵作戰各層次，都應依此思想設計作戰指導與戰法，並以此作為根本的檢驗標準。

以是否能形成即時優勢為標準建設軍事能力。應圍繞「打即時優勢之戰」這個核心概念，按照在戰爭的決定點上打擊敵人的那一時刻以我之能擊敵之不能的思路，系統設計戰略能力、武器裝備、力量結構、作戰方式和具體戰法，以及作戰所需的一切。特別應關注新技術新手段在形成即時優勢中的突出作用，持續為形成即時優勢、打即時優勢之戰注入時代活力和科技定力。

（作者單位：軍事科學院戰爭研究院）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4820888.html?

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Chinese Military Identifying Characteristics of Intelligent Transformation of Command and Control

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中國軍隊指揮控制智慧轉型特點

現代英語：

Grasp the characteristics of intelligent transformation of command and control

Command and control is the key to the operation of the war system and is the most sensitive to the core technologies that shape the war situation. With the accelerated development of artificial intelligence, especially military intelligence, human-machine integration, intelligent game, and network empowerment have gradually become key factors for winning on the battlefield, and intelligent warfare is coming step by step. Studying the development and changes of command and control in the evolution of war situations is an inevitable requirement for actively designing wars, seeking command advantages, and winning future battlefields.

Flat mesh command systems tend to be more elastic and self-organized

The command system covers command elements, command institutions, command relationships, and other contents, and has a global and fundamental impact on combat command. The development of “network +” towards “intelligence +” has accelerated the reconstruction of the command system. The command elements of the linkage network are more compact and flexible. While information warfare reduces the command gradient, it also increases the command span, resulting in the complexity of the command link and a greatly compressed response time limit. The breakthrough changes in intelligent technology enable it to achieve intelligent migration through simple replication or appropriate transformation, which can not only assist commanders to improve their control, but also leave flexible command redundancy. In the future, intelligent systems can fight one enemy against ten or even one hundred, and can continuously upgrade themselves through self-game iteration. Command agencies with centralized authority tend to be distributed and self-organized. Information on the informationized battlefield accelerates the flow of information, and command agencies must quickly classify and handle problems like sorting machines on an assembly line. The intelligent battlefield emphasizes systematization. Relying on the resource pool, wisdom library, and tactics shelf of the “Comprehensive Integration Seminar Hall”, each command agency can have a clear view of the battlefield situation in a distributed environment and dynamically adjust the investment in manpower, intelligence, and computing power, which not only reduces the burden on the command core but also improves its battlefield survival rate through decentralization. Clear and stable command relationships tend to be dynamically reconfigurable. The information chain determines the command relationship. The “smoke-filled” information system is inefficient and faces the risk of being “broken and paralyzed” by the enemy during a war. The intelligent-driven border monitoring and early warning system and the endogenous traceability defense system can quickly verify the source of the attack, randomly jump the command link, dynamically adjust the command relationship, increase or decrease the command intensity as needed, and maintain the stable operation of the command system.

The operating mechanism of system confrontation emphasizes that victory is determined by superiority

The operating mechanism is the invisible baton of the command and control system, which interacts deeply with the winning mechanism and affects the outcome of the war. The core of the system has shifted from being human-centered to being coaxially driven by humans and machines. The debate over the decision-making power of intelligent warfare has been going on for a long time. Due to the political nature of war and the inorganic nature of intelligent systems, the final decision must be made by humans. The complexity, emergence and uncertainty of the intelligent battlefield require a reasonable division of labor between humans and machines. By strengthening the top-level design to establish the human-machine boundary and the cooperation mechanism, commanders will be freed from heavy physical and mental labor to focus on creative thinking activities. The system operation has developed from step-by-step transmission to on-demand linkage. Modern warfare pursues “unimpeded communication from sensor to shooter”. The high mutation and unpredictability of battlefield situations require the command and control system to be more adaptable. Compared with traditional step-by-step command, the intelligent command and control system focuses on cross-domain linkage under unified command, which can be “pseudo-controlled” according to the enemy, situation and circumstances, and can fully stimulate and mobilize the subjective initiative of subordinates. The utility model changes from comprehensive control to key point energy release. Intelligent warfare has the distinct characteristics of non-contact, asymmetric and nonlinear. From the accelerated militarization of space, to the exposure of the world’s largest network arsenal, to the nuclearization of weapon power and the frequent testing of hypersonic weapons, the trend of military powers seeking to implement key point energy release through technological assault is obvious. Adhering to the principle of “you fight yours, I fight mine” and countering asymmetric threats with asymmetric advantages will be the basic effectiveness model of intelligent warfare.

The battlefield situation of full-dimensional perception is extended to deep cognition

Battlefield situation is the premise for judging the situation and planning decisions. Through the transmission of the value chain of “data-information-knowledge-cognition”, it promotes understanding of the battle situation and reaching consensus. Intelligent situation perception helps to penetrate the surface and gain insight into the essence. The rise of distributed access and edge computing promotes situational equality. The acquisition of informationized battlefield data is greatly facilitated, but there are also problems such as uneven configuration of infrastructure, inconsistent standard formats, and difficulty in sharing and privacy protection. Large data centers face challenges such as difficulty in load balancing and stable operation. With the promotion and deployment of flexible and ad hoc access networks, autonomous trusted computing, and lightweight data centers, modular forces will gain more equal, friendly, and convenient situational authority, significantly improving situational response efficiency. Situational analysis transforms from intelligence extraction to cognitive discovery. As the offensive and defensive forces expand from tangible space to intangible space, facing true and false, chaotic and disordered situational data, based on data correlation analysis, intelligent knowledge graphs, and intelligent analysis of diversified corpora, a three-dimensional but incomplete “portrait” of the target can be made, and with the help of battle case libraries and typical behavior models, the real enemy behind the complex situation can be understood. Situational services expand from correlation integration to on-demand push. Traditional situation services are limited by static display, delayed update, and indiscriminate simultaneous release. It is difficult to reasonably distinguish the granularity and number of meshes, which increases the burden on users. Visual demonstration graphics can efficiently convey information. Relying on data visualization, electronic sandbox, and situation map hierarchical push, it can realize on-demand customized push, reduce data congestion, and improve the accuracy of delivery.

Scientific and normative planning and decision-making call for the integration of wisdom and strategy

Planning and decision-making are the core of command and control, and are also the stage for war technology and art to compete and flourish. Planning and decision-making in the intelligent era will shift from “decision-making based on intuition” to “decision-making based on data” to “decision-making based on wisdom”. The role of commanders is more creative. In a fast-paced and highly complex decision-making environment, the amount and efficiency of information processed by the human brain are limited, which is more suitable for creative thinking activities. In the decision-making mechanism of human-machine “co-conspiracy”, the machine “staff” will mainly undertake various difficult and overloaded “calculation” tasks, while the commander will focus on “calculation” work such as setting up a situation, implementing strategies and using them, so as to maximize their respective advantages. Intelligent computers are the key to understanding the war situation. In the face of the fog of war, “dispersing or bypassing the fog” depends on the commander’s operation and means of support. In the case that the characteristics of the commanders of both sides, tactics and regulations, main combat equipment and support systems are difficult to hide, the dominant side will have targeted layouts and obstacles. Autonomous and controllable intelligent systems can surpass human thinking and create new strategies without input or weak intervention, making it possible to break through the fog. Human-machine integration fills the gaps in the battlefield system. In the future battlefield, the modular force system, the fully interconnected information system, and the command system of human-machine cooperation will inevitably have gaps or barriers, which are often the “weak points” of the enemy system. The edge computing nodes and terminal decision-making entities that constitute the human-machine system can form a highly adaptable interface environment through human-machine brain connection, playing the role of a combat system adhesive.

Accurate and efficient coordinated control emphasizes cross-domain linkage

Coordinated control is the practical chapter of command control. In the intelligent era, coordinated control will move from two-dimensional to three-dimensional, with greater emphasis on cross-domain linkage. The selection of combat targets has evolved from careful selection to precise attack with full visibility. Critical targets and key nodes are like the “life gate” of the combat system, and are the key to attack and defense. How to locate the target? How to evaluate the target? How to measure the benefit? If the control is not appropriate, once a misfire or misinjury occurs, it will inevitably cause serious political and military consequences. In the future, the combination of “front-line cheap unmanned equipment + mid-stage solution and recognition system + back-stage judgment and evaluation personnel” can not only quickly identify and locate targets, but also intelligently screen and distinguish high-value targets. The control of the combat process has evolved from precise control to dynamic adjustment. The goal of coordinated control is to effectively connect various sub-domain directions, various participating forces, various offensive and defensive actions, and operations at all stages. Usually affected by the time lag of commands, it is difficult for deep command organizations to accurately control front-line troops in real time. The use of virtual augmented reality, real-time situation sharing, and data concurrent links can enable commanders to see, judge, and control the battle situation as if they were “on the scene”. The achievement of combat effectiveness has evolved from focusing on energy release to cross-domain coupling. Joint operations emphasize the close coupling and joint response of multi-domain battlefields, bringing about a positive superposition of combat effects. With the help of situation tracking systems, strike evaluation models, and effect diffusion algorithms, commanders can accurately predict the battle situation, reasonably seek benefits and avoid harm, and comprehensively control combat effects.

