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#Information Support Force, #中國太空軍, #中國的耗散戰, Asymmetric Warfare, China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Metaverse, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國太空軍, 中國的情報戰, 中國的耗散戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

Chinese Military intelligence is Profoundly Affecting Future Operations

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中國軍事情報正在深刻影響未來的行動

資料來源：新華社 作者：林娟娟 張元濤 王 巍 責任編輯：喬楠楠

2019-09-10

現代英語：

In today’s era, military intelligence is becoming a powerful driving force for a new round of military reforms after mechanization and informatization, profoundly affecting the future combat victory mechanism, combat rules, and combat methods, and increasingly pushing war into the era of intelligence. The impact of military intelligence on future combat is mainly reflected in four aspects.

First, “intelligence” will become the dominant factor in determining the outcome of future operations. Mechanized warfare can be seen as platform-centric warfare, where energy is the dominant force. Energy is used to achieve the mobility of combat platforms and firepower strikes on targets, to achieve the combat purpose of destroying the enemy, and to pursue the use of objects to carry energy and release energy. Informationized warfare can be seen as network-centric warfare, where information is the dominant force. Information does not replace energy, but through precise positioning of time and space, it multiplies the combat effectiveness of energy, thus becoming the dominant force in war, and pursues the use of networks to gather energy and release energy. Intelligent warfare can be seen as cognitive-centric warfare, in which the dominant force is “intelligence”. The combat space is further extended from the physical domain and information domain to the cognitive domain, social domain, and biological domain. The battlefield situation is more complex. War is a systemic confrontation across domains, and it pursues more empowerment and release of power with intelligence.

Second, intelligent unmanned equipment will become the main combat equipment in future operations. The development of intelligent technology has gradually separated people from weapons and equipment. Unmanned systems have shifted from assisting people in combat to replacing people in combat, completing many high-risk combat operations that are not suitable for people to perform. Intelligent combat has increasingly distinctive characteristics of “unmanned platforms, manned systems, unmanned combat, and manned command”. On the Syrian battlefield, the Russian military remotely controlled 10 combat robots to kill more than 70 Islamic State militants with “zero casualties” and seize the 754.5 high ground, becoming the first ground combat operation in military history with robots as the main force. It is expected that by 2025, the proportion of intelligent unmanned equipment in the Russian military’s weapons and equipment will reach more than 30%. The U.S. military predicts that by 2030, intelligent unmanned equipment will be able to perform tasks autonomously, and 60% of ground combat platforms will achieve unmanned intelligence. A large number of drones, unmanned ships/boats, and unmanned vehicles will become the main equipment for both sides on the intelligent battlefield, carrying out various traditional/untraditional military tasks and implementing self-organized and systematic operations.

Third, human-machine collaborative combat will become the main mode of action in future combat. Human-machine collaborative combat is a mode of combat in which manned and unmanned equipment joint formations implement coordinated attacks in a networked confrontation environment. Among them, human soldiers with battlefield decision-making and tactical control capabilities serve as the “command back end”, and intelligent unmanned equipment carrying guided weapons or various intelligence, reconnaissance and surveillance sensors serve as the “weapon front end”. With the support of information networks, human soldiers and intelligent unmanned equipment work closely together to complete actions such as situation perception, tactical decision-making, firepower guidance, weapon launch and damage assessment. According to the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, before 2035, human-machine collaborative combat will mainly take the form of autonomous combat with humans in the loop; before 2050, authorized autonomous or fully autonomous combat with humans outside the loop will be achieved, officially kicking off intelligent warfare dominated by machines.

Fourth, autonomous swarm combat will become an important attack style in future combat. The technical inspiration of swarm combat comes from the bionics research on bees. The division of labor within the bee colony is clear, there is a rich and interesting information exchange language between individuals, and the social behavior is rich, so the cluster is also called a “bee colony.” Swarm combat is an intelligent combat style that relies on artificial intelligence, data chain integration, cloud computing and other technical support, and launches dozens or even hundreds of drones at the same time. They form precise formations and precise division of labor, and perform multiple tasks and multi-target strikes at the same time. Compared with traditional combat, swarm combat has incomparable advantages and is a subversion of traditional combat styles and combat rules. After hundreds of simulation tests, the U.S. Navy found that even an advanced air defense system like the Aegis air defense system has difficulty in allocating firepower when dealing with drone swarm attacks, resulting in some drones being able to avoid interception and successfully launch attacks on ships. Data shows that when a swarm of 8 drones is used to attack ships, an average of 2.8 drones can avoid the Aegis interception system; when the number of drones increases to dozens, the number of drones that successfully avoid the interception system and achieve penetration is greater. These simulation tests fully prove that the effect of drone swarm operations is significant and poses a huge threat to the current defense system. At the same time, it also indicates that swarm-type autonomous operations will inevitably become an important offensive combat style on the future intelligent battlefield.

現代國語：

當今時代，軍事智能化正成為繼機械化、資訊化之後推動新一輪軍事變革的強大動力，深刻影響著未來作戰制勝機理、作戰規則及作戰方式方法等，日益推動戰爭步入智能化時代。軍事智能化對未來作戰的影響趨勢主要體現在4個面向。

一是「智能力」將成為決定未來作戰勝負的主導因素。機械化戰爭可視為平台中心戰，主導力量是能量，透過能量實現作戰平台的機動性和對目標的火力打擊，達到毀傷敵方的作戰目的，追求以物載能、以物釋能。資訊化戰爭可看作是網絡中心戰，主導力量是資訊力，訊息並沒有取代能量，而是透過對時空的精準定位，使能量的作戰效能成倍提升，從而成為戰爭的主導力量，追求以網聚能、以網釋能。智能化戰爭可以看作是認知中心戰，主導力量是“智能力”，作戰空間從物理域、信息域進一步向認知域、社會域和生物域延拓，戰場態勢更為錯綜復雜，戰爭是各作戰域跨域融合的體系對抗，更追求以智賦能、以智釋能。

二是智慧無人裝備將成為未來作戰的主體主戰裝備。智慧技術的發展，使人與武器裝備逐漸實現脫離，無人系統從輔助人作戰轉向代替人作戰，完成諸多不適合人去執行的高危險作戰行動，智能化作戰越來越具有「平台無人、體係有人，作戰無人、指揮有人」的鮮明特徵。在敘利亞戰場上，俄軍遙控指揮10支戰鬥機器人以「零傷亡」擊斃70多名伊斯蘭國武裝分子並奪取754.5高地，成為軍事史上首例以機器人為主力的地面作戰行動。預計2025年，俄軍武器裝備中智慧無人裝備的比例將達到30%以上。美軍預測2030年前，智慧無人裝備將能夠自主執行任務，60%的地面作戰平台將實現無人智慧化。大量無人機、無人船/艇和無人車等裝備，將成為智慧化戰場上對抗雙方的主體裝備，遂行各類傳統/非傳統軍事任務，並實施自組織和體系化作戰。

三是人機協同作戰將成為未來作戰的主要行動方式。人機協同作戰是在網絡化對抗環境下，有人與無人裝備聯合編隊實施協同攻擊的作戰方式。其中，具備戰場決策及戰術控制能力的人類士兵作為“指揮後端”，攜帶制導武器或各類情報、偵察和監視傳感器的智能無人裝備作為“武器前端”，在信息網絡的支持下，人類士兵與智慧無人裝備通過密切協同，共同完成態勢感知、戰術決策、火力引導、武器發射及毀傷評估等行動。根據美國陸軍研究實驗室的觀點，2035年前，人機協同作戰主要採取人在迴路的監督自主式作戰；2050年前，將實現人在迴路外的授權自主或完全自主式作戰，正式拉開機器主戰的智慧化戰爭序幕。

四是集群自主作戰將成為未來作戰的重要攻擊樣式。集群作戰的技術靈感源自於對蜜蜂的仿生研究。蜂群內部分工明確，個體間存在豐富有趣的資訊交流語言，社會行為豐富，所以集群又被稱為「蜂群」。集群作戰是依託人工智慧、數據鏈整合以及雲計算等技術支撐，同時發射數十乃至成百架以上無人機，由其自行精準編隊、精確分工，同時執行多種任務及多目標打擊的智能化作戰樣式。與傳統作戰相比，集群作戰具有無可比擬的優勢，是對傳統作戰樣式和作戰規則的顛覆。美海軍經過數百次模擬試驗後發現，即使先進如「宙斯盾」防空系統，在應對無人機集群攻擊時，也難以合理分配火力，導致部分無人機能夠避開攔截對艦艇成功發動攻擊。數據表明，當使用由8架無人機組成的集群向艦艇發動攻擊時，平均有2.8架無人機可避開「宙斯盾」攔截系統；當無人機數量增至幾十架時，成功避開攔截系統實現突防的無人機數量更多。這些模擬試驗充分證明，無人機集群作戰的效果顯著，對當前防禦體系構成巨大威脅，同時也預示，集群式自主作戰必將成為未來智慧化戰場上重要的進攻作戰樣式。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4850888.html?

#Information Support Force, #中國太空軍, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊

Chinese Military Big Data: An Accelerator of Military Intelligence Transformation

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中國軍事大數據：軍事情報轉型的加速器

來源：解放軍報 作者：宋元剛、邵龍飛、特約通訊員 王涵 主編：吳行健

現代英語：

In order to thoroughly implement President Xi’s decision to “promote the implementation of the national big data strategy” and accelerate the development of military intelligence, our military has begun to take active actions. The innovative application of military big data will surely stimulate data vitality, release data value, and produce a multiplier effect like never before, so as to open the door to future victory.

In order to actively adapt to the new situation and new requirements, promote the deep integration of big data and national defense construction, and promote exchanges and cooperation among experts in the field of military big data research, the Second Military Big Data Forum, hosted by the Academy of Military Sciences and themed “Military Big Data Promotes the Development of Military Intelligence”, was held in Beijing from August 22 to 23 this year. More than 500 leaders, experts and representatives from the Central Military Commission, various theater commands, various services, the Academy of Military Sciences, the National Defense University, the National University of Defense Technology and other units participated in the discussion and exchange on the frontier, common and hot issues of the development of military big data.

During the forum, our reporter interviewed Researcher Liu Linshan, Director of the Military Science Information Research Center of the Academy of Military Sciences, Researcher Lu Bin, Deputy Director, and Associate Researcher Luo Wei, Director of a research laboratory, on topics related to military big data. 

Military big data is highly confrontational

Reporter: my country is currently vigorously promoting the implementation of the national big data strategy. Big data is being widely used in many fields such as economy, politics, security and social management, reflecting unprecedented great value. So, compared with civilian big data, what are the connotations and characteristics of military big data?

Liu Linshan: With the development of big data technology and applications, military big data has broken through the concept of military data in the past and has become a general term for a series of activities based on massive military data resources, with data intelligent processing and analysis technology as the core, and driven by the extensive application needs in the military field. In view of the particularity of military activities, in addition to the typical characteristics of civilian big data such as large data scale, multiple content types, high processing speed, and low value density, military big data also has the characteristics of “one super, one high, and one strong”.

“One super” means super complexity. It means that the data comes from multiple spaces such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. The information dimension is higher, the unstructured characteristics are more obvious, and the data relationship is more complex. “One high” means high security, which means that the threats faced are complex, including enemy reconnaissance and theft, leakage of confidentiality by one’s own side, system vulnerabilities, and attacks by the enemy’s “soft” and “hard” means, etc., and the risk of weakening or losing availability is greater. “One strong” means strong confrontation, which means that the game confrontation between information acquisition and anti-acquisition means, the widespread existence of data fog disguise and deception, and the intricate interweaving of true and false data, which requires extremely high ability to distinguish the authenticity of data.

