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Chinese Military Discussion on “Intelligent Public Opinion Warfare”

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現代英語語言：

Author: Sun Yixiang, Yu Yuanlai
Abstract: The development and application of artificial intelligence technology has greatly changed the information dissemination and public opinion ecology, and also spawned the birth of “intelligent public opinion warfare”. Looking forward to the continued development of national discourse power and the technical competition behind the public opinion game of major powers, this article proposes the concept of “intelligent public opinion warfare” and interprets and analyzes its development prospects, application strategies and capacity building, aiming to explore the new frontiers, new games and new tactics of public opinion warfare in the era of intelligence, and provide theoretical reference for us to win the future public opinion battlefield.

Keywords: “intelligent public opinion warfare”; development prospects; application strategies; capacity building

“Intelligent public opinion warfare” is a new concept proposed based on the evolution of intelligent warfare forms and the development prospects of public opinion warfare. It is a new type of public opinion offensive and defensive action that uses new technologies and new applications in the field of artificial intelligence to spread political issues, derive discourse ecology, promote ideology, and influence public opinion. Its essence is to improve the speed, accuracy, intensity and breadth of information dissemination through the deep integration of disruptive technologies such as intelligent robots, deep learning, and algorithm recommendations with 5G, social media, big data, and the Internet of Things, thereby enabling traditional public opinion warfare to break through the “technical bottleneck” in core links such as situational awareness, target locking, information push, and effect evaluation, changing the phenomenon of weak targeting, limited aggregation, and weak controllability in some previous operations. It greatly exerts the “soft kill” effectiveness of attacking the mind and affecting cognition in response to the key and difficult problems such as high dependence on human intelligence and energy. The in-depth analysis of “intelligent public opinion warfare” aims to explore the new frontiers, new games, and new tactics of the development of public opinion warfare, and provide theoretical references for our army to build a new type of public opinion warfare force and win the future public opinion battlefield.

I. The development prospect of “intelligent public opinion warfare”

The essence of artificial intelligence is the simulation of human thinking. Its greatest advantage is to simulate, extend, and expand human intelligence. [1] Public opinion warfare takes media information attack and confrontation as its basic form, aiming to influence and persuade the target opponent and change his mental cognition. Its main “weapon platform” is various media for disseminating information. With the increasing maturity of artificial intelligence technology, the traditional media’s collection, writing, editing and broadcasting technologies have gradually been replaced by robot writers, algorithm recommendations, automatic broadcasting, audio-visual fitting, immersive news, etc. The subversive transformation of “weapon platforms” has also profoundly affected the development of public opinion warfare, making traditional public opinion warfare rapidly move towards a computable, modelable and predictable intelligent era. Various signs show that current intelligent technologies such as social robots, deep fakes, and big data analysis have been fully utilized in many major international events, and their influence on public opinion is becoming increasingly powerful.

(I) Artificial intelligence leads new changes in communication methods

Although current intelligent robots cannot fundamentally replace people as the main body of information dissemination, the information production and dissemination model of “artificial templates + automated data filling” and intelligent recommendation algorithms have become a bridge for more accurate docking between media and audiences. In addition, the in-depth popularization of software and hardware such as smart phones, smart chips, smart writing, virtual anchors, and AI editing has led to the global media industry actively seeking how to perfectly combine professional advantages with the efficient capabilities of artificial intelligence. For example, the robot Heliograf used by The Washington Post can automatically generate stories based on real-time data sources to provide audiences with personalized news. The robot Blossomblot used by the New York Times can screen and disseminate potential hot articles by analyzing social media data. [2] There are also writing software such as Kuaibi Xiaoxin used by Xinhua News Agency, Dreamwriter of Tencent, and Xiaomingbot of Toutiao. It is precisely based on the strong drive of technologies such as artificial intelligence, mobile Internet, big data, and blockchain that today’s media ecology has begun to develop from all-media and integrated media to smart media. [3] News push methods represented by algorithms and news production methods represented by robot news have become new features and changes in the development of the global communication field.

(II) Intelligent media gives new efficiency to public opinion manipulation

As an online social information dissemination system that combines artificial intelligence and human intelligence, intelligent media can create topics, attract fans, increase traffic, and continuously increase the influence and control of public opinion by creating virtual opinion leaders, analyzing user preferences with algorithms, innovating content distribution rules, and automatically publishing information in batches. At the same time, it can also carry out continuous and in-depth ideological penetration and public opinion influence, and intervene in the basic judgment and general cognition of the public. For example, during the 2016 US presidential election, Facebook used algorithms to construct user portraits and design software programs to predict and interfere with voters’ voting intentions and behaviors, and conduct political manipulation. It is precisely because of the remarkable characteristics of these intelligent media news production, personalized news release, on-the-spot news experience, and sensory interactive feedback that the “post-truth”, “information cocoon”, “echo chamber effect”, “spiral of silence”, “group polarization” and other phenomena in the public opinion field have become more prominent under human manipulation, which also provides new ways to win for all parties fighting in the public opinion battlefield. At present, in the process of producing massive press releases, intelligent media has developed into an important force for spreading political and military issues and conducting public opinion manipulation. According to the report of the “Computational Propaganda Research Project” of the Oxford Internet Institute, as of 2019, more than 50 countries in the world have found the use of robot water army to manipulate public opinion.

(III) Modern warfare highlights the new prospect of controlling public opinion with intelligence

Modern warfare has expanded from the tangible battlefield of the traditional physical domain to the intangible battlefield of the information domain and cognitive domain. Artificial intelligence technology gives state institutions great potential to manipulate public opinion quickly, cheaply and on a large scale, which also leads to the continued intensification of threats and challenges brought by new forms of warfare such as hybrid warfare and multi-domain warfare. Using intelligent communication means to efficiently spread emotional cognition, values ​​and opinions that are beneficial to oneself has become an important “booster” for achieving political and military goals in modern warfare. In this regard, former US Secretary of Defense Mark Esper once said: “The country that takes the lead in using artificial intelligence will have a decisive advantage on the battlefield for a long time in the future, so we must do it first.” For a long time, the US military has used a large number of false identities (i.e. “vests”) of “online virtual identity management” software to participate in chats or post on major social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter to create pro-American remarks. Due to the low error rate and fully automated production, these robot water armies quickly became an important tool for influencing public opinion. In 2014, the US government also invested 760 million yuan to hire advertising companies to implement intelligent public opinion warfare specifically to combat targets such as al-Qaeda and the Somali Youth Party. In recent years, from major public opinion crises in Venezuela, Iran and other countries to the Syrian War and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, it has become the norm to use social robots, deep fakes, virtual propaganda and other intelligent communication technologies and means to influence public opinion, and the “intelligent public opinion war” has gradually moved from behind the scenes to the front stage, showing a strong momentum of controlling public opinion with intelligence and winning with public opinion.

  1. Application strategy of “intelligent public opinion war”

The mechanism of “intelligent public opinion war” is: with the help of machine learning, deeply explore the audience’s emotions and prejudices, screen and lock the most susceptible audiences, and then use algorithms to produce massive persuasive content, which is then flooded, disseminated and forwarded in batches by online news aggregators, corporate customer service robots, etc., thereby destroying the original international discourse system and communication ecology, and achieving the purpose of manipulating public opinion. The subject, object, topic, content, means and other key elements of its public opinion war are highly dependent on the empowerment and efficiency of intelligent technology. Nowadays, major countries are actively seeking to seize the dominant discourse power and win the initiative in the war of public opinion through intelligent “technological gap”. The main strategies used are:

(I) Cultivating virtual communication subjects

The implementation subjects of traditional public opinion warfare include not only propaganda departments, media organizations, think tanks, but also press spokespersons, opinion leaders and ordinary netizens. Intelligent technology has expanded this subject to a large number of “human-machine mobs” such as writing robots, dialogue robots, virtual bloggers and water armies, and has shown a blowout trend worldwide. According to the US “Capsule” website, the “2016 Machine Traffic Report” released by the Internet security company IMPV stated that they analyzed the access records of 100,000 domain names worldwide and found that about 52% of the Internet traffic came from “automated programs”, that is, robots. The Pew Research Center in the United States also found in a 2018 survey that 66% of the 1.2 million Twitter posts linking to 2,315 popular websites collected from various social media platforms were shared by robots. There is also the “troll army” created by Russia, which deploys a large number of robot virtual accounts. Its Internet Research Bureau can push out 25,000 tweets within 24 hours. These emerging forces have led to the continued intensification of the “asymmetric” situation of public opinion wars between countries. Studies have shown that people’s ideas are easily influenced by the information they see online, and the comments made by robots on social networks can often have an important impact on their ideas.

(II) Deeply dig and lock in the target audience

The target audience is the target of public opinion wars, and quickly identifying the social characteristics, position tendencies and lifestyles of the target audience will help improve the ability to target attacks based on the cultural psychology of the audience, and actively shape and change the group cognition of the target object. The “cloud brain” built with intelligent algorithms can deeply analyze the user’s reception needs and interest trends, summarize behavioral models, depict user portraits, discover internal laws, and determine the most accurate content, best time, and best path for information push, thereby improving the accuracy and effectiveness of precise segmentation and differentiated communication. At the same time, by grasping the differentiated needs of the target audience through intelligent technology, it is also possible to realize the intelligent construction of different communities and circles from content production to distribution, so as to match the value orientation of different audience groups and meet their personalized needs. Such communication advantages help to better integrate diverse and scattered viewpoints and quickly gather the leading opinions of public opinion. At present, in addition to intelligent social media, smart cars, smart shopping platforms, etc. have become important platforms for user information collection. According to the data provided by these platforms, it is easy to draw key social structures, human maps, as well as key influencers and opinion leaders, which also makes the target of public opinion war more accurate and more efficient.

(III) Automatic aggregation of hot topics

Setting topics is an important link in strengthening public opinion control. Intelligent technology strengthens the mining, aggregation and sharing functions of hot topics in massive information, so that the human factors in the fermentation process of public opinion continue to rise, and the breeding and development of public opinion are more likely to develop in the direction expected by the manipulator. On the one hand, big data mining news clues can quickly refine, edit and publish topics that attract public attention and trigger public discussion. For example, the US NewsWhip uses big data mining technology to scan major global social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram every two minutes to capture what events are the hottest and what content is more popular. It then analyzes the development trends of these contents and converts them into actionable suggestions to help media professionals plan topics based on clues. [4] On the other hand, intelligent communication media can enable different information products such as audio, video, images, and text to be freely matched and shared in the form of data information flow on wearable devices, cloud terminals, websites, and related social media, which further intensifies the aggregation and influence of hot public opinion.

(IV) Using algorithms to generate content

As the “ammunition” of public opinion warfare, information content has a distinct direction, pertinence, and strong topicality. Its planning, production, and packaging are mainly based on political and military objectives, rather than pure news value or commercial value. As the node between data information and artificial intelligence, algorithms play a key role in constructing traffic entrances and capturing user stickiness. For example, the algorithm distribution mechanism used by most current news apps and social media platforms can capture and analyze natural information such as the user’s age, gender, occupation, and cultural level, as well as behavioral information such as contact duration, contact frequency, and contact motivation during reading, through machine learning, to achieve accurate user portraits. At the same time, various “news materials” are collaged according to instructions and pushed to these pre-targeted target audiences in a targeted manner. In the process of bringing high-quality experience and meeting individual needs, it will also aggravate the “information cocoon effect”, trapping these audiences in the “cocoon”. Under the influence of a large amount of homogeneous content, their thoughts and cognition will change subtly. For this reason, the article “Artificial Intelligence and National Security” issued by the US Congress in November 2020 mentioned that it is necessary to create a complete “digital life model” to match and combine the target audience’s shopping records, credit reports, professional resumes, subscriptions, etc., to form a comprehensive behavioral profile of them, so as to better serve the influence action.

(V) Implement deep fake deception interference

The battlefield of public opinion has always been a combination of reality and fiction, and the flexible use of various “fog” and “traps” is a common means of winning for all parties in the game. In recent years, the hot deep fake technology, as a new means of information tampering and replacement based on deep learning, can generate highly realistic and difficult to identify information products through voice simulation, face synthesis, video generation and other methods, which also makes it a “throat-locking” trick in the battlefield of public opinion. For example, in 2018, the American online news media “Buzz Feed” made a fake video of Obama insulting Trump by grafting the voice and mouth shape of comedian Jordan Peele. Once it was launched on YouTube, it received 4.8 million hits. This video used artificial intelligence face-changing technology. In addition to face-changing videos, deep fakes are also often used for portrait synthesis. Compared with traditional character images and video synthesis, it has significant characteristics such as low cost, low operation difficulty, and short time required. This also makes the use of deep fake technology to create negative videos of politicians, false orders from military commanders, violent terrorist information and other “new rumors” emerge in an endless stream in today’s public opinion field. For this purpose, the US military has also specially carried out the research and development of projects such as “Trojan Horse in Artificial Intelligence” and “Reliable Guarantee of Artificial Intelligence for Deception”.

  1. Capacity Building of “Intelligent Public Opinion Warfare”

“Intelligent public opinion warfare” is not only a contest of technology, but also a contest of capabilities. Although “weak artificial intelligence” technology is still widely used in the field of public opinion warfare, with the rapid development of science and technology, the capabilities of artificial intelligence will continue to increase, and public opinion warfare will also usher in a new era of intelligence. Looking forward to the major strategic opportunities for the development of artificial intelligence in my country, the continued development of national discourse power and the practical needs of responding to the attacks of the United States and the West on our public opinion warfare, it is necessary to strengthen multidisciplinary integration research, cross-exploration from multiple perspectives, and actively promote the transformation, upgrading and rapid development of “intelligent public opinion warfare” in technology, theory, practice, etc.

(I) Increase the technical research and development of “intelligent public opinion warfare”

“Intelligent public opinion warfare” must not only compete with people’s hearts, but also compete with machines. To this end, it is necessary to take policy as the guide and science and technology as the driving force to step up the research and development of intelligent technology in the field of international communication and public opinion attack and defense. First, we will vigorously solve the outstanding problems in media applications, such as framework bias, machine cognitive bias, and machine communication ambiguity, and fully activate the deep integration of artificial intelligence with 5G, social media, big data, the Internet of Things, virtual reality and other technologies in information production, presentation, and dissemination.
The first is to create a new driving force in the field of “all-media journalists + algorithm engineers” and “killer” weapons for public opinion warfare to meet the actual needs of public opinion games in the intelligent era. The second is to strengthen the in-depth application of artificial intelligence technology in media interviews, writing, editing, and even robot hosting and broadcasting, deeply integrate the content production advantages accumulated by traditional media for a long time with intelligent technology, and comprehensively use text, audio and video, animation, live broadcast, data illustration and other forms to innovate the attractiveness and communication power of public opinion propaganda content; at the same time, distinguish different target objects to formulate specific communication strategies, improve the information product structure, enrich product formats, and accurately and segmentally influence the ideological cognition of each specific target group.

(II) Deepen the theoretical research on “intelligent public opinion warfare”

“Intelligent public opinion warfare” must not only solve the relationship between “construction” and “use”, but also grasp the laws of “root” and “end”, and focus on strengthening the exploration and dissection of the connotation mechanism, and effectively provide scientific theoretical guidance for promoting “intelligent public opinion warfare”. First, from the perspective of “public opinion + technology”, study how public opinion warfare can empower and increase efficiency. We must not only think about the problem from the perspective of competing with the enemy for the cognitive domain and the right to speak in public opinion, but also grasp the development trend of artificial intelligence communication technology, integrate advanced technical means into key links such as public opinion war situation perception, target selection, information dissemination, and effect evaluation, and deeply explore the winning mechanism, operational command, and capacity building of “intelligent public opinion war”. Second, from the perspective of “tactics + algorithm”, study how public opinion war can be fought intelligently. We must focus on the characteristics of the future public opinion battlefield such as “unmanned, invisible”, “brain-like, brain-controlled”, “actuarial, cloud computing”, and strengthen the application of advanced concepts such as intelligent game, cloud brain victory, visual expression, and asymmetric checks and balances; at the same time, summarize the superb strategies of struggles in the fields of military, politics, and public opinion in ancient and modern times, China and foreign countries, especially the experience and losses of using intelligent technology to carry out public opinion wars in recent years around the world, inherit in criticism, develop in innovation, and continuously improve the strategies and tactics that adapt to the development needs of “intelligent public opinion war” and have Chinese characteristics.

(III) Promote the practical application of “intelligent public opinion war”

The battlefield of public opinion is also wartime in peacetime, and it is still the same in the intelligent era. We must focus on daily life and the ubiquitous public opinion game to increase the intensity of tempering. First, optimize the overall layout and practical capabilities of intelligent public opinion dissemination, and gradually eliminate the “time difference” and “technical gap” with the capacity building and tactics of the United States and the West. Especially in the current situation where the United States and Western countries use the new crown pneumonia epidemic, the South China Sea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Xinjiang and other issues to intensively use intelligent means to smear and attack me, we must constantly sum up experience, find ways and improve our capabilities in actual combat. Second, accurately grasp the technical means and strategic methods of hostile forces at home and abroad to penetrate and break through my public opinion space, and promptly cut off the internal and external coordination and transmission channels of anti-China forces, and prevent the spread of politically harmful information and the cognitive influence on me. Third, we will increase the comprehensive use of national defense mobilization, administrative law, public opinion guidance and other means, integrate the propaganda, public security, diplomacy, intelligence, military and other departments, and cooperate with the media, think tanks, international communication public relations companies, opinion leaders, etc., and actively reserve combat power for the “intelligent public opinion war” by seeking the first mover advantage in all directions.

Notes:

[1] Chen Changfeng, Huo Jie. People-oriented: The application of artificial intelligence technology in the field of news communication [J]. News and Writing, 2018(8):54.

[2] Wan Ke. The application practice and enlightenment of artificial intelligence in American and British news media [J]. China Media Technology, 2017(7):19-20.

[3] Li Peng, Zhi Media. The new stage of media integration and transformation [N]. People’s Daily Online, 2019-04-19.

[4] Xinhua News Agency. “Media Transformation and Development in the Era of Artificial Intelligence” Research Group. The specific application of artificial intelligence in the entire chain of news communication [J]. China Journalist, 2020(2):19.

(Author’s unit: Political College of National Defense University. This article is a phased result of the research project of the National Social Science Fund.)

