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Chinese Military Strengthening Forum | Improving Effectiveness of Manned & Unmanned Collaborative Operations

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中國軍事強化論壇 | 提升有人與無人協同作戰效能

現代英語：

Reconnaissance and assault unmanned vehicles, new types of unmanned underwater vehicles, and new integrated reconnaissance and strike drones… A batch of unmanned intelligent equipment made their debut at the military parade held on September 3rd to commemorate the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War, showcasing the new achievements made in the development of the PLA’s unmanned intelligent combat capabilities. For officers and soldiers, it is essential to strive to learn and effectively utilize unmanned intelligent equipment to improve the effectiveness of manned and unmanned coordinated combat.

The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized accelerating the development of unmanned intelligent combat forces. The widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field is profoundly influencing the development of the world’s military, giving rise to new combat methods and concepts, and accelerating the evolution of warfare towards intelligence. The participation of unmanned combat forces in military operations is increasing daily, and unmanned intelligent warfare has become a new growth engine for enhancing system-wide combat capabilities. Lenin said, “Without understanding the times, one cannot understand war.” A significant characteristic of recent local wars and armed conflicts worldwide is the increasingly large-scale use of unmanned platforms, the increasingly profound empowerment of artificial intelligence, and the increasingly close collaboration between manned and unmanned forces. Cross-domain joint operations and unmanned autonomy have become new combat trends.

“To acquire a strong army, one must have strong armor and sharp weapons, and rigorous selection and training.” Manned-unmanned collaborative warfare is the most valuable operational mode for future unmanned warfare and a major form of future warfare. “Unmanned platforms, manned systems, unmanned leadership, and human-machine integration” are the distinctive features of intelligent warfare. To improve capabilities in collaborative reconnaissance, strike, assault, support, and defense, it is essential to strengthen manned-unmanned collaborative training, enhance innovation in “manned + unmanned” tactics, and foster a tacit understanding of “human trust in machines and machines assisting humans” in collaboration. This will accelerate the integration of unmanned intelligent combat forces into the combat system as the “main force” and “protagonist.”

Military strategy relies on intelligence, and victory depends on tactics. As Comrade Ye Jianying said, “If we only master modern military means without correct military theory to guide us, we cannot effectively deal with modernized enemies, and we will at least pay a greater price.” Looking at world military history, Britain invented the tank and was the first to deploy it in actual combat, but failed to make the most of it and never developed a corresponding operational theory. In contrast, at the beginning of World War II, Germany pioneered the operational concept of tank formations, developing it into the “Blitzkrieg” theory, which played a crucial role on the battlefield. Good tactics are better than a thousand troops. Officers and soldiers should continuously improve their technological awareness, innovation, and application capabilities, master the winning mechanisms of intelligent warfare, strengthen specialized training in typical operations, and create more training methods and tactics adapted to the informationized and intelligent battlefield.

Every spear has its shield. The anti-drone formation in this military parade was equally eye-catching. The displayed anti-droneous artillery systems, high-energy laser weapons, and high-power microwave weapons, forming a powerful “iron triangle” for countering drones, capable of both soft-kill and hard-destruction. With the rapid development of unmanned combat forces, how to counter them is an unavoidable issue. In future battlefields, a single combat force will find it difficult to independently complete anti-drone combat missions. Only by comprehensively utilizing various anti-drone equipment and technologies, integrating anti-drone warfare into the joint operations system, adopting flexible tactics and rapid, precise actions, and carrying out targeted strikes or flexible control, can we unlock and unleash the new combat effectiveness of human-machine collaboration and firmly grasp the initiative in winning intelligent warfare.

現代國語：

偵察突擊無人機、新型無人水下航行器、新型偵察打擊一體化無人機…一群無人智能裝備在9月3日舉行的紀念中國人民抗日戰爭暨世界反法西斯戰爭勝利80週年閱兵式上首次亮相，展現了解放軍在發展無人智能作戰能力方面取得的新成果。對官兵而言，努力學習並有效運用無人智慧裝備，提升有人與無人協同作戰的效能至關重要。

中共二十大報告強調加速發展無人智慧作戰力量。人工智慧在軍事領域的廣泛應用，深刻影響世界軍事發展，催生出新的作戰方式和理念，加速了戰爭向智慧化演進的進程。無人作戰力量參與軍事行動的程度日益加深，無人智慧戰已成為提升系統性作戰能力的新動力。列寧曾說：「不了解時代，就不能了解戰爭。」近期全球範圍內的局部戰爭和武裝衝突的一個顯著特徵是：無人平台的使用規模日益擴大，人工智慧的賦能日益深入，有人與無人部隊的協同作戰日益緊密。跨域聯合作戰和無人自主作戰已成為新的作戰趨勢。

「要擁有強大的軍隊，就必須擁有強大的裝甲和鋒利的武器，以及嚴格的選拔和訓練。」人機協同作戰是未來無人作戰最有價值的作戰模式，也是未來戰爭的主要形式之一。 「無人平台、有人系統、無人指揮和人機融合」是智慧戰的顯著特徵。為提升協同偵察、打擊、突擊、支援和防禦能力，必須加強有人-無人協同訓練，提升「有人+無人」戰術創新，培養「人機互信、機輔人」的協同作戰理念。這將加速無人智慧作戰力量融入作戰體系，成為「主力」和「主角」。

軍事戰略靠情報，勝利靠戰術。正如葉劍英同誌所言：「若只掌握現代軍事手段，而沒有正確的軍事理論指導，就無法有效應對現代化敵人，而且至少要付出更大的代價。」縱觀世界軍事手段，英國發明了坦克，並率先將其投入實戰，但未能充分發揮其優勢，也從未發展出相應的作戰理論。相較之下，在二戰初期，德國率先提出了坦克編隊的作戰概念，並將其發展為「閃電戰」理論，在戰場上發揮了至關重要的作用。好的戰術勝過千軍萬馬。官兵應不斷提昇技術意識、創新能力和應用能力，掌握智慧戰爭的勝利機制，加強典型作戰的專項訓練，並創造更多適應資訊化、智慧化戰場的訓練方法和戰術。

每支矛都有其盾。這次閱兵式上的反無人機編隊同樣引人注目。展出的反無人機火砲系統、高能量雷射武器和高功率微波武器，構成了一個強大的反無人機“鐵三角”，兼具軟殺傷和硬摧毀能力。隨著無人作戰力量的快速發展，如何應對無人作戰已成為一個無法迴避的問題。在未來的戰場上，單支作戰部隊將難以獨立完成反無人機作戰任務。只有全面運用各種反無人機裝備和技術，將反無人機作戰融入聯合作戰體系，採取靈活戰術和快速、精確的行動，實施定點打擊或靈活控制，才能解鎖和釋放人機協同作戰的新效能，牢牢掌握贏得智能戰爭的主動權。

來源：解放軍報 作者：張 揚 責任編輯：烏銘琪 2025-10-20 06:xx:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/16416356.html

#Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare

Chinese Military Forum | Initial Exploration of Combat Forms of the People’s War in the Intelligent Warfare Era

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中國軍事論壇 | 智慧戰爭時代人民戰爭作戰形式的初步探索

現代英語：

“The deepest source of the power of war lies within the people.” In today’s intelligent age, the magic weapon of people’s war still possesses immense vitality, evolving into new forms such as “technical support,” “data-driven warfare,” “algorithmic guerrilla warfare,” and “sensor-based early warning.” Only by deeply exploring the practical forms and evolutionary logic of people’s war in the intelligent age can this powerful weapon continue to thrive under new historical conditions.

Technology for all

In traditional people’s wars, civilian support primarily focused on the supply of manpower and materials. During the Huaihai Campaign, millions of people pushed wheelbarrows through gunfire to deliver food and ammunition to the front lines; during the Korean War, civilians in the rear worked day and night to produce clothing and other supplies, providing basic necessities for soldiers on the front lines. This form of support, where manpower forms an army and materials flow in a continuous stream, vividly embodies the principle that “the people and the army are the foundation of victory” under specific historical conditions.

In the age of intelligence, civilian participation in warfare is increasingly manifested in technological support. The key to this shift lies in the widespread availability of civilian technology, transforming tools in the hands of the public into convertible combat resources. In the past, advanced technologies were largely monopolized by the military, making civilian participation in warfare extremely difficult. Today, smartphones, civilian drones, and AI development tools are commonplace, allowing ordinary people to master basic technical skills such as data collection, long-range reconnaissance, and information analysis, which can be directly translated into combat effectiveness during wartime. For example, foreign militaries have tested the use of consumer-grade drones equipped with intelligent modules for monitoring personnel activities in forward areas. This means that the public is no longer merely a logistical supporter but also a technological supporter, forming a new foundation of “everyone can participate, and technology can be transformed,” providing new capabilities for higher-level nationwide collaboration.

Behind this evolution lies a clear pattern. First, technological equality is reshaping the barriers to participation. The widespread civilian application of intelligent technologies allows the public to acquire technological capabilities previously exclusive to the military at low cost. Second, the boundaries between military and civilian technologies are blurring. The dual-use nature of technologies such as artificial intelligence and drones allows civilian innovation to directly serve operational needs. Third, the innovation entities are becoming “decentralized.” Technological breakthroughs no longer rely on single laboratories but are dispersed across millions of civilian nodes, including enterprises, makers, and research teams, forming a technology network that enables innovation by all and is usable across all domains. Technological equality has broken the monopoly of military technology, and the deep integration of public wisdom and intelligent tools has given rise to asymmetric advantages in the intelligent era, also endowing people’s war with new connotations and vitality. As the main force of technological innovation shifts to the civilian sector, technological breakthroughs in different dimensions may become the decisive factors on the future battlefield.

Data Crowdsourcing Operations

Traditional people’s wars rely on the widespread mobilization of the masses to create a massive human wave advantage, such as the enthusiastic support of the people during the War of Liberation. This form of warfare can凝聚 a powerful force because it is based on the participation of the entire population, transforming the dispersed individual strength into collective effectiveness.

The dispersed possession of technological capabilities necessitates efficient integration to form a systematic combat force, which is precisely the value of data crowdsourcing warfare. As a crucial link in transforming the dispersed technological capabilities of the entire population into a centralized system, data crowdsourcing warfare solves the problem of fragmented individual capabilities and achieves large-scale resource aggregation. In the intelligent era, everyone is a potential data node and computing power unit. For example, photos taken with a mobile phone can also contribute to information collection in relevant fields. These seemingly scattered individual contributions, through real-time integration using cloud computing and distributed algorithms, can form data processing capabilities and computing power comparable to professional systems. This model of “everyone can participate and contribute at any time” perfectly interprets the essence of “crowdsourcing,” distributing tasks originally undertaken by professional institutions to millions of individual nodes for collaborative completion.

If universal support for technology is “sowing seeds,” then data crowdsourcing warfare is “cultivating a forest.” The key logic enabling its realization lies in three aspects: First, the widespread adoption of smart terminals lowers the barrier to participation. The ubiquity of smart electronic devices empowers every ordinary person with basic data collection and computing power output capabilities, solving the problem of insufficient specialized equipment. Second, technology enables efficient resource aggregation. Cloud computing and distributed algorithms can integrate scattered mobile phone data and fragmented computing power in real time, overcoming the limitations of dispersed individual efforts. Third, the collaborative logic shifts from centralized scheduling to autonomous contribution. The public can upload data or share computing power through simple operations without unified instructions. When thousands of terminal devices become nodes of combat resources, people’s war in the intelligent era builds a new advantage of nationwide data participation and full-domain computing power collaboration, extending the connotation of “military-civilian integration” from physical collaboration to digital collaboration.

Algorithm global guerrilla warfare

In traditional people’s war, guerrilla warfare occupies an important position, serving as a concrete tactical practice of people’s war. The masses, with their familiarity with the terrain and understanding of local conditions, guide guerrillas along concealed routes, transmit intelligence on enemy movements, and provide cover during raids behind enemy lines. The key to this form is the joint efforts of the military and civilians in employing flexible tactics to continuously harass and wear down the enemy behind enemy lines, plunging them into the vast ocean of people’s war.

Aggregated technological resources must ultimately be transformed into actual combat power through tactical application. Algorithmic all-domain guerrilla warfare in the intelligent era is precisely the result of this transformation. Relying on the data and computing power contributed by the entire population, it extends the flexible and mobile characteristics of traditional guerrilla warfare to the digital space, realizing the leap from static storage to dynamic combat of technological resources. Unlike traditional guerrilla warfare, which relies on terrain and manpower, algorithmic all-domain guerrilla warfare’s battlefield spans the entire cyberspace, including the electromagnetic spectrum. It can, like a guerrilla fighter, hide silently in the enemy’s system, waiting for the opportune moment to launch a precise attack; it can, like “sparrow warfare,” launch multi-point harassment through distributed nodes, using scattered attacks to deplete the enemy’s defensive resources; and it can adjust its strategy in real time based on data, dynamically switching attack paths according to the enemy’s system reactions, just as traditional guerrilla fighters change their combat routes according to the enemy situation.

Algorithmic guerrilla warfare is a tactical application of nationwide technological resources. Its evolutionary logic lies in three key aspects: First, the comprehensive expansion of the operational space. Extending from physical spaces like land and sea to virtual spaces like networks and the electromagnetic spectrum, it achieves ubiquitous guerrilla warfare. Second, a generational improvement in decision-making efficiency. Breaking free from the reliance on commander experience in traditional guerrilla warfare, algorithms achieve millisecond-level responses—”discovery equals decision, decision equals action”—based on real-time data. Third, the “decentralization” of power aggregation. Just as traditional guerrilla warfare relies on dispersed militia units, algorithmic guerrilla warfare forms a “swarm” effect through distributed node collaboration; individual nodes, though weak, can collectively create overall combat power. Algorithmic guerrilla warfare continues the essence of people’s war—the ability to overcome the strong with the weak—not only providing flexible and efficient tactical options for modern warfare but also injecting new tactical vitality into people’s war in the intelligent era, becoming a new method and path to victory.

Sensor distribution early warning

In traditional people’s wars, the eyes and ears of the masses are a key support for the early warning system. Limited by technology at the time, early warning systems were primarily built upon human nodes and rudimentary communication methods. For example, village sentries visually monitored target movements, traveling merchants used their mobility to transmit intelligence, and coastal fishermen monitored unusual vessels in the sea based on their production activities. These scattered civilian observation points exchanged information through agreed-upon signals such as “message trees” and “feather letters,” weaving a wide-ranging early warning network. This model, based on the logic of “the people as the main perceptive body and simple means as the interaction link,” while having a limited scope of perception and lower transmission efficiency, highlighted the essential characteristic of people’s war—the participation of the entire population.

In the intelligent era, the participation of all citizens in technology is not only reflected in offensive tactics but also in building a robust defensive barrier. Distributed early warning systems, by leveraging the sensing devices in the hands of the public to form a comprehensive early warning network, represent an extension of technological capabilities from offensive applications to defensive safeguards. In everyday security and collaborative scenarios, electronic devices can serve as auxiliary carriers for information perception. This model of “device-extended sensing and real-time data flow” transforms traditional, scattered human observation into distributed early warning based on civilian devices, achieving the need for comprehensive coverage and immediate response in early warning systems.

Sensor-based distributed early warning is a security defense line involving the entire population, representing a comprehensive application of technological capabilities and data resources. Its evolution is driven by several key logics: First, the perception dimension extends from the human body to technology. Leveraging the infrared detection and high-definition imaging capabilities of civilian devices, it overcomes the physical limitations of the human eye and ear, capturing abnormal signals from greater distances and in more complex environments, thus solving the problem of insufficient sensory capabilities. Second, information transmission upgrades from physical links to digital links. Relying on mobile networks and dedicated platforms, early warning information can be transmitted in real-time across geographical barriers, replacing traditional methods such as shouting and flag signals, overcoming the limitations of low transmission efficiency. Third, the judgment method shifts from experience-based reliance to precise assessment. Intelligent algorithms perform cross-analysis and judgment of multi-source information, achieving greater accuracy than simply relying on personal experience, meeting the primary requirements of rapid and accurate early warning. Sensor-based distributed early warning in the intelligent era continues the logic of traditional early warning involving the entire population. From capability foundation to resource aggregation, from tactical deployment to defensive barriers, the participation of the entire population in the intelligent era forms a tightly linked operational loop, giving new life to the principle that “the people are the foundation of victory” in the digital space.

現代國語：

「戰爭力量的源頭在於人民。」在當今智慧時代，人民戰爭這一神奇武器依然擁有巨大的生命力，並演化出「技術支援」、「數據驅動戰」、「演算法遊擊戰」和「感測器預警」等新形式。只有深入探索智慧時代人民戰爭的實踐形式和演化邏輯，這強大的武器才能在新的歷史條件下繼續蓬勃發展。

科技惠及全民

在傳統的人民戰爭中，民間支援主要集中在人力和物力的供給。淮海戰役期間，數百萬民眾冒著槍林彈雨，推著獨輪車將糧食和彈藥運送到前線；朝鮮戰爭期間，後方民眾日夜辛勤勞作，生產衣物和其他物資，為前線士兵提供基本生活保障。這種人力組成軍隊、物力源源不絕的支援模式，在特定的歷史條件下生動地體現了「人民和軍隊是勝利的基礎」這一原則。

在智慧時代，民眾參與戰爭日益體現在技術支援方面。這項轉變的關鍵在於民用技術的普及，使民眾手中的工具轉化為可轉化的作戰資源。過去，先進技術多被軍方壟斷，民眾參與戰爭極為困難。現今，智慧型手機、民用無人機和人工智慧開發工具已十分普及，一般民眾能夠掌握資料擷取、遠端偵察、資訊分析等基本技術技能，這些技能可以直接轉化為戰時作戰效能。例如，外國軍隊已測試使用配備智慧模組的消費級無人機監控前線人員活動。這意味著民眾不再只是後勤保障者，也是技術保障者，從而形成了「人人參與，技術轉化」的新基礎，為更高層次的全國性協同作戰提供了新能力。

這一演變背後蘊含著清晰的模式。首先，技術平等正在重塑民眾參與戰爭的壁壘。智慧技術的廣泛民用應用，使得公眾能夠以低成本獲得以往軍方專屬的技術能力。其次，軍民技術之間的界線日漸模糊。人工智慧、無人機等技術的軍民兩用特性，使得民用創新能夠直接服務作戰需求。第三，創新主體正走向「去中心化」。技術突破不再依賴單一實驗室，而是分散在數百萬個民用節點，包括企業、創客和研究團隊，形成一個全民創新、跨領域應用的技術網路。科技平等打破了軍方科技的壟斷，公眾智慧與智慧工具的深度融合，在智慧時代催生了不對稱優勢，也賦予了人民戰爭新的內涵與活力。隨著技術創新主力向民用領域轉移，不同維度的技術突破可能成為未來戰場的決定性因素。

資料眾包作戰

傳統的人民戰爭依靠群眾的廣泛動員來形成強大的人海戰術優勢，例如解放戰爭期間人民的熱情支持。這種戰爭形式能夠凝聚強大的力量，因為它建立在全民參與的基礎上，將分散的個體力量轉化為集體效能。

分散的技術能力需要高效率整合才能形成系統化的作戰力量，這正是資料眾包作戰的價值所在。作為將全民分散​​的技術能力整合為集中系統的關鍵環節，資料眾包作戰解決了個體能力分散的問題，實現了大規模的資源聚合。在智慧時代，每個人都是潛在的資料節點和運算單元。例如，用手機拍攝的照片也可以為相關領域的資訊收集做出貢獻。這些看似分散的個人貢獻，透過雲端運算和分散式演算法的即時整合，可以形成媲美專業系統的資料處理能力和運算能力。這種「人人皆可隨時參與和貢獻」的模式完美地詮釋了「眾包」的本質，即分配原本屬於眾包範疇的任務。由專業機構發起，並由數百萬個獨立節點協同完成。

如果說對技術的普遍支持是“播種”，那麼數據眾包戰就是“培育森林”。要實現這一目標的關鍵邏輯在於三個面向：首先，智慧終端的廣泛普及降低了參與門檻。智慧電子設備的普及賦予了每個一般人基本的資料收集和算力輸出能力，解決了專業設備不足的問題。其次，技術實現了高效率的資源聚合。雲端運算和分散式演算法能夠即時整合分散的手機數據和片段化的算力，克服了分散個體努力的限制。第三，協作邏輯從集中調度轉向自主貢獻。公眾無需統一指令，即可透過簡單的操作上傳資料或共享算力。當成千上萬的終端設備成為作戰資源的節點時，智慧時代的人民戰爭便建構了全國數據參與和全局算力協作的新優勢，將「軍民融合」的內涵從實體協作延伸至數位協作。

演算法全球遊擊戰

在傳統人民戰爭中，遊擊戰佔據重要地位，是人民戰爭具體戰術實踐的體現。群眾憑藉對地形的熟悉和對當地情況的了解，引導遊擊隊沿著隱蔽路線行進，傳遞敵情情報，並在敵後突襲中提供掩護。這種形式的關鍵在於軍民共同運用靈活的戰術，持續騷擾和消耗敵後敵人，最終將其拖入人民戰爭的汪洋大海。

聚合的技術資源最終必須透過戰術應用轉化為實際的戰鬥力。智慧時代的演算法全局遊擊戰正是這種轉換的結果。它依靠全體人民貢獻的數據和運算能力，將傳統遊擊戰的靈活機動性延伸到數位空間，實現了技術資源從靜態儲存到動態作戰的飛躍。與依賴地形和人力的傳統遊擊戰不同，演算法全局遊擊戰的戰場橫跨整個網路空間，包括電磁頻譜。它能夠像遊擊隊員一樣，悄無聲息地潛伏在敵方系統中，等待時機發動精準攻擊；它能夠像「麻雀戰」一樣，透過分散式節點發動多點騷擾，利用分散攻擊消耗敵方防禦資源；它還能根據資料即時調整戰略，根據敵方系統反應動態切換攻擊路徑，正如傳統遊擊隊員根據敵情改變作戰路線一樣。