Lv Bin: Here we need to emphasize the “strong confrontational” characteristics of military big data. Since military big data is data in a confrontational environment, the data quality is poor, the value density is low, and it is usually uncertain, incomplete, and false. We know that artificial intelligence at this stage is mainly based on data-driven machine learning. Machine learning requires sample data, but the current war is small sample data, and future wars may not even have sample data. In addition, the characteristic of military operations is “man in the loop”, and human activities are difficult to learn and predict using classic big data methods. This makes military big data much more difficult than civilian big data in dealing with problems such as small sample data learning, game under incomplete and uncertain information, and scene modeling and understanding in complex environments. The challenges encountered are much greater, and new theories, new methods, and new technologies must be adopted to solve them.

Military big data and military intelligence complement each other

Reporter: The report of the 19th CPC National Congress emphasized the need to “accelerate the development of military intelligence and improve joint combat capabilities and all-domain combat capabilities based on network information systems.” How should we understand the relationship between military big data and military intelligence?

Liu Linshan: Looking back at the development of artificial intelligence, since it was first proposed at the Dartmouth Conference in 1956, it has experienced three climaxes and two troughs: the reasoning period, the knowledge period, and the learning period. Scientists have tried to “manufacture” human intelligence through logical reasoning, expert systems, etc., but the failure of the development of Japanese intelligent computers and the decline of the Encyclopedia of Human Common Sense Knowledge at Stanford University in the United States have made these paths unsustainable. The emergence of big data has provided a new path for the development of artificial intelligence, and people have begun to shift from how to “manufacture” intelligence to how to “learn” intelligence. Different from the traditional hope of achieving reasoning and learning through rules, logic and knowledge, through machine learning, we can gain insight into the hidden laws of massive data from big data, and effectively realize data-driven artificial intelligence. In March 2016, the “AlphaGo” Go robot developed by Google was able to defeat the world champion Lee Sedol based on the deep learning of neural networks based on 30 million chess records. In addition, the development of big data technology can also make up for the shortcomings of artificial intelligence in algorithms and computing power, and significantly improve its transferability and interpretability. It can be said that big data is the enabling factor of the new generation of artificial intelligence and is crucial to promoting the development of artificial intelligence.

Lv Bin: At present, artificial intelligence technology is accelerating its penetration into the military field. Military intelligence has become the core driving force of a new round of military reforms, profoundly changing the winning mechanism, force structure and combat methods of future wars. Military intelligence is not just a simple superposition of artificial intelligence and military, but also a systematic description of the coordinated operation of people, equipment and combat methods under a new combat form. The key to the operation of the system is inseparable from the efficient acquisition, integration, analysis and interaction of data. In the future, with the full penetration of data into the military field, deep interaction between man and machine, and the deep combination of machine intelligence and human wisdom, autonomous perception, autonomous analysis, autonomous decision-making and autonomous strikes centered on data and centered on data analysis and processing will be realized.

Luo Wei: We should also look at the relationship between the two from the perspective of the historical stage of our military construction and development. At present, our military has made significant progress in the transformation of military reforms with Chinese characteristics, but the task of mechanization construction has not been completed, and the level of informatization needs to be improved urgently. The development of military intelligence must not be a “castle in the air”. It must be built on the basis of mechanization and informatization, and at the same time, it must also focus on using intelligence to drive mechanization and informatization construction. The integrated development of the “three transformations” will be a significant feature of our military construction and development at present and in the future. Through the comprehensive sharing and efficient interaction of various types of data, the information data flow of the integration of the “three transformations” will be opened up, which will help to build the underlying channel of the integration of the “three transformations” and effectively enhance the quality and efficiency of the development of military intelligence.

Major military powers are rushing to build military big data

Reporter: Accelerating the development of military intelligence has become a common practice for the world’s military powers to seize the commanding heights of future military competition. So what is the progress of these countries in promoting the construction of military big data and the development of military intelligence? Please give a brief introduction.

Liu Linshan: Winning by technology has always been the main means for Western countries to seek advantages in the world. With the advent of the era of big data and artificial intelligence, major Western countries regard it as a “battlefield” and have successively introduced a series of strategic measures to strengthen overall planning. As early as March 2012, the US government issued the “Big Data Research and Development Program Initiative”, which advocated the joint efforts of six government departments and agencies including the Department of Defense to jointly promote the development of big data collection, storage, management and analysis technologies. In 2016, the “National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan” was formulated to clarify the investment direction and focus of the United States in the field of artificial intelligence. In 2018, the “Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Strategy” was issued, which proposed artificial intelligence development goals and measures, and unified planning and deployment of military applications of artificial intelligence. This year, a new version of the “Department of Defense Cloud Strategy” was formulated to accelerate the development of big data and artificial intelligence technologies and promote data sharing through unified supervision of the US military’s cloud construction. In order to coordinate the development of artificial intelligence technology and combat applications of the US military, the US Department of Defense has also established a joint artificial intelligence center to integrate relevant resources and plan investments. With the launch of the US Department of Defense’s “Military Cloud” 2.0 system, the US military has acquired data processing capabilities such as high-speed battlefield video processing, voice recognition, complex electromagnetic environment perception, and decryption, reducing processing time to one thousandth of traditional methods. Russia has formulated the “Russian Federation Science and Technology Development Strategy”, which prioritizes big data, machine learning, and artificial intelligence in scientific and technological innovation, and the Russian military has formulated the “Military Robot Technology and Application Development Plan”. The United Kingdom has listed big data, robots, and autonomous systems as eight priority development technologies, and the military has set up a special artificial intelligence laboratory to focus on the research of artificial intelligence and defense data science. France’s digital roadmap clearly states that big data is a strategic high-tech that must be strongly supported in the future. The military has formulated the “Artificial Intelligence and Innovation Roadmap”, which lists intelligence, decision-making, human-machine collaboration, robots, and cyber warfare as key development areas.

Luo Wei: In addition to strategic layout, major Western countries have continued to increase their research and development efforts in big data and artificial intelligence technologies to accelerate the transformation of technological achievements into combat capabilities. Since 2012, the US Department of Defense and its subordinate departments have implemented a series of big data research and development projects represented by the “X Data” project and the “Insight” project, mainly involving big data analysis and mining, rule discovery, data-driven model calculation, data visualization and other fields. Among them, the “X Data” project aims to develop new computing technologies and open source software tools for big data processing and analysis; the “Insight” project aims to integrate massive data from various sensors to form a comprehensive battlefield situation, quickly identify the source and degree of threats, and enhance the decision-making ability of troop commanders and staff. While continuing to promote technological development, some of the US military’s achievements have begun to form combat capabilities, among which the most typical is the “Algorithm Warfare” project. The project was launched in April 2017 and aims to use artificial intelligence algorithms to find targets of interest from massive video data. The relevant achievements have been deployed to multiple US military departments since December of that year, and their video intelligence analysis and processing capabilities have been improved.

Big data will play a vital role in future wars

Reporter: At present, military high-tech with information technology as the core is changing with each passing day, which is driving the evolution of war into information warfare, and intelligent warfare is beginning to emerge. So what role will big data play in future information and intelligent warfare? Please briefly explain.

Liu Linshan: In the future, both the continuously developing information warfare and the rapidly advancing intelligent warfare will be driven by data, which is mainly reflected in the following three aspects:

First, the understanding of battlefield situation depends on the collection and processing of massive data. Whoever can penetrate the “fog of war” and more accurately and comprehensively understand the enemy’s situation and the combat environment will be able to seize the initiative in the war. On the battlefield of the future, data is the basis for restoring the battlefield situation and forming the enemy’s situation. It not only includes the results of our own reconnaissance, surveillance, and intelligence activities, but also includes massive geographic information data, human social culture data, and social media data. At present, it is not easy to comprehensively collect and process this data, because with the continuous acceleration of the development of networked informatization in the whole society and the increasing popularity of various digital devices, the amount of data in the whole society continues to grow exponentially. Statistics show that in 2013, the total amount of data in human society was about 4.4 trillion GB, and by 2020, this number will grow to 44 trillion GB. With such a large amount of data, without the support of advanced big data collection and processing technology, the value of the data cannot be reflected, and the overall picture of the battlefield cannot be recognized.

Secondly, the realization of combat functions depends on the analysis, distribution and utilization of data. Combat functions usually include intelligence, command and control, firepower strikes, battlefield mobility, combat support, etc. Among them, the intelligence function focuses on collecting, compiling and pushing data, command and control focuses on integrating, processing and distributing data, and firepower strikes, battlefield mobility and combat support generate new status data while utilizing data. It can be said that the performance of combat functions and the implementation of combat operations are the process of data recycling. The smoother and faster the data circulation of one party is, the more significant the combat effect of that party will be.

Third, the evolution of joint operations depends largely on the level of data sharing. The U.S. military is currently evolving from joint operations to multi-domain operations, which is manifested in the development of the coordination of combat capabilities between military services to the aggregation of combat capabilities in various combat domains, thereby achieving a closer and more precise use of forces across military services on the basis of lower-level forces. The premise for achieving this goal is to use the “cloud” as a means to achieve the sharing of all combat data.

Lü Bin: As the role of data in future wars becomes more and more obvious, the characteristics of data weaponization will also become increasingly apparent. “Data warfare” in which one side prevents the opponent from obtaining its own data, prevents the opponent from forming a comprehensive situation, or creates and spreads false data, misleads the judgment of the opponent’s intelligent system, and hinders the opponent’s combat function will become an important combat style.

Actively embrace the era of military big data

Reporter: When it comes to future intelligent warfare, its important feature is that the tempo of confrontation has significantly accelerated. The winning factor has changed from being able to win to being fast. Whoever seizes the initiative will have the initiative in the war. As we welcome the arrival of the era of military big data, how should we understand its key role in future intelligent warfare?

Liu Linshan: The key to winning by speed is how to shorten the “OODA loop” chain as soon as possible. From the perspective of “observation”, big data technology can effectively help commanders fully grasp the situation, capture subtle changes, and discover major signs. From the perspective of “judgment”, the use of big data technology to analyze the correlation of multi-source data can accurately judge the battlefield situation, break the “battlefield fog”, and significantly enhance the commander’s judgment and acumen. From the perspective of “decision-making”, the real-time fusion processing and visualization of data such as enemy situation, our situation and battlefield environment can help commanders accurately control the battlefield situation in real time, make decisions quickly, adjust deployments quickly, and gain the speed advantage of planning and decision-making. From the perspective of “action”, based on real-time online big data analysis, commanders can accurately plan tasks, calculate troops and firepower, and accurately issue combat orders, so as to dynamically and efficiently control troop actions and accurately evaluate combat effectiveness.

Lu Bin: In addition to bringing revolutionary impact to command and control efficiency, big data will also accelerate the transformation of combat command system and lead the transformation of command decision-making mode. The first is the flattening of command system. Under the big data environment, information systems are seamlessly connected, cloud computing provides powerful computing power, blockchain technology improves system security, and the command structure can be changed from “tree-like” to “net-like”, providing a material basis for streamlining command structure and realizing flat command. The second is the jointness of military systems. Based on the highly shared data pool of big data, various types of data are integrated to ensure the consistency of information acquisition. Unified network infrastructure, consistent data structure and data exchange standards ensure effective interconnection and interoperability between various forces and elements, creating conditions for the formation of an integrated joint combat system. The third is the simplification of troop organization. The collection and processing of massive intelligence information is transmitted to the cloud through the information system network for processing, which can free commanders from heavy information processing and realize the streamlined action organization with efficient operation under the support of a large system.

