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#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭

Chinese Military Trend of Intelligent Command and Control Systems – Enhancing Intelligentization Warfare Dominance

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中國軍事智慧指揮控制系統趨勢—增強智慧化戰爭優勢

現代英語：

Modern warfare is accelerating towards intelligence, and the key to victory has extended from “power advantage” and “information advantage” to “intelligence advantage”. Integrating artificial intelligence technology into the field of combat command and deeply coupling it with the command and control system will bring about a large number of systematic and systemic transformations and reshaping.

Intelligent situation perception, data promotes the continuous emergence of command capabilities. Unlike information-based command, which is the key to command, intelligent combat command emphasizes the comprehensive use of data, algorithms, and computing power. Data in the combat command chain can optimize the command process, accelerate the decision-making process, and multiply the command efficiency. In combat command under intelligent conditions, the hardware system will be closely combined with efficient algorithms and powerful computing power, which can achieve rapid situation perception and accurate situation judgment, continuously shorten the combat preparation cycle, promote the transformation from data advantage to decision-making advantage and action advantage, and promote the emergence of command capabilities.

Deep human-machine interaction and intelligent algorithms promote the improvement of command efficiency. Artificial intelligence technology is the product of the cross-integration of multiple technologies. Combat command under the background of intelligence will reconstruct the basic connotation of combat command with new elements represented by “cloud, network, terminal, and group”. Through the integrated application of technologies such as voice recognition, natural language processing, and human-computer interaction, the speed of information and command flow in each node and link of command can be accelerated, and the realization of intelligent platform control and intelligent system decision-making can be promoted, and the pressure of the command subject can be released, so that it can better respond to other emergencies, and provide intelligent solutions for improving command efficiency.

The competition for intellectual property rights is fierce, and artificial intelligence promotes innovation in command technology. Under the conditions of future information-based and intelligent warfare, the technological war between data, algorithms, and computing power will intensify, and the competition for intellectual property rights will also become more intense. In the field of combat command, big data and algorithms such as deep learning and enhanced learning will have a profound impact on the timeliness of situation perception, the level of human-computer interaction, and the quality and efficiency of simulation and evaluation. The party that masters advanced technology can make decisions and judgments faster than the enemy, implement response adjustments one step ahead of the enemy, and strike and damage one step ahead of the enemy, so as to achieve better, more accurate, more complete, and more detailed planning and deployment and dynamic control.

Manned and unmanned collaboration, mission-driven iterative development of command means. Unmanned combat forces shine in armed conflicts and have a profound impact on the course of combat. How to command and control this force is a problem that must be solved in combat command under the background of intelligence. Obviously, manned and unmanned collaborative combat will be a new style of intelligent warfare. In the process of manned and unmanned collaborative combat and unmanned swarms conducting autonomous combat, targeted adjustments and optimizations can be made to the command process, command system, command authority and responsibility, and command mechanism to adapt to the needs of intelligent development.

The system support is obvious, and the computing power guarantees the efficient operation of the command system. Modern warfare is a comprehensive comparison of systems and systems. The system interconnection of combat command under the background of intelligence is becoming more and more obvious, but there are many constituent elements, complex systems, and arduous computing tasks, and there is an urgent need for machine computing power adapted to provide power support. Through intelligent computing centers, cloud computing, edge computing, etc., the advantages of machine computing power can be fully utilized to support the efficient operation of the command and control platform, provide power guarantee for situation perception, target identification, mission planning, rapid strikes, etc., and provide effective support for “information power + mobility + control + strike power”.

現代國語：

中國軍網 國防部網
2025年5月29日 星期四

錢儒雪 張宏岩

現代戰爭正加速向智慧化方向演進，制勝的關鍵從「力量優勢」「資訊優勢」延伸至「智慧優勢」。將人工智慧技術融入作戰指揮領域，與指揮控制體系深度耦合，將會帶來大量系統性、體系性的改造與重塑。

態勢智能感知，數據助推指揮能力持續湧現。不同於資訊化條件下指揮的關鍵在於訊息，智能化背景下作戰指揮更加強調數據、演算法、算力的綜合運用，數據在作戰指揮鏈中，能夠起到優化指揮流程、加速決策進程、倍增指揮效能的作用。智慧化條件下的作戰指揮，硬體系統將與高效演算法和強大算力緊密結合，能夠實現快速態勢感知、準確判斷情況，不斷縮短作戰準備週期，促進從數據優勢到決策優勢、行動優勢的轉變，助推指揮能力湧現。

人機深度交互，智慧演算法促進指揮效能提升。人工智慧技術是多技術交叉融合的產物，智能化背景下的作戰指揮，將以「雲、網、端、群」為代表的全新要素重構作戰指揮基本內涵，透過語音識別、自然語言處理、人機交互等技術的融合運用，可加速指揮各節點、各環節信息指令流轉速度，促進實現智能化平台控制、智能化體系決策，釋放主體

智權爭奪激烈，人工智慧推動指揮技術創新。在未來資訊化智能化戰爭條件下，數據、演算法、算力之間的科技戰會愈演愈烈，制智權的爭奪也會更加激烈。在作戰指揮領域，大數據和深度學習、強化學習等演算法將對態勢感知時效、人機交互水平、推演評估質效等產生深遠影響，掌握先進技術的一方，能夠快敵一步做出決策判斷、先敵一步實施應對調整、早敵一步進行打擊毀傷，實現更優、更準、更全、更細的籌劃部署和動態管控。

有人無人協同，任務牽引指揮手段迭代發展。無人作戰力量在武裝沖突中大放異彩，深刻影響作戰進程，如何指揮控制這一力量是智慧化背景下作戰指揮必須解決的問題。顯然，有人無人協同作戰將是智慧化戰爭的新樣式。在有人無人協同作戰以及無人集群進行自主作戰過程中，可針對指揮流程、指揮系統、指揮權責、指揮機制等做出針對性調整優化，以此適應智慧化發展的需要。

體系支撐明顯，算力保障指揮系統高效運轉。現代戰爭是體系與體系的綜合較量，智慧化背景下作戰指揮的體系交聯越來越明顯，但構成要素眾多、系統繁雜、運算任務艱巨，急需與之適配的機器算力提供動力支撐。透過智算中心、雲計算、邊緣計算等，能夠充分發揮機器算力優勢，支撐指控平台高效運轉，為態勢感知、目標識別、任務規劃、快速打擊等提供動力保障，為「資訊力+機動力+控制力+打擊力」提供有效的支撐。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2025-05-29&paperNumber=10&articleid=95608883

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Command information Systems

A Brief Analysis on the Development of Chinese Military Intelligent Command Information Systems

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淺析解放軍軍事智慧指揮資訊系統發展

現代英語：

The prelude to the era of intelligent warfare has begun. Command information systems with intelligent characteristics will become the “central nervous system” of future intelligent combat command and control, and the supporting means of intelligent combat command and control. Accelerating the construction of intelligent command information systems is an inherent requirement for the development of military intelligence. Only by clarifying the key points of the development of intelligent command information systems, grasping the key points of intelligent command information system research and development, and exploring the key points of intelligent command information system development, can we better promote the construction and development of intelligent command information systems and win the initiative in future intelligent combat.

Clarify the key points of developing intelligent command information system

Intelligent command information system is the inevitable choice for the development of war form to information-based intelligent war, the inevitable result of the development of scientific and technological revolution, and the demand of the times for the development of military intelligence. Clarifying the development significance of intelligent command information system will help to identify the direction of intelligent command information system construction and establish the long-term goal of system development.

Promote the intelligent evolution of war forms. In future intelligent warfare, the battlefield situation changes rapidly and the battlefield environment is complex and harsh. In order to take the initiative on the battlefield, “intelligence control” becomes the new commanding height, and the intelligent command information system is undoubtedly an important support means for future combat command and action. Its intelligent development can promote the evolution of war forms to intelligence, and is an important support for intelligent warfare to gain the initiative and seek victory.

Support intelligent innovation of combat concepts. Future intelligent combat requires a combat command concept that is compatible with it, and the intelligent command information system is an important support for the practical application of the combat command concept, and is the soil for the innovation and development of the intelligent combat command concept. New intelligent combat command concepts such as human-machine hybrid command formation, data-driven command activities, open development command mode, and intelligent force-focused command process are inseparable from the support of intelligent command information systems. Intelligent command information systems will serve as the extension of the human brain, break through the physiological limits of the human body, and realize the organic integration of combat command art and intelligent technology.

Promote the intelligent transformation of combat methods. The widespread application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field has brought about major changes in the mechanism of combat victory. Intelligence has surpassed firepower and information power and has become the primary factor in determining the outcome of a war. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems will promote the transformation of combat methods to intelligence, making the combat methods change from “combat network + precision-guided weapons” in the information age to “intelligent Internet of Things + manned/unmanned combat platforms” in the intelligent age, and the basic combat style will evolve from “network-centric warfare” to “cognitive-centric warfare” accordingly.

Grasp the key points of intelligent command information system research and development

The command information system is a product of the information warfare era. With the rapid development of military intelligence and the research and practical application of intelligent combat winning mechanisms, the intelligent upgrade of the command information system is imminent. We should highlight the key points of functional research and development to create a new intelligent command information system.

“Super brain” assists decision-making. In future intelligent warfare, the amount of battlefield information data is huge and complex and changeable. Commanders are easily trapped in the “sea of ​​information” during the command process, resulting in information confusion and affecting command decisions. With the emergence of intelligent decision-making assistance technology and “cloud brain” and “digital staff”, a new decision-making model based on “human brain + artificial intelligence” collaboration is quietly taking shape. The intelligent command information system will break through the limits of human intelligence. As an extension of the human brain, it will assist commanders in their work and enable war decisions to develop from simple human brain decisions to “human brain + artificial intelligence” super brain command decisions.

“Full-dimensional” situational awareness. In future intelligent warfare, there will be a trend of multi-dimensional space, multiple forces, various styles, and accelerated rhythm. Comprehensive and flexible grasp of battlefield situation will become the basis for commanders’ decision-making, and the multi-domain integration and intelligent dynamic presentation of full-dimensional battlefield situation will become an inevitable requirement for the construction and development of command information systems. The command information system’s perception, understanding, integration and prediction of battlefield situations such as target identification, threat level estimation, combat action prediction and future battle situation prediction are expanding from land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, network and other spaces to cognitive domains and social domains, realizing “full-dimensional” situational awareness.

“Intelligent” network communication. In the future, intelligent warfare will use a large number of intelligent command and control platforms and intelligent weapon platforms, and the intelligent information and communication system must be used to connect the command and control platforms and weapon platforms. Like the nerves and blood vessels of the human body, the intelligent information and communication system plays a linking and lubricating role in intelligent warfare. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an intelligent information network with full-dimensional coverage and uninterrupted connection to support the connection and control of intelligent equipment, form intelligent optimization of network structure, intelligent reorganization of network anti-destruction, and intelligent anti-interference capabilities, so as to ensure intelligent collaborative warfare between platforms and give full play to the best overall combat effectiveness.

“Unmanned” autonomous collaboration. In recent local conflicts around the world, drones have been used in large numbers and played an important role in determining the direction of the war, which has attracted widespread attention from all parties. Unmanned weapons and equipment are the material basis of intelligent warfare, and have formed subversive combat styles based on this, such as invasive lone wolf warfare, manned/unmanned collaborative system attack warfare, unmanned system formation independent warfare, and drone swarm cluster warfare. Although unmanned warfare is dominated by humans, machines are given a certain degree of autonomous action authority in the background, thereby realizing unmanned combat operations on the front line. However, the unmanned battlefield is changing rapidly, and the destruction of human-machine collaboration will become the norm. The command and control system of the unmanned intelligent equipment platform must be more intelligent and be able to conduct autonomous collaborative operations according to the combat objectives.

“Active” information defense. Intelligent warfare will inevitably face all-dimensional and diverse information attacks from powerful enemies. The level of information security protection capabilities directly affects the outcome of the battle for “intelligence control” on the battlefield and is a key link in the construction of intelligent command information systems. Therefore, we should take the initiative to actively formulate and improve network protection strategies, enrich intrusion detection capabilities and authentication and identification methods, strengthen the application of high-tech information security, strengthen the anti-interference and anti-intervention capabilities of various wireless transmission methods, build strong intelligent tracing and countermeasure capabilities, and effectively curb information attacks.

Exploring the key to the development of intelligent command information system

The development of intelligent command information system is not only a technological innovation, but also requires further emancipation of mind and updating of concepts. To promote the development of intelligent command information system, we must change the traditional idea of ​​adding hardware, building a large “network”, collecting and storing various types of data, break through the inherent hierarchical settings, create an open and service-oriented system, aim at the needs of intelligent combat command and action, and explore and study the key points of the development of intelligent command information system.

Innovative concept. Adhere to the guidance of innovative thinking concepts, learn from the development ideas of intelligent command information systems of military powers, combine actual needs, and explore a development path with its own characteristics. We must break the traditional “chimney” approach, adhere to the top-level design and overall planning of command information systems, unify interfaces, protocols and standards, and form an open and sustainable system architecture layout; adhere to the system development ideas of combining research, construction and use, formulate development strategies for different stages in the short, medium and long term, and standardize the development direction of system construction; adhere to the iterative upgrade and optimization and improvement strategies, and continuously improve the intelligence level of various subsystems such as command and control, intelligence reconnaissance, communications, information confrontation and comprehensive support, to ensure the sustainable and healthy development of intelligent command information systems.

Focus on the key. Focusing on the construction of key capabilities of intelligent command information systems is an important support for intelligent warfare to gather intelligence and win with intelligence, and is the key to intelligent warfare to gain the “right to win”. Algorithms, computing power, and data are not only the internal driving force and support for the development of artificial intelligence, but also the core capability requirements and advantages of intelligent command information systems. The development of intelligent command information systems must adhere to algorithm innovation research to improve the system’s cognitive advantages, speed advantages, and decision-making advantages; accelerate the research and development of next-generation computers represented by quantum computers to provide stronger computing power support for intelligent command information systems; deeply explore the deeper and wider dimensional information value in massive combat data resources to seek the first opportunity to win.

Gather wisdom to tackle key problems. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems is one of the main projects of military intelligence. It is a multi-field, multi-disciplinary, multi-department, and multi-unit integrated and coordinated project. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems must adhere to the spirit of collective wisdom, collective wisdom, and pioneering innovation, aiming at strategic forward-looking fields such as sensors, quantum information, network communications, integrated circuits, key software, big data, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, and insist on the promotion of high-tech and the pull of intelligent combat needs. Carry out in-depth research and exchanges in multiple fields, multiple levels, and multiple forms, continuously break through innovation, iterate and upgrade, and make the intelligent command information system more complete and more intelligent.

Collaborative development. To further promote the construction and development of intelligent command information systems, we must fully absorb local advanced technological achievements and integrate into the era of innovation and development of artificial intelligence in the world. At present, the world’s artificial intelligence technology is booming, accumulating strong development momentum and technological advantages. Artificial intelligence technology has strong versatility in application and broad prospects for the transformation and application of technological achievements. It is an important way to achieve the construction and development of intelligent command information systems. It is necessary to study and formulate general technical standards, remove barriers, break the ice, facilitate military-civilian cooperation, and realize the sharing and linkage of technological achievements. It is necessary to cultivate and shape new military talents through collaboration, so that they can constantly adapt to the needs of various positions under intelligent conditions and give full play to the effectiveness of intelligent command information systems.

現代國語：

中國軍網 國防部網
2022年8月9日 星期二

李建平 紀鳳珠 李 琳

智慧化戰爭時代序幕已經拉開，具有智慧化特徵的指揮資訊系統將成為未來智慧化作戰指揮的“中樞神經”，是智慧化作戰指揮控制的支撐手段。加速智慧化指揮資訊系統建置是軍事智慧化發展的內在需求，只有明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義，抓住智慧化指揮資訊系統研發要點，探索智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津，才能更好地推動智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展進程，贏得未來智能化作戰制勝先發。

明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義

智慧化指揮資訊系統是戰爭形態朝向資訊化智能化戰爭發展的必然選擇，是科技革命發展的必然結果，也是軍事智能化發展的時代訴求。明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義，有助於把脈智能化指揮資訊系統建構方向，確立系統發展長遠目標。

助推戰爭形態智能化演進。未來智能化作戰，戰場情勢瞬息萬變、戰場環境複雜嚴酷，要想在戰場上取得主動，「制智權」成為新的製高點，而智能化指揮資訊系統無疑是未來作戰指揮和行動的重要支撐手段，其智能化發展可助推戰爭形態向智能化演變，是智能化作戰指揮和行動的重要支撐手段，其智能化發展可助推戰爭形態向智能化演變，是智能化作戰指揮機、求勝利機、求勝利的重要依托。

支撐作戰理念智慧化創新。未來智慧化作戰，需要與之相適應的作戰指揮理念，而智慧化指揮資訊系統是作戰指揮理念實踐運用的重要依托，是智慧化作戰指揮理念創新、發展的土壤。如人機混合指揮編組、數據驅動指揮活動、開放發展指揮模式、智能聚力指揮過程等智能化作戰指揮新理念，都離不開智能化指揮信息系統的支撐，智能化指揮信息系統將作為人腦的外延，突破人體生理極限，實現作戰指揮藝術和智能技術的有機融合。

促進作戰方式智能化轉變。人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用，使得作戰制勝機理發生重大變化，智慧超越火力、資訊力，成為決定戰爭勝負的首要因素。智慧化指揮資訊系統建置發展將促進作戰方式向智慧化轉變，使得作戰方法從資訊時代的「作戰網路＋精確導引武器」向智慧時代的「智慧物聯網＋有人/無人作戰平台」轉變、基本作戰樣式相應地從「網路中心戰」向「認知中心戰」演進。

抓住智慧化指揮資訊系統研發重點

指揮資訊系統是資訊化戰爭時代的產物，隨著軍事智慧化的快速發展、智慧化作戰制勝機理的研究和實踐運用，指揮資訊系統智慧化升級建設迫在眉睫。應突顯功能研發重點，打造全新智慧化指揮資訊系統。

「超腦化」輔助決策。未來智慧化作戰，戰場資訊資料量龐大且複雜多變，指揮官在指揮過程中易陷入「資訊海洋」而導致資訊迷茫，影響指揮決策。隨著智慧輔助決策技術和「雲端大腦」「數位參謀」的出現，以「人腦+人工智慧」協作為基本方式的新決策模式正悄悄形成。智慧化指揮資訊系統將突破人類智力極限，作為人腦的外延，輔助指揮員工作，使戰爭決策由單純的人腦決策發展為「人腦+人工智慧」的超腦化指揮決策。

「全維化」態勢感知。未來智慧化作戰，空間多維、力量多元、樣式多樣、節奏加快趨勢突出，全面靈動掌握戰場態勢成為指揮官決策的基礎，多域一體、智慧動態地呈現全維戰場態勢成為指揮資訊系統建設發展必然要求。指揮資訊系統對目標辨識、威脅等級估計、作戰行動預判和未來戰況走向預估等戰場態勢的感知、理解、融合和預測，正在從陸、海、空、天、電磁、網絡等空間擴展至認知域、社會域，實現「全維化」態勢感知。

「智聯化」網路通聯。未來智慧化作戰將使用大量智慧化指揮控制平台和智慧化武器平台，而連接指揮控制平台和武器平台的必然是智慧化的資訊通訊系統。如同人體的神經和血管，智慧化的資訊通訊系統在智慧化作戰中扮演連結和潤滑。因此，要建立全維度覆蓋、不間斷的智慧化資訊網絡，支撐智慧化裝備的連結與控制，形成網路結構智慧最佳化、網路抗毀智慧重組以及智慧抗干擾能力，以確保平台間的智能化協同作戰，發揮最佳的整體作戰效能。

「無人化」自主協同。在近期世界局部衝突中，無人機大量運用並起到決定戰爭走向的重要作用，引起了各方的廣泛關注。無人化武器裝備是智慧化作戰的物質基礎，並依此形成了顛覆式作戰樣式，如侵入式獨狼作戰、有人/無人協同體系破擊作戰、無人系統編隊獨立作戰、無人機蜂群集群作戰等。無人作戰雖是由人主導，並在後台賦予機器一定程度的自主行動權限，從而實現機器在一線無人作戰行動。然而無人作戰戰場瞬息萬變，人機協同被破壞將會成為常態，無人智慧化裝備平台指控系統必須更加智慧，要能根據作戰目的進行自主協同作戰。

“主動化”訊息防禦。智慧化作戰必將面臨強敵全維多樣的資訊攻擊，資安防護能力的高低，直接影響戰場「制智權」鬥爭的勝負，是智慧化指揮資訊系統建設的關鍵環節。因此，應主動作為，積極制定及完善網路防護策略，豐富入侵偵測能力及認證辨識手段，加強資訊安全高新技術運用，強化各類無線傳輸方式的抗干擾、抗介入能力，建強智能化溯源反制能力，有效遏止資訊攻擊。