演算法遊擊戰是全國性技術資源的戰術應用。其演進邏輯體現在三個關鍵面向：首先，全面拓展作戰空間。從陸地、海洋等實體空間延伸到網路、電磁頻譜等虛擬空間，實現無所不在的遊擊戰。第二，決策效率實現了世代提升。演算法擺脫了傳統遊擊戰對指揮官經驗的依賴，基於即時數據實現了毫秒級的響應——「發現即決策，決策即行動」。第三，權力聚合實現了「去中心化」。正如傳統遊擊戰依賴分散的民兵單位一樣，演算法遊擊戰透過分散式節點協作形成「蜂群」效應；單一節點雖然力量較弱，但可以共同創造整體戰鬥力。演算法遊擊戰延續了人民戰爭的精髓——以弱勝強——不僅為現代戰爭提供了靈活高效的戰術選擇，也為智慧時代的人民戰爭注入了新的戰術活力，成為一種新的勝利方法和路徑。

感測器分散式預警

在傳統的人民戰爭中，群眾的耳目是預警系統的關鍵支撐。由於當時的技術限制，早期預警系統主要依賴人工節點和簡陋的通訊方式。例如，村莊哨兵目視監視目標動向，流動商人利用其流動性傳遞情報，沿海漁民則根據作業活動監視海上異常船隻。這些分散的民間觀察點構成了預警系統的雛形。透過「資訊樹」、「羽毛信」等約定的訊號進行資訊交換，建構起覆蓋面廣的預警網路。這種基於「人民為主要感知主體，簡易手段為交互環節」邏輯的模式，雖然感知範圍有限、傳輸效率較低，卻凸顯了人民戰爭的本質特徵——全民參與。

在智慧時代，全民參與技術應用不僅體現在進攻戰術中，也體現在建構強大的防禦屏障中。分散式預警系統利用民眾手中的感知設備建構綜合預警網絡，實現了技術能力從進攻應用向防禦保障的延伸。在日常安全和協同作戰場景中，電子設備可以作為資訊感知的輔助載體。這種「設備擴展感知與即時數據流」模式，將傳統的、分散的人工觀測轉變為基於民用設備的分散式預警，滿足了預警系統全面覆蓋和快速響應的需求。

基於感測器的分散式預警是一條涉及全體民眾的安全防線，代表著技術能力和資料資源的綜合應用。其發展演進遵循以下幾個關鍵邏輯：首先，感知維度從人體延伸至技術層面。利用民用設備的紅外線探測和高清成像能力，突破了人眼和耳朵的物理局限，能夠在更遠的距離和更複雜的環境中捕捉異常訊號，從而解決了感知能力不足的問題。其次，資訊傳輸從實體鏈路升級到數位鏈路。依托行動網路和專用平台，預警訊息可跨越地理障礙即時傳輸，取代了傳統的喊話、旗語等方式，克服了傳輸效率低下的限制。第三，判斷方式從依賴經驗轉向精準評估。智慧演算法對多源資訊進行交叉分析與判斷，精準度遠超個人經驗，滿足了快速、準確預警的首要需求。智慧時代的基於感測器的分散式預警延續了傳統預警涉及全體民眾的邏輯。從能力基礎到資源聚合，從戰術部署到防禦屏障，全民參與智慧時代形成緊密相連的運作循環，在數位空間中賦予「人民是勝利的基礎」這項原則新的生命。

智能時代人民戰爭作戰形態初探

■王欽輝  徐澄

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：王欽輝 徐澄 責任編輯：徐佔虎

2025-10-30 06:xx:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_2088543/168481858382.html

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Chinese Military Grasping Pulse of Information and Intelligent Warfare Development

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中國軍方掌握資訊戰和智慧戰發展的脈搏

現代英語：

Currently, the deep penetration and integrated application of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence in the military field are profoundly reshaping the form of warfare and driving the evolution of informationized and intelligent warfare to a higher and more complex level. This process brings new challenges, such as the full-dimensional expansion of the operational space, but also contains the enduring underlying logic of the essential laws of warfare. We must deeply analyze the evolutionary mechanism of informationized and intelligent warfare, understand and clarify the specific manifestations of the new challenges and underlying logic, and continuously explore the practical paths and winning principles for strategizing future warfare.

Recognizing the new challenges that information technology and intelligent technology bring to warfare

Technological iteration and upgrading have driven profound changes in combat styles, which in turn bring new challenges. Currently, with the accelerated development of information and intelligent technologies, the form of warfare is showing significant changes such as cross-domain integration, system confrontation, and intelligent dominance, thereby giving rise to new challenges such as mixed-domain nature, intelligence, and all-personnel involvement.

The Challenges of Multi-Domain Operations. In future warfare, the physical boundaries of traditional operational domains will be broken, with information and social domains deeply nested, forming a new type of battlefield characterized by multi-domain coordination. This multi-dimensional battlefield environment presents two challenges to current combat systems. First, system compatibility is difficult. In a multi-domain operational environment, combat operations “span” multiple physical and virtual spaces, while traditional combat systems are often built based on specific operational domains, making seamless compatibility of their technical standards and information interfaces difficult. Second, command and control are highly complex. In informationized and intelligent warfare, combat operations unfold simultaneously or alternately across multiple dimensions, with various demands exhibiting non-linear, explosive, and multi-domain characteristics. Traditional, hierarchical, tree-like command structures are ill-suited to handle this complex multi-domain coordination situation.

The Challenges of Intelligence. The deep integration of technologies such as artificial intelligence into the war decision-making and action chain presents new challenges to traditional decision-making models and action logic. On the one hand, defining the boundaries and dominance of human-machine collaboration is challenging. Intelligent systems demonstrate superior capabilities in information processing, decision support, and even autonomous action, but over-reliance on algorithms can lead to a “decision black box”; excessive restrictions on machine intelligence may result in the loss of the speed and efficiency advantages of intelligent algorithms. Therefore, how to construct a human-machine symbiotic, human-led, and intelligence-assisted decision-making model has become an unavoidable “test” in winning informationized and intelligent warfare. On the other hand, the complexity and vulnerability of algorithmic warfare are becoming increasingly prominent. The higher the level of intelligence in warfare, the stronger the dependence on core algorithms. Adversaries may launch attacks through data pollution, model deception, and network intrusion, inducing intelligent systems to misjudge and fail. This kind of “bottom-up” attack based on algorithmic vulnerabilities is far more covert and destructive than traditional methods, placing higher demands on the construction and maintenance of defense systems.

A challenge affecting all personnel. Informationized and intelligent warfare blurs the lines between wartime and peacetime, front lines and rear areas. Combat operations are no longer confined to professional soldiers and traditional battlefields; non-military sectors such as economics, finance, and technology, along with related personnel, may all be integrated into modern combat systems to varying degrees, bringing entirely new challenges. Specifically, non-military sectors may become new focal points of offense and defense. In an information society, critical infrastructure such as energy networks, transportation hubs, and information platforms are highly interconnected and interdependent, with broad social coverage and significant influence, making them prime targets for attack or disruption in hybrid warfare, thus significantly increasing the difficulty of protection. The national defense mobilization system faces transformation pressure. The traditional “peacetime-wartime conversion” model is ill-suited to the demands of high-intensity, fast-paced, and high-consumption informationized and intelligent warfare. There is an urgent need to build a modern mobilization mechanism that is “integrated in peacetime and wartime, military-civilian integrated, precise, and efficient,” ensuring the rapid response and efficient transformation of core resources such as technological potential, industrial capabilities, and professional talent.

Clarifying the underlying logic of information-based and intelligent warfare

Although the development of information and intelligent technologies has profoundly reshaped the mode of force application, the inherent attributes of war have not been fundamentally shaken. Ensuring that strategy follows policy, adhering to the principle that people are the decisive factor, and recognizing that the “fog of war” will persist for a long time are still key measures for us to understand, plan, and respond to future wars.

Strategic subordination with political strategy is paramount. Currently, the proliferation of new technologies and attack methods easily fosters “technocentrism”—when algorithms and computing power are seen as the key to victory, and when technological superiority in equipment is considered an absolute advantage, military operations risk deviating from the political and strategic trajectory. This necessitates that we always integrate military operations within the overall national political framework, ensuring that technological advantages serve strategic objectives. Under informationized and intelligent conditions, strategic subordination with political strategy transcends the purely military level, requiring precise alignment with core national political goals such as diplomatic maneuvering and domestic development and stability. Therefore, it is essential to clearly define the boundaries, intensity, and scope of information and intelligent means of application, avoid significant political and strategic risks arising from the misuse of technology, and strive for a dynamic unity between political objectives and military means.

The decisive factor remains human. While intelligent technology can indeed endow weapons with superior autonomous perception and decision-making capabilities, the ultimate control and winning formula in war always firmly rests in human hands. Marxist warfare theory reveals that regardless of how warfare evolves, humans are always the main actors and the ultimate decisive force. Weapons, as tools, ultimately rely on human creativity in their effective use. Therefore, facing the wave of informationized and intelligent warfare, we must achieve deep integration and synchronous development of human-machine intelligence, building upon a foundation of human dominance. Specifically, intelligentization must not only “transform” things—improving equipment performance—but also “transform” people—enhancing human cognitive abilities, decision-making levels, and human-machine collaborative efficiency, ensuring that no matter how high the “kites” of intelligent equipment fly, humanity always firmly grasps the “control chain” that guides their development.

Recognizing the persistent nature of the “fog of war,” while information technology has significantly improved battlefield transparency, technological means can only reduce the density of the “fog,” not completely dispel it. The fundamental reason is that war is a dynamic game; the deception generated by the continuous strategic feints and other maneuvers employed by opposing sides transcends the scope of mere technological deconstruction, possessing an inherent unpredictability. Therefore, we must acknowledge the perpetual nature of the “fog of war” and employ appropriate measures to achieve the goal of “reducing our own fog and increasing the enemy’s confusion.” Regarding the former, we must strengthen our own reconnaissance advantages by integrating multi-source intelligence, including satellite reconnaissance, drone surveillance, and ground sensors, to achieve a real-time dynamic map of the battlefield situation. Regarding the latter, we must deepen the enemy’s decision-making dilemma by using techniques such as false signals and electronic camouflage to mislead their intelligence gathering, forcing them to expend resources in a state of confusion between truth and falsehood, directly weakening their situational awareness.

Exploring the winning factors of information-based and intelligent warfare

To plan for future wars, we must recognize the new challenges they bring, follow the underlying logic they contain, further explore the winning principles of informationized and intelligent warfare, and work hard to strengthen military theory, make good strategic plans, and innovate tactics and methods.

Strengthening theoretical development is crucial. Scientific military theory is combat power, and maintaining the advancement of military theory is essential for winning informationized and intelligent warfare. On the one hand, we must deepen the integration and innovation of military theory. We must systematically integrate modern scientific theories such as cybernetics, game theory, and information theory, focusing on new combat styles such as human-machine collaborative operations and cross-domain joint operations, to construct an advanced military theoretical system that is forward-looking, adaptable, and operable. On the other hand, we must adhere to practical testing and iterative updates. We must insist on linking theory with practice, keenly observing problems, systematically summarizing experiences, and accurately extracting patterns from the front lines of military struggle preparation and training, forming a virtuous cycle of “practice—understanding—re-practice—re-understanding,” ensuring that theory remains vibrant and effectively guides future warfare.

Strategic planning is crucial. Future-oriented strategic planning is essentially a proactive shaping process driven by technology, driven by demand, and guaranteed by dynamic adaptation. It requires a broad technological vision and flexible strategic thinking, striving to achieve a leap from “responding to war” to “designing war.” First, we must anticipate technological changes. We must maintain a high degree of sensitivity to disruptive technologies that may reshape the rules of war and deeply understand the profound impact of the cross-integration of various technologies. Second, we must focus on key areas. Emerging “high frontiers” such as cyberspace, outer space, the deep sea, and the polar regions should be the focus of strategic planning, concentrating on shaping the rules of operation and seizing advantages to ensure dominance in the invisible battlefield and emerging spaces. Third, we must dynamically adjust and adapt. The future battlefield is constantly changing and full of uncertainty. Strategic planning cannot be a static, definitive text, but rather a resilient, dynamic framework. We must assess the applicability, maturity, and potential risks of various solutions in conjunction with reality to ensure that the direction of military development is always precisely aligned with the needs of future warfare.

Promoting Tactical Innovation. Specific tactics serve as a bridge connecting technological innovation and combat operations. Faced with the profound changes brought about by informationized and intelligent warfare, it is imperative to vigorously promote tactical innovation and explore “intelligent strategies” adapted to the future battlefield. On the one hand, it is necessary to deeply explore the combat potential of emerging technologies. We should actively explore new winning paths such as “algorithms as combat power,” “data as firepower,” “networks as the battlefield,” and “intelligence as advantage,” transforming technological advantages into battlefield victories. On the other hand, it is necessary to innovatively design future combat processes. Various combat forces can be dispersed and deployed across multiple intelligent and networked nodes, constructing a more flattened, agile, and adaptive “observation-judgment-decision-action” cycle. Simultaneously, we must strengthen multi-domain linkage, breaking down inherent barriers between different services and combat domains, striving to achieve cross-domain collaboration, system-wide synergy, autonomous adaptation, and dynamic reorganization, promoting the overall emergence of combat effectiveness.

現代國語：

目前，人工智慧等尖端技術在軍事領域的深度滲透與融合應用，正深刻重塑戰爭形態，推動資訊化、智慧化戰爭朝向更高、更複雜的層面演進。這個過程帶來了作戰空間全方位擴展等新挑戰，同時也蘊含著戰爭基本法則的持久邏輯。我們必須深入分析資訊化、智慧化戰爭的演進機制，理解並釐清新挑戰的具體表現及其內在邏輯，不斷探索未來戰爭戰略的實踐路徑與勝利原則。

認識資訊科技和智慧科技為戰爭帶來的新挑戰

技術的迭代升級推動了作戰方式的深刻變革，進而帶來了新的挑戰。目前，隨著資訊科技與智慧科技的加速發展，戰爭形態呈現出跨域融合、系統對抗、智慧主導等顯著變化，由此產生了混合域作戰、智慧化作戰、全員參與等新挑戰。

多域作戰的挑戰。在未來的戰爭中，傳統作戰領域的物理邊界將被打破，資訊領域和社會領域將深度交織，形成以多域協同為特徵的新型戰場。這種多維戰場環境對現有作戰系統提出了兩大挑戰。首先，系統相容性面臨挑戰。在多域作戰環境中，作戰行動「跨越」多個實體和虛擬空間，而傳統作戰系統通常基於特定的作戰領域構建，難以實現技術標準和資訊介面的無縫相容。其次，指揮控制高度複雜。在資訊化和智慧化戰爭中，作戰行動在多個維度上同時或交替展開，各種需求呈現出非線性、爆發性和多域性的特徵。傳統的層級式、樹狀指揮結構難以應付這種複雜的多域協同局面。

情報的挑戰。人工智慧等技術深度融入戰爭決策和行動鏈，對傳統的決策模型和行動邏輯提出了新的挑戰。一方面，界定人機協作的邊界和主導地位極具挑戰性。智慧型系統在資訊處理、決策支援乃至自主行動方面展現出卓越的能力，但過度依賴演算法可能導致「決策黑箱」；對機器智慧的過度限制則可能喪失智慧演算法的速度和效率優勢。因此，如何建構人機共生、人主導、智慧輔助的決策模型，已成為贏得資訊化和智慧化戰爭的必經「考驗」。另一方面，演算法戰的複雜性和脆弱性日益凸顯。戰爭智能化程度越高，對核心演算法的依賴性就越強。敵方可能透過資料污染、模型欺騙和網路入侵等手段發動攻擊，誘使智慧型系統誤判和失效。這種基於演算法漏洞的「自下而上」攻擊比傳統手段更加隱蔽和破壞性，對防禦系統的建構和維護提出了更高的要求。

這是一項影響全體人員的挑戰。資訊化與智慧化戰爭模糊了戰時與和平時期、前線與後方的界線。作戰行動不再侷限於職業軍人和傳統戰場；經濟、金融、科技等非軍事領域及其相關人員都可能在不同程度上融入現代作戰體系，帶來全新的挑戰。具體而言，非軍事領域可能成為攻防的新焦點。在資訊社會中，能源網路、交通樞紐、資訊平台等關鍵基礎設施高度互聯互通、相互依存，覆蓋範圍廣、影響力大，使其成為混合戰爭中攻擊或破壞的主要目標，大大增加了防禦難度。國防動員體系面臨轉型壓力。傳統的「和平時期向戰爭時期轉換」模式已無法滿足高強度、快節奏、高消耗的資訊化和智慧化戰爭的需求。迫切需要…建構「和平時期與戰爭時期一體化、軍民融合、精準高效」的現代化動員機制，確保技術潛力、產業能力、專業人才等核心資源的快速反應與高效轉換。

釐清資訊化與智慧化戰爭的內在邏輯

儘管資訊和智慧科技的發展深刻地重塑了兵力運用方式，但戰爭的固有屬性並未發生根本性改變。確保戰略服從政策，堅持以人為本的原則，並認識到「戰爭迷霧」將長期存在，仍然是我們理解、規劃和應對未來戰爭的關鍵。

戰略服從政治戰略至關重要。目前，新技術和新攻擊手段的湧現容易滋生「技術中心主義」——當演算法和運算能力被視為取勝的關鍵，裝備的技術優勢被視為絕對優勢時，軍事行動就有可能偏離政治戰略軌道。這就要求我們始終將軍事行動納入國家整體政治框架，確保技術優勢服務於戰略目標。在資訊化和智慧化條件下，戰略對政治戰略的服從超越了純粹的軍事層面，需要與外交斡旋、國內發展穩定等核心國家政治目標精準契合。因此，必須明確界定資訊和智慧手段應用的邊界、強度和範圍，避免因技術濫用而引發重大政治和戰略風險，並努力實現政治目標與軍事手段的動態統一。

決定性因素仍然是人。雖然智慧科技確實可以賦予武器卓越的自主感知和決策能力，但戰爭的最終控制權和勝利之道始終牢牢掌握在人手中。馬克思主義戰爭理論表明，無論戰爭如何演變，人類始終是主要行動者和最終的決定性力量。武器作為工具，其有效使用最終依賴於人的創造力。因此，面對資訊化、智慧化戰爭的浪潮，我們必須在人類主導的基礎上，實現人機智慧的深度融合與同步發展。具體而言，智慧化不僅要「改造」物——提升裝備性能——更要「改造」人——增強人類的認知能力、決策水平和人機協同效率，確保無論智慧裝備的「風箏」飛得多高，人類始終牢牢掌控著引導其發展的「控制鏈」。

認識到「戰爭迷霧」的持久性，儘管資訊技術顯著提升了戰場透明度，但技術手段只能降低「迷霧」的密度，而無法徹底驅散它。根本原因在於戰爭是一場動態賽局；交戰雙方不斷進行的戰略佯攻和其他戰術動作所產生的欺騙性，遠非簡單的技術解構所能及，具有固有的不可預測性。因此，我們必須正視「戰爭迷霧」的永恆性，並採取適當措施，實現「減少自身迷霧，增加敵方混亂」的目標。就前者而言，我們必須整合衛星偵察、無人機監視、地面感測器等多源情報，強化自身偵察優勢，以實現戰場態勢的即時動態測繪。就後者而言，我們必須運用假訊號、電子偽裝等手段，誤導敵方情報蒐集，使其在真假難辨的狀態下耗費資源，從而直接削弱其態勢感知能力，加深敵方決策困境。

探索資訊化、智慧化戰爭的勝利要素

為因應未來戰爭，我們必須體認到戰爭帶來的新挑戰，掌握其內在邏輯，進一步探索資訊化、智慧化戰爭的勝利原則，努力加強軍事理論建設，制定完善的戰略規劃，並創新戰術方法。

加強理論發展至關重要。科學的軍事理論就是戰鬥力，維持軍事理論的進步是贏得資訊化、智慧化戰爭的關鍵。一方面，我們必須深化軍事理論的整合與創新，有系統地將現代科學融入軍事理論。

運用控制論、博弈論、資訊理論等理論，著重研究人機協同作戰、跨域聯合作戰等新型作戰方式，建構前瞻性、適應性和可操作性的先進軍事理論體系。另一方面，必須堅持實戰檢驗、迭代更新。必須堅持理論與實踐結合，敏銳觀察問題，系統總結經驗，準確提煉軍事鬥爭前線備戰訓練中的規律，形成「實踐—理解—再實踐—再理解」的良性循環，確保理論保持活力，有效指導未來戰爭。

策略規劃至關重要。面向未來的策略規劃本質上是一個由技術驅動、需求驅動、動態調適保障的主動塑造過程。它需要廣闊的技術視野和靈活的戰略思維，力求實現從「應對戰爭」到「設計戰爭」的飛躍。首先，我們必須預見技術變革。我們必須對可能重塑戰爭規則的顛覆性技術保持高度敏感，並深刻理解各種技術交叉融合的深遠影響。其次，我們必須聚焦重點領域。網路空間、外太空、深海、極地等新興「高前沿」應成為戰略規劃的重點，著力塑造作戰規則，奪取優勢，確保在無形戰場和新興空間佔據主導地位。第三，我們必須動態調整與適應。未來的戰場瞬息萬變，充滿不確定性。策略規劃不能是一成不變的固定文本，而應是一個具有韌性的動態架構。我們必須結合實際情況，評估各種解決方案的適用性、成熟度和潛在風險，確保軍事發展方向始終與未來戰爭的需求精準契合。

推進戰術創新。具體戰術是連結技術創新與作戰行動的橋樑。面對資訊化、智慧化戰爭帶來的深刻變革，必須大力推動戰術創新，探索適應未來戰場的「智慧戰略」。一方面，要深入挖掘新興技術的作戰潛力，積極探索「演算法即戰力」、「數據即火力」、「網路即戰場」、「情報即優勢」等新的致勝路徑，將技術優勢轉化為戰場勝利。另一方面，要創新地設計未來作戰流程，使各類作戰力量分散部署於多個智慧化、網路化的節點，建構更扁平、更敏捷、適應性更強的「觀察-判斷-決策-行動」循環。同時，要加強多域連結，打破不同軍種、不同作戰域之間的固有壁壘，力爭實現跨域協同、系統協同、自主適應、動態重組，進而提升整體作戰效能。

（編：任嘉慧、彭靜）

李书吾 丁 盛

2026年01月27日0x:xx | 来源：解放军报

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2026/08127/c10811-4808868538648.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Big Data, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Command information Systems, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare

Military Big Data: Driving Future Chinese Military Transformation

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軍事大數據：驅動中國未來軍事轉型

現代英語：

Military Big Data: Driving Future Military Transformation

—Answering questions from reporters during the Third Military Big Data Forum

In recent years, the Chinese military has continuously promoted the application of big data technology in the military field. Big data has been gradually integrated into joint operations, construction management, and military scientific research, bringing new momentum to military innovation practices.

