Tag Archives: #Chinese Military Future Wars

China’s Military Era of Intelligence Calls for Training to Transform into “Smart Warfare”

中國軍事智能化時代呼喚訓練向「智慧戰爭」轉型

現代英語:

Zeng Haiqing

introduction

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution is developing rapidly. Disruptive technologies represented by artificial intelligence are accelerating the evolution of war to intelligent warfare. Winning intelligent warfare has gradually become the focus of military competition among powerful countries. As a pre-practice of war, military training should take a new step towards intelligence in a timely manner, realize the transformation to “intelligence”, train soldiers with “intelligence”, continuously improve the scientific and technological level and “intelligence content” of military training, and help accelerate the generation of intelligent combat capabilities.

Keeping up with the changes in the war situation, upgrading the concept of intelligent training

With the acceleration of the intelligent era, high-tech has been widely used in the military field, which is causing major changes in the concept, elements and methods of winning wars. The size of the army and the number of equipment are no longer the key to winning a war. It is imperative to upgrade the war thinking and training concepts. We should follow the development trend of intelligence with a more proactive attitude and a more open vision, and advocate new thinking in intelligent military training.

Grasp the internal mechanism of intelligent victory. The winning mechanism is the manifestation of the internal laws of war. Driven by the intelligent revolution, driven by strategic competition, and guided by war practice, the advantages of information-generated intelligence and intelligence-enabled capabilities are becoming increasingly apparent, reflected in actuarial science, jointness, systems, and other aspects. To a certain extent, it can be said that the higher the “intelligence”, the higher the quality level of combat and training can be. Therefore, an army whose training thinking remains at the mechanized level will never be able to keep up with the pace of intelligent warfare no matter how it is trained. We should have a “brain storm” with the courage of self-revolution, upgrade the concept of intelligent warfare, strengthen the theoretical research of intelligent training, deal with the problems of mechanized, informationized, and intelligent warfare with the thinking of training troops with “intelligence”, organically connect training and fighting, design wars with advanced technology, and rehearse wars with intelligent means, so as to clear up the fog of intelligent warfare.

Establish the goal of “strengthening the strong”. At present, the military of developed countries is implementing a training transformation with an emphasis on intelligence, trying to further widen the gap in combat power with the military of other countries. Once the military gap is widened, it will be difficult to make up. If you can’t keep up, you may be completely controlled by others. Only by keeping a close eye on the opponent can you surpass the opponent. We must highlight the goal of “strengthening the strong” in military training, and improve the level of military intelligence and asymmetric combat capabilities in training.

Strengthen the goal positioning of science and technology empowerment. Science and technology are the core combat power. Driven by science and technology, the combat power form has leaped from mechanical energy type and information energy type to intelligent type. Traditional siege-style large-scale troop operations are gradually withdrawing from the historical stage, and cutting-edge competition in high-tech and emerging fields is becoming increasingly fierce. If military training does not improve its scientific and technological content, it will only be able to linger at a low level and it will be difficult to open the door to intelligent warfare. To this end, we should firmly establish the concept of winning through science and technology, firmly grasp scientific and technological innovation, the “life gate” and “key point” to winning future wars, greatly improve the scientific and technological content of military training, and increase the practical application of new technologies and new means such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and big data, so as to unveil the mystery of intelligent warfare and control the initiative in future wars.

Keep up with the changes in technological development and strengthen intelligent training conditions

Intelligent training conditions are the basic support for organizing and implementing intelligent military training, and are directly related to the quality and effectiveness of intelligent training. To build an intelligent training environment, we need to keep a close eye on the development of intelligent concepts, intelligent technology, and intelligent warfare, and continue to work hard in building a training environment, innovating training methods, and cultivating new talents.

Construct a realistic battlefield environment. Intelligent warfare has a wider space, a wider range of fields, and more diverse methods. The battlefield environment construction under the conditions of simple mechanization and informatization can no longer support the needs of intelligent training. We should highlight the elite confrontation, rapid confrontation, and joint confrontation under the support of intelligent conditions, fully tap the potential of existing training methods and training venues, strengthen the application of technologies such as big data analysis, smart wearable devices, and machine “deep learning”, and effectively integrate various fields such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. For example, use digital maps, virtual reality and other technologies to simulate and display intuitive three-dimensional terrain, weather and complex combat situations, and construct vivid and realistic intelligent actual combat scenes.

Develop advanced training methods. Advanced training methods are helpful to improve training effectiveness. Intelligent military training should grasp the key factor of intelligent “data-centricity” and transform the latest scientific and technological achievements into training conditions. We should focus on strengthening data linkage and integration, creating a “data pool” covering strategy, campaign, and tactics, and connecting command organizations to end-users; developing data intelligent analysis tools, integrating and mining combat data with the help of advanced technologies such as cloud computing and artificial intelligence; developing intelligent training systems, increasing the construction of simulation training methods such as simulation, war game confrontation, network confrontation, and intelligent decision-making, and overall promoting the transformation and upgrading of military training methods to “technology +” and “intelligence +”.

Cultivate new military talents. No matter how the war situation evolves, people are always the real controllers and final decision-makers of war. The quality of military personnel’s intelligence level determines the quality and effect of intelligent training to a certain extent. To win the information-based local war with intelligent characteristics, we should accurately match future military needs, strengthen the intelligent training of traditional combat force talents, make good use of “technology +”, “maker +”, “think tank +” power resources, promote the integrated development of “commanders”, “combatants” and “scientists” and “technicians”, and forge a new type of professional and intelligent military talent group to achieve intelligent interaction between people and equipment, deep integration between people and systems, and extensive adaptation between people and the environment.

Strengthen support for intelligent equipment. At present, the world’s major military powers attach great importance to the development of intelligent equipment. New equipment such as unmanned “swarms” and unmanned submarines are emerging in an endless stream, supporting intelligent military training while constantly testing and improving them in training practice. To this end, we should make full use of the overall coordination mechanism of war construction, vigorously promote the “+ intelligence” of existing equipment and the “intelligent +” construction of a new generation of equipment, insist on researching, building, using and improving, and improve the intelligence level of weapons and equipment through breakthroughs in training practice. We should work on both ends to achieve a multiplier effect, shorten the timeline of weapons and equipment from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence”, and better support intelligent military training.

Keeping up with the changes in war practices, innovating intelligent training models

The combat style determines the training mode. After years of development, military intelligence has moved from theoretical exploration to battlefield practice. In recent local wars, intelligent warfare has begun to show its edge and has shown the potential to change the “rules of the game” of war. As the combat style changes, the training mode must also change and change proactively. We must keep a close eye on the characteristics of intelligent warfare, innovate intelligent military training models, and fully rehearse the next war in military training.

Highlight high-end warfare research and training. We should focus on cracking the essence of high-end warfare by strengthening the enemy, continue to deepen research on strengthening the enemy, and use the development of new combat concepts and training theories as a starting point to understand the development laws and winning mechanisms of high-end warfare. We should predict future wars and design combat styles from a high-end perspective, and pool wisdom and innovation to research unique, clever, and high-level strategies to defeat the enemy. We must emphasize key actions such as joint missile defense, target strategic campaign and tactical training to force strong organizations to defeat the strong with the weak, target practical training for asymmetric checks and balances to win decisive battles in high-end organizations, target extended training in new domains such as the far sea and far domain for all-domain confrontation organizations, seize high positions in future wars through innovative training, and develop combat capabilities that are “one step ahead in intelligence” and “one step ahead in skills” against powerful enemies.