探索智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津

智慧化指揮資訊系統發展不單單是技術的革新，更需要進一步解放思想、更新理念。推動智慧化指揮資訊系統發展，要改變傳統添硬體、建大「網」、收集儲存各類資料的思路，突破固有層級設定，打造開放式、服務型系統，瞄準智慧化作戰指揮與行動需要，探索研究智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津。

創新理念。堅持以創新的思維理念為指引，借鏡軍事強國智慧化指揮資訊系統發展思路，結合實際需求，探索具有自身特色的發展道路。要打破傳統「樹煙囪」做法，堅持指揮資訊系統頂層設計和整體規劃，統一介面、協定和標準，形成開放式、永續發展的系統架構佈局；堅持開發用相結合的系統研發，制定近期、中期、長期不同階段發展策略，規範系統建設發展方向；堅持迭代升級、優化情報系統持續提升與資訊控制、長期不同階段發展策略，規範系統建設發展方向；堅持迭代升級、優化情報系統持續提升與資訊控制、情報系統分權。

聚力關鍵。聚力智能化指揮資訊系統關鍵能力建設，是智慧化作戰以智聚優、以智制勝的重要依托，是智慧化作戰取得「制勝權」的關鍵。演算法、算力、數據既是人工智慧發展的內在動力和支撐，也是智慧化指揮資訊系統的核心能力需求和優勢。智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要堅持演算法創新研究，提高系統認知優勢、速度優勢與決策優勢；加速量子電腦等為代表的下一代電腦研發，為智慧化指揮資訊系統提供更強的算力支援；深度挖掘海量作戰資料資源中更深層、更廣維度資訊價值，謀取勝先機。

集智攻關。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展是軍事智慧化的主要工程之一，是一個多領域、多學科交叉，多部門、多單位參與的大融合大連動的攻堅工程。智慧化指揮資訊系統建置發展要堅持群策群力、集智攻關、開拓創新的精神，瞄準感測器、量子資訊、網路通訊、積體電路、關鍵軟體、大數據、人工智慧、區塊鏈等策略性前瞻領域，堅持高新技術推動、智慧化作戰需求拉動，進行多領域、多層次、多層次研究交流，不斷完善創新、智慧化作戰需求拉動，展開多領域、多層次、多變式研究研究，不斷完善創新、化電系統更能使智能化更強大、更變動系統、更不斷研究電系統，不斷完善創新。

協作發展。深入推動智慧化指揮資訊系統建置發展，必須充分吸收地方先進技術成果，融入世界人工智慧創新發展的時代洪流。目前，世界人工智慧技術蓬勃發展，積蓄了強大發展動能和技術優勢，人工智慧技術應用通用性強，技術成果轉化應用前景廣闊，是智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展的重要實現途徑。要研究制定通用技術標準，拆壁壘、破堅冰、暢通軍地合作，實現技術成果共享連動。要透過協作培養塑造新型軍事人才，使其不斷適應智慧化條件下各類崗位需求，充分發揮智慧化指揮資訊系統效能。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-08/09/content_321593888.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations

China Strengthening Innovation in Military Theory During the New Era and New Journey

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新時代新徵中國加強軍事理論創新

吳霞
2025-05-29 08:xx 資料來源：中國軍網

現代英語：

President Xi Jinping stressed that in the new era and new journey, the world is undergoing a century-long transformation, the new military revolution is developing rapidly, and my country’s security and development needs are undergoing profound changes. It is more urgent to achieve the goal of strengthening the military, and we must comprehensively strengthen military theory work. To accelerate the formation of a military theory system that is contemporary, leading, and unique, we must expand our thinking horizons, strengthen military theory innovation, strive to seize the commanding heights of military theory innovation, and gain new advantages in military theory competition, and thus seize the initiative in the strategic game between major powers.

Reconstructing a pluralistic cognitive framework based on the characteristics of the war era

Since the 21st century, with the development of global politics, economy, culture, and science and technology, the characteristics of modern warfare have undergone profound changes. The system confrontation, spatial superposition, and multi-domain hybrid characteristics of the high-end war game between major powers have become more prominent. The war form is accelerating towards a highly dispersed force, highly circulated information, and highly coordinated actions. We urgently need to examine the driving force of the times for innovation in military theory.

The timeliness of the evolution of war forms. After combing through the development context from traditional warfare to modern warfare and comparing and analyzing it, we can find that the simple primitive form of “building a stronghold, fighting a stupid battle, and fighting in a group” has already moved towards multiple advanced forms such as multi-domain warfare and hybrid warfare. The war concept, combat system, tactics and fighting methods are all evolving continuously. The driving force of the times is the coupling effect of “technical background determines tactical quality, and tactical innovation forces technological innovation”. Against this background, future wars will present the three major characteristics of “full-domain linkage, intelligent dominance, and unmanned front”. In essence, it is a breakthrough in nonlinear state, an update of war philosophy, and even a super-dimensional power game. The driving force behind it is the endless emergence of new combat concepts. Military theory innovation must face the compound challenges of full-domain confrontation, hybrid competitive capabilities and technological breakthroughs. The core lies in building a new war concept that can break the constraints of thinking and achieve cross-domain victory.

The leading nature of military theory game. The game between major powers is a long-term process, in which the arms race is a traditional path of mutual game, while another emerging track is the military theory competition. First of all, military theory is the high-level logic of the game between major powers. The alternating evolution of leading, accompanying and follow-up military theories provides a blueprint for resource integration, training iteration and force optimization for the game between major powers. It also provides methods and strategies for restricting and cracking the opponent’s capabilities, which can accelerate the trend of the military system to win the battle. Secondly, with the continuous changes in the international situation and scientific and technological development, new contradictions, new problems, new goals and new threats continue to emerge, and the causes, subjects, forms, and scenarios of war and confrontation will be more complex, diverse and multi-domain integrated, and their performance will be more uncertain and nonlinear. Whoever can recognize the future war form and style and whoever has a rich concept of combat concepts can take the initiative in international games.

The deterrent effect of advanced military theories. Advanced military theories can coordinate existing war resources to the greatest extent through scientific theoretical design, and fully transform war potential into war power. Therefore, advanced military theories are both combat effectiveness that can win wars and deterrence that can deter wars. For example, people’s war is our magic weapon to defeat the enemy, which has been proven by war practice. For a long time after the founding of New China, imperialism and hegemonism did not dare to act rashly against our country. One important reason was that they were afraid of the power of our people’s war. In recent years, the form of war has accelerated its evolution towards intelligence, and new combat concepts of foreign armies have emerged in an endless stream. In the face of competition in military theory innovation on the “silent battlefield”, we must have insight into the new development of intelligent combat theory, examine the new changes in intelligent combat styles, and adhere to the principle of “you fight yours, I fight mine”. We must be good at creating advanced fighting methods to defeat the superior, and we must also be good at avoiding the real and attacking the virtual to attack the incapable, and innovate and develop theoretical deterrence with our own characteristics.

Promote cross-domain communication and integration, and deconstruct multi-dimensional innovation mechanisms

Modern warfare has broken through the boundaries of land, sea, air, space and power grids, proving the necessity of multi-domain linkage and multi-dimensional connection. In this vast military and even civilian field, the military theory innovation must integrate scientific and technological channels, build a strategic and tactical research and training platform, and seek breakthroughs from the innovation mechanism by gathering the best and releasing energy, integrating information, and integrating strikes.

The battlefield space is ubiquitous and multi-dimensionally reconstructed. The essence of battlefield space reconstruction is the breakthrough of technological civilization on physical boundaries, that is, when new technologies develop to a certain extent, the physical domain, information domain, social domain, etc. will present a reconstructed form. This reconstruction breaks the spatial limitations and time dimensions of the traditional battlefield, and deeply promotes the war confrontation from the centralized and linear physical space to the hyper-dimensional space of multi-domain integration and boundless linkage, which brings about the ubiquitous combat domain, all-encompassing combat elements, and all-encompassing combat forces, and will form a new combat form. This requires military theory to reconstruct the three-dimensionality, multi-dimensionality and linkage of modern warfare from the aspects of combat system, strategy and tactics, and node elements. Especially in the future, the mixed linkage of battlefield space such as politics, economy, military, and public opinion will bring about many sources of struggle, wide fields, and strong coupling. Military theory innovation needs to have a deep insight into the connotation and essential characteristics of the endogenous development of battlefield space, so as to reconstruct an autonomous, flexible, elastic, and closed-loop combat space and highlight the battlefield ecological mechanism of linkage and balance.

Reshaping of multi-layer technology nested structure. Modern warfare needs to integrate technical systems at different levels and in different fields to form a highly coordinated and dynamically adaptive combat system to cope with the complex needs of informatization, intelligence and precision. The huge combat system urgently needs to evolve from a single function to a systematized and networked one. The core lies in breaking the boundaries of traditional military services and equipment technology and building a multi-dimensional linkage technology ecosystem. For example, the strategic early warning system requires three-dimensional networking of space satellites, ground radars, underwater sonars, etc., that is, integration and nesting from the physical layer; the global battlefield perception network requires real-time data of space-based surveillance, air early warning, and ground reconnaissance, that is, fusion and interaction from the information layer; the joint global command and control system needs to complete target identification, threat assessment and target allocation within seconds, that is, intelligent decision-making from the cognitive layer. These cross-domain communication integrations force the deep reconstruction of the technical architecture, which in turn triggers the transformation of military organizations and actions. Technological innovation drives tactical breakthroughs, promotes the iteration of equipment systems and the reshaping of military theory systems, which is the secret of the innovation mechanism of military theory.

Cross-domain knowledge integration and cognitive reconstruction. Modern warfare has broken through the Clausewitzian “trinity” framework and presents the characteristics of quantum entanglement-style full-dimensional confrontation. For example, the US military’s “mosaic warfare” theory integrates AI and biological nerves to construct a dynamic and reconfigurable killing network. This requires that military theory innovation must have the ability of cross-domain deconstruction and cognitive reconstruction. This integration and reconstruction is not a simple superposition of knowledge, but a new dimension of understanding of war and a metacognitive system through the “emergence effect”. This requires breaking down disciplinary barriers and traditional thinking frameworks, integrating advanced technologies such as communications, navigation, detection, and quantum on the basis of cybernetics, information theory, and systems theory, and forming a knowledge ecosystem with its internal logic that can couple new tactics, combat systems, and war forms.

Create an open source theoretical ecosystem and form a distributed innovation pattern

With the development of disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence, brain-computer interfaces, and multi-dimensional information, the development of military theory has shown an era trend of diversified innovation. If we can activate the innovation potential with an open source ecosystem, we may be able to develop a different innovation model for military theory from the existing ones – one that maintains the traditional background of military theory while also having the technological sharpness of the intelligent era. Its core lies in stimulating innovation through an open ecosystem, diversified cooperation, and localization.

Shaping an open source ecosystem. Traditional military theory research is highly confidential and exclusive, and inevitably has information barriers, thinking limitations, and technical gaps, which can no longer meet the needs of war development. The superiority, vitality, and professionalism shown by the open source big model inspire the world. The open source military theory ecosystem can also build an advanced basic military theory base through a controllable open sharing ecosystem of theoretical frameworks, tactical deductions, and technical solutions under the support of a hierarchical collaboration system and blockchain technology, and then derive concrete military theory plug-ins for operational concept trees, scenario sets, and style groups in various fields. Its ecological connotation lies in breaking departmental boundaries, integrating military units, scientific research institutes, local universities, social think tanks, etc., and using supply and demand announcement platforms, war game deduction platforms, information interaction platforms, etc. to form a closed-loop feedback environment of “theoretical crowd creation” with multi-party participation. This distributed collaborative ecology can accelerate the formation of theoretical innovation and iteration through the interaction between nodes, and achieve sustainable development advantages in a complex internal and external environment.

Integration of military democracy. In the process of military theory innovation, through a professional and efficient collective collaboration mechanism, scattered cognitive resources are transformed into collective combat effectiveness, forming cross-domain and cross-weapon collaboration. Its success depends on three fulcrums: an open resource organization structure, an efficient knowledge management mechanism, and a deep integration of science and technology. This innovation model reshapes the production process of modern military theory: breaking the vertical, closed, and minority participation characteristics of traditional military theory innovation, and forming a collaborative paradigm that includes sharing and competitive participation of multiple subjects. This means that military theory innovation has entered a new stage of “collective wisdom + knowledge transfer”. The key is to release innovation potential through a military democracy mechanism, and to enhance the system resilience of theoretical innovation while ensuring military effectiveness. The ultimate goal is to form a theoretical system that can both guide its own military practice and contribute to human war cognition.

Highlight its own characteristics. The “two combinations” are the fundamental way to promote the theoretical innovation of the Party. To strengthen the innovation of military theory, we must insist on combining the basic principles of Marxism with the practice of building the people’s army and absorbing the essence of China’s excellent traditional military culture. We should focus on using the “arrow” of truth to shoot the “target” of military practice in the new era, and innovate and develop military theory in the process of creatively applying Marxism to analyze and deal with contemporary Chinese military issues. We should focus on extracting rich nutrition from China’s excellent traditional military culture, absorbing the war concepts, military wisdom, strategic thinking, military tactics and strategies contained therein, and giving military theory distinct Chinese characteristics, Chinese style and Chinese style. In particular, we should focus on deeply integrating the laws of modern warfare and the laws of war guidance, the essence of China’s excellent traditional military culture and China’s national conditions and military conditions, forming a military theory generation system with autonomy, adaptability and foresight, and constantly opening up new horizons for the development of our military’s military theory.(Editors: Dai Xiaoling, Wan Peng)

現代國語：

習主席強調指出，新時代新征程，世界百年變局加速演進，新軍事革命迅速發展，我國安全和發展需求深刻變化，實現強軍目標任務更加緊迫，必須全面加強軍事理論工作。加速形成具有時代性、引領性、獨特性的軍事理論體系，就要拓展思維視野，加強軍事理論創新，努力搶佔軍事理論創新制高點，奪得軍事理論競爭新優勢，進而在大國戰略博弈中掌握主動權。

立足戰爭時代特徵，重建多元式認知框架

自21世紀以來，隨著全球政治、經濟、文化、科技的發展，現代戰爭特徵發生了深刻變化，大國高端戰爭博弈下的體系對抗、空間疊加、多域混合特徵更加突出。戰爭形態向力量高度混散、資訊高度流動、行動高度協同的方向加速演進，亟需我們檢視軍事理論創新的時代動因。

戰爭形態演化的時代性。梳理傳統戰爭到現代戰爭的發展脈絡，對比分析後可以發現「結硬寨、打呆仗、群毆式」的單純原始形態已然走向多域戰、混合戰等多元高級形態，戰爭理念、作戰體系、戰法打法等均在持續發生演化，其時代動因是「技術底色決定逼成色，戰術創新技術革新」的戰術效應。在此背景下，未來戰爭將呈現「全域連動、智能主導、無人爭鋒」三大特徵，其本質上是一種非線性狀態突破，是一種戰爭哲學更新，更是一種超維力量博弈。背後推手是層出不窮的新型作戰概念，軍事理論創新必須直面全局對抗、混合競能與技術突進的複合挑戰，其核心在於建構能夠打破思維掣肘、實現跨域制勝的新型戰爭觀。

軍事理論博弈的先導性。大國博弈是一個長期過程，其中的武器裝備競賽是互相博弈的一種傳統路徑，而另一個新興賽道則是軍事理論競賽。首先，軍事理論是大國博弈的高層邏輯，先導式、伴隨式與跟進式軍事理論交替演進，為大國博弈提供了資源整合、演訓迭代和力量優化的藍圖指引，也為制約與破解對手能力提供了方法策略，可以加速軍事體系決勝的衝線趨勢。其次，隨著國際情勢、科技發展等方面的不斷變化，新矛盾、新問題、新目標、新威脅不斷湧現，戰爭和對抗的誘因、主體、形式、場景等方面將更為複雜多元和多域融合，其表現也更加充滿不確定和非線性。誰能認清未來戰爭形態樣式，誰能擁有豐富的作戰理念概念，誰能在國際博弈中佔據主動。

先進軍事理論的威懾性。先進軍事理論可以透過科學的理論設計，最大程度地統籌現有的戰爭資源，把戰爭潛力充分轉化為戰爭實力。所以，先進軍事理論既是能夠勝戰的戰鬥力，也是能夠懾戰的威懾力。例如，人民戰爭是我克敵制勝的法寶，已經得到戰爭實踐的證明。新中國成立後的相當長一段時間裡，帝國主義、霸權主義不敢對我國輕舉妄動，一個重要原因就是懼怕我人民戰爭的威力。近年來，戰爭形態向智能化加速演進，外軍新型作戰概念層出不窮，面對“寂靜戰場”上軍事理論創新的競爭，必須洞察智能化作戰理論新發展，審視智能化作戰概念層出不窮，面對“寂靜戰場”上軍事理論創新的競爭，必須洞察智能化作戰理論新發展，審視智能化作戰概念層出不窮，面對“寂靜戰場”上軍事理論創新的競爭，必須洞察智能化作戰理論新發展，審視智能化作戰樣式新變化，堅持“你打你的、我打我的”，既要擅長創造高級打法以優制工業理論，也要避實擊擊你的、我打我的”，既要擅長創造高級打法以優適能避實擊

促進跨域交流集成，解構多維式創新機理

現代戰爭突破陸海空天電網的界限，印證了多域聯動多維連結的必要性。而在此龐大的軍事甚至民用領域中聚優釋能、資訊整合、融合打擊，軍事理論創新必須整合科學技術通道、搭建戰略戰術研練平台，更需多維多域互通，從創新機理中去尋求突破。

戰場空間泛在多元重建。戰場空間重構的本質是科技文明對物理邊界的突破，也就是新科技發展到一定程度後，物理域、資訊域、社會域等將呈現重構形體。這種重建打破了傳統戰場的空間限制、時間維度，深入推動戰爭對抗從集中式、線性化的物理空間轉向多域融合、無界聯動的超維空間，由此帶來作戰要域無所不在、作戰要素無所不包、作戰力量無所不及，並將形成全新的作戰形態。這需要軍事理論從作戰體系、戰略戰術、節點要素等方面重新解構現代戰爭的立體性、多維性和連結性。特別是今後時期，政治、經濟、軍事、輿論等戰場空間的混合連動帶來的鬥爭來源多、領域廣、耦合強，軍事理論創新需深刻洞悉戰場空間內生髮育的內涵要義與本質特徵，以重構自主、靈活、彈性、閉環的作戰空間，凸顯聯動平衡的戰場生態機理。

多層技術嵌套結構重塑。現代戰爭需要透過整合不同層級、不同領域的技術系統，形成高度協同、動態適應的作戰體系，以因應資訊化、智慧化、精確化的複雜需求。龐大的作戰體系亟須將單一功能向體系化和網路化演變，其核心在於打破傳統軍兵種和裝備技術領域的界限，建構多維連動的技術生態。例如，戰略預警體系需要太空衛星、地面雷達、水下聲吶等立體組網，即從物理層整合嵌套；全局戰場感知網絡需要天基監視、空中預警、地面偵察的即時數據，即從資訊層融合交互；聯合全局指揮控制系統需要數秒內完成目標識別、威脅評估與目標分配，即從認知層智能決策。這些跨域交流整合倒逼技術架構的深度重構，由此引發軍事組織與行動破繭化蝶。技術創新驅動戰術突破，推動裝備體系迭代和軍事理論體系重塑，是軍事理論創新機制的奧秘所在。

跨域知識整合認知重建。現代戰爭突破克勞塞維茨式「三位一體」框架，呈現量子糾纏式的全維度對抗特質。如美軍「馬賽克戰」理論將AI與生物神經融合，架構動態可重建殺傷網。這要求軍事理論創新必須具備跨域解構與認知重建能力。這種整合與重建不是簡單的知識疊加，而是透過「湧現效應」產生新的戰爭理解維度與後設認知體系。這要求打破學科壁壘與傳統思維框架，在控制論、資訊理論、系統論基礎上，融合通訊、導航、偵測、量子等先進技術，以其內在邏輯形成能夠耦合新型戰術戰法、作戰體系、戰爭形態的知識生態系統。

打造開源理論生態，形成分散式創新格局

隨著人工智慧、腦機介面、多維度資訊等顛覆性技術發展，軍事理論發展呈現多元創新的時代趨勢。若能以開源生態活化創新潛力，或可走出一條不同於既有的軍事理論創新模式──既保持軍事理論傳統底色，又兼具智慧化時代的科技銳度，其核心在於從開放生態、多元合作和本土化路徑中去激發創新。

塑造開源生態。傳統軍事理論研究多具有高度保密性與排他性，也不可避免地存在資訊障礙、思考限制和技術鴻溝，已無法滿足戰爭發展需求。開源大模型顯示出的超群性、生命性、專業性給世人以啟發，開源軍事理論生態亦可在分級協作體系與區塊鏈技術的支撐下，透過理論架構、戰術推演、技術方案的可控式開放共享生態，建構一個先進的基本軍事理論基座，再衍生出各領域作戰概念樹、場景集、具象化的場景具象集。其生態內涵在於打破部門邊界，整合軍事單位、科研院所、地方高校、社會智庫等，利用供求揭榜平台、兵棋推演平台、資訊互動平台等，形成多方參與的「理論眾創」閉環回饋環境。這種分散式協作生態，可透過節點間的互動加速形成理論創新迭代合力，在複雜的內外環境中實現永續發展優勢。

融合軍事民主。在軍事理論創新過程中，透過專業、高效率的集體協作機制，將分散的認知資源轉化為集體戰鬥力，形成跨領域、跨武器協同。其成功依賴三個支點：開放的資源組織架構、高效率的知識管理機制，以及深度的理技融合。這種創新模式重塑了現代軍事理論生產流程：打破傳統軍事理論創新的垂直化、封閉化、少數化的參與特徵，形成包容多元主體共享與競爭參與的協作典範。這意味著軍事理論創新進入「集體智慧+知識遷移」的新階段，其關鍵是透過軍事民主機制釋放創新潛能，在確保軍事效能的同時提升理論創新的體系韌性。最終目的是形成既能引導自身軍事實踐，也能貢獻於人類戰爭認知的理論體系。

突顯自身特色。 「兩個結合」是推動黨的理論創新的根本途徑。加強軍事理論創新就要堅持把馬克思主義基本原理同人民軍隊建設實踐結合，汲取中華優秀傳統軍事文化精華。注重以真理之“矢”去射新時代軍事實踐之“的”，在創造性運用馬克思主義分析和處理當代中國軍事問題的過程中創新發展軍事理論。注重從中華優秀傳統軍事文化中萃取豐富營養，汲取蘊含其中的戰爭觀念、治軍智慧、戰略思想、兵法謀略等，賦予軍事理論鮮明的中國特色、中國風格、中國氣派。特別是注重將現代戰爭規律與戰爭指導規律、中華優秀傳統軍事文化精華與中國國情軍情深度融合，形成具有自主性、適應性和前瞻性的軍事理論生成體系，不斷開闢我軍軍事理論發展新境界。

(編按：代曉靈、萬鵬)

中國原創軍事資源：http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2025/0529/c40531-40490232888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization

Chinese Military Commentary : What Key Capabilities Does the US Air Force Need in the Future? China Must be Vigilant

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中國軍事評論：美國空軍未來需要哪些關鍵能力？中國必須警惕

現代英語：

The U.S. Air Force Research Institute recently published a research report, “Air Force Strategic Research from 2020 to 2030”, which is to answer this question: What key capabilities does the U.S. Air Force need to have by 2030? According to current trends, in the next decade or so, the U.S. Air Force should focus its energy and resources on developing five key capabilities: force projection capability; the ability to act freely in air, space and cyberspace; global situational awareness; air force diplomacy; and the ability to provide military support to local governments. The research report also revolves around a basic theme, that is, the success of the U.S. Air Force in these areas will depend on whether it can comprehensively apply the various strengths of the United States in air, space and cyberspace.