Based on the new situation and new requirements, and with a view to accelerating the construction and development of military big data, and to build an academic exchange platform for mutual communication, sharing and win-win cooperation between the military and civilian sectors, the 3rd Military Big Data Forum, hosted by the Academy of Military Sciences and themed “Frontiers and Prospects of Military Big Data Development”, was held in Beijing on September 16.

During the forum, a reporter from the PLA Daily interviewed Geng Guotong, Director of the Military Science Information Research Center of the Academy of Military Sciences, along with Deputy Directors Bai Xiaoying, Luo Wei, Li Xiaosong, and Li Congying, on topics related to military big data.

Military big data applications face complex challenges

Reporter: Globally, big data is developing rapidly, with key technologies accelerating breakthroughs and applications, deeply integrating with industrial development, and giving rise to a series of new technologies, applications, business models, and patterns. What are the main challenges facing the application of military big data?

Geng Guotong: Big data provides a new model, method, and means for understanding complex systems. The high complexity of the environment, the strong adversarial nature of competition, the high real-time response, the incompleteness of information, and the uncertainty of boundaries inherent in military activities determine the complexity of military big data applications. The combination of big data, high computing power, and large-scale models has achieved great success in civilian applications such as machine translation, human-computer dialogue, and autonomous driving. However, artificial intelligence driven by big data still struggles to achieve satisfactory application results when facing uncertain environments, especially complex military adversarial environments.

In the future era of intelligent warfare, the widespread use of unmanned systems and autonomous weapons will not only change traditional combat modes but also introduce new complexities. Therefore, unlike in the civilian sector, complexity will dominate the future military big data application environment. How to observe, intervene in, and measure the complex mega-systems of warfare using big data technologies is the main challenge facing military big data applications.

Bai Xiaoying: We can also examine the challenges currently faced by military big data applications from the perspective of causal science. Viktor Mayer-Schönberger, in his book *Big Data*, argues that “the biggest shift in the big data era is abandoning the pursuit of causality and instead focusing on correlation.” Currently, widely used deep learning and reinforcement learning methods are essentially data-driven algorithms that seek patterns and correlations through observation, thus having inherent limitations in revealing the essential laws governing things.

In future military operations, true and false data will be intricately intertwined, and data fog and deception will be prevalent. Focusing solely on correlations without considering causality risks getting lost in the fog and focusing on trivial details while neglecting the essentials. Therefore, how to organically integrate big data technology with causal inference to see through data relationships and understand the true nature of data is a major challenge facing the application of military big data.

The world’s major military powers are sparing no effort in promoting the development of military big data.

Reporter: Currently, big data development has become a crucial “blood-generating and intelligence-enhancing” project for major military powers worldwide to build military superiority, and a new pathway and driving force for combat capability growth. So, what new practices are major military powers adopting in promoting military big data development?

Li Xiaosong: Faced with the challenges of the era of artificial intelligence, the world’s leading military powers, represented by the United States, believe that artificial intelligence and big data are “two sides of the same coin.” They have continuously strengthened the integrated development of artificial intelligence and big data through measures such as issuing special plans, establishing research and development institutions, and strengthening the overall coordination of resources, in order to seize the initiative in the development of future intelligent warfare. They have successively issued documents such as the “Ministry of Defence Digital Modernization Strategy” and the Ministry of Defence’s “Data Strategy.” The United Kingdom recently also released its first “Ministry of Defence Digital Strategy,” comprehensively promoting a data-centric strategic transformation.

In order to implement strategic requirements, the United States has further proposed to achieve goals such as data visibility, accessibility, interconnectivity, trustworthiness, and interoperability. By formulating standards and specifications, increasing R&D investment, and adopting advanced commercial technologies, the United States has systematically addressed the bottlenecks that have long constrained data sharing efficiency, operational effectiveness, interoperability, and data analysis capabilities. The benefits of military big data construction are gradually becoming apparent.

In June of this year, the U.S. Department of Defense launched the “Artificial Intelligence and Data Acceleration Initiative,” adding specialized teams such as “Operational Data Teams” and “Artificial Intelligence Expert Teams” to 11 joint combatant commands, striving to gain faster judgment, decision-making, and action capabilities than adversaries in the ever-changing battlefield environment.

Li Congying: In addition to strengthening strategic guidance, major military powers have launched a series of projects to accelerate the transformation of big data technology research and development results into combat capabilities. For example, the U.S. Department of Defense implemented the “Big Data to Decision” project, focusing on the research and development of big data management and utilization technologies to build an autonomous system capable of independent operation and decision-making, thereby automating operations and decisions; the U.S. Special Operations Command launched Project Avatar, which uses automatic keyword searches on various public data sources such as the Internet and databases to enable combat personnel to obtain relevant battlefield data and build real-time battlefield environment images as much as possible; the U.S. Air Force developed the F-35 fighter jet integrated seamless support system, which integrates massive amounts of data such as historical status monitoring, fault diagnosis, and maintenance mission planning, and receives flight data in real time to achieve intelligent fault diagnosis, efficient maintenance mission planning, and precise allocation of maintenance resources. Russia’s combat command information system has made breakthroughs in intelligent analysis technology of battlefield situation big data and has been deployed and applied.

Big data drives the transformation of future warfare styles

Reporter: Artificial intelligence technology is rapidly penetrating the military field, profoundly changing the mechanisms of victory, force structures, and combat methods in future warfare. How should we understand and grasp the key role of big data in future intelligent warfare?

Geng Guotong: Data-driven artificial intelligence will inevitably become a new engine for future military transformation. “No data, no victory” has become the essential law and prominent feature of intelligent warfare.

First, data empowers intelligent equipment. This will drive the deep integration of hardware and algorithms through data flow, and the profound combination of machine intelligence and human wisdom, breaking through the limitations of traditional equipment systems in terms of time, space, mobility, and cost, thus unleashing the combat effectiveness of weapon systems. The US “Third Offset Strategy,” focusing on intelligent armies, autonomous equipment, and unmanned systems, plans to fully realize the intelligentization or even unmanned operation of combat platforms, information systems, and command and control by 2050, creating a new generation of equipment and achieving true “robot warfare.” In the latest round of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Israel, leveraging its advantage in artificial intelligence technology, has integrated and aggregated multi-source intelligence information and battlefield data to assist in combat operations, gradually revealing the beginnings of intelligent warfare.

Secondly, data empowers the formation of new forms of warfare. With data analysis and processing at its core, it will change the way forces are organized, the relative strengths and weaknesses of adversaries, and give rise to a series of new combat styles, forming an intelligent form of warfare centered on data.

Secondly, data empowers and transforms combat command. With the advancement and application of cognitive artificial intelligence, data-driven intelligent staff will extract high-value information from the “data deluge” in the shortest time and in the most effective way. In particular, it will be able to autonomously perceive, judge, decide, and respond to corresponding threats, forming a rapid decision-making advantage against the enemy in the command and control chain, achieving “strategic planning within data and decisive victory above data,” and realizing a true “decision-centered war.”

Luo Wei: In the current context of the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligentization, embedding big data technology into the kill chain and modularizing and integrating combat force formations can fully unleash combat capabilities. At the same time, we should also be clearly aware that the key factor determining the outcome of war remains people. Big data and artificial intelligence technologies cannot completely replace people, nor can they change the decisive role of people in war.

Big data powerfully supports the revolution in military management

Reporter: Currently, a military management revolution centered on efficiency is being actively promoted. So how can big data be used to transform the military’s construction and management model?

Li Xiaosong: As national defense and military modernization enter a new era, data is becoming an important basis for construction management and scientific decision-making. To explore new models of integration and coordinated development between big data and military construction management, and to support the advancement of a military management revolution centered on efficiency and guided by precision, we must grasp the following three aspects:

First, we must adhere to demand-driven principles. The booming fields of big data are all closely coupled with business scenarios. Only by clarifying the needs can we understand what data to build, what models to develop, and what products to create; otherwise, we’ll be “grasping at everything at once.”

Second, we must focus on embedding data into processes. Military management activities are complex and diverse. Only by integrating data thinking into the entire chain of planning, execution, supervision, and evaluation, and into business systems such as strategic planning, equipment management, logistics support, and personnel management, can we achieve business process reengineering and precise resource allocation.

Third, we must strengthen integration and sharing. Departmental barriers and fragmentation have always been significant factors affecting the realization of data value. We must comprehensively strengthen the development of laws and standards, actively promote the online deployment of business operations and data, effectively solve the challenges of sharing and utilization, and lay the foundation for a data-driven new model of military construction and management.

Bai Xiaoying: The development of technologies such as knowledge graphs, natural language processing, data mining, data computing, and data governance has also provided technical support for building a data-driven military construction and management model. For example, the U.S. Department of Defense, in collaboration with MIT, developed a “semantic data lake” technology for defense acquisition operations. Based on cleaning and processing massive amounts of fragmented business text data, they established a defense acquisition knowledge system through comparative analysis, correlation retrieval, and comprehensive judgment. This automatically discovers and mines the interdependencies between defense acquisition and operational capability requirements, quickly identifies capability deficiencies, optimizes acquisition investment projects, and provides effective reference for defense acquisition management and decision-making.

Big data drives a paradigm shift in military scientific research innovation.

Reporter: Marked by AlphaFold’s accurate prediction of protein structure, big data-driven artificial intelligence technologies, represented by deep learning, are revolutionizing modern scientific research models. Could you share your understanding of building a data-intensive paradigm for military scientific research innovation?

Luo Wei: Turing Award winner Jim Gray proposed that human scientific research activities have gone through the “experimental science paradigm” at the beginning of the development of science and technology, the “theoretical science paradigm” characterized by models and induction, the “computational science paradigm” characterized by simulation, and are now developing into the “data-intensive science paradigm” characterized by big data analysis.

In the era of big data, scientific research is grappling with a data divide and is essentially drowning in data. Take the biomedical field as an example: over one million papers are published annually, yet scientists read only about 250 on average each year. Simultaneously, as the total amount of human knowledge continues to expand, scientists’ hypotheses are based on only a small fraction of that knowledge, and human creativity increasingly depends on the randomness of prior experience. In this context, automating scientific research using big data and artificial intelligence technologies has become the catalyst for a paradigm shift in scientific research.

For data-intensive military scientific research and innovation paradigms, on the one hand, based on massive amounts of data and models, simulations of military activities are conducted to explore data relationships and value, and to build a “bottom-level channel” for the integration of theory and technology. Data serves as a bridge to achieve mutual attraction and deep integration between military theory and military technology. On the other hand, through research such as automated reasoning of scientific knowledge, exploration of scientific mechanisms, and the construction of a human-machine symbiotic research ecosystem, data is used to enhance efficiency and stimulate vitality, thereby realizing the digitalization and intelligentization of military scientific research activities. This deeply taps into the innovative potential of military researchers and enhances the military’s scientific research productivity.

Li Congying: To build a data-intensive military scientific research innovation paradigm, we should focus on two aspects: First, we should accumulate a solid data foundation by strengthening the multi-source collection, classification, integration, verification, and validation of various data resources related to military scientific research, and integrating widely distributed data with different ownership into a logically unified data resource pool. Second, we should strengthen algorithm innovation by grasping the evolutionary laws and development trends of military scientific research paradigms, developing targeted intelligent algorithms and models, and integrating our understanding of the essence of war, the rules of combat, and the mechanisms of victory to efficiently support data-driven military scientific research applications.

The innovative development of military big data requires collaboration from all parties.

Reporter: Big data technology has strong versatility. So, how can we effectively utilize all technological resources to solve the challenges of military big data research and application?

Geng Guotong: For the development and construction of military big data, it is necessary to strengthen communication, collaboration, and integration, emphasize cooperation among all parties, and enhance the supply of high-quality big data technologies. Specifically, three key aspects need to be addressed:

First, we must strengthen top-level guidance. Major military powers worldwide have elevated data from a technological level to a “high-value-added strategic asset” and a “high-profit product” in the military field, promoting the large-scale use of military and civilian data by drawing on commercial practices to gain comprehensive military advantages. In light of this, we should strengthen top-level guidance, clarify supporting conditions such as data integration and sharing, on-demand secure use, and compensation for benefits, to achieve efficient use of national big data infrastructure, technological products, and high-end talent.

Second, innovate application mechanisms. Given the characteristics of big data technology products—short update cycles, rapid iteration, and flexible integration and deployment—some of the world’s leading military powers emphasize fully utilizing commercial big data technology frameworks to build agile information system architectures that apply data faster than their competitors. To this end, a rapid procurement channel for military big data technologies and products can be established, exploring models such as direct procurement, trial-before-you-buy, service purchase, and joint research and development to promote the rapid application and efficient transformation of big data technology research results.

Third, strengthen collaborative efforts. Given the versatility of big data technology, we can explore the establishment of new research and development institutions to focus on fundamental and forward-looking technologies, product development, and industrial incubation related to big data, thereby seizing the high ground for innovation in big data research and application.

Bai Xiaoying: Talent is the primary resource for data construction. Building a professional talent team that is proficient in data knowledge and familiar with national defense and military operations is the key to the development of military big data construction.

In recent years, some of the world’s leading military powers have adopted methods such as introducing civilian talent, training existing personnel, and strengthening qualification certification to focus on cultivating talent in military data theory research and technology development. The U.S. Defense Acquisition University has partnered with Stanford University, Johns Hopkins University, Google, and others to jointly cultivate military big data talent with expertise in both data science and technology.

現代國語：

軍事大數據：驅動未來軍事變革

——第三屆軍事大數據論壇期間有關專家答記者問

■雷 帥 解放軍報特約記者 王 晗 記者 邵龍飛

近年來，我軍持續推動大數據技術在軍事領域的應用，大數據逐步融入聯合作戰、建設管理和軍事科研之中，為軍事創新實踐帶來了新動能。

立足新形勢新要求，著眼加快軍事大數據建設發展，搭建軍地互通共享、互促共贏的學術交流平台，由軍事科學院主辦、主題為“軍事大數據發展前沿與展望”的第三屆軍事大數據論壇，於9月16日在京舉行。

論壇期間，解放軍報記者就軍事大數據相關話題，采訪了軍事科學院軍事科學信息研究中心主任耿國桐研究員、副主任白曉穎研究員、羅威研究員、李曉松高級工程師和李聰穎副研究員。

軍事大數據應用面臨復雜性挑戰

記者：在世界范圍內，大數據發展日新月異，關鍵技術加速突破應用，與產業發展深度融合，催生了一系列新技術、新應用、新業態和新模式。請問軍事大數據應用主要面臨哪些挑戰？

耿國桐：大數據提供了一種認識復雜系統的新模式、新方法和新手段。軍事活動所具有的環境高復雜性、博弈強對抗性、響應高實時性、信息不完整性、邊界不確定性等特點，決定了軍事大數據應用的復雜性。大數據、大算力、大模型三者結合，在機器翻譯、人機對話、自動駕駛等民用領域應用取得了巨大成功。但是，大數據驅動下的人工智能在面臨不確定性環境、特別是軍事復雜對抗環境時，仍難以達到令人滿意的應用效果。

未來智能化戰爭時代，無人系統、自主武器等廣泛運用，不僅會改變傳統作戰模式，也將引入新的復雜性。因此，與民用領域不同，復雜性將主導未來軍事大數據應用環境。如何通過大數據技術手段觀察、干預、度量戰爭復雜巨系統，是軍事大數據應用所面臨的主要挑戰。

白曉穎：我們也可從因果科學的角度來看待當前軍事大數據應用所面臨的挑戰。維克托·邁爾·舍恩伯格在《大數據時代》一書中提出：“大數據時代最大的轉變就是，放棄對因果關系的渴求，而取而代之關注相關關系。”目前，廣泛應用的深度學習和強化學習方法，本質上還是數據驅動的算法，通過觀察尋找規律、尋求相關關系，在揭示事物本質規律方面存在固有局限性。

未來軍事活動中，真假數據錯綜交織，數據迷霧、偽裝欺騙現象普遍存在。如果只重相關不重因果，很有可能陷入迷霧之中，去舍本逐末。因此，如何將大數據技術與因果推斷有機融合起來，透視數據關系、認清數據本質，是軍事大數據應用面臨的一大挑戰。

世界各軍事強國不遺余力推進軍事大數據建設

記者：當前，大數據建設已成為世界各軍事強國構築軍事優勢的“造血增智”工程，成為戰斗力增長的新途徑新動能。那麼，各軍事強國在推進軍事大數據建設方面有哪些新做法？

李曉松：面對人工智能時代的挑戰，以美國為代表的世界軍事強國認為，人工智能和大數據是“一枚硬幣的兩面”。其通過出台專項規劃、建立研發機構、加強力量統籌等舉措，持續強化人工智能與大數據的融合發展，搶佔未來智能化戰爭的發展先機，先後出台了《國防部數字現代化戰略》、國防部《數據戰略》等。英國近期也發布了首部《國防部數字戰略》，全方位推進以數據為中心的戰略轉型。

著眼落實戰略要求，美國進一步提出要實現數據可見、可訪問、可互聯、可信、互操作等目標，並通過制定標准規范、加大研發投入、引用商業先進技術等方式，體系化破解長期制約數據共享效率、服務作戰效能、互操作水平、數據分析能力等方面的瓶頸問題，軍事大數據建設效益逐步凸顯。

今年6月，美國防部啟動了“人工智能與數據加速計劃”，為11個聯合作戰司令部增派“作戰數據小組”和“人工智能專家小組”等專業團隊，力求在瞬息萬變的戰場環境中，獲得比對手更快的判斷力、決策力和行動力。

李聰穎：除強化戰略引領外，各軍事強國紛紛布局開展系列項目，加速大數據技術研發成果向作戰能力轉化。比如，美國防部實施“大數據到決策”項目，重點研發大數據管理和利用技術，構建能獨立完成操控並做出決策的自治式系統，以實現操作和決策的自動化；美軍特種作戰司令部啟動“阿凡達”工程，通過在各種互聯網和數據庫等公開數據源上自動運行關鍵詞搜索的方式，使得作戰人員獲取相關戰場數據，盡可能構建實時的戰場環境圖像；美空軍研發的F-35戰機綜合無縫保障系統，整合歷史狀態監控、故障診斷、維修任務規劃等海量數據，實時接收飛行數據，以實現智能故障診斷、維修任務高效規劃與維修資源精准調配。俄羅斯研發的戰斗指揮信息系統，突破戰場態勢大數據智能分析技術，已配發應用。

大數據驅動未來作戰樣式變革

記者：人工智能技術正加速向軍事領域滲透，深刻改變著未來戰爭的制勝機理、力量結構和作戰方式。請問應該怎樣認識把握大數據在未來智能化戰爭中的關鍵作用？

耿國桐：數據賦能人工智能，必將成為未來軍事變革的新引擎。“無數據不勝”已成為智能化戰爭的本質規律和顯著特征。

首先，數據賦能智能化裝備。將通過數據流驅動硬件與算法深度融合、機器智能與人類智慧深度結合，突破傳統裝備系統在時間、空間、機動、成本上的限制，釋放武器裝備體系作戰效能。美軍“第三次抵消戰略”，以智能化軍隊、自主化裝備和無人化系統為重點，計劃在2050年全面實現作戰平台、信息系統、指揮控制等智能化甚至無人化，形成新的裝備“代差”，實現真正的“機器人戰爭”。在新一輪巴以沖突中，以色列利用其人工智能技術優勢，融合匯聚多源情報信息與戰場數據，輔助實施作戰行動，漸露智能化戰爭端倪。

其次，數據賦能形成新的戰爭形態。以數據分析與處理為核心，將改變部隊力量編成方式、對抗的強弱關系以及催生系列新型作戰樣式，形成以數據為中心的智能化戰爭形態。

再次，數據賦能變革作戰指揮。隨著認知人工智能的進步和應用，以數據為核心的智能參謀將在最短時間內，以最有效方式從“數據洪流”中提取高價值信息。特別是自行感知、判斷、決策、應對相應威脅，在指揮控制鏈條中形成對敵快速決策優勢，達成“運籌於數據之中、決勝於數據之上”，實現真正的“決策中心戰”。

羅威：在當前機械化信息化智能化融合發展的形勢下，將大數據技術嵌入殺傷鏈，對作戰力量編成進行模塊化、一體化改造，可充分釋放作戰能力。同時，也應該清醒認識到，決定戰爭勝負的關鍵因素仍然是人，大數據和人工智能技術不可能完全取代人，不能改變人在戰爭中的決定性地位。

大數據有力支撐軍事管理革命

記者：當前，正在積極推進以效能為核心的軍事管理革命。那麼如何運用大數據來變革軍隊建設管理模式？

李曉松：隨著國防和軍隊現代化建設進入新時代，數據正成為建設管理和科學決策的重要依據。探索大數據與軍隊建設管理融合滲透、協同發展的新模式，借助大數據精算、深算、細算發展路徑，支撐推開以效能為核心、以精准為導向的軍事管理革命，要把握以下三個方面：

一是堅持需求牽引。大數據蓬勃發展的領域，都與業務場景緊密耦合。只有把需求弄清楚，才能明白要建設什麼數據、開發什麼模型、形成什麼產品，否則就是“眉毛胡子一把抓”。

二是注重嵌入流程。軍事管理活動復雜多樣，只有把數據思維貫穿於規劃、執行、監督、評估等全鏈條，融入戰略規劃、裝備管理、後勤保障、人員管理等業務體系，才能實現業務流程再造和資源精准配置。

三是強化融合共享。部門壁壘和條塊分割一直是影響數據價值效用發揮的重要因素。要通過全面加強法規標准建設，積極推動業務上網、數據上線，有效破解共享利用難題，為數據驅動的軍隊建設管理新模式奠定基礎。

白曉穎：知識圖譜、自然語言處理、數據挖掘、數據計算、數據治理等技術的發展，也為構建數據驅動的軍隊建設管理模式提供了技術支撐。比如，美國防部與麻省理工學院合作，開發面向國防采辦業務的“語義數據湖”技術。他們在清洗處理海量碎片化業務文本數據基礎上，通過對比分析、關聯檢索和綜合研判，建立國防采辦知識體系，自動發現和挖掘國防采辦與作戰能力需求之間的相互依賴關系，快速查找能力缺陷，優化采辦投資項目，為國防采辦管理與決策提供有效的參考借鑑。