Emphasize the training of new-type forces. The transformation of war from winning by force and equipment to winning by wisdom has made new-type combat forces a new growth pole of combat power. According to information, the US military plans to achieve intelligentization of 60% of ground combat platforms by 2030, and the Russian military expects that the proportion of intelligent weapons and equipment will exceed 30% by 2025. As the army has more and more new equipment with intelligent attributes, it should move away from the actual combat training path with new-type combat forces as the dominant element, highlight the formation and combat use of new-type combat forces, carry out training methods and tactics that are compatible with the new domain combat concept and winning mechanism, increase new types of training such as unmanned combat, promote the integration of new-type forces into the combat system, and make new-type combat power resources move and come alive.

Emphasize intelligent command training. No matter how the war situation evolves, command capability is always the key to winning the war. As the intelligence level of war continues to increase, planning and command based solely on experience and personal wisdom can no longer adapt to the ever-changing battlefield situation. Artificial intelligence decision-making training has become an inevitable trend to improve the efficiency of combat mission planning, combat planning, and command and control. We should focus on commanders and command organizations, which are the key to the system’s operations, seek breakthroughs in the scientific nature, accuracy, and timeliness of command planning, and rely on new technologies such as “big data” and “AI algorithms” and new methods such as “engineering” and “one network” to promote the upgrading of command planning from “human intelligence” training to “human intelligence + intelligence” training. We should judge the enemy’s situation, formulate plans, and determine actions through actuarial and detailed calculations, so as to achieve the goal of defeating the slow with the fast and getting the upper hand over the enemy.

(Author’s unit: Central Theater Command)

現代國語:

■曾海清

引言

當前,新一輪科技革命和軍事革命快速發展,以人工智慧為代表的顛覆性技術,正加速推動戰爭形態向智慧化戰爭演變,打贏智能化戰爭逐漸成為強國軍事競爭的焦點。軍訓作為戰爭的預實踐,應該及時邁開智能化新步伐,實現向“智”轉型、以“智”練兵,不斷提高軍事訓練科技度和“含智量”,助力智能化作戰能力加快生成。

緊跟戰爭形態之變,升級智慧化訓練概念

隨著智慧化時代的加速到來,高新技術在軍事領域廣泛應用,正引發戰爭制勝理念、制勝要素、制勝方式發生重大變化。軍隊規模、裝備數量已不再是決定戰爭勝負的關鍵,升級戰爭思想和訓練理念勢在必行。我們當以更主動的姿態、更加開放的視野,緊跟智慧化發展趨勢,倡導智慧化軍事訓練新思維。

把握智能製勝的內在機理。制勝機理是戰爭內在規律的表現。在智慧革命驅動下、戰略競爭推動下、戰爭實踐牽引下,資訊生智、以智賦能的優勢愈發顯現,體現在精算、聯合、體係等各個面向。在某種程度上,可以說「智」有多高,戰與訓的品質水準就能夠達到多高。所以,一支訓練思維停留在機械化層面的軍隊,如何訓練都不可能跟上智慧化戰爭的腳步。應該以自我革命的勇氣來一場“頭腦風暴”,升級智能化作戰理念,加強智能化訓練理論研究,以以“智”練兵思維處理機械化、信息化、智能化作戰問題,把訓練和打仗有機銜接起來,用先進技術設計戰爭,用智慧手段演練戰爭,從而廓清智能化戰爭的迷霧。

立起向強制強的標靶指向。目前,發達國家軍隊正實施以智慧化為重點的訓練轉型,試圖進一步拉大與其他國家軍隊的戰力代差。軍事上的代差一旦拉開將很難追回,一步跟不上就可能徹底受制於人,只有盯緊對手才可能超越對手。要把向強制強在軍訓中突出出來,在練兵中提高軍事智慧化水準和非對稱作戰能力。

強化科技賦能的目標定位。科技是核心戰鬥力。在科技驅動下,戰鬥力形態已經從機械能型、資訊能型向智能型躍升,傳統攻城略地式大兵團作戰正逐步退出歷史舞台,高科技、新興領域的尖端較量日趨激烈。軍事訓練若不提高科技含量,將只能在低層次徘徊,很難叩開智能化戰爭的大門。為此,應該樹牢科技制勝理念,緊緊抓住科技創新這一制勝未來戰爭的“命門”和“要穴”,大幅提高軍事訓練科技含量,加大人工智能、雲計算、大數據等新科技新手段的實踐運用,從而揭開智慧化戰爭的神秘面紗,掌控未來戰爭主動權。

緊跟科技發展之變,建強智能化訓練條件

智慧化訓練條件是組織實施智慧化軍事訓練的基礎支撐,直接關乎智慧化訓練質效。建構智慧化的訓練條件環境,需要我們緊盯智慧理念、智慧科技和智慧化作戰的發展,在構設訓練環境、創新訓練手段、培育新型人才等方面持續用力。

構設逼真戰場環境。智慧化作戰,空間更加廣闊、領域更廣泛、方式更加多元,單純機械化資訊化條件下的戰場環境構設已無法支撐智慧化訓練需求。應突顯智慧化條件支撐下的精兵對抗、快速對抗、聯動對抗,充分挖潛現有訓練手段及訓練場地功能,加強大數據分析、智慧穿戴設備、機器「深度學習」等技術應用,把陸、海、空、天、電、網等各個領域有效融合起來,例如利用數字地圖、虛擬現實等技術模擬顯示形象直觀的三維地貌、天候氣象和復雜交戰態勢,構建生動、逼真的智能化實戰場景。

發展先進訓練手段。先進的訓練手段,有助於提升訓練成效。智慧化軍事訓練應掌握智慧化「以數據為中心」這個關鍵因素,把最新科技成果轉化為訓練條件。應著重加強數據連結融合,打造覆蓋戰略、戰役、戰術,貫通指揮機構到末端單兵的「數據池」;開發數據智慧分析工具,借助雲計算、人工智慧等先進技術,整合挖掘作戰數據;開發智慧演訓系統,加大模擬模擬、兵棋對抗、網絡對抗、智慧裁決等模擬訓練手段建設,整體推動軍事訓練手段向「科技+」「智慧+」轉型升級。

培養新型軍事人才。無論戰爭形態如何演變,人始終是戰爭的真正控制者和最終決策者。軍事人員智能化程度的優劣,某種程度上決定了智慧化訓練的品質效果。要打贏具有智慧化特徵的資訊化局部戰爭,應該精準對接未來軍事需求,加強傳統作戰力量人才智能化培育,用好“科技+”“創客+”“智庫+”力量資源,推動“指揮員」「戰鬥員」與「科學家」「技術家」融合發展,鍛造專業化、智慧化的新型軍事人才群體,實現人與裝備智慧互動、人與體系深度融合、人與環境廣泛適應。

強化智能裝備支撐。目前,世界主要軍事強國都高度重視智慧裝備發展,無人「蜂群」、無人潛航器等新裝備層出不窮,一邊支撐智慧化軍事訓練,一邊又在訓練實踐中不斷檢驗完善。為此,應充分以好戰建備統籌機制,大力推進現有裝備「+智慧」與新一代裝備「智慧+」建設,堅持邊研邊建邊用邊改,以訓練實踐突破提升武器裝備智慧化水平,兩端發力實現倍增效應,縮短武器裝備從“弱智”到“強智”再到“超智”的時間軸,更好地支撐智能化軍事訓練。

緊跟戰爭實踐之變,創新智能化訓練模式

作戰樣式決定訓練模式。軍事智能化經過多年發展,已經從理論探索走向戰場實踐。近年來的局部戰爭中,智慧化作戰已經初露鋒芒,並顯現出改變戰爭「遊戲規則」的潛力。作戰樣式變了,訓練模式也要跟著變、主動變。要緊盯智慧化戰爭特點,創新智慧化軍事訓練模式,在軍事訓練中充分預演下一場戰爭。