Luo Wei: Military big data also plays an important enabling role in improving the level of equipment intelligence, promoting the birth of intelligent weapons and equipment, and improving intelligent support capabilities. As the “oil” of the new era, big data will be the life source and aorta of intelligent equipment. The rapid acquisition, fine processing and precise distribution of data based on super computing power are multipliers for the combat effectiveness of intelligent equipment. With the gradual breakthrough of key technologies, data equipment closely combined with data resources, computing resources, big data management and analysis systems will appear on the battlefield in the future, including giant platforms used to support military combat command, equipment management, and logistics distribution, as well as small and medium-sized data equipment based on aircraft carriers, aircraft, ships, submarines, vehicles, etc., and also micro-data equipment embedded in unmanned combat, single-soldier combat, and precision guidance systems. These data equipment will play the role of “smart engine” in future intelligent combat, training, logistics support and other operations. At the same time, it should be emphasized that big data going to the battlefield may change equipment and the form of war, but it cannot change the decisive factors of war. In the era of intelligent warfare, the key factor that determines the outcome of war is still people. Big data and artificial intelligence technology cannot completely replace people, and cannot change the decisive position of people in war.

現代國語：

編者按為深入貫徹習主席所做的「推動實施國家大數據戰略」決策部署，加速軍事智能化發展，我軍上下已開始積極行動起來，軍事大數據的創新應用必將前所未有地激發數據活力、釋放資料價值、產生倍增效應，以開啟未來制勝之門。

為積極適應新情勢新要求，推動大數據與國防建設深度融合，促進軍事大數據研究領域專家交流合作，由軍事科學院主辦、主題為「軍事大數據推動軍事智慧化發展」的第二屆軍事大數據論壇，於今年8月22日至23日在京舉行。來自軍委機關、各戰區、各軍兵種、軍事科學院、國防大學、國防科技大學等單位的500餘名領導、專家和代表參加，圍繞軍事大數據發展的前沿、共性、熱點問題進行了探討交流。

論壇期間，本報記者就軍事大數據的相關議題，訪問了軍事科學資訊研究中心主任劉林山研究員、副主任呂彬研究員、某研究室主任羅威副研究員。

軍事大數據具有強烈對抗性

記者：我國目前正大力推動實施國家大數據戰略。大數據正廣泛應用於經濟、政治、安全和社會管理等許多領域，體現出前所未有的巨大價值。那麼，與民用大數據相比，軍事大數據有著怎樣的內涵特徵？

劉林山：隨著大數據技術與應用的發展，軍事大數據已突破過去軍事數據的概念範疇，成為以海量軍事數據資源為基礎、以數據智能處理分析技術為核心、以軍事領域廣泛應用需求為牽引的一系列活動的統稱。鑑於軍事活動的特殊性，軍事大數據除具有民用大數據典型的資料規模大、內容種類多、處理速度高、價值密度低等特徵外，還具有「一超一高一強」的特性。

「一超」即超複雜性。指資料來源於陸、海、空、天、電、網等多個空間，資訊維度較高，非結構化特徵較明顯，資料關係較複雜。 「一高」即高安全性，指面臨的威脅複雜，包括敵方的偵察竊取，己方洩密失密、系統漏洞，遭敵「軟」「硬」手段打擊等，可用性削弱或喪失風險更大。 「一強」即強對抗性，指資訊獲取與反獲取手段的博弈對抗、資料迷霧偽裝欺騙現象普遍存在，真假資料錯綜複雜，對資料真偽辨別能力要求極高。

呂彬：在這裡需要突顯軍事大數據「強對抗性」的特徵。由於軍事大數據是對抗環境下的數據，數據品質差，價值密度低，通常具有不確定性、不完全性和虛假欺騙性。我們知道，現階段的人工智慧主要是建立在數據驅動的機器學習之上的。而機器學習需要樣本數據，但目前戰爭是小樣本數據，未來戰爭甚至沒有樣本數據。此外，軍事行動的特點是“人在迴路”，人的活動很難用大數據經典方法學習預測。這就使得軍事大數據在應對小樣本資料學習、不完全不確定資訊下的博弈、複雜環境下的場景建模與理解等問題方面，比民用大數據要困難得多，遇到的挑戰要大多，必須採用新的理論、新的方法、新的技術去解決。

軍事大數據與軍事智慧化相輔相成

記者：黨的十九大報告強調，要「加速軍事智慧化發展，提升基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力」。對於軍事大數據與軍事智能化的關係，該怎麼理解？

劉林山：回顧人工智慧的發展歷程，自1956年達特茅斯會議首次提出以來，經歷了推理期、知識期、學習期三次高潮和兩次低潮。科學家曾試圖透過邏輯推理、專家系統等方式來「製造」人類智能，但日本智能計算機的研發失敗、美國史丹佛大學人類常識知識百科全書的沒落等，使得這些路徑難以為繼。而大數據的出現，為人工智慧的發展提供了一條新道路，人們開始從如何「製造」智能轉向如何「學習」智能。與傳統的希望透過規則、邏輯和知識來實現推理學習不同，透過機器學習，從大數據中去洞悉海量資料隱藏的規律，可有效實現資料驅動下的人工智慧。 2016年3月，Google公司開發的「阿爾法狗」圍棋機器人之所以能擊敗世界冠軍李世石，正是基於對3000萬盤棋譜數據的神經網路深度學習。除此之外，大數據技術的發展還可以彌補人工智慧在演算法、算力方面的不足，顯著提高其可遷移性和可解釋性。可以說，大數據是新一代人工智慧的賦能要素，對於推動人工智慧發展至關重要。

呂彬：目前，人工智慧技術正加速滲透到軍事領域。軍事智慧化已成為新一輪軍事變革的核心驅動力，深刻改變未來戰爭的致勝機理、力量結構和作戰方式。軍事智慧化不僅是人工智慧與軍事的簡單疊加，也是人、裝備和作戰方式在新的作戰形態下協同運作的體系化描述。體系運作的關鍵離不開資料的高效獲取、融合、研判、互動。未來，隨著數據向軍事領域全方位滲透，人機深度交互，機器智能與人類智慧深度結合，將實現以數據為中心、以分析處理數據為中樞的自主感知、自主分析、自主決策、自主打擊。

羅威：我們也要站在我軍建設發展所處歷史階段來看兩者之間的關係。目前我軍中國特色軍事變革取得重大進展，但機械化建設任務尚未完成，資訊化程度亟待提升。軍事智慧化發展絕不能是“空中樓閣”，要建立在機械化和資訊化的基礎上，同時也要注重用智慧化來牽引機械化和資訊化建設。這「三化」融合發展，將是當前及今後一段時期我軍建設發展的顯著特徵。透過各類數據的全面共享和高效交互，打通「三化」融合的資訊資料流，有助於建構「三化」融合的底層通道，實際增強軍事智能化發展的品質效益。

主要軍事強國紛紛搶灘軍事大數據建設

記者：加速推動軍事智慧化發展，目前已成為世界軍事強國搶佔未來軍事競爭制高點的共同做法。那麼這些國家在推動軍事大數據建設與軍事智慧化發展的進展如何？請簡單介紹一下。

劉林山：科技制勝一直是西方國家在世界上尋求優勢的主要手段。隨著大數據和人工智慧時代的到來，西方各主要國家將其視為“兵家必爭之地”，先後出台一系列戰略舉措，強化統籌佈局。美國政府早在2012年3月就發布了《大數據研究與發展計畫倡議》，倡議聯合國防部在內的6個政府部門和機構，共同推動大數據收集、儲存、管理、分析技術的發展。 2016年制定《國家人工智慧研發戰略規劃》，明確美國在人工智慧領域的投資方向與重點。 2018年發布《國防部人工智慧戰略》，提出人工智慧發展目標和舉措，對人工智慧的軍事應用進行了統一規劃和部署。今年制定新版《國防部雲端戰略》，透過對美軍雲建設的統一監管，加速大數據與人工智慧技術發展，促進資料共享。為統籌美軍人工智慧技術發展與作戰運用，美國防部也特別成立了聯合人工智慧中心，整合相關資源與計畫投資。隨著美國防部「軍事雲」2.0系統上線運行，美軍已具備高速戰場視訊處理、語音辨識、複雜電磁環境感知、解密等資料處理能力，使處理時間縮短到傳統方法的數千分之一。俄羅斯制定了《俄羅斯聯邦科技發展戰略》，將大數據、機器學習和人工智慧作為科技創新優先方向，俄羅斯軍隊則制定了《軍用機器人技術和應用發展規劃》。英國將大數據、機器人和自主系統列入八項優先發展技術，軍方專門組成了人工智慧實驗室，聚焦人工智慧和國防數據科學的研究。法國的數位化路線圖明確大數據是未來必須大力支持的戰略性高新技術，軍方制定有《人工智慧與創新路線圖》，將情報、決策、人機協同、機器人與網路戰列為重點發展領域。

羅威：除了戰略佈局之外，西方主要國家還持續加強數據和人工智慧技術的研發力度，加速技術成果轉化為作戰能力。自2012年以來，美國防部及其所屬各部門就實施了以「X數據」項目、「洞察」項目為代表的一系列大數據研發項目，主要涉及大數據分析挖掘、規則發現、數據驅動模型計算、數據視覺化等領域。這其中，「X數據」專案旨在為大數據處理和分析開發新型運算技術和開源軟體工具；「洞察」專案旨在融合來自各類感測器的大量數據，形成全面戰場態勢，快速識別威脅來源和威脅程度，增強部隊指揮和參謀人員的決策能力。在持續推進技術發展的同時，美軍部分成果開始形成作戰能力，其中最為典型的就是「演算法戰」計畫。該計畫於2017年4月啟動，旨在採用人工智慧演算法從大量的視訊資料中發現感興趣的目標，相關成果從當年12月開始陸續部署美軍多個部門，其視訊情報分析處理能力得到提升。

大數據在未來戰爭中將扮演重要角色

記者：目前，以資訊科技為核心的軍事高新科技日新月異，正推動戰爭形態朝向資訊化戰爭演變，智慧化戰爭初露端倪。那麼在未來資訊化、智慧化戰爭中，大數據將扮演什麼樣的角色？請簡要說明一下。

劉林山：未來，無論是持續發展的資訊化戰爭形態，或是迅速推進的智慧化戰爭形態，都是由數據驅動的，主要表現在三個方面：

首先，戰場態勢的理解依賴於海量資料的收集、處理。誰能穿透“戰爭迷霧”，更準確、全面地洞悉敵我態勢和作戰環境，誰就能在戰爭中搶佔先機。在未來戰場上，資料就是還原戰場情況、形成敵我態勢的基礎，它不但包括己方偵察、監視、情報活動的成果，也包括海量的地理資訊資料、人類社會文化資料、社群媒體資料。目前，要全面收集、處理這些數據並不容易，因為隨著全社會網路化資訊化發展的持續加速，各類數位設備的日益普及，全社會數據量持續呈現指數級增長。有統計數據表明，在2013年，人類社會的數據總量約為4.4兆GB，到2020年，這一數字將增長到44兆GB。如此之大的數據量，如果沒有先進的大數據收集、處理技術支持，數據的價值就無從體現，戰場的全貌也就無從認知。

其次，作戰功能的實現取決於資料的分析、分發和利用。作戰功能通常包括情報、指揮控制、火力打擊、戰場機動、作戰保障等。這其中，情報功能著重於收集、整編、推播數據，指揮控制著重於融合、處理、分發數據，而火力打擊、戰場機動、作戰保障在利用數據的同時，也產生新的狀態數據。可以說，作戰功能的發揮、作戰行動的實施就是資料循環利用的過程。哪一方的資料循環得越順暢、越快速，哪一方的作戰效果就越顯著。

其三，聯合作戰樣式的演進在很大程度上取決於資料共享程度。當前美軍正由聯合作戰向多域作戰方向演進，表現為從軍兵種間作戰能力協同向各作戰域作戰能力聚合的方向發展，從而在更低層級部隊基礎上實現跨越軍兵種的更緊密、更精確的力量運用。達成此目標的前提，就是以「雲」為手段，實現所有作戰資料的共享。