Precise and quantitative performance evaluation pursues iterative efficiency improvement

Effectiveness evaluation is a test of the degree of command and control, and is also the basis for optimizing and improving the combat system. The promotion of intelligent deduction and evaluation theories and methods will further demonstrate the benefits of “learning war from war”. Classic battle examples contribute new quality combat power under a new perspective. The military inherits military traditions, and past battle examples are an important carrier. With the help of behavioral logic modeling, intelligent image synthesis, natural language compilation and other technologies, historical scenes can be “reproduced”, key figures can be “revived”, key decisions can be reviewed, and opponents can be preset in a targeted manner to improve the readiness of war and combat command. Realistic operations reduce uncertainty in simulation verification. Organizing war games before the launch of a campaign action, after the end of a combat action, or during a major exercise can verify combat concepts, practice tactics and processes, and identify strengths and weaknesses. Under intelligent conditions, command agencies rely on computer war game systems to repeatedly conduct pre-war simulations, design intelligent blue troops to cooperate with actual military exercises, and organize post-war reviews based on data identification and image synthesis, which can approach the “standard answer” in “violent actions”. Wars are happening in combat laboratories in advance. In the future, people with more and more machine-like superpowers and machines that are more and more like humans will fight side by side. By constructing realistic battlefields, mixed human-machine formations, creating multi-script rules, defining flexible boundaries between humans and machines, and simulating extreme training conditions, it will help the troops understand the intelligent battlefield, deepen human-machine collaboration, rehearse future battles, and proactively open the door to intelligent warfare.

國語中文：

指揮控制是戰爭體系運作的樞紐，對塑造戰爭形態的核心技術最敏感。隨著人工智慧特別是軍事智慧化加速發展，人機融合、智慧博弈、網絡賦能逐步成為戰場制勝關鍵因素，智慧化戰爭正一步步走來。研究戰爭形態演變中指揮控制的發展變革，是主動設計戰爭、謀求指揮優勢，制勝未來戰場的必然要求。

扁平網狀的指揮體系較趨向彈性自組織

指揮體系涵蓋指揮要素、指揮機構、指揮關係等內容，對作戰指揮具有全局性、根本性影響。 「網絡+」向「智慧+」方向發展，加速了指揮體系重構。聯動網聚的指揮要素較趨緊湊有彈性。資訊化戰爭在縮減指揮梯度的同時也帶來指揮跨度增加，導致指揮鏈路複雜化和響應時限極大壓縮。智慧技術的突破性變革使其可透過簡單複製或適當改造實現智慧遷移，既能輔助指揮員提高掌控力，又留有彈性指揮冗餘。未來智慧系統，可以一敵十甚至以一敵百，並能不斷自我博弈迭代升級。集中權威的指揮機構較趨分佈自組織。資訊化戰場資訊加速流轉，指揮機構要像流水線上的分揀機一樣快速分類處理問題。智慧化戰場更強調體系性，各指揮機構依托「綜合整合研討廳」的資源池、智慧庫、戰法貨架，可在分散式環境下通視戰局，並能動態調整人力、智力、算力投向投量，既降低了指揮核心的負擔又通過去中心化提高其戰場生存率。清晰穩固的指揮關系更趨動態可重構。資訊鏈決定指揮關系，「煙囪林立」的資訊系統效率低且面臨戰時遭敵「斷鏈癱體」的風險，智慧驅動的邊界監測預警系統和內生溯源防禦系統，可快速查證攻擊源、隨機跳變指揮鏈路、動態調組指揮關系、按需增減指揮強度，維持指揮體系穩健運作。

體系對抗的運行機理更強調優勢決勝

運行機理是指揮控制體系的隱形指揮棒，與制勝機理深層互動交鏈並影響戰爭勝負走向。體系核心由以人為主轉為人-機共軸驅動。智慧化戰爭決策權的爭論由來已久，由於戰爭的政治性和智慧系統的無機性，做出最終決策的必然是人。智慧戰場的複雜性、湧現性和不確定性，要求人與機器合理分工，透過加強頂層設計確立人機分界及協作機制，將使指揮員從繁重的體力腦力勞動中解放出來專事創造性思維活動。體系運轉由逐級傳動向按需聯動發展。現代戰爭追求“從傳感器到射手無障礙貫通”，戰場形勢的高突變性和不可預知性，要求指揮控制體系更具適應性。較之傳統按部就班式指揮，智能化指揮控制體繫著眼統一指揮下的跨域聯動，既可因敵、因勢、因情「擬態」調控，又可充分激發調動下級主觀能動性。效用模式由全面瞰制向要點釋能轉變。智慧化戰爭具有非接觸性、非對稱、非線性的鮮明特徵。從太空加速軍事化，到全球最大網絡武器庫曝光，再到武器動力核能化和高超聲速武器頻繁試驗，軍事強國謀求以技術突襲實施要點釋能趨勢明顯。堅持“你打你的，我打我的”，以不對稱優勢反制不對稱威懾將是智能化戰爭的基本效用模式。

全維感知的戰場態勢向深度認知拓展

戰場態勢是研判情況和規劃決策的前提，透過「數據-資訊-知識-認知」的價值鏈傳遞，促進理解戰局、達成共識。智慧化態勢感知有助於穿透表象洞察本質。分散式接取和邊緣計算興起促使態勢平權。資訊化戰場數據獲取極大便利化，同時也存在基礎設施配置不均、標準格式不統一、共享和隱私保護難等問題，大型數據中心面臨負載平衡難和穩定運行難等挑戰。隨著彈性隨遇接取網絡、自主可信計算和輕量化資料中心推廣部署，模塊化部隊將獲得更為均等、友善、便捷的態勢權限，顯著提升態勢響應效能。態勢分析由情報提取向認知發現轉型。隨著攻防較量由有形空間向無形空間拓展，面對真假互見、零亂無序的態勢數據，基於數據關聯分析、智能知識圖譜、多樣化語料庫的智能化分析，可對目標作立體但不完整的“畫像”，並配合戰例庫和典型行為模型，洞察復雜態勢背後的真實敵情。態勢服務由關聯綜合向按需推送拓展。傳統態勢服務受靜態展示、延時更新、無差別同放等限制，粒度、目數難以合理區分，導致用戶負擔加重。形象化簡報圖形可高效傳遞訊息，依托資料可視化、電子沙盤、態勢圖分級推送等手段可實現按需客製化推送，降低資料擁塞，提高投放精準度。

科學規範的規劃決策更呼喚智謀融合

籌劃決策是指揮控制的核心，也是戰爭技術、藝術競爭的舞台。智慧時代的籌劃決策將由「靠直覺決策」經由「靠數據決策」轉變為「靠智慧決策」。指揮員角色更富創造性。在快節奏和高複雜度決策環境下，人腦處理資訊的量度和效能受限，更適合創造性思維活動。人機「共謀」的決策機構，機器「參謀」將主要承擔各種高難度、超負荷「計算」任務，指揮員則聚焦設局造勢、施計用謀等「算計」工作，從而使各自優勢最大化發揮。智慧型機腦是洞悉戰局的關鍵。面對戰爭迷霧，「驅散或繞開霧團」取決於指揮員運籌和手段支撐。在雙方指揮員特點、戰法條令、主戰裝備及支撐體係等較難隱藏情況下，優勢一方將有針對性佈局設障。而自主可控智慧系統可在無輸入或弱幹預情況下超越人類思維開創嶄新策略，使沖破迷霧成為可能。人機交融彌合戰場體系縫隙。未來戰場，模塊化編組的力量體系、全域互聯的資訊體系、人機配合的指揮體係不可避免存在縫隙或壁壘，往往是遭敵體系破擊的「七寸」。構成人機系統的邊緣計算節點和末端決策實體，可由人腦-機腦接駁形成高適應性介面環境，並發揮作戰體系黏合劑的功能。