突顯高端戰爭研練。要立足強敵打高端戰爭這個基點,突顯破解高端戰爭本質,持續深化強敵研究,以開發新型作戰概念和訓練理論為抓手,搞清高端戰爭發展規律和製勝機理。從高端的視角預判未來戰爭、設計作戰樣式,集智創新研究克敵制勝的奇招、妙招、高招。要突顯聯合反導等關鍵行動,瞄準向強制強組織以劣勝優的戰略戰役戰術訓練,瞄準決勝高端組織非對稱制衡實戰訓練,瞄準全局對抗組織遠海遠域等新域延伸訓練,在創新訓練中搶佔未來戰爭高位,形成對強敵「智高一籌」「技高一籌」的作戰能力。

突顯新質力量研練。戰爭從力勝、器勝到智勝的轉變,使得新型作戰力量成為戰鬥力新的成長極。據資料介紹,美軍計畫在2030年實現60%地面作戰平台智能化,俄軍預計2025年智慧化武器裝備佔比將超過30%。隨著軍隊具有智慧屬性的新裝備越來越多,應走開以新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化練兵路子,突顯新質作戰力量編成、作戰運用,開展與新域作戰概念、制勝機理相適應的訓法戰法,加大無人作戰等新樣式訓練,推動新質力量融入作戰體系,讓新質戰鬥力資源動起來、活起來。

突出智能指揮研練。無論戰爭形態如何演變,指揮能力始終是能打勝仗的關鍵能力。隨著戰爭智能化程度不斷提高,僅憑經驗和個人智慧進行籌劃和指揮已不能適應瞬息萬變的戰場局勢,人工智慧決策訓練已成為提升作戰任務規劃、作戰籌劃、指揮控制效率的必然趨勢。應該扭住指揮員和指揮機構這個體係作戰關鍵,在指揮籌劃科學性、精確性、時效性上求突破,依托「大數據」「AI演算法」新技術和「工程化」「一張網」新手段,推動指揮謀劃由「人智」訓練向「人智+機智」訓練升級,在精算深算細算中判敵情、立方案、定行動,達到以快吃慢、先敵一手。

(作者單位:中部戰區)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4916122888.html

Chinese Weaponization of Digitalization, Networking, Intelligence, Grasping the Focus New Chinese Generation of Information Technology

數位化、網路化、智慧化的中國武器化,抓住中國新一代資訊科技的焦點

現代英語:

Digitalization, networking, and intelligence are the prominent features of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, and are also the core of the new generation of information technology. Digitalization lays the foundation for social informatization, and its development trend is the comprehensive dataization of society. Dataization emphasizes the collection, aggregation, analysis and application of data. Networking provides a physical carrier for information dissemination, and its development trend is the widespread adoption of information-physical systems (CPS). Information-physical systems will not only give birth to new industries, but will even reshape the existing industrial layout. Intelligence reflects the level and level of information application, and its development trend is the new generation of artificial intelligence. At present, the upsurge of the new generation of artificial intelligence has arrived.

  In his important speech at the 2018 General Assembly of Academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out: “The world is entering a period of economic development dominated by the information industry. We must seize the opportunity of the integrated development of digitalization, networking, and intelligence, and use informatization and intelligence as leverage to cultivate new momentum.” This important statement is an accurate grasp of the dominant role and development trend of information technology in today’s world, and an important deployment for using information technology to promote national innovation and development.

  Human society, the physical world, and information space constitute the three elements of today’s world. The connection and interaction between these three worlds determine the characteristics and degree of social informatization. The basic way to perceive human society and the physical world is digitization, the basic way to connect human society and the physical world (through information space) is networking, and the way information space acts on the physical world and human society is intelligence. Digitalization, networking, and intelligence are the prominent features of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, and are also the focus of the new generation of information technology. Digitalization lays the foundation for social informatization, and its development trend is the comprehensive dataization of society; networking provides a physical carrier for information dissemination, and its development trend is the widespread adoption of information-physical systems (CPS); intelligence reflects the level and level of information application, and its development trend is the new generation of artificial intelligence.

  Digitalization: From computerization to dataization

  Digitalization refers to the technical approach of storing, transmitting, processing, handling and applying information carriers (text, pictures, images, signals, etc.) in digital coding form (usually binary). Digitalization itself refers to the way of representing and processing information, but in essence it emphasizes the computerization and automation of information application. In addition to digitalization, dataization (data is an information carrier in coded form, and all data is digital) emphasizes the collection, aggregation, analysis and application of data, and strengthens the production factors and productivity functions of data. Digitalization is developing from computerization to dataization, which is one of the most important trends in the current social informatization.

  The core connotation of dataization is the deep understanding and deep use of big data generated by the integration of information technology revolution and economic and social activities. Big data is a fragmentary record of social economy, real world, management decision-making, etc., containing fragmented information. With the breakthrough of analytical technology and computing technology, it is possible to interpret this fragmented information, which makes big data a new high-tech, a new scientific research paradigm, and a new way of decision-making. Big data has profoundly changed the way people think and live and work, bringing unprecedented opportunities to management innovation, industrial development, scientific discovery and other fields.

  The value generation of big data has its inherent laws (obeying the big data principle). Only by deeply understanding and mastering these laws can we improve the awareness and ability to consciously and scientifically use big data (big data thinking). The value of big data is mainly realized through big data technology. Big data technology is an extension and development of statistical methods, computer technology, and artificial intelligence technology. It is a developing technology. The current hot directions include: blockchain technology, interoperability technology, storage and management technology of integrated storage and computing, big data operating system, big data programming language and execution environment, big data foundation and core algorithm, big data machine learning technology, big data intelligent technology, visualization and human-computer interaction analysis technology, authenticity judgment and security technology, etc. The development of big data technology depends on the solution of some major basic problems, including: the statistical basis and computational theoretical basis of big data, the hardware and software basis and computational methods of big data computing, and the authenticity judgment of big data inference.

  Implementing the national big data strategy is an important way to promote the digital revolution. Since my country proposed the implementation of the national big data strategy in 2015, the pattern of rapid development of big data in my country has been initially formed, but there are also some problems that need to be solved: data openness and sharing are lagging, and the dividends of data resources have not been fully released; the profit model of enterprises is unstable, and the integrity of the industrial chain is insufficient; core technologies have not yet made major breakthroughs, and the technical level of related applications is not high; there are still loopholes in security management and privacy protection, and the construction of relevant systems is still not perfect; etc. At present, effective measures should be taken to solve the bottleneck problems that restrict the development of big data in my country.

  Networking: From the Internet to Cyber-Physical Systems

  As an information-based public infrastructure, the Internet has become the main way for people to obtain, exchange and consume information. However, the Internet only focuses on the interconnection between people and the resulting interconnection between services.

  The Internet of Things is a natural extension and expansion of the Internet. It connects various objects to the Internet through information technology, helping people obtain relevant information about the objects they need. The Internet of Things uses information collection equipment such as radio frequency identification, sensors, infrared sensors, video surveillance, global positioning systems, laser scanners, etc., and connects objects to the Internet through wireless sensor networks and wireless communication networks, so as to achieve real-time information exchange and communication between objects and between people and objects, so as to achieve the purpose of intelligent identification, positioning, tracking, monitoring and management. The Internet realizes the interconnection between people and services, while the Internet of Things realizes the cross-connection between people, objects and services. The core technologies of the Internet of Things include: sensor technology, wireless transmission technology, massive data analysis and processing technology, upper-level business solutions, security technology, etc. The development of the Internet of Things will go through a relatively long period, but it may take the lead in achieving breakthroughs in applications in specific fields. Internet of Vehicles, Industrial Internet, unmanned systems, smart homes, etc. are all areas where the Internet of Things is currently showing its prowess.