呂彬：由於數據在未來戰爭中的作用愈發明顯，數據武器化的特性也將日益顯露。一方防止對手獲取己方數據、阻止對手形成全面態勢，或製造散佈虛假數據、誤導對手智能係統的判斷、阻礙對手作戰功能實現的“數據戰”，將成為重要的作戰樣式。

主動擁抱軍事大數據時代

記者：提到未來智慧化戰爭，其重要特徵就是對抗節奏明顯加快，制勝機理由以能製勝轉變為以快制勝，誰掌握了先機，誰就掌握了戰爭的主動權。我們迎接軍事大數據時代的到來，該如何認識其在未來智慧化戰爭中的關鍵角色？

劉林山：以快速致勝的關鍵，在於如何盡快縮短「OODA環」循環鏈。從「觀察」環節來看，大數據技術能有效幫助指揮員全面掌握狀況、捕捉細微變化、發現重大徵候。從“判斷”環節看，運用大數據技術對多來源數據關聯分析，可以準確研判戰場形勢、破除“戰場迷霧”，顯著增強指揮員的判斷力和敏銳性。從「決策」環節來看，敵情、我情和戰場環境等數據的即時融合處理和視覺化展示，能夠幫助指揮官即時準確掌控戰場態勢，快速作出決策、快速調整部署，贏得籌劃決策的速度優勢。從「行動」環節來看，基於即時線上大數據分析，指揮員能夠精準規劃任務、精細運算兵力火力、精確下達作戰指令，從而動態高效調控部隊行動、準確評估作戰效果。

呂彬：大數據除了為指揮控制效能帶來革命性影響外，還將加速作戰指揮體系變革、引領指揮決策模式轉變。首先是指揮體系扁平化。大數據環境下，資訊系統無縫鏈接，雲端運算提供強大運算能力，區塊鏈技術提升系統安全性，指揮結構可由“樹狀”變為“網狀”，為精簡指揮結構、實現扁平化指揮提供了物質基礎。其次是軍兵種體系聯合化。基於大數據高度共享的資料池，將各類資料融合在一起，確保取得資訊的一致性。統一的網路基礎設施、一致的資料結構與資料交換標準，確保各力量、各要素之間有效互聯互通互通，為形成一體化聯合作戰體系創造條件。第三是部隊編組精簡化。海量情報資訊的收集、處理透過資訊系統網路傳輸至雲端進行處理，能夠使指揮人員從繁重的資訊處理中解放出來，實現大體系支撐下高效運作的精簡化行動編組。

羅威：軍事大數據在提高裝備智慧化水準、催生智慧化武器裝備和提高智慧化保障能力等方面也具有重要的賦能作用。作為新時代的“石油”，大數據將是智慧化裝備的生命源泉和大動脈，基於超強算力的數據快速獲取、精細處理和精準分發是智能化裝備作戰效能發揮的倍增器。隨著關鍵技術的逐步突破，未來戰場將出現由資料資源、運算資源、大數據管理與分析系統等緊密結合的資料裝備，既包括用於支撐軍兵種作戰指揮、裝備管理、後勤配給的巨型平台，也包括以航空母艦、飛機、艦艇、潛艦、車輛等為載體的中小型資料裝備，還包括嵌入無人作戰、單兵作戰、精確導引系統的微小型資料裝備。這些資料裝備，將在未來智慧化作戰、訓練、後勤保障等行動中發揮「智慧引擎」作用。同時要強調的是，大數據走向戰場可能改變裝備，可能改變戰爭形態，但不可能改變戰爭的決定因素。智慧化戰爭時代，決定戰爭勝負的關鍵因素仍是人。大數據和人工智慧技術不可能完全取代人，不能改變人在戰爭中的決定性地位。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/2019zt/2019-09/06/content_9623888.htm

#Information Support Force, #中國太空軍, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, 認知域戰

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中國戰爭規劃：人工智慧將改變未來戰爭的勝利機制

中國軍網 國防網 // 2024年5月2日 星期四

現代英語：

Artificial intelligence technology is an important support for improving strategic capabilities in emerging fields. In recent years, it has developed rapidly and has been widely used in the military field, constantly giving rise to new asymmetric advantages, and profoundly changing the basic form, combat methods and winning mechanisms of future wars. We should have a deep understanding of artificial intelligence as a revolutionary technological driving force, accurately recognize changes, respond to changes scientifically, and actively seek changes, strive to explore ways to win future wars, and gain the initiative in the accelerating intelligent war.

Information mechanism

Knowing yourself and the enemy will ensure victory in every battle. Quickly and effectively mastering all-round information is the primary prerequisite for winning a war. Artificial intelligence can realize intelligent perception of battlefield situations, intelligent analysis of massive data, and intelligent processing of multiple information, and can form a “transparent” advantage on the battlefield.

Autonomous implementation of battlefield perception. By embedding intelligent modules into the wartime reconnaissance system, various reconnaissance node units can realize random networking, ad hoc coordination, and organic integration, and can autonomously capture battlefield information in all directions and dimensions, build a relatively “transparent” digital battlefield environment and combat situation, and then dispel the “fog” of war and present the combat scene in a panoramic manner.

Accurately identify massive amounts of data. Relying on intelligent technologies such as precise sensing technology and analytical recognition technology, it accurately judges, analyzes, compares, and integrates diversified voice, text, pictures, videos, and other data to obtain faster, more complete, more accurate, and deeper battlefield situation results, far exceeding the speed and accuracy of human brain processing.

Efficient response to key information. Based on intelligent technology groups such as combat cloud, big data, and the Internet of Things, it can quickly discover large quantities of non-standardized and heterogeneous intelligence data, autonomously discover symptoms, identify intentions, analyze trends, find patterns, and respond to commanders’ needs for key information in real time and accurately.

Synchronous sharing of integrated situation. The intelligent control system can optimize and integrate various reconnaissance and surveillance systems distributed in different spaces and frequency domains such as land, sea, air, space and radio networks, and play an important hub role in sharing information and unified cognition, building a situation based on “one picture”, “one network” and “one chain”, so that all combat units can synchronously share the required information from different spaces, distances and frequencies in all domains and at all times, realizing intelligent sharing.

Decision-making mechanism

Those who can plan for victory before the battle have made more calculations. Scientific and accurate decision-making is a prerequisite for winning a war. Artificial intelligence can conduct dynamic battlefield simulation and deduction, quickly give feasible decisions, greatly shorten the decision-making cycle of combat planning, and form a decision-making advantage.

Intelligent strategic situation analysis. The decision-making support system that incorporates artificial intelligence technology has functions such as information collection, query management, data processing, and correlation analysis. It can effectively break through the limitations of human analysis capabilities, maximize the separation of false and true, correlation verification, and link thinking, and automatically conduct big data analysis such as enemy situation, our situation, and battlefield environment, forming comparative data on related forces and weapons, which can efficiently assist combat command and help commanders quickly make combat decisions.

Intelligent optimization of combat plans. Relying on the intelligent combat simulation system, it automatically generates multiple sets of intuitive plans and programs based on the pre-input combat missions and strike target information, comprehensively evaluates their advantages and disadvantages and potential risks, and selects the plan that is most conducive to realizing the commander’s intention for the commander to make the final decision. After receiving the combat missions and target requirements from the superior, each combat unit will further screen the battlefield target information in combination with the tasks and requirements of its own level, and independently formulate the best plan and program at its own level to maximize combat effectiveness.

Intelligent prediction of decision-making effectiveness. The intelligent decision-making auxiliary system relies on intelligent technologies such as big data, high-performance computing, and neural network algorithms to give the command and control system a more advanced “brain-like” ability, which can think more rationally about unexpected situations on the battlefield and quickly come to a relatively objective combat result.

Power control mechanism

The dominant position is to control power by taking advantage of the situation. Seizing control power is the key factor to win the war. Artificial intelligence can “transplant” part of human intelligence to weapons, making the combination of humans and weapon systems more and more close. The deep interaction between humans and machines has changed the traditional control elements, endowed new control connotations, and can help gain new control advantages.

The dominance of the domain is expanding to the high frontier. In the future, highly intelligent unmanned systems will be able to carry out a variety of combat missions even in harsh conditions such as high temperature, extreme cold, high pressure, lack of oxygen, toxicity, radiation, and in extreme environments such as extreme height, extreme distance, extreme depth, extreme micro, extreme darkness, and extreme brightness. The competition for dominance of the combat domain and combat space will extend to the high frontier, the far frontier, and the deep frontier.

The right to control information is expanding to multiple means. The traditional way to seize the right to control information is to control the channels of information acquisition, processing, and distribution by attacking the enemy’s reconnaissance and early warning system and destroying its command and control system. However, information warfare under the guidance of artificial intelligence uses information itself as “ammunition”, and the means to seize the right to control information are more diverse.

The network control power is expanding to distributed. The network information system built based on intelligent technology provides a ubiquitous network “cloud” to aggregate battlefield resources of various terminals and provide services, which can realize modular organization and automatic reorganization of combat forces. The traditional purpose of disconnecting the network and destroying the chain by striking key nodes will no longer be achieved. It is inevitable to respond to the “decentralized” battlefield with an intelligent distributed strike mode.

The power to control the brain is expanding to new dimensions. Brain-like technology and simulation technology are gradually militarized, forming new areas of competition and confrontation. The focus has shifted from focusing on confrontation in the physical and information domains to focusing more on influencing and controlling the opponent’s psychology. Technologies such as virtual reality and audio-visual synthesis can confuse the real with the fake. “Core attack” can quietly change the enemy’s command and control system algorithm. “Brain control” can directly control the enemy’s decision-making. By controlling and influencing the enemy’s psychology, thinking, and will, the goal of stopping and winning the war can be achieved at the lowest cost.

Mechanism of action

The key to victory in war is speed. Taking unexpected actions against the enemy is the key to victory in war. Artificial intelligence can improve the intelligence level of weapons and equipment, command and control systems, and action decisions, making mobile response capabilities faster and joint strike capabilities more accurate, creating a super action advantage.

The speed of action is “killed in seconds”. The intelligent combat system can see, hear, understand, learn and think, effectively shortening the “OODA” cycle. Once an “opportunity” is found, it will use intelligently controlled hypersonic weapons, kinetic weapons, laser weapons, etc. to quickly “kill” the target at a long distance.

Action style is “unmanned”. “Unmanned + intelligent” is the future development direction of weapons and equipment. Low-cost unmanned vehicles, drones, unmanned submarines and other unmanned autonomous equipment, with the support of cluster autonomous decision-making systems, can plan the task division of each unit according to combat targets, and unmanned devices can accurately dock, autonomously combine, and covertly penetrate to carry out cluster saturation attacks on the enemy.

The action space is “blurred”. In future wars, using interference means to carry out soft strikes on the enemy’s intelligent combat systems and intelligent weapons, and using intelligent weapons to delay or influence the enemy’s decision-making and psychology will become the key to victory. Most of these actions are completed unconsciously or silently, presenting a “blurred” state where the enemy and us are invisible, the boundaries between the front and the rear are unclear, and the visible and invisible are difficult to distinguish.

The action deployment is “stealth”. The intelligent command system and weapon equipment have bionic and stealth properties. As long as they are deployed in advance in possible combat areas during peacetime preparations or training exercises, they can be hidden and dormant and ready for combat. Once they are activated in time in wartime, they can launch a sudden attack on the enemy, which will help to quickly seize the initiative in the war.

System Mechanism

Five things and seven strategies determine victory or defeat. Future wars will be full-domain, full-system, full-element, full-process system confrontations, and a stable and efficient combat system is the basic support for winning the war. With the continuous expansion of the application of artificial intelligence in the military field, the combat system is becoming more and more intelligent, and the full-domain integrated combat system will produce a strong system advantage.