Power Projection

In a worldwide security environment characterized by the proliferation of advanced anti-access and area-denial systems, it will become increasingly difficult for U.S. forces to establish secure bases within striking distance of their adversaries, increasing the need for long-range power projection—primarily long-range attack.

The main challenge for potential U.S. adversaries is to deny the United States access to bases and targets. In the short term, most adversaries cannot compete with the United States’ technological advantage; however, this advantage is declining. Future battlefields may look more like the network-centric war between Russia and Georgia in 2008 than like the wars in Iraq or Afghanistan.

The U.S. Department of Defense’s Quadrennial Defense Review states that “the future combat environment indicates that the U.S. military may have to conduct prolonged air and sea operations.” To meet these challenges, the U.S. Air Force must be able to defeat its opponents, even if these opponents have unprecedented military capabilities that can confront the U.S. Army and Navy. The following four suggestions may help meet the requirements of future air force power projection.

1. The U.S. Air Force must integrate air, space and cyber capabilities into current and future platforms and systems. For example, aircraft rely on GPS (Global Positioning System) and a range of network systems.

2. The Air Force must increase its flexibility in power projection. The available aircraft must include a variety of models from high-end (such as F-35 fighters) to low-end (light attack aircraft). Therefore, the Air Force should establish a “universal” force to undertake responsibilities other than traditional power projection with its allies; at the same time, it must also retain the necessary combat power to respond to major emergencies. Some examples show that in unconventional conflicts, it is not always necessary to use the best-performing aircraft.

3. Develop unmanned platforms with greater artificial intelligence that will support traditional force projection missions. Such systems could become a vital psychological warfare tool in peer competition, and adversaries could choose to cooperate with the United States because of its use of such systems.

4. Offensive and defensive cyber capabilities must be integrated into air and space platforms. As a force multiplier, cyber capabilities may soon become the best force projection tool in the Air Force’s arsenal. It is clear that several countries have cyber offensive capabilities that have caught up with or even surpassed the United States. Although the U.S. Air Force has worked hard to organize, train, and equip itself to meet the requirements of cyber warfare, it remains uncertain whether the Air Force’s cyber warfare capabilities can achieve victory.

Freedom of movement

To project power, the Air Force needs freedom of action in all domains: air, space, and cyber. Now, when discussing the importance of persistent air superiority, it is worth noting.

With the F-22 and F-35 likely to remain the Air Force’s primary air superiority platforms through at least 2030, relatively inexpensive force multipliers such as autonomous unmanned platforms, human-machine interaction technologies, and cyberattack capabilities will be key to improving the Air Force’s capabilities. Self-guided systems, cyberattack technologies, and human enhancement technologies are all likely to make progress, and here are three related suggestions:

1. Stealth, high-performance, autonomous aircraft can increase the number of fifth-generation fighters and enhance their capabilities. The old fighters will gradually be retired from service, and their role has been reduced to only supporting missions. The resulting combat power gap will be filled by advanced aircraft.

2. Human enhancement can “improve capabilities and save costs by improving manpower efficiency and reducing manpower requirements.” This is the view in the “Technology Outlook Report” released by the Office of the Chief Scientist of the US Air Force. As weapon systems become more complex and increasingly rely on advanced human-machine interfaces, human enhancement will be very useful.

3. Airborne cyber attack systems that can penetrate and disrupt the software, radars, and other systems of enemy aircraft will become a significant force multiplier for smaller fleets of air superiority aircraft. While exploiting the network is not a magic weapon to win, investments in this area will certainly pay off handsomely.

America’s adversaries are continually developing new ways to challenge U.S. air superiority. Preventing their success requires the United States to continually update systems and change tactics, techniques, and procedures.

Space advantage

The U.S. Air Force must achieve space superiority. The Air Force’s main goal for the next decade or so is to control space and make the concept of space superiority a reality. In the short term, kinetic attacks in the space domain are unlikely, however, if the U.S. advantage is challenged, space weapons may eventually be deployed. Damage to space systems will greatly weaken the United States’ civil and military capabilities in all domains. If other countries attack the United States’ space communications, navigation, or detection systems, it may prompt the American public to support space weapons. To successfully delay such attacks and maintain the United States’ freedom of action in space, the United States needs to use its diplomatic, information, military, and economic power to develop a multi-layered space operations system. The following four suggestions will help the Air Force gain sustainable space superiority.

1. The U.S. Air Force must continue to strengthen space surveillance. The Air Force has taken the first step in this direction: On September 25, 2010, the Air Force launched the Pathfinder satellite, the first satellite of the planned space-based space surveillance system. The role of this system is to improve the Department of Defense’s ability to detect and track objects in orbit. In order to maximize the use of this capability, the Air Force must accelerate the deployment of the space-based space surveillance system or a satellite system similar to it.

2. The U.S. Air Force must ensure its ability to enter space while reducing production and operating costs. The space launch tools currently used mainly include improved launch vehicles such as the Delta 4 rocket developed by Boeing and the Atlas 5 rocket developed by Lockheed Martin. The purpose of using such launch vehicles is to standardize and improve the operability of space launches, reduce government involvement in the launch process, and plan to reduce the cost of the new system by 25% compared to the previous launch system. However, further cost reduction is needed.

3. Strengthening cooperation with private enterprises will help the Air Force achieve its goal of gaining space superiority. The former Obama administration once made some decisions on space activities, shifting investment from government departments to private enterprises, which means that the US space policy may change significantly.

4. To prevent adversaries from exploiting vulnerabilities in U.S. space systems, the United States must make its satellite systems more resilient. As space competition evolves, space systems must become more responsive and less vulnerable to meet the needs of combat forces.

Network Challenges

The establishment of the Cyber ​​Command and the 24th Air Force, whose mission is to operate, expand and protect the Air Force information network and protect mission-critical systems, clearly demonstrates the importance of cyberspace. The Air Force has transformed communications and information majors into cyberspace operations and support majors and established undergraduate courses in cyberspace, which shows the importance the Air Force attaches to cyberspace. The challenge facing the US Air Force is to always be at the forefront of cyber technology.

If cyber remains a tool that can reduce the gap between countries, groups and individuals, cyber superiority will be difficult to achieve and maintain. Therefore, the U.S. Air Force must be at the forefront. Unfortunately, the number of American computer science and engineering graduates is decreasing, while the number of foreign graduates of the same major is increasing. The U.S. Air Force’s cyber education cannot provide enough cyber experts and trained and motivated attackers, which is a very unfavorable situation. The success or failure of the U.S. military depends on an area where it does not dominate. But in the cyber field, this is the case.

Cyber ​​will continue to evolve as a weapon of choice, replacing many of the current kinetic weapons. The U.S. Air Force will have fewer aircraft and operate over larger areas, especially in the Pacific. This makes cyberspace a critical domain of Air Force operations. Adversaries will have the ability to disrupt the software of U.S. aircraft and suppress U.S. air defenses, which will become reality, not science fiction.

To prepare for this future, the Air Force needs to radically change the way it approaches the network. It is not enough to put a firewall on the network. The Air Force should take a more proactive approach to developing the network into a key operational capability. This requires the Air Force to work hard to do the following two things:

1. The U.S. Air Force must assume responsibility for cyber activities in accordance with relevant provisions of the United States Code. As the service most dependent on cyber, the Air Force must develop cyber capabilities independently. To achieve this goal, the Air Force must establish a cyberspace department that can conduct both offensive and defensive cyber activities, have sound laws and regulations to regulate it, and its activities should be interoperable and joint.

2. The Air Force must train a large number of experts in computer science and computer engineering. Without the right talent, it will be difficult for the Air Force to maintain a network-savvy workforce, and every mission of the Air Force may be threatened.

Situational Awareness

The United States’ situational awareness agencies are basically located domestically, and surveillance and reconnaissance missions will become remote activities. In longer-distance surveillance and reconnaissance, space and network resources are more valuable and can play an increasingly important role in obtaining situational awareness in distant areas. The U.S. Air Force Intelligence Department must become a well-organized and dynamic force that can make timely adjustments to achieve global and local coverage. To this end, the following three suggestions are put forward:

1. The Air Force must work more closely with the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) when planning and building space capabilities. Space-based reconnaissance is becoming increasingly important, so the Air Force must exert greater influence on the NRO’s resource request process. Currently, Air Force positions in the NRO are sometimes vacant, which leaves the Air Force, as an end user, without a full say in satellite design and development.

2. We should plan the surveillance and reconnaissance system after the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, so that the Distributed Common Ground System (DCGS) is ready to take on global tasks. In future wars, the role of the Distributed Common Ground System will shift from taking on tactical tasks to processing and disseminating national intelligence products and intelligence products of allies, so we must seriously think about the corresponding theories, tactics, technologies and procedures.

3. The Air Force must improve data analysis using new automation technologies so that analysts can take on the most advanced tasks. Accelerating the development of translation software, artificial intelligence, and electronic processing of raw data (signals and electronic intelligence) is the most practical way to manage large amounts of data and should be a priority for funding.

The strategic challenges facing the United States are increasingly global in nature. Without major reforms to address these characteristics, the U.S. Air Force’s global situational awareness department will not be able to fully realize its potential. At present, the United States’ opponents are gradually undermining the United States’ strategic advantages, so it is necessary to understand the situation of the opponents.

Air Force Diplomacy

Air diplomacy is the non-combat missions that the Air Force performs to defend national interests. It is a supporting function. Defined in this way, air diplomacy provides many soft power resources to national diplomacy. The Air Force carries out a range of diplomatic missions as set out in the Security Cooperation Strategy. The Air Force currently uses air power to achieve soft power goals, but air diplomacy activities have not yet reached their full potential. If the Air Force integrates its various soft power missions into a unified air diplomacy strategy, the Air Force will be able to use these capabilities more effectively to defend national interests. Air diplomacy is likely to become increasingly important over the next decade. When decision makers face a tough fiscal environment, they may place more emphasis on air power because of its long range, high speed and strong flexibility. If air diplomacy is used before combat operations are necessary, it will help the United States prevent more costly conflicts. Permanent overseas bases or large-scale military deployments may cause anti-American sentiment, and air diplomacy can help to eliminate anti-American sentiment. Of course, air diplomacy will not always succeed.

Although the U.S. Air Force Security Cooperation Strategy has laid a useful foundation for the Air Force’s diplomatic strategy, there is still much work to be done. A complete Air Force diplomatic strategy should focus on three core goals: 1. Coordinate and strengthen different diplomatic missions; 2. Actively engage with allies, neutral parties and adversaries; 3. Use existing means to achieve strategic goals.

The Air Force should also streamline processes based on existing strategic guidance and programs. Any strategy must develop a set of criteria to measure its success or failure. An effective Air Force diplomacy strategy backed by a reliable power projection capability helps protect national interests.

Military support for local governments

With the proliferation of nuclear weapons technology, advanced missile technology, and cyber attack technology, military support for local governments has become increasingly important. Air Force Instruction 10-802: Military Support to Local Governments states that “the Air National Guard has the primary responsibility for providing military assistance to state and local governments in the event of a civil emergency.” In short, the Air National Guard can not only respond long before the federal military takes any action, but should do so according to the instructions. Except for man-made disasters involving chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear materials, active duty troops are generally not required. However, if a disaster causes a major disaster, the state or local government department may be unable to cope with it, and the governor will need to apply for federal support.

If technological innovations allow adversaries to attack closer to the U.S. homeland, the American public will want the military to focus on homeland defense and disaster relief. For the Air Force and the Air National Guard, this means providing civil support capabilities such as airlift, medical care, and situational awareness.

The Air Force has a guiding role in the development of the Air National Guard, so Air Force leadership should take effective measures to promote civil support capabilities as a key capability. Developing a dual-design combat capability statement, especially for the Air National Guard, will help clarify the mission of each unit in civil support and wartime.

Based on the interconnected missions of the Air Force and the Air National Guard in the military support of local governments, the following three recommendations can enable the Air Force and the Air National Guard to resolve complex legal, political, and command and control issues and improve emergency response and disaster relief capabilities.

1. The Air National Guard’s primary equipment should be transport aircraft. Emergency air transport is a critical capability that should be provided by the Air National Guard. Each Air National Guard air transport unit must have an air port function to ensure that the unit can be assembled and transported for subsequent operations. The transportation of medical support units is also an important part of air transport because no matter what disaster occurs, medical assistance is the first thing needed, and medical assistance will be needed for a long time after the disaster.

2. Air National Guard airlift units should be deployed to 10 federal emergency management regions. This will help airlift units work with state and local emergency responders in disaster relief exercises and establish close ties before disasters occur.

3. State and local government officials will rely primarily on Air National Guard imagery analysts for support, advice, and imagery interpretation. Understanding the scope and extent of a disaster is a critical step in disaster response. To provide emergency responders with better situational awareness, Air National Guard analysts working in the Distributed Common Ground System should provide real-time imagery support during a disaster.

The future is full of uncertainty, the increase in defense budgets will stagnate, and threats will come not only from high-intensity conflicts, but also from low-intensity conflicts. Therefore, the U.S. Air Force must be prepared to deal with increasingly complex situations and should not take it for granted that it will be able to win in the future environment. In short, the U.S. Air Force’s time, resources, and strategic thinking should focus on the five key capabilities described above. (Translated from the U.S. “Armed Forces Magazine” 10641 (US) Adam Lowther (Professor of the U.S. Air Force Research Institute) Translated by Li Youguan)

(Editors: Wang Lu (intern), Yan Jiaqi)

現代國語：

美國空軍研究所不久前發表一份研究報告－《2020年至2030年空軍戰略研究》，其內容是回答這個問題：到2030年，美國空軍需要哪些關鍵能力？根據目前的趨勢，在未來十多年內，美國空軍應該集中精力和資源發展五種關鍵能力：力量投送能力﹔空中、太空和網絡空間自由行動的能力﹔全球態勢感知能力﹔空軍外交能力﹔對地方政府提供軍事支援的能力。研究報告也圍繞著一個基本主題，即美國空軍在這些領域的成功將取決於能否綜合應用美國的空中、太空以及網路空間的各種實力。

力量投送

全世界安全環境的明顯特徵是，先進的反介入和區域封鎖系統不斷擴散。在這種環境下，美國軍隊將越來越難以在敵人的攻擊距離之內建立安全的基地，這增加了對遠距離力量投送——主要是遠距離攻擊的需要。

美國潛在對手的主要挑戰是，如何使美國無法獲取基地和接觸目標。在短期內，大多數對手都無法與美國的技術優勢競爭﹔然而，美國的這種優勢正在下降。未來的戰場可能更像2008年發生的俄羅斯與格魯吉亞的網絡中心化戰爭，而不是像伊拉克戰爭或阿富汗戰爭。

美國國防部的《四年防務評估報告》指出，「未來的作戰環境預示，美國軍隊可能要進行長時間的空中作戰和海上作戰。」為了應對這些挑戰，美國空軍必須能夠戰勝對手，即使這些對手具有前所未有的軍事能力，能夠對抗美國的陸軍和海軍。以下4項建議，可能有助於滿足未來空軍力量投送的要求。

1、美國空軍必須將空中、太空與網路能力整合到當前以及未來的平台和系統中。例如，飛機依賴GPS（全球衛星定位系統）和一系列網路系統。

2、空軍必須提高其力量投射的靈活性。可供選擇的飛機必須包括從高端（例如F-35型戰鬥機）到低端（輕型攻擊機）的各種機型。因此，空軍應建立「通用型」部隊，以便和盟友一起承擔除了傳統力量投送以外的職責﹔同時也要保留必要的作戰力量，來應對重大的突發事件。一些實例表明，在非常規的沖突中，並不總是必要使用性能最好的飛機。

3.發展具有更強人工智慧的無人平台，這將支援傳統力量投送任務。這樣的系統可能會成為同儕競爭中至關重要的心理戰工具，對手可能會因為美國使用這類系統而選擇與美國合作。

4.必須將進攻性與防禦性網絡能力融入空中平台和太空平台。作為一種力量倍增器，網絡能力可能很快就會成為空軍武器庫中最佳的力量投射工具。顯然有好幾個國家的網絡攻擊能力趕上甚至超過了美國。盡管美國空軍努力在組織、訓練和裝備方面滿足網絡戰的要求，但空軍的網絡作戰能力是否能夠取得勝利仍然不確定。

行動自由

為了力量投送，空軍需要在空中、太空和網路等所有領域都具有行動自由。現在討論空中優勢持久的重要性，那麼這一點是值得注意的。

至少到2030年，F-22型戰鬥機和F-35型戰鬥機可能一直都是美國空軍主要的空中優勢平台，這樣一來，相對低的力量倍增器，例如自主無人駕駛平台、人機互動技術和網絡攻擊能力等將是提高空軍能力的關鍵。自導系統、網路攻擊技術和增強人體機能技術都有可能取得進展，以下提出3個相關的建議：

1.隱形、高性能、自主型飛機能夠增加第五代戰鬥機的數量和增強其能力。以前的舊式戰鬥機將要逐步退出現役，其作用已下降為隻承擔支援任務，隨之產生的戰鬥力缺口，將由先進的飛機加以彌補。

2、增強人體機能可以「透過提高人力效率、減少人力需求來實現能力提高並節省成本。」這是美國空軍首席科學家辦公室發布的《科技展望報告》中的觀點。隨著武器系統越來越複雜，越來越依靠先進的人機接口，增強人體機能將非常有用。

3.能夠滲透和破壞敵方飛機的軟件系統、雷達和其它系統的機載網絡攻擊系統，將成為規模較小的空中優勢飛機機隊的重要力量倍增器。雖然利用網路並不是取勝的法寶，但在這方面的投資肯定會獲得豐厚的回報。

美國的對手在不斷地開發挑戰美國空中優勢的新方法。要防止他們成功，美國需要不斷更新系統，改變戰術、技術和程序。

太空優勢

美國空軍必須取得太空優勢。未來10多年空軍的主要目標是必須對太空加以控制，使太空優勢的概念成為現實。在短期內，太空領域不大可能發生動能攻擊，雖然如此，如果美國的優勢受到了挑戰，可能最終會部署太空武器。對太空系統的破壞將極大地削弱美國在所有領域的民事和軍事行動能力。如果其它國家對美國的太空通訊、導航或探測系統進行了攻擊，可能會促使美國公眾支持太空武器。要成功地延緩此類攻擊的發生，並保持美國在太空的行動自由，美國需要利用其外交、資訊、軍事和經濟力量，發展多層次太空行動體系。以下4項建議有助於空軍獲得可持續的太空優勢。