  The Internet of Things mainly solves the problem of people’s perception of the physical world, while to solve the problem of manipulating physical objects, it is necessary to further develop the cyber-physical system (CPS). The cyber-physical system is a multi-dimensional complex system that integrates computing, networking and physical environment. It realizes real-time perception, dynamic control and information services of large engineering systems through the organic integration and deep collaboration of 3C (Computer, Communication, Control) technologies. Through the human-computer interaction interface, the cyber-physical system realizes the interaction between the computing process and the physical process, and uses the networked space to control a physical entity in a remote, reliable, real-time, secure and collaborative manner. In essence, the cyber-physical system is a network with control attributes.

  Unlike public infrastructure that provides information interaction and application, the focus of the development of cyber-physical systems is on the research and development of networked physical equipment systems that deeply integrate perception, computing, communication and control capabilities. From an industrial perspective, cyber-physical systems cover a range of applications from smart home networks to industrial control systems and even intelligent transportation systems, which are national and even world-class applications. More importantly, this coverage is not just about simply connecting existing devices together, but will give rise to a large number of devices with computing, communication, control, collaboration and autonomous capabilities. The next generation of industry will be built on cyber-physical systems. With the development and popularization of cyber-physical system technology, physical devices that use computers and networks to achieve functional expansion will be ubiquitous, and will promote the upgrading of industrial products and technologies, greatly improving the competitiveness of major industrial fields such as automobiles, aerospace, national defense, industrial automation, health and medical equipment, and major infrastructure. Cyber-physical systems will not only give birth to new industries, but will even reshape the existing industrial layout.

  Intelligence: From Expert Systems to Meta-Learning

  Intelligence reflects the quality attributes of information products. When we say that an information product is intelligent, we usually mean that the product can accomplish things that only intelligent people can accomplish, or has reached a level that only humans can achieve. Intelligence generally includes perception, memory and thinking, learning and adaptive, behavioral decision-making, etc. Therefore, intelligence can also be generally defined as: enabling an object to have sensitive and accurate perception functions, correct thinking and judgment functions, adaptive learning functions, and effective execution functions.

  Intelligence is the eternal pursuit of the development of information technology, and the main way to achieve this pursuit is to develop artificial intelligence technology. In the more than 60 years since the birth of artificial intelligence technology, although it has experienced three ups and two downs, it has still made great achievements. From 1959 to 1976, it was a stage based on artificial representation of knowledge and symbol processing, which produced expert systems with important application value in some fields; from 1976 to 2007, it was a stage based on statistical learning and knowledge self-representation, which produced various neural network systems; in recent years, research based on environmental adaptation, self-game, self-evolution, and self-learning is forming a new stage of artificial intelligence development – meta-learning or methodological learning stage, which constitutes a new generation of artificial intelligence. The new generation of artificial intelligence mainly includes big data intelligence, group intelligence, cross-media intelligence, human-machine hybrid enhanced intelligence, and brain-like intelligence.

  Deep learning is an outstanding representative of the new generation of artificial intelligence technology. Due to its performance that surpasses that of humans in many fields such as face recognition, machine translation, and chess competitions, deep learning has almost become synonymous with artificial intelligence today. However, deep learning has major challenges in terms of topological design, effect prediction, and mechanism explanation. There is no solid mathematical theory to support the solution of these three major problems. Solving these problems is the main focus of future research on deep learning. In addition, deep learning is a typical big data intelligence, and its applicability is based on the existence of a large number of training samples. Small sample learning will be the development trend of deep learning.

  Meta-learning is expected to become the next breakthrough in the development of artificial intelligence. Recently developed meta-learning methods such as learning to learn, learning to teach, learning to optimize, learning to search, and learning to reason, as well as the outstanding performance of “AlphaGo Zero” in Go, have demonstrated the attractive prospects of such new technologies. However, meta-learning research is only just beginning, and its development still faces a series of challenges.

  The new generation of artificial intelligence is already here, and the foreseeable development trend is based on big data, centered on model and algorithm innovation, and supported by powerful computing power. The breakthrough of the new generation of artificial intelligence technology depends on the comprehensive development of other types of information technology, as well as the substantial progress and development of brain science and cognitive science. (Xu Zongben, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and professor of Xi’an Jiaotong University)

現代國語:

數位化、網路化、智慧化是新一輪科技革命的突出特徵,也是新一代資訊科技的核心。數位化為社會資訊化奠定基礎,其發展趨勢是社會的全面數據化。資料化強調對資料的收集、聚合、分析與應用。網路化為資訊傳播提供實體載體,其發展趨勢是資訊物理系統(CPS)的廣泛採用。資訊物理系統不僅會催生出新的工業,甚至會重塑現有產業佈局。智慧化體現資訊應用的層次與水平,其發展趨勢為新一代人工智慧。目前,新一代人工智慧的熱潮已經來臨。

習近平同志在2018年兩院院士大會上的重要演講指出:「世界正進入以資訊產業為主導的經濟發展時期。我們要把握數位化、網路化、智慧化融合發展的契機,以資訊化、智慧化為槓桿培育新動能。

人類社會、物理世界、資訊空間構成了當今世界的三元。這三元世界之間的關聯與交互,決定了社會資訊化的特徵與程度。感知人類社會和物理世界的基本方式是數位化,連結人類社會與物理世界(透過資訊空間)的基本方式是網路化,資訊空間作用於物理世界與人類社會的方式是智慧化。數位化、網路化、智慧化是新一輪科技革命的突出特徵,也是新一代資訊科技的聚焦點。數位化為社會資訊化奠定基礎,其發展趨勢是社會的全面資料化;網路化為資訊傳播提供物理載體,其發展趨勢是資訊物理系統(CPS)的廣泛採用;智慧化體現資訊應用的層次與水平,其發展趨勢是新一代人工智慧。

數位化:從電腦化到資料化

數位化是指將資訊載體(文字、圖片、影像、訊號等)以數位編碼形式(通常是二進位)進行儲存、傳輸、加工、處理和應用的技術途徑。數位化本身指的是資訊表示方式與處理方式,但本質上強調的是資訊應用的電腦化和自動化。資料化(資料是以編碼形式存在的資訊載體,所有資料都是數位化的)除包括數位化外,更強調對資料的收集、聚合、分析與應用,強化資料的生產要素與生產力功能。數位化正從電腦化朝向資料化發展,這是當前社會資訊化最重要的趨勢之一。

資料化的核心內涵是對資訊科技革命與經濟社會活動交融生成的大數據的深刻認識與深層利用。大數據是社會經濟、現實世界、管理決策等的片段記錄,蘊含著片段化資訊。隨著分析技術與運算技術的突破,解讀這些片段化資訊成為可能,這使得大數據成為一項新的高新技術、一類新的科學研究範式、一種新的決策方式。大數據深刻改變了人類的思考方式和生產生活方式,為管理創新、產業發展、科學發現等多個領域帶來前所未有的機會。

大數據的價值生成有其內在規律(服從大數據原理)。只有深刻認識並掌握這些規律,才能提高自覺運用、科學運用大數據的意識與能力(大數據思維)。大數據的價值主要透過大數據技術來實現。大數據技術是統計學方法、電腦技術、人工智慧技術的延伸與發展,是正在發展中的技術,目前的熱點方向包括:區塊鏈技術、互通技術、存算一體化儲存與管理技術、大數據作業系統、大數據程式語言與執行環境、大數據基礎與核心演算法、大數據機器學習技術、大數據智慧技術、視覺化與人機互動分析技術、真偽判定與安全技術等。大數據技術的發展依賴一些重大基礎問題的解決,這些重大基礎問題包括:大數據的統計基礎與計算理論基礎、大數據計算的軟硬體基礎與計算方法、大數據推斷的真偽性判定等。