現代國語：

作者：■孫亦祥 餘遠來
摘 要：人工智慧技術的發展運用，大大改變了資訊傳播、輿論生態，也催生了「智慧化輿論戰」的誕生。前瞻國家話語權的續存發展和大國輿論博弈背後的技術較量，本文提出了「智能化輿論戰」概念，並圍繞其發展圖景、運用策略和能力構建進行闡釋分析，旨在探究智能化時代輿論戰發展的新疆域、新賽局和新戰法，為我制勝未來輿論戰場提供理論參考。

關鍵字：「智能化輿論戰」；發展圖景；運用策略；能力建構

「智能化輿論戰」是基於智慧化戰爭形態演變和輿論戰發展前景而提出的新概念，是利用人工智慧領域新技術新運用擴散政治議題、衍生論述生態、推廣意識形態、影響公眾意見的一種全新輿論攻防行動。其實質是透過智慧機器人、深度學習、演算法推薦等顛覆性技術運用與5G、社群媒體、大數據、物聯網等深度融合來提升資訊傳播的速度、精度、強度和廣度，進而使傳統輿論戰在態勢感知、目標鎖定、資訊推送和效果評估等核心環節得以突破“技術瓶頸”，改變以往有的作戰中靶向性不強、聚合力有限、可控性偏弱等現象，對於人的智力、精力依賴程度高等重難點問題，大幅發揮攻心奪志、影響認知的「軟殺傷」效能。對於「智能化輿論戰」的深入分析，旨在探索輿論戰發展的新疆域、新博弈和新戰法，為我軍打造新質輿論戰力量，制勝未來輿論戰場提供理論參考。

一、「智能化輿論戰」的發展圖景

人工智慧的本質是人類思維的模擬，它的最大優勢是模擬、延伸和擴展人的智慧。 [1]而輿論戰以媒介訊息攻擊與對抗為基本形式，旨在影響、說服目標對手，改變其精神認知，它的主要「武器平台」就是傳播訊息的各類傳媒。伴隨人工智慧技術的日益成熟，傳統媒體的採、寫、編、播技術開始逐步被機器人寫手、演算法推薦、自動播報、聲像擬合、沉浸式新聞等替代，「武器平台」的顛覆性變換也深刻影響輿論戰的發展形態，使傳統輿論戰開始朝著可計算、可建模、可預測的智慧化時代快速邁進。各種跡象表明，當前社交機器人、深度偽造、大數據分析等智慧化技術已在許多國際重大事件中充分運用，其輿論影響日益強大。

（一）人工智慧引領傳播方式新變化

儘管目前智慧機器人還不能從根本上替代人成為傳播訊息的主體，但是「人工模板+自動化資料填充」的訊息生產傳播模式，以及智慧推薦演算法已成為媒體與受眾間更精準對接的橋樑紐帶。加之智慧型手機、智慧晶片、智慧寫稿、虛擬主播、AI剪輯等軟硬體的深入普及，導致全球傳媒產業都在積極尋求如何將專業優勢與人工智慧的高效能力進行完美結合。如《華盛頓郵報》所使用的機器人Heliograf，可根據即時資料來源自動產生故事，並為受眾提供個人客製化新聞。 《紐約時報》所使用的機器人Blossomblot，可透過分析社群媒體資料來篩選傳播潛在的熱文等。 [2]還有國內新華社使用的快筆小新、騰訊的Dreamwriter、今日頭條的Xiaomingbot等寫作軟體。正是基於人工智慧、行動互聯網、大數據、區塊鏈等技術的大力驅動，現今的媒體生態已由全媒體、融媒體開始向智媒體發展。 [3]以演算法為代表的新聞推送方式和以機器人新聞為代表的新聞生產方式已成為全球傳播領域發展的新特色新變化。

（二）智能傳媒賦予輿論操控新效能

智慧媒體作為一種人工智慧與人類智慧協同的線上社會資訊傳播系統，透過創建虛擬意見領袖、演算法分析使用者偏好、革新內容分發規則、自動大量發布資訊等手段，在製造話題、吸引粉絲、提升流量，不斷加大輿論影響力控制力的同時，還能進行持續深入的思想滲透和輿論影響，幹​​預社會公眾的基本判斷和普遍認知。如2016年美國大選期間，Facebook透過演算法建構用戶畫像並設計軟體程序，從而預測和乾涉選民的投票意向和行為，進行政治操控等。正是由於這些智慧媒體新聞生產的機器化、新聞發布的個人化、新聞體驗的臨場化、互動回饋的感測化等顯著特點，使得輿論場的「後真相」「資訊繭房」迴聲室效應」「沉默的螺旋」「群體極化」等現像在人為操控下變得更為突出，這也為廝殺輿論戰場的各方提供了新的製勝途徑。目前智慧傳媒在生產大量新聞稿的過程中，已發展成為傳播政治軍事類議題，並進行輿論操控的重要力量。根據牛津大學網路研究所「計算宣傳研究計畫」報告稱，截至2019年，全球已有50多個國家發現運用機器人水軍操縱輿論的情況。

（三）現代戰爭凸顯以智制輿新前景

現代戰爭已從傳統物理域有形戰場拓展到資訊域、認知域的無形戰場。而人工智慧技術賦予國家機構迅速、廉價、大規模操縱輿論的巨大潛能，也導致混合戰、多域戰等新型戰爭形態帶來的威脅挑戰持續加劇。借助智慧化傳播手段高效傳播有利於己的情感認知、價值觀念和意見傾向，已成為現代戰爭政治軍事目標實現的重要「助推器」。對此美國前國防部長馬克·埃斯珀曾說：「率先使用人工智慧的國家，將在未來很長時期的戰場上擁有決定性優勢，因此我們必須首先做到。」長期以來，美軍利用「在線虛擬身分管理」軟體的大量虛假身分（即「馬甲」），在Facebook、Twitter等各大社群網站上參與聊天或發文以製造親美言論。由於出錯率低、生產完全自動化，這些機器人水軍很快就轉變為影響輿論的重要工具。 2014年美國政府也出資7.6億元聘請廣告公司，專門為打擊蓋達組織、索馬利亞青年黨等目標而實施智能化輿論戰。近年來，從委內瑞拉、伊朗等多個國家遭遇的重大輿論危機事件到敘利亞戰爭、巴以衝突來看，利用社交機器人、深度偽造、虛擬宣傳等智能化傳播技術與手段來影響公眾輿論已成常態，而「智能化輿論戰」也逐漸從幕後走向前台，並呈現出以智駕馭輿、以輿制勝的強勁勢頭。

二、「智能化輿論戰」的運用策略

「智慧化輿論戰」的作用機制是：藉助機器學習深度挖掘受眾情感、偏見並篩選、鎖定最易受影響的受眾，然後利用演算法生產大量說服性內容，並由網路新聞聚合器、企業客服機器人等進行批量灌水、散佈和轉發，從而破壞原有的國際話語體系和傳播生態，達到操控輿論的目的。其輿論戰的實施主體、客體，以及議題、內容、手段等關鍵要素都高度依賴智慧化技術的賦能增效。在當今，各主要國家都在積極謀求透過智慧化「技術差」來搶佔優勢話語權，贏得輿論戰主動權，主要運用策略有：

（一）培塑虛擬傳播主體

傳統輿論戰的實施主體既有宣傳部門、媒體機構、智庫，也有新聞發言人、意見領袖和一般網友等。而智慧化技術讓這個主體拓展到了寫稿機器人、對話機器人、虛擬部落客和水軍等大批“人機烏合之眾”，並在全球範圍內呈現井噴之勢。據美國“膠囊裡”網站報道，互聯網安全公司IMPV發布的《2016年機器流量報告》稱，他們通過對全球10萬個域名網站訪問記錄分析發現，其中約52％的互聯網流量來自“自動化程序” ，即機器人。美國皮尤研究中心2018年調查也發現，它們從各類社群媒體平台收集到的連結至2315個流行網站的120萬則Twitter貼文中，有66%為機器人所分享。還有俄羅斯打造的“巨魔大軍”，部署有海量機器人虛擬帳號，其互聯網研究局在24小時內就能推出2.5萬條推文。這些異軍突起的新興力量，導致各國間進行輿論戰的「非對稱」態勢持續加劇。有研究顯示，民眾的想法很容易受到他們在網路上所看到的資訊的影響，而社群網路上的機器人發表的言論往往能夠對他們的想法施加重要的影響。

（二）深挖鎖定目標受眾

目標受眾是輿論戰的靶標，而快速識別目標受眾的社會特性、立場傾向和生活方式等，將有助於提高基於受眾文化心理的靶向打擊能力，積極塑造和改變目標對象的群體認知。以智慧演算法建構的「雲端大腦」能夠深刻解析使用者接收需求和興趣動向，總結行為模型、描繪使用者畫像、發現內在規律，並確定訊息推送的最準內容、最佳時機、最優路徑，提高精準分眾、差異傳播的準確率和致效強度。同時，透過智慧技術掌握目標受眾的差異化需求，也能夠對不同社群、圈群實現從內容生產到分發的智慧化構建，以契合不同受眾群體的價值傾向，滿足他們的個人需求。這樣的傳播優勢有助於更好地整合多元、分散觀點，快速匯聚輿論主導意見。目前除智慧社交媒體外，智慧汽車、智慧購物平台等都已成為用戶資訊收集的重要平台。根據這些平台提供的數據很容易繪製出關鍵性社會結構、人文地圖，以及關鍵影響者和輿論意見領袖，這也使得輿論戰的標靶變得更精準，致效率變得更高。

（三）自動聚合熱點議題

設定議題是強化輿論控制的重要環節，智能化技術強化了海量資訊中的熱點議題挖掘、聚合和分享功能，從而使輿論發酵過程中的人為因素持續攀升，輿論的滋生發展更容易朝操控者所期待的方向發展。一方面，大數據挖掘新聞線索，能夠快速提煉、編輯和發布吸引公眾眼球，引發眾議的議題。如美國NewsWhip（新聞鞭）透過大數據挖掘技術，可以每兩分鐘掃描一次Facebook、Twitter、Instagram等全球主要社群媒體，來捕捉什麼事件是當下最熱門的，怎樣的內容更受歡迎，然後分析這些內容的發展趨勢並轉化為可操作的建議，幫助媒體人根據線索進行選題策劃。 [4]另一方面，智慧化傳播介質能夠讓音訊視訊、影像、文字等不同資訊產品得以以資料資訊流的形態在穿戴式裝置、雲端終端、網站及相關社交媒介中進行自由配對與分享，這也進一步加劇了熱點輿論的聚合力影響力。

（四）利用演算法生成內容

資訊內容作為輿論戰的“彈藥”，具有鮮明的指向性、針對性和強烈的話題度，它的策劃、製作和包裝主要基於政治、軍事目標的考量，而非單純的新聞價值或商業價值。而演算法作為資料資訊與人工智慧的節點，發揮建構流量入口、捕捉用戶黏性的關鍵作用。如當前大多數新聞App和社群媒體平台使用的演算法分發機制，其透過機器學習，抓取和分析用戶的年齡、性別、職業、文化水平等自然訊息，以及閱讀時的接觸時長、接觸頻率、接觸動機等行為訊息，可以實現對使用者的精準畫像。同時，根據指令拼貼各種“新聞素材”，有針對性地推送給這些預先鎖定的目標受眾。在帶來優質體驗、滿足個性需求的過程中，也會加劇“資訊繭房效應”，使這些受眾困於“繭房”之中，在大量同質化內容的灌輸影響下，思想認知發生潛移默化的改變。正因如此，美國國會於2020年11月頒發的《人工智慧與國家安全》一文中提及，要透過創造完整的“數位生活模型”，將目標受眾的購物記錄、信用報告、職業簡歷、訂閱等匹配組合，對其形成綜合性的行為簡介，從而更好地服務於影響力行動。

（五）實施深偽欺騙幹擾

輿論戰場向來虛實結合，各種「迷霧」「陷阱」的靈活運用是博弈各方慣用的製勝手段。近年來，大熱的深度偽造技術，作為基於深度學習的一種新型信息篡改與替換手段，透過語音模擬、人臉合成、視頻生成等方法可以生成高逼真且難以甄別的信息產品，這也使其成為了輿論戰場的「鎖喉」招數。如2018年美國網路新聞媒體「嗡嗡餵」透過嫁接喜劇演員喬丹皮爾的聲音和嘴型，製作了一段奧巴馬辱罵川普的假視頻，YouTube一經上線就獲得了480萬次的點擊量，這段影片運用的就是人工智慧換臉技術。除換臉影片外，深度偽造也常被用於人像合成，與傳統的人物影像、影片合成相比，它具有使用成本低、操作難度小、所需時間短等顯著特點，這也使得利用深度偽造技術製造政治人物負面影片、軍隊指揮官虛假命令、暴力恐怖訊息等「新型謠言」在當今輿論場層出不窮。美軍為此也特別進行了「人工智慧中的特洛伊木馬」「面向欺騙的人工智慧可靠保障」等項目的研發。

三、「智能化輿論戰」的能力建構

「智能化輿論戰」既是技術的較量，也是能力的比拼。儘管目前輿論戰領域普遍應用的還是「弱人工智慧」技術，但是隨著科技的快速發展，人工智慧的能力將不斷增強，輿論戰也必將迎來全新的智慧化時代。前瞻我國人工智慧發展的重大戰略機遇，國家話語權的續存發展和應對美西方對我輿論戰攻擊的現實需要，必須加強多學科的融合研究，多視角的交叉探索，積極推動「智能化輿論戰」在技術、理論、實踐等方面的轉型升級、快速發展。

（一）加大「智能化輿論戰」的技術研發

「智能化輿論戰」不僅要與人心博弈，更要與機器較量，為此必須以政策為導向、科技為牽引，加緊推動智能化技術在國際傳播和輿論攻防領域的研究攻關。一是大力破解媒體應用方面依然存在的框架偏差、機器認知偏差、機器交流歧義等多方面突出問題，全面激活人工智能與5G、社交媒體、大數據、物聯網、虛擬實境等技術的深度融合和在資訊生產、呈現、傳播等面向的全新驅動力，系統打造「全媒體記者+演算法工程師」與輿論戰「殺手鐧」武器，以因應智慧化時代輿論博弈的現實需求。二是加強人工智慧技術在媒體採訪、寫稿、編輯，甚至機器人主持播報諸多領域的深化運用，將傳統媒體長期累積的內容製作優勢與智慧科技深度融合，綜合運用文字、影音、動漫、直播、數據圖解等形式，創新輿論宣傳內容的吸引力傳播力；同時區分不同目標對象制定特定傳播策略，完善資訊產品結構、豐富產品業態，精準化、分眾化影響各特定目標群的思想認知。

（二）深化「智慧化輿論戰」的理論攻關

「智能化輿論戰」既要解決好「建」與「用」的關係，也要把握好「本」與「末」的規律，要注重加強內涵機理的探索解剖，切實為推進「智能化輿論戰”提供科學的理論指導。一是從「輿論+技術」的角度出發，研究輿論戰如何賦能增效。既要站在與敵爭奪認知域、輿論話語權的高度思考問題，又要掌握人工智慧傳播技術的發展趨勢，將先進技術手段融入輿論戰態勢感知、目標選擇、資訊傳播、效果評估等重點環節，深入探索「智慧化輿論戰」的致勝機制、運籌指揮與能力建構等。二是從「戰法+演算法」的角度出發，研究輿論戰如何智慧作戰。要聚焦未來輿論戰場「無人、無形」「類腦、控腦」「精算、雲算」等特點，強化智能博弈、雲腦制勝、可視化表達、非對稱制衡等先進理念的運用；同時總結古今中外軍事、政治、輿論諸領域鬥爭的高超謀略，尤其是全球範圍內近年運用智能技術開展輿論戰的經驗得失，在批判中繼承，在創新中發展，不斷完善適應“智能化輿論戰”發展需要且具有中國特色的謀略戰法。

（三）推動「智能化輿論戰」的實戰運用

輿論戰場的平時也是戰時，智慧化時代依然如此，必須立足日常、著眼無時無所不在的輿論博弈加大錘煉砥礪力度。一是優化智慧化輿論傳播的整體佈局和實戰能力，逐步消除與美西方能力建設和戰法運用的「時間差」「技術差」。特別在當前美西方國家利用新冠肺炎疫情、南海、台灣、香港、新疆等問題，密集使用智能手段對我進行輿論抹黑攻擊的情況下，要在實戰應對中不斷總結經驗、尋找辦法、提升能力。二是精準掌握境內外敵對勢力向我輿論空間進行滲透突破的技術手段與策略手法，及時斬斷反華勢力內外策應傳導渠道，阻遏政治有害資訊傳播及對我實施認知影響。第三是加大國防動員、行政法、輿論引導等手段的綜合運用，宣傳、公安、外交、情報、軍事等部門的一體聯動，以及媒體、智庫、國際傳播公關公司、意見領袖等的配合與協作，透過全方位謀求先發之勢，為「智能化輿論戰」積極儲備戰力。

註 釋：

[1]陳昌鳳、霍婕.以人為本：人工智慧技術在新聞傳播領域的應用[J].新聞與寫作，2018(8):54.

[2]萬可.美英新聞媒體人工智慧應用實務及啟示[J].中國傳媒科技，2017(7)：19-20.

[3]李鵬、智媒體.媒體融合轉型新階段[N].人民網，2019-04-19.

[4]新華社.「人工智慧時代媒體變革與發展」主題組.人工智慧在新聞傳播全鏈條中的具體應用[J].中國記者，2020（2）：19.

（作者單位：國防大學政治學院。本文為國家社科基金計畫研究階段性成果。）

中國軍事原文來源：http://www.81.cn/rmjz_203219/jsjz/2022nd1q_227501/yldzgzyj_227505/10145288.html

Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事認知戰, 認知域戰, 認知戰

How Generative AI Will Impact Future Warfare for China’s Military

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現代英語：

Recently, the artificial intelligence program ChatGPT has become popular on the Internet for its “erudition” and “answering all questions”. Generative AI represented by ChatGPT has a strong content generation ability and a “smartness” level that is close to that of humans. Applying it to the military field will inevitably have an impact on future wars.

Significantly improve battlefield perception. In future wars, various new types of rapid-killing weapons will further accelerate the battlefield rhythm, requiring continuous improvement of battlefield situation perception capabilities, and thus supporting rapid decision-making that adapts to battlefield needs. In the battlefield space full of “fog”, facing massive, multi-source, complex, heterogeneous and rapidly growing battlefield situation data, human perception speed and processing capabilities appear to be somewhat “slow”. The visual big model architecture introduced in recent years has made breakthroughs in many fields such as image classification, target detection, semantic segmentation, posture estimation, image editing, and remote sensing image interpretation through unsupervised pre-training and human feedback reinforcement learning paradigm, which can significantly improve battlefield perception. Intelligent weapons embedded with visual big models can accurately identify and distinguish the primary and secondary, true and false targets through the visual system, and can quickly extract and generate high-value intelligence from massive multimodal data, reduce the cognitive load of combat personnel, and form a comprehensive, timely and accurate judgment of the situation. Using the perception advantage of generative AI to achieve accurate positioning of key nodes may be the prerequisite for launching combat operations in the future.

Greatly promote human-computer interaction. Human-computer interaction allows machines to “listen” to human language, “see” human movements and expressions, “understand” human emotions and intentions, and present the calculation process and results in a way that is easy for people to understand. The language big model can not only perform well in text understanding scenarios such as sentiment analysis, voice recognition, and information extraction, but is also applicable to battlefield information system visualization generation scenarios such as picture description generation, manuscript generation, and dialogue generation. If it is embedded in an integrated joint combat system and continuously iterated and evolved, it can be used for more complex tasks such as scenario writing, combat plan generation, and exercise result evaluation, which may reshape the command decision-making process in future wars. Deeply embedding ChatGPT-type generative AI applications into command information systems can enable intelligent equipment to “understand” commands, accurately understand and analyze commanders’ operational needs through human-machine dialogue between commanders and battlefield information systems, and generate action reference plans on this basis, providing a new means for quickly and reasonably deploying combat forces in future wars.

Promote the autonomy of command decision-making. In information-based and intelligent warfare, the participating forces are diverse, the combat styles are diverse, and the battlefield situation is changing. Commanders face the “bottleneck” of insufficient intelligence in effectively commanding wars. With the help of the decision-making large model intelligent auxiliary system, the “human-machine” hybrid decision-making mode may become a new choice. Although from the current technical level, ChatGPT-type generative AI applications are still unable to perform operations such as machine control, group collaboration, and dynamic scheduling. However, its powerful parallel processing capability can handle thousands of tasks at the same time. It is suitable for integrated control of manned/unmanned platforms, generating control algorithms, optimizing group behavior, and fully supporting “swarm”, “fish school”, and “wolf pack” combat multi-agents. The command and control system based on the decision-making big model can give full play to the advantages of both the human brain and artificial intelligence, and realize the leap from intelligent prediction to intelligent decision-making, and from controlling single agents to multiple agents. In the future battlefield, embedding generative AI into unmanned combat platforms can innovate new paradigms for military operations and greatly improve combat effectiveness.

Give birth to a new model of logistics support. From the perspective of technological development, military confrontation is increasingly expanding to the physical, information and cognitive domains, and the combat space is extending to the extreme height, distance and depth. The corresponding logistics support tasks are also becoming more diverse and complex. In the future battlefield, the multi-task general large model will be integrated into the unmanned combat platform and various support systems. People, equipment and objects will be ubiquitously interconnected, and various combat and support entities will be organically integrated. The logistics support system realizes intelligent matching between people and materials, materials and equipment, materials and troops, and materials and regions through deep learning and analysis of big data such as the quantity, time and maintenance status of stored materials. It also automatically predicts material needs, matches the best means of transport, formulates the best transportation plan, and promptly solves problems in the battlefield logistics supply chain. Especially in the face of extreme combat support in complex terrain, contaminated areas, fire control areas and other areas that are difficult for personnel to reach, based on a large amount of pre-training of special mission training samples, generative AI can achieve changes in demand perception, resource allocation and action control, autonomously assign tasks, autonomously plan routes, and autonomously navigate and position, and deliver support materials directly and accurately to the support objects in a “point-to-point” manner, thereby realizing intelligent support.