There are more means of “detection”. Intelligent combat clusters rely on network information systems to connect with various large sensors, electronic warfare systems and other human-machine interaction platforms, use the detection and perception equipment of each combat unit to obtain battlefield data, give play to the self-organizing characteristics of intelligent groups, strengthen real-time detection and support for joint combat systems and back-end intelligence analysis, and can achieve full-domain detection, joint early warning, and coordinated verification, forming a multi-dimensional, full-domain coverage of large-area joint detection intelligence system.

The scope of “control” is wider. The use of intelligent unmanned combat platforms can break through the logical limits of human thinking, the physiological limits of the senses, and the physical limits of existence, and replace humans to enter traditional life restricted areas such as the deep sea, space, polar regions, and strong radiation areas, and stay there for a long time to implement “unconventional warfare”, thereby further expanding the combat space and having the ability to continuously repel opponents in a wider range of fields.

The speed of “fighting” is faster. With the support of intelligent network information system, the intelligence chain, command chain and killing chain are seamlessly connected, the speed of information transmission, decision-making speed and action speed are accelerated simultaneously, and the intelligent combat units can be flexibly organized, autonomously coordinated and quickly strike. All of these make the time utilization efficiency extremely high and the battlefield response speed extremely fast.

The “evaluation” is more accurate. Using intelligent technologies such as experiential interactive learning and brain-like behavioral systems, the intelligent combat evaluation system can autonomously complete the collection, aggregation, grading and classification of multi-means action effect evaluation information, accurately perceive battlefield actions based on big data and panoramic images, dynamically identify combat processes and correct defects, predict complex battlefield changes, and make comprehensive plans and flexibly respond.

The “security” is more efficient. The widespread application of intelligent comprehensive security systems represented by equipment maintenance expert systems and intelligent sensing equipment can efficiently respond to security needs in various domains, intelligently plan security resources, and ensure that the “cloud” aggregates various battlefield resources, effectively improving the comprehensive security capabilities of the networked battlefield.

(Author’s unit: Henan Provincial Military Region)

現代國語漢語：

人工智慧技術是提高新興領域戰略能力的重要支撐，近年來獲得快速發展並廣泛運用於軍事領域，不斷催生新的非對稱優勢，深刻改變未來戰爭的基本形態、作戰方式和製勝機理。應該深刻認識人工智慧這一革命性技術動力，準確識變、科學應變、主動求變，努力探尋制勝未來戰爭之道，在加速來臨的智能化戰爭中贏得主動。

資訊機理

知彼知己，百戰不殆。快速有效地掌握全方位資訊是戰爭制勝的首要前提。人工智慧可實現戰場態勢智慧感知、大量數據智慧分析、多元資訊智慧處理，能夠形成戰場「透明」優勢。

戰場感知自主實施。將智慧模塊嵌入戰時偵察系統，各類偵察節點單元可以實現隨機組網、臨機協同、有機整合，能夠全方位、多維度自主捕獲戰場信息，構建相對“透明”的數字化戰場環境和作戰態勢，進而撥開戰爭“迷霧”，全景式呈現作戰場景。

海量數據精準識別。依托精準感知技術和分析識別技術等智慧化科技，精準判讀、分析、比對、融合多元化的語音、文字、圖片、影片等數據，從而獲取更快、更全、更準、更深的戰場態勢結果，遠超人腦處理的速度和精確度。

關鍵資訊高效響應。基於作戰雲、大數據、物聯網等智慧化技術群，能夠從大批量、非標準化、異構化的情報數據中快速發掘，自主發現徵候、識別意圖、研判趨勢、找到規律，實時精準地響應指揮員對關鍵資訊的需求。

融合態勢同步共用。智慧化控制系統能夠將分佈在陸海空天電網等不同空間、不同頻域的各種偵察監視系統優化整合，並發揮共享信息和統一認知的重要樞紐作用，構建形成基於“一幅圖”“一張網」「一條鏈」的態勢，使各作戰單元全局全頻全時從不同空間、不同距離、不同頻率同步共享所需信息，實現智慧共享。

決策機理

夫未戰而廟算勝者，得算多也。科學準確決策是戰爭制勝的先決條件。人工智慧可進行動態戰場模擬推演，快速給出可行決策，大幅縮短作戰籌劃決策週期，能夠形成決策優勢。

戰略形勢智能研判。融入人工智慧技術的決策輔助系統，具備資訊收集、查詢管理、數據處理、關聯分析等功能，可有效突破人類分析能力的限制，最大限度去偽存真、關聯印證、連結思考，自動進行敵情、我情和戰場環境等大數據分析，形成相關兵力、兵器等對比數據，能夠有效率地輔助作戰指揮，幫助指揮員快速定下作戰決心。

作戰方案智能優選。依托智能化作戰模擬系統，根據預先輸入的作戰任務和打擊目標訊息，自動產生多套形象直觀的方案和計劃，綜合評估其優缺點及潛在風險，優選出最有利於實現指揮員意圖的方案，供指揮員作出最後決斷。各作戰單元接到上級作戰任務和目標需求後，結合本級任務和要求，進一步對戰場目標資訊進行甄別篩選，自主訂定本級最優方案和計畫，實現作戰效能最大化。

決策效能智能預測。智慧化輔助決策系統依賴大數據、高效能計算、神經網絡演算法等智慧化技術，賦予指揮控制系統更高階的「類腦」能力，可以更理性地思考戰場上出現的意外情況，快速得出相對客觀的交戰結果。

制權機理

勢者，因利而製權也。奪取制權是贏得戰爭制勝優勢的關鍵因素。人工智慧可將人的部分智慧「移植」到武器上，使得人與武器系統結合越來越緊密，人機一體深度互動改變了傳統的製權要素，賦予新的製權內涵，能夠助力獲得新的製權優勢。

制域權向高邊疆拓展。未來高度智慧化的無人系統，即使在高溫、極寒、高壓、缺氧、有毒、輻射等惡劣條件下，在極高、極遠、極深、極微、極黑、極亮等極端環境中，仍然可以遂行多種作戰任務，作戰領域和作戰空間的製權之爭向高邊疆、遠邊疆、深邊疆延伸。

制資訊權向多手段拓展。傳統的奪取制資訊權，是透過打擊敵偵察預警體系、破壞其指揮控制系統等手段實現對資訊取得、處理、分發等途徑的控制，而人工智慧主導下的資訊作戰則是將資訊本身作為「彈藥”，奪取制資訊權的手段更加多樣。

製網權向分散式拓展。基於智慧科技構建的網絡資訊體系，提供泛在網絡「雲」以聚合各類終端的戰場資源並提供服務，能夠實現作戰力量模塊化編組、自動化重組，傳統的通過打擊關鍵節點，達成斷網毀鏈的目的將很難再實現，必然是以智慧化分散式打擊模式來應對「去中心化」的戰場。

制腦權向新維域拓展。類腦技術、模擬技術等逐步軍事化，形成了新的博弈和對抗領域，重心由注重物理域、資訊域對抗向更加註重影響和控制對手心理轉變，虛擬現實、聲像合成等技術能夠以假亂真， 「攻芯戰」能夠悄無聲息地改變敵方指揮控制系統演算法，「控腦戰」能夠直接控制敵方決策，透過控制和影響敵方的心理、思維、意誌等，能夠以最小代價實現止戰、勝戰之目的。

行動機理

兵之情主速，乘人之不及。採取敵方意料不到的行動是戰爭制勝的關鍵要害。人工智慧可提高武器裝備、指控系統、行動決策等方面的智慧化程度，使機動反應能力更快、聯合打擊能力更準，創造出超強的行動優勢。

行動速度「秒殺化」。智慧化作戰系統看得見、聽得懂、能學習、會思考，有效縮短了“OODA”循環週期，一旦發現“有機可乘”，便運用智能化控制的超高聲速武器、動能武器、激光武器等，對目標進行遠距離快速「秒殺」。

行動樣式“無人化”。 「無人+智慧」是未來武器裝備發展方向。低成本的無人車、無人機、無人潛航器等無人自主裝備，在集群自主決策系統支援下，可針對作戰目標規劃各單元的任務分工，無人器之間精準對接、自主組合、隱蔽突防，對敵進行集群飽和攻擊。

行動空間「模糊化」。未來戰爭中，利用乾擾手段對敵方的智慧化作戰系統和智慧武器實施軟打擊，利用智慧武器遲滯或影響敵方人員的決策和心理將成為製勝關鍵。這些行動大都是在不知不覺或無聲無息中完成的，呈現敵我雙方不見人影、前方後方界限不清、有形無形難以辨別的「模糊」狀態。

行動布勢「隱身化」。智慧化指揮系統和武器裝備具有生物仿生和隱身性能。只要在平時備戰或訓練演習時提前佈設在可能交戰地域，潛伏預置、休眠待戰，戰時一旦需要適時激活，對敵實施猝然打擊，有助於快速掌握戰爭主動權。

體系機理

五事七計知勝負。未來戰爭是全領域、全系統、全要素、全流程的體系對抗，穩定高效的作戰體係是戰爭制勝的基礎支撐。隨著人工智慧在軍事領域應用不斷拓展，作戰體系智慧化程度越來越高，全域融合的作戰體係將產生強大的體系優勢。

「偵」的手段更多。智慧化作戰集群依托網絡資訊體係與各類大型傳感器、電子戰系統及其他人機交互平台進行連接，運用各作戰單元自身檢測感知設備獲取戰場數據，發揮智能群體自組織特性，強化對聯合作戰體系及後端情報分析的即時偵監支持，能夠實現全局偵搜、聯合預警、協同印證，形成多維一體、全局覆蓋的大區域聯合偵察情報體系。

「控」的領域更廣。運用智慧化無人作戰平台，能夠突破人類思維的邏輯極限、感官的生理極限和存在的物理極限，並代替人類進入深海、太空、極地、強輻射地域等傳統的生命禁區，並長時間置身其中實施“非常規作戰”，從而使作戰空間進一步拓展，具備在更廣的領域持續懾拒對手的實力。

「打」的速度更快。在智慧化網路資訊體系支撐下，情報鏈、指揮鏈、殺傷鏈無縫連接，資訊傳輸速度、決策速度與行動速度同步加快，智慧化作戰單元能夠靈活編組、自主協同、快速打擊。這些都使得時間利用效率極高、戰場反應速度極快。

「評」的精度更準。運用經驗式互動學習、類腦行為體係等智慧化科技，智慧化作戰評估系統能夠自主完成多手段行動效果評估資訊的擷取匯聚、分級分類，基於大數據和全景圖精準感知戰場行動，動態識別作戰過程並糾正缺陷問題，預判複雜戰場變化，綜合規劃、靈活應對。

「保」的效率更高。以裝備維修專家系統、智慧化感知設備為代表的智慧化綜合保障系統的廣泛應用，能夠高效響應各域保障需求，智慧規劃保障資源，保障「雲」聚合各類戰場資源，有效提升網絡化戰場綜合保障能力。

（作者單位：河南省軍區）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2024-05-02&paperNumber=03&articleid=930888

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Understanding Chinese Military Information Support Force

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了解中國軍事資訊保障部隊

現代英語翻譯：

On April 19, 2024, the founding ceremony of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Information Support Force was grandly held in the Beijing Bayi Building. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the Information Support Force and delivered a speech. What kind of force is the information support force? What is the structure and layout of the new military service? What tasks does it perform? In response to these issues, the editor has compiled some official information, let’s study together.

What kind of force is the Information Support Force? The adjustment and establishment of the information support force is a major decision made by the CPC Central Committee and the Central Military Commission based on the overall cause of strengthening the military . It is a strategic measure to build a new type of military structure and layout and improve the modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. It has important and far-reaching significance for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the army and effectively fulfilling the mission and tasks of the people’s army in the new era.The information support force is a newly created strategic branch of the military. It is the key support for the overall construction and use of network information systems . It plays an important role and has heavy responsibilities in promoting the high-quality development of our military and winning modern wars.