實施國家大數據戰略是推動資料化革命的重要途徑。自2015年我國提出實施國家大數據戰略以來,我國大數據快速發展的格局已初步形成,但也存在一些亟待解決的問題:數據開放共享滯後,數據資源紅利仍未得到充分釋放;企業贏利模式不穩定,產業鏈完整性不足;核心技術尚未取得重大突破,相關應用的技術水準不高;安全管理與隱私保護還存在漏洞,相關制度建設仍不夠完善;等等。目前,應採取有效措施解決制約我國大數據發展的瓶頸問題。

網路化:從網際網路到資訊物理系統

作為資訊化的公共基礎設施,網路已成為人們獲取資訊、交換資訊、消費資訊的主要方式。但是,網路關注的只是人與人之間的互聯互通以及由此帶來的服務與服務的互聯。

物聯網是互聯網的自然延伸和拓展,它透過資訊科技將各種物體與網路相連,幫助人們獲取所需物體的相關資訊。物聯網透過使用射頻識別、感測器、紅外線感應器、視訊監控、全球定位系統、雷射掃描器等資訊擷取設備,透過無線感測網路、無線通訊網路把物體與網路連接起來,實現物與物、人與物之間的即時資訊交換和通信,以達到智慧化識別、定位、追蹤、監控和管理的目的。互聯網實現了人與人、服務與服務之間的互聯, 而物聯網實現了人、物、服務之間的交叉互聯。物聯網的核心技術包括:感測器技術、無線傳輸技術、大量資料分析處理技術、上層業務解決方案、安全技術等。物聯網的發展將經歷相對漫長的時期,但可能會在特定領域的應用中率先取得突破,車聯網、工業互聯網、無人系統、智慧家庭等都是當前物聯網大顯身手的領域。

物聯網主要解決人對物理世界的感知問題,而要解決對物理對象的操控問題則必須進一步發展資訊物理系統(CPS)。資訊物理系統是一個綜合運算、網路和物理環境的多維複雜系統,它透過3C(Computer、Communication、Control)技術的有機融合與深度協作,實現對大型工程系統的即時感知、動態控制和資訊服務。透過人機交互接口,資訊物理系統實現計算進程與實體進程的交互,利用網路化空間以遠端、可靠、即時、安全、協作的方式操控一個實體實體。從本質上來說,資訊物理系統是一個具有控制屬性的網路。

不同於提供資訊互動與應用的公用基礎設施,資訊物理系統發展的聚焦點在於研發深度融合感知、運算、通訊與控制能力的網路化實體設備系統。從產業角度來看,資訊物理系統的涵蓋範圍小到智慧家庭網路、大到工業控制系統乃至智慧交通系統等國家級甚至世界級的應用。更重要的是,這種涵蓋並不僅僅是將現有的設備簡單地連在一起,而是會催生出眾多具有計算、通訊、控制、協同和自治性能的設備,下一代工業將建立在在資訊物理系統之上。隨著資訊物理系統技術的發展和普及,使用電腦和網路實現功能擴展的實體設備將無所不在,並推動工業產品和技術的升級換代,大大提高汽車、航空航太、國防、工業自動化、健康醫療設備、重大基礎設施等主要工業領域的競爭力。資訊物理系統不僅會催生出新的工業,甚至會重塑現有產業佈局。

智能化:從專家系統到元學習

智能化反映資訊產品的品質屬性。我們說一個資訊產品是智慧的,通常是指這個產品能完成有智慧的人才能完成的事情,或是已經達到人類才能達到的程度。智能一般包括知覺能力、記憶與思考能力、學習與適應力、行為決策能力等。所以,智能化通常也可定義為:使對象具備靈敏準確的感知功能、正確的思考與判斷功能、自適應的學習功能、行之有效的執行功能等。

智能化是資訊科技發展的永恆追求,實現這項追求的主要途徑是發展人工智慧技術。人工智慧技術誕生60多年來,雖歷經三起兩落,但還是取得了巨大成就。 1959—1976年是基於人工表示知識和符號處理的階段,產生了在一些領域具有重要應用價值的專家系統;1976—2007年是基於統計學習和知識自表示的階段,產生了各種各樣的神經網路系統;近幾年開始的基於環境自適應、自博弈、自進化、自學習的研究,正在形成一個人工智慧發展的新階段——元學習或方法論學習階段,這構成新一代人工智慧。新一代人工智慧主要包括大數據智慧、群體智慧、跨媒體智慧、人機混合增強智慧和類腦智慧等。

深度學習是新一代人工智慧技術的卓越代表。由於在人臉辨識、機器翻譯、棋類競賽等眾多領域超越人類的表現,深度學習在今天幾乎已成為人工智慧的代名詞。然而,深度學習拓樸設計難、效果預期難、機理解釋難是重大挑戰,還沒有一套堅實的數學理論來支持解決這三大難題。解決這些難題是深度學習未來研究的主要關注點。此外,深度學習是典型的大數據智能,它的可應用性是以存在大量訓練樣本為基礎的。小樣本學習將是深度學習的發展趨勢。

元學習有望成為人工智慧發展的下一個突破口。學會學習、學會教學、學會優化、學會搜尋、學會推理等新近發展的元學習方法以及「AlphaGo Zero」在圍棋方面的出色表現,展現了這類新技術的誘人前景。然而,元學習研究僅是開始,其發展還面臨一系列挑戰。

新一代人工智慧的熱潮已經來臨,可以預見的發展趨勢是以大數據為基礎、以模型與演算法創新為核心、以強大的運算能力為支撐。新一代人工智慧技術的突破依賴其他各類資訊技術的綜合發展,也依賴腦科學與認知科學的實質進步與發展。 (中國科學院院士、西安交通大學教授 徐宗本)

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.cac.gov.cn/2019-03/01/c_1124178478.htm

中國軍事設計與發展聚焦未來戰爭的作戰概念

Chinese Military Designs & Development for Operational Concepts Focusing on Future Warfare

原始國語(繁體):

自21世紀以來,隨著世界新軍事革命的深入,世界軍事強國提出了一系列新的作戰概念,並在戰爭實踐中不斷完善,導致戰爭加速演變。 隨著雲端運算、區塊鏈、人工智慧、大數據等資訊科技的快速發展以及在軍事領域的廣泛應用,人們認識戰爭的模式逐漸從總結實戰經驗轉變為研究判斷未來戰爭。 目前,作為軍事能力建構的源泉,作戰理念發展能力的強弱將直接影響戰爭的勝負。 特別是世界新軍事革命方興未艾,時刻呼喚作戰理論創新。 只有建立新的作戰理念,前瞻性地設計未來戰爭,才能贏得軍事鬥爭準備的主動權。

作戰理念從根本解決如何打仗

一流的軍隊設計戰爭,二流的軍隊應對戰爭,三流的軍隊跟隨戰爭。 所謂“真正的戰爭發生在戰爭之前”,就是在戰爭開始之前,戰爭的理論、風格、戰鬥方式就已經設計好了。 照設計打仗怎麼可能打不贏呢? 設計戰爭的關鍵是在認識戰爭特徵和規律的基礎上,設計和發展新的作戰理念,推動作戰方式和戰術創新,從根本上解決「如何打戰爭」。