國語中文：

近段時間，人工智慧程式ChatGPT因其「博學多識」而「有問必答」走紅網。以ChatGPT為代表的生成式AI有著強大的內容生成能力和直逼人類的「聰明」程度，將其應用於軍事領域，勢必會對未來戰爭產生影響。

明顯提升戰場感知力。未來戰爭中，各類新型快速殺傷武器將進一步加速戰場節奏，要求不斷提升戰場態勢感知能力，進而支撐起適應戰場需求的快速決策。在充滿「迷霧」的戰場空間裡，面對海量多源、複雜異構且快速增長的戰場態勢數據，人類感知速度和處理能力顯得有些「遲緩」。近年來推出的視覺大模型架構，透過無監督預訓練和人類回饋的強化學習範式，已在圖像分類、目標檢測、語義分割、姿態估計、圖像編輯以及遙感圖像解譯等多個領域取得突破，可以顯著提升戰場感知力。嵌入視覺大模型的智慧武器，可以透過視覺系統精準辨識並區分打擊目標的主次、真偽，能從海量多模態資料中快速提取、產生高價值情報，減輕作戰人員的認知負荷，形成對態勢全面、及時、準確的判斷。利用生成式AI的感知優勢來實現對要害節點的精準定位，或許是未來發起作戰行動的前提。

大幅推進人機互動。人機互動可以讓機器「聽」懂人類語言、「看」懂人類動作與表情、「理解」人的情緒和意圖，並把計算過程和結果用人容易理解的方式呈現出來。語言大模型不僅能夠在情感分析、語音識別、資訊抽取等文字理解場景中表現出色，而且同樣適用於圖片描述生成、書稿生成、對話生成等戰場資訊系統可視化生成場景。如果再將其嵌入一體化聯合作戰系統並持續迭代進化，可以用於想定編寫、作戰方案生成、演習結果講評級較為復雜的工作，在未來戰爭中或將重塑指揮決策流程。將ChatGPT類生成式AI應用深度嵌入指揮資訊系統中，可以讓智慧裝備「聽懂」指令，透過指揮員與戰場資訊系統人機對話，準確理解分析指揮員作戰需求，並在此基礎上生成行動參考方案，為未來戰爭中快速、合理配置作戰力量提供全新手段。

助推指揮決策自主化。資訊化智慧化戰爭，參戰力量多元、作戰樣式多樣、戰場形勢多變，指揮員有效指揮戰爭面臨智能不足的“瓶頸”，借助決策大模型智能輔助系統，“人－機”混合決策模式或將成為一種新的選擇。雖然從目前的技術水準來看，ChatGPT類生成式AI應用仍無法進行機器控制、群組協作、動態調度等操作。但其強大的並行處理能力，能夠同時處理上千個任務，適用於融合控制有人/無人平台，生成控制演算法、優化群體行為，可全面支撐「蜂群」「魚群」「狼群」作戰多智能體。基於決策大模型的指揮控制系統，可以充分發揮人腦和人工智慧兩者的優長，實現從智慧預測到智慧決策、從控制單智能體到多智能體的跨越。未來戰場上，將生成式AI嵌入無人作戰平台中，可創新軍事行動新範式，大幅提升作戰效能。

催生後勤保障新模式。從科技發展維度來看，軍事力量對抗日益向物理域、資訊域和認知域全維度拓展，作戰空間向極高、極遠和極深全方位延伸，相應的後勤保障任務也變得更加多元復雜。未來戰場上，將多任務通用大模型綜合整合到無人作戰平台及各類保障系統中，人、裝、物泛在互聯，各類作戰、保障實體將有機融為一體。後勤保障系統通過對在儲物資數量、時間、保養情況等大數據深度學習分析，實現人與物資、物資與裝備、物資與部隊、物資與地區的智能匹配，並自動預測物資需求、匹配最佳運載工具，制定最優運輸方案、及時解決戰場物流供應鏈路所出現的問題。特別是面臨複雜地形、沾染區、火力控制區等人員難以到達的極限戰鬥保障，在特殊任務訓練樣本大量預訓練基礎上，生成式AI能夠實現需求感知、資源調配和行動控制上的變革，自主分配任務、自主規劃路徑、自主導航定位，將保障物資以「點對點」的方式直達精確配送給保障對象，實現智慧保障。

中國軍網國防部網參考：http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2023-04-18&paperNumber=07&articleid=903588

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Chinese Military’s Embrace of Artificial Intelligence: How to Revolutionize Future Warfare

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中國軍隊擁抱人工智慧：如何徹底改變未來戰爭

現代英語：

Source: China National Defense News Author: Chen Hanghui Editor-in-charge: Qiao Nannan 2018-01-02 08:29:25

At present, the world is on the eve of the intelligent revolution, and human society is moving from the “Internet +” era to the “Intelligence +” era. In recent years, driven by big data, new algorithms and supercomputing, artificial intelligence is changing and even subverting every industry it touches, and war is no exception. From underwater submersibles to drone swarms, from predictive maintenance software to intelligent decision-making assistants, artificial intelligence is affecting different areas of war with unprecedented breadth and depth, promoting a new round of military reforms, and the form and appearance of war are quietly changing.

Temple planning comes first, war design becomes more sophisticated

“The Art of War” by Sun Tzu says: “He who plans for victory before the battle has made many calculations; he who plans for defeat before the battle has made few calculations.” Looking at the history of human warfare, “He who plans more wins, and he who plans less loses” is an immutable theorem.

Future wars will increasingly rely on “temple calculations”. Artificial intelligence can enhance the effectiveness of war prediction in at least two ways:

First, it can more accurately calculate and predict the outcome of wars. With the support of advanced algorithms and supercomputing capabilities, the calculation and prediction results of artificial intelligence systems are more accurate than those of the human brain. Second, with the help of war game systems, combat plans can be tested and optimized more effectively. For example, war game systems that incorporate artificial intelligence can engage in man-machine confrontation with humans, which helps people find problems and find weaknesses. In particular, after introducing algorithms such as deep learning into war game systems, the behavior of intelligent systems will become profound and varied, which will help break through the established thinking of humans, enhance the confrontation and authenticity of war game simulations, and achieve the purpose of optimizing solutions. In addition, intelligent war game systems can also be used to conduct machine-machine confrontations to improve the efficiency of simulations.

In February 2015, the U.S. Department of Defense issued a memorandum titled “Wargames and Innovation,” proposing to introduce machine learning into wargames. Currently, Rand Corporation and Raytheon have already begun attempts in this regard. Once mature intelligent software is applied to wargames, it will not only improve the level of optimization plans and prediction of war situations, but also more accurately predict the size of the troops involved in the war, ammunition consumption, duration and support requirements, etc., significantly improving the ability to design wars.

Speed ​​is the key to success. The pace of operations has never been faster.

In the information age, wars follow the principle of “the fast eats the slow”. In the several wars since the Gulf War, the key to the US military’s repeated victories is that it always achieves “the fastest move”.

Nowadays, the reaction speed of artificial intelligence has completely “crushed” the human brain. In 2016, in a simulated air battle, the “Alpha” intelligent software developed by the University of Cincinnati in the United States controlled the F-15 fighter and defeated the F-22 fighter piloted by humans. The reason is that the reaction speed of the intelligent software is 250 times that of the human brain! In October this year, the Geospatial Intelligence Center of the University of Missouri in the United States announced a research result showing that the center has developed an algorithm model based on deep learning technology, which can search and identify missile launch sites within nearly 90,000 square kilometers in the southeastern coastal area of ​​a certain country within 42 minutes, which is 85 times faster than human analysts and has an accuracy rate reaching the level of expert image analysts.

For this reason, in recent years, the US, Russian and other militaries have turned their attention to artificial intelligence, intending to use the speed advantage of artificial intelligence to shorten their decision-making cycle on the battlefield and firmly grasp the operational advantage. In July this year, Russian weapons manufacturer Kalashnikov announced that it had developed a fully automatic combat module based on artificial neural networks, which can achieve destruction upon detection. In addition, the US military is developing intelligent tools such as automated data analysis tools, automatic target recognition software, airborne intelligent decision assistants, and digital air combat planners, intending to reduce the burden of intelligence and combat personnel at all stages of the decision-making cycle and improve decision-making efficiency. In November this year, the head of the US Department of Defense’s algorithmic warfare project called for: Any weapon system purchased by the US military in the future should be integrated with artificial intelligence.

It can be predicted that as more and more intelligent weapon systems are deployed on the battlefield, combat response time on the battlefield will become shorter and shorter, combat actions will become unprecedentedly fierce, and will eventually exceed human understanding and response capabilities.

Autonomous confrontation, the combat mode has changed

Since the 20th century, the development of detection technology and the advancement of perception technology under the wave of informatization have promoted the birth of the man-machine collaborative combat chain of “sensor-shooter-weapon platform”.

With the development of artificial intelligence technology, intelligent weapon systems that can automatically identify, lock and strike targets are gradually emerging, and can replace humans to execute simple decision-making commands. Such as the US military’s ship-borne “Aegis” system, the Israeli military’s “Iron Dome” system, the Russian military’s “Arena” active protection system, the French military’s “Shark” system, etc. However, the intelligence level of these systems is not high at present, and the autonomous combat mode is usually the last option.

In the future, with the advancement of intelligent technology groups such as sensor technology, new algorithms, and big data technology, the autonomous action capabilities of weapon systems will be greatly improved, and the situation of autonomous confrontation of weapon systems will become more and more common. In specific combat fields, such as cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum, humans can only rely on intelligent weapon systems for autonomous confrontation. At the same time, with the emergence of hypersonic weapons and cluster warfare, wars will enter the era of “instant kills” and “group fights”, and using intelligent systems to autonomously fight is almost the only way out.

In the future, as the autonomous confrontation of intelligent weapon systems becomes the new normal, the combat mode will gradually change from “man in the loop” to “man on the loop”. The main characteristics of the new mode can be summarized as “in command, out of control”, that is, in most cases, human warriors play the role of supervisors, responsible for inputting target characteristics and setting rules of engagement before the war, observing battlefield engagements, etc. It should be pointed out that in the new mode, humans are still the final decision makers, and human warriors will autonomously enter and exit the combat chain as needed and take necessary intervention measures. The biggest advantage of the new mode is that it can free human warriors from complex decisions and focus on major decisions and key tasks. How to ensure that humans can take over control at any time will be the biggest challenge facing the development of human-machine collaboration technology in the future.

Cluster warfare brings new life to the war of attrition

In the era of cold weapons and mechanized warfare, attrition warfare was the basic way of fighting, and “eating more and eating less” was the basic rule for winning on the battlefield.

Since the 1970s, with the emergence of stealth technology, satellite positioning systems, and precision-guided weapons, the “more, less” war principle has been completely broken. In recent years, with the rapid development of sensor technology, bionics, miniaturization technology, and artificial intelligence technology, the concept of swarm warfare has once again attracted the attention of the military of various countries. The so-called swarm warfare refers to the centralized deployment of hundreds or thousands of intelligent weapons to attack targets from multiple directions. Compared with traditional combat methods, swarm warfare has four major advantages:

First, the miniaturization of a single platform greatly improves battlefield survivability; second, it is decentralized, and the loss of an individual does not affect the overall function; third, it is low-cost, large in quantity, and the combat cost-effectiveness is multiplied; fourth, it can implement saturation attacks and paralyze the enemy’s defense system. It is not difficult to see that cluster warfare can achieve the effect of “quantity is quality”, and therefore, it is considered a war of attrition in the intelligent era.

The U.S. military sees swarm warfare as a game-changer in warfare, and believes that swarm warfare is particularly suitable for dealing with anti-access/area denial threats. Currently, the U.S. Department of Defense is simultaneously targeting underwater, surface, and air, and promoting multiple swarm research and development projects, striving to have multi-dimensional space swarm combat capabilities. In addition, the various branches of the U.S. military are competing to develop swarm combat concepts. For example, the Marine Corps envisions using unmanned combat swarms as landing pioneers to perform tasks such as battlefield perception, mine clearance, and obstacle removal, creating conditions for Marines to rush ashore.

From underwater “wolf packs” to ground “ant swarms” to aerial “bee swarms”, swarm warfare will be prevalent in the future intelligent battlefield. “Human wave tactics” will be re-emerged in a new look, and the balance of the war of attrition will be extremely tilted towards the side with swarm warfare capabilities. The following scene may appear in the future: on one side, there are swarms of intelligent machines covering the sky and the sun, and on the other side, there are panicked, lonely human warriors…

現代國語：

當前,世界正處於智慧革命的前夜，人類社會正從「互聯網+」時代邁入「智能+」時代。近年來，在大數據、新型演算法和超級運算的推動下，人工智慧正在改變乃至顛覆所觸及的每個產業，戰爭也不例外。從水下潛航器到無人機集群，從預測性維修軟件到智慧決策助手，人工智慧正以前所未有的廣度與深度影響著戰爭的不同領域，推動著新一輪軍事變革，戰爭形態和麵貌正悄然被改變。

廟算為先，戰爭設計日益精細

《孫子兵法》曰：「夫未戰而廟算勝者，得算多也；未戰而廟算不勝者，得算少也。」縱觀人類戰爭史，「多算勝，少算不勝」是亙古不變的定理。

未來戰爭對「廟算」的依賴度有增無減,人工智慧至少可以從兩方面增強戰爭預判的有效性：

一是更精確地計算並預測戰爭結果。在先進演算法和超算能力的支撐下，人工智慧系統的計算和預測結果比人腦更加準確。二是藉助兵棋系統能更有效檢驗和優化作戰方案。例如，融入人工智慧的兵棋系統能夠和人開展人機對抗，有助於人們發現問題、找出弱項。特別是將深度學習等演算法引入兵棋系統後，智慧系統的行為將變得深邃多變，有助於突破人類的既定思維，增強兵棋推演的對抗性和真實性，達到優化方案的目的。此外，還可利用智慧兵棋系統開展機機對抗，提升推演的效率。

2015年2月，美國國防部推出了《兵棋推演與創新》備忘錄，並提出將機器學習引入兵棋推演。目前，蘭德公司、雷神公司已經開始這方面的嘗試。一旦將研發成熟的智慧軟件應用於兵棋推演，不僅能提高優化方案和預測戰局的水平，還能更精確地預測戰爭涉及的兵力規模、彈藥消耗、持續時間和保障需求等，顯著提升對戰爭設計的能力。

速度製勝，作戰節奏空前加快

在資訊時代,戰爭遵循「快吃慢」制勝法則，海灣戰爭以來的幾場戰爭中，美軍之所以能夠屢戰屢勝，其關鍵在於始終做到了「棋快一招」。

如今，人工智慧的反應速度已經完全「碾壓」人腦。 2016年，在一次模擬空戰中，美國辛辛那提大學研發的「阿爾法」智慧軟體操控F-15戰機，擊敗了由人駕駛的F-22戰機，原因就在於該智慧軟件的反應速度是人類大腦反應速度的250倍！今年10月，美國密蘇里大學地​​理空間情報中心公佈了一份研究成果顯示，該中心基於深度學習技術開發了一種演算法模型，能夠在42分鐘內搜尋並識別出某國東南沿海地區近9萬平方千米內的導彈發射場，速度比人類分析師快85倍，準確率達到專家級影像分析師水準。

正因如此，近年來，美、俄等軍隊將目光投向了人工智慧，意圖利用人工智慧的速度優勢，縮短己方在戰場上的決策週期，牢牢掌握行動優勢。今年7月，俄羅斯武器製造商卡拉什尼科夫公司宣稱，已開發出基於人工神經網絡的全自動戰鬥模塊，能做到發現即摧毀。另外，美軍則在研發自動化數據分析工具、自動目標識別軟件、機載智慧決策助理、數字化空中作戰規劃員等智慧工具，意圖在決策週期各環節上減輕情報和作戰人員的負擔，提高決策效率。而在今年11月，美國國防部演算法戰項目負責人呼籲：今後美軍採購的任何武器系統都應融入人工智慧。

可以預見，今後隨著越來越多的智慧化武器系統投入戰場，戰場上的作戰反應時間將越來越短，交戰行動將空前激烈，並最終超越人類的理解和應對能力。

自主對抗，作戰模式引發變革

20世紀以來，偵測技術的發展和資訊化浪潮下感知技術的進步，推動了「傳感器-射手-武器平台」這一人機協作式作戰鏈誕生。

隨著人工智慧技術的發展，能夠自動識別、鎖定和打擊目標的智慧化武器系統逐漸出現，並能取代人類執行簡單的決策命令。如美軍的艦載「宙斯盾」系統、以軍的「鐵穹」系統、俄軍的「競技場」主動防護系統、法軍的「鯊魚」系統，等等。不過，這些系統的智慧化程度目前還不高，自主交戰模式通常是最後一個選項。

未來，隨著傳感技術、新型演算法、大數據技術等智慧化技術群的進步，武器系統的自主行動能力將大幅提升，武器系統自主對抗的情況也越來越普遍。而在特定作戰領域，如網路空間和電磁頻譜領域，人類只能依托智慧化武器系統進行自主對抗。與此同時，隨著高超音速武器和集群作戰的出現，戰爭將進入「秒殺」和「群架」時代，利用智慧系統自主迎戰幾乎是唯一出路。

未來，隨著智慧化武器系統的自主對抗成為新常態，作戰模式將逐漸從「人在迴路中」轉變為「人在迴路」。新模式的主要特徵可概括為“指揮之中、控制之外”，即在多數情況下，人類戰士扮演監督員的角色，負責在開戰前輸入目標特徵和設定交戰規則，觀察戰場交戰情況等。需要指出的是，在新模式下人依然是最終決策者，人類戰士將根據需要自主進出作戰鏈，採取必要的干預措施。新模式的最大優勢是可以使人類戰士從紛繁複雜的決策中解放出來，聚焦於主要決策和關鍵任務。如何確保人類能夠隨時接管控制權，將是今後一段時期內，人機協同技術發展面臨的最大挑戰。

集群作戰，讓消耗戰重煥生機

在冷兵器和機械化戰爭時代，消耗戰是基本作戰方式，「多吃少」是戰場制勝的基本法則。

自上世紀70年代以來，隨著隱形技術、衛星定位系統、精確制導武器的登場，「多吃少」的戰爭法則被徹底打破。近年來，隨著傳感技術、仿生技術、微型化技術和人工智慧技術取得長足發展，集群式作戰構想再次受到各國軍隊的重視。所謂集群作戰，是指集中部署數百上千個智慧化武器，從多個方向對目標實施攻擊。與傳統作戰方式相比，集群作戰具備四大優勢：

一是單一平台小型化，戰場生存能力大幅提升；二是去中心化，個體的損失不影響整體功能；三是成本低廉，數量龐大，作戰效費比成倍提高；四是可實施飽和攻擊，癱瘓敵防禦體系。不難看出，集群作戰能夠達到「數量即質量」的效果，因此,被認為是智慧時代的消耗戰。

美軍將集群作戰視為戰爭遊戲規則的改變者，認為集群作戰尤其適合應對反介入/區域拒止威脅。當前，美國國防部同時瞄準水下、水面和空中，推進多個集群研發項目，力求具備多維空間集群作戰能力。此外，美軍各軍種正競相開發集群作戰概念，如海軍陸戰隊設想讓無人作戰集群充當登陸先鋒，執行戰場感知、排雷除障等任務，為陸戰隊員搶灘上陸創造條件。

從水下“狼群”到地面“蟻群”再到空中“蜂群”，集群作戰將在未來智慧化戰場上大行其道。 「人海戰術」將改頭換面重新登場，消耗戰的天平將向具備集群作戰能力的一方極度傾斜。未來可能出現這一場景：一邊是遮天蔽日、蜂擁而至的智慧機器，另一邊是驚慌失措、形單影隻的人類戰士…

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4801288.html

#新興戰爭技術, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知戰

Chinese Military’s Cognitive Warfare: The Race to Dominate the Intelligent Age

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中國軍隊的認知戰：主宰智慧時代的競賽

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2020年3月19日 星期四

現代英語：

The widespread use of artificial intelligence technology in the military field has given rise to a new form of intelligent warfare, cognitive warfare. When the winning mechanism is integrated with the characteristics of the intelligent era, a new way to win cognitive warfare is formed. Optimal decision-making, vision-driven, clustered energy release, and unmanned autonomy based on cognition are typical characteristics of winning wars in the intelligent era, and have become the key to taking the initiative and winning in wars. The fundamental way to win in the intelligent era lies in cognition, and cognitive advantage is the basis for winning. Moreover, when the strength of the two opposing sides is equal, the advantage difference formed by the cognitive gap becomes the main factor for winning.

Winning through optimal decision-making based on intelligent cognition

Decision-making is the key to victory in modern warfare, not only because of its important role, but also because in the OODA (observation, judgment, decision-making, action) loop, decision-making is the bottleneck that restricts the speed of the cycle. Intelligent cognition that integrates knowledge and action is a powerful means to break this bottleneck.

Optimal decision-making based on intelligent cognition means forming a cognitive advantage over the enemy through artificial intelligence algorithms, and then transforming the cognitive advantage into a decision-making advantage, thereby gaining the initiative and winning. In the war of the intelligent era, intelligent means provide the intelligent cognitive capabilities required for war to the greatest extent possible, comprehensively perceive, reason, and judge the strength, time and space position of the physical domain of the two opposing sides on the battlefield, the power system and command system of the information domain, and the plan and possible actions of the cognitive domain, which continuously provide “input” data for the algorithm; the superior algorithm quickly analyzes, judges and compares the results of intelligent cognition, finds out the weak links or fatal points of the enemy, gives full play to our advantages and characteristics, and forms a scientific, reasonable and executable decision-making plan. At the same time, it also combines the combat capabilities and combat characteristics of the two opposing sides to further amplify the cognitive advantage, so as to achieve “second-level advantage becomes a winning advantage” and “a little advantage becomes a winning advantage”.

In this process, intelligent cognition is the foundation. It is the “data” of the superior algorithm, providing the correct source for correct decision-making and guiding the direction of operational decision-making advantage. Without intelligent cognition, algorithms and decisions will face the dilemma of “cooking without rice”, not to mention algorithm advantages and decision-making advantages. Intelligent algorithms are the key. Its input is cognitive thinking and its output is decision-making plans. It is the specific method and intermediate bridge for cognitive advantages to transform into operational decision-making advantages, and plays an increasingly important role in modern warfare. To this end, driven by intelligent technology, all countries have elevated the “algorithm warfare” that supports decision-making effectiveness to the level of “war”. In 2017, the US Department of Defense announced the establishment of a special “algorithm warfare” cross-functional team to unify the leadership of the US military in conducting “algorithm warfare” research and application. Decision-making advantage is the core, the true embodiment of cognitive advantage in the command field, the touchstone for testing the effectiveness of algorithms, and the ultimate display platform for intelligent cognition and intelligent algorithms. The wisdom of a commander is incomparable to that of a machine. It is integrated with profound decision-making experience and matched with unique personal command art. The decision-making strategies formed are ever-changing and difficult to capture. Only when the superb decision-making art is amplified and enhanced by intelligent algorithms can a truly winning decision-making advantage be formed.

Vision-driven success based on goal recognition

The war stage is never a performance of a single force, but a joint effort of multiple forces. How to make the various forces involved in the war work together and the various actions converge into one force is a necessary condition for winning the war. Therefore, before the war, it is necessary to formulate a detailed combat plan, anticipate various possible situations, and repeatedly organize combat coordination and targeted training for various actions. However, during the implementation of the operation, changes in the battlefield situation, changes in the intentions of superiors, changes in core tasks, changes in friendly forces, etc., make it difficult for this traditional coordination method to achieve the expected results, and often become a restrictive factor affecting the progress and outcome of the war.