What is the structural layout of the new military services?After this reform, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army has generally formed a new military structure layout, including the army, navy, air force, rocket force and other services under the leadership and command of the Central Military Commission , as well as military aerospace forces, cyberspace forces, information support forces, and joint logistics support forces .

The main responsibilities of the four independent arms

Military aerospace forces: responsible for space strategic support missions, improving our military’s space situational awareness, space target monitoring and space information transmission capabilities.

Cyberspace Forces: Responsible for cyberspace strategic support tasks, improving our military’s cyberspace situational awareness, cyber attack defense and cyberspace combat capabilities.

Information support forces: Coordinate the construction and use of network information systems to improve our military’s ability to obtain, transmit, process and utilize information. Enhance situational awareness, command and control, and coordinated combat capabilities, so that our military has informationized combat advantages. Strengthen information protection, ensure information security, and improve our military’s ability to resist network attacks.

Joint Logistics Support Force: Responsible for logistics support tasks, improving our military’s logistics support capabilities and wartime logistics support capabilities. Strengthen capabilities in material supply, medical rescue, engineering support, etc. to ensure that our military can win the battle.

What are the significance and requirements of building a modern information support force?In his speech, Xi Jinping emphasized that the information support force is a newly created strategic branch of the military. It is a key support for the overall construction and use of network information systems. It plays an important role and has heavy responsibilities in promoting the high-quality development of our military and winning modern wars. The following picture will help you understand the role and requirements of modern information support forces.

現代國語：

中國軍事資源：http://www.81it.com/2024/0520/14988.html

#中國太空軍, China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Intelligent Warfare, 中國的情報戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍隊做好戰爭準備, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

What is China’s Organizational Form of the Military in the Era of Intelligence?

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智能化時代中國軍隊的組織形態是什麼？

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2019年4月18日 星期四

現代英語：

The organizational form of the military in the intelligent era is a military organizational form in which the military organizational system, scale structure, force composition and operation mode have the characteristics of the intelligent era, meet the requirements of intelligent warfare, and have an intelligent external manifestation and internal operation state. Since the 21st century, the armies of some developed countries have set off a new wave of intelligent military revolution in order to maintain their military leadership, and the war form has begun to accelerate from informationization to intelligence. The battlefield space has expanded from the traditional physical domain to the ubiquitous cognitive domain and the broad-spectrum social domain, and the combat style has extended to unmanned combat, distributed combat and multi-domain combat. Close coupling of man and machine and flexible and autonomous combat have become the future trend, and the control of intelligence has evolved into the core control of battlefield competition. The world military competition around intelligence has begun, and it is urgent to adapt the organizational form of the military to it, calling for a new round of changes in the organizational form of the military.

The army will be streamlined. With the development of unmanned weapons and equipment based on artificial intelligence and its derivative technologies, the material basis of war and the face of combat forces will change greatly. Unmanned combat forces such as unmanned armored forces, unmanned fleets, and drone forces will soon enter the historical stage and dominate the battlefield in the future. It can be foreseen that an operator of an unmanned force can control several, dozens, or even hundreds of unmanned combat units to perform tasks that were originally completed by a unit, fleet, or fleet. The number of front-line combat personnel will drop significantly, while the number of personnel in the rear who are concerned about how to develop, use, and ensure intelligent equipment will increase sharply. At the same time, the evolution of intelligent technology will enable weapons and equipment to develop from passive use to active learning and deep learning. Autonomous planning, automatic updating, free action, and even self-repair will become the norm. The demand for personnel at all levels and types of combat command, construction management, and comprehensive support will be significantly reduced, further weakening the overall size of the army. Some traditional large-scale troops are facing “collective unemployment.” The ratio of combat personnel to weapons has undergone a historic reversal, with the proportion of combat personnel dropping significantly and the proportion of intelligent unmanned systems rising significantly. The overall appearance of the military will change to an intelligence-intensive, human-machine integrated type, and the weapons and equipment system will evolve from “firepower + information” to “firepower + intelligence”.

Integration of force structure. In the era of mechanized warfare, the prominent features of the military organization are the separation of services and self-development. The battlefield unfolds in the three domains of land, sea and air, and the boundaries of the services are clear. In the era of information warfare, the performance of weapons and equipment has been greatly improved. Each service has broken the original boundaries and gradually extended to other battlefields, ending the pattern of the three services monopolizing land warfare, sea warfare and air warfare respectively. The characteristics of the services have weakened, requiring unprecedented joint combat force systems. In the era of intelligent warfare, the winning mechanism has evolved from the precise release of information-controlled power to cognitive warfare, will warfare, swarm warfare, wolf pack warfare, etc. controlled by intelligence. “Unmanned, invisible, and silent” combat will become the main mode of war. The combination of people and land, sea and air equipment will give way to the combination of people and intelligent machines. The military structure has developed from the “land, sea and air” field organization to the “unmanned + manned” integrated force model divided by combat subjects. The fundamental change in combat style and the full-domain combat capability of weapons and equipment have brought subversive impacts on the traditional combat force organization structure, shaking the foundation of the existence of the services. The services are more integrated and will eventually achieve “integration”. At the same time, the boundaries of traditional battlefields are becoming increasingly blurred, the effects of war expansion are becoming more obvious, the degree of military-civilian integration is deepening, and more and more “soldiers without uniforms” are performing military tasks, which has a profound impact on the composition of traditional armies. The army’s organizational structure is rapidly developing towards a cross-border, cross-domain, and cross-generational mixed organization model.

Flexible command system. Intelligent warfare has the characteristics of “human-machine integration, using speed to defeat slowness”. The situation on the intelligent battlefield is more complex, with all-dimensional and all-domain “hard kill” and “soft confrontation” intertwined and iterated. Multi-type and multi-channel battlefield information converges to form massive data, which poses severe challenges and higher requirements for the construction and operation of the command system. In terms of the establishment of the command system, the command chain evolves to the three levels of “strategic command organization-functional command organization-intelligent combat force”; the command organization personnel are more capable, and the staff seats will be replaced by “cloud brain” and “digital staff”. Commanders will mainly rely on intelligent command systems to analyze information, implement communication control, and process various types of intelligence. With the help of intelligent decision-making technologies such as intelligent recognition of graphic image processing, decision-making “optimization” algorithms, and deep neural networks, the quality of command decisions will be improved, and the shortest “decision-response” cycle will be achieved. In terms of the operation mode of the command system, more attention will be paid to following the human-machine interaction mode, and expanding the application and development of independent and autonomous command decisions by machines. We will promote the intelligence of command and control, use artificial intelligence to obtain useful, orderly, timely and accurate battlefield information data, greatly shorten the operational cycle of operational conception, task allocation, target attack, damage assessment, etc., and ensure that commanders can think more rationally about unexpected situations on the battlefield and deal with battlefield situations, so that they can achieve the operational cycle characteristics of “man out of the loop”. In terms of the configuration of command system authority, commanders are required to actively delegate “power” and let machines replace humans to perform some command and decision-making functions. Some decision-making functions are embedded in machines through implanted programs, and machines are allowed to make autonomous decisions, while retaining the final decision-making power of humans on major matters.

Autonomous combat formation. In the era of information warfare, the external characteristics of combat formations are modularization and “plug and play”, and the formation of troops is quite different from combat formations. In the era of intelligent warfare, combat missions, combat targets, combat space, and combat styles are mixed and varied. The combat effectiveness is determined by the degree of integration between man and machine, requiring combat formations to be more flexible, elastic, and have autonomous adaptability. The emergence of intelligent unmanned forces provides the prerequisite for realizing the autonomous adaptability of combat formations. In 2015, the French army conducted a demonstration and verification of the “neuron” UAV, realizing autonomous formation flight. Several “neurons” can accept the command and control of a “Rafale” fighter at the same time, solving the formation control, information fusion, inter-machine data communication, and tactical decision-making technologies. It is not difficult to speculate that in the future, unmanned forces may have hundreds or thousands of unmanned combat units. Different combat units may have multiple functions such as “reconnaissance, control, attack, and evaluation”, and may also have multi-dimensional combat capabilities such as land, sea, air, space, network, and electricity. By differentiating these combat units into “machine-machine formations” and “man-machine formations”, they can perform tasks in different fields. At the same time, through preset rules, these combat units can also be autonomously organized according to changes in tasks, thereby achieving autonomous adaptability and flexible organization of combat units, and generating diversified combat capabilities that traditional forces do not have.

現代國語：

楊 震 蔣 艷

智能化時代軍隊組織形態，是軍隊組織體制、規模結構、力量編成和運行模式具備智能化時代特徵、符合智能化戰爭要求，具有智能化外在表現形式及內在運作狀態的一種軍隊組織形態。自21世紀以來，一些已開發國家軍隊為維持軍事領先優勢，掀起了新一輪智慧化軍事革命浪潮，戰爭形態開始由資訊化加速向智慧轉型。戰場空間從傳統物理域向泛在認知域、廣譜社會域拓展，作戰樣式向無人作戰、分散式作戰和多域作戰延伸，人機緊密耦合、靈活自主作戰成為未來趨勢，制智權演化為戰場爭奪的核心製權。圍繞智慧化的世界軍事競爭已拉開序幕，迫切要求軍隊組織形態與之相適應，呼喚新一輪軍隊組織形態變革。

軍隊規模精乾化。隨著基於人工智慧及其衍生技術的無人化武器裝備發展，戰爭的物質基礎和作戰力量面貌將發生極大變化。無人裝甲部隊、無人艦隊、無人機部隊等無人作戰部隊即將登上歷史舞台，成為未來戰場主宰。可以預見，無人部隊的一名操作手即可控制數個、數十個、甚至成百上千個無人作戰單元，去執行原來由一支部隊、機群或艦隊完成的任務，一線作戰人員規模將大幅下降，而後方圍繞如何發展、如何運用、如何保障智慧裝備的人員將急劇增加。同時，智慧技術的進化將使武器裝備從被動使用向主動學習、深度學習發展，自主規劃、自動更新、自由行動甚至自我修復成為常態，各級各類作戰指揮、建設管理、綜合保障等人員需求明顯減少，進一步削弱了軍隊整體規模，部分傳統規模化部隊面臨「集體失業」。戰鬥人員與武器編配比例出現歷史性逆轉，戰鬥人員比例大幅下降，而智慧化無人系統的比例大幅上升。軍隊整體面貌將向智力密集、人機融合型轉變，武器裝備體係由「火力+資訊」向「火力+智慧」方向演進。

力量結構一體化。機械化戰爭時代，軍隊組織形態的顯著特徵是軍種分立、自我發展，戰場在陸、海、空三域展開，軍種界限分明；資訊化戰爭時代，武器裝備性能極大提升，各軍種打破原有界限，逐漸向其他戰場延伸拓展，結束了三軍分別壟斷陸戰、海戰和空戰的格局，軍種特性弱化，要求作戰力量體系空前聯合化；智能化戰爭時代，制勝機理由信息控制的力量精確釋放演進到由智慧控制的認知戰、意志戰、蜂群戰、狼戰等，「無人、無形、無聲」作戰將成為戰爭主要模式，人與陸海空裝備組合將讓位給人與智慧機器組合，軍隊結構由「陸、海、空」領域編成向按作戰主體劃分的「無人+有人」一體化力量模式發展。作戰樣式的根本改變和武器裝備的全域作戰能力，對傳統作戰力量編成結構帶來顛覆性影響，動搖了軍種存在的根基，軍種更加一體化，終將實現「合而為一」。同時，傳統戰場邊界日益模糊，戰爭外擴效益明顯，軍民一體化程度加深，越來越多「不穿軍裝的戰士」執行軍事任務，對傳統軍隊構成帶來深刻影響，軍隊編成結構向著跨界、跨域、跨世代混合編組模式快速發展。