在設計戰爭時,理論是第一位的。 近年來,美軍提出“網路中心戰”、“空海戰”、“混合戰”等新概念,俄軍提出“非核遏制戰略”、“戰略空天戰役”和“國家資訊安全主義”,體現了世界軍事強國正大力研究作戰理論,搶佔軍事制高點。 從某種程度上來說,作戰概念是作戰理論形成的「組織細胞」。 沒有完整的概念生成能力,就很難產生先進的理論。 當一種作戰理論提出後,需要發展相關的作戰概念,使作戰理論能夠具體“下沉”,更好地完善,轉化為軍事實踐。 在沒有作戰理論概念的情況下,作戰概念創新可以為作戰理論研究提供「原料」。 軍事領域是最不確定的領域,人們對戰爭的認知總是不斷演變。 然而,作戰理論的創新不能等到認識成熟之後才開始。 相反,需要在現有認識的基礎上積極發展和創新作戰理念,建構未來作戰圖景,探索未來制勝機制,指導和指導軍事實踐。 掌握戰爭主動權。 因此,作戰理念創新正在成為軍隊建設和發展的戰略支點和槓桿。

營運概念開發著重於設計核心營運概念。 核心作戰理念是作戰理念的核心與胚胎。 它體現了作戰的本質要求,蘊含著作戰理念成長的「基因」。 整個概念體係都是由此衍生發展出來的。 目前,對資訊化、智慧化戰爭制勝機制的認識逐漸清晰,戰爭設計的著力點應該集中到主要作戰理論和關鍵作戰理念的發展。

經營理念是經營思想的抽象表達。

「作戰概念」一詞源自美軍。 這是對未來如何戰鬥的描述。 日益成為推動軍隊建設發展的重要抓手。 美國陸軍訓練與條令指揮概念發展指南指出,作戰概念是一種概念、一種想法、一種整體理解和基於作戰環境中具體事件的推論。 它概述了最廣泛的意義和更具體的措施。上面描述了戰鬥是如何進行的。 美國海軍陸戰隊作戰發展司令部作戰發展和整合指令指出,作戰概念表達瞭如何打一場戰爭,用於描述未來的作戰場景以及如何利用軍事藝術和科學能力來應對未來的挑戰。 美國空軍作戰概念發展條令指出,作戰概念是戰爭理論層面的概念描述。 它實現了既定的營運理念和意圖

透過有序組織作戰能力和作戰任務。

綜上所述,作戰理念可以理解為對當前或未來具體作戰問題的作戰思路和行動方案的抽象理解。 一般來說,作戰構想包含三個部分:一是作戰問題的描述,即作戰構想的背景、作戰環境、作戰對手等;二是作戰構想的描述。 二是解決方案的描述,即概念內涵、應用場景、動作風格。 、制勝機制、能力特性及優勢等; 三是能力要求描述,即實施作戰理念所需的裝備技術、基本條件、實施手段等。 可見,作戰概念應具有針對性、科學性、適應性和可行性等特點,其內涵和外延會隨著戰略背景、軍事政策、威脅對手、時空環境、能力條件和作戰能力的變化而不斷調整。其他因素。

從某種意義上說,作戰理念實際上是作戰理論的一種過渡形式,其最終價值在於指導和拉動軍事實踐。 發展新作戰理念的目的和歸宿是挖掘和增強軍隊戰鬥力。 將作戰理念轉化為作戰條令、作戰方案,其價值才能充分發揮。

作戰理念創新驅動作戰方式變革

進入21世紀以來,世界軍事強國根據國家戰略要求,應對新威脅新挑戰,把發展新作戰理念作為軍事能力轉型的關鍵步驟,推動軍事力量變革。作戰風格,並尋求在未來戰場上獲得勝利的機會。 為了進一步加強軍事領導力,世界軍事強國正加速推出一系列新的作戰概念。

美軍積極抓住科技進步帶來的機遇,綜合運用新一代資訊科技、人工智慧技術、無人自主技術等尖端技術,提出馬賽克戰爭、多域作戰、分散式殺傷、決策作戰等。集中作戰、聯合全局指揮控制。 等一連串新的作戰概念,推動作戰思想、作戰方式、作戰空間、作戰體系發生根本性變革。

與美軍不同,俄軍在軍事實踐中實行作戰理念迭代創新。 近期,俄軍致力於推動聯合作戰能力建設,加速新型無人裝備研發部署,著力打造網路資訊化戰場優勢,不斷豐富傳統作戰理念內涵,與新時代融合發展。混合戰和心理戰等作戰概念。 用於指導戰爭實踐。

總體而言,近年來,世界軍事強國提出的新作戰理念正在導致作戰方式的深刻變化。 其能力、特徵和優勢主要體現在以下五個方面:一是無人作戰裝備,基於新作戰理念的無人裝備系統比重顯著增加,有人與無人協同作戰成為主要作戰方式之一。風格,形成利用無人系統控制有人部隊的優勢。 其次,部署方式是去中心化的。 基於新作戰概念的兵力部署是分散式的、系統間互聯的、具有互通能力的,形成單獨系統和組合的優勢; 第三,殺傷網絡複雜。 基於新作戰理念的殺傷網絡,功能更加多元。 單一系統可以執行多種任務,其故障對作戰系統影響較大。 規模小,形成多用控制單單的優勢; 四是反應時間敏捷,新作戰概念強調快速決策,出其不意,形成以快慢的優勢; 五是作戰領域多維度,新作戰理念更重視多域連動,將戰場從傳統的陸、海、空拓展到電磁、網路、認知領域,形成無形、有形的優勢。

營運理念開發應堅持系統化設計思路

以營運理念指導建設

f軍事力量是世界軍事強國的普遍做法。 相較而言,美軍擁有較為完善的作戰概念發展機制,建構了較為完整的作戰概念發展體系,由概念類型、組織結構、規範標準、支撐手段等組成。

從概念類型來看,美軍作戰概念基本上可分為三類:一是各軍種主導下發展的一系列作戰概念。 他們主要從本軍種角度出發,研究潛在敵人和未來戰場,重新定義作戰方式,尋求勝利。 新方法。 二是參謀長聯席會議領導下所發展的一系列聯合作戰概念,主要由頂層概念、作戰概念、支撐概念三個層次組成。 第三類是學術界、智庫等發展出來的操作概念,這類操作概念的數量雖然沒有前兩類那麼多,但仍是操作概念體系的重要組成部分。 透過此體系,美軍將大軍事戰略透過作戰理念層層落實到部隊的各項作戰行動、各項作戰能力、各項武器裝備性能中,指導聯合部隊和各軍兵種建設。

在組織架構上,以聯合作戰理念的發展為例,美軍建立了由五類組織組成的工作體系。 一是聯合概念工作小組,主要職責是檢視概念大綱和概念發展的整體問題; 二是聯合概念指導委員會,主要職責是監督指導概念發展計畫; 三是核心編寫團隊,主要職責是編制概念大綱,將概念中原有的概念轉化為聯合可操作的概念; 四是概念研發團隊,主要職責是提供可操作的概念開發方法和方案; 五是獨立紅隊,主要職責是獨立評估,判斷概念的嚴謹性和科學性。

在規範標準方面,對於聯合作戰理念的發展,美軍有完整的製度體系約束和指導,將概念發展規範化、規範化、程序化,這主要體現在參謀長聯席會議主席的一系列指令和聯合出版物中。 例如,《聯合概念制定和實施指南》旨在建立聯合概念制定的治理結構,明確聯合作戰概念規劃、執行和評估的框架,推動聯合作戰概念的實施; 「聯合條令準備流程」旨在製定聯合條令準備流程,並為將作戰概念轉化為作戰條令提供明確的流程架構。

從支援手段來看,營運概念的設計、開發和驗證是一個系統工程,離不開各種開發工具和手段的支援。 例如,DODAF2.0模型、IDEFO模型、SYSML建模語言等工具可以為戰鬥概念設計者提供標準化的結構化分析模型和邏輯描述模型; 基於模型的系統工程方法可以為作戰概念設計者和評估驗證者提供作戰概念中裝備要素的能力模型,用於設計和建構作戰概念架構。 美軍聯合作戰概念開發採用基於網路的數位軟體,具有很強的互聯能力。 參與開發的各機構可即時分享訊息,提高開發效率。