In fact, every commander and every participating force has a beautiful vision for the combat mission in their hearts, and they may have an action plan to realize the beautiful vision. If these visions can be unified and spontaneously integrated into the overall action, then coordination will no longer be a bottleneck, and the concept of vision-driven will come into being. Vision is the prospect that people yearn for, the picture that people actively strive for and hope to achieve, and a strong expression of will, including future goals, missions and core values. Behavior driven by vision is no longer a compliance behavior constrained by rules and regulations, nor is it an investment behavior agreed upon by obligations and rights. It is more of a spontaneous and conscious dedication behavior. This is a state of mind, not just investment, but a feeling that one must take full responsibility for the realization of the vision. The role of this subjective initiative is unimaginable. The latest research results show that the reason why mental work causes fatigue is because people are subjectively bored with the mental work they are engaged in. Once the subjective initiative is restored and maintained, mental work will remain efficient for a long time. This is not only a source of power for innovation, but also a source of power for vision-driven.

The generation of vision-driven is based on cognitive ability and is determined by the level of intelligent technology. For war, a complex giant system with obvious social characteristics, common cognition supported by intelligent technology makes vision-driven possible. Each participating force, based on the core tasks and basic requirements clearly defined by the commander, develops its own combat operations, clarifies the relationship with other forces, and clarifies the specific list of support or support, thereby forming an individual action plan. The commander collects the individual action plans of each participating force, conducts comprehensive analysis and comparison, examines whether the core tasks can be completed, retains the reasonable content of the individual vision as much as possible, forms a flexible group vision implementation plan, and leaves each participating force with a large space to complete the combat mission independently. Driven by individual visions, all commanders and combat forces in combat give full play to their individual enthusiasm and initiative, and creatively play their personalized characteristics and roles; driven by common visions, they actively coordinate and cooperate with other forces to jointly complete combat missions.

Winning through cluster release based on group cognition

Intelligent swarm warfare is a popular topic at present. In fact, swarm is not a new concept. The inspiration comes from nature. Swarm behavior is a kind of collective behavior of organisms. Insects, birds, fish, etc. in the biological world all show swarm behavior. In particular, this swarm behavior can resist enemies that are several times larger than themselves and obtain more food sources, which is even more amazing. It is difficult for people to explore the activity patterns of the brains and nerves of these organisms, and it is difficult to directly grasp the root cause of swarm behavior. However, we can continuously dig out the organizational principles and operation methods of swarm actions from their performance patterns, and use artificial intelligence technology and modern network technology to apply them to human social life and the military field, and become the way to win the war in the intelligent era.

Cluster energy release based on group cognition means integrating a certain number of low-cost, miniaturized, unmanned combat platforms into a unified combat cluster, and achieving common combat goals through targeted and precise energy release. It is a comprehensive embodiment of the philosophical principle that quantitative change leads to qualitative change, and group cognition is the fundamental motivation for qualitative change. Without group cognition, the cluster can only be a quantitative change, and it is difficult to produce substantial changes in combat effectiveness. The reason why cluster energy release can win is that it has a multi-dimensional saturation attack capability that wins by quantity, distributed detection and attack capabilities, high anti-destruction and continuous strike capabilities, and system precision and intensive energy release capabilities, thus forming a subversive winning advantage.

Swarm combat is based on group cognition, which requires that in rapid action, each individual should accurately and comprehensively recognize his or her position and status in the group, and provide cognitive capabilities for the group or subgroup to which he or she belongs; the group or subgroup should accurately and comprehensively recognize the status of its internal members, accurately and comprehensively recognize its own status, and provide cognitive capabilities for the group to which it belongs. Group cognition in the intelligent era allows combat to simulate the collaborative behavior and information interaction methods of swarming organisms, showing the cluster characteristics of decentralization, autonomy, cluster recovery, and function amplification, and releasing combat effectiveness and completing combat tasks in an autonomous and intelligent overall collaborative manner.

Unmanned autonomous victory based on active cognition

In the war of the intelligent era, intelligent unmanned systems will fill the entire intelligent battlefield, and people will be less and less on the battlefield. Intelligent unmanned combat systems will become the new force of the intelligent battlefield. They have capabilities that humans cannot achieve, such as stronger battlefield adaptability, stronger weapon control ability, stronger reaction speed, stronger continuous combat capability, stronger self-protection ability, and stronger self-regeneration ability. In addition, they do not have the psychological pressure, physiological reaction to bloody scenes, sentimental human emotions, and fear of war-weariness and cowardice formed by humans in the face of fierce battlefield confrontations. All these indicate that the future battlefield of confrontation will be the stage for intelligent unmanned combat systems. Therefore, under the overall leadership of humans, actively and creatively understanding the battlefield, allowing intelligent unmanned combat systems to freely and fully exert their advantages and effectiveness, has become an important method to win the war.

Unmanned autonomous victory based on active cognition is to give full play to the active role of intelligent unmanned combat systems in the cognitive field. Machines and humans have different ways of thinking and different behavioral characteristics. Just like Alpha Zero can open up a new era of Go, machines can often create new spaces that are difficult for humans to explore. Therefore, wars in the intelligent era, under the overall leadership of humans, must fully provide a broad space for intelligent unmanned combat systems to display their talents, give full play to their active and creative abilities, and quickly absorb and focus on the huge energy brought by active cognition.

Intelligent unmanned combat systems show themselves. Human domination and machine passivity will make it difficult to bring into play the comprehensive advantages of intelligent unmanned combat systems. It is necessary to break the shackles of intelligent unmanned combat systems driven by the concept of autonomy. Only by keeping the basic bottom line and allowing machines to fight freely on the battlefield can the precise and rapid combat effectiveness of intelligent unmanned combat systems be demonstrated, and only then can they be fully and autonomously exerted in war, truly releasing the huge energy of intelligent unmanned combat systems in all aspects.

國語中文：

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人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用，催生出認知戰這種全新的智慧化戰爭形態。當制勝機制融入了智慧時代的特點，就形成了全新的認知戰制勝之道。建立在認知基礎上的優算決策、願景驅動、集群釋能、無人自主就是具有智慧時代戰爭制勝的典型特徵，成為戰爭中贏得主動、爭取勝利的關鍵。智慧時代製勝之道的根本在於認知，認知優勢是製勝的根本，而且當對抗雙方實力相當時，認知差距形成的優勢差就成為獲勝的主要因素。

基於智慧認知的優算決策制勝

決策成為現代戰爭制勝的關鍵，不僅是因為決策的重要作用，更是因為在OODA（觀察、判斷、決策、行動）環路中，決策是限制循環速度的瓶頸。知行合一的智能認知正是破解這個瓶頸的強大手段。

基於智慧認知的優算決策制勝，是指透過人工智慧演算法形成對敵的認知優勢，進而將認知優勢轉化為決策優勢，進而贏得先機、贏得主動、贏得勝勢。智慧時代的戰爭，智慧手段最大可能提供戰爭所需的智慧認知能力，全面感知、推理、判斷戰場對抗雙方物理域的力量大小、時空位置，資訊域的力量體系、指揮體系，認知域的方案計畫、可能行動，源源不斷地為演算法提供「輸入」資料；優勢演算法迅速對智慧認知結果分析判斷比較，找出敵方薄弱環節或致命點，充分發揮我方優勢特點，形成科學合理、可執行的決策方案，同時也結合對抗雙方的作戰能力、作戰特點等因素，將認知優勢進一步放大，從而達成「秒級優勢成為制勝優勢」「一點優勢成為製勝優勢」。

在這個過程中，智慧認知是基礎，它是優勢演算法的“數據”，為正確決策提供正確的來源，指導作戰決策優勢的方向，沒有智慧認知，演算法和決策將面臨“無米之炊”的困境，更不要談演算法優勢和決策優勢。智慧演算法是關鍵，它的輸入是認知思維，輸出是決策方案，是認知優勢轉化生成作戰決策優勢的具體方法和中間橋樑，在現代戰爭中扮演著愈來愈重要的角色。為此，在智慧科技推動下，各國都將支撐決策效能的「演算法戰」提升到「戰」的高度。 2017年美國國防部就宣布成立專門的「演算法戰」跨職能小組，統一領導美軍展開「演算法戰」研究運用。決策優勢是核心，是認知優勢在指揮領域的真實體現，是檢驗演算法效能優劣的試金石，是智慧認知和智慧演算法的最終展示平台。指揮的智慧是機器無法比擬的，它與深厚的決策經驗相融合、與獨特的個性指揮藝術相匹配，形成的決策謀略千變萬化、難以捕捉，高超的決策藝術通過智能算法的放大與增強，才能形成真正能夠制勝的決策優勢。

基於目標認知的願景驅動制勝

戰爭舞台上從來都不是一支力量單打獨鬥的表演，而是多種力量的共同努力。如何使參與戰爭的各種力量能夠扭成一股繩，各種行動能夠匯成一股勁，是戰爭獲勝的必要條件。因此，戰前需制定詳細的作戰計畫、預想各種可能情況，不斷反覆組織各種行動的作戰協同和針對性訓練。但在作戰實施中，戰場態勢的變化、上級意圖的變化、核心任務的變化、友鄰部隊的變化等，使得這種傳統的協同方式難以達到預期效果，往往成為影響戰爭進程和勝負的限制因素。

其實，每個指揮人員、每支參戰力量，內心中對作戰任務都有一個美好願景，都可能構想有實現美好願景的行動方案，如果能將這些願景統一起來，自發地融入到整體行動中，那麼協同將不再是限制的瓶頸，願景驅動的理念應運而生。願景，是所嚮往的前景，是人們主動為之奮鬥希望達到的圖景，是一種意願的強烈表達，包括了未來目標、使命及核心價值。願景驅動下的行為，不再是規則、規定來約束的遵從行為，不再是以義務、權利來約定的投入行為，更多的是自發與自覺的奉獻行為，這是一種境界，不僅只是投入，而是心中覺得必須為願景的實現負完全責任。這種主觀能動的作用是難以想像的，最新研究成果表明，腦力勞動之所以會有疲勞感，是因為主觀上對所從事的腦力工作產生了厭煩，一旦恢復和保持主觀能動，腦力勞動將會長期保持高效狀態，這不僅是創新的動力來源，更是願景驅動的動力來源。

願景驅動的產生是以認知能力為基礎的，是受智慧技術水準決定的。針對戰爭這個社會特性明顯的複雜巨系統而言，智慧科技支撐下的共同認知使願景驅動成為可能。每支參戰力量圍繞著指揮明確的核心任務與基本要求，展開各自作戰行動的構設，釐清與其他力量的相互關係，明確能夠支援配合或需要支援配合的具體清單，從而形成個體行動方案。指揮者匯集各參戰力量的個體行動方案，綜合分析比較，審查能否完成核心任務，盡可能地保留個體願景中合理的內容，形成彈性的群體願景實施方案，給各參戰力量留有較大的自主完成作戰任務的空間。作戰中所有的指揮人員、作戰力量在個體願景的驅動下，充分發揮個體的積極性、主動性，創造性地發揮個性化特點和作用；在共同願景的驅動下，主動積極地協調配合其他力量行動，從而共同完成作戰任務。

基於群體認知的群聚釋能製勝

智慧集群作戰是目前比較熱門的一個方向，其實集群不是一個新的概念，這個靈感源自於自然界，集群行為是一種生物的集體行為，生物界中的昆蟲、鳥類、魚類等都會出現集群行為，特別是這種集群行為能夠抵禦體形數倍於己的敵人，獲得更加多源的食物，更是讓人們瞠目。人們難以探究這些生物頭腦與神經的活動規律，難以直接掌握集群行為的根本原因，但從其表現規律不斷挖掘出集群行動的組織原則和運作方式，借助人工智能技術與現代網絡技術，使之能夠運用到人類社會生活中，運用到軍事領域中，並成為智慧時代戰爭的勝利之道。

基於群體認知的集群釋能製勝，是指將一定數量的低成本、小型化、無人化作戰平台集成為一個統一的作戰集群，透過定向精準釋能，以達成共同的作戰目標。它是量變引起質變的哲學道理的全面體現，而群體認知是產生質變的根本動因。失去群體認知，集群只能是數量上的變化，難以產生作戰效果的實質變化。集群釋能之所以能夠制勝，在於它具有以量取勝的多維飽和攻擊能力、分佈式的探測與攻擊能力、高抗毀性和連續打擊能力，以及體系精準集約釋能能力，從而形成了顛覆性的致勝優勢。

集群作戰是以群體認知為基礎的，要求在快速的行動中，每一個個體應準確全面地認知自己在群體中的地位作用、位置狀態，並為所在群體或子群體提供認知能力；群體或次群體應準確且全面地認知自己內部成員的狀態，準確且全面地認知自身的狀態，並為所在群體提供認知能力。智慧時代的群體認知，讓作戰能夠模擬群聚生物的協作行為與資訊互動方式，展現出去中心化、自主化、集群復原、功能放大的集群特徵，以自主化和智能化的整體協同方式釋放作戰效能、完成作戰任務。

基於能動認知的無人自主制勝

智慧時代的戰爭，智慧無人系統將充斥著整個智慧化作戰戰場，人在戰場上的身影將越來越少，智慧無人作戰系統成為智慧化戰場的生力軍，它有著人類無法企及的能力，更強的戰場適應力、更強的武器操控能力、更強的反應速度、更強的持續作戰能力、更強的自我保護能力、更強的自我再生能力，而且沒有人類面對戰場激烈對抗所形成的心理承受壓力、血腥場景的生理反應、多愁善感的人類情感、厭戰怯戰的恐懼心理，這些都預示著未來的對抗戰場將是智慧無人作戰系統的舞台。從而，在人類整體主導下，能動地、創造性地認知戰場，使智慧無人作戰系統自由充分發揮優長與效能，成為獲取戰爭勝利的重要方法。

基於能動認知的無人自主制勝，就是要充分發揮智慧無人作戰系統在認知領域的能動作用。機器與人有著不同的思考方式、不同的行為特點，就像阿爾法零能夠開闢圍棋新紀元一樣，機器往往能夠開創人類難以探及的新空間。因此智慧時代的戰爭，在人類整體主導下，必須充分地為智慧無人作戰系統提供施展才能的廣闊天地，充分發揮其能動能力、創造能力，快速地吸取、聚焦能動認知帶來的巨大能量。

智慧無人作戰系統展現的是自我。人類的支配、機器的被動，將難以發揮智慧無人作戰系統的綜合優勢，必須在自主理念的驅動下打破智慧無人作戰系統的束縛。只要守住基本底線，讓機器在戰場上自由地搏殺，才能展現出智慧無人作戰系統精準、快速的作戰效能，才能使其在戰爭中充分發揮、自主發揮，真正全方面地釋放出智能無人作戰系統的巨大能量。

中國軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2020-03/19/content_256988.htm

#Information Support Force, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Strategy Unleash Cognitive Power to Gain Victory

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中國軍事戰略釋放認知力贏得勝利

現代英語：

In intelligent warfare, cognitive space is the key combat space, cognitive advantage is an important strategic advantage, and cognitive confrontation is the main form of confrontation. It can be said that “there is no war without cognition”. Cognition contains huge combat effectiveness, among which the perception system is the portal, the thinking mode is the core, and the psychological factor is the cornerstone. Improving perception efficiency, building intelligent thinking, stimulating psychological advantages, and maximizing the cognitive combat effectiveness of officers and soldiers will greatly help win intelligent warfare.

Perception effectiveness is linked to combat effectiveness

Information processing theory holds that cognition is not spontaneously generated by the brain, but requires external information input. The complex battlefield information is screened by the perception system and then processed by the brain to generate intelligence for recognizing the opponent and judging the situation. In this process, perception effectiveness is the key, which directly affects the battlefield survival rate and combat effectiveness. Samsonov, an expert on the history of World War II, said: “When the battle of Stalingrad was the most intense, a soldier could not survive on the battlefield for more than 9 minutes, and an officer could survive for 3 days.” Even though they are both soldiers, there is a big gap between the battlefield survival time of recruits and veterans. The difference in battlefield survival rate reflects the gap in perception effectiveness.

The battlefield situation is a ruthless examiner, the deadly artillery fire is a life-and-death test, and the perception efficiency is a sharp weapon for taking the test. The same test question is input into the sensory system of new recruits and veterans, and the output responses are very different: new recruits hear rumbling noises and panic, and self-rescue is still a problem, not to mention the ability to fight; veterans can hear the distance of the shells from the sound of the artillery, and can quickly hide and act decisively in the time difference between the sound of the artillery and the falling of the shells. On the battlefield where life and death are at the forefront, the perception system of combatants can only maximize their combat effectiveness if it responds “well” on the basis of “fast” and “accurate”. When war moves from the mechanization of “truth is only within the range of artillery” to the informatization and intelligence of “discovery is destruction”, facing the massive, multi-source, complex, heterogeneous and rapidly growing battlefield situation data, human perception speed and processing ability appear “dull and slow”. Intelligent “sensing nodes”, “perception systems” and “perception nerves” with sensors as the core have begun to appear, which will help combatants get out of the perception dilemma and achieve fast and effective perception and decision-making.

Intelligent perception of human-machine fusion provides powerful assistance to combat personnel, but also puts forward higher requirements. It is necessary to open up the “Ren Du Meridians” of empowerment and empowerment to improve the quality and efficiency of perception. Empowerment means to train officers and soldiers’ perception systems in all aspects, reduce the “unfamiliarity coefficient” of complex battlefield information, improve the “adaptability base”, and effectively promote the transformation of perception resources into perception capabilities in the game between perception stock and battlefield variables. Empowerment means to extend, expand and make up for human perception efficiency with the help of artificial intelligence technology. People are responsible for non-logical, fuzzy and irregular perception parts, such as prediction of unknown trends, feeling of incomplete information, and messy and irrelevant perception, so as to obtain “data beyond data, information behind information”; machines process logical, clear and regular perception parts, and use expert systems, knowledge graphs, brain-like computing and other intelligent perceptions to quickly extract high-value information from massive data, reduce the cognitive load of combat personnel, and achieve deep perception of battlefield situation.

Thinking is the underlying code for success

On the surface, military confrontation is a confrontation of hard power between the two sides, but at a deeper level, it is a contest of thinking power. In war, even the most advanced equipment is subject to a strong mind. Thinking, as the rational stage of the cognitive process, is the underlying code that determines victory in war.

The thinking of an army is the fuse that ignites its combat capability. Closed and backward thinking is like a fuse that gets damp and moldy. Even if there is a strong foundation of strength, it may not be able to fully burst out and release on the battlefield. In the late Qing Dynasty, China had the largest number of soldiers in the world and the strongest Beiyang Navy in Asia. The material strength to resist invasion was still vulnerable. “Backward thinking” led to the painful lesson of “backwardness will be beaten”. After World War I, Britain, France and Germany developed mechanized weapons and equipment almost simultaneously. When the German army was determined to use the “blitzkrieg” theory to guide mechanized warfare, the British and French armies adhered to the concept of positional warfare, so there was the tragedy of the German army sweeping across the battlefields of Western Europe in the early days of World War II. One in China and one outside, one far and one near, all reveal a truth: every era has its own war form and a matching thinking mode. Whoever occupies the commanding heights of thinking can seize the opportunity to win. In order to take the initiative in future intelligent warfare, we must boldly change our thinking and always focus on the horizon where the mast has just emerged.

Good thinking: Look up at the stars and build a military technology thinking system. Engels said that when the wave of technological revolution is surging around, we need to update and braver minds. In the face of the increasingly approaching intelligent war, if we cannot get rid of the path dependence and cognitive inertia of mechanized thinking in time, we will be like Poland during World War II. Facing the “armored torrent” of the German army, we were reluctant to give up the “world’s largest” cavalry. Not only were we defeated on the battlefield, but we will also be eliminated by the times. To adapt to intelligent warfare, we should keep a close eye on the leading and cutting-edge directions of military science and technology development, break the barriers of thinking, step out of the cognitive “comfort zone”, focus on building a military technology thinking system, and enhance the sensitivity, cognition, and understanding of forward-looking, strategic, and disruptive technologies and new tactics that may be hatched from them.

Good use: Be down-to-earth and promote the implementation of military technology thinking. Advanced technology should be in the hands of good users. On the basis of renewing the old and embracing the new in thinking mode, we should accelerate the innovation of scientific and technological knowledge and the improvement of scientific and technological literacy, continue to promote the application of main combat equipment technology, improve the coupling and control degree between people and intelligent weapons, explore the potential of equipment and the “optimal solution” of technology, and “secondary empowerment” for the release of weapon technology value.

Changeability: Seek change and innovation, and foresee the future in the activation of thinking. Douhet, the father of “air supremacy”, said that victory only smiles on those who can foresee the changes in the characteristics of war, not on those who wait for changes to happen before adapting. Military revolution is like a 100-meter hurdle race. When the starting gun sounds, whoever stops before the solidified thinking will lose the race. War will not remain unchanged, and thinking cannot be done once and for all. Only by taking the future as the orientation, accelerating the activation of thinking with a spirit of daily innovation and a diligent attitude, can the road to future victory be illuminated by the light of foresight.