精準高效率的協調控制更強調跨域聯動

協調控制是指揮控制的實踐篇章，智慧時代的協調控制將從平面走向立體，並更加強調跨域聯動。作戰目標選取從甄選慎打到通視精打。要害目標及關鍵節點猶如作戰體系的“命門”，是攻防之要。如何定位目標？如何評價目標？如何測算效益？若掌控失當，一旦出現誤擊誤傷，勢必造成嚴重政治軍事後果。未來「前沿廉價無人裝備+中台解算識別系統+後台判讀評估人員」的組合既可快速識別、定位目標，更能智慧篩選、區分高價值目標。作戰過程掌控從精確控製到動態調節。協調控制的目標是使各分域方向、各種參戰力量、各類攻防行動及各階段作戰有效銜接。通常受指令時滯性等影響，縱深指揮機構很難即時精準掌控前線部隊。虛擬增強現實、態勢即時共享和數據並發鏈路等的運用，可使指揮員「身臨其境」般通視、研判和掌控戰局。作戰效果達成從聚力釋能到跨域耦合。聯合作戰強調多域戰場緊密耦合與聯動呼應，帶來作戰效果正向疊加。借助態勢追踪系統、打擊評估模型及效應擴散演算法，指揮員可精準預測戰局，合理趨利避害，綜合調控作戰效果。

精細量化的效能評估更追求迭代增效

效能評估是對指揮控制達成度的檢驗，也是優化完善作戰體系的依據。智慧推演評估理論與手段推廣，將使「從戰爭中學習戰爭」的效益進一步顯現。經典戰例在新視域下貢獻新質戰力。軍隊傳承軍事傳統，既往戰例是重要載體。借助行為邏輯建模、智慧影像合成、自然語言編譯等技術，可「重現」歷史場景、「復活」核心人物、復盤關鍵決策並有針對性預設對手，提升戰爭和作戰指揮準備度。現實作戰在模擬驗證中降低不確定性。在戰役行動發起前、作戰行動結束後或重大演訓期間組織兵棋推演，能夠驗證作戰概念、研練戰法流程、查擺優長不足。智能條件下，指揮機構依托計算機兵棋系統反復進行戰前推演、設計智能藍軍配合實兵演練、基於數據標識與影像合成組織戰後復盤，可在“暴力窮舉”中逼近“標準答案” 。戰爭較量提前在作戰實驗室打響。未來，越來越具備機器般超能力的人和越來越像人的機器將並肩作戰。透過構設逼真戰場、人機混合編組、創設多腳本規則、劃定人機彈性分界、發展極限研練條件，有助於部隊認知智慧戰場、深化人機協作、預演未來之戰，主動叩開智能化戰爭之門。

魯曉彬

來源：解放軍報 作者：魯曉彬 責任編輯：劉上靖 2021-05-25

中國國防部原文資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4885987.html

China Internet Soverignty, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀

Chinese General: If hostile forces invade my network sovereignty China can use military means to fight & hack back // 中國將軍：如果敵對勢力入侵我的網絡主權，中國可以用軍事手段進行反擊和反擊

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Chinese General: If hostile forces invade my network sovereignty China can use military means to fight & hack back //

中國將軍：如果敵對勢力入侵我的網絡主權，中國可以用軍事手段進行反擊和反擊

（安卫平，北部战区副参谋长）

Original: “National Defense Reference”, No. 3, 2017

The cyberspace was born in the military field. For example, the first computer, the APA network and the GPS navigation system all originated from the military. Today, cyberspace security has been closely related to national security, and the military has once again become the protagonist of maintaining national cyberspace security. Whether facing normalized network penetration or large-scale cyberattacks, it is urgent for the military to move from guarding the “network camp gate” to guarding the “network country gate”, breaking through the traditional military missions and missions, and breaking through the traditional war preparation mode. With a new network of national defense thinking, the founding of the network era of the country’s strong shield.

From the “network camp door” to the “network country door”, the new era brings a new trend of military mission

Cyberspace is not only related to the maintenance of national strategic interests, but also directly affects political, economic, cultural security and social development. It has also become the blood and link of modern battlefield joint operations. The Chinese military cannot be limited to maintaining the internal network security of the military camp. It must also actively adapt to the trend of the times and take the responsibility of the country that guards the “network country.” Network strong army is an important part of the construction of a network powerhouse. From the “network camp door” to the “network country door” is the inevitable trend of the development of the domestic and international situation in the information age.

Guarding the “network country door” is forced by the cyberspace security situation. As the first big Internet country, China’s security situation is not optimistic, and strategic opponents have never stopped preparing for our network operations. The United States, Britain, France and other countries are actively preparing for cyberspace, giving military functions through cyberspace security legislation, developing cyber warfare forces, developing cyber warfare weapons and equipment, and advancing war to the “fifth space” of mankind, especially in China. In the historical process of the rise, under the leadership of the Cold War mentality and the containment subversion strategy, Western countries have used network technology and communication methods to implement uninterrupted harassment, subversion and cyberattacks, seriously affecting China’s national security and social development, and China has gradually become The hardest hit by cybersecurity threats, the test sites for virus attacks, and the destinations of conscious penetration, national security faces enormous risks.

In the coming period, as a new emerging country, China’s conflicts of interest with other parties will intensify. Firmly promoting the network defense strategy and strengthening the operational preparation of cyberspace are the inevitable ways to actively strive for the dominance and discourse power of cyberspace, and also the rise of China. The only way to go. As the main force of national security and stability, the military must adapt to the characteristics of cyberspace characteristics, become the backbone and main force to resist network intrusion and network subversion, and safeguard national security and social stability.

Winning cyber warfare is the trend of new military revolution in the information age. As one of the most advanced productivity in the information age, network technology has made cyberspace warfare a leading factor in guiding the evolution of modern warfare and affecting the overall situation of war. In recent years, from the “seismic net” attack in Iran, the cyber warfare in the Russian-Georgian conflict, the large-scale obstruction of the Ukrainian power grid, and the cyberattack of the US military against IS, the huge role played by cyberspace in actual combat has gradually emerged, indicating that cyber warfare Has become an important style of future joint operations.

The US military attaches great importance to the construction of cyberspace armaments, the establishment of the cyberspace command, the launch of cyberspace joint operations, the extensive expansion of cyber warfare forces, the maintenance of its cyberspace hegemony, and the formation of cyberspace control capabilities as a “third offset strategy”. “Absolute advantage is the most important competitive content.

Many countries in the world have followed suit, and the trend of militarization of cyberspace is obvious. The rigorous cyberspace military struggle situation requires the Chinese military to focus on the changes in the network battlefield space, adapt to the requirements of the information war era, and achieve the strong military goal of smashing and winning in cyberspace.

Effective network warfare is an intrinsic need to accelerate the construction of a network powerhouse. In the process of China’s development from a network power to a network power, it is inseparable from the strong cyberspace military power as a guarantee. The international competition in cyberspace is a comprehensive game of the country’s comprehensive strength. Among them, the quality of network military capacity building is directly related to national security and stability, and it is the core element of the entire national security field.

At present, the interests of countries in the world in the cyberspace are mutually infiltrated, and there is a situation in which you have me, I have you, cooperate with each other, and develop together. However, this kind of common development is not equal. The US and Western powers have taken advantage of the cyberspace dominance and have already achieved certain network warfare advantages, which has made my network development and interests subject to people. How can the military fulfill its mission of defending the earth in the construction of a network-strength country? The premise is to form a network environment that can contain the crisis and control the opponent’s network attack and defense capabilities and ensure peaceful development.

Therefore, the military needs to establish a deterrent strategic goal of effective warfare, form a strategic check and balance ability that can “destroy each other” with the enemy, thereby enhancing strategic competitiveness, ending cyberspace aggression, and ensuring the smooth advancement of the network power strategy.

From “keeping the soil to the responsibility” to “protecting the net and defending the country”, the new situation requires the military to undertake new tasks.

The military is the main force and pillar of national security, and cyberspace is no exception. The National Security Law, which was enacted on July 1, 2015, stipulates: “Citizens of the People’s Republic of China, all state organs and armed forces, political parties and people’s organizations, enterprises and institutions, and other social organizations have the responsibility to safeguard national security. And obligations.” The Cyber ​​Security Law, promulgated in November 2016, emphasizes the need to maintain cyberspace sovereignty and national security.

On the basis of the laws of these two countries, on December 27, 2016, the National Cyberspace Security Strategy (hereinafter referred to as the “Strategy”) was officially launched, providing overall guidance for creating a new pattern of network powers at a new starting point. Basically follow, clearly put forward nine strategic tasks, further embodying the mission of the military in the process of building a network power.

With the national mission of protecting the network, the military must be a strong pillar to defend the cyberspace sovereignty. The first of the nine strategic tasks listed in the “Strategy” is “firmly defending the cyberspace sovereignty” and clearly proposes to “take all measures including economic, administrative, scientific, technological, legal, diplomatic, military, etc., and unswervingly maintain our network.” Space sovereignty.” It can be seen that the military must assume the military mission of using physical space and defend the national mission of the sovereign security and interests of virtual cyberspace.

Cyberspace sovereignty is the core interest of the state and an important component of national sovereignty. It indicates the independence, equal, self-defense and management power of the state in cyberspace. Once the hostile forces violated my cyberspace sovereignty, it would be equivalent to infringing on the national sovereignty of the physical space such as land, sea and air. China will have the right to take all measures including military means to give a firm response.