大數據推動軍事科研創新范式變革

記者：以AlphaFold准確預測蛋白質結構為標志，以深度學習為代表的大數據驅動人工智能技術正在顛覆著現代科學研究模式。那麼，對於構建數據密集型的軍事科研創新范式，請談一下您的理解。

羅威：計算機圖靈獎獲得者吉姆·格雷提出，人類科研活動歷經科學技術發展之初的“實驗科學范式”、以模型和歸納為特征的“理論科學范式”、以模擬仿真為特征的“計算科學范式”，正發展到以大數據分析為特征的“數據密集型科學范式”。

可以說，大數據時代，科學研究正陷入數據鴻溝與淹溺之中。以生物醫學領域為例，每年發表論文超過100萬篇，科學家每年平均閱讀量卻只有250篇左右。與此同時，隨著人類的知識總量不斷擴大，科學家作出的假設只是基於知識總量的很小一部分，且人類創造力愈發取決於先前經驗的隨機性。在這種情況下，運用大數據和人工智能技術實現科學研究的自動化，成為當前科學研究范式變革的引爆點。

對於數據密集型軍事科研創新范式而言，一方面基於海量數據與模型，開展軍事活動的仿真模擬，挖掘數據關系和價值，搭建理技融合的“底層通道”，以數據為橋梁，來實現軍事理論和軍事科技的互牽互引、深度融合。另一方面，通過科技知識自動推理、科學機理探究、人機共生的科研生態構建等研究，以數據聚能增效，以數據激發活力，來實現軍事科研活動數字化、智能化，從而深度挖掘軍事科研工作者創新潛能，解放軍事科研生產力。

李聰穎：對於構建數據密集型的軍事科研創新范式，還應注重把握兩個方面問題：厚積數據基礎，加強軍事科研相關各類數據資源的多源采集、分類融合、校核驗證，將廣域分布、權屬不同的數據融合成邏輯一體的數據資源池；強化算法創新，把握軍事科研范式演進規律及發展趨勢，針對性研發智能算法和模型，融入對戰爭本質的認知、對作戰規則的理解和對制勝機理的把握，高效支撐數據驅動的軍事科研應用。

軍事大數據創新發展需要各方協作

記者：大數據技術具有很強的通用性。那麼，如何有效利用一切科技力量，破解軍事大數據研發與應用難題？

耿國桐：對於軍事大數據建設發展而言，需要加強交流、協作和融合，注重各方協作，強化高質量大數據技術供給。具體而言，需要重點把握三個方面：

一是加強頂層推進。世界各軍事強國已將數據從技術層面上升為“軍事領域高附加值的戰略資產”“高利潤產品”來認識，通過借鑑商業做法推動軍地數據的規模化使用，獲取全方位軍事優勢。鑑於此，可加強頂層指導，明晰數據融合共享、按需安全使用、利益補償等配套條件，實現國家大數據基礎設施、技術產品和高端人才等的高效使用。

二是創新應用機制。針對大數據技術產品更新換代周期短、迭代速度快、集成部署靈活等特點，世界一些軍事強國注重充分利用商業大數據技術框架，構建快於競爭對手數據應用的敏捷信息體系架構。為此，可構建軍事大數據技術與產品的快速采購通道，探索運用直接采購、先試後買、購買服務、聯合研發等模式，推動大數據技術研發成果的快速應用和高效轉化。

三是強化力量協同。針對大數據技術通用性強的特點，可探索成立新型研發機構，聚焦軍事應用場景開展大數據基礎性、前瞻性技術攻關、產品研發和產業孵化，搶佔大數據研發與應用的創新高地。

白曉穎：人才是數據建設的第一資源，打造一支既精通數據知識，又熟悉國防和軍隊業務的專業人才隊伍，是軍事大數據建設發展的關鍵。

近年來，世界一些軍事強國采取引進民用人才、培養現有人員、加強資格認證等方式，重點培養軍事數據理論研究與技術研發人才。美國防采辦大學與斯坦福大學、約翰斯霍普金斯大學、谷歌等合作，聯合培養“數業俱精”的軍事大數據人才。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_20887827/180089287287.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Chinese #Quantum #technology, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Information Support Force

Analyzing the Forms of Chinese Military Intelligent Combat

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分析中國軍事情報作戰的形式

現代英語：

Operational form refers to the manifestation and state of combat under certain conditions, and is usually adapted to a certain form of warfare and combat method. With the development and widespread use of intelligent weapon systems, future intelligent warfare will inevitably present a completely different form from mechanized and informationized warfare.

　　Cloud-based combat system

　　The combat system is the fundamental basis for the aggregation and release of combat energy. An informationized combat system is based on a network information system, while an intelligent combat system is supported by a combat cloud. The combat cloud can organically reorganize dispersed combat resources into a flexible and dynamic combat resource pool. It features virtualization, connectivity, distribution, easy scalability, and on-demand services, enabling each combat unit to acquire resources on demand. It is a crucial support for achieving cross-domain collaboration and represents a new organizational form for intelligent combat systems.

　　The cloud-supported combat system utilizes cloud technology to connect information, physical systems, and the ubiquitous Internet of Things. By configuring combat resource clouds at different levels and scales, it highly shares multi-dimensional combat data across land, sea, air, and space, achieving battlefield resource integration across combat domains such as land, sea, air, space, electronic, and cyber domains. This allows various combat elements to converge into the cloud, completing the network interaction of battlefield data.

　　The cloud-connected combat system enables joint operations to integrate battlefield intelligence information widely distributed across various domains—space, air, ground, sea, and underwater—with the support of big data and cloud computing technologies. This allows for seamless, real-time, and on-demand distribution of information across these domains, achieving cross-domain information fusion and efficient sharing. It also enables command structures at all levels to leverage intelligent command and control systems for multi-dimensional intelligence analysis, battlefield situation assessment, operational optimization, decision-making, operational planning, and troop movement control. Furthermore, it allows combat forces to rapidly and flexibly adjust, optimize configurations, and recombine online based on real-time operational needs, forming adaptive task forces and implementing distributed, focused operations, supported by highly integrated cross-domain information technology. At the same time, through the cross-domain fusion capability of battlefield information in the combat cloud, it is also possible to form an integrated combat force with intelligent combat forces, traditional combat forces, manned combat forces and unmanned combat forces, and intangible space combat forces and tangible space combat forces. In the cloud, different combat units and combat elements in land, sea, air, space, electronic, and cyberspace can be highly integrated, coordinated, and have their strengths maximized. This enables cross-domain and cross-generational collaborative operations, transforming the overall combat effectiveness from the past gradual release and linear superposition of combat effects to non-linear, emergent, adaptive effects fusion and precise energy release.

　　Decentralized and concentrated battlefield deployment

　　Concentrating superior forces is an age-old principle of warfare. With the continuous improvement of network information systems and the widespread use of intelligent weapon systems, various combat forces, combat units, and combat elements can dynamically integrate into and rely on joint operations systems, disperse forces, quickly switch tasks, and dynamically aggregate effectiveness to cope with complex and ever-changing battlefield situations. This has become a force organization form that distinguishes intelligent warfare from information warfare.

　　The battlefield deployment of dispersed and concentrated forces refers to the joint operations system supported by cloud computing, in which various participating forces rely on the high degree of information sharing and rapid flow. Through node-based deployment, networked mobility, and virtual centralization, it can combine various combat elements, weapon platforms, and combat support systems that are dispersed in a multi-dimensional and vast battlefield space in real time, dynamically and flexibly, so as to achieve the distributed deployment of combat forces, the on-demand reorganization of combat modules, and the cross-domain integration of combat effectiveness.

　　The dispersed and concentrated battlefield deployment enables commanders at all levels to deeply perceive and accurately predict the battlefield situation through big data analysis, battlefield situation collection, and multi-source intelligence verification by intelligent command information systems. This allows for rapid and efficient situation assessment and early warning. Furthermore, the wide-area deployment and flexible configuration of various combat forces and units enable timely responses based on predetermined operational plans or ad-hoc collaborative needs. This allows for flexible and autonomous cross-domain coordination, rapid convergence and dispersal, and dynamic concentration of combat effectiveness. At critical times and in critical spaces, focusing on key nodes of the enemy’s operational system and high-value targets crucial to the overall strategic situation, it rapidly forms a system-wide operational advantage. Through a highly resilient and networked kill chain, it precisely releases combat effectiveness, generating an overall advantage spillover effect, thus forming an overwhelming advantage of multiple domains over one domain and the overall situation over the local situation. Especially during the release of combat effectiveness, each combat group, driven by “intelligence + data”, and based on pre-planned combat plans, can autonomously replan combat missions online around combat objectives, and automatically allocate targets online according to the actual combat functions and strengths of each combat unit within the group. This allows each unit to make the most of its strengths and advantages, and flexibly mobilize the free aggregation and dispersal of “materials + energy” in combat operations. Ultimately, this enables rapid matching and integration in terms of targets, situation, missions, capabilities, and timing, thereby forming a focused energy flow that releases systemic energy against the enemy.

　　Human-machine integrated command and control

　　The history of operational command development shows that decision-making and control methods in operational command activities always adapt to the development of the times. With the maturity of artificial intelligence technology and the continuous development of the self-generation, self-organization, and self-evolution of military intelligent systems, various weapon systems will evolve from information-based “low intelligence” to brain-like “high intelligence.” The combat style will evolve from information-based system combat to human-machine collaborative combat supported by the system. The autonomy of the war actors will become stronger, and the intelligence level of command and control systems will become higher. Fully leveraging the comparative advantages of “human and machine” and implementing decision-making and control through the “human-machine integration” model is a brand-new command form for future intelligent warfare.

　　Human-machine integrated command and control, supported by a reasonable division of functions between humans and machines and efficient decision-making through human-machine interaction, fully leverages the complementary advantages of human brain and machine intelligence to achieve the integration of command art and technology. In the process of intelligent combat decision-making and action, it enables rapid, accurate, scientific, and efficient activities such as situation analysis and judgment, combat concept design, combat decision determination, combat plan formulation, and order issuance. It also adopts a “human-in-the-loop” monitoring mode that combines autonomous action by intelligent combat platforms with timely correction by operators to organize and implement combat operations.

　　Human-machine integrated command and control, during planning and decision-making, can construct a combat cloud under the commander’s guidance through ubiquitous battlefield networks, intelligent auxiliary decision-making systems, and distributed intelligent combat platforms. Based on a model- and algorithm-driven intelligent “cloud brain,” it performs intelligent auxiliary decision-making, command and control, and evaluation simulations, combining “human strategy” with “machine strategy.” This leverages the respective strengths of both human and machine, achieving a deep integration of command strategy and intelligent support technologies, significantly improving the speed and accuracy of command decisions. During operational control, staff personnel can, based on operational intentions and missions, utilize intelligent battlefield perception systems, mission planning systems, and command and control systems, following a “synchronous perception—” approach. The basic principle of “rapid response and flexible handling” is based on a unified spatiotemporal benchmark and relies on a multi-dimensional networked reconnaissance and surveillance system to perceive changes in the battlefield situation in real time. It comprehensively uses auxiliary analysis tools to compare and analyze the differences between the current situation and the expected objectives and their impact, and makes timely adjustments to actions and adjusts troop movements on the spot to maintain combat advantage at all times. During the execution of operations, the command and control of intelligent combat platforms by operators of various weapon systems at all levels will be timely and precise to intervene according to the development and changes in the battlefield situation. While giving full play to the high speed, high precision and high autonomous combat capabilities of intelligent combat platforms, it ensures that they always operate under human control and always follow the overall combat intent.

　　Autonomous and coordinated combat operations

　　Implementing autonomous operations is crucial for commanders at all levels to seize opportunities, adapt to changing circumstances, and act rapidly on the ever-changing battlefield, gaining an advantage and preventing the enemy from making a move. This is a vital operational principle and requirement. Previously, due to constraints such as intelligence gathering, command and control methods, and battlefield coordination capabilities, truly autonomous and coordinated operations were difficult to achieve. However, with the continuous development and widespread application of information technology, collaborative control technology, and especially artificial intelligence in the military field, autonomous and coordinated operations will become the most prevalent form of collaboration in future intelligent warfare.

　　Autonomous and coordinated combat operations refer to the rapid acquisition, processing, and sharing of battlefield situation information by various combat forces in a cloud environment supported by multi-dimensional coverage, seamless network links, on-demand extraction of information resources, and flexible and rapid organizational support. This is achieved by utilizing “edge response” intelligence processing systems and big data-based battlefield situation intelligent analysis systems. With little or no reliance on the control of higher command organizations, these forces can accurately and comprehensively grasp intelligence information related to their operations and actively and proactively organize combat and coordinated actions based on changes in the enemy situation and unified operational intentions.

　　Autonomous and coordinated combat operations, while enhancing the autonomy of organizational operations at the local level, are further characterized by various intelligent weapon systems possessing the ability to understand combat intentions and highly adaptive and coordinated. They can automatically complete the “OODA” cycle with minimal or no human intervention, forming a complete closed-loop “adaptive” circuit. This enables them to efficiently execute complex and challenging combat missions. In rapidly changing battlefield environments, they can accurately and continuously conduct autonomous reconnaissance and detection of enemy situations, autonomously process battlefield situational information, autonomously identify friend or foe, autonomously track targets, and autonomously and flexibly select mission payloads, and autonomously launch attacks within the permissions granted by operators. Furthermore, during combat, intelligent weapon systems located in different spaces can, as the battlefield situation evolves and combat needs arise, form a combat power generation chain of “situational sharing—synchronous collaboration—optimal energy release” around a unified combat objective. Following the principle of “whoever is suitable, whoever leads; whoever has the advantage, whoever strikes,” they autonomously coordinate, precisely releasing dispersed firepower, information power, mobility, and protective power to the most appropriate targets at the most appropriate time and in the most appropriate manner, autonomously organizing combat operations. In addition, highly intelligent weapon systems can not only adapt to high-risk and complex combat environments and overcome human limitations in physiology and psychology, but also enter the extreme space of all domains and multiple dimensions to carry out missions. Moreover, they can conduct continuous combat with perception accuracy, computing speed and endurance far exceeding that of humans, autonomously carry out simultaneous cluster attacks and multi-wave continuous attacks, form a continuous high-intensity suppression posture against the enemy, and quickly achieve combat objectives.

[ Editor: Ding Yubing ]

現代國語：

作戰形式是指在特定條件下作戰的展現方式和狀態，通常與某種戰爭形式和作戰方法相適應。隨著智慧武器系統的發展和廣泛應用，未來的智慧戰爭必將呈現出與機械化戰爭和資訊化戰爭截然不同的形式。

雲端作戰系統

作戰系統是作戰能量聚合與釋放的根本基礎。資訊化作戰系統基於網路資訊系統，而智慧作戰系統則由作戰雲支撐。作戰雲能夠將分散的作戰資源自然地重組為靈活動態的作戰資源池。它具有虛擬化、互聯互通、分散式、易於擴展和按需服務等特點，使每個作戰單位都能按需獲取資源。它是實現跨域協同作戰的關鍵支撐，代表了智慧作戰系統的一種新型組織形式。

雲端作戰系統利用雲端技術連接資訊、實體系統和無所不在的物聯網。透過配置不同層級、規模的作戰資源雲，該系統能夠跨陸、海、空、天等多個作戰領域實現多維作戰資料的高效共享，從而實現陸、海、空、天、電子、網路等作戰領域的戰場資源整合。這使得各種作戰要素能夠匯聚到雲端，完成戰場資料的網路互動。

雲端連接作戰系統借助大數據和雲端運算技術，使聯合作戰能夠整合廣泛分佈於天、空、地、海、水下等多個領域的戰場情報資訊。這實現了跨領域資訊的無縫、即時和按需分發，從而實現跨域資訊融合和高效共享。此外，該系統還使各級指揮機構能夠利用智慧指揮控制系統進行多維情報分析、戰場態勢評估、作戰優化、決策、作戰計畫制定和部隊調動控制。此外，它還允許作戰部隊根據即時作戰需求，在線上快速且靈活地調整、優化配置和重組，形成適應性特遣部隊，並實施分散式、聚焦式作戰，這一切都得益於高度整合的跨域資訊技術的支援。同時，透過作戰雲中戰場資訊的跨域融合能力，還可以將智慧作戰部隊、傳統作戰部隊、有人作戰部隊和無人作戰部隊、無形空間作戰部隊和有形空間作戰部隊整合為一體化作戰力量。在雲端，陸、海、空、天、電子、網路空間等不同作戰單位和作戰要素可以高度整合、協調，並最大限度地發揮各自的優勢。這使得跨域、跨世代協同作戰成為可能，將整體作戰效能從以往作戰效果的逐步釋放和線性疊加轉變為非線性、湧現式、適應性的效果融合和精準的能量釋放。

分散與集中的戰場部署

集中優勢兵力是古老的戰爭原則。隨著網路資訊系統的不斷完善和智慧武器系統的廣泛應用，各類作戰力量、作戰單位和作戰要素能夠動態地融入聯合作戰系統並依託其運作，實現兵力分散、任務快速切換、動態聚合作戰效能，從而應對複雜多變的戰場形勢。這已成為區分智慧戰和資訊戰的兵力組織形式。

戰場分散與集中兵力部署是指基於雲端運算的聯合作戰系統，其中各參戰力量依托高度的資訊共享和快速流動，透過節點式部署、網路化移動和虛擬集中等方式，能夠即時、動態、靈活地整合分散在多維廣大戰場空間中的各類部署、作戰作戰、武器平台和作戰系統，從而實現分散在多維廣大戰場空間中的各類部署、作戰作戰、武器平台和作戰系統，從而實現作戰力量的分佈以及跨域作戰空間中的各類部署、作戰級作戰、武器效能的以及跨域作戰元素，從而實現作戰力量的跨域作戰、作戰效能的跨域作戰元素。

分散與集中的戰場部署使得各級指揮官能夠透過智慧指揮資訊系統進行大數據分析、戰場態勢擷取與多源情報驗證，從而深入感知並準確預測戰場態勢。這使得快速和高效率的態勢評估與預警。此外，各類作戰部隊和單位的大範圍部署和靈活配置，使其能夠根據預定的作戰計畫或臨時協同需求做出及時反應。這實現了靈活自主的跨域協同、快速的匯聚與分散，以及動態集中作戰效能。在關鍵時刻和關鍵區域，透過聚焦敵方作戰系統的關鍵節點和對整體戰略態勢至關重要的高價值目標，迅速形成系統級的作戰優勢。透過高韌性、網路化的殺傷鏈，精準釋放作戰效能，產生整體優勢的溢出效應，從而形成多域對單域的壓倒性優勢，以及整體態勢對局部態勢的壓倒性優勢。尤其是在釋放作戰效能的過程中，各作戰群在「情報+數據」的驅動下，基於預先制定的作戰計劃，能夠圍繞作戰目標自主地在線重新規劃作戰任務，並根據群內各作戰單位的實際作戰功能和實力，自動在線分配目標。這使得每個單位都能充分發揮自身優勢，靈活調動作戰行動中「物質+能量」的自由聚合與分散。最終，這能夠實現目標、態勢、任務、能力和時間等方面的快速匹配與整合，從而形成集中的能量流，釋放系統性能量對抗敵人。

人機一體化指揮控制

作戰指揮發展史表明，作戰指揮活動中的決策和控制方法始終與時俱進。隨著人工智慧技術的成熟以及軍事智慧系統自生成、自組織、自演化的不斷發展，各種武器系統將從基於資訊的「低智慧」向類腦的「高智慧」演進。作戰方式也將從資訊為基礎的系統作戰向系統支援的人機協同作戰演進。作戰主體的自主性將增強，指揮控制系統的智慧水準也將提高。充分發揮「人機」的比較優勢，透過「人機融合」模式進行決策與控制，是未來智慧戰爭的全新指揮形式。

人機融合指揮控制，以人機功能合理劃分與人機互動高效決策為基礎，充分發揮人腦與機器智慧的互補優勢，實現指揮藝術與科技的融合。在智慧作戰決策和行動過程中，能夠快速、準確、科學、有效率地進行態勢分析判斷、作戰概念設計、作戰決策確定、作戰計畫制定和命令下達等活動。同時，它採用「人機協同」監控模式，將智慧作戰平台的自主行動與操作人員的及時糾正相結合，組織和實施作戰行動。

人機融合指揮控制在計畫和決策階段，能夠透過無所不在的戰場網路、智慧輔助決策系統和分散式智慧作戰平台，在指揮官的指導下建構作戰雲。基於模型和演算法驅動的智慧“雲大腦”，該系統能夠進行智慧輔助決策、指揮控制和評估模擬，將“人機戰略”相結合，充分發揮人機各自的優勢，實現指揮戰略與智能支援技術的深度融合，顯著提升指揮決策的速度和準確性。在作戰控制過程中，參謀人員可以根據作戰意圖和任務，運用智慧戰場感知系統、任務規劃系統和指揮控制系統，遵循「同步感知」的原則。該系統以統一的時空基準為基礎，依托多維網路偵察監視系統，即時感知戰場態勢變化，並綜合運用輔助分析工具，對比分析當前態勢與預期目標之間的差異及其影響，及時調整行動，並根據實際情況調整部隊調動，始終保持作戰優勢。在作戰執行過程中，指揮人員能夠根據作戰意圖和任務，即時運用智慧輔助決策、指揮控制和評估模擬等手段，對戰場態勢變化進行即時感知和評估模擬。各級不同武器系統操作人員對智慧作戰平台的控制，將能夠根據戰場情勢的發展變化及時、精準地進行幹預。在充分發揮智慧作戰平台高速、高精度、高自主作戰能力的同時，確保其始終在人為控制下運行，並始終遵循整體作戰意圖。

自主協同作戰

對於各級指揮官而言，實施自主作戰至關重要，它能夠幫助他們抓住機會、適應不斷變化的環境、在瞬息萬變的戰場上迅速行動，取得優勢並阻止敵方行動。這是一項至關重要的作戰原則和要求。過去，由於情報收集、指揮控制方式以及戰場協同能力等方面的限制，真正實現自主協同作戰較為困難。然而，隨著資訊科技、協同控制技術，特別是人工智慧在軍事領域的不斷發展和廣泛應用，自主協同作戰將成為未來智慧戰爭中最普遍的協同作戰形式。

自主協同作戰是指在多維覆蓋、無縫網路鏈路、按需提取資訊資源以及靈活快速的組織支援等雲環境下，各作戰部隊快速獲取、處理和共享戰場態勢資訊。這主要透過利用「邊緣響應」情報處理系統和基於大數據技術的戰場態勢智慧分析系統來實現。這些部隊在幾乎無需依賴上級指揮機構的控制的情況下，能夠準確、全面地掌握與其作戰相關的情報信息，並根據敵情變化和統一作戰意圖，主動組織作戰和協同行動。

自主協同作戰在增強局部組織作戰自主性的同時，也具有多種智慧武器系統能夠理解作戰意圖並高度適應和協調的特徵。這些系統能夠在極少或無需人為幹預的情況下自動完成“OODA循環”，形成完整的閉環“自適應”迴路。這使得它們能夠有效率地執行複雜且具挑戰性的作戰任務。在瞬息萬變的戰場環境中，智慧武器系統能夠準確、持續地自主偵察敵情，自主處理戰場態勢訊息，自主辨識敵我，自主追蹤目標，自主靈活地選擇任務負荷，並在操作人員授權範圍內自主發動攻擊。此外，在戰鬥中，分佈於不同空間的智慧武器系統能夠隨著戰場態勢的演變和作戰需求的出現，圍繞著統一的作戰目標，形成「態勢共享—同步協同—最優能量釋放」的作戰能力生成鏈。遵循「適者先攻，優勢者出擊」的原則，它們自主協調，在最恰當的時間以最恰當的方式，將分散的火力、資訊能力、機動性和防護能力精準地釋放到最恰當的目標，自主組織作戰行動。此外，高度智慧化的武器系統不僅能夠適應高風險、複雜的作戰環境，克服人類生理和心理的限制，還能進入多域、多維度的極端空間執行任務。此外，它們能夠以遠超人類的感知精度、運算速度和續航能力進行持續作戰，自主執行同步集群攻擊和多波次連續攻擊，形成對敵持續高強度壓制態勢，並迅速達成作戰目標。

[ 編：丁玉冰 ]

中國原創軍事資源：https://mil.gmw.cn/2022-02/284/content_38585848178687.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare

China’s Forward-looking Intelligent Combat System Provides Chinese Military a “Smart” Advantage

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中國前瞻性的智慧作戰系統為中國軍隊提供了「智慧」優勢

現代英語：

The evolution of warfare and combat styles is inextricably linked to profound changes in combat systems. The “intelligence” of intelligent combat systems lies not merely in the accumulation of technologies, but more importantly in the reconstruction of the paths for generating and releasing combat power, enabling leaps in combat effectiveness and serving as a key fulcrum for achieving victory in future wars. A deep understanding and forward-looking construction of the “intelligent” advantages of intelligent combat systems has become an essential requirement for winning intelligent warfare.