The focus of the competition is psychological balance

Intelligent warfare is not only a “core war” but also a “psychological war”. During the Iraq War, the US military deployed more than 200 psychologists, psychologists and psychiatrists to participate in psychological warfare. They targeted the psychological weaknesses, blind spots and sensitive points of the Iraqi army, and used the pervasive information “ammunition” and ubiquitous network “transmitters” to complete the “bloodless” psychological manipulation in silence. To adapt to the “heart” characteristics of intelligent warfare, there must be an overall design of “strong equipment” and “strong heart” to build together, and the construction of steel platforms and psychological platforms to support each other, as well as local efforts to break through single points, increase the use of “smart +” technology in the cultivation of fighting spirit, psychological assessment, and psychological training, improve the contribution rate of information and intelligent technology, and constantly sharpen the psychological advantages of participants.

“Use soft to overcome hard” and strengthen the cultivation of fighting spirit. Engels said that guns will not move by themselves, and they need brave hearts and strong hands to use them. Psychological checks and balances are wars without gunpowder smoke, and the essence is still the contest of material forces supported by spiritual power. To win this war, more steel and more spirit are needed. We should actively try to use intelligent technology to strengthen psychological advantages, use technology to boost morale, and use morale to multiply capabilities. Improve cognitive emotions, enhance will quality, and comprehensively improve soft killing capabilities.

“Test people” and strengthen psychological assessment. The practice of assessing and selecting soldiers has existed since ancient times. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the athletic ability of young recruits was tested to see whether they could wear armor and carry out military activities. Those who could were called “victorious clothes” and those who could not were called “unvictorious clothes”. In modern wars, psychological confrontation is surging. We should actively play the role of psychological assessment, scientifically carry out stress psychological adjustment, and reduce the occurrence of combat stress reactions. With the help of artificial intelligence technology, such as face recognition and emotional analysis big data, facial expressions, sight directions, and eye contact times are captured and recorded to identify the internal psychological state and behavioral characteristics of officers and soldiers. Based on the assessment results, psychological adjustment should be made throughout the whole process, at all times, and in all dimensions. Psychological prevention should be done before the war, and officers and soldiers with substandard mental health should be found early, and “emotional impurities” and “psychological blockages” should be eliminated in time; psychological regulation should be done well during the war to ensure that the psychological state of the participants is maintained at the best level of combat, reduce wartime stress reactions, and improve battlefield survival rate and combat effectiveness; psychological recovery should be done well after the war to assist officers and soldiers in achieving a smooth transition between wartime and peacetime psychological states.

“Training to strengthen the heart” means strengthening psychological training. Clausewitz pointed out that the bravery of soldiers is different from the bravery of ordinary people. The bravery of ordinary people is a natural quality, while the bravery of soldiers can be cultivated through exercise and training. Winning intelligent wars urgently requires the empowerment of psychological training. We should establish the concept of psychological training to produce combat effectiveness, make full use of artificial intelligence means such as computer vision, human-computer interaction, and virtual reality technology to build a high-stress environment for the virtual battlefield, carry out immersive relaxation training, battlefield psychological adaptability, psychological endurance, and psychological stability training. Through these trainings, we help the combatants to effectively enhance their psychological resilience and stimulate their psychological potential by experiencing the battlefield environment in advance again and again, and prevent the occurrence of psychological damage in war.

(Author’s unit: Air Force Engineering University)

國語中文：

在智慧化戰爭中，認知空間是重點作戰空間，認知優勢是重要戰略優勢，認知對抗是主要對抗形式，可謂「無認知不戰爭」。認知中蘊含著巨大戰鬥力，其中感知系統是門戶，思考模式是核心，心理因素是基石。提升感知效能、建構智慧思維、激發心理優勢，最大限度釋放官兵認知戰力，對打贏智能化戰爭大有裨益。

感知效能連著作戰效能

資訊加工理論認為，認知不是大腦自發性產生的，需要外在資訊輸入。紛雜的戰場資訊經感知系統篩選，再由大腦加工產生用於認知對手、判斷情勢的情報。在這個過程中，感知效能是關鍵，它直接影響戰場存活率和作戰效能的發揮。二戰史專家薩姆索諾夫說：「史達林格勒戰役戰鬥最激烈的時候，一名士兵在戰場上存活時間不超過9分鐘，軍官是3天。」同樣是士兵，新兵與老兵的戰場存活時間也有較大距離。戰場存活率的差異，折射出感知效能的差距。

戰場態勢是無情考官，致命砲火是生死考題，感知效能是應考利器。同一道測驗輸入新兵和老兵的感覺系統，輸出的反應雲泥之別：新兵聽到的是隆隆巨響和驚慌恐懼，自救尚成問題，更別提作戰之力；老兵則能從砲聲中聽出砲彈落點的遠近，能在砲聲和砲彈落下的時間差裡迅速隱蔽，果斷行動。生死一線的戰場，作戰人員的感知系統只有在「快」「準」的基礎上做出「好」的反應，才能最大限度地發揮作戰效能。當戰爭從「真理只在大砲射程之內」的機械化步入「發現即摧毀」的資訊化智能化，面對海量、多源、複雜、異構且快速增長的戰場態勢數據，人類的感知速度和處理能力顯得「愚鈍遲緩」。以感測器為核心的智慧「感觸節點」「感知系統」「感知神經」開始出現，有助於作戰人員走出感知困境，實現快速有效地感知、決策。

人機融合智能感知為作戰人員提供了強大輔助，同時也提出了更高要求，需要打通增能與賦能的“任督二脈”，為感知效能增質提效。增能，就是要全方位訓練官兵的感知系統，降低對戰場複雜信息的“陌生係數”，提升“適應底數”，在感知存量與戰場變量博弈中，有效促進感知資源向感知能力轉化。賦能，就是藉力人工智慧技術延伸、拓展、彌補人的感知效能。人負責非邏輯、模糊、無規可循的感知部分，例如不明趨勢的預測、殘缺訊息的感覺、雜亂無關的知覺，以便獲得「數據之外的數據，訊息背後的訊息」；機器處理有邏輯、清晰、有規可循的感知部分，利用專家系統、知識圖譜、類腦運算等智慧感知，從大量資料中快速擷取高價值訊息，減輕作戰人員認知負荷，實現戰場態勢深度感知。

思考是製勝底層密碼

軍事對抗表面上看來是雙方硬實力的對抗，深層看則是思維力的較量。戰爭中，再先進的裝備也要受制於強大的頭腦，思維作為認識過程的理性階段，是決定戰爭制勝的底層密碼。

一支軍隊的思維是點燃作戰能力的引線。思維封閉落後，如同引線受潮發黴，就算有強大的實力基礎，也未必能在戰場上充分迸發釋放。晚清中國，兵員數量世界之最，北洋水師亞洲最強，空有抵禦入侵的物質力量仍不堪一擊，「思維落後」引發「落後就要挨打」的慘痛教訓。一戰後，英、法、德三國幾乎同步發展機械化武器裝備。當德軍決心以「閃電戰」理論指導機械化戰爭時，英法兩軍卻固守陣地戰理念，於是就有了二戰初期德軍橫掃西歐戰場的悲劇。一中一外，一遠一近，無不揭示一個道理：每個時代都有自己的戰爭形態和與之相匹配的思維模式，誰佔據思維制高點，誰就能搶佔制勝先機。要想在未來智慧化戰爭中佔據主動，必須大膽變革思維，始終把目光聚焦在桅杆剛冒出的地平線。

善思：仰望星空，建構軍事技術思維體系。恩格斯說，當科技革命的浪潮正在四周洶湧澎湃的時候，我們需要更新更勇敢的頭腦。面對日益走近的智能化戰爭，如果不能及時擺脫機械化思維的路徑依賴和認知慣性，就會像二戰時期的波蘭一樣，面對德軍的「裝甲洪流」捨不得放棄「世界上規模最大」的騎兵，不僅敗在戰場，也終將被時代淘汰。適應智慧化戰爭，就應緊盯軍事科技發展的主導和前沿方向，打破思維藩籬，走出認知“舒適區”，聚向發力構建軍事技術思維體系，增強對前瞻性、戰略性、顛覆性技術以及由此可能孵化出的新戰法的敏銳度、認知力、理解力。

善用：腳踏實地，推動軍事技術思維落地。要讓先進技術掌握在善用者手上，在思維模式吐故納新的基礎上，加快科技知識推陳出新和科技素養破舊立新，持續推進主戰裝備技術應用，提高人與智能化武器的耦合度、駕馭度，探索裝備潛能和技術“最優解”，為武器技術價值的釋放“二次賦能”。

善變：求變求新，在思考活化中預見未來。 「制空權」之父杜黑說，勝利只向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑，而不是向那些等待變化發生才去適應的人微笑。軍事革命就像百公尺跨欄，發令槍一響，誰在固化的思維前停留，誰就會輸掉比賽。戰爭不會一成不變，思維不能一勞永逸，只有以未來為導向，以日新精神、精進態度加速思維活化，未來制勝之路才能被前瞻之光照亮。

較量重點在於心理制衡

智能化戰爭是「芯戰」更是「心戰」。伊拉克戰爭中，美軍抽調200多位心理學家、心理醫師和精神科專家參加心理戰。他們錨定伊軍心理弱點、心理盲點、心理敏感點，利用無孔不入的信息“彈藥”以及無處不在的網絡“發射器”，在無聲無息中完成“兵不血刃”的心理操控。適應智慧化戰爭「心」特點，既要有「強力」和「強心」齊抓共建、鋼鐵平台和心理平台建設互為支撐的全局設計，也要有單點突破的局部發力，加大「智慧+」技術在戰鬥精神培養、心理評測、心理訓練中的運用，提升資訊、智慧科技的貢獻率，不斷砥礪參戰人員的心理優勢。

“以軟硬”，加強戰鬥精神培育。恩格斯說，槍自己是不會動的，需要有勇敢的心和強而有力的手來使用它們。心理制衡是沒有硝煙的戰爭，本質仍是精神力量支撐下的物質力量的較量。打贏這場戰爭，鋼多氣更要多。應積極嘗試借助智慧化技術強化心理優勢，用技術提振士氣，用士氣倍增能力。改善認知情緒、增強意志特質，全面提升軟殺傷能力。

“以測識人”，加強心理測評。測評選拔士兵的做法古已有之。春秋時期測查前來徵兵青年的運動能力，就是看能否穿著甲胄進行軍事活動，能者稱“勝衣”，不能者稱“不勝衣”。現代戰爭心理對抗闇潮湧動，應積極發揮心理測評作用，科學進行壓力心理調適，減少戰鬥壓力反應的發生。借助人工智慧技術，諸如人臉辨識、情緒分析大數據等，捕捉記錄臉部表情、視線方向、眼神對視訊次，鑑別官兵內在心理狀態和行為特徵。依據評估結果，做好全程全時全維度的心理調適。戰前做好心理預防，早發現心理健康不達標的官兵，及時排除「情緒雜質」和「心理淤堵」；戰中做好心理調控，確保參戰人員的心理狀態維持在最佳應戰水平，降低戰時壓力反應，提高戰場生存率與戰鬥力的發揮；戰後做好心理恢復，協助官兵實現戰時與平時心理狀態的平穩轉換。

“以訓強心”，加強心理訓練。克勞塞維茨指出，軍人的勇敢不同於一般人的勇敢，一般人的勇敢是一種天賦的特質，而軍人的勇敢可以透過運動和訓練培養出來。打贏智能化戰爭迫切需要心理訓練的賦能，應建立心理訓練出戰鬥力的理念，充分運用電腦視覺、人機互動、虛擬實境技術等人工智慧手段建構虛擬戰場高壓力環境，開展沉浸式放鬆訓練，戰場心理適應性、心理承受力、心理穩定訓練等。透過這些訓練，幫助參戰人員在一次次提前感受戰場環境中有效增強心理彈性、激發心理潛能，並預防戰爭心理損傷的發生。

（作者單位：空軍工程大學）

中國軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-08/31/content_297988.htm

#中國太空軍, #中國的耗散戰, #新興戰爭技術, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Understanding Chinese Military Information Support Force

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了解中國軍事資訊保障部隊

現代英語翻譯：

On April 19, 2024, the founding ceremony of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Information Support Force was grandly held in the Beijing Bayi Building. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the Information Support Force and delivered a speech. What kind of force is the information support force? What is the structure and layout of the new military service? What tasks does it perform? In response to these issues, the editor has compiled some official information, let’s study together.

What kind of force is the Information Support Force? The adjustment and establishment of the information support force is a major decision made by the CPC Central Committee and the Central Military Commission based on the overall cause of strengthening the military . It is a strategic measure to build a new type of military structure and layout and improve the modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. It has important and far-reaching significance for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the army and effectively fulfilling the mission and tasks of the people’s army in the new era.The information support force is a newly created strategic branch of the military. It is the key support for the overall construction and use of network information systems . It plays an important role and has heavy responsibilities in promoting the high-quality development of our military and winning modern wars.

What is the structural layout of the new military services?After this reform, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army has generally formed a new military structure layout, including the army, navy, air force, rocket force and other services under the leadership and command of the Central Military Commission , as well as military aerospace forces, cyberspace forces, information support forces, and joint logistics support forces .

The main responsibilities of the four independent arms

Military aerospace forces: responsible for space strategic support missions, improving our military’s space situational awareness, space target monitoring and space information transmission capabilities.

Cyberspace Forces: Responsible for cyberspace strategic support tasks, improving our military’s cyberspace situational awareness, cyber attack defense and cyberspace combat capabilities.

Information support forces: Coordinate the construction and use of network information systems to improve our military’s ability to obtain, transmit, process and utilize information. Enhance situational awareness, command and control, and coordinated combat capabilities, so that our military has informationized combat advantages. Strengthen information protection, ensure information security, and improve our military’s ability to resist network attacks.

Joint Logistics Support Force: Responsible for logistics support tasks, improving our military’s logistics support capabilities and wartime logistics support capabilities. Strengthen capabilities in material supply, medical rescue, engineering support, etc. to ensure that our military can win the battle.

What are the significance and requirements of building a modern information support force?In his speech, Xi Jinping emphasized that the information support force is a newly created strategic branch of the military. It is a key support for the overall construction and use of network information systems. It plays an important role and has heavy responsibilities in promoting the high-quality development of our military and winning modern wars. The following picture will help you understand the role and requirements of modern information support forces.

現代國語：

中國軍事資源：http://www.81it.com/2024/0520/14988.html

#Information Support Force, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Information Support Force, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

Information Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army – Cognitive and Cyber Warfare Capabilities

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中國人民解放軍資訊保障部隊認知與網路戰能力

現代英語：

On April 19, the founding meeting of the Information Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was held grandly at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the information support force and delivered a speech. This is Xi Jinping’s speech.

On April 19, the founding meeting of the Information Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was held grandly at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the information support force and delivered a speech. This is the flag awarded by General Xi Jinping to Bi Yi, commander of the Information Support Force, and Li Wei, political commissar.

It is necessary to implement the thought of strengthening the army in the new era and the military strategic principles of the new era, adhere to the principle of building the army through politics, strengthening the army through reform, strengthening the army through science and technology, strengthening the army through talents, and running the army in accordance with the law. We must focus on preparing for war and follow the strategic requirements of system integration and global support. , forge ahead with determination, work hard, and strive to build a powerful modern information support force

　　■The adjustment and formation of the information support force is a major decision made by the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission based on the overall situation of strengthening the military. It is a strategic move to build a new structure of services and arms and improve the modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. It is also important for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the army and Effectively fulfilling the missions and tasks of the People’s Army in the new era is of great and far-reaching significance

　　■The information support force is a newly created strategic force and a key support for coordinating the construction and application of network information systems. It plays an important role and has great responsibilities in promoting the high-quality development of our military and winning modern wars. We must resolutely obey the party’s command, fully implement the fundamental principles and systems of the party’s absolute leadership over the military, comprehensively strengthen party building in the military, strengthen ideals and beliefs, strictly enforce discipline and rules, promote good styles, and ensure the absolute loyalty, purity, and reliability of the military. It is necessary to effectively support operations, adhere to information-led and joint victory, smooth information links, integrate information resources, strengthen information protection, deeply integrate into the military’s joint operations system, accurately and efficiently implement information support, and serve to support military struggles in all directions and fields. It is necessary to accelerate innovation and development, adhere to the fundamental traction of combat needs, strengthen system planning, promote joint construction and sharing, strengthen scientific and technological innovation, build a network information system that meets the requirements of modern warfare and has the characteristics of our military, and promote the accelerated improvement of the system’s combat capabilities with high quality. It is necessary to consolidate the foundation of the army, implement the requirements for comprehensive and strict military management, strictly manage education, maintain formal order, stimulate motivation and vitality, comprehensively forge excellent grassroots, ensure a high degree of unity, security and stability of the army, strive to create a new situation in army building, and resolutely complete the tasks assigned by the party and the people. various tasks

　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, April 19 (Reporter Mei Changwei) The founding meeting of the Information Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was held grandly at the Bayi Building in Beijing on the 19th. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the Information Support Force and delivered a speech. On behalf of the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission, he extended warm congratulations to all officers and soldiers of the Information Support Force. He emphasized that it is necessary to implement the thought of strengthening the military in the new era, implement the military strategic principles of the new era, adhere to the principle of building the army through politics, strengthening the army through reform, strengthening the army through science and technology, strengthening the army through talents, and running the army in accordance with the law. Strategic requirements, forge ahead, work hard, and strive to build a powerful modern information support force.

　　At 4 o’clock in the afternoon, the inaugural meeting began, and the entire audience sang the national anthem. The guard of honor guarded the military flag and walked forward to the rostrum. Xi Jinping awarded the general flag to Bi Yi, commander of the Information Support Force, and Li Wei, political commissar. The main leaders of the information support force saluted Xi Jinping, took the military flag from Xi Jinping, and stood in awe with the flag. All officers and soldiers solemnly saluted the military flag.

　　After the flag-presenting ceremony, Xi Jinping delivered a speech. He pointed out that the adjustment and formation of the information support force is a major decision made by the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission based on the overall situation of strengthening the military. It is a strategic measure to build a new structure of services and arms and improve the modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. It is also important for accelerating national defense and military affairs. Modernizing and effectively fulfilling the missions and tasks of the People’s Army in the new era is of great and far-reaching significance.

　　Xi Jinping emphasized that the information support force is a newly created strategic force and a key support for coordinating the construction and application of network information systems. It plays an important role and has great responsibilities in promoting the high-quality development of our army and winning modern wars. We must resolutely obey the party’s command, fully implement the fundamental principles and systems of the party’s absolute leadership over the military, comprehensively strengthen party building in the military, strengthen ideals and beliefs, strictly enforce discipline and rules, promote good styles, and ensure the absolute loyalty, purity, and reliability of the military. It is necessary to effectively support operations, adhere to information-led and joint victory, smooth information links, integrate information resources, strengthen information protection, deeply integrate into the military’s joint operations system, accurately and efficiently implement information support, and serve to support military struggles in all directions and fields. It is necessary to accelerate innovation and development, adhere to the fundamental traction of combat needs, strengthen system planning, promote joint construction and sharing, strengthen scientific and technological innovation, build a network information system that meets the requirements of modern warfare and has the characteristics of our military, and promote the accelerated improvement of the system’s combat capabilities with high quality. It is necessary to consolidate the foundation of the army, implement the requirements for comprehensive and strict military management, strictly educate and manage, maintain formal order, stimulate motivation and vitality, comprehensively forge excellent grassroots, ensure a high degree of unity, security and stability of the army, strive to create a new situation in army building, and resolutely complete the tasks assigned by the party and the people. various tasks.

　　Li Wei spoke on behalf of the Information Support Force, saying that we must resolutely implement Chairman Xi’s important instructions, resolutely obey the commands of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi, focus on preparing for war, faithfully perform our duties, and never let down the trust of the Party and the people.

　　The conference ended with majestic military songs. Afterwards, Xi Jinping met with members of the leadership team of the Information Support Force and took photos with them.

　　At the founding meeting, Zhang Youxia, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission, read out the Central Military Commission’s order on the establishment of the information support force, the order on the appointment of members of the leadership team of the information support force, and the composition notice of the Party Committee Standing Committee issued by Xi Jinping. Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee , Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission He Weidong presided over the meeting.

　　Central Military Commission members Liu Zhenli, Miao Hua and Zhang Shengmin attended the conference. Relevant responsible comrades from all ministries and commissions of the Central Military Commission, all agencies directly under the Central Military Commission, all war zones, all services and arms, all units directly under the Central Military Commission, and the Armed Police Force, as well as representatives of officers and soldiers of all services and arms and the Armed Police Force, as well as representatives of civilian personnel, attended the conference.

　　According to the decision of the Central Military Commission, the newly formed information support force will be directly commanded by the Central Military Commission. At the same time, the designation of the strategic support force will be revoked, and the leadership and management relationships of the military aerospace force and cyberspace force will be adjusted accordingly.