Internationally, the United States has long proposed a cyberspace deterrence strategy, declaring that attacks on US network information facilities are equivalent to war acts, and the United States will take military strikes to retaliate. Military means are the means of safeguarding national sovereignty and play a vital role in safeguarding national cyberspace security. Therefore, the military, air, sea and air military forces have been given the historical mission of protecting the cyberspace sovereignty. They must rely on the powerful physical space to defend the national interests of cyberspace and effectively deter the hostile forces from cyber-damaging attempts.

In accordance with the era of the Internet, the military must be the ballast stone to defend national security. The second item of the “Strategy” mission emphasizes the need to resolutely safeguard national security, prevent, deter and punish any use of the Internet for treason, secession, sedition, subversion or incitement to subvert the people’s democratic dictatorship.

In the era of information network, the military of all countries in the world has become an important participant in cyberspace. The level of cyberspace capability has become the main indicator for assessing the modernization of a country’s military. It is one of the main duties of the informationized military to carry out cyberspace missions and maintain national security.

Judging from the historical process of China’s development, it is necessary to be highly vigilant against the danger of the country being invaded, subverted, and divided in cyberspace in order to adapt to the national security strategy needs of building a well-off society in an all-round way. Highly alert to the reform caused by cyberspace. The danger of developing the overall situation is destroyed, and we are highly wary of the danger of interference and destruction in the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Preventing problems before they occur requires the state to have the means to cope with and deal with these risks, and to have the powerful force to prevent, stop and legally punish cyberspace violations. Defending the country has always been an unshirkable historical responsibility of the military. The inherent mission and mission have determined that the Chinese military must assume the role of taking various measures in the cyberspace to safeguard the country’s political, economic, cultural security and social stability.

The strategic mission of both offensive and defensive, the military must be a strong backing to enhance the ability of cyberspace protection. The third and eighth items of the Nine Major Tasks in the Strategy clearly state that all necessary measures must be taken to protect key information infrastructure and its important data from attack and destruction, and that technology and management should be adhered to, protected and shocked; We will build a network space protection force that is commensurate with China’s international status and adapts to the network power. We will vigorously develop network security defense methods, timely discover and resist network intrusion, and build a strong backing for national security. Among all the political, diplomatic, military, and scientific and technological capabilities of the country to maintain security, military power has always been the foundation and support for all capabilities, the fundamental guarantee for all capabilities, and the ultimate support for national security.

Therefore, the military must undertake the strategic task of strengthening the national cyberspace protection capability. In the real society, the military is the reassurance of safeguarding national security, and it should also become the security dependence and guarantee of the people in cyberspace. As an important part of the national cyberspace protection capability, the military must achieve both offensive and defensive capabilities and a unified warfare. It has the ability to resolutely safeguard the interests and security of the country and the people in cyberspace, and effectively eliminate the various crises caused by cybersecurity threats. The turbulence of thoughts enables the people to truly feel that production and life are effectively protected and become the confidence of the people of the whole country in their confidence in the national network protection capabilities.

With the global responsibility of UNPROFOR, the military must be an important support for maintaining global cybersecurity. The last item of the “Strategy” mission clearly proposes to strengthen international cooperation in cyberspace, support the United Nations in playing a leading role, promote the development of universally accepted international rules on cyberspace, international anti-terrorism conventions on cyberspace, and improve the judicial assistance mechanism against cybercrime. International cooperation in the areas of policy and law, technological innovation, standards and regulations, emergency response, and protection of key information infrastructure.

Cyber ​​terrorism and cybercrime are new forms of global threat catalyzed by information network fermentation. They pose a huge threat to the political, economic, military and cultural security of all countries in the world. It is not enough to rely solely on the power of the government and the people. Western countries have given the military the responsibility to protect cybersecurity and the power to fight cyber terrorism. Maintaining the security and stability of global cyberspace is in the fundamental interests of China and the rest of the world. The military should become an important defender of global cyberspace security and an important force in combating global cyber terrorism and cybercrime.

The globalization and unbounded nature of the Internet determine the international demand for combating cyber terrorism and transnational cybercrime. The military should promote military cooperation in network governance between countries under the framework of the UN Security Council, and use the strategies and technologies of the network era to establish joint defense and joint defense. Mechanism to effectively safeguard the security of the national and world cyberspace.

From “field training” to “network preparation”, new areas require new preparations for the military

Under the new historical situation, cyberspace puts forward new requirements for the military training and preparation mode. It should adapt to the new characteristics of cyberspace and the new mission of the military to carry out innovative reforms on the traditional model, and take the goal of strengthening the country and strengthening the military as the overall plan, and strengthen macro-coordination. Focusing on the legal needs of military operations in cyberspace, it closely follows the natural attributes of the “military and civilian integration” of cyberspace, builds a network security attack and defense system that combines peacetime and warfare, and builds a network defense force of “military and land use”.

Legislation empowerment provides a legal basis for the military to carry out its functional mission. The countries of the world, especially the western developed countries, attach great importance to the issue of network defense in cyber security legislation. The United States has successively issued a series of policies and regulations such as “National Security No. 16 Presidential Decree”, “Network Space Action Strategy”, and has continuously deepened and standardized on how to protect national network security in the field of network defense.

At present, it is necessary to clarify the duties and responsibilities of the cyberspace military from the legal level. It should be based on the National Security Law and the Cyber ​​Security Law, and introduce the network defense law and related cyberspace military operational regulations, for the construction of the network defense field and the military. The action provides regulatory support and a program of action to make the military’s responsibilities and mission in cyberspace more specific and specific.

First, through network defense legislation to further define network sovereignty and network frontiers, clear the scope of the military’s responsibilities.

The second is to establish the operational authority of the military to defend the national cyberspace security through the construction of cyber warfare laws and regulations, and to distinguish military means against network intrusion and network destruction. Third, through the cyberspace international cooperation policy, the military will coordinate with other countries and civilian forces to combat international cyber terrorism and cybercrime.

The integration of military and civilian provides an innovative driving force for the construction of a network powerhouse. The integration of military and civilian is the main practice for the world powers to enhance the competitiveness of cyberspace. For the construction of China’s network powerhouses, building a military-civilian network security attack and defense system and developing a military-land dual-use defense information infrastructure is to inspire the innovation of military cyberspace combat capability. Source.

The first is to coordinate the military, civilian, and functional departments of the state, the military, and various levels of government, set up special command and coordination agencies, mobilize all national network forces, and build a network security attack and defense system that combines “military and civilian integration” and “peace and war.”

The second is to issue guidance on the in-depth development of cybersecurity military-civilian integration as soon as possible, and gradually carry out basic legal research and demonstration of military-civilian integration to guide the development of medium- and long-term military-civil integration.

Third, relying on the country’s existing public mobile communication network, optical fiber communication network and satellite system, the military and civilians will jointly build an information infrastructure covering the entire army of the whole country, and realize the unified construction and sharing of military and civilian.

The fourth is to establish an emergency response mechanism for military-civilian joints, increase the ability to train military authorities to control events, strengthen experts and emergency professional strength, and enhance the ability to quickly recover damaged networks or information systems.

Military-civilian joint training provides a practical environment for the generation of cyberspace military capabilities. The military-civilian sharing characteristics of cyberspace make military-civilian joint training an important means of military training in cyberspace around the world. The United States and NATO countries and other cyberspace joint military and civilian exercises have formed a series of, “network storm” and “network guards” and other exercises have attracted the participation of the government, enterprises, research institutions and even civilian hackers. Our military cyberspace military strength training also needs to attract a wide range of civil forces to participate.

First, do a good job in military and political cooperation, establish a military-civilian joint offensive and defensive drill mechanism, learn from the red-blue confrontation training methods in cyber warfare drills in developed countries such as the United States, actively build a “national network shooting range”, plan a series of joint exercises of the government and non-government organizations, and enhance the integration of military and civilian. The level of attack and defense of the network of the government and the people.

The second is to do a good job in military-enterprise cooperation, relying on net-based enterprises to set up a training field on the Internet, to promote the ability of the military and civilians to attack and defend, and jointly improve the ability to prevent unknown risks.

The third is to organize private network security companies and hacker talents, carry out network security competitions and other activities, and verify each other to jointly improve the level of network security protection technology and tactics.

The network reserve service provides a source of strength for building a powerful network army. As a backup supplement to the national defense force, reserve service has both military and civilian characteristics and is a powerful measure to realize the organic unification of cyberspace economic development and national defense construction.

First, it is led by the national security department, and overall planning is carried out according to national interests. A series of laws and regulations conducive to the construction of the network national defense reserve are introduced. From the top level, the main division of labor, promotion strategy, interest coordination, etc. of the military and civilian construction in the network defense reserve construction are solved. problem.