指揮體制靈活化。智慧化戰爭具有「人機融合，以快製慢」特點，智慧化戰場態勢更加複雜，全維全局「硬殺傷」「軟對抗」交織迭代，多類型多通路戰場資訊交匯形成海量數據，對指揮體制的建構及運作提出了嚴峻挑戰和更高要求。在指揮體制編制上，指揮鏈向「戰略指揮機構─職能指揮機構─智慧作戰力量」三級演進；指揮機構人員更加精幹，參謀席位將被「雲端大腦」「數位參謀」取代。指揮人員將主要依托智能化指揮系統進行資訊分析、實施通訊控制、處理各類情報，借助圖形影像處理智慧識別、決策「尋優」演算法以及深度神經網路等智慧決策技術提升指揮決策質量，實現最短“決策—反應”週期。在指揮體制運作模式上，更重視遵循人機互動模式，拓展機器獨立自主指揮決策的應用與開發。推進指揮控制智能化，利用人工智慧手段取得有用、有序、及時、準確的戰場資訊數據，大幅壓縮作戰構想、任務分配、目標打擊、毀傷評估等作戰週期，確保指揮官更理性地思考戰場上出現的意外情況，處置戰場態勢，使其實現「人在迴路外」的作戰循環特性。在指揮體制權限配置上，要求指揮官主動放“權”，讓機器代替人類進行一部分指揮決策職能，將部分決策職能通過植入程序嵌入機器，交由機器進行自主決策，保留重大事項的人類最終決策權。

作戰編組自主化。在資訊化戰爭時代，作戰編組的外部特徵是模組化、“即插即用”，部隊編成與作戰編組差異較大。智慧化戰爭時代，作戰任務、作戰對象、作戰空間、作戰樣式混合多變，作戰效能由人與機器的融合程度所決定，要求作戰編組更加靈活、富於彈性、具備自主適應能力。智慧化無人部隊的產生，為實現作戰編組的自主適應提供了前提。 2015年，法軍進行了「神經元」無人機展示驗證，實現了自主編隊飛行，數架「神經元」可同時接受1架「陣風」戰鬥機的指揮控制，解決了編隊控制、資訊融合、機間數據通訊以及戰術決策等技術。不難推測，未來無人部隊可擁有數百上千個無人作戰單元，不同的作戰單元可具備「偵、控、打、評」等多種功能，還可具備陸、海、空、天、網、電等多維作戰能力，將這些作戰單元進行差異化“機機編組”“人機編組”，就能執行不同領域任務。同時，透過預設規則，這些作戰單元還可根據任務變化臨機自主編組，從而實現作戰單元自主適應、彈性編組，產生傳統部隊所不具備的多樣化作戰能力。

中國軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2019-04/18/content_231980.htm

#中國太空軍, #新興戰爭技術, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Space Force, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Intelligent Warfare, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國太空軍, 中國的情報戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

Chinese Military “new domains” and “new quality combat space force”?

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中國軍隊的「新領域」與「新素質作戰太空軍」？

現代英語：

The report of the 20th CPC National Congress proposed to increase the proportion of new-domain and new-quality combat forces. In today’s world, the war situation is accelerating its evolution towards intelligence, and a large number of advanced technologies are widely used in the military field. New-domain and new-quality combat forces have become the commanding heights of strategic competition among major powers and the key force to win the future. Developing new-domain and new-quality combat forces has become a priority option for the world’s military powers. Understanding what is “new” about new-domain and new-quality combat forces is of great value in clarifying ideas, building scientifically, and improving quality and efficiency.

New developments in space

The space domain is the attribute embodiment of the environment that combat forces rely on and the scope of influence. With the expansion of the scope of human activities and the development of national interests, the current military struggle space has exceeded the traditional land, territorial waters and airspace, and has continuously expanded to the deep sea, space, electromagnetic and other fields, and new domains and new types of combat forces have also emerged.

The scope of action has entered social cognition. The scope of action of new-domain and new-quality combat forces has expanded from the traditional physical domain to the social domain and cognitive domain. In the era of intelligence, disruptive technologies represented by artificial intelligence are accelerating the expansion of the scope of influence of combat forces. The rapid application of technologies such as biological cross-fertilization, brain science, and human-computer interface has promoted the deep penetration and high integration of intelligent network systems and human social activities. New situations and new means such as “intelligent deep forgery” and “fabrication of information manholes” have surfaced in large numbers, and the struggle in the social domain and cognitive domain has gradually evolved into a new domain and new “trend” for power games.

The activity space is more three-dimensional and diversified. Driven by advanced technology, new domain and new quality combat forces have broken through the traditional space of land, sea, air and space, and the scope of activities is more three-dimensional and diversified. The deep sea, space, underground, polar regions, etc. have become new territories for the competition of new domain and new quality combat forces, and have grown into a “new sector” for leveraging the combat space. In 2018, the U.S. Department of Defense issued the “National Defense Space Strategy”. Against the background of the establishment of an independent space force and space command in the United States, its space force has evolved into a synonym for comprehensive space capabilities that integrate military, political, economic, and diplomatic capabilities.

Battlefield dimensions emphasize high-level multi-dimensionality. New domain and new quality combat forces often achieve performance aggregation through high-level multi-dimensional deployment, which is very different from the battlefield deployment of conventional forces. With the extension of battlefield dimensions such as network and electromagnetic, the matrix distribution of new domain and new quality combat forces has broken through the traditional three-dimensional limitations and expanded to a high-level space of high-dimensional, full-dimensional, and large-scale joint. At the end of 2019, the US military launched the concept of “all-domain operations”, integrating space, network, electromagnetic and missile defense capabilities, claiming to compete with competitors in all possible conflict dimensions.

Winning mechanism highlights new changes

The winning mechanism contains the mechanism and principle of seizing the right to occupy and winning. At present, the winning mechanism of intelligent high-end warfare is undergoing profound changes. The new domain and new quality combat force is precisely the “blade” that conforms to the evolution of the war form and conforms to the winning mechanism of intelligent high-end warfare.

The focus of force confrontation is on dimensionality reduction and intelligence control. For new domain and new quality combat forces, data drive is the driving force of power, breaking the network chain is the focus of action, and dimensionality reduction and intelligence control is the focus of confrontation. New domain and new quality combat forces confront based on advanced algorithms and intelligent models, effectively drive key nodes such as cloud, terminal, and library of intelligent combat systems, and form intelligent advantages based on data resources. At the same time, focus on attacking weak links such as the enemy’s data chain system and mobile communication network, cut off the enemy’s cross-domain actions, and block its energy release.

The action path tends to be compound and iterative. Conventional combat forces generally achieve the expected effect through the superposition and accumulation of soft kill and hard destruction, while new domain and new quality combat forces use compound iteration of action effects as an effective path for efficient energy release. In the process of action, it not only emphasizes the role of new forces and new means such as hypersonic, long-range precision, laser electromagnetic and high-power microwave, but also focuses on multi-domain effects such as comprehensive algorithm control, network point paralysis, electromagnetic confrontation, psychological offense and defense, and public opinion building, so as to achieve cross-domain release of combat effects, multi-domain resonance and iterative efficiency enhancement.

The game mode focuses on gray over-limit. Traditional combat forces often pursue the direct effect of damage and destruction, while new domain and new quality combat forces pay more attention to gray over-limit battlefield games. The essence is to effectively reduce domains and control intelligence through non-military destruction, unconventional warfare and non-physical destruction in more fields, wider dimensions and wider ranges based on intelligent means and intelligent tools. It is reported that the US military has developed more than 2,000 computer virus weapons such as Stuxnet, Flame, and Shute, and has successfully used them in battlefields such as Syria and Iran. At present, the US military is striving to use projects such as the “National Cyber ​​​​Range” to continue to consolidate its dominant position.

New mutations emerge in science and technology

Science and technology have always been the most dynamic and revolutionary factor in military development. Entering the new century, leading, cutting-edge, and disruptive technologies have shown a “spurting” growth and have become an important variable in promoting the development of new domains and new types of combat forces.

Mutations come from emerging technologies. Advanced technologies play a vital role in driving the development of combat forces. The core technologies that support new-domain and new-quality combat forces have been rapidly transformed from traditional categories to emerging fields. In today’s world, intelligent technology has made new progress, unmanned system technology has entered an explosive period, space confrontation technology has flourished, network combat technology has advanced in depth, new concept weapons technology has attracted much attention, and fusion technology has given birth to disruptive innovation. As the key to changing the rules of the war game, new-domain and new-quality combat forces must firmly grasp the “key to victory” of emerging technologies.

Mutations present cluster effects. Breakthroughs in advanced science and technology often have a decisive impact on the development of new domains and new types of combat forces. In the era of intelligence, the science and technology system is more complex and systematic, and the role of core and key technologies emphasizes cluster effects and overall emergence. At present, the world’s military science and technology presents an all-round, multi-domain, and deep-level development trend. Various professional directions are accelerating through multi-point breakthroughs, multi-party penetration, and deep integration. The key technologies that support new domains and new types of combat forces are also undergoing a transformation from single competition to cluster promotion.

Mutation favors integration and crossover. Advanced science and technology have a subversive effect of changing the rules of engagement and breaking the conventional path in promoting the development of new domain and new quality combat forces. Today, the development of cutting-edge technology is shifting from conventional disciplines to cutting-edge crossovers. Big crossovers, big integrations, and big breakthroughs have become the general trend. The world’s military powers have increased their investment in artificial intelligence, biological crossovers, advanced computing, hypersonics, and other directions, and have used integration and crossover as an effective way to innovate cutting-edge technologies, competing for the strategic commanding heights of the development of new domain and new quality combat forces.

New modes for weapons and equipment

Weapons and equipment have always been an effective carrier for combat forces to exert their effectiveness. The weapons and equipment of new-domain and new-quality combat forces have the characteristics of new technology, new functions, and new modes. They can effectively exert new-domain and new-quality combat capabilities, create a window of advantage, paralyze the opponent’s system, and form a shock effect.

Platform equipment focuses on intelligent unmanned. At present, the platform equipment of new domain and new quality combat forces has broken through the conventional manned control mode and accelerated the transformation to intelligent unmanned form. In recent years, based on the rapid application of intelligent unmanned technology, the full spectrum of unmanned platforms, intelligent equipment and unmanned swarms have experienced explosive growth. The US military’s “Global Hawk” and “Predator” drones have been put into actual combat in large numbers. The F-35 and the unmanned version of the F-16 continue to strengthen manned and unmanned collaboration through the “Loyal Wingman” program. The US military plans that drones will account for 90% of its air force aircraft equipment in the future.

The weapon system highlights heterogeneity and versatility. The integration of various types of data links, standards and waveforms provides a richer set of technical integration tools for the weapon systems of new-domain and new-quality combat forces. The weapon systems of new-domain and new-quality combat forces have changed the fixed state of individual operation and static combination, and put more emphasis on heterogeneous hinges and data conversion based on network information systems to quickly build cross-domain and cross-dimensional wide-area distributed weapon systems. In 2017, the US military proposed the concept of “mosaic warfare”, envisioning the use of dynamic distribution technology to transform the previously centralized and static weapon systems into heterogeneous and multi-functional ones.

The equipment system is more flexible and open. The equipment system of the new domain and new quality combat force has changed the structural mode of element series connection and unit parallel connection, becoming more flexible and open. With the help of “decentralized” design, the new domain and new quality combat force distributes the key functions of the equipment system nodes to each unit module, which can effectively avoid the passive situation of paralysis as a whole once a certain type or some key equipment is hit. In recent years, the US military has actively promoted the test and verification of “sewing” new electronic system integration technology, which is to accelerate the development of new information fusion and interoperability technologies.