國語中文：

4月19日，中國人民解放軍資訊支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習近平授予資訊支援部隊軍旗並致訓詞。這是習近平致訓詞。
新華社記者 李 剛攝
4月19日，中國人民解放軍資訊支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習近平授予資訊支援部隊軍旗並致訓詞。這是習近平將軍旗授予資訊支援部隊司令員畢毅、政治委員李偉。
新華社記者 李 剛攝

■要貫徹新時代強軍思想，貫徹新時代軍事戰略方針，堅持政治建軍、改革強軍、科技強軍、人才強軍、依法治軍，聚焦備戰打仗，依照體系融合、全域支撐的戰略要求，銳意進取，札實工作，努力建立一支強大的現代化資訊支援部隊

■調整組建資訊支援部隊，是黨中央和中央軍委從強軍事業全局出發作出的重大決策，是構建新型軍兵種結構佈局、完善中國特色現代軍事力量體系的戰略舉措，對加快國防和軍隊現代化、有效履行新時代人民軍隊使命任務具有重大而深遠的意義

■資訊支援部隊是全新打造的戰略性兵種，是統籌網絡資訊體系建設運用的關鍵支撐，在推動我軍高質量發展和打贏現代戰爭中地位重要、責任重大。要堅決聽黨指揮，全面貫徹黨對軍隊絕對領導的根本原則和製度，全面加強部隊黨的建設，堅定理想信念，嚴肅紀律規矩，弘揚優良作風，確保部隊絕對忠誠、絕對純潔、絕對可靠。要強力支撐作戰，堅持資訊主導、聯合製勝，暢通資訊鏈路，融合資訊資源，加強資訊防護，深度融入全軍聯合作戰體系，精準高效實施資訊支援，服務保障各方向各領域軍事鬥爭。要加速創新發展，堅持作戰需求根本牽引，加強體系統籌，推進共建共享，強化科技創新，建設符合現代戰爭要求、具有我軍特色的網絡信息體系，高質量推動體係作戰能力加速提升。要夯實部隊基礎，落實全面從嚴治軍要求，嚴格教育管理，保持正規秩序，激發動力活力，全面鍛造過硬基層，確保部隊高度集中統一和安全穩定，奮力開創部隊建設新局面，堅決完成黨和人民賦予的各項任務

新華社北京4月19日電 （記者梅常偉）中國人民解放軍資訊支援部隊成立大會19日在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習近平向資訊支援部隊授予軍旗並致訓詞，代表黨中央和中央軍委向資訊支援部隊全體官兵致以熱烈祝賀。他強調，要貫徹新時代強軍思想，貫徹新時代軍事戰略方針，堅持政治建軍、改革強軍、科技強軍、人才強軍、依法治軍，聚焦備戰打仗，依照體系融合、全域支撐的戰略要求，銳意進取，札實工作，努力建立一支強大的現代化資訊支援部隊。

下午4時，成立大會開始，全場高唱國歌。儀仗禮兵護衛著軍旗，正步行進到主席台前。習近平將軍旗授予資訊支援部隊司令員畢毅、政治委員李偉。資訊支援部隊主要領導向習近平敬禮，從習近平手中接過軍旗，持旗肅立。全體官兵向軍旗莊嚴敬禮。

授旗儀式後，習近平致訓詞。他指出，調整組建資訊支援部隊，是黨中央和中央軍委從強軍事業全局出發作出的重大決策，是構建新型軍兵種結構佈局、完善中國特色現代軍事力量體系的戰略舉措，對加快國防和軍隊現代化、有效履行新時代人民軍隊使命任務具有重大而深遠的意義。

習近平強調，資訊支援部隊是全新打造的戰略性兵種，是統籌網絡資訊體系建設運用的關鍵支撐，在推動我軍高質量發展和打贏現代戰爭中地位重要、責任重大。要堅決聽黨指揮，全面貫徹黨對軍隊絕對領導的根本原則和製度，全面加強部隊黨的建設，堅定理想信念，嚴肅紀律規矩，弘揚優良作風，確保部隊絕對忠誠、絕對純潔、絕對可靠。要強力支撐作戰，堅持資訊主導、聯合製勝，暢通資訊鏈路，融合資訊資源，加強資訊防護，深度融入全軍聯合作戰體系，精準高效實施資訊支援，服務保障各方向各領域軍事鬥爭。要加速創新發展，堅持作戰需求根本牽引，加強體系統籌，推進共建共享，強化科技創新，建設符合現代戰爭要求、具有我軍特色的網絡信息體系，高質量推動體係作戰能力加速提升。要夯實部隊基礎，落實全面從嚴治軍要求，嚴格教育管理，保持正規秩序，激發動力活力，全面鍛造過硬基層，確保部隊高度集中統一和安全穩定，奮力開創部隊建設新局面，堅決完成黨和人民賦予的各項任務。

李偉代表資訊支援部隊發言，表示要堅決貫徹習主席重要指示，堅決聽從黨中央、中央軍委和習主席指揮，聚力備戰打仗，忠誠履職盡責，決不辜負黨和人民重托。

大會在雄壯的軍歌聲中結束。之後，習近平接見了資訊支援部隊領導班子成員，並與大家合照。

成立大會上，中共中央政治局委員、中央軍委副主席張又俠宣讀了習近平簽發的中央軍委關於組建信息支援部隊的命令、信息支援部隊領導班子成員任職命令和黨委常委會組成通知，中共中央政治局委員、中央軍委副主席何衛東主持大會。

中央軍委會委員劉振立、苗華、張升民出席大會。軍委機關各部會、軍委各直屬機構、各戰區、各軍兵種、軍委各直屬單位、武警部隊有關負責同志，各軍兵種及武警部隊官兵代表、文職人員代表等參加大會。

根據中央軍委決定，新組建的資訊支援部隊由中央軍委直接領導指揮，同時撤銷戰略支援部隊番號，相應調整軍事航天部隊、網絡空間部隊領導管理關系。

中國共產黨原文來源：http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2024/0420/c64094-40219888.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Controlling Cognitive Power: an Important Support for Winning Wars

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控制認知力：贏得戰爭的重要支撐

英文翻譯：

As the decisive factor in war, people’s thinking and cognitive level determines their role and ultimately determines who controls the war. In other words, mastering the cognitive control means mastering the initiative in war to a large extent. Finding ways to control cognitive control and then seize comprehensive control of the battlefield to achieve the greatest victory at the lowest cost is an important winning mechanism in modern warfare.

The deepest level of war confrontation is the confrontation of thinking and cognition

Thinking and cognition are powerful weapons for humans to understand and transform the world, and are the most fundamental support and deepest force in war confrontation. War confrontation is ultimately a competition and confrontation between people, groups of people, and their materialized weapons and equipment.

Thinking and cognition determine the quality of decision-making. In the “OODA” closed-loop link of war operation, decision-making undoubtedly occupies a central position and plays a key role. The essence of decision-making is thinking and cognition. The advantage of thinking and cognition fundamentally determines the advantage of war decision-making and can even offset the disadvantages in other aspects. When summarizing the combat situation in East China, Chen Yi once said that the higher our army is, the stronger it is. “For example, the battle organization above the brigade is stronger than others, the column is stronger, the field command is stronger, and the strategic guidance of the command is many times better than him.” This kind of “the higher it is, the stronger it is” organizational leadership and strategic guidance demonstrates the advantage of thinking and cognition, which in turn forms the advantage of war decision-making. The so-called “strategy and strategy, winning thousands of miles away” and “one soldier is a tyrant, and the general is a tyrant”. Correct decision-making is the greatest advantage, and wrong decision-making is the most fatal mistake. Seizing the advantage of war decision-making with the advantage of thinking and cognition is the primary factor in winning the war.

Thinking and cognition determine strategy and tactics. Strategy and tactics are the strategic methods needed to achieve the purpose of war. Different thinking and cognition determine different strategies and tactics, and different strategies and tactics lead to different war results. In the early days of the Great Revolution, due to insufficient cognition and lack of experience, our party simply applied the experience of the Soviet revolution and competed with the Kuomintang reactionaries for the central cities with weak forces, resulting in repeated setbacks; Mao Zedong combined the basic principles of Marxism with the specific reality of the Chinese revolution, proposed the correct revolutionary path of “surrounding the cities from the countryside and seizing power by force”, and pioneered the summary and implementation of guerrilla warfare strategies and tactics, bringing hope to the Chinese revolution. The strategic policy of “protracted war” is a scientific conclusion based on the correct understanding of the nature of the War of Resistance Against Japan and the national conditions of China and Japan, and the criticism of erroneous ideas such as “national destruction theory” and “quick victory theory”. Facts show that correct strategies and tactics are inseparable from correct thinking and cognition, the quality of thinking and cognition determines the quality of strategies and tactics, and thinking and cognition are important components of combat effectiveness.

Thinking and cognition affect the morale of the army. “Revolutionary ideals are higher than the sky.” The reason why our army was able to defeat the majority with the minority and the strong with the weak, and continued to move from victory to victory in the long-term revolutionary war, is very important because of the firm belief in the future of the revolution and the correct understanding of objective laws. The so-called defeat is like a mountain collapsing. In the North African battlefield of World War II, the Italian fascist army full of anti-war sentiment often surrendered without a fight and took the initiative to surrender to the US and British troops. They simply didn’t know why they were fighting and for whom they were fighting. An army that is full of doubts and even despair about its future and destiny will never have high morale and strong combat effectiveness, let alone win in the confrontation with a strong enemy. Only an army that bases its thinking and cognition on a firm and persistent revolutionary ideal and a clear understanding of the future and destiny can have the courage and strength to overcome all difficulties and hardships.

Control of cognitive power is the cornerstone of comprehensive battlefield control

Battlefield control refers to the control of the battlefield situation and its outcome by the two opposing sides in a war, including the main factors such as control of cognition, control of information, control of firepower, and control of action. As the core of war games, thinking cognition is the key to other control and the cornerstone of comprehensive control. Mastering the control of cognition means mastering the joints of battlefield control, and grasping the control of cognition means grasping the “lifeline” to victory.

Controlling cognitive power is an important destination of controlling information power. As a basic resource for the operation of information-based and intelligent warfare, an important purpose of controlling and utilizing information is to provide basic support for thinking and cognition. Only when thinking and cognition are based on sufficient information acquisition and possession can they form in-depth analysis, accurate judgment, and scientific decision-making, and promote commanders to make up their minds and organize troops to carry out operations. The reason why the popular stories such as borrowing arrows from a straw boat and the empty city plan were successful was that they took advantage of the opacity and asymmetry of battlefield information mastered by the enemy parties. In the Iraq War, the US military took advantage of its advantages in information technology to carry out a one-way transparent dimensionality reduction attack on the Iraqi army, which was still at the level of mechanized development. The Iraqi army’s command and decision-making were restricted by others due to its information disadvantages, and it soon lost the war. In a sense, modern warfare is a game of controlling cognitive power based on controlling information power. The basic logic of controlling comprehensive battlefield power and winning the war is to compete for information control power and then control cognitive control power.

The right to control cognition is the forerunner of the right to control action. Thought is the forerunner of action. Without correct thinking and cognition, there will be no correct decision-making and action. The so-called “decision before action”, this “decision” mainly refers to the fact that thinking and cognition decisions should be ahead of action and faster than the enemy. After the Zunyi Conference, Mao Zedong, with his keen perception of the enemy and our situation and scientific decision-making, commanded the Red Army to cross the Chishui River four times, cross the Jinsha River skillfully, seize the Luding Bridge, cross the snow-capped mountains, meet at Maogong, cross the grassland with difficulty, meet at Jiangtaibao… escaped the encirclement and blockade of the Kuomintang army and won the great victory of the Long March. The goal was to know the enemy first and move faster than the enemy. During the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, the Volunteer Army’s highly concealed actions of marching, fighting, eating, living and hiding made the “United Nations Army” with modern reconnaissance equipment almost “blind” and “deaf”, greatly limiting its mobility and firepower advantages. The goal was to play to its strengths and avoid its weaknesses, hide the truth and show the false. Facts show that mastering the right to control cognition means mastering the initiative in action, which can fully contain the enemy, seek benefits and avoid harm, and defeat the enemy first.

The right to control cognition is a strong support for the right to control firepower. The so-called “speed is the essence of war” and “use speed to defeat the slow”, this “speed” not only refers to the rapid action of the troops, but also refers to the rapid firepower attack, and the latter is even more important than the former. In order to achieve fast action, fast response, and fast attack, we must take the initiative to detect the enemy, know the enemy, and predict the enemy. This requires thinking and cognition to be better than the enemy and faster than the enemy. During the Second World War, radar was widely used and became a weapon to expand human cognition. The Battle of Britain was the first large-scale air battle in the UK to deal with the bombing of the German Air Force. On September 15, 1940, the British Air Force intercepted more than 800 German aircraft with more than 300 fighters. With the help of radar, they took the initiative to detect enemy aircraft and occupy a favorable firing position. In the end, at the cost of losing more than 20 fighters, more than 180 German aircraft were shot down, which greatly dampened the morale of the German army and forced Nazi Germany to postpone the “Sea Lion Plan” to invade Britain indefinitely. Modern warfare has entered the “instant kill” era of discovery and destruction. Being one step faster in thinking and cognition means discovering and attacking the enemy one step faster, and the chances of defeating the enemy are greatly improved.

Strive to seize new advantages in cognitive power

Controlling cognition is an important magic weapon for winning modern wars. Adhering to the dual efforts of wisdom and technology, taking multiple measures, seizing the commanding heights of thinking and cognition, and seizing the control of combat cognition are becoming important aspects for the military of various countries to seize the initiative in war and gain combat advantages.

Deeply promote the innovation of the theory of control and cognitive power. As a new operational concept, control and cognitive power is in the initial exploration stage and has huge room for innovation and development. The army that can take the lead in the innovation of the concept of control and cognitive power, the exploration of mechanisms, the revelation of laws, the transformation and application of combat effectiveness, etc., will be able to seize the initiative in the competition for control and cognitive power. Therefore, we must truly take the innovation of the theory of control and cognitive power operations as an important support for seizing comprehensive battlefield control, seeking new advantages in our army’s cognitive operations, and thus winning modern wars, as an important part of the party’s military guidance theory innovation and the construction and application of new forces, and as an important part of building a world-class army in an all-round way. We must integrate high-quality resources and forces, increase investment, and produce more high-quality research results. Timely follow up and study typical cases of cognitive operations at home and abroad, conscientiously summarize practical experience from all aspects, combine the specific reality of our army, increase theoretical innovation, and form a theoretical system that is contemporary, leading, and unique as soon as possible.

Focus on the research and development of cognitive power technology. Science and technology are core combat power, core cognitive power, and core elements of cognitive power. The advantage of cognitive power is also mainly reflected in cognitive technology. In today’s world, military powers such as the United States and Russia attach great importance to cognitive warfare-related technologies such as artificial intelligence, brain control technology, brain control technology, situational awareness technology, and high-performance communication technology. They have increased their investment and made great efforts to seek innovative breakthroughs and seize the initiative. This requires us to effectively strengthen our initiative, consciously put cognitive technology innovation in an important position in the strategy of strengthening the country and the army through science and technology, actively carry out basic theoretical innovation and independent innovation of core technologies, and achieve what you don’t have, what you have, I am better, and what you are better, and firmly grasp our destiny in our own hands. At the same time, we should adapt to my country’s national conditions, military conditions and technical realities, explore innovative ways that suit us, form characteristic technical routes, strive to master asymmetric technologies, and form “killer skills” that can defeat the enemy at critical moments.

Solidly carry out the drills of tactics and methods of controlling cognitive power. Hard training produces elite soldiers. The formation of cognitive power depends not only on theoretical innovation and technological research and development, but also on the specialization and refinement of technical tactics and tactics. We must insist on incorporating cognitive operations into daily combat readiness drills, into specific combat action plans, simulate important combat operations, preset actual combat scenarios, and practice hard and intensively in an environment close to actual combat, so as to form the actual combat capability of real combat and real preparation, good attack and defense, and control and clever control. Timely summarize the successful experiences and beneficial practices formed in actual combat training and actual combat, reveal the internal mechanisms and characteristics and laws that run through them, form operational normative measures, and incorporate them into combat regulations. Strengthen the construction of basic elements such as training facilities, equipment, and venues, build a number of characteristic training venues based on the existing comprehensive training grounds, and carry out base-based specialized training. Strengthen training evaluation, formulate a capability indicator system, build an evaluation process system, and adopt scientific evaluation methods to improve the quality of training.

(Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences)

現代國語：

人作為戰爭的決定性因素，其思維認知層次決定人的作用發揮並最終決定戰爭制權歸屬，也就是說，掌握了製認知權很大程度上也就掌握了戰爭主動。想方設法掌控制認知權，進而奪取戰場綜合控制權，實現以最小的代價獲取最大的勝利，是現代戰爭的重要製勝機理。

戰爭對抗深層是思維認知的對抗

思維認知作為人類認識世界、改造世界的強大武器，是戰爭對抗的最根本依賴、最深層力量。戰爭對抗歸根結底是人與人、人群與人群及其物化形態武器裝備思維認知力的競爭與對抗。

思維認知決定決策品質。在戰爭運行「OODA」閉環鏈路中，決策無疑居於中心位置，扮演關鍵角色。而決策的本質是思維認知，思維認知的優勢根本上決定戰爭決策的優勢甚至可以抵銷其他方面的劣勢。陳毅在總結華東作戰情況時曾說，我軍愈往上比愈強，「如旅以上戰役組織比人家強，縱隊更強，野戰司令部又更強，到統帥部的戰略指導更不知比他高明多少倍」。這種「愈往上比愈強」的組織領導與戰略指導，彰顯的就是思維認知上的優勢，進而形成戰爭決策的優勢。所謂“運籌帷幄，決勝千裡”“兵熊熊一個，將熊熊一窩”，決策正確是最大的優勢，決策失誤是最致命的失誤。以思維認知優勢奪取戰爭決策優勢，是製勝戰爭的首要因素。

思維認知左右戰略戰術。戰略戰術是達到戰爭目的所需採取的策略方法。不同的思維認知決定不同的戰略戰術，不同的戰略戰術導致不同的戰爭結果。大革命初期，由於認知不足和經驗缺乏，我們黨簡單套用蘇聯革命經驗，以薄弱的力量同國民黨反動派爭奪中心城市，結果一再受挫；毛澤東將馬克思主義基本原理與中國革命具體實際相結合，提出「農村包圍城市，武裝奪取政權」正確革命道路，並開創性總結實施遊擊戰爭戰略戰術，讓中國革命迎來曙光。 「持久戰」的策略方針，就是基於對抗日戰爭性質和中日兩國國情正確認知及對「亡國論」「速勝論」等錯誤思想的批判後得出的科學結論。事實表明，正確的戰略戰術離不開正確的思維認知，思維認知質量決定戰略戰術質量，而思維認知力是戰鬥力重要構成要素。

思維認知影響軍心士氣。 “革命理想高於天”，我軍在長期的革命戰爭中之所以能以少勝多、以弱勝強，不斷從勝利走向勝利，很重要的在於對革命前途的堅定信念和對客觀規律的正確認知。所謂兵敗如山倒，第二次世界大戰北非戰場，充滿反戰情緒的義大利法西斯軍隊經常不戰而降，主動向美英軍隊繳械投誠，根本是不知為何而戰為誰而戰。一支對前途命運和未來充滿疑惑甚至絕望的軍隊，斷不會產生高昂的士氣和強大的戰鬥力，更不可能在與強敵對抗中勝出。只有將思維認知建立在對革命理想堅定執著和對前途命運清醒認知基礎上的軍隊，才能產生戰勝一切艱難困苦的勇氣和力量。

制認知權是戰場綜合製權的基石

戰場制權是戰爭中敵對雙方對戰場態勢及其走向結果的控制權，包括制認知權、制資訊權、制火力權、制行動權等主要因素。思維認知作為戰爭賽局的內核，是其他制權的要樞、綜合製權的基石。掌握了製認知權就掌握了戰場制權的關節，抓住了製認知權就抓住了走向勝利的「命門」。

制認知權是製資訊權的重要歸宿。資訊作為資訊化智慧化戰爭運作的基本資源，其控制利用的一個重要目的在於為思維認知提供基礎支撐。思維認知只有建立在充分的資訊取得和佔有基礎之上，才能形成深入的分析、準確的研判、科學的決策，推動指揮員定下決心，組織部隊開展行動。膾炙人口的草船借箭、空城計等之所以成功，利用的就是敵對雙方對戰場資訊掌握的不透明、不對稱。伊拉克戰爭中美軍利用在資訊技術上的優勢，對還處於機械化發展水平的伊拉克軍隊實施資訊單向透明的降維打擊，伊軍指揮決策因資訊劣勢處處受制於人，很快就輸掉了戰爭。現代戰爭在某種意義上是基於制資訊權的製認知權博弈，透過爭奪資訊制權進而掌控認知制權，是掌控戰場綜合製權進而贏得戰爭的基本邏輯。

制認知權是製行動權的先導引領。思想是行動的先導。沒有正確的思維認知就沒有正確的決策行動。所謂“謀定而後動”，這個“謀”，主要是指思維認知決策要先於行動、快於敵人。遵義會議後，毛澤東以對敵我形勢的敏銳感知和科學決策，指揮紅軍四渡赤水、巧渡金沙江、飛奪瀘定橋、翻越雪山、會師懋功，艱難過草地、會師將台堡… ……跳出國民黨軍的圍追堵截，贏得長徵的偉大勝利，打的就是先敵而知、快敵而動。在抗美援朝戰爭中，志願軍走打吃住藏行動高度隱蔽，令擁有現代化偵察裝備的“聯合國軍”幾乎成了“瞎子”“聾子”，極大限制了其機動和火力優勢發揮，打的就是揚長避短、隱真示假。事實顯示，掌握了認知制權就掌握了行動主動，就能充分牽制敵軍，趨利避害、先機制敵。