Survival advantages of elastic redundancy

The survival of operational elements is fundamental to victory in combat. Intelligent combat systems, through distributed and flexible deployment, modular functional reconfiguration, and autonomous damage recovery, have formed a resilient survival mode to cope with high-intensity confrontation and uncertainty.

Heterogeneous and distributed global deployment. Heterogeneity reflects the degree of aggregation of different capabilities on the same platform, while distribution reflects the degree of distribution of the same capability on different platforms. Intelligent combat systems enhance the diversity of platform capabilities through heterogeneity. For example, new combat aircraft can serve as multi-functional integrated platforms with sensing, command and control, relay, and strike capabilities. By distributing combat functions to different platforms, large-scale, low-cost global deployment can be achieved. For instance, the same combat function can be assigned to multiple platforms and systems such as UAVs and loitering munitions. With the heterogeneous dispersion and matrix cross-linking of intelligent nodes, continuous pressure can be formed everywhere and in all directions in physical space, while rapid aggregation in key directions can be achieved. This unifies global elasticity and dynamic real-time optimization, maximizing functional distribution and effectiveness release to cope with the uncertainties of intelligent combat.

Functional restructuring through modular combination. The intelligent combat system, employing a flexible paradigm of software-defined, task-oriented invocation, and modular reconfiguration, deconstructs functions fixed to specific equipment into standardized, interoperable hardware and software modules. During combat, based on rapidly changing battlefield demands, these modules can be quickly and flexibly loaded and combined online through a unified interface and open architecture, achieving non-linear functional combinations and flexible capability reshaping. This plug-and-play, on-demand generation model unlocks unlimited functional potential within a limited physical scale, realizing a shift from “using whatever weapons are available to fight” to “generating the appropriate capabilities for the specific battle,” fundamentally enhancing the adaptability and mission flexibility of the combat system.

Self-healing resilience. The advantage of an intelligent combat system lies not in its absolute invulnerability, but in its self-healing resilience—the ability to detect damage and reconstruct immediately upon interruption. When some nodes fail due to combat damage or interference, the system autonomously and rapidly diagnoses the damage based on preset functions and path redundancy rules. It then mobilizes nearby healthy nodes to take over the mission or activates backup communication paths to rebuild connections, propelling the system to quickly transition to a new stable state. This inherent elastic redundancy allows the system to maintain core functions and reconstruct the combat network even after enduring continuous attacks, minimizing the impact of combat damage on overall combat effectiveness.

The cognitive advantage of agile penetration

Cognitive advantage is key to gaining the initiative in battlefield information and achieving decisive victory. Its essence lies in breaking through the barriers of “information fog” and the constraints of “decision anxiety” through the deep integration of intelligent algorithms and advanced sensors, and realizing a leap from passive perception to proactive cognition.

Resilient communication capable of adapting to changing circumstances. Resilient communication refers to the ability of communication systems to detect interference in real time and dynamically reconfigure links in highly contested and complex electromagnetic environments to maintain the continuity and stability of command and control. Intelligent combat systems, relying on technologies such as cognitive radio, achieve on-demand allocation of communication resources, intelligent optimization of transmission paths, and autonomous reconfiguration of network topology, enabling them to “penetrate gaps” in complex electromagnetic environments and flexibly acquire communication “windows.” This resilience—able to maintain communication even amidst interference and resume operations even after interruptions—ensures the continuity of command and control relationships in extremely harsh electromagnetic environments, providing a reliable communication line for system cognitive activities.

The organic integration of multi-modal information. Multi-modal integration refers to the process of extracting consistency from diverse and heterogeneous information to form a high-value battlefield situation. The intelligent combat system, based on intelligent algorithms, performs cross-modal alignment of data from different sources such as radar, optoelectronics, reconnaissance, and cyber warfare. It automatically extracts enemy deployment, action patterns, and tactical intentions from massive and fragmented intelligence, achieving heterogeneous complementarity and cross-verification. This drives a qualitative leap from data redundancy to accurate intelligence, thereby providing commanders with a comprehensive and reliable battlefield cognitive map, clearing away the “fog of war,” and reaching the core of the situation.

Human-machine interaction achieves seamless intent. Intent-based intent aims to bridge the semantic gap between human commanders and intelligent combat systems, enabling precise and lossless conversion from natural language commands to machine-executable tasks. Intelligent combat systems utilize technologies such as natural language processing and knowledge graphs to construct an intelligent interaction engine with natural language understanding and logical reasoning capabilities. This engine automatically decomposes the commander’s general operational intent into task lists, constraints, and evaluation criteria, generating machine-understandable and executable tactical instructions and action sequences, which are then precisely distributed to the corresponding combat units, directly driving their execution. This “what is thought is what is directed, what is directed is what is attacked” command model significantly reduces the understanding and communication cycle in the traditional command chain, enabling deep integration of human and machine intelligence at the decision-making level and achieving a leap in command effectiveness.

Synergistic advantages of autonomous adaptation

Synergistic advantages are a multiplier for unleashing the effectiveness of system-of-systems warfare. The synergy of intelligent combat systems transcends programmed pre-setup, manifesting as the self-organizing and adaptive synchronization and cooperation of cross-domain combat units under unified rules and common missions. Its essence is the embodiment of system intelligence at the operational level.

Spatiotemporal coordination constrained by rules. Spatiotemporal coordination refers to setting action boundaries and interaction rules for widely dispersed combat units within a unified spatiotemporal reference framework, ensuring their orderly cooperation in the physical domain. Under a unified operational rule framework, each unit of the intelligent combat system autonomously calculates its relative position and predicts its trajectory through intelligent algorithms, achieving time-domain calibration, spatial-domain integration, and frequency-domain nesting of different platforms. This ensures conflict-free path planning, interference-free spectrum use, and accident-free firepower application. This collaborative mechanism, which combines order and flexibility, avoids mutual interference while maintaining tactical flexibility, providing a spatiotemporal reference for combat operations in complex battlefield environments.

Task-driven logical coordination. Logical coordination refers to using combat missions as the underlying logic, autonomously decomposing tasks, allocating resources, and planning actions to achieve intelligent organization and scheduling. The intelligent combat system, based on task analysis, capability matching, and planning generation algorithms, automatically decomposes combat objectives into specific action sequences and intelligently schedules corresponding combat units to “dispatch orders.” Each intelligent node, based on its understanding of the overall mission, real-time situational awareness, and its own capabilities, autonomously decides on action plans through a multi-agent negotiation mechanism and dynamically negotiates and cooperates with relevant units to “accept orders.” This task-oriented command greatly liberates higher-level commanders, enabling the system to possess agility and flexibility in responding to emergencies and significantly improving its mission adaptability.

Target-aligned awareness collaboration. Awareness collaboration refers to the autonomous decision-making and actions of combat units based on a shared understanding of the target and environment, resulting in synergistic effects. Intelligent combat systems consist of systems or nodes with predictive and reasoning capabilities. Driven by operational objectives, they can anticipate the actions of friendly forces and the course of the battlefield, and through local perception and independent decision-making, conduct self-organized and self-inspired collaborative support. This efficiency-driven, unspoken consensus transcends communication constraints and pre-set procedures, enabling the system to demonstrate exceptional adaptability and creativity when facing powerful adversaries.

The evolutionary advantages of learning iteration

Evolutionary advantage is key to a combat system’s sustained competitiveness and ability to seize the initiative on the battlefield. Intelligent combat systems rely on real-time adversarial data to drive overall optimization, accelerate capability diffusion through cross-domain experience transfer, and foster disruptive tactics through virtual gaming environments, thereby achieving autonomous evolution and generational leaps in combat effectiveness during the adversarial process.

The evolution of a system built upon accumulated experience. Intelligent combat systems will gather perception, decision-making, and action data acquired from complex adversarial environments in real time to a knowledge hub. Leveraging advanced algorithms such as reinforcement learning, they will conduct in-depth analysis and mining, performing closed-loop evaluation and dynamic adjustment of system-level operational logic such as command processes, coordination rules, and resource allocation strategies. This will form reusable and verifiable structured knowledge units, enhancing the combat system’s understanding of its environment and its autonomous adaptability. This will enable the entire system to form a shared “collective memory,” achieving adaptive radiation from single-point intelligence to overall operational effectiveness, and ultimately achieving individual evolution that becomes “more refined with each battle.”

Cross-domain empowerment of knowledge transfer. The intelligent combat system, relying on a unified semantic space and feature alignment framework, can rapidly embed localized experiences extracted and summarized from a specific battlefield or domain into other combat domains or mission scenarios. This breaks down information barriers between combat units, enabling the lossless transformation and cross-domain application of combat experience. Essentially, it promotes the secure flow and synergistic effect of knowledge within the system, completing the sublimation and reconstruction from “concrete experience” to “abstract knowledge,” achieving “gains from one battle benefiting all domains,” and accelerating the synchronous evolution of combat capabilities across various domains. This not only significantly improves the overall learning efficiency of the combat system and avoids repeated trial and error, but also achieves the intensive enhancement and systematic inheritance of combat capabilities.

The disruptive potential of game theory and confrontation is emerging. Systemic intelligent game theory aims to break through the boundaries of human cognition, fostering disruptive combat capabilities that transcend traditional experience. Its essence lies in the proactive creation and self-transcendence of knowledge at the system level. By constructing a high-intensity, long-term, realistic “red-blue” adversarial environment in a digital twin battlefield, and utilizing generative adversarial networks and multi-agent reinforcement learning frameworks, intelligent combat systems can explore the unknown boundaries of the strategy space in continuous game development. Based on game theory and complex systems theory, the system can spontaneously form better strategies during adversarial evolution, leading to combat modes and organizational forms that transcend conventional cognition. This makes the intelligent combat system a “super think tank” capable of continuously producing disruptive tactics.

現代國語：

戰爭和作戰方式的演變與作戰系統的深刻變革密不可分。智慧作戰系統的「智慧」不僅在於技術的積累，更重要的是重構作戰能力生成與釋放路徑，從而實現作戰效能的飛躍，並成為未來戰爭取勝的關鍵支點。深入理解並前瞻性地建構智慧作戰系統的「智慧」優勢，已成為贏得智慧戰爭的必要條件。

彈性冗餘的生存優勢

作戰要素的生存是戰爭勝利的根本。智慧作戰系統透過分散式靈活部署、模組化功能重建和自主損傷恢復，形成了應對高強度對抗和不確定性的韌性生存模式。

異質分散式全球部署。異質性反映了不同能力在同一平台上的聚合程度，而分散式則反映了相同能力在不同平台上的分佈程度。智慧作戰系統透過異質性增強了平台能力的多樣性。例如，新型作戰飛機可以作為集感知、指揮控制、中繼和打擊能力於一體的多功能整合平台。透過將作戰功能分配到不同的平台，可以實現大規模、低成本的全球部署。例如，同一作戰功能可以分配給多個平台和系統，例如無人機和巡彈。借助智慧節點的異質分散和矩陣式交叉連接，可以在物理空間的各個方向形成持續的壓力，同時實現關鍵方向的快速聚合。這統一了全局彈性和動態即時最佳化，最大限度地提高功能分配和效能釋放，以應對智慧作戰的不確定性。

透過模組化組合進行功能重構。智慧作戰系統採用軟體定義、任務導向和模組化重構的靈活範式，將固定於特定設備的功能解構為標準化、可互通的硬體和軟體模組。在戰鬥中，基於瞬息萬變的戰場需求，這些模組可透過統一的介面和開放式架構，在線上快速靈活地載入和組合，實現非線性功能組合和靈活的能力重塑。這種即插即用、按需生成的模式，在有限的物理規模內釋放了無限的功能潛力，實現了從「使用任何可用武器作戰」到「為特定戰鬥生成合適的能力」的轉變，從根本上增強了作戰系統的適應性和任務靈活性。

自癒韌性。智慧作戰系統的優勢不在於其絕對的無懈可擊，而在於其自癒韌性——即在中斷發生後能夠立即檢測損傷並進行重建。當某些節點因戰鬥損傷或乾擾而失效時，系統會基於預設功能和路徑冗餘規則，自主快速地診斷損傷。然後，它會調動附近的健康節點接管任務，或啟動備用通訊路徑重建連接，從而使系統迅速過渡到新的穩定狀態。這種固有的彈性冗餘使系統即使在遭受持續攻擊後也能維持核心功能並重建作戰網絡，從而最大限度地降低戰鬥損傷對整體作戰效能的影響。

敏捷滲透的認知優勢

認知優勢是掌握戰場資訊主動權並取得決定性勝利的關鍵。其本質在於透過智慧演算法和先進感測器的深度融合，突破「資訊迷霧」的障礙和「決策焦慮」的束縛，實現從被動感知到主動認知的飛躍。

適應環境變化的彈性通訊。彈性通訊是指通訊系統在高度對抗且複雜的電磁環境中即時偵測幹擾並動態重配置鏈路，以維持指揮控制的連續性和穩定性的能力。智慧作戰系統依托認知無線電等技術，實現通訊資源的按需分配、傳輸路徑的智慧優化以及網路拓撲的自主重配置，使其能夠在複雜的電磁環境中「穿透縫隙”，靈活獲取通訊「視窗」。這種韌性－即使在…之中也能保持溝通即使中斷後也能進行幹擾並恢復操作－確保在極度惡劣的電磁環境下指揮控制關係的連續性，為系統認知活動提供可靠的通訊線路。

多模態訊息的有機融合。多模態融合是指從多樣化且異構的資訊中提取一致性，形成高價值的戰場態勢的過程。基於智慧演算法的智慧作戰系統，對雷達、光電、偵察和網路戰等不同來源的資料進行跨模態對齊。它能夠從海量且碎片化的情報中自動提取敵方部署、行動模式和戰術意圖，實現異質互補和交叉驗證。這實現了從數據冗餘到精準情報的質的飛躍，從而為指揮官提供全面可靠的戰場認知地圖，撥開“戰爭迷霧”，直擊戰局核心。

人機互動實現無縫意圖傳遞。基於意圖的意圖旨在彌合人類指揮官與智慧作戰系統之間的語義鴻溝，實現自然語言指令到機器可執行任務的精確無損轉換。智慧作戰系統利用自然語言處理和知識圖譜等技術建構具備自然語言理解和邏輯推理能力的智慧互動引擎。該引擎自動將指揮官的整體作戰意圖分解為任務清單、約束條件和評估標準，產生機器可理解和執行的戰術指令和行動序列，並將其精確地分發給相應的作戰單元，直接驅動其執行。這種「所想即所發，所發即所攻」的指揮模式顯著縮短了傳統指揮鏈中的理解和溝通週期，實現了決策層面的人機智能深度融合，從而大幅提升了指揮效能。

自主調適的協同優勢

協同優勢是釋放系統間作戰效能的倍增器。智慧作戰系統的協同作用超越了預設的程序，表現為跨域作戰單元在統一規則和共同任務下進行自組織、自適應的同步與協作。其本質是系統智能在作戰層面的體現。

規則約束下的時空協調。時空協調是指在統一的時空參考框架內，為分散部署的作戰單元設定行動邊界和交互規則，確保其在物理域內的有序協作。在統一的作戰規則框架下，智慧作戰系統的每個單元透過智慧演算法自主計算其相對位置並預測其軌跡，實現不同平台的時域校準、空域融合和頻域嵌套。這確保了無衝突的路徑規劃、無幹擾的頻譜使用和無事故的火力運用。這種兼具有序性和靈活性的協同機制，在保持戰術靈活性的同時避免了相互幹擾，為複雜戰場環境下的作戰行動提供了時空參考。

任務驅動的邏輯協調。邏輯協調是指以作戰任務為底層邏輯，自主分解任務、分配資源、規劃行動，進而達成智慧化的組織與調度。智慧作戰系統基於任務分析、能力匹配和計畫生成演算法，自動將作戰目標分解為具體的行動序列，並智慧調度相應的作戰單位進行「命令下達」。每個智慧節點基於對整體任務的理解、即時態勢感知以及自身能力，透過多智能體協商機制自主制定行動計劃，並與相關單位動態協商協作以「接受命令」。這種以任務為導向的指揮方式極大地解放了上級指揮官，使系統在應對突發事件時具備敏捷性和靈活性，顯著提升了任務適應性。

目標對齊感知協同。感知協同是指作戰單位基於對目標和環境的共同理解進行自主決策和行動，從而產生協同效應。智慧作戰系統由具備預測和推理能力的系統或節點組成。在營運目標的驅動下，它們可以智慧作戰系統能夠預判友軍行動和戰場局勢，透過局部感知和獨立決策，進行自組織、自發的協同支援。這種以效率為導向的、無聲的共識超越了溝通限制和預設程序，使系統在面對強大對手時展現出卓越的適應性和創造力。

學習迭代的演化優勢

演化優勢是作戰系統保持競爭力和在戰場上掌握主動權的關鍵。智慧作戰系統依靠即時對抗數據來驅動整體優化，透過跨域經驗轉移加速能力擴散，並透過虛擬博弈環境培養顛覆性戰術，從而在對抗過程中實現自主演化和作戰效能的世代飛躍。

基於經驗累積的系統演化。智慧作戰系統將從複雜的對抗環境中即時獲得的感知、決策和行動數據收集到知識中心。利用強化學習等先進演算法，該系統將進行深度分析和挖掘，對系統級運作邏輯（如指揮流程、協調規則和資源分配策略）進行閉環評估和動態調整，從而形成可重用、可驗證的結構化知識單元，增強作戰系統對環境的理解和自主適應能力。這將使整個系統形成共享的“集體記憶”，實現從單點智慧到整體作戰效能的自適應輻射，並最終實現“越戰越精進”的個體演進。

跨域知識遷移賦能。智慧作戰系統依托統一的語意空間和特徵對齊框架，能夠將從特定戰場或領域提取和總結的局部經驗快速嵌入到其他作戰領域或任務場景中，打破作戰單元之間的資訊壁壘，實現作戰經驗的無損轉換和跨域應用。本質上，它促進了系統內知識的安全流動和協同效應，完成了從「具體經驗」到「抽象知識」的昇華和重構，實現了「一戰多域」的效益，並加速了跨領域作戰能力的同步演進。這不僅顯著提高了作戰系統的整體學習效率，避免了重複試錯，而且實現了作戰能力的強化和系統繼承。

博弈論與對抗的顛覆性潛能正在顯現。系統智慧博弈論旨在突破人類認知的限制，培養超越傳統經驗的顛覆性作戰能力。其本質在於系統層面知識的主動創造與自我超越。透過在數位孿生戰場上建構高強度、長期、逼真的「紅藍」對抗環境，並利用生成對抗網路和多智能體強化學習框架，智慧作戰系統能夠在持續的博弈演進中探索戰略空間的未知邊界。基於博弈論和複雜系統理論，該系統能夠在對抗演化過程中自發性地形成更優策略，從而產生超越傳統認知的作戰模式和組織形式。這使得該智慧作戰系統成為一個能夠持續產生顛覆性戰術的「超級智庫」。

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/n18/2025/18216/c1011-480682584829.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Command information Systems, Information Support Force

Looking at Intelligent Warfare: Focusing on Counter-AI Operations in Chinese Military Operations During Intelligent Warfare

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檢視情報戰：聚焦中國軍事行動中的反空戰策略

現代英語：

Original Title: A Look at Intelligent Warfare: Focusing on Counter-AI Operations in Intelligent Warfare

　　  introduction

　　  The widespread application of science and technology in the military field has brought about profound changes in the form of warfare and combat methods. Military competition among major powers is increasingly manifested as technological subversion and counter-subversion, surprise attacks and counter-surprise attacks, and offsetting and counter-offsetting. To win future intelligent warfare, it is necessary not only to continuously promote the deep transformation and application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field, but also to strengthen dialectical thinking, adhere to asymmetric thinking, innovate and develop anti-AI warfare theories and tactics, and proactively plan research on anti-AI technologies and the development of weapons and equipment to achieve victory through “breaking AI” and strive to seize the initiative in future warfare.