1.美國空軍必須繼續加強太空監視。空軍已經朝著這個方向邁出了第一步：2010年9月25日，空軍發射了「探路者」衛星，它是計畫中的天基太空監視系統的第一顆衛星。這種系統的作用是提高國防部探測和追蹤在軌物體的能力。為了最大限度地使用這種能力，空軍必須加快部署天基太空監視系統或與其類似的衛星系統。

2.美國空軍在降低生產和營運成本的同時，必須保証其具有進入太空的能力。目前使用的航太發射工具主要包括波音公司開發的德爾塔4型火箭和洛克希德•馬丁公司研製的阿特拉斯5型火箭等改進型運載火箭，使用這類運載火箭的目的是規範和改善太空發射的可操作性，減少政府參與發射過程的活動，併計劃使新系統的成本比過去的發射系統減少25%。然而，還需要進一步降低成本。

3.加強與私營企業的合作，這將有助於空軍實現獲得太空優勢的目標。前任奧巴馬政府曾經就太空活動做出了一些決策，將投資從政府部門轉移到私營企業，這意味著美國的太空政策可能會發生很大變化。

4.為了防止對手利用美國太空系統的漏洞，美國必須使其衛星系統具有更強的復原能力。隨著太空競爭的發展，太空系統必須變得反應更靈敏，漏洞更少，以滿足作戰部隊的需要。

網絡的挑戰

美國空軍成立了網絡司令部和第24航空隊，其使命是運行、擴展和保護空軍資訊網絡，保護關鍵任務系統，這清楚地表明了網絡空間的重要性。空軍將通訊和資訊專業轉變為網絡空間作戰與支援專業，並設立了網絡空間的大學本科課程，這些措施表明了空軍對網絡空間的重視。美國空軍所面臨的挑戰就是要始終處於網路技術的最前線。

如果網絡一直是一種能夠減少國家、團體和個人之間差距的工具，那麼網絡優勢將很難實現並維持。因此美國空軍必須佔領最前沿。遺憾的是，美國計算機科學與工程學畢業生的數量正在減少，而外國同樣專業的畢業生數量正在增加。美國空軍的網絡教育無法提供數量足夠的網絡專家和訓練有素且動力十足的攻擊者，這是一種非常不利的情況。美國軍隊的成敗取決於一個其不佔主導地位的領域，美國很少遇到這種情況。但在網絡領域，就出現了這種情況。

網絡將繼續演變成為一種偏愛的武器，取代目前的許多動能武器。美國空軍的飛機數量將變得更少，而作戰範圍變得更大，特別是在太平洋地區。這使網絡空間成為空軍行動的重要領域。對手將有能力破壞美國飛機的軟件和壓制美國的防空系統，這將成為現實，而不是科幻小說，。

要準備應對這種未來形勢，美國空軍需要徹底改變其對待網絡的方式。在網路上建立防火牆是不夠的，空軍應該採取更積極的方式將網絡發展成為一種重要的作戰能力。這要求空軍努力做到下面兩點：

1.美國空軍必鬚根據《美國法典》中的有關條文，承擔起網絡活動方面的責任。空軍作為最依賴網絡的軍種，必須自力更生發展網絡能力。空軍要實現這一目標，就要建立一個網絡空間部門，可以同時進行網絡進攻和防禦活動，有健全的法律法規對其進行規範，其活動應當具有互操作性和聯合性。

2、空軍必須培養一大批計算機科學和計算機工程學的專家。沒有合適的人才，空軍就難以維持一支精通網路的人員隊伍，而空軍的每一項任務都可能面臨威脅。

態勢感知

美國的態勢感知機構基本上都設在國內，監視和偵察任務將成為遠程活動。在更遠距離的監視和偵察中，太空和網絡資源更具有價值，在獲得遙遠地區態勢感知時，太空和網絡資源能夠發揮越來越重要的作用。美國空軍情報部門必須成為一支組織嚴密和充滿活力的力量，能夠及時進行調整，以實現對全球和局部地區的覆蓋。為此提出以下3個建議：

1.美國空軍在規劃與建立太空能力時，必須與國家偵察局(簡稱NRO)進行更密切的配合。基於太空的偵察變得越來越重要，因此空軍必須對國家偵察局的資源要求過程施加更大的影響。目前，空軍在國家偵察局的職位有時是空缺的，這使得作為終端用戶的空軍在衛星設計和開發方面沒有充分的發言權。

2.現在應該規劃好阿富汗戰爭和伊拉克戰爭以後的監視與偵察體系，使分散式通用地面系統(簡稱DCGS)準備好承擔全球性任務。在未來戰爭中，分散式通用地面系統的角色將由承擔戰術任務轉為處理和傳播國家情報產品與盟國的情報產品，因此必須對相應的理論、戰術、技術和程序進行認真的思考。

3.空軍必須利用新型的自動化技術來改進數據分析工作，以便分析人員能夠承擔最高級別的任務。加速開發翻譯軟件、人工智慧以及原始數據（訊號和電子情報）的電子化處理，這是管理大量數據的最實用的方法，並且應該成為優先撥款的項目。

美國面臨的戰略挑戰越來越呈現全球化的特點，如果不針對這種特點進行重大改革，美國空軍的全球態勢感知部門將無法充分發揮其潛能。目前美國的對手正逐漸削弱美國的戰略優勢，為此必須了解對手的情況。

空軍外交

空軍外交是為了捍衛國家利益而由空軍執行非作戰任務的活動，這是一種輔助性職能。依照這種界定，空軍外交為國家外交提供了許多軟實力資源。空軍執行《安全合作戰略》中規定的一系列外交使命。空軍現在使用空中力量來實現軟實力目標，但空軍外交活動還沒有發揮出全部潛能。如果空軍將其各項軟實力使命融合到一個統一的空軍外交戰略中，空軍將能夠更有效地使用這些能力來保衛國家利益。在未來十多年，空軍外交有可能變得越來越重要。當決策者面臨嚴峻的財政環境時，可能會更加重視空中力量，因為其航程遠、速度快、靈活性強。如果在有必要進行作戰行動之前就使用空軍外交，將有助於美國防止成本更高昂的沖突。永久性海外基地或大規模軍事部署都可能引起反美情緒，而空軍外交有助於消除反美情緒。當然空軍外交並不總是能成功。

雖然美國空軍《安全合作戰略》為空軍外交戰略奠定了有益的基礎，仍需要做許多工作。一個完善的空軍外交戰略應著眼於三個核心目標：1、協調與加強不同的外交使命﹔2、積極接觸盟友、中立方和對手﹔3、利用現有手段實現戰略目標。

空軍還應在現有戰略指導和方案的基礎上簡化流程。任何戰略都必須制定一套準則來衡量其成功或失敗。一項有效的以可靠的力量投送能力為後盾的空軍外交戰略有助於保護國家利益。

對地方政府的軍事支援

隨著核武技術、先進的飛彈技術和網路攻擊技術的擴散，​​對地方政府的軍事支援顯得越來越重要。 《10-802號空軍指令：軍事支援地方政府》中規定，「在發生民事緊急情況時，空軍國民警衛隊擔負為州政府和地方政府提供軍事援助的主要責任。」簡而言之，空軍國民警衛隊不僅可以在聯邦軍隊採取任何行動之前很早就做出響應，而且按照指令應當做到這一點。除了涉及化學、生物、放射性或核子物質的人為大災難，一般不需要動用現役部隊。不過，如果一場災害引發了大災難，州政府或地方政府部門可能無力應對，就需要州長申請聯邦支援。

如果隨著科技的創新，對手的攻擊範圍更接近美國的本土，美國公眾會希望軍方重視國土的防禦和救災。對於空軍和空軍國民警衛隊來說，這意味著要提供空運、醫療和態勢感知等民事支援能力。

空軍在空軍國民警衛隊的建設中負有指導的職責，因此空軍的領導層應採取有效措施，把民事支援能力提升為一項關鍵能力。制定雙重設計作戰能力說明，特別是關於空軍國民警衛隊的，將有助於明確每支部隊在民事支援中和戰時的任務。

在軍事支援地方政府的任務中，空軍和空軍國民警衛隊的使命是相互聯繫的，根據這一點，有以下三項建議可以使空軍和空軍國民警衛隊解決復雜的法律、政治和指揮與控制的問題，提高應急救災能力。

1.空軍國民警衛隊的主要裝備應為運輸機。應急空運是一項關鍵能力，應該由空軍國民警衛隊提供。空軍國民警衛隊每支空運部隊都必須具備航空港的功能，以保障部隊集結待運，進行後續行動。醫療支援部隊的運輸也是空運的重要組成部分，因為無論發生任何災難，首先需要的就是醫療救助，而且災難發生後很長時間內都需要醫療救助。

2.空軍國民警衛隊空運部隊應該分別部署到10個聯邦應急管理區。這將有助於空運部隊在救災演練中與州政府和地方政府的應急救援人員合作，在災難發生之前就建立起緊密的聯繫。

3.州政府和地方政府官員將主要依靠空軍國民警衛隊的圖像分析人員獲得支援、建議和圖像解讀。了解一場災難的範圍和程度，是應對災難的關鍵一步。為了給應急救援人員更好的態勢感知，在發生災難時，應當由在分佈式通用地面系統中工作的空軍國民警衛隊分析人員來提供實時圖像支援。

未來形勢充滿了不確定性，國防預算的增加也將陷入停滯，威脅將不僅來自高強度沖突，也將來自低強度沖突。因此美國空軍必須準備好應對日益複雜的各種局面，不應該想當然地認為在未來環境中一定能夠取得勝利。總而言之，美國空軍的時間、資源和戰略思想都應該以上述所闡述的5個關鍵能力為重點。 （編譯自美國《武裝力量雜志》 10641 （美）亞當•勞瑟（美國空軍研究所教授） 李有觀編譯）

(責編：王璐（實習生）、閻嘉琪)

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2017/0401/c1011-29185809888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization

Analyzing Chinese Military’s New Trend of Intelligent Warfare

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解析中國軍隊智能化戰爭新趨勢

現代英語：

Modern warfare practice has proved that high-tech has become the core combat power and has promoted the rapid advancement of warfare towards intelligence. Especially under the guidance of new technologies such as big data, the Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence, and supported by algorithms and computing power technologies, the degree of military intelligence is gradually deepening, and the characteristics of intelligent battlefield warfare are becoming more and more apparent.

The combat space is developing towards full-domain multi-dimensional integration

The widespread application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field will integrate combat units distributed in different battlefield spaces, accelerate the expansion of combat space, cross-domain linkage, and simultaneously exert efforts in multi-dimensional battlefield space and focus on multiple combat capabilities at the same time, so as to achieve precise energy concentration and release in the entire domain.

The pan-connection of data cloud networks has expanded the combat space in the information domain. With the development of new-generation information technologies such as big data and cloud computing, information domain operations will penetrate various combat spaces, and modular combat units dispersed in space will be connected into a decentralized distributed combat system. When combat missions change or certain nodes are damaged, by adding new nodes or upgrading other nodes, the original combat functions can be maintained or new combat functions can be formed. Relying on information infrastructure, the combat system presents the characteristics of distribution, self-organization, and self-synchronization, which greatly improves the reliability, anti-destruction, and flexibility of the combat system. The combat system has developed from a task-based, static-oriented direction to a capability-based, dynamic-oriented direction.

Intelligent weapons and equipment expand the physical domain combat space. With the development and application of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, autonomous control, and the Internet of Things, weapons and equipment are becoming more and more intelligent, more powerful, and more widely used. The battlefield of intelligent combat has expanded from traditional land, sea, and air to near-space, polar regions, deep space, deep sea, and underground.

The human brain and computer complement each other to expand the cognitive domain space. With the integrated development of artificial intelligence and cognitive science, human brain intelligence and artificial intelligence promote each other, which can realize the complementary advantages of human brain logical thinking and computer high-speed computing. In intelligent warfare, the cognitive domain combat space will become the main battlefield, and “brain control” and “brain control” will become the focus of future wars.

Combat forces are developing towards mixed human-machine formations

In intelligent warfare, new types of unmanned combat forces will become the main combat force and a new growth point for the military’s combat effectiveness. New types of unmanned combat forces such as space, network, electromagnetic and intelligent ammunition will directly participate in combat, achieving a seamless link from strategy to tactics, and forming a multi-dimensional, all-domain attack and defense, and rapid assault overall force.

Combat force formations are organized in a variety of styles. Human-machine mixed formations. According to different tasks, combined with unmanned combat forces with different functions, reasonable human-machine formations are carried out to give full play to human subjective initiative on the one hand, and the special functions of unmanned combat forces on the other hand, so as to achieve the best combination to achieve combat objectives. Autonomous formation of unmanned forces. In intelligent warfare, unmanned tactical units, as the smallest combat units, can autonomously form combat groups or teams according to combat mission requirements to attack or defend targets. They can also automatically coordinate and cooperate according to changes in battlefield environment and tasks to ensure the achievement of unified combat objectives.

Combat command develops towards autonomous intelligence

In intelligent warfare, the application of high-tech in the military field with artificial intelligence as the core has had a profound impact on combat command and even triggered disruptive changes.

Command information acquisition is more autonomous. The sensor platform of the intelligent battlefield can implement intelligent fusion processing of multi-source intelligence with “large volume, multiple types, fast transmission speed and low value density”, obtain valuable data from massive data, and automatically transmit it to the command and control center to provide information support for commanders’ decision-making.

Human-machine collaboration in command and decision-making. In intelligent warfare, the use of intelligent robot systems to assist in decision-making has greatly reduced the burden on commanders, freeing them from heavy tasks and allowing them to concentrate on studying operations and command. They can hand over some tedious intelligence information judgment, identification and disposal work to artificial intelligence-assisted decision-making systems, giving full play to the role of human-machine integration, reasonable division of labor and mutual complementation, greatly improving the commanders’ command efficiency.

Dynamic planning. An intelligent system based on artificial intelligence technology and intelligent human-machine interface technology can speed up the pace of updating battlefield dynamic information and quickly propose suggestions for adjusting and improving plans, which will help commanders update mission plans in a timely manner and improve the troops’ ability to act quickly.

Agile control response. With the support of artificial intelligence technology and sensor technology, the ability of intelligent control of troops will be further improved in the future. Specifically, intelligent weapons and equipment can use sensors similar to human vision and hearing to track and detect targets, and process the information obtained and provided by the command information system through computers similar to the human brain, so as to achieve autonomous analysis, identification, judgment, and make corresponding decisions, thereby regulating the attack on the target.

Combat equipment is becoming more intelligent

With the widespread use of artificial intelligence technology in the field of military equipment, intelligent combat platforms and systems, intelligent ammunition and intelligent weapons and equipment have been successively equipped in the army. Combat equipment will develop from manned equipment as the main and unmanned equipment as the auxiliary to manned/unmanned equipment coordination and unmanned equipment as the main direction. UAVs, unmanned combat vehicles, unmanned ships, unmanned spacecraft, military robots and intelligent individual systems will become the main force of intelligent combat. They have good combat performance, fast response speed, strong mobility and high combat accuracy, which plays a key role in seizing the initiative in war and even affects the entire war process.

The entire process of technological infiltration war

Intelligent warfare in modern warfare is supported by Internet technology, unmanned technology, data processing and prediction technology, target recognition and search technology, and artificial intelligence technology. Various high-tech platforms and systems are increasingly likely to replace human actions in various combat links such as intelligence reconnaissance, efficient command, precise action, and comprehensive support in war. These intelligent combat platforms or systems also have super computing, recognition, and autonomous control capabilities, especially the ability to complete urgent, difficult, and dangerous tasks under harsh conditions that are difficult for humans to complete. This trend is attracting more and more interest and investment from military powers.

Yue Guiyun Cheng Cimin Li Qinan

現代國語：

中國軍網 國防部網
2022年6月7日 星期二

現代戰爭實踐證明，高新科技已成為核心戰鬥力，並推動戰爭形態向智慧化快速邁進。尤其在大數據、物聯網、人工智慧等新技術的牽引下，在演算法和算力技術的支撐下，軍事智慧化程度正逐漸加深，戰場智慧化作戰特徵越發顯現。

作戰空間朝向全局多維融合發展

人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用，將分佈在不同戰場空間的作戰單元融為一體，促使作戰空間加速拓展、跨域聯動，多維戰場空間同時發力，多種作戰能力同時聚焦，可達成全局精確聚能釋能。

資料雲網路泛聯拓展了資訊域作戰空間。隨著大數據、雲端運算等新一代資訊技術的發展，資訊域作戰將滲透各個作戰空間，空間上分散的模組化作戰單元將連結為無中心的分散式作戰體系，在作戰任務變化或某些節點受損的情況下，透過加入新節點或升級其他節點，可實現維持原作戰功能或形成新的作戰功能。依托資訊基礎設施，作戰體系呈現分散式、自組織、自同步的特徵，大大提高了作戰體系的可靠性、抗毀性、靈活性，作戰體系從基於任務、面向靜態向基於能力、面向動態的方向發展。

智慧化武器裝備拓展物理域作戰空間。隨著人工智慧、大數據、自主控制、物聯網等先進技術的發展及轉換應用，武器裝備的智慧化程度越來越高，功能越來越強，應用範圍越來越廣，智慧化作戰戰場由傳統的陸、海、空等向臨近空間、極地、深空、深海、地下等領域拓展。

人腦與電腦互補拓展認知域空間。隨著人工智慧與認知科學的融合發展，人腦智慧與人工智慧相互促進，可實現人腦邏輯思維與電腦高速運算的優勢互補，在智慧化戰爭中，認知域作戰空間將成為主戰場，「腦控」與「控腦」將成為未來戰爭爭奪焦點。

作戰力量向人機混合編組方向發展

在智慧化戰爭中，新質無人作戰力量將成為主戰力量，是軍隊戰鬥力新的成長點。太空、網路、電磁和智慧彈藥等新質無人作戰力量直接參與作戰，將實現從戰略到戰術的無縫鏈接，形成多維一體、全局攻防、快速突擊的整體合力。

作戰力量編成呈多種樣式。人機混合編組。根據不同的任務，結合不同功能的無人作戰力量，合理進行人機編組，一方面充分發揮人的主觀能動性，另一方面發揮無人作戰力量的特殊功能，以實現最佳組合達成作戰目的。無人力量自主編組。在智慧化戰爭中，無人戰術單元作為最小作戰單元，能夠根據作戰任務需求自主編成作戰群或隊，對目標進行攻擊或防禦，也可根據戰場環境和任務的變化，自動協同配合，確保達成統一的作戰目的。

作戰指揮向自主智能發展

在智慧化戰爭中，以人工智慧為核心的高新技術在軍事領域的應用，對作戰指揮造成了深刻影響，甚至引發顛覆性變化。

指揮資訊獲取更加自主。智慧化戰場的感測器平台可以對「體量大、類型多、傳輸速度快、價值密度低」的多源情報實施智慧化融合處理，從海量數據中獲取有價值數據，並自動傳輸到指揮控制中心，為指揮官決策提供資訊支援。

指揮決策人機協同。在智能化戰爭中，智能機器人系統輔助決策功能的運用，大大減輕了指揮員的負擔，使指揮員從繁重的事務中解脫出來，集中精力研究作戰、研究指揮，把一些繁瑣的情報信息判斷、甄別與處置工作，交給人工智能輔助決策系統來處理，充分發揮人機結合、合理分工、相互補充的作用，大大提高了指揮員的指揮效率。

規劃動態生成。基於人工智慧技術、智慧人機介面技術的智慧化系統，能加速戰場動態資訊更新節奏，快速提出對計畫進行調整完善的建議，有助於指揮官及時更新任務規劃，提升部隊快速行動能力。

控制響應敏捷。在人工智慧技術、感測器技術支援下，未來智慧化調控部隊的能力將進一步提升。具體體現在：智慧化武器裝備能夠利用類似人的視覺、聽覺等的感測器，對目標進行追蹤探測，將獲取資訊與指揮資訊系統提供的資訊透過類似人腦的電腦進行處理，實現自主分析、辨識、判斷，並做出相應的決策，進而調控對目標的攻擊行動。

作戰裝備智能化程度加深

隨著人工智慧技術在軍事裝備領域廣泛運用，智慧化作戰平台和系統、智慧彈藥和智慧化武器裝備等陸續列裝部隊，作戰裝備將由有人裝備為主、無人裝備為輔，向有人/無人裝備協同和以無人裝備為主方向發展，無人機、無人戰車、無人客艦力量、無人太空船、軍用機器人和機器系統將成為主要力量的主要力量。它們具有良好的作戰性能，反應速度快、機動能力強、作戰精度高，對奪取戰爭主動權起著關鍵作用，甚至影響整個戰爭進程。

科技滲透戰爭全過程

現代戰爭智能化作戰在互聯網技術、無人技術、資料處理與預測技術、目標識別與搜索技術以及人工智能技術支撐下，各類高科技平台和系統越來越可能代替人在戰爭中情報偵察、高效指揮、精確行動和綜合保障等各個作戰環節中的行動。這些智慧化作戰平台或系統同時具有超強的運算、辨識與自主控制能力，特別是能完成人難以完成的惡劣條件下的急難險重任務，這一趨勢正引起各軍事強國越來越多的興趣與投入。

岳贵云 成次敏 李奇男

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-06/07/content_317172888.htm

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China’s “Deep technology” Brings New Forms of Warfare

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中國的「深度技術」帶來新的戰爭形式

現代英語：

China Military Network Ministry of National Defense Network

Friday , August 13, 2021

Since the 21st century, global scientific and technological innovation has entered an unprecedented period of intensive activity. A new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is reshaping the global innovation landscape and reshaping the global economic structure. Some people therefore call the current era the era of “deep technology”.