營運理念的成熟發展需要多方的配合

制定作戰概念是一項多學科、多領域的工作,涉及軍事學、哲學、運籌學、系統科學等許多領域。 它需要多方合作,確保在理論層面上具有先進性、前瞻性,在實踐層面上具有適用性和可行性。

建立小核心、大外圍的研究團隊。 主導制定作戰理念的部門要充分發揮主導作用,統籌協調與調度研究工作; 建立聯合研發團隊,充分發揮群體智慧與作用

d 廣泛獲取各方對作戰理念研究的新思路、新思路。 方法與新視角; 成立跨領域、跨部門的專家委員會,多角度監督、審查、指導相關工作。

形成多部門連動工作機制。 為了確保各部門之間溝通順暢、有效率運轉,首先要明確各自的任務與職責。 例如,概念發起部門負責總體規劃和實施,實驗室負責技術驗證,工業部門負責裝備研發,作戰部隊負責實戰測試。 其次,要製定相關規範文件,確保各項工作有秩序地進行,並為可操作理念的研發提供製度支撐。 最後,要建立需求牽引機制、協同研究機制、迭代回饋機制等,打通作戰概念從研發到實際運用的環節。

促進理論與實務的有機結合。 只有透過「設計研究-推演驗證-實戰測試」的循環迭代,才能逐步調整、優化、完善作戰理念,帶動戰爭理論的發展。 因此,操作理念的發展必須特別注重理論創新與實際應用的結合。 透過理論與實踐的相互驅動,才能達到引領新一代優質作戰能力生成的根本目的。 具體方法包括將成熟的作戰理念及時納入作戰條令,編寫相應的訓練大綱或教材,逐步向部隊推廣; 組織相關演練或試驗,在接近實戰的條件下檢驗作戰理念的成熟度和可行性。 自然,發現問題並解決問題; 以作戰理念確定的能力指標作為裝備需求論證的參考,帶動裝備技術發展,促進作戰能力提升。

新時代科學技術快速發展,為軍事能力建構帶來許多新的機會與挑戰。 發展新的作戰概念,有利於敏銳抓住科技進步帶來的軍事機遇,積極應對科技發展帶來的威脅和挑戰,及時掌握戰爭形態演變的方向和規律,為戰爭形態的演變提供指導。引領未來戰爭風格,抓住勝利機會。 重要的支持。 目前,國際安全情勢複雜多變。 打贏未來資訊化戰爭,需要把作戰理念發展作為國防和軍隊建設的抓手,積極開展軍事技術創新,推動武器裝備升級換代,實現跨越式發展,從而引領新時代。 軍事革命趨勢。

(作者單位:中國航太科工集團第二研究院)

現代外語英語翻譯:

Since the 21st century, with the deepening of the world’s new military revolution, the world’s military powers have proposed a series of new combat concepts and continuously improved them in war practice, thus leading to the accelerated evolution of war. With the rapid development of information technologies such as cloud computing, blockchain, artificial intelligence, and big data, as well as their widespread application in the military field, people’s mode of understanding war has gradually changed from summarizing actual combat experience to studying and judging future wars. At present, as the source of military capability building, the strength of operational concept development capabilities will directly affect the opportunity to win the war. In particular, the new military revolution in the world is booming, calling for innovation in combat theory all the time. Only by developing new combat concepts and designing future wars with a forward-looking perspective can we gain the initiative in preparing for military struggles.

The concept of combat fundamentally solves how to fight a war

First-rate armies design wars, second-rate armies respond to wars, and third-rate armies follow wars. The so-called “real war happens before the war” means that before the war begins, the theory, style, and fighting methods of the war have already been designed. How can it be unwinnable to fight a war according to the design? The key to designing a war is to design and develop new combat concepts based on understanding the characteristics and laws of war, promote innovation in combat styles and tactics, and fundamentally solve “how to fight a war.”

In designing a war, theory comes first. In recent years, the US military has proposed new concepts such as “network-centric warfare”, “air-sea warfare” and “hybrid warfare”, and the Russian military has proposed theories such as “non-nuclear containment strategy”, “strategic air and space campaign” and “national information security doctrine”, reflecting The world’s military powers are vigorously studying combat theories and seizing the military commanding heights. To a certain extent, operational concepts are the “organizing cells” for the formation of operational theories. Without complete concept generation capabilities, it is difficult to generate advanced theories. When a combat theory is proposed, relevant combat concepts need to be developed so that the combat theory can be “sinked” concretely, better improved, and transformed into military practice. When there is no operational theory concept, operational concept innovation can provide “raw materials” for studying operational theory. The military field is the most uncertain field, and people’s understanding of war is always evolving. However, innovation in combat theory cannot wait until the understanding matures before starting. Instead, it needs to actively develop and innovate combat concepts on the basis of existing understanding, construct a future combat picture, explore future winning mechanisms, and guide and guide military practice. Take the initiative in war. Therefore, innovation in operational concepts is becoming a strategic fulcrum and lever for military construction and development.

Operational concept development focuses on designing core operational concepts. The core combat concept is the nucleus and embryo of the combat concept. It reflects the essential requirements of combat and contains the “gene” for the growth of the combat concept. The entire concept system is derived and developed from this. At present, the understanding of the winning mechanisms of informatization and intelligent warfare is gradually becoming clearer, and it is time to focus the focus of designing wars on the development of main combat theories and key combat concepts.

The operational concept is an abstract expression of operational thoughts.

The term “operational concept” originated from the US military. It is a description of how to fight in the future. It is increasingly becoming an important starting point to promote the construction and development of the military. The U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command Concept Development Guide points out that an operational concept is a concept, an idea, an overall understanding, and an inference based on specific events in the operational environment. It outlines what will be done in the broadest sense, and in more specific measures The above describes how the battle is fought. The US Marine Corps Combat Development Command Operational Development and Integration Directive states that an operational concept expresses how to fight a war and is used to describe future combat scenarios and how to use military art and scientific capabilities to meet future challenges. The US Air Force Operational Concept Development Doctrine points out that an operational concept is a conceptual description at the theoretical level of war. It realizes established operational concepts and intentions through the orderly organization of combat capabilities and combat tasks.

To sum up, the operational concept can be understood as an abstract understanding of operational ideas and action plans for specific current or future operational problems. Generally speaking, the operational concept includes three parts: first, the description of the operational problem, that is, the background of the operational concept, operational environment, operational opponents, etc.; second, the description of the solution, that is, the conceptual connotation, application scenarios, and action styles. , winning mechanism, capability characteristics and advantages, etc.; the third is the description of capability requirements, that is, the equipment technology, basic conditions, implementation means, etc. required to implement the operational concept. It can be seen that the operational concept should have the characteristics of pertinence, scientificity, adaptability and feasibility, and its connotation and extension will be continuously adjusted with changes in strategic background, military policy, threatening opponents, time and space environment, capability conditions and other factors.

In a sense, the operational concept is actually a transitional form of operational theory, and its ultimate value is to guide and pull military practice. The purpose and destination of developing new combat concepts is to tap into and enhance the military’s combat effectiveness. Only by transforming combat concepts into combat doctrine and combat plans can their value be fully exerted.

Innovation in combat concepts drives changes in combat styles

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the world’s military powers, in accordance with national strategic requirements and in response to new threats and challenges, have regarded the development of new operational concepts as a key step in the transformation of military capabilities, promoted changes in operational styles, and sought to gain opportunities for victory in future battlefields. In order to further strengthen their military leadership, the world’s military powers are accelerating the launch of a series of new combat concepts.