　　  Fully recognize the inevitability of anti-artificial intelligence warfare

　　  In his essay “On Contradiction,” Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that “the law of contradiction in things, that is, the law of unity of opposites, is the most fundamental law of dialectical materialism.” Throughout the history of military technology development and its operational application, there has always been a dialectical relationship between offense and defense. The phenomenon of mutual competition and alternating suppression between the “spear” of technology and the “shield” of corresponding countermeasures is commonplace.

　　  In the era of cold weapons, people not only invented eighteen kinds of weapons such as knives, spears, swords, and halberds, but also corresponding helmets, armor, and shields. In the era of firearms, the use of gunpowder greatly increased attack range and lethality, but it also spurred tactical and technical innovations, exemplified by defensive fortifications such as trenches and bastions. In the mechanized era, tanks shone brightly in World War II, and the development of tank armor and anti-tank weapons continues to this day. In the information age, “electronic attack” and “electronic protection,” centered on information dominance, have sparked a new wave of interest, giving rise to electronic warfare units. Furthermore, numerous opposing concepts in the military field, such as “missiles” versus “anti-missile,” and “unmanned combat” versus “counter-unmanned combat,” abound.

　　  It should be recognized that “anti-AI warfare,” as the opposite concept of “intelligent warfare,” will inevitably emerge gradually with the widespread and in-depth application of intelligent technologies in the military field. Forward-looking research into the concepts, principles, and tactical implementation paths of anti-AI warfare is not only a necessity for a comprehensive and dialectical understanding of intelligent warfare, but also an inevitable step to seize the high ground in future military competition and implement asymmetric warfare.

　　  Scientific Analysis of Counter-AI Combat Methods and Paths

　　  Currently, artificial intelligence (AI) technology is undergoing a leapfrog development, moving from weak to strong and from specialized to general-purpose applications. From its underlying support perspective, data, algorithms, and computing power remain its three key elements. Data is the fundamental raw material for training and optimizing models, algorithms determine the strategies and mechanisms for data processing and problem-solving, and computing power provides the hardware support for complex calculations. Seeking ways to “break through” AI by addressing these three elements—data, algorithms, and computing power—is an important methodological approach for implementing counter-AI warfare.

　　  Counter-data warfare. Data is the raw material for artificial intelligence to learn and reason, and its quality and diversity significantly impact the accuracy and generalization ability of models. Numerous examples in daily life demonstrate how minute changes in data can cause AI models to fail. For instance, facial recognition models on mobile phones may fail to accurately identify individuals due to factors such as wearing glasses, changing hairstyles, or changes in ambient light; autonomous driving models may also misjudge road conditions due to factors like road conditions, road signs, and weather. The basic principle of counter-data warfare is to mislead the training and judgment processes of military intelligent models by creating “contaminated” data or altering its distribution characteristics. This “inferiority” in the data leads to “errors” in the model, thereby reducing its effectiveness. Since AI models can comprehensively analyze and cross-verify multi-source data, counter-data warfare should focus more on multi-dimensional features, packaging false data information to enhance its “authenticity.” In recent years, foreign militaries have conducted relevant experimental verifications in this area. For example, by using special materials for coating and infrared emitter camouflage, the optical and infrared characteristics of real weapon platforms, and even the vibration effects of engines, can be simulated to deceive intelligent intelligence processing models; in cyberspace, traffic data camouflage can be implemented to improve the silent operation capability of network attacks and reduce the effectiveness of network attack detection models.

　　  Anti-algorithm warfare. The essence of an algorithm is a strategy mechanism for solving problems described in computer language. Because the scope of application of such strategy mechanisms is limited, they may fail when faced with a wide variety of real-world problems. A typical example is Lee Sedol’s “divine move” in the 2016 human-machine Go match. Many professional Go players, after reviewing the game, stated that the “divine move” was actually invalid, yet it worked against AlphaGo. AlphaGo developer Silva explained this by saying that Lee Sedol exploited a previously unknown vulnerability in the computer; other analyses suggest that this move might have contradicted AlphaGo’s Go logic or been outside its strategic learning range, making it unable to respond. The basic principle of anti-algorithm warfare is to target the vulnerabilities in the algorithm’s strategy mechanism and weaknesses in its model architecture through logical attacks or deception to reduce the algorithm’s effectiveness. Anti-algorithm warfare should be combined with specific combat actions to achieve “misleading and deceiving” the algorithm. For example, drone swarm reconnaissance operations often use reinforcement learning algorithms to plan reconnaissance paths. In this case, irregular or abnormal actions can be created to reduce or disable the reward mechanism in the reinforcement learning algorithm model, thereby reducing its reconnaissance search efficiency.

　　  Counter-computing power warfare. The strength of computing power represents the speed at which data processing can be converted into information and decision-making advantages. Unlike counter-data warfare and counter-algorithm warfare, which primarily rely on soft confrontation, counter-computing power warfare employs a combination of hard and soft tactics. Hard destruction mainly refers to attacks on enemy computing centers and computing network infrastructure, crippling their AI models by cutting off their computing power. Soft confrontation focuses on increasing the enemy’s computing costs, primarily by creating a “fog of war” and data noise. For example, during operations, large quantities of meaningless data of various types, such as images, audio, video, and electromagnetic data, can be generated to constrain and deplete the enemy’s computing resources, reducing their effective utilization rate. Furthermore, attacks can also be launched against weak points in the defenses of the computing power support environment and infrastructure. Computing centers consume enormous amounts of electricity; attacking and destroying their power support systems can also achieve the effect of counter-computing power warfare.

　　  Forward-looking planning for the development of anti-artificial intelligence combat capabilities

　　  In all warfare, one engages with conventional tactics and wins with unconventional ones. Faced with intelligent warfare, while continuously advancing and improving intelligent combat capabilities, it is also necessary to strengthen preparedness for counter-AI warfare, proactively planning for theoretical innovation, supporting technology development, and equipment platform construction related to counter-AI warfare, ensuring the establishment of an intelligent combat system that integrates offense and defense, and combines defense and counter-attack.

　　  Strengthen theoretical innovation in counter-AI warfare. Scientific military theory is combat effectiveness. Whether it’s military strategic innovation, military technological innovation, or other aspects of military innovation, all are inseparable from theoretical guidance. We must adhere to liberating our minds, broadening our horizons, and strengthening dialectical thinking. We must use theoretical innovation in counter-AI warfare as a supplement and breakthrough to construct an intelligent warfare theoretical system that supports and serves the fight for victory. We must adhere to the principle of “you fight your way, I fight my way,” strengthening asymmetric thinking. Through in-depth research on the concepts, strategies, and tactics of counter-AI warfare, we must provide scientific theoretical support for seizing battlefield intelligence dominance and effectively leverage the leading role of military theory. We must adhere to the integration of theory and technology, enhancing our scientific and technological awareness, innovation, and application capabilities. We must establish a closed loop between counter-AI warfare theory and technology, allowing them to complement and support each other, achieving deep integration and positive interaction between theory and technology.

　　  Emphasis should be placed on accumulating military technologies for countering artificial intelligence. Science and technology are crucial foundations for generating and enhancing combat effectiveness. Breakthroughs in some technologies can have disruptive effects, potentially even fundamentally altering the traditional landscape of warfare. Currently, major world powers view artificial intelligence as a disruptive technology and have elevated the development of military intelligence to a national strategy. Simultaneously, some countries are actively conducting research on technologies related to countering artificial intelligence warfare, exploring methods to counter AI and aiming to reduce the effectiveness of adversaries’ military intelligent systems. Therefore, it is essential to both explore and follow up, strengthening research and tracking of cutting-edge technologies, actively discovering, promoting, and fostering the development of technologies with counter-disruptive capabilities, such as intelligent countermeasures, to seize the technological advantage at the outset of counter-AI warfare and prevent enemy technological surprise attacks; and to carefully select technologies, maintaining sufficient scientific rationality and accurate judgment to dispel the technological “fog” and avoid falling into the adversary’s technological traps.

Developing anti-AI warfare weapons and equipment. Designing weapons and equipment is designing future warfare; we develop weapons and equipment based on the types of warfare we will fight in the future. Anti-AI warfare is an important component of intelligent warfare, and anti-AI weapons and equipment will play a crucial role on the future battlefield. When developing anti-AI warfare weapons and equipment, we must first closely align with battlefield needs. We must closely integrate with the adversary, mission, and environment to strengthen anti-AI warfare research, accurately describe anti-AI warfare scenarios, and ensure that the requirements for anti-AI warfare weapons and equipment are scientifically sound, accurate, and reasonable. Secondly, we must adopt a cost-conscious approach. Recent local wars have shown that cost control is a crucial factor influencing the outcome of future wars. Anti-AI warfare focuses on interfering with and deceiving the enemy’s military intelligent systems. Increasing the development of decoy weapon platforms is an effective way to reduce costs and increase efficiency. By using low-cost simulated decoy targets to deceive the enemy’s intelligent reconnaissance systems, the “de-intelligence” effect can be extended and amplified, aiming to deplete their high-value precision-guided missiles and other high-value strike weapons. Finally, we must emphasize simultaneous development, use, and upgrading. Intelligent technologies are developing rapidly and iterating quickly. It is crucial to closely monitor the application of cutting-edge military intelligent technologies by adversaries, accurately understand their intelligent model algorithm architecture, and continuously promote the upgrading of the latest counter-artificial intelligence technologies in weapon platforms to ensure their high efficiency in battlefield application. (Kang Ruizhi, Li Shengjie)

現代國語：

原文標題：智慧化戰爭面面觀－關注智慧化戰爭中的反人工智慧作戰

引言

科學技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用，引起戰爭形態和作戰方式的深刻變化，大國軍事博弈越來越表現為技術上的顛覆與反顛覆、突襲與反突襲、抵消與反抵消。打贏未來智慧化戰爭，既要不斷推進人工智慧技術在軍事領域的深度轉化應用，還應加強辯證思維、堅持非對稱思想，創新發展反人工智慧作戰理論和戰法，前瞻佈局反人工智慧技術研究和武器裝備研發，實現「破智」制勝，努力掌握未來戰爭主動權。

充分認識反人工智慧作戰必然性

毛澤東同志在《矛盾論》中指出：「事物的矛盾法則，即對立統一的法則，是唯物辯證法的最根本的法則。」縱觀軍事技術發展及其作戰運用歷史，從來都充滿了攻與防的辯證關係，技術之矛與反制止制、反制止制相較制、相較制抗擊現象之間的技術之緣關係。

冷兵器時代，人們不僅發明出「刀、槍、劍、戟」等十八般兵器，與之對應的「盔、甲、盾」等也被創造出來。熱兵器時代，火藥的使用大幅提升了攻擊距離和殺傷力，但同時也催生了以「塹壕」「稜堡」等防禦工事為代表的技戰術創新。機械化時代，坦克在二戰中大放異彩，人們對「坦克裝甲」與「反坦克武器」相關技術戰術的開發延續至今。資訊時代，圍繞制資訊權的「電子攻擊」與「電子防護」又掀起一陣新的熱潮，電子對抗部隊應運而生。此外，「飛彈」與「反導」、「無人作戰」與「反無人作戰」等軍事領域的對立概念不勝枚舉。

應當看到，「反人工智慧作戰」作為「智慧化作戰」的對立概念，也必將隨著智慧科技在軍事領域的廣泛深度運用而逐漸顯現。前瞻性研究反人工智慧作戰相關概念、原則及其技戰術實現路徑，既是全面辯證認識智慧化戰爭的時代需要，也是搶佔未來軍事競爭高地、實施非對稱作戰的必然之舉。

科學分析反人工智慧作戰方法路徑

目前，人工智慧技術正經歷由弱向強、由專用向通用的跨越式發展階段。從其底層支撐來看，數據、演算法、算力依舊是其三大關鍵要素。其中，資料是訓練與最佳化模型的基礎原料，演算法決定了資料處理與問題解決的策略機制，算力則為複雜運算提供硬體支撐。從資料、演算法、算力三個要素的角度尋求「破智」之道，是實施反人工智慧作戰的重要方法路徑。

反資料作戰。數據是人工智慧實現學習和推理的原始素材，數據的品質和多樣性對模型的準確度和泛化能力有重要影響。生活中因為微小數據變化而導致人工智慧模型失效的例子比比皆是。例如，手機中的人臉辨識模型，可能會因人戴上眼鏡、改變髮型或環境明暗變化等原因，而無法準確辨識身分；自動駕駛模型也會因路況、路標及天氣等因素，產生對道路狀況的誤判。實施反數據作戰，其基本原理是透過製造“污染”數據或改變數據的分佈特徵，來誤導軍事智能模型的訓練學習過程或判斷過程，用數據之“差”引發模型之“謬”，從而降低軍事智能模型的有效性。由於人工智慧模型能夠對多源數據進行綜合分析、交叉印證，反數據作戰應更加註重從多維特徵出發，包裝虛假數據信息，提升其「真實性」。近年來，外軍在這方面已經有相關實驗驗證。例如，利用特殊材料塗裝、紅外線發射裝置偽裝等方式，模擬真實武器平台光學、紅外線特徵甚至是引擎震動效果，用來欺騙智慧情報處理模型；在網路空間，實施流量資料偽裝，以提升網路攻擊靜默運作能力，降低網路攻擊偵測模型的效果。

反演算法作戰。演算法的本質，是用電腦語言描述解決問題的策略機制。由於這種策略機制的適應範圍有限，在面對千差萬別的現實問題時可能會失效，一個典型例子就是2016年人機圍棋大戰中李世石的「神之一」。不少職業圍棋選手複盤分析後表示，「神之一手」其實並不成立，但卻對「阿爾法狗」發揮了作用。 「阿爾法狗」開發者席爾瓦對此的解釋是，李世石點中了電腦不為人知的漏洞；還有分析稱，可能是「這一手」與「阿爾法狗」的圍棋邏輯相悖或不在其策略學習範圍內，導致其無法應對。實施反演算法作戰，其基本原理是針對演算法策略機制漏洞和模型架構弱點，進行邏輯攻擊或邏輯欺騙，以降低演算法有效性。反演算法作戰應與具體作戰行動結合，達成針對演算法的「誤導欺騙」。例如，無人機群偵察行動常採用強化學習演算法模型規劃偵察路徑，針對此情況，可透過製造無規則行動或反常行動，致使強化學習演算法模型中的獎勵機制降效或失效，從而達成降低其偵察搜尋效率的目的。

反算力作戰。算力的強弱代表著將資料處理轉換為資訊優勢和決策優勢的速度。有別於反數據作戰和反演算法作戰以軟對抗為主，反算力作戰的對抗方式是軟硬結合的。硬摧毀主要指對敵算力中心、計算網路設施等實施的打擊，透過斷其算力的方式使其人工智慧模型難以發揮作用；軟對抗著眼加大敵算力成本，主要以製造戰爭「迷霧」和資料雜訊為主。例如，作戰時大量產生影像、音訊、視訊、電磁等多類型的無意義數據，對敵算力資源進行牽制消耗，降低其算力的有效作用率。此外，也可對算力的支撐環境和配套建設等防備薄弱環節實施攻擊，算力中心電能消耗巨大，對其電力支援系統進行攻擊和摧毀，也可達成反算力作戰的效果。

前瞻佈局反人工智慧作戰能力建設

凡戰者，以正合，以奇勝。面對智慧化戰爭，持續推動提升智慧化作戰能力的同時，也需強化對反人工智慧作戰的未雨綢繆，前瞻佈局反人工智慧作戰相關理論創新、配套技術發展與裝備平台建設，確保建立攻防兼備、防反一體的智慧化作戰體系。

加強反人工智慧作戰理論創新。科學的軍事理論就是戰鬥力，軍事戰略創新也好，軍事科技創新也好，其他方面軍事創新也好，都離不開理論指導。要堅持解放思想、開拓視野，強化辯證思維，以反人工智慧作戰理論創新為補充和突破，建構支撐和服務打贏制勝的智慧化作戰理論體系。要堅持你打你的、我打我的，強化非對稱思想，透過對反人工智慧作戰概念、策略戰法等問題的深化研究，為奪取戰場制智權提供科學理論支撐，切實發揮軍事理論的先導作用。要堅持理技融合，增強科技認知力、創新力、運用力，打通反人工智慧作戰理論與技術之間的閉環迴路，讓兩者互相補充、互為支撐，實現理論與技術的深度融合與良性互動。

注重反人工智慧軍事技術累積。科學技術是產生和提高戰鬥力的重要基礎，有些技術一旦突破，影響將是顛覆性的，甚至可能從根本上改變傳統的戰爭攻防格局。目前，世界各主要國家將人工智慧視為顛覆性技術，並將發展軍事智慧化上升為國家戰略。同時，也有國家積極進行反人工智慧作戰相關技術研究，探索人工智慧對抗方法，意圖降低對手軍事智慧系統效能。為此，既要探索跟進，加強對前沿技術的跟踪研究，積極發現、推動、催生智能對抗這類具有反顛覆作用的技術發展，在反人工智能作戰起步階段就搶佔技術先機，防敵技術突襲；還要精挑細選，注重保持足夠科學理性和準確判斷，破除技術“迷霧”，避免陷入對手技術陷阱。

研發反人工智慧作戰武器裝備。設計武器裝備就是設計未來戰爭，未來打什麼仗就發展什麼武器裝備。反人工智慧作戰是智慧化戰爭的重要組成部分，反人工智慧武器裝備也將在未來戰場上發揮重要作用。在研發反人工智慧作戰武器裝備時，首先要緊貼戰場需求。緊密結合作戰對手、作戰任務和作戰環境等，加強反人工智慧作戰研究，把反人工智慧作戰場景描述準確，確保反人工智慧作戰武器裝備需求論證科學、準確、合理。其次要建立成本思維。最新局部戰爭實踐表明，作戰成本控制是影響未來戰爭勝負的重要因素。反人工智慧作戰重在對敵軍事智慧系統的干擾與迷惑，加大誘耗型武器平台研發是一種有效的降本增效方法。透過低成本模擬示假目標欺騙敵智能偵察系統，可將「破智」效應延伸放大，力求消耗其精確導引飛彈等高價值打擊武器。最後要注重邊建邊用邊升級。智慧技術發展速度快、更新迭代快，要緊密追蹤對手前沿軍事智慧技術應用，摸準其智慧模型演算法架構，不斷推動最新反人工智慧技術在武器平台中的運用升級，確保其戰場運用的高效性。 （康睿智 李聖傑）

中國原創軍事資源：https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/zonghe/2025-05-20/doc-inexeiih2818486808984.shtml

#intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Combat Planning, Intelligent Warfare

China’s Military Exploring a New Track for Generating New Types of Combat Capabilities

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中國軍方正在探索一條製造新型作戰能力的新途徑

現代英語：

President Xi Jinping emphasized the need to boldly innovate and explore new models for the construction and application of combat forces, and to fully unleash and develop new-type combat capabilities. This important instruction reminds us that new-type combat capabilities, as a key force for winning future battlefields, are crucial to the course of war, the transformation of development, and the outcome of combat. We must closely follow the evolution of the form of war and the requirements for fully unleashing and developing new-type combat capabilities, explore new avenues for generating new-type combat capabilities, and continuously improve their contribution to war preparedness and combat.

Empowering the development of new-type combat capabilities with science and technology. Technological empowerment is a key characteristic of the development of new-type combat capabilities. Historically, major technological advancements have always led to profound changes in the form and methods of warfare. Currently, the world’s technological and military revolutions are developing rapidly, urgently requiring us to break free from fixed mindsets and reliance on traditional paths, closely monitor the forefront of military technology to innovate tactics and training methods, and continuously explore effective means to accelerate the formation of informationized and intelligent combat capabilities. First, we must seize technological advantages. To enhance technological insight, awareness, and response speed, we must strengthen technological research in emerging fields such as artificial intelligence and big data, boldly innovate the technological mechanisms of system confrontation, the lethality mechanisms of firepower strikes, and the combat mechanisms of information offense and defense, and improve the foresight, relevance, and effectiveness of technological innovation. Secondly, we must be adept at adapting to change. We must deeply understand the inherent mechanisms by which technology affects training, adhere to technology-enabled and technology-strengthened training, effectively utilize advanced technology in combat training, widely promote training methods such as “technology+” and “network+”, and continuously improve the level of combat-oriented training. Thirdly, we must strengthen the transformation and application of these technologies. We must keep a close eye on military combat readiness, innovate and explore new combat force construction and application models, actively expand the combat effectiveness of new domain and new quality equipment, focus on integrating new domain and new quality forces into the combat system, construct typical scenarios, innovate tactics and applications, and strive to create new combat capability growth poles.

Promoting the Development of New-Type Combat Capabilities through Force Integration. Force integration is a crucial aspect of building and developing new-type combat capabilities. Simply adding traditional combat systems will not generate new-type combat capabilities. Only by continuously promoting the integrated coupling of new combat concepts, new combat systems, and new combat platforms, and achieving mutual promotion and complementary advantages among various elements and units, can new-type combat capabilities truly emerge as a whole. First, ensure the integration of old and new. “New-type” is an evolution and upgrade of “old-type,” not a simple replacement. We must adhere to the principle of “establishing before dismantling,” and insist on starting from reality, developing “new-type” capabilities according to local conditions and the actual situation of combat capability construction, preventing and eliminating “favoring the new and discarding the old,” and low-quality and inefficient duplication of construction. Second, promote military-civilian integration. To establish and improve the mechanism for sharing military and civilian science and technology resources, we must break down the barriers between high-quality military and civilian resources, remove obstacles to sharing channels, promote the open sharing of resource elements and the joint creation and utilization of innovative achievements, and form a synergy for generating new combat capabilities. Secondly, we must achieve the integration of software and hardware. Future informationized and intelligent warfare will place greater emphasis on the overall linkage of combat elements. The degree of integration of “software” and “hardware” forces directly determines the effectiveness of combat capability generation and release and the course of the war. We must construct a combat force system that enhances system efficiency and promotes overall linkage, strengthen the layout of combat forces that are autonomously adaptable and interactively empowered, deeply address the contradictions and shortcomings in the mutual coordination of software and hardware, and promote the improvement of the quality and efficiency of the combat system.