The military field is the most sensitive to technological change. At present, some major disruptive technologies are constantly emerging, showing a trend of cross-integration and group leaps. Their military applications will bring about sudden and revolutionary consequences, and even bring about a new form of war.

Artificial Intelligence: Opening the Door to Intelligent Warfare

Artificial intelligence was born in 1956. Its essence is to simulate the human thinking process, that is, to make machines understand, think and learn like humans, form experience, and generate a series of corresponding judgments and processing methods. In the past 10 years, with the continuous development of new theories and technologies such as big data, neural networks, and deep learning, artificial intelligence has pressed the fast-forward button and started to develop rapidly, bringing fundamental changes to all areas of human society.

In 2016, the artificial intelligence program AlphaGo defeated the world Go champion Lee Sedol. By 2020, the latest algorithmic programs can teach themselves to play Go, chess and other games without even being told the rules of the game.

As a strategic technology leading a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, the application of artificial intelligence in the military field has accelerated the transformation of warfare from informationization to intelligence. This transformation will be full-dimensional and full-spectrum, involving almost all links in the military chain. The most prominent impacts basically include the following aspects:

——Assisting unmanned combat. The rapid development of artificial intelligence will greatly enhance the collaborative and autonomous combat capabilities of various unmanned combat systems. This will undoubtedly promote structural changes in the composition of combat forces, and unmanned combat mode will gradually become the “main theme” of war. In a simulated confrontation in August 2020, an intelligent system funded by the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency controlled a fighter jet and defeated experienced air force pilots. The trend of unmanned combat seems to be increasingly unstoppable.

——Reshape command and control. Complex adaptive systems supported by artificial intelligence, such as swarm systems, will have increasingly strong self-organizing capabilities, thereby breaking the traditional strict hierarchical command system and incubating a new command and control model. The action control of a swarm composed of thousands of unmanned systems will be completed by an intelligent and efficient algorithm system, which can achieve a high degree of decentralization and dynamic aggregation, demonstrating a new concept of group intelligent combat.

——Achieve intelligent decision-making. That is, generate intelligent evaluation and auxiliary decision-making capabilities, realize automatic generation, dynamic optimization, and real-time adjustment of combat plans, and enable combat planning to flexibly adapt to changes in the mission environment and battlefield uncertainties. At present, the new generation of artificial intelligence technology is in a stage of vigorous development, and new technologies will continue to emerge.

Quantum technology: writing the winning code in “entanglement”

Quantum is the smallest, indivisible unit of energy. The biggest feature of quantum technology is that it can break through the physical limits of existing information technology, play a huge role in information processing speed, information capacity, information security, information detection accuracy, etc., and thus significantly improve human ability to obtain, transmit and process information, providing strong impetus for the evolution and development of the future information society.

Quantum theory has gone through more than a hundred years of development since its birth. The development of quantum technology has directly given rise to modern information technology. Nuclear energy, semiconductor transistors, lasers, nuclear magnetic resonance, high-temperature superconducting materials, etc. have come into being, changing human production and life. In recent years, the continuous combination of quantum mechanics and information technology will usher in a new quantum technology revolution, impacting the traditional technology system and even causing the reconstruction of the traditional technology system.

Compared with the macroscopic physical world, quantum has many wonderful properties, the most representative of which are quantum superposition and quantum entanglement. Quantum superposition means that a quantum can be in different states at the same time, and can be in a superposition of these states. A vivid metaphor is the cat in a state of “both dead and alive” imagined by physicist Schrödinger. Quantum entanglement means that independent particles can be completely “entangled” together. No matter how far apart they are, when the state of one quantum changes, the other will change accordingly like “telepathy”.

These special properties of quantum contain great military potential. In quantum detection, quantum communication, quantum imaging, quantum computing, etc., they are gradually showing great military application value. For example, by taking advantage of the characteristics of quantum state superposition and the inability to accurately copy unknown quantum states, quantum codes that cannot be deciphered can be developed.

In addition, based on the characteristics of quantum entanglement, the high correlation between two microscopic particles with a common source can be utilized, and entangled photons can be used as light sources to achieve quantum imaging, which can greatly improve the resolution and anti-interference ability of imaging.

Gene technology: a new weapon that can be “edited”

Genes are the genetic information that controls various characteristics of organisms and are known as the “master switch” of various life activities of organisms. Gene editing is equivalent to a pair of “gene scissors”, which can accurately achieve gene “modification” such as insertion, removal, and replacement of specific target genes of organisms, thereby achieving control over the genetic information of organisms.

In 2012, researchers from the United States and Sweden found a very effective pair of “gene scissors”, namely the CRISPR/Cas9 system, which can cut any genome at any desired location. Since then, the development of gene editing technology has achieved unprecedented “acceleration”, realizing gene editing of fruit flies, mice, pigs, sheep, rice, wheat and other organisms, and also providing new medical means for treating diseases such as tumors, AIDS, and thalassemia.

While genetic technology is gradually unlocking the mysteries of life, it will also cause unpredictable military security issues. If gene editing is used in the development of biological weapons, it means that developers can modify genes to obtain new pathogenic microorganisms according to their own needs, or implant biological gene fragments with different characteristics and transform existing biological warfare agents, or even artificially design and synthesize new viruses that do not exist in nature. These may produce new biological weapons that humans cannot prevent and control, and even use the precision of genetic technology to make attacks more targeted. This new coronavirus epidemic has made the world suspicious of Fort Detrick and more than 200 American overseas biological experimental bases. The United States should disclose more facts and give an explanation to the international community.

Brain science: heading towards the battlefield of “brain control”

The human brain is a highly complex information processing system that consists of billions of neurons that communicate with each other and complete a variety of cognitive tasks in an overall coordinated manner.

The brain’s complex neural information processing and cognition are so complex that even supercomputers pale in comparison. Therefore, brain science research is regarded as the “ultimate frontier” of natural science research, and the International Brain Research Organization believes that the 21st century is the “era of brain science.”

In recent years, major countries in the world have announced the launch of brain science research programs. With the emergence of new imaging technologies, convergence technologies, and computing and information communication technology platforms, brain science research has made new breakthroughs in the fields of neural circuits, brain-like intelligence, and brain-computer interfaces.

As a branch of cognitive science, the “brain-computer interface” technology was born in the 1970s. It collects the EEG signals generated by the activity of the cerebral cortex nervous system, and converts them into signals that can be recognized by computers through methods such as amplification and filtering, so that external devices can read the brain’s neural signals, identify people’s true intentions, and achieve effective control of external physical devices. In other words, a certain operation is performed by the human brain without the need to complete it through the body.

As a new type of human-computer interaction, brain-computer interface technology provides a new intelligent development direction for the control of weapons and equipment. Realizing the direct control of weapons and equipment by the human brain and giving them the intelligent features of “moving at will” are becoming the goals pursued by Western military powers. In 2013, the US Department of Defense disclosed a research project called “Avatar”, which plans to control remote “machine warriors” through thoughts in the future to replace soldiers in the battlefield and carry out various combat tasks.

If the above research is regarded as “brain control”, then the use of “brain-computer interface” and other technical means to interfere with, destroy or even control people’s neural activities and thinking abilities is the so-called “brain control”. For example, electromagnetic waves and sound waves are used to affect the normal activities of human brain cells, and even suggestions and commands are directly “projected” into the human brain. In March 2018, a Western country proposed the “Next Generation Non-Invasive Neurotechnology (N3)” plan to develop a new generation of non-invasive two-way brain-computer interfaces to further improve the high-level interaction capabilities of soldiers and weapons and equipment.

In the future, the rapid development of brain science will give rise to a new cognitive domain combat model centered on the brain, and “brain control” will also become a new battlefield for the competition in the cognitive domain.

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution is in a “qualitative change period”. Science and technology have never had such a profound impact on national security and military strategy as today. In the face of the rapid development of science and technology, we must vigorously enhance our scientific and technological cognition and acumen, strive to seize the commanding heights of science and technology, seek military competitive advantages, and seize the initiative in future wars.

Professor Liu Yangyue from the College of Arts and Sciences at the National University of Defense Technology 

現代國語：

中國軍網 國防部網
2021年8月13日 星期五

國防科技大學文理學院劉揚月教授

21世紀以來，全球科技創新進入空前密集活躍期，新一輪科技革命與產業變革，重建全球創新版圖、重塑全球經濟結構。有人因而將當今時代稱為「深度科技化」時代。

軍事領域是對科技變革最敏感的領域。目前，一些重大顛覆性技術不斷湧現，呈現交叉融合、群體躍進之勢，其軍事應用將會帶來突變性、革命性後果，甚至帶來戰爭新形態。

人工智慧：叩開智慧化戰爭之門

人工智慧誕生於1956年，它的實質是模擬人的思考過程，即讓機器像人一樣理解、思考和學習，形成經驗，並產生一系列相應的判斷與處理方式。近10年來，隨著大數據、神經網路、深度學習等新理論新技術不斷發展，人工智慧按下了快進鍵，開始飛速發展並為人類社會各領域帶來根本性改變。

2016年，人工智慧程式「阿爾法狗」擊敗了世界圍棋冠軍李世石。到了2020年，最新演算法程式甚至不需要被告知遊戲規則，就能自學成才，掌握下圍棋、西洋棋等技藝。

作為引領新一輪科技革命和產業變革的戰略性技術，人工智慧應用於軍事領域，使戰爭形態加速由資訊化轉變為智慧化。這項轉變將是全維度、全圖譜的，幾乎涉及軍事鏈的所有環節。最突出的影響基本上包括以下幾個方面：

——助力無人作戰。人工智慧的快速發展，將極大提升各類無人作戰系統的協同作戰、自主作戰能力。這無疑會推動作戰力量組成發生結構性變化，無人化作戰模式將逐步成為戰爭「主旋律」。在2020年8月的一場模擬對抗中，美國國防高級研究計畫局資助的智慧系統操縱戰機，完勝經驗豐富的空軍飛行員，無人作戰趨勢似乎愈發勢不可擋。

——重塑指揮控制。由人工智慧支撐的複雜自適應系統，如蜂群系統，將具備越來越強的自組織能力，從而打破傳統的嚴格層級的指揮體制，孵化出全新的指揮控制模式。由成千上萬個無人系統組成的蜂群，其行動控制將由智慧高效的演算法系統完成，能實現高度去中心化與動態聚合，展現出群體智慧作戰新概念。

——實現智能決策。即產生智慧化的評估和輔助決策能力，實現作戰方案計畫的自動生成、動態優化、即時調整，使作戰規劃靈活適應任務環境變化和戰場不確定性。目前，新一代人工智慧技術正處於蓬勃興起階段，新技術仍將持續出現。

量子技術：在「糾纏」中書寫制勝密碼

量子是最小的、不可再分割的能量單位。量子科技最大特點在於，它可以突破現有資訊科技的物理極限，在資訊處理速度、資訊容量、資訊安全、資訊偵測精準度等方面發揮極大作用，進而顯著提升人類獲取、傳輸和處理資訊的能力，為未來資訊社會的演進和發展提供強勁動力。

量子理論從誕生至今，已走過數百年發展歷程，量子科技的發展直接催生了現代資訊技術，核能、半導體電晶體、雷射、核磁共振、高溫超導材料等紛紛問世，改變了人類的生產生活。近年來，量子力學與資訊科技不斷結合，將開啟一場新的量子科技革命，衝擊著傳統科技體系，甚至引起傳統科技體系的重建。

相對於宏觀物理世界，量子有許多奇妙特性，最具代表性的莫過於量子疊加與量子糾纏。量子疊加意味著量子可同時處於不同狀態，且可處於這些狀態的疊加態。形象的比喻就是，物理學家薛丁格所設想的處於「既死又活」狀態的貓。量子糾纏則意味著相互獨立的粒子可以完全「糾纏」在一起，無論相隔多麼遙遠，當一個量子的狀態發生變化，另一個就會「心靈感應」般發生相應變化。

量子的這些特殊性，蘊藏著極大的軍事潛能。在量子探測、量子通訊、量子成像、量子計算等方面，正逐漸展現出巨大的軍事應用價值。如利用量子態疊加與未知量子態無法精確複製等特點，可研發出無法破解的量子密碼。

此外，根據量子的糾纏特性，利用兩個有共同來源的微觀粒子高度關聯性，將糾纏的光子作為光源實現量子成像，可大幅提升成像的解析度和抗干擾性。

基因技術：可以「編輯」的新武器

基因是控制生物各種特徵的遺傳訊息，被譽為生物體各種生命活動的「總開關」。基因編輯就相當於一把“基因剪刀”，透過它可精確實現對生物體特定目標基因的插入、移除、替換等基因“修飾”，從而實現對生物遺傳訊息的控制。

2012年，美國和瑞典的研究人員找到一把十分有效的“基因剪刀”，即使用CRISPR/Cas9系統，可在任何想要的地方切割任何基因組。此後，基因編輯技術發展獲得前所未有的“加速”，實現了對果蠅、鼠、豬、羊以及水稻、小麥等各類生物的基因編輯，也為治療腫瘤、愛滋病、地中海貧血等疾病提供了新的醫學手段。

基因技術在逐漸破解生命奧秘的同時，也將引發難以預料的軍事安全問題。如將基因編輯運用於生物武器的開發上，那就意味著開發者可根據自己的需要，修改基因獲得新的致病微生物，或是將具有不同特徵的生物基因片段植入並改造已有的生物戰劑，甚至人工設計與合成自然界本不存在的新型病毒。這些都可能產生人類無法預防和控制的新生物武器，甚至利用基因技術的精準性，使得攻擊更具針對性。這次新冠肺炎疫情，讓世界對美國德特里克堡以及200多個美國海外生物實驗基地疑雲叢生，美國應該公開更多事實，給國際社會一個交代。

腦科學：走向「制腦」戰場

人的大腦是一個高度複雜的訊息處理系統，它由數十億神經元透過相互連結來進行訊息交流，以整體協調的方式完成各種各樣的認知任務。

大腦複雜的神經訊息處理與認知，即便是超級電腦也相形見絀。因此，腦科學研究被視為自然科學研究的“終極疆域”，國際腦研究組織認為21世紀是“腦科學時代”。

近年來，世界主要國家紛紛宣布啟動腦科學研究計畫。隨著新型影像技術、匯聚技術以及基於計算和資訊通信技術平台的出現，腦科學研究在神經環路、類腦智能、腦機介面等領域不斷取得新突破。

作為認知科學的一個分支，「腦機介面」技術誕生於1970年代。它透過擷取大腦皮質神經系統活動產生的腦電訊號，經過放大、濾波等方法，將其轉化為可被電腦辨識的訊號，讓外部設備讀懂大腦的神經訊號，從中辨別出人的真實意圖，實現對外部實體設備的有效控制。也就是由人腦思考執行某項操作，而不需要透過肢體來完成。

腦機介面技術作為一種新型的人機互動方式，為武器裝備操控提供了全新的智慧化發展方向。實現人腦對武器裝備的直接控制，賦予武器裝備「隨心所欲」的智慧化特徵，正成為西方軍事強國追求的目標。 2013年，美國防部披露了一項名為“阿凡達”的研究項目，計劃在未來能通過意念操控遠程的“機器戰士”，以代替士兵在戰場上作戰，遂行各種戰鬥任務。

如果把上述研究視為“腦控”，那麼，利用“腦機介面”等技術手段對人的神經活動、思考能力等進行幹擾、破壞甚至控制，就是所謂的“控腦”。如使用電磁波和聲波等對人類腦細胞正常活動產生影響，甚至把建議和命令直接「投射」到人腦中。 2018年3月，某西方國家提出「下一代非侵入性神經技術（N3）」計劃，開發新一代非侵入式雙向腦機接口，進一步提高士兵與武器裝備的高水平交互能力。

未來，腦科學的快速發展，將催生以大腦為中心的認知域作戰新模式，「控腦」也將成為認知域爭奪的新陣地。

目前，新一輪科技革命、軍事革命正處於“質變期”，科技從未像今天這樣深刻影響國家安全和軍事戰略全局。面對快速發展的科學技術，必須大力增強科技認知力和敏銳性，努力搶佔科技制高點，謀取軍事競爭優勢，掌握未來戰爭的主動權。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-08/13/content_296410888.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization

Chinese Military Research on U.S. Air Force Invisible Battlefield Armament Expansion – Cyber Warfare

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中國軍方對美空軍隱形戰場裝備擴充－網路戰的研究

現代英語：

Recently, the U.S. Air Force released a new version of the Cyber ​​Warfare Doctrine (hereinafter referred to as the Doctrine). The U.S. Air Force has thus become the first military service to publish a new version of the Doctrine after the release of a series of strategic documents by the Cyberspace Command. The U.S. military’s arms expansion in the invisible battlefield is being fully rolled out.

Seeking cyber warfare advantage

The new version of the directive is the second time that the US Air Force has issued a programmatic document in the field of cyberspace, following the first version in 2010 and the revised version in 2011. The directive is mainly divided into three parts, including the threats and challenges faced by the US Air Force in cyberspace, the main functions of cyber warfare forces, and the force structure.

The new version of the order points out that the threats currently faced by the US Air Force are divided into “malicious acts that intentionally damage the Air Force’s network information system” and “unintentional but damaging network activities that cause impacts”, and proposes four challenges in the medium and long term, namely, the commercial technology and outsourced products currently in use have security vulnerabilities, attacks launched in cyberspace are difficult to trace, network connections have security risks of being invaded, and network infrastructure has weaknesses. Foreign media said that the US Air Force deliberately exaggerated the inherent security risks of the network in order to provide an excuse for strengthening the construction of cyber warfare forces and conducting military operations in this field.

The new version of the regulations further clarifies the main functions of the US Air Force’s cyber warfare forces. The new version of the regulations states that the US Air Force’s cyber warfare forces should not only support the US Air Force in conducting cyber warfare offensive and defensive operations in wartime or quasi-wartime states to gain competitive and operational advantages in this field, but also play a role in peacetime non-armed conflict military activities.

The U.S. Air Force’s cyber warfare style is mainly cyberspace offensive and defensive operations and the operation and maintenance of the U.S. Department of Defense information network. Its main combat force is the 16th Air Force. The unit is formed by the merger of the 24th Air Force responsible for cyberspace and the 25th Air Force responsible for global intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance. It not only undertakes the U.S. Air Force’s cyber warfare and electronic warfare tasks, but also serves as the air force branch of the U.S. Cyber ​​Command.

The new version of the regulations states that according to the U.S. military’s institutional structure of separation of military, political and command, the 16th Air Force is commanded by the U.S. Cyber ​​Command, and the process of carrying out combat operations is formulated by the command. In addition, in order to clarify the relationship between the military forces and functional commands, the Air Force has set up the 616th Operations Command Center, which is responsible for converting the tasks assigned by the U.S. Cyber ​​Command and the needs and cooperation matters of the supported theater into the plans, programs and goals of the Air Force Cyber ​​Warfare Task Force, and connecting with subsequent evaluation work.

Integration into the joint combat system

In addition to the three main parts, the new version of the order also emphasizes that the US Air Force’s cyber warfare forces should be integrated into the “integrated deterrence” and joint combat system. Among them, the 16th Air Force will integrate intelligence reconnaissance and surveillance, electronic warfare and information warfare forces to create an “information environment advantage” for US Air Force operations in order to gain the upper hand in armed conflicts.

The new version of the regulations points out that the US Air Force’s military operations and combat plans in cyberspace should be integrated into the joint force’s combat plans, fully considering cross-agency cooperation, the linkage effects of the physical and cyber domains of the battlefield, and information sharing supported by the national intelligence system.

In order to better integrate into joint operations, the new version of the regulations clarifies the military terminology of the US Air Force’s cyber warfare forces and divides the evaluation of cyberspace combat effectiveness into tactics, campaigns and strategies to reflect the target effects of combat operations at different levels. According to the joint operations regulations of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, the “blue”, “red” and “gray” combat opponent marking terms are introduced to represent allies, opponents and neutral parties in cyberspace respectively. “Cyberspace key terrain” is used to refer to cyberspace areas that can provide absolute advantages for cyber warfare mission units.