The second is to innovate the reserve organization and comprehensive coordination mechanism, and plan to integrate the reserve construction into all levels and fields of national network information development.

The third is to focus on the reform of the military and local management modes. Based on the management mechanisms of the provincial and municipal governments, the military, and local enterprises and institutions, establish a network of national defense reserve personnel to jointly cultivate and use the mechanism, improve the national emergency mobilization mechanism, and establish a national network defense special talent. The database will include the construction of network militia and reserve forces into the scope of mobilization of the people’s armed forces. In normal times, they will be incorporated into the militia emergency detachment for training. In an emergency, select the capable personnel to participate in the non-war military operations missions, and the wartime will be recruited according to the requirements. To transform the national defense potential into national defense strength. 

Original Mandarin Chinese:

原載：《國防參考》2017年第3期

網絡空間誕生於軍事領域，如首台計算機、阿帕網和GPS導航系統等都源於軍方，時至今日，網絡空間安全已與國家安全息息相關，軍隊又再次成為維護國家網絡空間安全的主角，無論是面對常態化的網絡滲透，還是大規模的網絡攻擊，都迫切需要軍隊從守衛“網絡營門”走向守衛“網絡國門”，突破傳統的軍隊使命任務，突破傳統的應戰備戰模式，以全新的網絡國防思維，鑄造網絡時代國之堅盾。

從“網絡營門”到“網絡國門”，新時代帶來軍隊使命新趨勢

網絡空間不僅事關國家戰略利益維護，直接影響政治、經濟、文化安全和社會發展，也成為現代戰場聯合作戰的血脈和紐帶。中國軍隊不能局限於維護軍營內部網絡安全，更要主動適應時代趨勢，勇於承擔把守“網絡國門”的國家擔當。網絡強軍是網絡強國建設的重要一環，從“網絡營門”走向“網絡國門”是信息時代國內外形勢發展的必然趨勢。

守衛“網絡國門”是網絡空間安全形勢所迫。中國作為第一網絡大國，安全狀況不容樂觀，戰略對手從未停止對我網絡作戰準備。美、英、法等國積極備戰網絡空間，通過網絡空間安全立法賦予軍隊職能，發展網絡戰部隊，研發網絡戰武器裝備，將戰爭推進到了人類的“第五空間”，特別是在中國日益強大崛起的歷史進程中，西方國家在冷戰思維和遏制顛覆戰略的主導下，利用網絡技術手段和傳播方式實施不間斷的騷擾、顛覆和網絡攻擊行動，嚴重影響我國家安全與社會發展，中國逐漸成為網絡安全威脅的重災區、病毒攻擊的試驗場、意識滲透的目的地，國家安全面臨著巨大風險。

未來一段時期內，中國作為新興大國，與各方利益衝突還將加劇，堅定推進網絡國防戰略，加強網絡空間的作戰準備，是積極爭取網絡空間的主導權和話語權的必然途徑，也是中國崛起的必由之路。軍隊作為國家安全穩定的主要力量，必須適應網絡空間特點要求，成為抗擊網絡入侵、網絡顛覆的中堅和主力，維護國家安全和社會穩定。

打贏網絡戰爭是信息時代新軍事變革所趨。網絡技術作為信息時代最先進生產力之一，使得網絡空間作戰成為引導現代戰爭形態演變的主導因素，影響著戰爭全局。近年來，從伊朗“震網”攻擊、俄格衝突網絡戰、烏克蘭電網遭大規模阻癱以及美軍對IS的網絡攻擊，網絡空間在實戰中所展現出的巨大作用逐漸顯現，預示著網絡作戰已成為未來聯合作戰重要樣式。

美軍高度重視網絡空間軍備建設，成立網絡空間司令部，推出網絡空間聯合作戰條令，大幅度擴編網絡戰部隊，極力維護其在網絡空間霸權，把對網絡空間控制能力作為形成“第三次抵消戰略”絕對優勢最重要的競爭內容。

世界多國紛紛跟進，網絡空間軍事化趨勢明顯。嚴峻的網絡空間軍事鬥爭形勢要求中國軍隊著眼網絡戰場空間變化，適應信息化戰爭時代要求，實現在網絡空間能打仗、打勝仗的強軍目標。

有效網絡懾戰是加速網絡強國建設內在所需。在中國由網絡大國向網絡強國發展過程中，離不開強大的網絡空間軍事力量作為保障。網絡空間國際競爭表現為國家綜合實力的全面博弈，其中，網絡軍事能力建設的好壞，直接關係到國家安全與穩定，牽一發而動全身，是整個國家安全領域的核心要素。

當前，世界各國在網絡空間的利益互相滲透，出現“你中有我、我中有你，互相合作，共同發展”的局面。但是這種共同發展是不對等的，美國及西方強國利用網絡空間主導權，已經取得了一定的網絡懾戰優勢，使我網絡發展及利益受制於人。軍隊如何在網絡強國建設中完成守土有責的使命重托，前提就是要形成能夠遏制危機、懾控對手的網絡攻防能力，確保和平發展的網絡環境。

因此，軍隊需要確立有效懾戰的威懾戰略目標，形成能與敵“相互摧毀”的戰略制衡能力，從而增強戰略競爭力，懾止網絡空間侵略，保障網絡強國戰略順利推進。

從“守土有責”到“護網衛國”，新形勢要求軍隊承擔新任務

軍隊是保衛國家安全的主力和柱石，網絡空間也不例外。 2015年7月1日施行的《國家安全法》規定：“中華人民共和國公民、一切國家機關和武裝力量、各政黨和各人民團體、企業事業組織和其他社會組織，都有維護國家安全的責任和義務。”2016年11月頒布的《網絡安全法》強調了要維護網絡空間主權和國家安全。

在這兩個國家法律的基礎上，2016年12月27日，《國家網絡空間安全戰略》(下文簡稱《戰略》)正式出台，為在新的起點上開創網絡強國新格局提供了總體指導和基本遵循，明確提出了九大戰略任務，進一步體現了軍隊在建設網絡強國進程中的使命任務。

全力護網的國家使命，軍隊要做捍衛網絡空間主權的堅強柱石。 《戰略》中列出的九大戰略任務首項就是“堅定捍衛網絡空間主權”，明確提出要“採取包括經濟、行政、科技、法律、外交、軍事等一切措施，堅定不移地維護我國網絡空間主權”。可見，軍隊須承擔起運用實體空間的軍事手段，保衛虛擬網絡空間主權安全和利益的國家使命。

網絡空間主權是國家的核心利益，是國家主權的重要組成，表明國家在網絡空間所擁有的獨立權、平等權、自衛權和管理權。一旦敵對勢力侵犯了我網絡空間主權，就等同於侵犯了我陸海空等實體空間的國家主權，中國將有權利採取包括軍事手段在內的一切措施給予堅決回擊。

在國際上，美國早就提出網絡空間威懾戰略，宣告對美國網絡信息設施的攻擊等同於戰爭行為，美國會採取軍事打擊措施進行報復。軍事手段是維護國家主權的保底手段，在維護國家網絡空間安全中發揮著至關重要的作用。因此，陸海空天軍事力量理所應當地被賦予了保護網絡空間主權的歷史使命，必須憑藉強大的實體空間武力保衛網絡空間的國家利益，有力震懾敵對勢力的網絡破壞企圖。

依網衛國的時代擔當，軍隊要做保衛國家安全的壓艙石。 《戰略》任務的第二項著力強調要堅決維護國家安全，防範、制止和依法懲治任何利用網絡進行叛國、分裂國家、煽動叛亂、顛覆或者煽動顛覆人民民主專政政權的行為。

信息網絡時代，世界各國軍隊都已經成為網絡空間重要參與者，網絡空間能力水平成為評估一個國家軍隊現代化程度的主要指標，遂行網絡空間使命任務、維護國家安全成為信息化軍隊的主要職責之一。

從中國發展所處的歷史進程來看，要適應全面建成小康社會決勝階段的國家安全戰略需求，必須高度警惕國家在網絡空間被侵略、被顛覆、被分裂的危險，高度警惕由網絡空間引發改革發展大局被破壞的危險，高度警惕中國特色社會主義發展進程被干擾、破壞的危險。

防患於未然，要求國家必須具有應對和處置這些危險的手段措施，具有防範、制止和依法懲治網絡空間違法破壞行為的強大力量。保衛國家歷來是軍隊不可推卸的歷史責任，固有的使命任務決定了中國軍隊必須承擔起在網絡空間採取各種措施，維護國家政治、經濟、文化安全和社會穩定的時代擔當。