Talent cultivation supports the development of new-type combat capabilities. Talent support is a crucial guarantee for the construction and development of new-type combat capabilities. As combat forms evolve towards unmanned, intelligent, and autonomous operations, the command system and organizational structure of the armed forces are becoming more streamlined, urgently requiring a new type of military talent pool. First, proactive training is essential. It is necessary to streamline the channels for cultivating and utilizing new-type military talent, integrating talent cultivation with the construction and development of new-type combat capabilities. Differentiating between different operational fields and professional positions, further precise standardization of talent standards and training paths is needed, along with strengthened training and experience, shortening the training cycle, and closely integrating and resonating with force development. Second, enhanced mission-based training is crucial. We must adhere to the principle of precisely aligning talent cultivation and utilization with the needs of military struggle and the development and application of new-type combat capabilities. We must fully utilize opportunities such as major missions and exercises to strengthen talent identification through rigorous testing, and promote a precise alignment between the supply side of talent cultivation and the demand side of the future battlefield. Thirdly, we must ensure precise management and utilization. We must grasp the laws governing the growth of military talent and the requirements for the development of new-type combat capabilities, innovate management concepts and methods, precisely allocate human resources, strengthen the professional, refined, and scientific management of the talent pool, and place talent in positions where they can best contribute to new-type combat capabilities to hone their skills and create a dynamic situation where people are well-suited for their positions and their talents are fully utilized.

(Author’s affiliation: Jiangsu Armed Police Corps)

現代國語：

探索新質戰斗力生成“新賽道”

■何松利

習主席強調，大膽創新探索新型作戰力量建設和運用模式，充分解放和發展新質戰斗力。這一重要指示啟示我們，新質戰斗力作為制勝未來戰場的關鍵力量，關乎戰爭走向、關乎建設轉型、關乎作戰勝負，必須緊跟戰爭形態演變及充分解放和發展新質戰斗力要求，研究探索新質戰斗力生成“新賽道”，不斷提升對備戰打仗的貢獻率。

以科技賦能牽引新質戰斗力發展。科技賦能是新質戰斗力建設發展的重要特征。從戰爭發展演進的歷史來看，歷次重大科技進步都會引發戰爭形態和作戰方式的深刻變革。當前，世界科技革命和軍事革命迅猛發展，迫切需要打破思維定勢、擺脫傳統路徑依賴，緊盯軍事科技前沿創新戰法訓法，不斷探索加快形成信息化智能化戰斗力的有效手段。一是搶佔技術優勢。要提升技術洞察力、認知度和響應速度，加強對人工智能、大數據等新興領域的技術研究，大膽創新體系對抗的技術機理、火力打擊的殺傷機理、信息攻防的作戰機理，提高科技創新的前瞻性、針對性、實效性。二是善於知變用變。要深刻理解科技作用於訓練的內在機理，堅持科技賦能、科技強訓，抓好高新技術作戰訓練運用，廣泛推開“科技+”“網絡+”等訓練方法路子，不斷提升實戰化訓練水平。三是加強轉化運用。要緊盯軍事斗爭准備創新探索新型作戰力量建設和運用模式，積極拓展新域新質裝備作戰效能，重點將新域新質力量融入作戰體系，構設典型場景、創新戰法運用，努力打造新質戰斗力增長極。

以力量融合推動新質戰斗力發展。力量融合是新質戰斗力建設發展的重要環節。傳統作戰系統的簡單疊加不會產生新質戰斗力，只有持續推動新作戰理念、新作戰體制、新作戰平台一體耦合，實現各要素單元相互促進、優勢互補，才能真正促成新質戰斗力整體湧現。首先，做好新舊融合。“新質”是對“舊質”的演化升級而非單純取代，要遵循“先立後破”原則，堅持一切從實際出發，按照戰斗力建設實際因地制宜發展“新質”，防止和杜絕“喜新厭舊”、低質低效重復建設。其次，促進軍地融合。要建立健全軍地科技資源共享機制，打破軍地優質資源相互封閉態勢，破除軍地共享渠道梗阻，推進資源要素開放共享、創新成果共創共用，形成新質戰斗力生成的整體合力。再次，實現軟硬融合。未來信息化智能化作戰更為強調作戰要素的整體聯動，“軟硬”力量的結合度直接決定戰斗力生成釋放效能和戰局走向，要構造體系增效、整體聯動的作戰力量體系，強化作戰力量自主適應、交互賦能的布局，深入破解軟件與硬件相互協同的矛盾短板，推動作戰體系提質增效。

以人才培育支撐新質戰斗力發展。人才支撐是新質戰斗力建設發展的重要保證。隨著作戰形態朝著無人化、智能化、自主化發展，部隊的指揮體系、組織結構更趨扁平化，迫切需要一支新型軍事人才隊伍。一是超前預置培養。要貫通新型軍事人才培養使用渠道，把人才培育與新質戰斗力建設發展融為一體，區分不同作戰領域、崗位專業，對人才標准、培養途徑等進行進一步精准規范，加強培養歷練，縮短培養周期，與力量發展緊密結合、同頻共振。二是加強任務淬煉。要堅持人才培養使用同軍事斗爭需要與新質戰斗力發展運用精准對接，充分利用重大任務、演習演練等時機，在血與火的考驗中加強人才識別，推動人才培養供給側同未來戰場需求側精准對接。三是精准管理使用。要把握軍事人才成長規律，把握新質戰斗力發展要求，創新管理觀念和方式方法，精准配置人力資源，加強人才隊伍專業化、精細化、科學化管理，把人才放在最能貢獻新質戰斗力的崗位上摔打磨煉，形成人崗相宜、人盡其才的生動局面。

（作者單位：武警江蘇總隊）

來源：解放軍報 作者：何松利 責任編輯：葉夢圓 2024-09-18 10:xx:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/1863838908983.html

#intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Intelligent Warfare

Chinese Military Perspectives on the Evolution of the Winning Mechanisms in Intelligent Warfare

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中國軍方對智慧戰爭制勝機制演變的看法

現代英語：

A Perspective on the Evolution of the Winning Mechanism in Intelligent Warfare

Military theorists often say that victory smiles on those who can foresee changes in the nature of war, not on those who wait for changes to occur before adapting. In recent years, disruptive technologies, represented by artificial intelligence, have developed rapidly and are widely applied in the military field, accelerating the evolution of warfare towards intelligence. Correspondingly, our understanding of warfare is also changing. Only by promptly identifying, proactively responding to, and actively adapting to changes can we remain invincible in future wars.

From “using strength to defeat weakness” to “using wisdom to overcome clumsiness”

The principle of “the strong prevailing over the weak” is a relatively universal law of war. Even in cases where the weak defeat the strong, victory often requires establishing a numerical advantage over the enemy in a specific location and at a specific time. In the era of intelligent warfare, intellectual superiority contributes far more to combat effectiveness than any other factor.

In intelligent warfare, human intelligence permeates the operational domain and is integrated into weapon systems. Multi-dimensional, multi-domain intelligent combat platforms of various types can rapidly couple combat forces, construct combat systems according to mission requirements, autonomously conduct coordinated operations, and quickly return to a state of readiness after mission completion, exhibiting a trend towards intelligent autonomy. The side with higher and stronger intelligence can better develop and utilize the mechanism of “using intelligence to overcome clumsiness,” even designing warfare, dominating the course of the war, and achieving ultimate victory. It should also be recognized that the era of intelligent warfare may have multiple development stages from low to high. Positioning oneself at a higher stage while attacking the opponent at a lower stage is also an application of the “intelligence-based victory” mechanism.

From “Destroying Force” to “Destroying Cognition”

As warfare rapidly evolves towards intelligence, the battlespace is gradually expanding from the physical and information domains to the cognitive domain, extending from the tangible battlefield to the intangible battlefield. The cognitive space, constituted by human mental and psychological activities, has become a new battlespace. Unlike traditional warfare, which primarily aims to eliminate the enemy’s manpower, intelligent warfare will place greater emphasis on weakening the enemy’s morale, undermining their will, and destroying their cognition.

By intelligently analyzing an opponent’s personality preferences, psychological characteristics, and decision-making habits, deterrent information can be tailored to their specific needs. Leveraging cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, this powerful force can be presented to the opponent in a realistic manner, causing anxiety, suspicion, and panic to fester within them, ultimately leading to their defeat. Big data, hailed as “the new oil,” not only enriches intelligence sources but also serves as a crucial weapon in influencing an opponent’s perception. By processing and deliberately “leaking” big data to the opponent, new “fog of war” can be created, plunging them into a state of cognitive confusion. In intelligent warfare, the struggle and game surrounding psychological warfare will be more intense, and the side with cognitive advantage will have an early advantage and be more likely to take the initiative and seize the initiative.

From “human-centered” to “human-machine collaboration”

In traditional warfare, the organization and deployment of military forces are primarily human-based. However, with the widespread application of intelligent technology, the proportion of unmanned equipment is constantly increasing. In intelligent warfare, combat missions will be completed through human-machine collaboration, achieving organic integration and complementary advantages. Foreign militaries’ third “offset strategy” prioritizes human-machine collaboration as a key technology for development, and their previously proposed concepts such as “loyal wingman” aim to explore the realization of manned/unmanned cooperative warfare. It is foreseeable that human-machine collaboration will play a crucial role in future warfare.

Utilizing unmanned reconnaissance capabilities for three-dimensional, multi-dimensional battlefield situational awareness can provide real-time intelligence support to manned combat forces; unmanned platforms carrying relay payloads can provide continuous communication relay support to manned combat forces; unmanned combat forces penetrating deep into the front lines can attract enemy attacks, forcing them to reveal their positions, providing target guidance and fire support for manned combat forces; and unmanned transport equipment can provide logistical support to the front lines, improving logistical efficiency, reducing transportation costs, and minimizing unnecessary casualties. With the assistance of artificial intelligence, manned and unmanned combat forces will achieve a scientific division of labor and rational combination in terms of quantity, scale, and function, thereby maximizing overall effectiveness.

From “the big eat the small” to “the fast eat the slow”

In traditional warfare, it is often necessary to compensate for shortcomings in equipment performance by increasing the number of troops. “The key to military intelligence is speed.” The rapid development of military intelligence has greatly improved the speed of information transmission and the accuracy of weapon strikes, significantly reducing the time for reconnaissance and early warning, intelligence processing, command and decision-making, fire strikes, and damage assessment, accelerating the OODA kill chain cycle, and making “detect and destroy” possible.

Hypersonic missiles, laser weapons, microwave weapons, electromagnetic pulse weapons, and other new rapid-kill weapons are pushing the pace of warfare to the level of “instant kill.” In the Gulf War, the OODA loop loop took three days; in the Iraq War, the loop time was reduced to less than 10 minutes; and in the Syrian War, the loop was almost real-time. In intelligent warfare, using integrated reconnaissance and strike unmanned platforms to rapidly and precisely eliminate high-value targets such as the enemy’s core command posts and high-ranking commanders will severely damage the enemy before they can even react, potentially even paralyzing them. It is evident that victory does not necessarily favor the side with the largest military force; the side that acts swiftly and precisely is more likely to gain the upper hand on the battlefield. Statistics show that artificial intelligence’s reaction time to battlefield changes is more than 400 times faster than that of humans. Faced with the ever-changing battlefield situation, people will increasingly favor leveraging AI technology to achieve adaptive planning and autonomous decision-making in command and control systems, shifting the command and control model from “humans on the loop” to “humans outside the loop,” thereby reducing the burden on commanders while improving operational efficiency and the success rate of mission execution.

From “Winning Through Integration” to “Winning Through Clustering”

Traditional equipment development philosophy involves investing heavily in the research and development of highly integrated, sophisticated weapon platforms, aiming to achieve a decisive victory over the enemy in war through generational and performance advantages. However, developing and deploying multifunctional high-end platforms not only requires significant time and resources, but also presents the risk of incompatibility when integrating multiple hardware and software modules into a single weapon platform. The destruction of such a platform would result in substantial losses. The military application of disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence has spurred the rapid development of unmanned swarms. Unmanned swarms possess advantages such as large scale, low overall cost, and decentralization. Unmanned platforms coordinate and cooperate with each other, enabling them to make autonomous decisions and execute combat missions in an organized manner. Even if some unmanned platforms are destroyed, the overall combat effectiveness remains unaffected. Foreign militaries’ operational concepts such as “decision-centric warfare” and “mosaic warfare” focus on utilizing unmanned swarms to accomplish combat missions. In intelligent warfare, by distributing functions such as reconnaissance and surveillance, information communication, command and control, and firepower strikes among a large number of single-function unmanned combat units, a highly robust and flexible “kill net” is constructed. The combination of these units can then be adjusted according to mission requirements, resulting in powerful swarm intelligence that creates significant uncertainty for the adversary, trapping them in the OODA loop’s decision-making process and preventing them from making effective decisions. Furthermore, the sheer number of unmanned swarms allows the adversary’s detection, tracking, and interception capabilities to quickly reach saturation. Unable to destroy all the unmanned platforms in the swarm, the adversary is forced to face the predicament of ineffective defenses.

From “Military Dominance” to “Diverse and Hybrid”

Traditional warfare primarily relies on violence to subjugate the enemy, typically characterized by high intensity and a clear distinction between peacetime and wartime. However, as military conflict expands into new domains such as space, cyberspace, and artificial intelligence, and as the roles of economic, cultural, diplomatic, and legal means in warfare become increasingly prominent, intelligent warfare will unfold in multiple areas, particularly in the “gray zone,” employing a multi-pronged approach. The intensity of warfare may decrease, and the lines between peacetime and wartime will become more blurred. Whether it was the drone attack on Saudi oil fields in 2019 that caused half of its oil production to stop, or the cyberattack on the largest oil pipeline in the United States in 2021 that caused widespread oil shortages, the far-reaching impact of various new attack methods should not be underestimated.

As intelligent technologies develop and mature, attacks using a variety of methods against adversaries’ industrial, transportation, financial, communications, energy, and medical facilities and networks will become more common. The threshold for intelligent warfare will decrease, and participants may launch hybrid wars that integrate economic, diplomatic, cyber, media, psychological, and legal warfare without prior declaration, leaving adversaries exhausted.

From “Live-fire Testing” to “Experimental Exercises”

Under traditional conditions, due to the lack of scientific simulation and evaluation tools, the true capabilities of an army can only be tested in actual combat. Under intelligent conditions, virtual reality technology can be used to create highly realistic and immersive virtual scenarios based on real battlefield environments and mission contexts. These scenarios can not only reproduce objective elements such as weapons and equipment in terms of sound, appearance, and performance, but also simulate various severe weather conditions such as heavy fog, heavy rain, and blizzards, visually displaying battlefield terrain, meteorological, hydrological, electromagnetic, and nuclear/chemical information, closely approximating the true state of the battlefield.

By setting up hypothetical enemies in a virtual environment based on the characteristics of real-world adversaries and conducting intelligent simulations of possible battle scenarios, officers and soldiers can “experience” war multiple times in virtual reality before the official start of combat. This allows them to gain a thorough understanding of equipment performance, the pace of war, and the enemy and friendly forces, making them more adept at performing real-world missions. Before the outbreak of the Iraq War, the US military secretly developed a computer game simulating the combat environment of Baghdad. Among personnel deployed to Iraq, those trained in the game had a survival rate as high as 90%. As the data collected in reality becomes richer and more complete, the construction of virtual battlefields will become more realistic, the prediction of the battlefield situation will become more accurate, and the comprehensive evaluation of exercises will become more credible. Both sides will strive to know the outcome of the war in advance through intelligent simulations, which may lead to situations where the enemy can be subdued without fighting or with only a small battle.

現代國語：

透視智能化戰爭制勝機理嬗變

■謝愷　 張東潤 　梁小平

引言

軍事理論家們常說，勝利往往向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑，而不是向那些等待變化發生後才去適應的人微笑。近年來，以人工智能為代表的顛覆性技術發展迅猛，並廣泛應用於軍事領域，使戰爭形態加速向智能化演變，與之相應的戰爭觀也正在發生嬗變。及時發現變化，主動應對變化，積極適應變化，才能夠在未來戰爭中立於不敗之地。

從“以強打弱”到“以智制拙”

“強勝弱敗”是帶有一定普遍性的戰爭制勝規律。即使是那些以弱勝強的戰例，往往也須在局部和特定時段形成對敵的力量優勢才能真正取勝。智能化戰爭時代，智力優勢對戰斗力的貢獻率遠高於其他要素。

在智能化戰爭對抗中，人的智能廣泛滲透到作戰領域、移植到武器系統，全域多維、各種類型的智能化作戰平台能夠快速耦合作戰力量，根據任務需求構建作戰體系，自主實施協同作戰，任務結束迅速回歸待戰狀態，呈現智能自主趨勢。智能水平更高更強的一方，能夠更好地開發和運用“以智制拙”機理，甚至據此設計戰爭、主導戰局發展，取得最終勝利。還要看到，智能化戰爭時代很可能存在由低到高的多個發展階段，盡可能讓自己處於高級階段，攻擊對手使其處於低維度的階段，也是以高打低“智勝”機理的運用。

從“消滅力量”到“摧毀認知”

隨著戰爭形態加速向智能化演進，作戰空間逐漸由物理域、信息域拓展至認知域，以有形戰場擴展到無形戰場，由人的精神和心理活動構成的認知空間已成為新的作戰空間。與傳統戰爭中以消滅敵人有生力量為主要目的不同，智能化戰爭將更加注重削弱敵方的士氣，瓦解敵方的意志，摧毀敵方的認知。

通過智能分析對手的性格偏好、心理特征、決策習慣，可有針對性地“量身定制”威懾信息，利用智能化等前沿技術優勢，以形象逼真的方式向對手展現強大實力，使焦慮、猜疑、恐慌等情緒在其內部不斷發酵，最終導致其不攻自破。被譽為“新石油”的大數據在豐富情報來源的同時，也成為作用於對手認知的重要“武器”。通過對大數據進行加工處理，並刻意“洩露”給對手，將給其制造新的“戰爭迷霧”，使其陷入認知迷茫的境地。在智能化戰爭中，圍繞攻心奪志所展開的斗爭博弈將更加激烈，而佔據認知優勢的一方將比對方先勝一籌，更加容易掌握主動、先機。

從“以人為主”到“人機協同”

在傳統戰爭中，軍事力量的組織與運用均以人為主。隨著智能技術的廣泛應用，無人裝備的比例不斷提高。在智能化戰爭中，作戰任務將由人機協同完成，兩者將實現有機融合、優勢互補。外軍提出的第三次“抵消戰略”將人機協作等作為重點發展的關鍵技術，其先後提出的“忠誠僚機”等概念也旨在探索實現有人/無人協同作戰。可以預見，人機協同將在未來戰爭中發揮重要作用。

利用無人偵察力量開展立體多維的戰場態勢感知，可為有人作戰力量實時提供情報支援；利用無人平台攜帶中繼載荷，可為有人作戰力量持續提供通信中繼支援；利用無人作戰力量深入前方戰場，可吸引敵方攻擊，迫敵暴露位置，為有人作戰力量提供目標引導和火力支援；利用無人運輸裝備為前線提供物資補給，可提高後勤保障效率，降低運輸成本，減少非必要的人員傷亡。在人工智能的輔助下，有人作戰力量與無人作戰力量將在數量規模、功能作用等方面實現科學分工與合理搭配，從而使整體效能實現最大化。

從“以大吃小”到“以快吃慢”

在傳統戰爭中，往往需要通過增加兵力數量來彌補在裝備性能等方面的短板。“兵之情主速”，軍事智能化的飛速發展大大提升了信息傳遞速度和武器打擊精度，大幅縮減了偵察預警、情報處理、指揮決策、火力打擊、毀傷評估的時間，加速OODA殺傷鏈循環，使“發現即摧毀”成為可能。

高超聲速導彈、激光武器、微波武器、電磁脈沖武器等新型快速殺傷武器進一步將戰爭節奏推向“秒殺”。在海灣戰爭中，OODA環的回路時間需要3天；在伊拉克戰爭中，回路時間已縮短至10分鐘以內；而在敘利亞戰爭中，回路已幾乎實現了近實時。在智能化戰爭中，利用察打一體無人平台對敵方的核心指揮所、高層指揮官等高價值目標進行快速定點清除，將使對方還來不及反應就遭受重創，甚至面臨癱瘓的險境。可見勝利並不一定眷顧軍力規模龐大的一方，行動迅速而精准的一方將更有可能贏得戰場先機。據統計，人工智能應對戰場變化所需的反應時間比人類快400倍以上。面對瞬息萬變的戰場態勢，人們將更傾向於借助人工智能技術實現指控系統的自適應規劃和自主決策，使指控模式由“人在環路上”轉變為“人在環路外”，從而在減輕指揮人員負擔的同時，提高作戰效率和執行任務的成功率。

從“集成制勝”到“集群制勝”

傳統的裝備發展理念是將大量資金投入到高度集成的高精尖武器平台研發中，以期在戰爭中憑借代際優勢和性能優勢實現對敵方的降維打擊。然而，開發部署多功能高端平台不僅需要耗費大量的時間和經費，當把多個軟硬件模塊集成到單一武器平台時，還可能出現相互之間不兼容的情況。一旦該平台被毀，將造成重大損失。人工智能等顛覆性技術的軍事應用促使無人集群得到快速發展。無人集群具有數量規模大、綜合成本低、去中心化等優勢，無人平台之間相互協調、分工合作，可自主決策並有組織地執行作戰任務，即使部分無人平台被毀，也不影響整體作戰效能。外軍提出的“決策中心戰”“馬賽克戰”等作戰概念，即著眼利用無人集群完成作戰任務。在智能化戰爭中，通過將偵察監視、信息通聯、指揮控制、火力打擊等功能分散到大量功能單一的無人作戰單元中，構建高魯棒性、高彈性的“殺傷網”，然後根據任務需要對組合方式進行調整，將使其湧現出強大的群體智能，給對手制造極大的不確定性，進而把對手困在OODA環的判斷環節，無法做出有效決策。此外，由於無人集群數量龐大，可使對手的探測、跟蹤、攔截能力迅速達到飽和，對手因無法摧毀集群中的所有無人平台，而不得不面臨防御工事失效的困境。

從“軍事主導”到“多元混合”

傳統戰爭主要依靠暴力手段使敵方屈服於己方意志，通常具有較強的戰爭烈度，平時與戰時界限分明。隨著軍事斗爭領域向太空、網絡、智能等新型領域不斷拓展，以及經濟、文化、外交、法律等手段在戰爭中的作用不斷凸顯，智能化戰爭將在“灰色地帶”為代表的多個領域以“多管齊下”的形式展開。戰爭烈度可能會有所減弱，平戰界限將更加模糊。無論是2019年沙特油田因遭到無人機襲擊而導致其一半石油停產，還是2021年美國最大輸油管道因遭遇網絡攻擊而導致大面積油料短缺，各類新型攻擊手段所帶來的深遠影響均不可小覷。

隨著智能化技術的發展成熟，綜合運用多種手段向對手的工業、交通、金融、通信、能源、醫療等設施和網絡發起的攻擊將更加普遍。智能化戰爭的門檻將呈現下降趨勢，參戰方可能采取不宣而戰的方式發起融合經濟戰、外交戰、網絡戰、輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰等多種樣式的混合戰爭，使對手疲於應付。

從“實戰驗兵”到“實驗演兵”

在傳統條件下，由於缺少科學的模擬仿真與評估工具，因此只有在實戰中才能檢驗出軍隊的真實能力。在智能化條件下，利用虛擬現實技術可基於實際的戰場環境和任務背景創建具有較強立體感和真實感的虛擬場景。該場景不僅可以從聲音、外觀、性能等多個維度對武器裝備等客觀事物進行還原，還能模擬大霧、大雨和暴風雪等各種惡劣天氣，以可視化的形式展現戰場的地形、氣象、水文、電磁、核化等信息，接近戰場的真實狀況。

根據現實中敵方的特征設定虛擬環境中的假想敵，並對戰局的可能走向進行智能模擬仿真，可使官兵在正式開戰前就已在虛擬現實中數次“親歷”戰爭，從而對裝備性能、戰爭節奏、敵我情況都了然於胸，在執行現實任務時將更加游刃有余。在伊拉克戰爭爆發前，美軍曾秘密開發了一款模擬巴格達作戰環境的電腦游戲，在被派遣到伊拉克執行任務的人員中，接受過游戲訓練的人員生存率高達90%。隨著現實中收集到的數據不斷豐富完善，虛擬戰場的搭建將更加逼真，對戰場態勢的走向預測將更加准確，關於演習的綜合評估將更加可信，敵對雙方都力圖通過智能推演即可預先獲知戰爭結果，將可能出現不戰或小戰就“屈人之兵”的情況。

來源：解放軍報 作者：謝愷　 張東潤 　梁小平 責任編輯：葉夢圓 2022-04-26 06:xx:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/wzll/yw_21840868/4898098286.html

Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Combat Planning

Military Research, Warfare Research, Combat Research | Practical Exploration of Strengthening New Combat Capabilities for China’s Military

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軍事研究、戰爭研究、作戰研究 | 實際探索提升中國軍隊新型作戰能力

現代英語：

The Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee clearly proposed “accelerating the development of advanced combat capabilities.” New-type combat capabilities are representative of advanced combat capabilities, and strengthening the practical exploration of new-type combat capability development is an inevitable requirement for accelerating the development of advanced combat capabilities. As a key force for winning future battlefields, new-type combat capabilities are crucial to the course of war, the transformation of development, and the outcome of battles. Therefore, it is imperative to keep pace with changes in technology, warfare, and adversaries, fully unleash and develop new-type combat capabilities, and continuously enhance their contribution to war preparedness and combat.