The concept of “cyberspace control” applies the “command and control” of the US military’s joint operations to new areas, and divides the control level into three levels from low to high: “balance”, “advantage” and “dominance” based on the degree of influence on the opponent’s network information field. This is slightly different from the three combat indicators of the US military’s joint forces: “weak”, “medium” and “strong”.

Foreign media said that under the guidance of the U.S. Cyber ​​Command’s “dominate the cyber domain” principle, the U.S. Air Force cyber warfare forces can “match” the terminology and concepts in the joint combat system, which will enable service commanders and joint force commanders to better use the “hybrid warfare” force of cyber warfare forces.

Strengthen construction in multiple areas

With the release of the new version of the regulations, the U.S. Air Force became the first service branch of the U.S. military to revise its cyber warfare guidelines, which also indicates that the U.S. military has extended its efforts to strengthen cyberspace armaments to combat forces.

The report said that at the same time as the US Air Force issued a new version of the regulations, the US Navy announced the strength of the 10th Fleet under the Cyber ​​Command, which has 14,000 active, civilian and reserve personnel, 28 active commands, 40 cyber mission forces and 27 reserve commands around the world. The US Navy’s cyber warfare force is the largest among all branches of the US military, and the US Air Force may follow the Navy’s system to build the force structure of this branch. A series of actions by the US military in the field of cyberspace will contribute to the expansion of arms in this field.

Since the beginning of this year, the U.S. Cyber ​​Command has successively released a series of documents, including the “Mission Statement of the Department of Defense Information Network Joint Force Command” and the “Mission Statement of the Coast Guard Cyber ​​Command”, to enrich the development plan of cyber warfare forces.

The U.S. Cyber ​​Command plans to invite the U.S. Department of Defense’s Joint Interoperability Test Command to serve as the testing agency for the “Joint Cyberspace Operations Architecture” to improve joint combat capabilities in the cyberspace field, and plans to take the lead in hosting the NATO “Locked Shield” cybersecurity joint military exercise in late April. At the same time, the United States also invites India and South Korea to conduct military research in the cyberspace and digital policy field.

In addition, the U.S. Air Force has also implemented the goal of improving cyber warfare capabilities in military academies. The U.S. Air Force University Cyber ​​Academy requires students to take at least three courses related to information and cyberspace, and the Air Force War College has formally incorporated cyber warfare and other teaching content into its general courses.

China Military Network Ministry of National Defense Network
Friday, February 24, 2023

現代國語：

近日，美國空軍發布新版《網路作戰條令》（以下簡稱條令）。美國空軍也由此成為網路空間司令部系列戰略性文件出台後，首個公佈新版作戰條令的軍種部隊。美軍在無形戰場的軍備擴張正全面鋪面。

謀求網路作戰優勢

新版條令是繼2010年首版、2011年修訂版後，美國空軍再次發布網路空間領域的綱領文件。該條令主要分為3個部分，包括美國空軍在網路空間面臨的威脅與挑戰、網路戰部隊的主要功能、力量架構。

新版條令指出，美國空軍目前面臨的威脅分為“有意破壞空軍網路資訊系統的惡意行為”和“無意但造成破壞和影響的網路活動”，並據此提出中長期存在的4項挑戰，即正在使用的商業技術和外包產品存在安全漏洞、網路空間發起的攻擊難以溯源、網路連接存在被侵入的安全隱患、網路基礎設施存在弱點。外媒稱，美國空軍刻意放大網路固有的安全風險，意在為其強化網路戰部隊建立並在該領域遂行軍事行動提供口實。

關於美國空軍網路戰部隊的主要功能，新版條令予以進一步明確。新版條令提出，美國空軍網路戰部隊既要在戰時或準戰時狀態下支援美國空軍進行網路戰攻防行動，贏得該領域競爭優勢和作戰優勢，也要在平時的非武裝衝突類軍事活動中發揮作用。

美國空軍網路作戰樣式主要為網路空間攻防作戰及美國國防部資訊網路運作維護，其主要作戰力量為第16航空隊。該部隊由負責網路空間的第24航空隊和負責全球情報、監視和偵察的第25航空隊合併組建，其不僅擔負美國空軍的網路戰和電子戰任務，也是美軍網路司令部的空軍分支。

新版條令稱，根據美軍軍政軍令分離的體制結構，第16航空隊由美軍網路司令部指揮，遂行作戰行動的流程由該司令部製定。此外，為明確軍種部隊和職能司令部間的關係，該航空隊下設第616作戰指揮中心，負責將美軍網絡司令部賦予的任務及受支援戰區的需求和協作事項，轉化為空軍網絡戰任務部隊的計劃、方案和目標，並對接後續評估工作。

融入聯合作戰體系

除了3個主要部分外，新版條令也聚焦在美國空軍網路戰部隊應融入「一體化威懾」和聯合作戰體系。其中，第16航空隊將整合情報偵察監視、電子戰和資訊戰力量，為美國空軍行動創造“資訊環境優勢”，以在武裝衝突中取得先機。

新版條令指出，美國空軍在網路空間的軍事行動和作戰計畫應融入聯合部隊的作戰方案，充分考慮跨機構合作、戰場物理域和網路域連動效應，及國家情報體系支撐下的資訊共享。

為了更好地融入聯合作戰，新版條令明確美國空軍網路戰部隊的軍事術語，將網路空間作戰效能評估分為戰術、戰役和戰略，以體現不同層級作戰行動的目標效果。依據美軍參聯會的聯合作戰條令，引入「藍色」「紅色」和「灰色」的作戰對手標註術語，分別表示網路空間的盟友、對手和中立方。以「網路空間關鍵地形」指稱可為網路戰任務分隊提供絕對優勢的網路空間區域。

「網路空間控制」這個概念，則將美軍聯合作戰中「指揮與控制」應用至新領域，並結合對對手網路資訊領域的影響程度，把控制等級由低至高劃分為「均勢」「優勢」「統治」3個等級，這與美軍聯合部隊「弱」「中」指標「強」3個作戰指標略有差別。

外媒稱，在美軍網絡司令部“主宰網絡域”準則引導下，美國空軍網絡戰部隊與聯合作戰體系中的術語概念“對錶”，可以使軍種指揮官及聯合部隊指揮官更好地運用網絡戰部隊這一“混合戰”力量。

多點發力加強建設

隨著新版條令出爐，美國空軍成為美軍首個修訂網路戰綱領的軍種部隊，這也標誌著美軍已將加強網路空間軍備建設的舉措延伸至作戰部隊。

報道稱，就在美國空軍出台新版條令的同時，美國海軍公佈了隸屬於網絡司令部的第10艦隊實力，該部隊下轄1.4萬名現役、文職和預備役人員，在全球有28個現役指揮部、40支網絡任務部隊和27個預備役指揮部。美國海軍網路戰部隊在美軍各軍兵種中規模最大，美國空軍或將效法海軍體制，建構該軍種的力量結構。美軍在網路空間領域的一系列舉動，將助長該領域軍備擴張態勢。

今年以來，美軍網路司令部相繼發布《國防部資訊網路聯合部隊指揮部任務說明》《海岸防衛隊網路司令部任務說明》等系列文件，豐富網路戰部隊發展計畫。

美軍網路司令部計畫邀請美國國防部聯合互通性測試司令部擔任「聯合網路空間作戰架構」的測試機構，以提高網路太空領域的聯合作戰能力，並擬於4月下旬牽頭承辦北約「鎖盾」網路安全聯合軍演。同時，美國也拉印度、韓國進行網路空間和數位政策的軍事領域研究。

此外，美國空軍也將提升網路戰能力的目標落實到軍事院校。美國空軍大學網路學院要求學員至少選修3門資訊與網路空間相關的課程，空軍戰爭學院則在通用課程中正式編入網路戰等教學內容。

中國軍網 國防部網
2023年2月24日 星期五

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/gfbmap/content/2023-02/24/content_334361888.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Intelligent Warfare

Chinese Military to Utilize Artificial Intelligence Empowering Cognitive Confrontation Success on the Modern Battlefield

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中國軍隊將利用人工智慧增強現代戰場認知對抗的成功

現代英語：

With the advent of the “smart +” era, artificial intelligence is widely used in the military field, and conventional warfare in physical space and cognitive confrontation in virtual space are accelerating integration. Deeply tapping the potential of artificial intelligence to empower cognitive confrontation is of great significance to improving the efficiency of cross-domain resource matching and controlling the initiative in future operations.

Data mining expands the boundaries of experience and cognition

Data-driven, knowing the enemy and knowing yourself. With the advancement of big data-related technologies, data information has become cognitive offensive and defensive ammunition, and information advantage has become increasingly important on the battlefield. Empowering traditional information processing processes with artificial intelligence technology can enhance the ability to analyze related information, accelerate information integration across domains through cross-domain data collection and false information screening, and enhance dynamic perception capabilities. Artificial intelligence can also help alleviate battlefield data overload, organically integrate enemy information, our own information, and battlefield environment information, and build a holographic intelligent database to provide good support for cognitive confrontation.

Everything is connected intelligently, and humans and machines collaborate. Modern warfare is increasingly integrated between the military and civilians, and the boundaries between peace and war are blurred. Technology has redefined the way people interact with each other, people with equipment, and equipment with equipment, and battlefield data is constantly flowing. Through big data mining and cross-domain comparative analysis, unstructured data such as images, audio, and video can be refined, and the truth can be retained to expand the boundaries of experience cognition and improve the level of human-machine collaboration. The in-depth application of the Internet of Things and big data technologies has promoted the continuous improvement of the intelligent level of data acquisition, screening, circulation, and processing processes, laying a solid foundation for the implementation of cognitive domain precision attacks.

Break through barriers and achieve deep integration. Relying on battlefield big data can effectively break through the barriers of full-domain integration, help connect isolated information islands, promote cross-domain information coupling and aggregation, accelerate barrier-free information flow, and promote the transformation of data fusion and information fusion to perception fusion and cognitive fusion. The comprehensive penetration of intelligent equipment into the command system can accelerate the deep integration of situation awareness, situation prediction and situation shaping, optimize multi-dimensional information screening and cognitive confrontation layout, and promote the continuous iteration and upgrading of cognitive domain combat styles.

Intelligent algorithms enhance decision-making efficiency

Accelerate decision-making and cause confusion to the enemy. The outcome of cognitive confrontation depends to a certain extent on the game of commanders’ wisdom and strategy. Through full-dimensional cross-domain information confrontation and decision-making games, with the help of intelligent technology, we can analyze and intervene in the opponent’s cognition and behavior, and finally gain the initiative on the battlefield. At present, artificial intelligence has become a catalyst for doubling combat effectiveness. In peacetime, it can play the role of an intelligent “blue army” to simulate and deduce combat plans; in wartime, through intelligent decision-making assistance, it can improve the quality and efficiency of the “detection, control, attack, evaluation, and protection” cycle, create chaos for the enemy, and paralyze its system.

Autonomous planning and intelligent formation. In the future intelligent battlefield, “face-to-face” fighting will increasingly give way to “key-to-key” offense and defense. In cognitive domain operations, the use of intelligent algorithms to accurately identify identity information, pre-judge the opponent’s intentions, and control key points in advance can quickly transform information advantages into decision-making advantages and action advantages. Using intelligent algorithms to support cognitive domain operations can also help identify the weaknesses of the enemy’s offense and defense system, autonomously plan combat tasks according to the “enemy”, intelligently design combat formations, and provide real-time feedback on combat effects. Relying on data links and combat clouds to strengthen intelligent background support, we can strengthen combat advantages in dynamic networking and virtual-real interaction.

Make decisions before the enemy and attack with precision. Intelligent algorithms can assist commanders in predicting risks, dynamically optimizing combat plans according to the opponent’s situation, and implementing precise cognitive attacks. In future intelligent command and control, the “cloud brain” can be used to provide algorithm support, combined with intelligent push to predict the situation one step ahead of the enemy, make decisions one step faster than the enemy, and completely disrupt the opponent’s thinking and actions. We should focus on using intelligent technology to collect and organize, deeply analyze the opponent’s decision-making and behavioral preferences, and then customize plans to actively induce them to make decisions that are beneficial to us, aiming at the key points and unexpectedly delivering a fatal blow to them.

Powerful computing power improves the overall operation level

Plan for the situation and create momentum, and suppress with computing power. “He who wins before the battle has more calculations; he who loses before the battle has less calculations.” The situation of cognitive confrontation is complex and changeable, and it is difficult to deal with it only by relying on the experience and temporary judgment of commanders. Intelligent tools can be used to strengthen the penetration of enemy thinking before the battle, actively divide and disintegrate the cognitive ability of the enemy team, and improve our battlefield control ability and combat initiative. At the same time, we should use powerful intelligent computing power to improve flexible command and overall planning capabilities, take advantage of the situation, build momentum, and actively occupy the main position of cognitive confrontation.

Smart soft attack, computing power raid. The rapid development of artificial intelligence has promoted the transformation of war from “hard destruction” to “soft killing”, which is expected to completely subvert the traditional war paradigm. For example, the latest technical concepts can be used to gain in-depth insights into the operating mechanism of the enemy system, actively familiarize oneself with the opponent, and mobilize the opponent. It is also possible to use the psychological anchoring effect and the network superposition amplification effect to interfere with the opponent’s cognitive loop link, disrupt the opponent’s command decision-making, and slow down the opponent’s reaction speed.

Cross-domain coordination and computing power support. To win the proactive battle of cognitive confrontation, we must coordinate across domains, gather forces in multiple dimensions, use intelligent tools to autonomously control the flow of information, realize the integrated linkage of physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain, lead forward-looking deployment and distributed coordination, launch a comprehensive parallel offensive, and form cognitive control over the enemy. Effectively carry out joint actions of virtual and real interaction in the entire domain, intervene in the enemy’s cognition, emotions and will, and use powerful computing power to take the initiative and fight proactive battles.

China Military Network Ministry of National Defense Network

Thursday, April 20, 2023

Chen Jialin, Xu Jun, Li Shan

現代國語：

伴隨「智慧+」時代的到來，人工智慧廣泛應用於軍事領域，物理空間的常規戰爭與虛擬空間的認知對抗加速融合。深度挖掘人工智慧潛力為認知對抗賦權，對提升跨域資源匹配效率，掌控未來作戰主動權具有重要意義。

資料挖潛拓展經驗認知邊界

數據驅動，知彼知己。隨著大數據相關技術的進步，數據資訊已成為認知攻防彈藥，資訊優勢在戰場上變得越來越重要。運用人工智慧技術賦能傳統資訊加工流程，可強化關聯資訊分析能力，透過跨領域資料擷取、虛假資訊甄別，加速資訊全局融合，強化動態感知能力。人工智慧還可協助緩解戰場數據過載，有機整合敵情、我情、戰場環境訊息，建立全像智慧資料庫，為認知對抗提供良好支撐。

萬物智聯，人機協同。現代戰爭日漸軍民一體、平戰界線模糊，技術重新定義了人與人、人與裝備、裝備與裝備的互動方式，戰場資料源源不絕。透過大數據探勘與跨域比較分析，可對影像、音訊、視訊等非結構化資料去粗取精、去偽存真，拓展經驗認知邊界，提升人機協同水準。物聯網、大數據技術的深度運用，推動資料取得、篩選、流轉、加工流程的智慧化程度不斷提升，為實施認知域精準攻擊夯實基礎。

打通壁壘，深度融合。依靠戰場大數據可有效突破全域融合的壁壘，有助於聯通條塊分割的資訊孤島，促進跨域資訊耦合聚合，加速資訊無障礙流通，推動資料融合與資訊融合向感知融合與認知融合轉化。智慧裝備全面滲透進入指揮體系，能夠加速態勢感知、態勢預測與態勢塑造的深度融合，優化多維資訊篩選與認知對抗佈局，推動認知域作戰樣式不斷迭代升級。

智慧演算法強化輔助決策效能

加速決策，致敵混亂。認知對抗的勝負，某種程度上取決於指揮家智慧謀略的博弈。可透過全維度跨域資訊對抗與決策博弈，借助智慧技術分析並介入對手認知與行為，最終贏得戰場主動。目前，人工智慧已成為戰鬥力倍增的催化劑，平時可扮演智慧「藍軍」模擬推演作戰方案；戰時透過智慧輔助決策，提升「偵、控、打、評、保」循環品質效率，給敵方製造混亂，促使其體系癱瘓。

自主規劃，智能編組。未來智慧化戰場上，「面對面」的拼殺將越來越多地讓位給「鍵對鍵」的攻防。在認知域作戰中，利用智慧演算法精準甄別身分資訊、預先研判對手企圖、事先扼控關鍵要點，能夠將資訊優勢快速轉化為決策優勢與行動優勢。利用智慧演算法支撐認知域作戰，還可協助摸清敵方攻防體系弱點，因「敵」制宜自主規劃作戰任務，智慧設計作戰編組，即時回饋作戰效果，依托資料鏈、作戰雲強化智慧後台支撐，在動態組網、虛實互動中強化作戰勝勢。

先敵決策，精準攻擊。智慧演算法可輔助指揮者預判風險，根據對手狀況動態優化作戰方案，實施精準認知攻擊。在未來智慧化指揮控制中，可利用「雲端大腦」提供演算法支撐，結合智慧推送先敵一步預判態勢，快敵一招制定決策，徹底打亂對手思路和行動。應著重運用智慧科技收集整理、深度分析對手決策和行為偏好，進而專項客製化計劃，積極誘導其作出有利於我的決策，瞄準要害出其不意地對其進行致命一擊。

強大算力提升全域運籌水平

謀勢造勢，算力壓制。 「夫未戰而廟算勝者，得算多也；未戰而廟算不勝者，得算少也。」認知對抗態勢複雜多變，僅靠指揮經驗和臨時判斷難以應對，可利用智能工具在戰前即對敵思維認知加強滲透，積極分化瓦解敵方團隊認知力，提升我戰場控局能力和作戰性。同時，應藉助強大智能算力，提升靈活指揮與全局運籌能力，順勢謀勢、借勢造勢，積極佔領認知對抗主陣地。

巧打軟攻，算力突襲。人工智慧的快速發展，推動戰爭進一步從「硬摧毀」轉向「軟殺傷」，可望徹底顛覆傳統戰爭範式。如可運用最新技術理念，深入洞察敵方體系運作機理，積極熟悉對手、調動對手。還可利用心理沉錨效應和網路疊加放大效應，幹擾對手認知循環鏈路，打亂對手指揮決策，遲滯對手反應速度。

跨域統籌，算力支撐。打贏認知對抗主動仗須全域跨域統籌、多維同向聚力，利用智慧工具自主控制資訊的流量流向，實現物理域、資訊域與認知域的一體聯動，引領前瞻性布勢與分散式協同，全面展開並行攻勢，形成對敵認知控制。有效進行全域虛實相生的聯合行動，對敵認知、情緒和意志實施幹預，借助強大算力下好先手棋、打好主動仗。

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2023年4月20日 星期四

陳佳琳 徐 珺 李 山

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2023-04/20/content_338002888.htm

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Chinese Military Laws Necessary for Winning Intelligent Warfare

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中國軍事法規是贏得智慧化戰爭的必要條件

現代英語：

●To understand the laws of intelligent warfare, we must grasp the foundation of intelligence and autonomy, the key of building a war knowledge and action system, and the essence of the changes in the connotation of war power.

●War leaders must examine intelligent warfare dynamically, keenly capture the new elements spawned by intelligent warfare, correctly analyze the changes in the relationship between the new elements, and constantly re-understand intelligent warfare.

President Xi pointed out that we should seriously study the military, war, and how to fight, and grasp the laws of modern warfare and the laws governing war. Today, the intelligent characteristics of war are becoming increasingly prominent, and intelligent warfare has already shown its early form. In order to seize the initiative in future intelligent warfare, we should actively follow the development of modern warfare, keep close to the actual military struggle preparations, proactively understand the laws of intelligent warfare, deeply grasp its guiding laws, focus on answering questions such as “what is it” and “how to do it”, and constantly innovate war and strategic guidance.

Answering the question “What is it?” and understanding the laws of intelligent warfare

Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: “The laws of war are a problem that anyone who directs a war must study and must solve.” Today, as intelligent warfare begins to emerge, we should proactively understand “what” intelligent warfare is. Otherwise, we will not be able to solve “how to do it,” let alone control future wars.

The laws of intelligent warfare are the reconstruction of the war knowledge and action system. The laws of intelligent warfare, like the laws of cold weapon warfare, hot weapon warfare, mechanized warfare, and information warfare, are the inherent and essential connections between the elements of war. The difference is that it has new elements and new modes of composition between elements. It is essentially the reconstruction of the war knowledge and action system caused by the intelligent revolution. Today, to understand the laws of intelligent warfare, we must grasp the foundation of intelligence and autonomy, grasp the key to building a war knowledge and action system, and grasp the essence of the change in the connotation of war power. Mastering these laws can overcome the chaos and uncertainty in future wars and find order and certainty from them. This is the objective requirement for dealing with intelligent warfare.