The U.S. military actively seizes the opportunities brought by scientific and technological progress, comprehensively uses cutting-edge technologies such as new generation information technology, artificial intelligence technology, and unmanned autonomous technology to propose mosaic warfare, multi-domain operations, distributed destruction, decision-centered warfare, and joint full-domain command and control. and a series of new operational concepts, promoting fundamental changes in operational thinking, combat styles, combat spaces and combat systems.

Unlike the US military, the Russian army implements iterative innovation in operational concepts in military practice. Recently, the Russian military has been committed to promoting the construction of joint combat capabilities, accelerating the development and deployment of new unmanned equipment, focusing on creating network information battlefield advantages, constantly enriching the connotation of its traditional combat concepts, and integrating them with new combat concepts such as hybrid warfare and mental warfare. Used to guide war practice.

Generally speaking, in recent years, the new combat concepts proposed by the world’s military powers are leading to profound changes in combat styles. Their capabilities, characteristics and advantages are mainly reflected in the following five aspects: First, unmanned combat equipment, based on the new combat concepts The proportion of unmanned equipment systems has increased significantly, and manned and unmanned coordinated operations have become one of the main combat styles, forming the advantage of using unmanned systems to control manned forces. Second, the deployment method is decentralized. The deployment of forces based on new combat concepts is distributed and inter-system They are interconnected and have interoperability capabilities, forming the advantage of separate systems and combinations; third, the kill network is complex. The kill network based on new combat concepts has more diverse functions. A single system can perform a variety of tasks, and its failure has a greater impact on the combat system. Small, forming the advantage of using more to control single orders; fourth, the response time is agile, and the new combat concept emphasizes quick decisions, taking the enemy by surprise, and forming the advantage of using speed to control the slow; fifth, the combat field is multi-dimensional, and the new combat concept Pay more attention to multi-domain linkage, expanding the battlefield from traditional land, sea and air to electromagnetic, network and cognitive domains, forming intangible and tangible advantages.

Operation concept development should adhere to systematic design ideas

Using operational concepts to guide the construction of military forces is a common practice among the world’s military powers. Comparatively speaking, the U.S. military has a relatively complete operational concept development mechanism and has built a relatively complete operational concept development system, which consists of concept types, organizational structures, specifications and standards, and support means.

In terms of concept types, U.S. military operational concepts can be basically divided into three categories: First, a series of operational concepts developed under the leadership of each service. They mainly start from the perspective of their own services to study potential enemies and future battlefields, redefine combat styles, and seek to win. new ways. The second is a series of joint operations concepts developed under the leadership of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, which are mainly composed of three levels: top-level concepts, operational concepts and supporting concepts. The third is the operational concepts developed by academia, think tanks, etc. The number of such operational concepts is not as large as the first two categories, but it is still an important part of the operational concept system. Through this system, the US military implements grand military strategies layer by layer through operational concepts into various combat operations, various combat capabilities, and various types of weapons and equipment performance for the troops, guiding the construction of joint forces and various services and arms.

In terms of organizational structure, taking the development of joint operations concepts as an example, the US military has established a working system composed of five types of organizations. The first is the Joint Concept Working Group, whose main responsibility is to review the concept outline and overall issues of concept development; the second is the Joint Concept Steering Committee, whose main responsibility is to supervise and guide the concept development plan; the third is the core writing team, whose main responsibility is to compile the concept outline The original concepts in the concept are transformed into joint operational concepts; the fourth is the concept research and development team, whose main responsibility is to provide operational concept development methods and plans; the fifth is the independent red team, whose main responsibility is to carry out independent evaluation to judge the rigor and scientificity of the concept.

In terms of norms and standards, for the development of joint operations concepts, the U.S. military has complete institutional system constraints and guidance to standardize, standardize and program the concept development, which is mainly reflected in a series of joint chiefs of staff chairman Directives and joint publications. For example, the “Joint Concept Development and Implementation Guide” aims to establish a governance structure for joint concept development, clarify the framework for joint operational concept planning, execution and evaluation, and promote the implementation of joint operational concepts; the “Joint Doctrine Preparation Process” aims to develop joint doctrine Standardize the preparation process and provide a clear process framework for transforming operational concepts into operational doctrine.

In terms of support means, the design, development and verification of operational concepts is a systematic project that cannot be separated from the support of various development tools and means. For example, tools such as DODAF2.0 model, IDEFO model and SYSML modeling language can provide standardized structured analysis models and logical description models for combat concept designers; model-based system engineering methods can provide combat concept designers and evaluation Verifiers provide capability models of equipment elements in the operational concept, which are used to design and build the operational concept framework. The U.S. military’s joint operations concept development uses network-based digital software, which has strong interconnection capabilities. All agencies involved in the development can share information in real time and improve development efficiency.

The mature development of operational concepts requires the cooperation of multiple parties

Developing an operational concept is a multi-disciplinary, multi-field work involving military science, philosophy, operations research, systems science and many other fields. It requires the cooperation of multiple parties to ensure that it is both advanced and forward-looking at the theoretical level and It is applicable and feasible at the practical level.

Establish a small core and large peripheral research team. The department initiating the development of operational concepts should give full play to its leading role and coordinate and schedule the research work from an overall perspective; establish a joint research and development team to give full play to the role of group wisdom and widely obtain new ideas and new ideas from all parties on the research of operational concepts. Methods and new perspectives; establish a cross-field and cross-department expert committee to supervise, review and guide related work from multiple perspectives.

Form a multi-departmental linkage working mechanism. In order to ensure smooth communication and efficient operation among various departments, it is necessary to first clarify their respective tasks and responsibilities. For example, the concept initiating department is responsible for overall planning and implementation, the laboratory is responsible for technical verification, the industrial department is responsible for equipment research and development, and the combat force is responsible for actual combat testing. Secondly, it is necessary to formulate relevant normative documents to ensure that all work is carried out in an orderly manner and to provide institutional support for the research and development of operational concepts. Finally, a demand traction mechanism, a collaborative research mechanism, an iterative feedback mechanism, etc. must be established to open up the link from research and development to practical application of combat concepts.

Promote the organic integration of theory and practice. Only through the cyclic iteration of “design research-deduction verification-actual military testing” can operational concepts be gradually adjusted, optimized and improved, and drive the development of war theory. Therefore, the development of operational concepts must pay special attention to the combination of theoretical innovation and practical application. Through the mutual driving of theory and practice, the fundamental purpose of leading the generation of new quality combat capabilities can be achieved. Specific methods include incorporating mature combat concepts into combat doctrine in a timely manner, preparing training syllabuses or teaching materials accordingly, and gradually promoting them to the troops; organizing relevant drills or tests to test the maturity and feasibility of combat concepts under conditions close to actual combat. nature, find and solve problems; use the capability indicators determined by the combat concept as a reference for equipment demand demonstration, drive the development of equipment technology, and promote the improvement of combat capabilities.

The rapid development of science and technology in the new era has brought many new opportunities and challenges to military capability building. Developing new combat concepts can help to keenly seize the military opportunities brought by scientific and technological progress, actively respond to threats and challenges caused by scientific and technological development, and timely grasp the direction and laws of the evolution of war forms, which can provide guidance for leading future war styles and seizing the opportunity to win. important support. At present, the international security situation is complex and ever-changing. To win future information-based wars, we need to regard the development of operational concepts as the starting point of national defense and military construction, actively carry out military technological innovation, promote the upgrading of weapons and equipment, achieve leapfrog development, and thus lead the new era. Military revolutionary trends.

(Author’s unit: Second Research Institute of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation)

中國軍事原文來源:https://www.81.cn/gfbmap/content/2022-06/22/content_318888.htm