Grasp the requirements of the times for strengthening the construction of new-type combat capabilities

The development of combat capabilities bears the profound imprint of the times. Strengthening the development of new-type combat capabilities must adapt to the era’s requirements as the form of warfare rapidly evolves towards intelligence, unmanned operation, and beyond-domain capabilities.

The “New” Elements of Power: Unmanned Intelligence. Recent local wars and military operations worldwide demonstrate a continuous increase in the informatization of warfare. Weapons and equipment are showing a clear trend towards long-range precision, intelligence, stealth, and unmanned operation, fundamentally changing the way humans interact with weaponry. The concepts, elements, and methods of winning wars are undergoing significant transformations. Currently, artificial intelligence and unmanned autonomous technologies are rapidly entering the battlefield. Intelligent military systems have significantly improved the unmanned autonomous combat capabilities of military equipment and platforms. The main participants in warfare are shifting from traditional humans to humanoid intelligent unmanned systems. Combat behavior and decision-making are accelerating their shift from “carbon-based” to “silicon-based,” from “cellular” to “intelligent agents,” and evolving from a “human in the loop” to a “human on the loop” and even “human outside the loop” model.

The “New” Nature of Battlefield Space: Multidimensional Integration. Disruptive technologies, exemplified by artificial intelligence, are rapidly expanding the scope and depth of influence of combat forces. The rapid application of technologies such as bio-interdisciplinary research, neuromorphic science, and human-machine interfaces is driving the deep penetration and integration of intelligent network systems with human social activities. New methods and situations, such as “deepfakes” and “information cocoons,” are emerging in large numbers, and hybrid games involving cognitive competition in the social domain are evolving into new arenas of struggle. The space of military struggle is expanding from traditional geographical space to the deep sea, outer space, electromagnetic, cyber, and cognitive domains, advancing the entire battlefield space to a highly three-dimensional, multi-dimensional, and highly integrated state. These battlefield space domains are interconnected, mutually supportive, and mutually restrictive, jointly propelling combat towards complex intelligence.

The “New” Aspect of Combat Formation: Dynamic Reconfiguration. Combat formation reflects the combination of personnel and weaponry, the relationships between combat units, and between different units, determining the role and effectiveness of new-type combat capabilities. Looking towards the real-time optimization of joint forces and firepower in future operations, new-type combat capabilities will rely on intelligent network information systems, shifting from static configuration to dynamic reconfiguration, from “building blocks” to “solving a Rubik’s Cube.” Each combat element will be functionally decoupled as needed, and then cross-domain integration will connect heterogeneous functional elements and unit modules to construct a resilient distributed “kill network,” enabling wide-area configuration, cross-domain networking, and multi-domain aggregation of combat units and basic modules. This dynamic formation requires the support of network information systems and the coordinated cooperation of new-type combat capabilities, connecting heterogeneous functional elements and unit modules throughout the entire combat system through cross-domain integration.

Focus on key aspects of strengthening new combat capabilities

The key difference between new-type combat capabilities and traditional combat capabilities lies in the new quality of combat capabilities. The construction of new-type combat capabilities should take the new quality as an important starting point, empower combat capability elements and transform combat capability generation models through technological innovation, thereby promoting the leap in combat capabilities.

Intelligent algorithms are key to victory. New combat capabilities, exemplified by intelligent weaponry, place greater emphasis on gaining strategic control in combat. The competition between opposing sides hinges on the level of intelligent cognition and the superiority of their algorithms. Intelligent algorithms can be seamlessly integrated into the decision-making and command chains at every stage of the kill chain—observation, location, tracking, judgment, decision-making, strike, and assessment—achieving “victory before battle.” Data mining algorithms, such as deep learning and self-learning, can rapidly integrate various types of battlefield data, deeply correlate and analyze valuable intelligence, and help combat personnel predict the battlefield situation more quickly and effectively. Intelligent game theory and decision-making algorithms, such as reinforcement learning, can autonomously engage in combat in virtual environments, rapidly and fully explore the war decision-making space, help commanders identify and anchor decision points, and more efficiently create and generate action plans, thus assisting in combat planning. For the command and control of numerous unmanned equipment and platforms, autonomous control algorithms, such as autonomous planning and collaborative algorithms, can dynamically combine combat resources according to mission objectives and capability requirements, forming human-machine hybrid formations to efficiently execute combat missions.

The system is highly interconnected. Combat power generation is a complete system formed by the development and internal movement of the various elements constituting combat power, as well as the interconnections and interactions between different elements and subsystems. The characteristics of system confrontation, hybrid game, and cross-domain competition are more prominent in informationized and intelligent combat operations. The dispersed battlefield sensors, combat forces, and weapon platforms become network information nodes based on various information links. Intelligence information, mission instructions, battle situation, and battle results information can all be interactively shared in the battlefield network that is connected across the entire domain. The entire combat operation, while pursuing individual platform indicators, places greater emphasis on the real-time linkage effect of the entire combat system. Through functional coupling and structural emergence, it achieves the goals of “energy aggregation” and “energy enhancement” to achieve the goal of defeating the enemy with overall strength.

Human-machine interaction is gradually advancing. Unmanned equipment, as a crucial element of new combat capabilities and an important supplement to traditional weaponry, is transforming from a battlefield support role to a primary combat role. Broadly speaking, unmanned equipment will expand the combat capabilities of weaponry and gain information and firepower mobility advantages. First, unmanned combat equipment can enrich and improve manned combat systems. Utilizing the advantages of unmanned equipment—less restricted battlefield environment, stronger penetration capabilities, and more diverse missions—it can enhance the scope, accuracy, and timeliness of reconnaissance and intelligence gathering and assessment, as well as increase the density, intensity, and sustainability of firepower strikes. Second, coordinated operations between manned and unmanned forces can achieve a “1+1>2” combat effectiveness. For example, drones can conduct forward reconnaissance and early warning, becoming an extension of manned aircraft perception, leveraging the mobility and firepower advantages of manned aircraft while utilizing the information advantages of drones. Third, unmanned swarm operations can achieve the goal of rapidly depleting enemy resources. Unmanned swarm forces, including drones, unmanned vehicles, unmanned boats, unmanned underwater vehicles, bionic robots, and smart munitions, will conduct autonomous and coordinated unmanned operations. Their nonlinear and emergent characteristics will highlight their advantages in scale, cost, autonomy, and decision-making. They will strike targets such as heavily fortified air defense missile sites deep within enemy territory, greatly depleting the enemy’s reconnaissance, interception, and firepower resources.

Building a scientific framework for enhancing new combat capabilities

Building new combat capabilities is a systemic and arduous battle that requires overcoming difficulties. We must break away from the path dependence of “technology-oriented” approaches and construct a scientific chain of “theoretical interpretation, system construction, training transformation, and resource adaptation.”

Emphasizing “theory first, system support,” these two aspects are crucial foundations for generating new-type combat capabilities. A hierarchical theoretical framework and resilient system architecture are essential to solidify the foundation for new-type combat capabilities to serve actual combat. From the perspective of hierarchical theoretical framework construction, basic theory must focus on the essential mechanisms of new-type combat elements, analyzing the operational characteristics, boundaries of action, and coupling logic of emerging domain elements with traditional elements, and exploring scientific paths for aligning basic theory with practice. Applied theory must closely adhere to actual combat scenarios, constructing application rules based on the typological classification of future combat missions, and expanding the paths for transforming applied theory into tactical practice. The innovative theoretical layer must anticipate the evolution of warfare, combining technological advancements to predict theoretical development directions, providing guidance for the evolution of new-type elements. From the perspective of resilient system architecture design, “system resilience” should be the goal to break down inter-domain barriers, establishing a potential database through the Internet of Things and big data technologies to achieve rapid reorganization and response of new-type resources and troop needs, ensuring that the system resonates with the demands of “war.”

Adhering to the principle of “you fight your way, I fight my way,” we must boldly innovate and explore new models for the construction and application of combat forces. The essence of this approach lies in building “asymmetric advantages.” From the perspective of cultivating asymmetric advantages, we must rely on “operational domain advantage maps” for assessment and construct differentiated force layouts. We must promote the transformation of advantageous elements into core capabilities, build a “strengths against weaknesses” pattern, and ensure the long-term sustainability of these advantages through the establishment of a dynamic monitoring mechanism. From the perspective of innovatively reconstructing operational paths, we must break through the boundaries of traditional operational domains, open up new dimensions of confrontation in unmanned domains, and design modular solutions based on mission requirements, flexibly combining new qualitative elements with traditional forces to avoid path dependence.

Strengthening “realistic training and adversarial drills” is crucial. Realistic training and adversarial drills serve as the intermediaries for transforming new combat capabilities from theory to actual combat. To establish a closed-loop mechanism of “integrated training and combat,” it is necessary to enhance the combat adaptability of new combat capabilities through high-fidelity construction of training scenarios, high-intensity design of adversarial drills, and quantitative modeling of effectiveness evaluation. Regarding the high-fidelity construction of realistic training scenarios, it is essential to actively organize drone units to conduct training in reconnaissance and rescue, airlift, and other subjects. The concept of “environmental complexity gradient” should be introduced to force officers and soldiers to utilize new equipment under extreme conditions. A quantitative evaluation system should be established to assess training effectiveness. Regarding the high-intensity design of adversarial drills, it is necessary to set up adversarial scenarios closely resembling those of a strong enemy, set adversarial intensity thresholds, and establish a closed-loop improvement mechanism to promote iterative upgrades of combat capabilities.

The principle is “not seeking ownership, but utilizing.” This is a crucial path for generating new combat capabilities. Its core lies in the innovative generation model of the “resource pooling” theory. This requires breaking the binding relationship between “resource possession” and “capability generation” through cross-domain resource integration and dynamic resource allocation. From the perspective of cross-domain resource integration, “resource pooling” is the core, integrating local technology, talent, and equipment resources to build a military-civilian integrated resource support network. From the perspective of dynamic resource allocation, a classified and graded management system is constructed, categorizing new resources according to their operational value into core, support, and auxiliary categories, clarifying the deployment process for new equipment, and ensuring that resource benefits are transformed into actual combat capabilities.

現代國語：

加強新質戰斗力建設實踐探索

■王璐穎  李  滔

引 言

黨的二十屆四中全會鮮明提出“加快先進戰斗力建設”。新質戰斗力是先進戰斗力的代表，加強新質戰斗力建設實踐探索是加快先進戰斗力建設的必然要求。新質戰斗力作為制勝未來戰場的關鍵力量，關乎戰爭走向、關乎建設轉型、關乎作戰勝負，必須緊跟科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變，充分解放和發展新質戰斗力，不斷提升新質戰斗力對備戰打仗的貢獻率。

把握加強新質戰斗力建設時代要求

戰斗力建設有著深刻的時代烙印，加強新質戰斗力建設要順應戰爭形態加速向智能化、無人化、超域化演進的時代要求。

力量要素之“新”：無人智能。從世界近幾場局部戰爭和軍事行動看，戰爭信息化程度不斷提高，武器裝備遠程精確化、智能化、隱身化、無人化趨勢明顯，正在改變人與武器裝備的結合方式，戰爭制勝觀念、制勝要素、制勝方式發生重大變化。當前，人工智能技術和無人自主技術快速走向戰場，智能化軍事系統顯著提高了軍事裝備和平台的無人自主作戰能力，戰爭主要參與者從傳統的人向類人智能無人系統的跨越，作戰行為與決策加速從“碳基”向“硅基”轉移，從“細胞體”向“智能體”讓渡，從“人在環中”向“人在環上”乃至“人在環外”的模式演進。

戰場空間之“新”：多維融合。以人工智能為代表的顛覆性技術，正加速擴展作戰力量的作用領域、影響深度。生物交叉、類腦科學和人機接口等技術的快速應用，促使智能化網絡體系與人類社會活動深度滲透、高度融合。“深度偽造”“信息繭房”等新手段、新情況大量產生，社會域的認知爭奪等混合博弈，正演變為新的角力場。軍事斗爭空間從傳統地理空間，不斷向深海、外太空、電磁、網絡、認知等領域拓展，整個戰場空間進階到高立體、全維度、大融合。這些戰場空間領域之間既相互聯系、相互支撐，又相互制約，共同推動作戰向復雜智能的方向發展。

作戰編組之“新”：動態重構。作戰編組是人與武器裝備結合、作戰單元之間、部隊與部隊之間關系的體現，決定著新質戰斗力的作用發揮和效能釋放。著眼未來聯合作戰兵力火力的即時聚優，新質戰斗力將依托智能化網絡信息體系的支撐，由靜態搭配向動態重構轉變，由“拼積木”向“擰魔方”轉變，各作戰要素根據需要進行功能解耦，再通過跨域融合將異構的功能要素和單元模塊聯結在一起，構建具有良好韌性的分布式“殺傷網”，以實現作戰單元和基本模塊的廣域配置、跨域組網和多域聚合。這種動態編組更需要網絡信息體系的支撐和新質戰斗力的協同配合，通過跨域融合將整個作戰體系中異構的功能要素和單元模塊聯結在一起。

扭住加強新質戰斗力建設重要抓手

新質戰斗力區別於傳統戰斗力的關鍵在於戰斗力呈現的新質態，新質戰斗力建設要以新質態為重要抓手，通過科技創新賦能戰斗力要素、變革戰斗力生成模式，從而推動戰斗力躍遷。

智能算法制勝。以智能化武器裝備為代表的新質戰斗力更加重視追求作戰制智權，敵我雙方比拼的是智能認知水平的高下、算法的優劣。在觀察、定位、跟蹤、判斷、決策、打擊和評估等殺傷鏈的各個環節，智能算法都可以及時融入決策鏈、指揮鏈，實現“未戰而先勝”。以深度學習、自學習為代表的數據挖掘算法，能夠對戰場收集的各類數據快速整合，深度關聯分析有價值的情報信息，幫助作戰人員更快更好預測戰場態勢。以強化學習為代表的智能博弈和決策算法，能夠在虛擬環境中自主博弈對抗，快速充分探索戰爭決策空間，幫助指揮員發現和錨定決策點，更加高效地創造生成行動方案，輔助作戰籌劃。針對大量無人裝備和平台的指揮控制，自主規劃與協同算法等自主控制算法，能夠根據任務目標和能力需求對作戰資源進行動態組合，形成人機混合編組，高效執行作戰任務。

體系高度關聯。戰斗力生成，是由構成戰斗力的各要素自身發展、內在運動，以及不同要素和分系統之間相互聯系、相互作用而形成的完整體系。信息化智能化作戰行動的體系對抗、混合博弈、超域競爭等特征更加突出，分散配置的戰場傳感器、作戰力量和武器平台基於各種信息鏈路成為網絡信息節點，情報信息、任務指令、戰況態勢和戰果信息均可在全域聯通的戰場網絡中交互共享，整個作戰行動在追求單個平台單項指標的基礎上，更強調整個作戰體系的實時聯動效應，通過功能耦合和結構湧現，達到“聚能”和“增能”的目的，以整體力量達到克敵制勝的目的。

人機互動漸進。無人裝備作為新質戰斗力的重要抓手和傳統武器裝備的重要補充，正從過去戰場配屬角色向主戰角色轉變。從廣義角度看，無人裝備將以拓展武器裝備作戰能力獲得信息、火力機動優勢。首先，無人作戰裝備可充實完善有人作戰體系。利用無人裝備戰場環境限制小、突防能力強、執行任務多的優勢，提升己方偵察情報和評估工作范圍、精度和時效性，提升火力打擊密度、強度和持續性。其次，有人與無人力量協同作戰能夠發揮“1+1＞2”的作戰效能。例如，無人機可前出偵察預警，成為有人機感知的延伸，發揮有人機機動和火力優勢，發揮無人機信息優勢。再次，無人集群作戰能夠實現快速消耗敵方資源目的。無人機、無人車、無人艇、無人潛航器、仿生機器人、智能彈藥等無人集群力量實施無人自主協同作戰，將發揮其非線性、湧現性等特征所凸顯的規模優勢、成本優勢、自主優勢、決策優勢，打擊敵方縱深地域嚴密設防的防空導彈陣地等目標，極大消耗敵方偵察攔截和火力抗擊資源。

構建加強新質戰斗力建設科學鏈路

新質戰斗力建設是一場向難攻堅的系統性硬仗，要破除“技術導向”的路徑依賴，構建“理論闡釋—體系建構—訓練轉化—資源適配”的科學鏈路。

突出“理論先行，體系支撐”。理論先行與體系支撐是新質戰斗力生成的兩個重要基礎。要以理論體系層級化建構與體系架構韌性化設計，夯實新質戰斗力服務實戰基礎。從理論體系層級化建構看，基礎理論必須聚焦新質作戰要素的本質機理，剖析新興領域要素的作戰特性、作用邊界及與傳統要素的耦合邏輯，探索基礎理論對接實踐的科學路徑。應用理論必須緊扣實戰場景，基於未來作戰任務的類型化劃分構建運用規則，拓展應用理論轉化為戰術實踐的路徑。創新理論層須前瞻戰爭形態演進，結合技術預見理論發展方向，為新質要素演化提供指引。從體系架構的韌性化設計看，要以“體系韌性”為目標打破域際壁壘，通過物聯網、大數據技術建立潛力數據庫，實現新質資源與部隊需求的快速重組響應，確保體系與“戰”的需求同頻共振。

堅持“你打你的，我打我的”。大膽創新探索新型作戰力量建設和運用模式，“你打你的，我打我的”，本質在於建構“非對稱優勢”。從非對稱優勢的培育看，要依托“作戰域優勢圖譜”開展評估，構築差異化力量布局。要推動優勢要素向核心能力轉化，構建“以長擊短”格局，通過建立動態監測機制，確保優勢長存。從作戰路徑創新性重構看，須突破傳統作戰域邊界，在無人域開辟對抗新維度，還要基於任務需求設計模塊化方案，靈活組合新質要素與傳統力量，避免路徑依賴。

加強“實案化訓練，對抗性演練”。實案化訓練和對抗性演練是新質戰斗力從理論向實戰的轉化中介。要構成“戰訓一體化”的閉環機制，須通過訓練場景的高保真建構、對抗演練的高強度設計與效能評估的量化模型化，提升新質戰斗力的實戰適配性。從實案化訓練的高保真建構看，要積極組織無人機分隊開展偵察救援、空中投送等課目訓練，要引入“環境復雜度梯度”理念，倒逼官兵在極限條件下運用新質裝備。要建立量化評估體系，評估訓練成效；從對抗性演練的高強度設計看，要設置貼近強敵的對抗場景，設定對抗強度閾值，建立閉環改進機制，推動戰斗力迭代升級。

做到“不求所有，但為所用”。“不求所有，但為所用”是新質戰斗力生成的重要路徑，其內核在於“資源池化”理論的生成模式創新，須通過資源整合的跨域化建構與資源運用的動態化調度，打破“資源佔有”與“能力生成”的綁定關系。從資源整合的跨域化建構看，以“資源池化”為核心，整合地方技術、人才、裝備資源，構建軍地一體的資源支撐網絡。從資源運用的動態化調度看，構建分類分級管理體系，將新質資源按作戰價值分為核心、支撐、輔助類，明確新質裝備的調用流程，確保資源效益轉化為實戰能力。

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：王璐穎 李 滔 責任編輯：孫悅

2025-12-04 0xx:xx

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