The laws of intelligent warfare are the basis of the laws of war guidance. In “Problems of Strategy in China’s Revolutionary War”, Mao Zedong first analyzed the characteristics of China’s revolutionary war and revealed the laws of war, and then “derived our strategies and tactics from this”, that is, the laws of war guidance; in “On Protracted War”, he first explained “what it is”, and then turned to the question of “how to do it”, reflecting a logical order of the cognitive process. Today, the study of intelligent warfare should still follow this order, and neither put the cart before the horse, nor reverse the order; nor add, reduce or replace links. On the basis of mastering the fundamental law of intelligent autonomy, we must reveal the laws of war guidance such as autonomous perception, autonomous planning, autonomous implementation, autonomous linkage, and autonomous evaluation.

If you don’t understand the laws of intelligent warfare, you can’t guide the war. “Sun Bin’s Art of War” points out: “Know, win” and “Don’t know, don’t win.” Tao is the law of war. If you master it and act in accordance with it, you can win; otherwise, you will lose. Mao Zedong also emphasized: “If you don’t know the laws of war, you don’t know how to guide the war, and you can’t win the war.” Similarly, mastering the laws of intelligent warfare is the premise for correctly guiding intelligent warfare. Otherwise, it is inevitable to be confused by the superficial phenomena of intelligent warfare. Today, we need to analyze the basic, long-term and subversive impact of intelligent technology groups on war, and study what intelligent warfare looks like? What are the laws? How should it be fought? These are all major issues that must be answered in the guidance of intelligent warfare.

Solve the “how to do it” problem and reveal the guiding principles of intelligent warfare

The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the medium for guiding practice by using the laws of intelligent warfare, playing the role of “bridge” and “boat”. We should solve the problem of “how to do it” on the basis of answering “what is it” and propose the “swimming skills” of intelligent warfare.

The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of applying the laws of war. The purpose of understanding the laws of war is to apply them. Marx pointed out: “Philosophers only interpret the world in different ways, but the problem is to change the world.” Similarly, intelligent warfare itself forces commanders to discover the laws. Once discovered, they will combine initiative and use the laws to serve winning the war, which will inevitably lead to the emergence of guiding laws for intelligent warfare. Today, war is the continuation of politics, which is still the law of intelligent warfare. From this, it can be concluded that intelligent warfare must obey the guiding laws that serve politics; soldiers and civilians are the basis of victory, which is still the law of intelligent warfare. From this, it can be concluded that the guiding laws of mobilizing the people in the broadest possible way are derived, and so on. These guiding laws for intelligent warfare are derived from the laws of war and are “swimming skills in the sea of ​​intelligent warfare.”

Give full play to the active role of people in intelligent warfare. Engels said: “It is people, not guns, who win the battle.” The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of practice and use. It is not a simple “transfer” or “copying” of the laws of intelligent warfare, but it can be transformed into the guiding laws of war with the addition of people’s subjective initiative. Today, military talents who master artificial intelligence are not only the operators of intelligent weapons, but also the creators of artificial intelligence. People still occupy a dominant position in the intelligent human-machine system and are the decisive factor in the victory or defeat of intelligent warfare. Commanders should give full play to their initiative on the basis of mastering the laws of intelligent warfare and adhere to the “technology + strategy” combat theory generation model, so as to change from answering “what is” to solving “how to do”.

The laws governing intelligent warfare are constantly evolving. War is a “chameleon”. Intelligent warfare itself will also go through different stages such as germination, development, and maturity, which will inevitably lead to the development of laws governing intelligent warfare. War leaders must dynamically examine intelligent warfare, keenly capture the new elements of intelligent warfare, correctly analyze the changes in the relationship between the new elements, and constantly re-recognize intelligent warfare. We must keep up with the historical process of the accelerated advancement of war forms towards intelligence, grasp the direction of development of intelligent warfare and the pulse of the times, push the research on the laws governing intelligent warfare to a new level, and seize strategic initiative and opportunities on future battlefields.

Keep a close eye on the “initiative” and continue to innovate intelligent warfare and strategic guidance

As the military is ever-changing, water is ever-changing. As intelligent warfare has already arrived, we must follow the laws and guidance of intelligent warfare, keep close to the actual military struggle preparations, strengthen research on opponents and enemy situations, take the initiative to design “when”, “where” and “who to fight”, innovate war and strategic guidance, and firmly grasp the strategic initiative of future wars.

You fight yours, I fight mine. The highest realm of the art of war guidance is that you fight yours, I fight mine. “Each fights his own” requires commanders to use their own forces independently and autonomously in future intelligent wars, no matter how complex and difficult the environment is. In particular, enemies with high-tech equipment may cause a temporary local situation where the enemy is active and we are passive. At this time, we must use comprehensive means such as politics, economy, and diplomacy to make up for the disadvantages in weapons with an overall favorable situation, quickly reverse this situation, and restore the active position. If you are led by the nose by your strategic opponent, you may suffer a great loss.

Seize the opportunity and use the troops according to the time. The Six Secret Teachings pointed out: “The use depends on the opportunity.” Jomini emphasized: “The whole art of war lies in being good at waiting for the opportunity to act.” On the one hand, if the time is not right, do not force it. Be cautious about the opportunity, and have great patience before the opportunity comes to prevent strategic blind action. On the other hand, the time will not come again, so don’t miss the opportunity. Be good at seizing the opportunity, and once you encounter a favorable opportunity, you must resolutely use it and avoid being timid. It should be pointed out that we should look at the issue of the maturity of the opportunity dialectically. The future intelligent war is changing rapidly, requiring quick decision-making, but in the face of uncertain factors, we must make careful decisions. Sometimes making a decision early may be more effective than making a more perfect decision tomorrow. Therefore, we must dare to take a little risk, otherwise we will sit back and watch the loss of the opportunity for success.

Different domains are different, and operations are based on the local conditions. Clausewitz pointed out: “War is not like a field full of crops, but like a field full of trees. When harvesting crops, you don’t need to consider the shape of each crop, and the quality of the harvest depends on the quality of the sickle; when chopping down trees with an axe, you must pay attention to the shape and direction of each tree.” Different strategic spaces lead to different wars, and war guidance is also different. At present, the battlefield space is constantly expanding from traditional spaces such as land, sea and air to new spaces such as space and the Internet. War leaders should explore new intelligent war laws and guidance laws based on the characteristics of multi-domain, three-dimensional, and networked.

Aim at the opponent and win by taking advantage of the enemy. The Art of War by Sun Tzu states: “Follow the enemy and decide the battle.” Jomini also said: “No matter who you are, if you don’t understand the enemy, how can you know how to act?” Looking to the future, smart strategists should classify combat targets into primary combat targets and general combat targets, actual combat targets and potential combat targets according to their importance and urgency, and comprehensively and objectively understand the strategic intentions, force deployment, combat concepts, etc. of different combat targets, propose new intelligent war guidance laws that can give full play to the advantages of their own combat power, and implement correct war actions.

In short, the laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of the cognitive process, solving the problem of “what”; the guiding laws are the laws of the practical process, solving the problem of “how”. The two are dialectically unified and inseparable, forming a complete chain of understanding and guiding intelligent warfare. “Victory is not repeated, but should be formed in infinity.” Today, war and strategic leaders should, based on objective conditions, deeply explore and flexibly apply the laws of intelligent warfare and the laws of war guidance, and innovate war and strategic guidance in line with the times.

(Author’s unit: Academy of Military Science, Institute of War Studies)

Source: Liberation Army DailyAuthor: Hao Jingdong Niu Yujun Duan FeiyiEditor-in-charge: Wang Feng2021-03-16 10:12

現代國語：

认识智能化战争规律，要抓住智能化和自主化这个基础，抓住构建战争知行体系这个关键，抓住战争力量内涵发生改变这个实质。

●战争指导者须动态地考察智能化战争，敏锐捕捉智能化战争孕育的新质要素，正确分析新质要素之间关系的变化，不断对智能化战争进行再认识。

习主席指出，要认真研究军事、研究战争、研究打仗，把握现代战争规律和战争指导规律。今天，战争的智能化特征日益凸显，智能化战争已经展现出早期形态的样貌。要想掌握未来智能化战争主动权，就应积极跟踪现代战争发展，紧贴现实军事斗争准备，前瞻认识智能化战争规律，深刻把握其指导规律，着力回答“是什么”、解决 “怎么做”等问题，不断创新战争和战略指导。

回答“是什么”，前瞻认识智能化战争规律

毛泽东同志指出：“战争的规律——这是任何指导战争的人不能不研究和不能不解决的问题。”今天，在智能化战争初显端倪之际，应前瞻认识智能化战争“是什么”，否则就不能解决“怎么做”，更不可能驾驭未来战争。

智能化战争规律是战争知行体系的重建。智能化战争规律，和冷兵器战争、热兵器战争、机械化战争、信息化战争的规律一样，是战争诸要素间内在的、本质的联系，不同之处在于它有新质的要素和新的要素间的构成模式，本质上是基于智能化革命所引发的战争知行体系的重建。今天，认识智能化战争规律，要抓住智能化和自主化这个基础，抓住构建战争知行体系这个关键，抓住战争力量内涵发生改变这个实质。掌握这些规律，就能克服未来战争中的纷乱和不确定性，从中找出条理和确定性，这是应对智能化战争的客观要求。

智能化战争规律是战争指导规律的依据。毛泽东在《中国革命战争的战略问题》中，首先分析了中国革命战争的特点，揭示了战争规律，然后“由此产生我们的战略战术”，即战争指导规律；在《论持久战》中，他首先说明了“是什么”，再转到研究“怎么做”的问题上，体现了一种认识过程的逻辑顺序。今天，研究智能化战争仍应遵循这一顺序，既不能本末倒置，颠倒顺序；也不能增加、减少或更换环节。要在掌握智能自主这一根本规律的基础上，揭示自主感知、自主规划、自主实施、自主联动、自主评估等战争指导规律。

不懂得智能化战争规律，就不能指导战争。《孙膑兵法》指出：“知道，胜”“不知道，不胜”。道是战争规律，掌握它、行动符合它，就能取胜；反之，则败。毛泽东也强调：“不知道战争的规律，就不知道如何指导战争，就不能打胜仗。”同样，掌握智能化战争规律，是正确指导智能化战争的前提。否则，就难免要被智能化战争的表面现象所迷惑。今天，要通过分析智能化技术群对战争的基础性、长远性和颠覆性影响，研究智能化战争是个什么样子？有哪些规律？应该怎么打？这些都是智能化战争指导必须回答的重大课题。

解决“怎么做”，揭示掌握智能化战争指导规律

智能化战争指导规律是运用智能化战争规律指导实践的中介，起到“桥”和“船”的作用。应在回答“是什么”的基础上解决“怎么做”的问题，提出智能化战争的“游泳术”。

智能化战争指导规律是运用战争规律的规律。认识战争规律的目的在于应用。马克思指出：“哲学家们只是用不同的方式解释世界，而问题在于改变世界。”同样，智能化战争本身迫使指挥员不发现规律则已，一旦发现，就会结合能动性，利用规律为打赢战争服务，这就必然导致智能化战争指导规律的产生。今天，战争是政治的继续仍是智能化战争规律，由此得出智能化战争必须服从服务于政治的指导规律；兵民是胜利之本仍是智能化战争规律，由此得出最广泛地动员民众的指导规律，等等。这些智能化战争指导规律是战争规律派生出来的，是“智能化战争大海中的游泳术”。

充分发挥人在智能化战争中的能动作用。恩格斯说过：“赢得战斗胜利的是人而不是枪。”智能化战争指导规律是实践规律、使用规律。它不是对智能化战争规律的简单“移用”“照搬”，而是加上人的主观能动性，才能转化为战争指导规律。今天，掌握人工智能的军事人才，不仅是智能化武器的操控者，更是人工智能的创造者。人在智能化人机系统中仍处于主体地位，是智能化战争胜负的决定性因素。指挥员应在掌握智能化战争规律的基础上，充分发挥能动性，坚持“技术+谋略”的作战理论生成模式，才能由回答“是什么”向解决“怎么做”转变。

智能化战争指导规律是不断发展的。战争是一条“变色龙”。智能化战争本身也会经历萌芽、发展、成熟等不同阶段，这就必然带来智能化战争指导规律的发展。战争指导者须动态地考察智能化战争，敏锐捕捉智能化战争孕育的新质要素，正确分析新质要素之间关系的变化，不断对智能化战争进行再认识。要紧跟战争形态向智能化加速迈进的历史进程，把握智能化战争发展方向和时代脉搏，把对智能化战争指导规律的研究推向新境界，在未来战场占据战略主动和先机。

紧盯“主动权”，不断创新智能化战争和战略指导

兵无常势，水无常形。在智能化战争已然来临之际，要在遵循智能化战争规律和指导规律的基础上，紧贴现实军事斗争准备，加强对手研究、敌情研究，主动设计“在什么时间”“在什么地点”“和谁打仗”，创新战争和战略指导，牢牢掌握未来战争的战略主动权。

你打你的，我打我的。战争指导艺术的最高境界，就是你打你的、我打我的。“各打各的”要求指挥员在未来智能化战争中，无论处于怎样复杂、困难的环境，首先要立足自身实际，独立自主地使用自己的力量。特别是拥有高技术装备之敌，可能造成暂时的局部的敌之主动、我之被动的局面，这时要通过政治、经济、外交等综合手段，以总体有利态势弥补武器上的劣势，迅速扭转这一局面，恢复主动地位。如果被战略对手牵着鼻子走，就可能吃大亏。

把握时机，因时用兵。《六韬》指出：“用之在于机。”若米尼强调：“全部战争艺术就在于善于待机而动。”一方面，时不至，不可强动。要持重时机，时机未到，应有极大耐心，防止战略盲动。另一方面，时不再来，机不可失。要善于把握时机，一旦遇上有利时机，就要坚决利用，防止畏首畏尾。需要指出的是，要辩证地看待时机成熟问题。未来智能化战争瞬息万变，要求快速决策，而面对不确定性因素，又必须慎重决策。有时及早定下决心，比明天下达更完善的决心也许更有效。因此，要敢于冒一点风险，不然则会坐视成功机会的丧失。

各域有别，因地运筹。克劳塞维茨指出：“战争不像长满庄稼的田地，而像长满大树的土地。收割庄稼时不需要考虑每棵庄稼的形状，收割得好坏取决于镰刀的好坏；而用斧头砍伐大树时，就必须注意到每棵大树的形状和方向。”战略空间不同，战争就不同，战争指导也不一样。当前，战场空间不断由陆海空等传统空间向太空、网络等新型空间拓展，战争指导者应根据多域性、立体性、网络性等特点，探索新的智能化战争规律和指导规律。

瞄准对手，因敌制胜。《孙子兵法》指出：“践墨随敌，以决战事。”约米尼也说过：“不管是谁，如果不了解敌人，怎能知道自己应该如何行动呢？”着眼未来，聪明的战略家应根据轻重、缓急程度，把作战对象区分为主要作战对象和一般作战对象、现实作战对象和潜在作战对象，全面客观地了解不同作战对象的战略意图、兵力部署、作战构想等，提出能充分发挥己方战力优长的新的智能化战争指导规律，实施正确的战争行动。

总之，智能化战争规律是认识过程中的规律，解决“是什么”；指导规律是实践过程中的规律，解决“怎么做”。二者辩证统一，不可分割，构成了认识和指导智能化战争的完整链条。“战胜不复，而应形于无穷。”今天，战争和战略指导者应基于客观情况，深入探索和灵活运用智能化战争规律和战争指导规律，与时俱进创新战争和战略指导。

（作者单位：军事科学院战争研究院）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/jmsd/2021-03/16/content_4880989.htm?yikikata=7593b488-bf4396b2e061d55553e340f0a68ef7f8888

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Command information Systems, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭

Chinese Military Review of the Strategic Game Among Major Powers Within Context of Military Intelligence

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軍事情報視野下的大國戰略博弈－中國軍事評論

現代英語：

In today’s world, the new military revolution has entered a critical qualitative change stage. Intelligent warfare with ubiquitous intelligence, interconnectedness, human-machine integration, and full-domain collaboration is accelerating. In order to consolidate its position as the world’s hegemon, the United States actively promotes the third “offset strategy” to “change the future war situation”, formulates an artificial intelligence development strategy, accelerates the actual combat testing and exercises of artificial intelligence, and regards intelligent technology as the core of a “disruptive technology group” that can change the “rules of the game”. Military powers such as Russia, Britain, and Israel are unwilling to lag behind and are also stepping up to improve their respective strategic layouts in the field of artificial intelligence. As competition among major powers intensifies, military intelligence will become the new commanding heights of the arms race.

    【Key words】military conflict, artificial intelligence strategy, AI war 【Chinese Library Classification Number】D81 【Document Identification Code】A

    In 2017, Master, known as the evolved version of “AlphaGo”, swept the top Go players on the online Go platform and won 60 consecutive games; in 2019, in the StarCraft II man-machine competition, two top human players were defeated with a score of 1:10; in 2020, in the “Alpha” air combat competition held by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency of the United States Department of Defense, the F-16 piloted by the US military ace pilot was completely defeated by the artificial intelligence fighter with a score of 0:5. These events show that the era of artificial intelligence that humans both look forward to and fear has quietly arrived.

    Engels said, “Once technological advances can be used for military purposes and have been used for military purposes, they will immediately and almost forcibly, and often against the will of the commander, cause reforms or even changes in the way of warfare.” At present, the militarized application of artificial intelligence has caused “the winning mechanism of war to undergo an unprecedented transformation, and the center of gravity of combat power generation is undergoing a historic shift.” A new round of scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution and military revolution provides support for the intelligent era of “controlling energy with intelligence.”

    Military artificial intelligence demonstrates its powerful power in modern warfare

    The drive of the arms race among the major powers is triggering a chain of changes in the military field. In recent years, the world situation has been in a turbulent period, which has triggered a series of geopolitical crises. The concept of “hybrid warfare” has entered the war stage, and military artificial intelligence has entered a new stage of development. The rapid development and comprehensive integration of technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and reconnaissance and strike drones have demonstrated their powerful power in modern warfare. Whether it is the physical domain of firepower strikes, the interest domain of economic sanctions, or the cognitive domain of public opinion and psychological control, it makes people deeply feel that military artificial intelligence is becoming popular.

    Assassinating senior Iranian officials, AI becomes a “killing tool” for the US military. On January 3, 2020, then-US President Trump ordered the US military to launch an airstrike on Baghdad International Airport in Iraq without the consent of the US Congress. This airstrike directly killed Iranian senior official Soleimani. Soleimani is the top commander of the “Quds Brigade” of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard. Why was he successfully assassinated by the United States in the capital of Iraq? It is reported that the “Reaper” drone carried out this mission, which “targeted and eliminated” Soleimani by projecting “Hellfire” missiles. The operation was very secretive and could not be detected by radar. Even the US spy satellites did not know the location of the “Reaper” at the time. It should be emphasized that the assassination of Soleimani was an illegal and brutal act of the United States using terrorist means, “one of the war crimes committed by the United States by abusing force”, and its so-called “rules-based international order” is a pure whitewash, and its essence is a true manifestation of hegemony.

    In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Israel launched the “first AI war”. In May 2021, Israel launched “Operation Rampart” against Hamas. During the 11-day battle in the Gaza Strip, Israel relied on advanced information collection technology, analytical algorithms and AI-led decision support systems to quickly and effectively select attack targets and use the most appropriate ammunition as needed. Through hundreds of intensive and precise strikes from multiple combat platforms, it paralyzed Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad Organization’s rocket positions, rocket manufacturing plants, ammunition depots, military intelligence agencies, senior commanders’ residences and other key facilities, destroyed several autonomous GPS-guided submarines of the Hamas Maritime Commando, and killed Bassem Issa and other Hamas senior commanders and senior agents.

    It has been disclosed that the artificial intelligence system used in the war is an algorithm system developed by an elite team code-named 8200. The three systems “Alchemist”, “Gospel” and “Deep Wisdom” hatched by the team were all used in this military operation. The “Alchemist” system can analyze the enemy’s attempt to launch an attack and provide real-time warnings through the communication device carried by individual soldiers. The information fed back by the soldiers will also be collected again and evaluated for the next attack; the “Gospel” system can generate target strike suggestions and mark target information in real time. Commanders can flexibly select important targets and implement strikes based on battlefield conditions; the “Deep Wisdom” system can accurately draw a map of the tunnel network of Hamas armed organizations in the Gaza Strip through intelligence collection and big data fusion such as signal intelligence, visual intelligence, personnel intelligence, and geographic intelligence, forming a situation map that fully reflects the conflict area scenario. The use of these technologies has greatly enhanced the Israeli army’s battlefield situation awareness capabilities. A senior intelligence official of the Israel Defense Forces said that this is “the first time that AI has become a key component and combat power amplifier in fighting the enemy.” The Israeli military believes that the use of AI has brought “super cognitive ability” and even directly calls it “the first artificial intelligence war.”