攻防兼備的戰略任務，軍隊要做提升網絡空間防護能力的堅強後盾。 《戰略》中九大任務的第三項和第八項明確提出，要採取一切必要措施保護關鍵信息基礎設施及其重要數據不受攻擊破壞，要堅持技術和管理並重、保護和震懾並舉;要建設與我國國際地位相稱、與網絡強國相適應的網絡空間防護力量，大力發展網絡安全防御手段，及時發現和抵禦網絡入侵，鑄造維護國家網絡安全的堅強後盾。在國家所有維護安全的政治、外交、軍事、科技能力中，軍事力量歷來是所有能力的基礎和支撐，是所有能力的根本保障，是國家安全的最終依托。

因此，軍隊必須承擔起提升國家網絡空間防護能力堅強後盾的戰略任務。現實社會中，軍隊是維護國家安全的定心丸，在網絡空間也同樣應成為人民群眾的安全依賴和保障。軍隊作為國家網絡空間防護能力生成的重要一環，必須做到攻防兼備、懾戰一體，有能力堅決維護國家和人民在網絡空間的利益和安全，能夠有效消除網絡安全威脅造成的各種危機和思想動盪，使人民能夠切實感受到生產生活得到有效保護，成為全國人民對國家網絡防護能力充滿信心的底氣所在。

聯防聯治的全球責任，軍隊要做維護全球網絡安全的重要支撐。 《戰略》任務最後一項明確提出要強化網絡空間國際合作，支持聯合國發揮主導作用，推動制定各方普遍接受的網絡空間國際規則、網絡空間國際反恐公約，健全打擊網絡犯罪司法協助機制，深化在政策法律、技術創新、標準規範、應急響應、關鍵信息基礎設施保護等領域的國際合作。

網絡恐怖主義和網絡犯罪是經過信息網絡發酵催化出的全球威脅新形態，對世界上所有國家的政治、經濟、軍事、文化安全都構成巨大威脅，僅僅依靠政府和民間的力量是不夠的，美國等西方國家紛紛賦予軍隊保護網絡安全的職責和打擊網絡恐怖主義的權限。維護全球網絡空間安全與穩定符合中國以及世界各國的根本利益，軍隊應成為全球網絡空間安全的重要維護者，成為打擊全球網絡恐怖主義和網絡犯罪的重要力量。

網絡的全球化、無界性決定了打擊網絡恐怖主義和跨國網絡犯罪的國際需求，軍隊應在聯合國安理會的框架下，推進國家間網絡治理軍事合作，利用網絡時代的戰略和技術，建立聯防聯治機制，切實維護國家和世界網絡空間安全。

從“沙場練兵”到“網絡備戰”，新領域需要軍隊備戰新舉措

在新的歷史形勢下，網絡空間對軍隊練兵備戰模式提出了全新的要求，應適應網絡空間新特點和軍隊新使命對傳統模式進行創新改革，以強國強軍目標為統攬，加強宏觀統籌，著眼網絡空間軍事行動的法理需求，緊扣網絡空間“軍民一體”的天然屬性，建設“平戰結合”的網絡安全攻防體系，打造“軍地兩用”的網絡國防力量。

立法賦權，為軍隊遂行職能使命提供法理依據。世界各國尤其是西方發達國家在網絡安全立法上高度重視網絡國防問題。美國先後出台了《國家安全第16號總統令》《網絡空間行動戰略》等一系列政策法規，對如何在網絡國防領域保護國家網絡安全進行了不斷的深化規範。

當前，從法律層面釐清網絡空間軍隊的職責任務非常必要，應以《國家安全法》《網絡安全法》為依據，出台網絡國防法和有關網絡空間軍事作戰條令法規，為網絡國防領域建設和軍事行動提供法規支撐和行動綱領，使軍隊在網絡空間的職責和使命更加明確具體。

一是通過網絡國防立法進一步界定網絡主權和網絡邊疆，清晰軍隊的職責範圍。

二是通過網絡作戰法規建設，明確軍隊遂行保衛國家網絡空間安全的行動權限，區分應對網絡入侵、網絡破壞等行為的軍事手段。三是通過網絡空間國際合作政策，明確軍隊協同他國、民間力量等打擊國際網絡恐怖主義、網絡犯罪的職能任務。

軍民融合，為網絡強國建設提供創新動力。軍民融合是世界強國提升網絡空間競爭力的主要做法，對於中國網絡強國建設來說，構建軍民融合網絡安全攻防體系，開發軍地兩用的國防信息基礎設施，是激發軍隊網絡空間作戰能力創新的源泉。

一是統籌國家、軍隊和各級政府等軍民融合職能部門，設置專門的指揮協調機構，調動一切國家網絡力量，建設“軍民一體”“平戰結合”的網絡安全攻防體系。

二是盡快出台網絡安全軍民融合深度發展指導性意見，逐步展開軍民融合基本法律研究論證，指導中長期軍民融合發展。

三是依托國家現有公共移動通信網、光纖通信網及衛星系統，軍民共建覆蓋全國全軍的信息基礎設施，實現軍民統建、分管共享。

四是建立軍民聯合的應急響應機制，加大培訓軍地主管部門控制事態的能力，加強專家和應急專業力量，提升快速恢復受損網絡或信息系統的能力。

軍民聯訓，為網絡空間軍事能力生成提供實戰化環境。網絡空間的軍民共用特性使得軍民聯訓成為世界各國網絡空間軍事演訓的重要方式。美國及北約等國家的網絡空間軍民聯合演習已經形成系列化，“網絡風暴”“網絡衛士”等演練活動吸引了政府、企業、研究機構甚至民間黑客的廣泛參與。我軍網絡空間軍事力量訓練也需要廣泛吸引民間力量參與。

一是搞好軍政合作，建立軍民聯合攻防演練機制，借鑒美國等發達國家網絡戰演練中的紅藍對抗訓練方法，積極建設“國家網絡靶場”，策劃政府、民間機構系列聯合演習，提升軍民一體、官民一體的網絡攻防水平。

二是搞好軍企協作，在互聯網上依靠網信企業設置演練場區，促進軍民之間攻防能力磨合，共同提高防範未知風險能力。

三是組織民間網絡安全公司和黑客人才，開展網絡安全競賽等活動，互相印證，共同提高網絡安全防護技戰術水平。

網絡預備役，為建設強大網軍提供力量源泉。預備役作為國防力量的後備補充，兼有軍事和民用雙重特點，是實現網絡空間經濟發展與國防建設有機統一的有力舉措。

一是以國家安全部門為主導，依據國家利益進行統籌規劃，出台有利於網絡國防預備役建設的系列法規政策，從頂層上解決網絡國防預備役建設中軍民共建的主體分工、推進策略、利益協調等問題。

二是創新預備役組織領導體制和綜合協調機制，有計劃地把預備役建設融入國家網絡信息化發展的各個層面和各個領域。

三是著眼軍隊和地方兩頭管理模式改革，以各省市政府、軍隊和地方企事業單位的管理機制為依托，建立網絡國防預備役人才聯合培養使用機制，完善國家應急動員機制，建立國家網絡防禦專用人才數據庫，將網絡民兵和預備役部隊建設納入人民武裝動員的範圍，平時按規定編入民兵應急分隊進行訓練，急時挑選精干人員隨隊參加遂行非戰爭軍事行動任務，戰時按需要成建制徵召使用，使國防潛力轉變為國防實力。

Referring url: http://military.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0417/c1011-29215670.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀

Chinese Military Informationization Trends – Cyber Integrated Battlefield // 中國軍事信息化趨勢 – 網絡綜合戰場

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Chinese Military Informationization Trends – Cyber Integrated Battlefield // 中國軍事信息化趨勢 – 網絡綜合戰場

Source: PLA Daily

The army has given birth to the military and other military services. With the advent of the information age, the integration of battlefields and combat operations has made the integration of services a new trend and destination for the development of military construction.

Service integration: the general trend of informationized army construction

■Wang Xueping

The development of things often presents a spiral rising path, following the law of negation of negation. The development of human military activities, especially military construction, is also in line with this law. Before the information age, the army of the army was from one to many. The army had given birth to the sea and air. With the advent of the information age, the rapid development of technology has made the integration of military services a trend and a destination for the development of new military construction.

The future battlefield does not distinguish between land, sea and air

Under the condition of mechanization, the pattern of independent existence of land, sea, air and sky battlefields began to merge under the catalysis of the new military revolution. Multidimensional and multi-war occasions are the basic forms of the future battlefield.

The promotion of rapid development of science and technology. With the continuous development of science and technology and the improvement of mankind’s ability to control the battlefield, it is an inevitable trend that the battlefield will be dispersed from integration to integration. Science and technology are the driving force for the integration of battlefields and unlimited expansion into the air. The development of high-tech such as information technology, positioning and guidance technology has made the performance of weapons and equipment surpass the traditional land, sea and airspace boundaries. Global mobility, global arrival and global strike have become the targets of the development of the military of the world’s military power. The development of space situational awareness technology integrates surveillance, reconnaissance, intelligence, meteorology, command, control and communication, and integrates the battlefield information network to realize battlefield information sharing. Joint operations and precision strikes become the basic style of future warfare. The rapid development of space technology has made the surface information and the information of the global environment unobstructed. The expansion of the battlefield into space has condensed the traditional land, sea and air battlefields into one, becoming a stepping stone and pedal for the vast innocent space battlefield.