New forms of force formation

Force organization is a form of deployment of combat forces, which directly affects the role and effectiveness of combat forces. New-domain and new-type combat forces have the characteristics of new force platforms, wide range of areas involved, innovative combat mechanisms, and sudden technological development. Force organization is significantly different from traditional forces.

The integration of elements emphasizes dynamic reconstruction. New-domain and new-quality combat forces have realized the dynamic reconstruction and cross-domain integration of combat elements, and promoted the transformation of combat elements from static matching to dynamic reconstruction. Based on the support of intelligent network information system, new-domain and new-quality combat forces can give full play to the derivative effectiveness of intelligent technology, and build a fusion iterative update mechanism of system elements based on autonomous and intelligent battlefield real-time command and control. Through heterogeneous functional elements and unit modules, iterative updates of system elements, reorganization and optimization of system structure, and evolutionary improvement of system capabilities can be achieved.

The unit architecture relies on cross-domain networking. The new domain and new quality combat force has achieved a leap from intra-domain combination to multi-domain aggregation of the unit architecture. Using advanced information network technology and based on mutually cooperative functional nodes, the new domain and new quality combat force can build a distributed “kill network” with good resilience to achieve wide-area configuration, cross-domain networking and multi-domain aggregation of combat units and basic modules. In the U.S. Army’s “Convergence Plan 2020” exercise, the “Firestorm” artificial intelligence-assisted decision-making system was able to achieve target input for the cutting-edge “Gray Eagle” drone within 20 seconds, and connect with attack weapons such as glide guided bombs, helicopters, and ground artillery.

The formation structure emphasizes human-machine hybrid. The new domain and new quality combat force has realized the transformation of the formation structure from manned to man-machine hybrid. The application of a large number of unmanned platforms and unmanned combat clusters enables the new domain and new quality combat force to rely on the intelligent combat system to form a heterogeneous and diverse open hybrid formation. Based on artificial intelligence and machine learning technology, various unmanned system platforms can autonomously build links and networks to generate multiple sets of combination plans. With the help of auxiliary decision-making tools, commanders can quickly select the best man-machine hybrid formation to achieve intelligent decision-making and unexpected victory.

現代國語：

黨的二十大報告提出，增加新域新質作戰力量比重。當今世界，戰爭形態加速向智慧化演變，大量先進科技在軍事領域廣泛應用，新域新質作戰力量已成為大國戰略競爭的製高點和製勝未來的關鍵力量。發展新域新質作戰力量已成為世界軍事強國的優先選項。認清新域新質作戰力量到底「新」在哪裡，對於釐清思緒、科學抓建、提升質效具有重要價值。

空間領域出現新拓展

空間領域是作戰力量環境依賴和影響範圍的屬性體現。隨著人類活動範圍的擴大和國家利益的發展，當前軍事鬥爭空間已經超越傳統的領陸、領海和領空，不斷向深海、太空、電磁等領域拓展，新域新質作戰力量也隨之應運而生。

作用領域進入社會認知。新域新質作戰力量的作用領域已由傳統的物理域擴展進入社會域、認知域。智慧化時代，以人工智慧為代表的顛覆性技術加速擴展作戰力量的影響領域。生物交叉、類腦科學和人機介面等技術的快速應用，促使智慧化網絡體係與人類社會活動深度滲透、高度融合。 「智慧深度偽造」「編制資訊繭房」等新情況、新手段大量浮出水面，社會域、認知域的鬥爭已逐漸演變為力量博弈的新領域和新「風口」。

活動空間更加立體多元。在先進技術推動下，新域新質作戰力量已突破陸、海、空、天等傳統空間，活動範圍更加立體多元。深海、太空、地下、極地等都已成為新域新質作戰力量角逐比拼的新領地，並成長為撬動作戰空間的「新版塊」。 2018年，美國國防部發布《國防太空戰略》，在美國成立獨立太空軍和太空司令部的背景下，其太空力量已經演變成為集軍事、政治、經濟、外交等於一體的太空綜合能力代名詞。

戰場維度強調高階多維。新域新質作戰力量往往透過高層的多維布勢實現效能聚合，與常規力量的戰場部署表現出極大不同。隨著網絡、電磁等戰場維度的延展，新域新質作戰力量的矩陣分佈已突破傳統的三維限制，擴展到高立體、全維度、大聯合的高階空間。 2019年底，美軍推出「全域作戰」概念，將太空、網路、電磁和導彈防禦等能力整合，聲稱要與競爭對手在所有可能的沖突維度展開競爭。

制勝機理突顯新變化

制勝機理蘊含著搶佔制權、奪取勝利的機制和原理。當前，智慧化高端戰爭的製勝機理正在發生深刻改變，新域新質作戰力量恰恰正是順應戰爭形態演變、契合智能化高端戰爭制勝機理的「刀鋒」。

力量對抗聚焦降維制智。對新域新質作戰力量來說，數據驅動是力量的動力來源，破擊網鍊是作用的著力處，降維制智是對抗的聚焦點。新域新質作戰力量基於先進演算法和智慧模型對抗，有效驅動智慧化作戰體系雲、端、庫等關鍵節點，形成基於數據資源的智慧優勢。同時，注重打擊敵方數據鏈體系和行動通訊網等弱點，切斷敵跨域行動，阻隔其能量釋放。

作用路徑傾向複合迭代。常規作戰力量一般透過軟殺傷和硬摧毀的疊加累積達成預期效果，新域新質作戰力量則將作用效果的複合迭代作為高效釋能的有效路徑。作用過程中，其不僅強調發揮高超聲速、遠程精確、雷射電磁和高功率微波等新力量、新手段的作用，而且注重綜合演算法控制、網點毀癱、電磁對抗、心理攻防和輿論造勢等多域效果，以實現作戰效果的跨域釋放、多域共振和迭代增效。

博弈方式註重灰色超限。傳統作戰力量常常追求毀傷破壞的直接作用，新域新質作戰力量更重視灰色超限的戰場賽局。實質是基於智慧手段和智慧工具，在更多領域、更寬維度和更廣範圍，通過非軍事破壞、非常規作戰和非物理摧毀等作用方式，有效降域制智。據悉，美軍已研發出震網、火焰、舒特等2,000多種電腦病毒武器，並在敘利亞、伊朗等戰場成功使用。目前，美軍正力求藉助「國家網絡靶場」等項目，持續鞏固其優勢地位。

科學技術湧現新突變

科學技術一直以來都是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。進入新世紀，先導性、前衛性、顛覆性技術呈現「井噴式」成長，並成為推動新域新質作戰力量發展的重要變數。

突變源於新興科技。先進科技對作戰力量的產生發展具有至關重要的驅動作用，而支撐新域新質作戰力量的核心技術已由傳統範疇加速向新興領域轉變。當今世界，智慧技術取得新進展，無人系統技術進入爆發期，空間對抗技術蓬勃興起，網絡作戰技術向縱深推進，新概念武器技術備受關注，融合技術催生顛覆性創新。新域新質作戰力量作為改變戰爭遊戲規則的關鍵，必須緊緊扭住新興科技這把「勝利之鑰」。

突變呈現集群效應。先進科技的突破往往對新域新質作戰力量的發展有決定性影響。在智慧化時代，科技體系的複雜程度更高、系統性更強，核心和關鍵技術的作用發揮更加強調集群效應和整體湧現。當前，世界軍事科技呈現全方位、多領域、深層次的發展態勢，各專業方向透過多點突破、多方滲透和深度融合等方式加速推進，支撐新域新質作戰力量的關鍵技術也正在經歷由單項比拼向集群推動轉換。

突變青睞融合交叉。先進科技對於推動新域新質作戰力量發展，具有改變交戰規則、打破常規路徑的顛覆性效果。如今，前沿技術的發展正由常規學科延伸向前沿交叉轉移，大交叉、大融合、大突破已成為大勢所趨。世界軍事強國紛紛在人工智慧、生物交叉、先進計算、高超音波等方向加大投入，並將融合交叉作為前沿技術創新的有效途徑，爭相搶佔新域新質作戰力量發展的戰略制高點。

武器裝備呈現新模態

武器裝備一直以來都是作戰力量發揮效用的有效載體。新域新質作戰力量的武器裝備具有技術新、功能新、模態新等特點，可有效發揮新域新質作戰能力，創設優勢窗口，毀癱對方體系，形成震懾效應。

平台裝備側重於智慧無人。當前，新域新質作戰力量的平台裝備已經突破有人為主的常規操控模式，加速向智慧化無人形態轉變。近年來，基於智慧化無人技術的快速應用，全譜係無人平台、智慧裝備和無人蜂群迎來爆發性成長。美軍「全球鷹」「掠食者」等無人機已大量投入實戰，F-35與無人版F-16通過「忠誠僚機」計畫不斷強化有人無人協同。美軍規劃未來無人機將佔到其空軍飛機裝備量的90%。

武器系統突顯異構多能。多種類型的數據鏈、標準和波形的整合，為新域新質作戰力量的武器系統提供了更豐富的技術整合工具。新域新質作戰力量的武器系統改變了個體運行、靜態組合的固定狀態，更加強調基於網絡資訊體系的異構鉸鍊和數據轉換，以快速構建跨領域、穿維度的廣域分散式武器系統。 2017年，美軍提出「馬賽克戰」概念，設想藉助動態分佈技術將以往集中靜態的武器系統變得異構且多能。

裝備體系更彈性開放。新域新質作戰力量的裝備體系改變了要素串聯、單元並聯的結構化模式，變得更有彈性開放。透過「去中心化」設計，新域新質作戰力量將裝備體系節點的關鍵功能分散至各單元模塊，可有效避免一旦某類或某些重點裝備遭到打擊，整體陷入癱瘓的被動局面。近幾年，美軍積極推進「縫合」全新電子系統整合技術的試驗驗證，就是要加速研發新型資訊融合與互通技術。

力量編組顯現新樣態

力量編組是作戰力量編配的形式體現，直接影響作戰力量的角色發揮與效能釋放。新域新質作戰力量具有力量平台新生性、涉及領域廣泛性、作戰機理創新性和技術發展突變性等特徵，力量編組與傳統力量相比有著明顯不同。

要素融合強調動態重構。新域新質作戰力量實現了作戰要素的動態重構與跨域融合，推動了作戰要素由靜態搭配向動態重構的轉變。基於智慧化網絡資訊體系的支撐，新域新質作戰力量可充分發揮智慧技術的衍生效能，基於自主化、智慧化的戰場實時指揮控制，構建一種體係要素的融合式迭代更新機制。透過異構的功能要素和單元模塊，實現體係要素的迭代更新、體系結構的重組優化和體系能力的演進提升。

單元架構借助跨域組網。新域新質作戰力量實現了單元架構由域內組合向多域聚合躍升。利用先進的資訊網絡技術，基於相互協作的功能節點，新域新質作戰力量可構建具有良好韌性的分佈式“殺傷網”，以實現作戰單元和基本模塊的廣域配置、跨域組網和多域聚合。在美陸軍「融合計畫2020」演習中，「火焰風暴」人工智慧輔助決策系統能夠在20秒鐘內實現前沿「灰鷹」無人機的目標輸入，並與滑翔導引炸彈、直升機、地面火砲等攻擊武器連接起來。

編組構成講求人機混合。新域新質作戰力量實現了編組構成由有人為主向人機混合轉變。大量無人平台和無人作戰集群的應用，使得新域新質作戰力量能夠依托智能化作戰體系，形成異構多樣的開放式混合編組。各類無人系統平台基於人工智慧與機器學習技術，自主建鏈組網，產生多套組合方案。指揮員借助輔助決策工具，可快速選定最優的人機混合編組，以實現智慧決策、出奇制勝。

來源：解放軍報 作者：劉海江 責任編輯：劉上靖 2022-11-29

中國國防部原文資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4927208.html?big=fan