    In order to seize the technological commanding heights, countries are stepping up their strategic layout of military intelligence

    Artificial intelligence is regarded as a key strategic technology in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In order to gain the upper hand in the new round of disruptive technology competition, the world’s military and technological powers, led by the United States, have stepped up their strategic layout around military intelligence, and are working intensively and spare no effort.

    The United States attempts to rely on artificial intelligence to maintain its military hegemony. Since 2016, the U.S. Department of Defense has successively issued documents such as “Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence”, “National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan”, and “Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Strategy”, which have elevated the development of artificial intelligence to the national strategic level. In order to establish its own “rules of war”, the Pentagon has successively formulated artificial intelligence technology research and development plans, key project concepts, and technical standards and specifications, and focused on building a research and development production and combat application system. In summary, the U.S. military’s layout for the future development of artificial intelligence can be roughly divided into three stages: near, medium, and long. In the first stage, before 2025, with unmanned, stealth, and remote combat platforms as the development focus, a “global surveillance and strike system” will be built, and unmanned systems will become the main means of military intervention by the U.S. military. In the second stage, before 2035, with intelligent combat platforms, information systems, and command and decision-making systems as the development focus, an intelligent combat system will be initially established, and unmanned systems will surpass manned systems and occupy a dominant position in combat. The third stage, before 2050, will focus on the development of technologies such as strong artificial intelligence, nanorobots, and brain networking, fully realize the intelligence of combat platforms, information systems, and command and control, promote the expansion of combat space to biospace, nanospace, and intelligent space, and strive to seek the intelligent combat system to enter the advanced stage.

    The various branches of the U.S. military have also launched and continuously updated their artificial intelligence development plans. The ground unmanned autonomous system has the “U.S. Ground Unmanned System Roadmap” and the “U.S. Robot Development Roadmap”, etc., and plans to achieve intelligent formations and coordinated actions of manned and unmanned by 2030, and realize the mobility of synthetic forces by 2040. The aerial unmanned autonomous system has a special drone development plan, and the long-term goal is to form a complete aerial unmanned equipment system covering high, medium and low altitudes, large, medium, small and micro, ordinary and long flight time. The maritime unmanned autonomous system is divided into two directions. One is to create a new underwater combat system, using multiple unmanned submarines to form a mobile integrated reconnaissance, detection, and strike network, and form an “advanced underwater unmanned fleet”; the other is to accelerate the development of surface unmanned ships and make breakthroughs in the “human-machine cooperation” of surface unmanned ships. In addition, the U.S. Department of Defense has also established partnerships with industry, academia and allies to ensure access to the most advanced artificial intelligence technology support.

    Russia has also put forward its own strategic plan in the field of artificial intelligence. In recent years, Russian President Vladimir Putin has attached great importance to the development of artificial intelligence. He proposed that artificial intelligence is the future for both Russia and all mankind. Whoever becomes a leader in this field will stand out and gain a huge competitive advantage. Artificial intelligence is related to the future of the country. Russian Chief of General Staff Gerasimov said that the Russian army is “developing non-nuclear strategic deterrence forces” through artificial intelligence equipment. Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu said that the Russian army is stepping up the research and development and deployment of military robots, and combat robots will be put into mass production.

    As early as November 2014, Russia adopted a plan to develop combat robots by 2025, proposing that robot systems will account for 30% of the entire weapons and military technology system by 2025. In December 2015, Putin signed a presidential decree to “establish a national robotics technology development center”, providing institutional support for the development of artificial intelligence from a strategic level. In recent years, Russia has successively issued strategic plans such as “Future Russian Military Robot Application Concept”, “National Artificial Intelligence Development Strategy by 2030”, and “Russian Federation Defense Plan 2021-2025”, carried out war games in various complex combat environments, studied the impact of artificial intelligence on various levels such as strategy, campaign and tactics, and strived to build a multi-level and multi-dimensional unmanned intelligent combat system that is interconnected.

    From the perspective of medium- and long-term goals, attacking unmanned equipment is the focus of Russia’s development. In 2019, Russian President Vladimir Putin proposed at the Russian Federation Security Conference that in the next 10 years, the Russian army will vigorously develop combat robot systems that can perform tasks on the battlefield. The short-term goal is to build a multifunctional combat robot force with certain autonomous control capabilities by 2025. According to information, the force will be composed of 5 types of robots, each of which can be independently divided into combat units and can basically complete battlefield combat tasks without or with very little human intervention. At present, the Russian army has started the experimental design work of the heavy and light robot “assault” and “comrade” systems. Some experts analyzed that the combat robot force may become an independent and brand-new branch of the Russian army.

    The United States is wooing its allies to prepare for AI wars, and the AI ​​arms race is intensifying. In recent years, in order to maintain its absolute leading position in the field of artificial intelligence, the United States has stepped up its own AI militarization construction while trying to win over its allies to jointly develop a joint operation AI system in the name of serving the alliance combat system. According to the U.S. “Defense News” website, in September 2020, the U.S. Joint Artificial Intelligence Center has launched the “Defense Partnership Program”, which covers the United Kingdom, France, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Canada, Finland, Norway, Sweden and other countries. It aims to develop an AI system that is interconnected with the above-mentioned allies and lay the foundation for joint operations in intelligent warfare. It is reported that relevant defense representatives of the United States and its allies have held several meetings around this plan. The United States also claimed that this defense cooperation will “open the door” to more interested U.S. allies.

    The United States’s push will undoubtedly intensify the AI ​​arms race among the world’s major military powers. Among the United States’ many allies, Israel’s AI level is the best. Israel is the world’s largest exporter of military drones; it has the world’s first controllable autonomous unmanned vehicle, the Guardian, which has been equipped to the troops; it is the only country in the world, except the United States, equipped with unmanned surface vessels, and has many types of unmanned surface vessels such as the Protector, Stingray, and Seagull.

    Other major countries are also stepping up their layout in the field of artificial intelligence. The United Kingdom has formulated an artificial intelligence development path of “universities as the source, military-civilian integration”, and issued the “National Artificial Intelligence Strategy” and the “Robots and Artificial Intelligence” strategic plan. France has formulated the “French Artificial Intelligence Strategy” and the “French Artificial Intelligence Plan”. Since 2018, it has increased its defense budget year by year and continuously increased investment in the research and development of artificial intelligence weapons. Germany has the world’s largest artificial intelligence research center. In 2018, it issued the “Artificial Intelligence Strategy” and planned to create an “Artificial Intelligence Made in Germany” brand by 2025. Japan has successively issued the “Artificial Intelligence Strategy”, “New Robot Strategy” and “Comprehensive Science and Technology Innovation Strategy”, and established the “Innovative Intelligence Comprehensive Research Center” to focus on the development of artificial intelligence-related technologies. In January 2021, the Australian Department of Defense issued the “Fighting the Artificial Intelligence War: Operational Concepts for Future Intelligent Warfare”. This document focuses on how to apply artificial intelligence to land, sea and air combat.

    As some experts have said, “Intelligent technology is a double-edged sword. While it promotes the evolution of warfare to intelligent warfare, it also brings about a series of new war ethics issues and dilemmas in the law of war.” What changes will artificial intelligence bring to human society? This issue deserves in-depth thinking and continued attention.

    (The author is the director of the News Research Department of Guangming Daily)

    【References】

    ①Wu Mingxi: Intelligent Warfare—AI Military Vision, Beijing: National Defense Industry Press, January 2020.

    ②Guo Ming: “Basic Understanding of Intelligent Warfare”, “People’s Forum·Academic Frontier”, Issue 10, 2021.

    ③ Ding Ning and Zhang Bing: “Development of Intelligent Weapons and Equipment of Major Military Powers in the World”, “Military Digest”, Issue 1, 2019.

    ④ Ge Yan and Jia Zhenzhen: “Future Combat Concepts and Combat Styles under Military Transformation”, “Military Digest”, Issue 15, 2020.

    ⑤He Fuchu: “The Future Direction of the New World Military Revolution”, Reference News, August 23, 2017.

    ⑥Ma Junyang: “Russian-made unmanned intelligent weapons debut in Syria”, People’s Liberation Army Daily, December 30, 2019.

Geng HaijunPeople’s Forum (July 1, 2022, Issue 03)

現代國語：

當今世界，新軍事變革進入關鍵性變遷階段，智慧泛在、萬物互聯、人機共融、全局協同的智慧化戰爭正加速演進。為鞏固世界霸主地位，美國積極推行“改變未來戰局”的第三次“抵消戰略”，制定人工智能發展戰略，加速人工智能實戰檢驗和演習，將智能科技視作可改變“遊戲規則”的“顛覆性技術群”的核心。俄羅斯、英國、以色列等軍事強國不甘落後，也加緊完善各自在人工智慧領域的戰略佈局。大國競爭加劇，軍事智慧化將成為新的軍備競賽制高點。

【關鍵字】軍事衝突 人工智慧戰略 AI戰爭 【中圖分類號】D81 【文獻識別碼】A

2017年，被稱為進化版「阿爾法狗」的Master在圍棋網路平台橫掃圍棋界頂尖高手，豪取60連勝；2019年，星際爭霸Ⅱ遊戲人機對抗賽中，兩位人類頂尖選手以1：10的比數慘敗；2020年，在美國國防部高級研究計畫局舉辦的「阿爾法」空中格鬥競賽中，由美軍王牌飛行員駕駛的F-16以0：5完敗於人工智慧戰鬥機。這些事件表明，人類既期待又畏懼的人工智慧時代已經悄悄到來。

恩格斯說，「一旦技術上的進步可以用於軍事目的並且已經用於軍事目的，它們便立刻幾乎強制地，而且往往是違反指揮官的意志而引起作戰方式上的改革甚至變革」。當下，人工智慧的軍事化應用使「戰爭的致勝機制正在發生前所未有的嬗變，戰鬥力生成的重心正發生歷史性的位移」。新一輪科技革命、產業革命和軍事革命為「以智地」的智慧化時代提供了支撐。

軍事人工智慧在現代戰爭中展現出強大威力

大國軍備競賽的驅動，正引發軍事領域鍊式變革。近年來，世界局勢處於動盪不安時期，由此引發了一系列地緣政治危機，「混合戰爭」概念登上戰爭舞台，軍事人工智慧進入發展新階段。人工智慧、大數據、雲端運算、察打一體無人機等技術的快速發展、全面融合，在現代戰爭中展現出強大威力。無論是火力打擊的物理域、經濟制裁的利益域，或是輿情心理控制的認知域，無不使人深刻感受到軍事人工智慧正在大行其道。

刺殺伊朗高官，AI成為美軍「殺人工具」。 2020年1月3日，時任美國總統川普未經美國國會同意，下令讓美軍空襲伊拉克巴格達國際機場。這次空襲，直接殺死了伊朗高官蘇萊曼尼。蘇萊曼尼是伊朗革命衛隊「聖城旅」最高指揮官，為何會被美國在伊拉克首都暗殺成功？有消息透露，實施這項任務的是「收割者」無人機，它透過投射「地獄火」飛彈，對蘇萊曼尼進行了「定點清除」。這次行動十分隱秘，雷達無法偵測到，連美軍間諜衛星都不知道這架「收割者」當時的位置。需要強調的是，刺殺蘇萊曼尼，是美國動用恐怖主義手段的非法和殘暴行徑，“是美國濫用武力犯下的戰爭罪行之一”，其所謂的“基於規則的國際秩序”是純粹的粉飾，本質是霸權主義的真實表露。

在巴以衝突中，以色列打響了「第一次AI戰爭」。 2021年5月，以色列對哈馬斯發起「城牆衛兵行動」。在加薩地帶11天的戰鬥中，以色列依靠先進的資訊收集技術、分析演算法和人工智慧主導的決策支援系統，快速有效地選擇攻擊目標並根據需要使用最合適的彈藥，透過數百次多種作戰平台的密集、精確打擊，癱瘓了哈馬斯和巴勒斯坦伊斯蘭聖戰組織的火箭陣地、火箭製造廠、彈藥倉庫、軍事情報機構、高級指揮官住所等關鍵設施，摧毀了哈馬斯海上突擊隊多艘自主GPS制導潛艇，擊殺了巴塞姆·伊薩等多名哈馬斯高級指揮官和高級特工。

有資訊揭露，此次應用於戰爭的人工智慧系統，是由一支代號8200的精英小組所開發的演算法系統。由該小組孵化的「煉金術士」「福音」「深度智慧」三個系統，全部被用於這次軍事行動。 「煉金術士」系統可對敵方發動攻擊的企圖進行分析，並透過單兵攜帶的通訊裝置即時預警，而士兵回饋的訊息也會被重新收集並對下一次攻擊作出評估；「福音」系統可產生目標打擊建議，並即時標記目標訊息，指揮人員結合戰場情況可靈活選擇重要目標並實施打擊；「深度智慧」系統透過訊號情報、視覺情報、人員情報、地理情報等情報收集和大數據融合，可精確繪製哈馬斯武裝組織在加薩地帶的地道網絡圖，形成了全面反映衝突區域情景的態勢圖。這些技術的運用，大大提升了以軍的戰場態勢感知能力。以色列國防軍一名高級情報官員表示，這是「AI第一次成為與敵人作戰的關鍵組成部分和戰力放大器」。以色列軍方認為，使用AI帶來了“超認知能力”，甚至直接稱其為“第一場人工智慧戰爭”。

各國為搶佔技術制高點，加緊軍事智慧化戰略佈局

人工智慧被視為第四次工業革命的關鍵性戰略技術，為謀求在新一輪顛覆性技術爭奪中獨佔鰲頭，以美國為首的世界軍事科技強國圍繞軍事智能化加緊戰略佈局，可謂緊鑼密鼓、不遺餘力。

美國企圖依賴人工智慧維持其軍事霸權。自2016年以來，美國防部連續推出《為人工智慧的未來做好準備》《國家人工智慧研究與發展戰略規劃》《國防部人工智慧戰略》等文件，將人工智慧發展提升至國家戰略層面。五角大廈為確立由自己主導的“戰爭規則”，相繼制定了人工智慧技術研發規劃、重點專案設想和技術標準規範等，著力建構研發生產和作戰運用體系。概括起來看，美軍對未來人工智慧發展的佈局大致可分為近、中、遠三個階段。第一階段，2025年前，以無人化、隱身化、遠程化作戰平台為發展重點，建構“全球監視打擊體系”，無人系統成為美軍軍事幹預的主要手段。第二階段，2035年前，以智慧化作戰平台、資訊系統、指揮決策系統為發展重點，初步建成智慧化作戰體系，無人系統將超過有人系統，居於作戰的主導地位。第三階段，2050年前，以強人工智慧、奈米機器人、腦聯網等技術為發展重點，全面實現作戰平台、資訊系統、指揮控制智慧化，推動作戰空間向生物空間、奈米空間、智慧空間拓展，努力尋求智慧化作戰體系進入高階階段。

美軍各軍種也相繼推出並不斷更新其人工智慧發展規劃。地面無人自主系統有《美國地面無人系統路線圖》《美國機器人發展路線圖》等，計畫在2030年實現有人與無人的智慧編隊、協同行動，2040年實現合成兵力機動。空中無人自主系統有專項的無人機發展規劃，長遠目標是形成覆蓋高、中、低空，大、中、小微型，普通與長航時完備的空中無人裝備體系。海上無人自主系統分兩個方向，一個是打造新型水下作戰體系，利用多個無人潛航器組成機動式一體化偵察、偵測、打擊網絡，組成「先進水下無人艦隊」；另一個是加速發展水面無人艦艇，在水面無人艇「人機合作」方面取得突破。此外，美國防部也與工業界、學術界和盟國建立夥伴關係，確保獲得最先進的人工智慧技術支援。

俄羅斯在人工智慧領域也提出了自己的戰略計畫。近年來，俄羅斯總統普丁高度重視人工智慧發展，他提出，無論對俄羅斯或全人類，人工智慧都是未來，誰成為這個領域的領導者，誰就會脫穎而出，進而獲得巨大的競爭優勢，人工智慧關係國家未來。俄總參謀長格拉西莫夫稱，俄軍正透過人工智慧裝備「發展非核手段戰略威懾力量」。俄國國防部長紹伊古則表示，俄軍正加緊進行軍用機器人的研發、列裝工作，戰鬥機器人將投入量產。

早在2014年11月，俄羅斯就通過了2025年前發展作戰機器人計劃，提出2025年機器人系統將佔整個武器和軍事技術系統的30%。 2015年12月，普丁簽署「成立國家機器人技術發展中心」總統令，從戰略層面為人工智慧的發展提供了體制支撐。近幾年，俄羅斯先後推出了《未來俄軍用機器人應用構想》《2030年前人工智慧國家發展戰略》《2021—2025年俄聯邦國防計畫》等戰略規劃，開展了各種複雜作戰環境下的兵棋推演，研究人工智慧對戰略、戰役和戰術等各層面的影響，努力建構多層次相互智能化、相互智能化體系的無個人化作戰。

從中長目標來看，攻擊無人裝備是俄羅斯發展的重點。 2019年，俄羅斯總統普丁在俄聯邦安全會議上提出，未來10年俄軍將大力發展能在戰場上執行任務的戰鬥機器人系統。近期目標，是2025年建造具有一定自主控制能力的多功能戰鬥機器人部隊。根據資料介紹，該部隊將由5種機器人組成，每種機器人都可以獨立劃分為作戰單元，可在無需人工或僅需很少人工幹預下，基本完成戰場作戰任務。目前，俄軍已啟動重型和輕型機器人「突擊」及「戰友」系統的試驗設計工作。有專家分析，戰鬥機器人部隊或將成為俄獨立的、具有全新意義的兵種。

美國拉攏盟友備戰AI戰爭，人工智慧軍備競賽加劇。近年來，美國為維持在人工智慧領域的絕對領先地位，在加緊推進自身人工智慧軍事化建設的同時，也以服務聯盟作戰體系為名，試圖拉攏盟友共同開發聯合操作人工智慧系統。根據美國「防務新聞」網站報道，2020年9月，美聯合人工智慧中心已啟動“防務夥伴關係計畫”，該計畫涵蓋英國、法國、以色列、日本、韓國、澳洲、加拿大、芬蘭、挪威、瑞典等國，旨在開發與上述盟國互聯互通的人工智慧系統，為智能化戰爭聯合作戰奠定基礎。有報導稱，圍繞這個計劃，美國及其盟友的相關國防代表已多次召開會議。美國還聲稱，這個國防合作將向更多感興趣的美國盟友「敞開大門」。

美國的助推，無疑將使全球主要軍事大國間的人工智慧軍備競賽愈演愈烈。在美國眾多盟友中，以色列的人工智慧水準獨領風騷。以色列是世界最大的軍用無人機出口國；擁有世界上第一種可控的自主式無人車——“守護者”，並已裝備部隊；是世界上除美國之外僅有的裝備了無人水面艇的國家，擁有“保護者”“黃貂魚”“海鷗”等多型無人水面艇。

其他大國也加緊佈局人工智慧領域。英國制定了「高校為源、軍民融合」的人工智慧發展路徑，推出了《國家人工智慧戰略》《機器人與人工智慧》戰略規劃。法國制定有《法國人工智慧戰略》《法國人工智慧計畫》，從2018年起逐年增加國防預算，不斷增加人工智慧武器研發投資力道。德國擁有世界上最大的人工智慧研究中心，2018年發布了《人工智慧戰略》，計畫2025年前打造「人工智慧德國製造」品牌。日本先後推出《人工智慧戰略》《新機器人戰略》《科技創新綜合戰略》，成立“革新智慧綜合研究中心”，集中開發人工智慧相關技術。 2021年1月，澳洲國防部發表《打好人工智慧戰爭：未來智慧化戰爭之作戰構想》。這份文件著重探討如何將人工智慧應用到陸、海、空作戰領域。

正如一些專家所言：「智慧科技是一把雙面刃，在推動戰爭形態向智慧化戰爭演變的同時，也帶來一系列全新的戰爭倫理問題和戰爭法困境。」人工智慧將為人類社會帶來哪些變革？這一問題值得深入思考並持續關注。

（作者為光明日報社新聞研究部主任）

【參考文獻】

①吳明曦：《智能化戰爭－AI軍事暢想》，北京：國防工業出版社，2020年1月。

②郭明：《關於智慧化戰爭的基本認知》，《人民論壇‧學術前線》，2021年第10期。

③丁寧、張兵：《世界主要軍事強國的智慧化武器裝備發展》，《軍事文摘》，2019年第1期。

④葛妍、賈珍珍：《軍事變遷下的未來作戰概念與作戰樣式》，《軍事文摘》，2020年第15期。

⑤賀福初：《世界新軍事革命未來走向》，《參考消息》，2017年8月23日。

⑥馬浚洋：《俄製無人智慧武器亮相敘利亞》，《解放軍報》，2019年12月30日。

中國原創軍事資源：https://paper.people.com.cn/rmlt/html/2022-07/01/content_2593935188.htm