制認知權是製火力權的強力支撐。所謂“兵貴神速”“以快打慢”，這個“速”不僅僅指部隊行動迅速，更指火力打擊快速，甚至後者比前者更重要。而要做到快動、快反、快打，就要先機偵敵、知敵、料敵。這就要求思維認知優於敵人、快於敵人。第二次世界大戰期間，雷達廣泛應用成為拓展人類認知的利器。英國首次成規模用於應對德國空軍轟炸的不列顛空戰。 1940年9月15日，英國空軍以300餘架戰機攔截來犯的800餘架德軍飛機，在雷達幫助下先機發現敵機，先機佔據有利開火位置，最終以損失20多架戰機的代價擊落180多架德軍飛機，極大挫傷了德軍士氣，迫使納粹德國無限期推遲入侵英國的「海獅計畫」。現代戰爭已進入發現即摧毀的「秒殺」時代，在思維認知上快人一步，就意味著發現敵人、攻擊敵人快其一步，制敵勝算就極大提升。

努力奪取制認知權新優勢

制認知權是製勝現代戰爭的重要法寶。堅持智謀和技術雙向發力、多措並舉，搶佔思維認知制高點，奪取作戰認知控制權，正成為各國軍隊搶佔戰爭主動權、贏取作戰優勢的重要面向。

深入推進制認知權理論創新。制認知權作為新作戰概念，正處於起步探索階段，具有巨大創新發展空間。哪支軍隊能夠在製認知權概念創新、機理探索、規律揭示、戰鬥力轉化運用等方面走在前面，哪支軍隊就能在製認知權爭奪上搶佔先機。所以，要切實將製認知權作戰理論創新作為奪取戰場綜合製權、謀求我軍認知作戰新優勢進而製勝現代戰爭的重要支撐，作為黨的軍事指導理論創新和新質力量建設與運用的重要內容，作為全面建成世界一流軍隊的重要組成部分，整合優質資源力量，加大投入力度，多出高質量研究成果。及時跟進研究國內外認知作戰典型戰例，認真總結各方面實踐經驗，結合我軍具體實際，加大理論創新力度，儘早形成具有時代性、引領性、獨特性的理論體系。

突顯抓好制認知權技術研發。科學技術是核心戰鬥力，也是核心認知力，更是製認知權的核心要素。制認知權的優勢也主要體現在認知技術上。當今世界，美俄等軍事強國對諸如人工智慧、腦控技術、控腦技術、態勢感知技術、高性能通聯技術等與認知戰相關的技術都高度重視，紛紛加大投入力度，下大力謀求創新突破，努力搶佔先機。這就要求我們切實強化主動意識，自覺把認知技術創新放在科技強國強軍戰略的重要位置，積極搞好基礎理論創新和核心技術自主創新，做到你無我有、你有我優、你優我精，把命運牢牢掌握在自己手中。同時，適應我國國情和技術實際，探索適合自己的創新路子，形成特色技術路線，努力掌握非對稱技術，形成關鍵時刻能夠克敵制勝的「必殺技」。

札實開展制認知權戰法演練。苦練出精兵。制認知權的形成，既靠理論創新和技術研發，也靠技戰術和戰法的專攻精練。要堅持將認知作戰納入日常戰備演練，納入具體作戰行動計劃，模擬重要作戰行動，預設實戰場景，在近似實戰的環境中苦練精訓，形成真打實備、能攻善守、能控巧製的實戰能力。及時總結實戰化演訓和實戰中形成的成功經驗和有益做法，揭示貫穿其中的內在機理和特點規律，形成操作性規範措施，納入作戰條令條例。加強訓練設施、器材、場地等基本要素建設，依托現有綜合訓練場打造若干特色訓練場所，開展基地化專業化訓練。加強訓練評估，制定能力指標體系，建構評估流程體系，採用科學評估方法，提升訓練品質水準。

（作者單位：軍事科學院軍隊政治工作研究院）

延伸閱讀：

《元宇宙：未來認知戰的新高地》

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4909888.html

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Chinese Military Analysis of Winning Mechanisms of Modern Warfare and Emerging Combat Concepts

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中國軍事對現代戰爭制勝機制與新興作戰概念的分析

現代英語翻譯：

he winning mechanism of war refers to the winning rules, paths, methods and means of war. Driven by scientific and technological progress, changes in weapons and equipment, changes in the purpose of war and other factors, the winning mechanism of modern war has also changed accordingly. President Xi Jinping pointed out profoundly: “Modern warfare has indeed undergone profound changes. These changes may seem dazzling, but there are rules behind them. The fundamental thing is that the winning mechanism of war has changed.” Today, the world’s military powers, led by the United States, are stepping up research on operational concept design. In-depth analysis of the connotation and characteristics of emerging operational concepts, excavation of their internal logic, and identification of the winning mechanism of modern warfare are of great significance for seizing the opportunities of new military changes in the world and winning future wars.

Using cognitive warfare to create cognitive leadership advantages

Cognitive warfare focuses on confrontation at the level of consciousness and thinking. By transmitting selectively processed information, it influences decision-making, changes values, and competes for people’s support, thereby guiding the war situation to develop in a direction that is beneficial to oneself and not to the enemy. Cognitive warfare is an offensive and defensive operation launched by both sides in the cognitive field. The core of the confrontation is the struggle for dominance in the ideological field. The focus is on strengthening cognitive attacks while taking into account cognitive defense.

Dominance in the ideological field is the core of cognitive warfare. First, it is to guide political cognition. Ideology determines the rational foundation of cognition. The struggle for dominance in the ideological field has become the core of the cognitive confrontation between the enemy and us, with the focus on shaping political beliefs, war attitudes and values ​​that are beneficial to oneself. Political cognitive guidance aims to portray the legitimacy of political parties, the rationality of governing ideas, and the health of the political ecology, to consolidate or destroy political consensus, to strengthen or shake political beliefs, to expand or disintegrate political camps, to cultivate recognition or negation of political positions, beliefs, and ideas, and to lay a political cognitive layout that is beneficial to oneself and unfavorable to the enemy.

The second is to guide value cognition. The guidance of war cognition aims to shape the nature, character, and legal basis of war, guide all parties to make value judgments on the justice and legitimacy of war, influence the direction of public opinion on supporting or opposing war, and regulate the strength of people’s willingness to assume war obligations. The guidance of value cognition aims to launch a fierce competition around the judgment and orientation of value concepts, and seek general emotional recognition in society by spreading ethics, morality, right and wrong, good and evil, and the beauty and ugliness of human nature.

War cognitive guidance aims to shape

The nature, character, and legal basis of war

The focus of cognitive warfare is to force cognition and win the hearts and minds of the people. Cognitive attack is the focus of cognitive warfare. Focusing on the content and methods of the attack, taking targeted attacks is of great significance for shaping the enemy’s wrong cognition and forming a situation that is beneficial to us. From the perspective of content, coercive cognition should focus on the psychological activities of social groups. By shaping cognitive differences, we seek to create antagonistic psychology between different nationalities, races, regions, classes, and groups, accumulate dissatisfaction with the regime from all walks of life, undermine the unity and stability within the country, and induce social unrest and division. From the perspective of methods, we should focus on “wartime” psychological attacks on the basis of “peacetime” cognitive coercion.

The targets of cognitive attacks during wartime include not only the forces participating in the war, but also the forces supporting the war. For the forces participating in the war, we should target the commanders at all levels of the enemy, and weaken their will to resist and interfere with their command decisions through cognitive manipulation, information deception, inducements and persuasion to surrender, so as to achieve the goal of disintegrating the enemy army; for the forces supporting the war, we should widely use radio, broadcasting, new media and other media to publicize major battle results, the enemy’s defeat and escape, tragic battlefield scenes and other content, so as to induce panic and war-weariness among the people and weaken the enemy’s war potential.

Building a strong defense line, gathering hearts and controlling the situation are the foundations of cognitive warfare. The focus of cognitive warfare is attack, while the foundation is defense. While strengthening cognitive attacks on the enemy, we should also focus on cognitive defense. The focus of cognitive defense is to build a strong defense line and stabilize the overall situation. For the participating forces, we should focus on giving full play to the advantages of political work, carry out extensive political mobilization, inspire the spirit of bravery and fearlessness, bravely killing the enemy, and the will to defend the country and sacrifice their lives, actively carry out meritorious service and set up typical examples to boost military morale; for social support forces, we should widely publicize the justice and legitimacy of the war, continuously strengthen patriotism education, inspire the sense of responsibility and sense of crisis of the whole people, and gather hearts and souls.

In addition, we should take positive and effective actions to maximize the support of the international community. Although the support of the international community is mainly obtained through political and diplomatic activities, actively carrying out humanitarian assistance and widely disseminating our own positions, attitudes and values ​​can often promote the change of the attitude of the international community and create favorable conditions for winning the broadest support from the international community.

Establishing strategic initiative advantage through hybrid warfare

Hybrid warfare is a war that uses a variety of means such as politics, economy, diplomacy, science and technology, culture, and military, and combines cyber warfare, public opinion warfare, economic warfare, scientific and technological warfare, and covert conventional military operations to disrupt the situation, destroy the opponent’s war potential, and ultimately achieve strategic goals. In the competition between the strong and the weak, the effective use of hybrid warfare can not only shape a favorable strategic situation and hedge against the strategic competition of major powers, but also achieve the excellent effect of defeating the enemy without fighting and establish a strategic initiative advantage.

Hybrid warfare is the comprehensive use of diverse means

Defeat the weak with the strong, and win without fighting . War is a large-scale and fierce military struggle between countries or political groups using armed forces to achieve certain political goals. This traditional war style uses military hard power competition as the main means of struggle. Although it can quickly and intuitively achieve strategic goals, it is very likely to lead to a passive situation of “hurting the enemy by 1,000 and losing 800 of our own”, and it is easy to attract international condemnation and comprehensive sanctions. Especially in the competition between the strong and the weak, the strong side has an absolute advantage, which is not only reflected in the military field, but also in many fields such as politics, economy, diplomacy, science and technology, and culture. Therefore, unconventional hybrid warfare supported by military strength shows more and more flexible and diverse possibilities of use. Making good use of hybrid warfare means that on the basis of mastering our own advantages and the enemy’s disadvantages, we give priority to non-military means such as politics, diplomacy, economy, and public opinion that can play to our strengths and avoid weaknesses, and use our own strengths to attack the enemy’s weaknesses, pursuing “less fighting” or “no fighting” to win.

Use the strong to counter the strong, and hedge against the competition among major powers. The world today is in a period of great development and great change, and the relations between major powers have entered a new stage of all-round struggle. In order to maintain its unilateral hegemonic status, some military powers have stepped up efforts to win over and divide, deliberately provoked disputes, and continuously used hybrid warfare to contain and suppress competitors, exacerbating the tension of competition among major powers. In the confrontation between the strong and the strong, if you want to avoid being at a disadvantage, you must pick up the weapon of hybrid warfare and give the enemy a taste of its own medicine. We must actively establish the concept of hybrid warfare thinking, understand the characteristics and laws of the enemy’s hybrid warfare, and flexibly use hybrid warfare strategies on the basis of comparing and mastering the advantages and disadvantages of the enemy and ourselves, and properly strengthen strategic prevention and response on the basis of ensuring equal countermeasures, so as to change the passive and unfavorable situation, seek strategic balance, and strive for strategic victory.

Use the weak to defeat the strong and create a favorable situation. The strong wins and the weak loses is a basic rule. If the weak side wants to take the initiative or reverse the decline, it must not fight the strong with the weak or fight against the stone with the egg. Actively adopting a hybrid warfare strategy is an excellent choice. Especially in the context of the accelerated evolution of the global integration process, the links between countries are closer, involving political, economic, social, cultural, military and many other fields. The exchanges are becoming closer, which also provides important practical support for the use of hybrid warfare. Although the weak side is in a disadvantaged position in overall strength, it can rely on its strengths in certain areas and insist on “you fight yours, I fight mine”, and plan and layout with flexible and proactive struggle strategies to trap and disturb the enemy, so that the enemy cannot play all its advantages, so as to change the situation of the comparison of strong and weak forces, strive for strategic balance, or strive for a strategic opportunity window for national security development and create favorable conditions.

Gaining system advantage through joint all-domain warfare

Since the US Army proposed multi-domain warfare (MDB) in 2016, the US military has successively proposed a number of joint combat concepts, from multi-domain operations (MDO), to all-domain operations (ADO), and then to joint all-domain operations (JADO). The essence of the concept of joint all-domain operations is the deep joint operations of multiple services, with the aim of achieving multi-domain coordination and cross-domain integration in all fields such as land, sea, air, space, network, and electricity, and winning modern wars with system advantages.

Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) is

An important supporting concept of the Joint Global Domain Operations concept

Cross-domain coordination is the cornerstone of victory in joint all-domain warfare. Unlike traditional joint operations that pursue the coordination between various services, joint all-domain operations pursue the coordination between various combat domains. Through multi-domain coordination and cross-domain coordination, we seek overall advantages over the enemy and achieve system victory. It is mainly manifested in the following two points: On the one hand, it is asymmetric checks and balances. Emphasis on asymmetric operations, avoid “tit-for-tat” head-on confrontation with opponents of equal strength in traditional combat fields, emphasize strengths and avoid weaknesses, give play to advantages in key fields such as network, electromagnetic and space, make good use of advantages in new fields such as artificial intelligence and biosecurity, and use advantages in key and critical fields to support joint operations to win. On the other hand, it is system checks and balances. The key to achieving cross-domain coordinated operations is to deeply integrate the space, network, and electromagnetic fields with traditional land, sea and air battlefields through joint all-domain command and control, ensure that joint task forces can efficiently use various combat capabilities in the six major combat domains of land, sea, air, space, network and electricity, replace “capability superposition” with “capability integration”, target the enemy’s shortcomings, and integrate the system to produce an overall effect that is better than the sum of its parts.

Prioritized decision-making is the magic weapon for defeating the enemy in joint all-domain warfare. The key to defeating the enemy in joint all-domain warfare is to ensure the advantage of one’s own decision-making and prioritize decision-making. The first is to gain information advantage. Joint all-domain command and control can integrate intelligence information from various domains, form a comprehensive and detailed battlefield situation map through correlation analysis and fusion integration, support commanders’ comprehensive situation awareness, and achieve information advantage.

The second is to establish decision-making advantages. Based on comprehensive and detailed battlefield situation information, with the support of intelligent decision-making assistance, commanders can make scientific and rapid decisions, form plans, and give priority to implementing efficient actions. Different from the traditional OODA theory of “achieving combat advantages by accelerating the OODA cycle”, the joint global command and control is committed to establishing a more efficient “DA cycle”, that is, by establishing an adaptive feedback process between decision-making (D link) and action (A link), determining actions based on decisions, and in turn adjusting decisions in a timely manner based on feedback from action results, and constantly accelerating this cycle, ensuring that while improving their own decision-making efficiency, the enemy is put into a “decision-making dilemma” to achieve the purpose of disturbing and defeating the enemy, thereby establishing decision-making advantages.

Finally, the use of advanced intelligent algorithms strengthens this advantage. Data processing algorithms make situational awareness and intelligence analysis more insightful, intelligent game algorithms make combat planning and auxiliary decision-making more creative, and autonomous control algorithms make force organization and task implementation more executable. It can be said that advanced intelligent algorithms are deeply integrated into all links of the kill chain of observation, judgment, decision-making, attack and evaluation, making the decision-making advantage of joint global operations further highlighted.

Agile command and control is an important support for joint global warfare. Joint global command and control is an important support for joint global operations to achieve agile and efficient command and control. Traditional command and control methods are difficult to achieve cross-domain integration of battlefield perception data, difficult to meet the requirements of cross-service integrated command and control, and difficult to cope with the complexity and timeliness of future operations. Joint global command and control aims to connect all sensors and shooters in real time, ensure seamless communication within the land, sea, air, space, electricity, and network combat domains, within each service, between services, and between allies, coordinate military operations, and strive to build a “network of networks” that supports unmanned intelligent operations.

On the one hand, cross-domain integrated command and control is realized. Joint global command and control focuses on realizing end-to-end information conversion and communication across services, evolving from a linear, static, chimney-style kill chain to a global interconnected kill network. Each service can flexibly call on sensors and strike platforms that are not built by itself, greatly enriching the reconnaissance means and strike options of a single service, while reducing target selection errors and significantly accelerating the OODA loop.

On the other hand, it can make decisions and take actions faster than the opponent. Joint global command and control greatly improves the perception and judgment capabilities in the OODA link through global multi-dimensional intelligence collection and efficient autonomous situation fusion. At the same time, it adopts a mesh communication structure with multi-path synchronous transmission to replace the traditional highly centralized communication nodes, optimize information distribution and sharing, speed up the effective information flow rate, make decisions and take actions before the enemy, and achieve the goal of defeating the enemy with speed.

原創現代國語：

战争制胜机理，是指战争的制胜规律、路径以及方式方法。受到科技进步的推动、武器装备的变革、战争目的的变化等因素的制约，现代战争制胜机理也随之发生变化。习主席深刻指出：“现代战争确实发生了深刻变化。这些变化看上去眼花缭乱，但背后是有规律可循的，根本的是战争的制胜机理变了。”今天，以美国为首的世界军事强国都在加紧作战概念设计研究。深入分析新兴作战概念内涵特点，挖掘其内在逻辑，找准现代战争制胜机理，对于把握世界新军事变革机遇，打赢未来战争，意义重大。

以认知战塑造认知先导优势

认知战聚焦意识思维层面的对抗，通过传递选择性加工后的信息，影响决策判断、改变价值观念、争夺人心向背，进而引导战争态势向利于己而不利于敌的方向发展。认知战是敌我双方在认知领域展开的攻防作战，对抗的核心是意识形态领域主导权的争夺，重点是加强认知攻击，同时兼顾认知防御。

主导意识形态领域是认知战的核心。一是引导政治认知。意识形态决定了认知的理性根基。围绕意识形态领域主导权的争夺成为敌我认知对抗的核心，重点是塑造有利于已的政治信念、战争态度和价值观念。政治认知引导旨在对政党合法性、执政理念合理性、政治生态健康性等内容的刻画，凝聚或破坏政治共识、坚定或动摇政治信念、拓展或瓦解政治阵营，培植对政治立场、信仰、理念等的认同或否定情感，铺设利己、不利于敌的政治认知布局。

二是引导价值认知。战争认知引导旨在塑造战争本质、性质、法理依据等内容，引导各方对战争正义性、合法性的价值评判，影响助战或反战舆论走向，调控民众承担战争义务意愿的强弱。价值认知引导旨在围绕价值观念评判与取向展开激烈争夺，通过传播伦理道德、是非善恶、人性美丑等内容，谋求社会普遍情感认同。

战争认知引导旨在塑造

战争本质、性质、法理依据等

迫诱认知攻心夺志是认知战的重点。认知攻击是认知战的重点，围绕攻击内容和方法，采取有重点的进攻，对于塑造敌方错误认知，形成有利于我之态势，意义重大。从内容上看，迫诱认知应重点围绕社会群类心理开展造势活动。通过塑造认知差异谋求不同民族、不同种族、不同地域、不同阶层、不同群体之间的对立心理，积累社会各界对政权当局的不满情绪，破坏国家内部的团结稳定，诱发社会动荡分裂。从方法上看，应在“平时”认知迫诱的基础上，聚焦“战时”攻心夺志。

战时认知攻击的对象不仅包括参战力量，还包括战争支持力量。针对参战力量，应靶向瞄准敌各级指挥员，通过认知操控、信息欺骗、利诱劝降等方式，削弱其抵抗意志，干扰其指挥决策，达成瓦解敌军目的；针对战争支持力量，应广泛运用电台、广播、新媒体等媒介，宣传重大战果、敌方溃败逃散、惨烈战场画面等内容，诱发民众恐慌厌战情绪，削弱敌战争潜力。

筑牢防线凝心控局是认知战的根基。认知战的重点是攻，而基础是守。在加强对敌方认知攻击的同时，还应重点做好认知防御。认知防御的重点是筑牢防线、稳控大局。针对参战力量，应注重发挥政治工作优势，广泛开展政治动员，激发官兵英勇无畏、奋勇杀敌的精神传承和保家卫国、舍身忘死的意志品质，积极开展立功受奖树立典型榜样，鼓舞军心士气；针对社会支撑力量，应广泛宣传战争正义性、合法性，不断强化爱国主义教育，激发全民责任意识和忧患意识，凝心聚魂。

此外，还应采取积极有效的行动，最大限度争取国际社会的支持。国际社会的支持，虽然主要依靠政治、外交活动争取，但积极开展人道主义救援，广泛传播己方立场态度与价值理念，往往能够推动国际社会态度的转变，为争取最广泛的国际社会支持创造有利条件。

以混合战确立战略主动优势

混合战争是综合运用政治、经济、外交、科技、文化、军事等多样化手段，将网络战、舆论战、经济战、科技战以及隐蔽的常规军事行动结合起来，搅局乱局，破坏对手战争潜力，以最终达成战略目的的战争。在强弱对抗竞争中，有效运用混合战争，不仅可以塑造有利战略态势，对冲大国战略竞争，而且能够达成不战而屈人之兵的绝佳效果，确立战略主动优势。

混合战争是多样化手段的综合运用

以强胜弱，不战屈人之兵。战争，是国家或者政治集团之间为了达成一定的政治目的，使用武装力量进行的大规模激烈交战的军事斗争。这种传统战争样式以军事硬实力比拼作为主要斗争手段，虽然能够快捷直观地达成战略目的，但极有可能出现“伤敌一千自损八百”的被动局面，且容易招致国际舆论谴责和全面制裁。特别是在强弱对抗竞争中，强者一方本就占据绝对优势，这不仅体现在军事领域，而且体现在政治、经济、外交、科技、文化等诸多领域。因此，以军事实力为支撑的非常规混合战争展现出愈发灵活多样的运用可能性。善用混合战争，就是在掌握我之优势、敌之劣势的基础上，优先选用政治、外交、经济、舆论等能够扬长避短的非军事手段，以已之长攻敌之短，追求“少战”或“不战”而屈人之兵。