The inevitable evolution of the form of war. With the in-depth development of the new military revolution, the intensity of the war to informationization will further increase. Informatized warfare is not only a “speed war” but also a “precise war” and an “integrated war.” The acceleration of the war integration process is first manifested in the integration of land, sea and airspace, and the integration of the scope of the battlefield as the war develops. This is the basic condition for information warfare. The speed of war and the improvement of precision strike capability require that the military must have global maneuver, global combat and precision strike capability that transcends land, sea and air, cross-border, trans-ocean, and vacant, and battlefield integration is the basic guarantee. The war science and technology contest has intensified, and the requirements for battlefield resource sharing have become more obvious. Military personnel have broken through the geographical and military barriers and broke the boundary between land, sea and airspace. It is an important weight to win the war.

The requirements for quick fixes in combat objectives. Speed ​​and precision are the main thrust of future wars. Eliminating battlefield barriers, integrating land, sea, air, and battlefields is the way to reach a speedy battle. The quickness and determination of the purpose of informatized warfare has promoted the integration of force preparation, equipment and operations. The integration of force preparation, equipment and operations has also promoted the arrival of battlefield integration. The military system is integrated into the arms and services. The scope of action has surpassed the narrow space of a single service. The ability to operate in a wide area and in a large space makes it difficult to divide the battlefield into a land battlefield, a sea battlefield, and an air battlefield. Weapons and equipment combines the performance of land, sea and air weapons. Its combat function surpasses the land, sea and airspace range, providing material conditions and support for battlefield integration. The strategic battle tactical action is integrated into one, the joint operations are divided into groups, the small squad completes the large task, and the informatized war characteristics of the tactical action strategy purpose will inevitably catalyze the dispersed battlefield toward one.

Signs of military integration appear quietly

While the development of science and technology is promoting the rapid birth of new arms, the cohesiveness of war integration is also affecting the integration of military construction. Under the conditions of informationization, the trend of integration of arms and services is becoming more and more obvious, and there is a tendency to accelerate development.

The theory of integration theory is repeated. The fusion of theory is a prelude to the integration of the military, and it is the magic weapon and sword to win the information war. Under the impact of the new military revolution, theoretical innovations have surpassed the waves, especially the integration of theoretical innovations aimed at joint operations. In order to adapt to the new changes in the form of war and the international pattern, in the 2010 “four-year defense assessment report” of the United States, the theory of joint operations of “sea and air warfare” was clearly put forward. In order to adapt to the requirements of the network-centric warfare, the French military integration theory innovation is at the forefront. The Army proposed the air-to-ground combat bubble theory, and the Navy proposed the theory of joint action from sea to land. The Indian Army has referenced and learned from the US “air-ground integration” and “quick-decisive” operational theories, and put forward the “cold-start” operational theory. The core is to strengthen the cooperation between the army and the sea and air force in order to seek the initiative of the operation and strive for the shortest time. The purpose of the battle is achieved within.

Integrated equipment surfaced. The rapid development of science and technology has continuously enhanced the comprehensive functions of weapons and equipment, and integrated equipment integrating land, sea, air and sky has become a material support and an important driving force for the development of military services. In order to win the initiative of integrated joint operations, the world’s military powers have accelerated the research and development of integrated equipment. The US military “Independence” stealth warship, which was once popular, is a very typical new integrated equipment. The ship integrates anti-submarine, mine-clearing, surveillance, reconnaissance and force deployment functions. It can carry three helicopters, some special forces and armored vehicles, and integrates the “ground and air” equipment. The ship-borne gun can carry out three-dimensional attacks on missiles launched from air, land and underwater targets, which greatly enhances the integrated combat capability of the equipment.

The integrated forces first appeared. The future informationized warfare is an integrated joint warfare operation carried out in multi-dimensional space such as land, sea, air, sky, and information. It is required that the participating troops must be an integrated military system. To meet this requirement, the army of the world’s powerful countries has intensified the construction of integrated forces. Joint expeditionary forces such as the US military include the Army Division, the Naval Aircraft Carrier Combat Group, the Marine Corps Division (sub-) and the Air Force Fighter Wing. The Russian military formed a mobile unit that spanned three services and one independent unit, including the Army’s Mobility Division, tank division, special brigade, rocket brigade, air force fighter, attack aircraft, bomber regiment, naval marine battalion and airborne troops. Airborne division. The rapid reaction force formed by France consists of different types of divisions of five arms. In accordance with operational needs, Germany has directly organized the Defence Forces into three units: the Intervention Force, the Stabilization Force and the Support Force. It can be seen that the integrated forces of multiple arms and services have become the direction of army construction and development in the information age.

Looking into the future, planning the army of today

The integration of the services and the ultimate integration are the inherent requirements of the information war and the basic law of the army’s construction and development. This law does not shift from people’s will. In order to seek the initiative of army building, we should follow this trend and make forward-looking decisions in promoting the integration of the military.

In-depth exploration of the theory of military integration. Theory is the forerunner of action, and it is the reflection on the top of the mountain. Aiming at the trend of the times, accumulating strength and finding countermeasures through theoretical research is the experience and practice of world-class military construction and development. The first is to strengthen the theoretical exploration of integrated construction. We should study the issue of integrated military construction as soon as possible, explore the construction goals, standards, paths, methods, and methods of the integrated military, and build bridges and paved roads for the military integration. The second is to strengthen the exploration of integrated operational theory. The development trend of military integration will inevitably bring about new changes in combat theory. It is necessary to strengthen the study of the characteristics of the integrated military operations, strengthen the study of integrated military operations and command methods, strengthen the study of the basic military tactics of the integrated military, and make forward-looking theories a traction in the development of military construction. The third is to strengthen the theoretical exploration of new talent training. To train new talents that meet the needs of the development of integrated military construction needs to be prepared in theory. The institutional structure, teaching content and teaching methods of colleges and universities need to focus on the law of integrated military construction and development, theoretically research, clear, and even through pilot exploration, so that the training of college personnel can adapt to the general trend of military integration development as soon as possible. For the development of integrated military construction, it is necessary to make a good talent reserve.

Accelerate the development of integrated equipment for the military. Integrated equipment is the material basis for the integration of services. In line with the general trend of the development of integrated military construction, our military should speed up the research and development of military integrated weapons and equipment. The first is the “collection” type of equipment. For example, the aircraft carrier-style “collection” type of equipment, with the hull as the basic platform, fuses fighters, artillery, anti-aircraft guns, missiles, and chariots into one, so that the equipment has the ability to multi-domain and multi-air combat. Our military should develop such “collection” type equipment based on land or sea or air, and promote the development of weapons and equipment to the integration of various arms and services. The second is the “all-round” type of equipment. In the future, the equipment must be able to run on the ground, fly in the air, swim in the water, and operate at high speed on the water, underwater, on land, and in the air, and the “human outfit” is integrated. The combatants follow the operational needs. Become a super equipment that “takes the sea and catches the moon, and picks up the moon.”

Explore the construction of a military united army. Comply with the general trend of the integration and development of the informatized military, actively promote the exploration of the construction of the military-integrated forces, and explore ways to accumulate experience for the development of military integration. Under the current circumstances, it is mainly necessary to build a large article on the integration of hybrid force preparation and create conditions for the integration of the military system. The establishment of a multi-service hybrid pilot unit will be rolled forward in actual combat training. Take the Army as an example, it is to build a hybrid force that integrates rifle, tan, gun, and land. For example, the integrated ground detachment consisting of armored forces, artillery, machine infantry, missile corps, attack and transport helicopter detachments, which was formed by the US Army, foreshadowed the development trend of integrated force formation that broke the arms and even the service line. With the accumulation of experience, the maturity of the conditions, and the improvement of the level of science and technology, the scope of the composition of the force has gradually expanded, and eventually an integrated experimental unit with complete strengths of the arms and services has been established.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

陸軍曾孕育了海、空等軍種。信息時代的到來，戰場、作戰行動的一體化，使得軍種融合成為新型軍隊建設發展的走向與歸宿——

軍種融合：信息化軍隊建設大趨勢

■王雪平

事物的發展往往呈現著螺旋式上昇道路，遵循著否定之否定的規律。人類軍事活動發展特別是軍隊建設也暗合著這種規律要求。在信息時代以前，軍隊的軍種是從一到多，陸軍曾孕育了海、空等軍種。而信息時代的到來，技術的迅猛發展使得軍種融合成為新型軍隊建設發展的走向與歸宿。

未來戰場不分陸海空天

機械化條件下，陸、海、空、天戰場獨立存在的格局，在新軍事革命的催化下開始走向融合，多維立體、多戰場合一是未來戰場的基本形態。

科技快速發展的推動。隨著科技的不斷發展和人類對戰場控制能力的提高，戰場由分散走向融合是必然趨勢。而科學技術則是戰場融合一體，並向空天無限擴展的推動力。信息技術、定位與製導技術等高新技術的發展，使武器裝備性能超越了傳統的陸、海、空域界線，全球機動、全球到達、全球打擊成為世界軍事強國軍隊發展的目標。空間態勢感知技術的發展，使監視、偵察、情報、氣象、指揮、控制和通信等融合一體，一體化戰場信息網絡，實現了戰場信息共享，聯合作戰、精確打擊成為未來戰爭的基本樣式。太空技術的快速發展，使地表信息和地球環境信息盡收眼底，戰場向太空的拓展，使傳統的陸海空戰場濃縮為一體，成為廣闊無垠太空戰場的墊腳石與踏板。

戰爭形態演變的必然。隨著新軍事革命的深入發展，戰爭向信息化演變的力度將進一步加大。信息化戰爭，既是“速度戰爭”，又是“精確戰爭”，更是“一體化戰爭”。戰爭一體化進程的加快，首先表現為陸域、海域、空域的融合，以及隨著戰爭發展而不斷拓展的戰場空間範圍的一體化，這是進行信息化戰爭的基本條件。戰爭速度與精準打擊能力的提升，要求軍隊必須具有超越陸海空界線，跨境、跨海、騰空的全球機動、全球作戰和精確打擊能力，而戰場一體化則是基本保障。戰爭科技較量加劇，戰場資源共享的要求更加明顯，軍事人才更衝破了地域、軍種壁壘，打破陸域、海域、空域戰場界線，是贏得戰爭的重要砝碼。

作戰目的速決的要求。速度與精確是未來戰爭的主旨。而消除戰場壁壘，融陸、海、空、天戰場為一體，則是達成戰爭速決的通道。信息化戰爭作戰目的速決性，推動了部隊編制、裝備、行動的融合。而部隊編制、裝備、行動的融合，又促進了戰場一體化的到來。部隊體制編制諸軍兵種融於一體，行動範圍已超越了單一軍種的狹小空間，廣地域、大空間行動的能力，使戰場很難再分為陸戰場、海戰場和空戰場。武器裝備集陸海空天兵器性能於一身，其作戰功能超越了陸域、海域、空域範圍，為戰場一體化提供了物質條件和支撐。戰略戰役戰術行動融於一體，聯合作戰分隊化，小分隊完成大任務，戰術行動戰略目的的信息化戰爭特性，必然催化分散的戰場走向一體。

軍種融合跡象悄然出現

科技發展在推動新軍兵種快速誕生的同時，戰爭一體化的內聚力也在牽動軍隊建設走向融合。信息化條件下，軍兵種一體化的趨勢日漸明顯，大有加速發展之勢。

一體化理論見解迭出。理論融合是軍種融合的前奏，更是打贏信息化戰爭的法寶與利劍。在新軍事革命大潮衝擊下，理論創新一浪高過一浪，特別是瞄準聯合作戰需要的一體化理論創新更是見解迭出。為適應戰爭形態和國際格局的新變化，2010年度美國《四年防務評估報告》中，明確提出了“海空一體戰”聯合作戰理論。為適應網絡中心戰的要求，法國軍隊一體化理論創新更是走在了前列，陸軍提出了空地作戰氣泡理論，海軍提出了由海向陸聯合行動理論。印度陸軍參考和借鑒美軍“空地一體”和“快速決定性”作戰理論，提出了“冷啟動”作戰理論，核心是強化陸軍與海、空軍的配合作戰，以謀求作戰的主動性，爭取在最短時間內達成作戰目的。

一體化裝備浮出水面。科技的快速發展，使武器裝備的綜合功能不斷增強，融陸、海、空、天於一身的一體化裝備不斷問世，成為軍兵種編制向一體化發展的物質支撐和重要推動力。為贏得一體化聯合作戰的主動權，世界軍事強國紛紛加快了一體化裝備的研發力度。曾經熱炒的美軍“獨立號”隱形戰艦，就是非常典型的新型一體化裝備。該艦融反潛、掃雷、監視、偵察和兵力部署綜合功能於一體，可載3架直升機、一些特種部隊和裝甲車，融“地空”裝備於一身。艦載炮可對空中、陸地和水下目標發射導彈進行立體攻擊，使裝備的一體化戰鬥力大大提升。

一體化部隊初見端倪。未來信息化戰爭，是在陸、海、空、天、信息等多維空間進行的一體化聯合作戰行動，要求參戰部隊必須是一體化的軍事系統。適應這一要求，世界強國軍隊紛紛加大了一體化部隊建設的力度。如美軍組建的聯合遠征部隊包括陸軍師、海軍航母戰鬥群、海軍陸戰隊部（分）隊和空軍戰鬥機聯隊。俄軍組建的機動部隊橫跨3個軍種和1個獨立兵種，包括陸軍的摩步師、坦克師、特種旅、火箭旅，空軍的戰鬥機、強擊機、轟炸機團，海軍的陸戰隊營和空降兵的空降師。法國組建的快速反應部隊由5個軍兵種的不同類型師組成。德國則根據作戰需求把國防軍直接編組為乾涉部隊、穩定部隊和支援部隊三種性質部隊。足見，多軍兵種一體化部隊已成為信息時代軍隊建設發展的方向。

放眼未來謀劃今日之軍

軍種融合，並最終走向一體，是信息化戰爭的內在要求，是軍隊建設發展的基本規律。這一規律不以人們的意志為轉移。謀求軍隊建設的主動性，我們就應該順應這一趨勢，在推進軍隊一體化建設上前瞻決策，未雨綢繆。

深入探索軍種一體理論。理論是行動的先導，更是“山頂”上的思考。瞄準時代走向，通過理論研究積蓄力量、尋找對策，是世界一流軍隊建設發展的經驗做法。一是加強一體化建設理論探索。應儘早研究一體化軍隊建設問題，探索一體化軍隊的建設目標、標準、路徑、方式、方法，為軍隊一體化建設從理論上搭好橋樑、鋪好路基。二是加強一體化作戰理論探索。軍隊一體化發展趨勢必然帶來作戰理論的全新變化。要加強一體化軍隊作戰運用的特點規律研究，加強一體化軍隊作戰行動和指揮方法研究，加強一體化軍隊基本戰法研究，讓前瞻性的理論成為軍隊建設發展的牽引。三是加強新型人才培養理論探索。培養適應一體化軍隊建設發展需要的新型人才，需要在理論上早做準備。院校的體制格局、教學內容、教學方法都需要著眼一體化軍隊建設發展規律，從理論上研究透，搞清楚，甚至通過試點探索，使院校人才培養儘早適應軍隊一體化發展的大趨勢，為一體化軍隊建設發展需要做好人才儲備。

加速軍種一體裝備研製。一體化裝備是軍種融合的物質基礎。順應一體化軍隊建設發展的大趨勢，我軍應加快軍種一體武器裝備的研發。一是“集合”型裝備。如航空母艦式的“集合”型裝備，其以艦體為基本平台，融戰機、火砲、高炮、導彈、戰車於一體，使裝備具有海陸空天多域多空作戰的能力。我軍應研發這種以陸或海或空為基本平台的“集合”型裝備，推進武器裝備建設向諸軍兵種融合一體方向發展。二是“全能”型裝備。今後的裝備要達到地上能跑、空中能飛、水中能遊，水上水下、陸上、空天都可高速機動作戰，而且“人裝”一體，戰鬥人員根據作戰需要隨進隨出，真正成為“下海捉鱉，上天摘月”的超能裝備。

進行軍種一體部隊建設探索。順應信息化軍隊一體化建設發展的大勢，積極推進軍種一體部隊建設探索，為軍隊一體化建設發展探索路子、積累經驗。當前情況下，主要應做好建設混合型部隊編制融合的大文章，為軍種體制編制走向一體創造條件。組建多兵種混合一體試點部隊，在實戰訓練中滾動推進。以陸軍為例，就是建設融步、坦、炮、陸航等兵種於一體的混合型部隊。如，美陸軍組建的由裝甲兵、砲兵、機步兵、導彈兵、攻擊與運輸直升機分隊組成的一體化地面分隊，預示了打破兵種甚至軍種界線的一體化部隊編制的發展趨勢。隨著經驗的積累、條件的成熟，以及科技水平的提高，部隊力量構成的範圍逐漸擴大，最終組建成軍兵種力量齊全的一體化試驗部隊。

Original referring url: http://www.mod.gov.cn/mobilization/2017-07/28/