以强对强，对冲大国竞争。当今世界正处于大发展大变革时期，大国关系进入全方位角力新阶段，有的军事强国为维护其单级霸权地位，加紧拉拢分化，蓄意挑起争端，并不断运用混合战争手段遏制打压竞争对手，加剧大国竞争紧张局势。在强与强的力量对抗中，要想不落下风，就必须拿起混合战争这个利器，以彼之道还施彼身。要积极确立混合战争思维理念，摸清搞透敌混合战争特点规律，在对比掌握敌我底数优长的基础上，灵活运用混合战争策略，以我之优势对敌之劣势，在确保对等反制的基础上，妥善加强战略防范与应对，以此改变被动不利局面，谋求战略均势，争取战略胜势。

以弱胜强，塑造有利态势。强胜弱败是基本法则。弱势一方要想占据主动或是扭转颓势，断然不能以弱碰硬、以卵击石，积极采取混合战争策略不失为一种绝佳选择。尤其是在全球一体化进程加速演进背景下，各国之间的联系更加紧密，涉及政治、经济、社会、文化、军事等诸多领域间的往来愈发密切，这也为混合战争运用提供了重要现实支撑。弱势一方虽然总体实力处于劣势地位，但可凭借某些领域的优长，坚持“你打你的，我打我的”，以灵活主动的斗争策略谋篇布局，困敌、扰敌，使敌无法发挥全部优势，以此改变强弱力量对比态势，努力争取战略均势，或是为国家安全发展争取战略机遇窗口期，创造有利条件。

以联合全域战赢得体系优势

自2016年美陆军提出多域战（MDB）以来，美军先后提出多个联合作战概念，从多域作战（MDO），到全域作战（ADO），再到联合全域作战（JADO），美军作战概念如雨后春笋般相继涌现。联合全域作战概念的本质是多军种深度联合作战，目的是实现陆、海、空、天、网、电等全领域的多域协同与跨域融合，以体系优势制胜现代战争。

联合全域指挥控制（JADC2）是

联合全域作战概念的重要支撑概念

跨域协同是联合全域战的制胜基石。与传统联合作战追求各军种之间的联合不同，联合全域作战追求的是各作战域之间的联合，通过多域联合、跨域协同，谋求整体对敌优势，实现体系制胜。主要表现为以下两点：一方面是非对称制衡。强调非对称作战，避免与实力相当的对手在传统作战领域展开“针尖对麦芒”的以硬碰硬，强调扬长避短，发挥网络、电磁和太空等关键领域优势，善用人工智能、生物安全等新型领域优势，以关键要害领域优势，支撑联合作战获得胜利。另一方面是体系制衡。实现跨域协同作战的关键是通过联合全域指挥控制将太空、网络、电磁领域与传统陆海空战场进行深度融合，确保联合任务部队在陆、海、空、天、网、电六大作战域内高效运用各种作战能力，以“能力集成”取代“能力叠加”，瞄准敌方短板弱项，体系融合发力，产生优于各部分总和的整体效果。

优先决策是联合全域战的克敌法宝。联合全域作战克敌的关键是确保己方决策优势，优先决策。首先是赢得信息优势。联合全域指挥控制能够融合来自各域的情报信息，通过关联分析、融合集成形成全面详实的战场态势图，支撑指挥员全面态势感知，实现信息优势。

其次是确立决策优势。指挥员基于全面详实的战场态势信息，在智能化辅助决策支持下，科学快速定下决心，形成方案计划，并优先落实高效行动。不同于“通过加快OODA循环以达成作战优势”的传统OODA理论，联合全域指挥控制致力于建立更为高效的“DA循环”，即通过在决策（D环节）和行动（A环节）之间建立自适应的反馈过程，依据决策确定行动，反过来根据行动结果反馈及时调整决策，并不断加速这一循环，确保在提高自身决策效率的同时，使敌陷入“决策困境”，达到扰敌、制敌目的，以此确立决策优势。

最后，先进智能算法的运用强化了这一优势。数据处理算法让态势感知和情报分析更有洞察力，智能博弈算法让作战筹划和辅助决策更有创造力，自主控制算法让兵力编组和任务实施更有执行力。可以说，先进智能算法深度融入观察、判断、决策、打击和评估杀伤链的各个环节，使得联合全域作战决策优势进一步凸显。

敏捷指控是联合全域战的重要支撑。联合全域指挥控制是联合全域作战实现敏捷高效指挥控制的重要支撑。传统的指控手段难以实现战场感知数据的跨域集成，难以满足跨军种一体化指挥控制要求，也难以应对未来作战的复杂性和时效性。而联合全域指挥控制旨在将所有传感器与射手实时地连接起来，确保在陆、海、空、天、电、网各作战域内，各军种内部、各军种间以及盟友之间，实现无缝通信，协调一致开展军事行动，努力构建支撑无人化智能化作战的“网络之网络”。

一方面，实现跨域一体化指挥控制。联合全域指挥控制聚焦实现跨军种的端到端信息转换与通信，从线性、静态、烟囱式的杀伤链向全域互联的杀伤网演进，各军种能够灵活调用非自身建制的传感器和打击平台，极大丰富了单一军种的侦察手段和打击选项，在降低目标选取失误的同时，显著加快OODA环。

另一方面，比对手更快完成决策和行动。联合全域指挥控制通过全域多维情报收集、高效自主态势融合，极大提升OODA链路中的感知和判断能力。同时，采用多路径同步传输的网状通信结构取代传统高度集中的通信节点，优化信息分发共享，加快有效信息流转速率，先敌决策，先敌行动，实现以快制敌。

版权声明：本文刊于2024年 4 期《军事文摘》杂志，作者：陈志华，如需转载请务必注明“转自《军事文摘》”。 

中國軍事資料來源：http://www.81it.com/2024/0710/15888.html

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Chinese Intelligent Warfare is Accelerating and Advancing

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中國智能化戰爭正在加速推進

中國軍網 國防部網. 2022年3月17日 星期四

現代英語：

With the widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field, intelligent warfare has gradually become a hot topic. History has repeatedly proved that the evolution of war forms will lead to profound changes in the winning mechanism. In today’s era when information warfare is developing in depth and intelligent warfare is beginning to emerge, the armies of major countries in the world have made great efforts to promote military intelligence, and many of these trends are worthy of attention.

Strengthen top-level design

Outlining a “roadmap” for intelligent warfare

Driven by a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, intelligent military transformation is developing in depth. The United States, Russia, Japan and other countries have regarded artificial intelligence as a disruptive technology that “changes the rules of the war game” and have made early arrangements, strengthened top-level design and planning guidance, and explored the direction of military application of artificial intelligence.

The U.S. military has detailed the current status and development plan of artificial intelligence in documents such as “Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence”, “National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan”, “Artificial Intelligence and National Security”, “Integrated Roadmap for Unmanned Systems, Fiscal Year 2017-2042”, and “American Artificial Intelligence Initiative: First Annual Report”, and has elevated the development of artificial intelligence to the national strategic level. In 2021, the U.S. military pointed out in its “U.S. Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Posture: Assessment and Improvement Recommendations” that the U.S. military should consider three guiding questions in developing artificial intelligence: what is the current state of artificial intelligence related to the U.S. military; what is the current situation of the U.S. military in artificial intelligence; and what internal actions and potential legislative or regulatory actions may enhance the U.S. military’s artificial intelligence advantage.

Russia has invested a lot of resources to maintain a balance with the United States in the competition for the application of artificial intelligence in the military field. In 2021, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated at the first Defense Ministry meeting of the year that artificial intelligence will greatly promote changes in the military field, and the Russian Federation Armed Forces must accelerate the research and development of artificial intelligence application technologies such as robots, intelligent individual systems, and intelligent weapon modules, so as to form core technical capabilities and battlefield competitive advantages as soon as possible. Documents such as “Special Outline for the Research and Development of Future Military Robot Technology and Equipment before 2025”, “Future Russian Military Robot Application Concept”, and “The Development Status and Application Prospects of Artificial Intelligence in the Military Field” have established a series of mechanisms at the national level for the Russian military to promote the military application of artificial intelligence.

The Japanese government has also issued an “Artificial Intelligence Strategy” to lead the research and development of artificial intelligence technology and industrial development. In the “Robotics and Artificial Intelligence” strategic plan formulated by the United Kingdom, the application of artificial intelligence in battlefield construction is emphasized. In January 2021, the Australian Department of Defense released “Fighting the Artificial Intelligence War: Operational Concepts for Future Intelligent Warfare”, which explores how to apply artificial intelligence to land, sea and air combat.

Innovative combat concepts

Promoting the “Thinking First” Approach to Intelligent Warfare

The innovation of operational concepts has an ideological driving effect on the development of military science and technology and the evolution of war forms. In the past, people’s understanding and grasp of war mainly came from the summary of practical experience, and operational concepts were empirical concepts. In the future era of intelligent warfare, operational concepts are not only empirical concepts, but also the conception, design and foresight of operations.

The U.S. Army has proposed the concept of “multi-domain warfare”, which requires deep integration and close coordination of combat capabilities in various domains such as land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, and network. To this end, the U.S. Army has successively issued white papers such as “Multi-Domain Warfare: The Development of Synthetic Arms in the 21st Century (2025-2040)”, “U.S. Army Multi-Domain Warfare (2028)”, and “Using Robotics and Autonomous Technologies to Support Multi-Domain Warfare”. In March 2021, the U.S. Department of the Army issued the document “Army Multi-Domain Transformation: Preparing to Win in Competition and Conflict”, indicating that “multi-domain warfare” has become a “flag” leading the transformation and development of the U.S. Army. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency proposed the concept of “mosaic warfare”, which aims to create a highly decentralized and highly adaptable “kill net” composed of different combat functional units, based on advanced computer technology and network technology. The U.S. Department of Defense strongly supports the concept of “joint all-domain operations”. In March 2020, the U.S. Air Force took the lead in writing “joint all-domain operations” into the doctrine to explore how the Air Force can play a role in “joint all-domain operations”.

The Russian military proposed the concept of “charge disintegration”. “Disintegration” is one of the most important operational concepts in Russia at present. The Russian electronic warfare forces set the goal of making the enemy’s information, charge, electronic warfare and robot systems ineffective, and believe that this goal will “determine the fate of all military operations”. Disrupting the command and control of enemy forces and weapon systems and reducing the efficiency of enemy reconnaissance and use of weapons are the primary tasks of electronic warfare. At present, the Russian military is considering forming 12 types of electronic warfare forces. The Russian military also proposed the concept of “non-nuclear containment system”, the core of which is to use non-nuclear offensive strategic weapons to contain opponents. The non-nuclear offensive strategic weapons it defines include all ballistic missiles equipped with non-nuclear warheads, as well as strategic bombers and long-range air-based and sea-based cruise missiles. In addition, the Russian military also proposed the concept of “hybrid warfare”, hoping to use artificial intelligence systems to seek battlefield information advantages.

The British Ministry of Defense has proposed the concept of “multi-domain integration” and will develop a new command and control system with intelligent capabilities to achieve comprehensive, persistent, accurate and rapid battlefield perception and force coordination.

Focus on technology research and development

Shaping the Intelligent Warfare Operational Model

The key to the effectiveness of artificial intelligence is the combination with other technologies, which is also described as the “AI stack”. Various technologies interact to produce a combined effect, thereby enhancing the capabilities and effects of each technology. In the intelligent warfare supported by artificial intelligence technology, the collaborative combat mode of “man-machine integration, cloud brain control”, the cluster combat mode of “mixed formation, group intelligence”, and the cognitive combat mode of “intelligence-led, attacking with intelligence first” will constantly update people’s understanding of war.

Focus on the research and development of innovative projects. The US military is vigorously promoting the application of artificial intelligence chips in existing weapons and equipment systems, adding “intelligent brains” to weapons to enable them to have human-like thinking and autonomous interaction capabilities. In October 2021, the US Navy launched the “Beyond Plan”, which is regarded as the “current highest priority”. It aims to accelerate the delivery of artificial intelligence and machine learning tools by building a military Internet of Things for maritime operations, integrating manned and unmanned joint formations, supporting a new intelligent naval architecture, enhancing large-scale firepower killing, and realizing intelligent distributed operations of the navy. In addition, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has also carried out cognitive electronic warfare projects such as “Adaptive Electronic Warfare Behavior Learning”, “Adaptive Radar Countermeasures”, and “Communications under Extreme Radio Frequency Spectrum Conditions”, and developed a prototype of a cognitive radar electronic warfare system. The Russian Ministry of Defense’s Intelligent Technology and Equipment Research and Experimental Center cooperated with the Institute of Control Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences to develop and test autonomous intelligent algorithms including drone swarm command and control, and also jointly developed an object automatic recognition software system based on neural network principles with the National Aviation System Research Institute.

Establish innovative R&D institutions. The continuous emergence of new technologies is an inexhaustible driving force for the vigorous development of military intelligence. High-level military intelligence construction cannot be separated from the technical research and development of professional institutions. Some countries and militaries have established R&D centers, focusing on innovative development from a technical level. The U.S. Department of Defense has established a joint artificial intelligence center, which is planned to be built into a national key laboratory to lead the promotion of hundreds of artificial intelligence-related projects and ensure the efficient use of artificial intelligence-related data and information to maintain the United States’ technological advantage in this field. Russia has established an artificial intelligence and big data alliance, a national artificial intelligence center, and a robotics technology research and experimental center under the Ministry of Defense, mainly conducting theoretical and applied research in the fields of artificial intelligence and information technology. France has established an innovative defense laboratory, the United Kingdom has set up an artificial intelligence laboratory, and India has established an artificial intelligence task force to explore related technologies.

Strengthen equipment research and development and deployment. In recent years, many countries have attached great importance to the research and development of intelligent weapons and equipment, and unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned combat vehicles, unmanned ships, unmanned submarines, etc. have continued to emerge. At present, the US Air Force has begun to practice the combat concept of “man-machine collaboration, man in the loop” on the F-35 fighter. The US XQ-58A “Valkyrie” stealth drone previously mainly carried out man-machine collaborative operations with F-35 and F-22 fighters. In April 2021, the stealth drone successfully launched the ALTIUS-600 small drone system, further enhancing its manned and unmanned collaborative combat capabilities. Russia is focusing on reconnaissance and surveillance, command and decision-making, firepower strikes, combat support and other fields, and is developing and deploying intelligent equipment. It plans to increase the proportion of unmanned combat systems in weapons and equipment to more than 30% by 2025. Russia’s ground unmanned combat weapons, represented by the “Uranus” series and “Platform-M” and “Argo” models, are developing rapidly. Among them, the Nerekhta unmanned combat vehicle can be equipped with remote-controlled machine guns and rocket launchers. In addition to the combat capabilities of ordinary armored vehicles, it also has transportation and reconnaissance functions. In addition, the Japanese Self-Defense Forces plan to officially deploy an unmanned aerial formation with strong combat capabilities in 2035.

(Author’s unit: National University of Defense Technology)

國語中文：

■賈珍珍 丁 寧 陳方舟

隨著人工智慧在軍事領域的廣泛應用，智慧化戰爭逐漸成為備受矚目的焦點話題。歷史多次證明，戰爭形態的演進將引發致勝機理的深刻改變。在資訊化戰爭向縱深發展、智慧化戰爭初露端倪的當今時代，世界主要國家軍隊紛紛下大力推動軍事智慧化，其中的諸多動向值得關注。

加強頂層設計

勾勒智能化戰爭“路線圖”

在新一輪科技革命與產業革命推動下，智慧化軍事變革正向縱深發展。美國、俄羅斯、日本等國紛紛把人工智慧視為「改變戰爭遊戲規則」的顛覆性技術，並事先佈局，加強頂層設計和規劃引領，探索人工智慧的軍事應用方向。

美軍在《為人工智慧的未來做好準備》《國家人工智慧研究與發展戰略計畫》《人工智慧與國家安全》《2017至2042財年無人係統綜合路線圖》《美國人工智慧計畫》：在首個年度報告》等文件中，詳述了人工智慧的發展現狀和發展規劃，並將人工智慧發展提升至國家戰略層面。 2021年，美軍在發布的《美國防部人工智慧態勢：評估與改進建議》中指出，美軍發展人工智慧應考慮三個指導性問題：與美軍相關的人工智慧現處於何種狀態；美軍目前在人工智慧方面的態勢如何；哪些內部行動以及潛在的立法或監管行動可能會增強美軍的人工智慧優勢。

俄羅斯投入大量資源，以維持與美國在人工智慧軍事領域應用競爭的平衡。 2021年，俄總統普丁在年度首場國防部會議上表示，人工智慧將大幅推動軍事領域變革，俄國聯邦武裝力量要加速機器人、智慧單兵系統和武器智慧化模組等人工智慧應用技術的研發工作，早日形成核心技術能力和戰場競爭優勢。 《2025年前未來軍用機器人技術裝備研發專題綱要》《未來俄軍用機器人應用構想》《人工智慧在軍事領域的發展現狀以及應用前景》等文件，從國家層面為俄軍推動人工智慧軍事應用確立了一系列機制。

日本政府也推出了《人工智慧戰略》，旨在引領人工智慧技術研發和產業發展。在英國制定的《機器人與人工智慧》戰略規劃中，強調了人工智慧在戰場建設中的應用。 2021年1月，澳洲國防部發布《打好人工智慧戰爭：未來智慧化戰爭之作戰構想》，這份文件探討如何將人工智慧應用到陸、海、空作戰領域。

創新作戰概念

推動智慧化戰爭“思想先行”

作戰概念創新對軍事科技發展、戰爭形態演變具有思想牽引作用。過去人們對戰爭的認識與掌握，主要源自於對實踐經驗的歸納總結，作戰概念即經驗概念。未來智慧化戰爭時代，作戰概念不僅是經驗概念，更是對作戰的構想、設計與前瞻。

美陸軍提出「多域戰」概念，要求陸、海、空、天、電磁、網路等各域作戰能力深度整合與密切協同。為此，美陸軍先後發布《多域戰：21世紀合成兵種的發展（2025至2040）》《美國陸軍多域戰（2028）》《運用機器人與自主技術支援多域戰》等白皮書。 2021年3月，美陸軍部發布文件《陸軍多域轉型：準備在競爭和衝突中取勝》，顯示「多域戰」已成為引領美陸軍轉型發展的一面「旗幟」。美國防高級研究計畫局提出「馬賽克戰」概念，旨在打造一種由不同作戰功能單元構成的、以先進電腦技術與網路技術為基礎的、高度分散、具有高度適應性的「殺傷網」。美國防部大力支持「聯合全域作戰」概念。 2020年3月，美空軍率先將「聯合全域作戰」寫入條令，探討空軍如何在「聯合全域作戰」中發揮作用。

俄軍提出「指控瓦解」概念。 「瓦解」是當前俄羅斯最重要的作戰概念之一，俄軍電子戰部隊把使敵人的訊息、指控、電子戰和機器人系統失效作為目標，認為這一目標將「決定所有軍事行動的命運」。擾亂敵方部隊和武器系統的指揮和控制，降低敵方偵察和使用武器的效率，是進行電子戰的首要任務。目前，俄軍正在考慮組建12種類型的電子戰部隊。俄軍也提出「非核武遏制體系」概念，核心是使用非核武進攻性戰略武器來遏制對手。其所定義的非核武攻擊性戰略武器既包括所有裝備非核彈頭的彈道飛彈，也包括戰略轟炸機和遠程空基、海基巡航飛彈。此外，俄軍也提出「混合戰爭」概念，希望利用人工智慧系統謀求戰場資訊優勢。

英國防部提出「多域融合」概念，將發展具備智慧化能力的新型指控系統，以實現全面、持久、準確、快速的戰場感知與力量協同。

注重技術研發

塑造智慧化戰爭作戰模式

人工智慧發揮效用的關鍵是與其他多種技術的組合，這種組合也被描述為「人工智慧堆疊」。各種技術透過互動的方式產生組合效應，進而提升每項技術所產生的能力與效果。在人工智慧技術支援的智慧化戰爭中，「人機一體、雲腦控制」的協同作戰模式，「混搭編組、群體智慧」的集群作戰模式，「智慧主導、攻智為上」的認知作戰模式等，將不斷更新人們對戰爭的認知。

聚焦創新專案研發。美軍正在大力推廣人工智慧晶片在現有武器裝備系統中的應用，為武器加上“智慧大腦”，使之具備類人思考和自主互動能力。 2021年10月，美海軍推出被視為“當前最高優先事項”的“超越計劃”，旨在通過構建海上作戰軍事物聯網，整合有人無人聯合編隊，加速交付人工智能和機器學習工具，支撐全新的智慧化海軍架構，提升大規模火力殺傷、實現海軍智慧化分散式作戰。此外，美國防高級研究計畫局也進行了「自適應電子戰行為學習」「自適應雷達對抗」「極端射頻頻譜條件下的通訊」等認知電子戰項目，研發出認知雷達電子戰系統原型機。俄國防部智慧技術裝備科研試驗中心與俄聯邦科學院控制問題研究所合作，開發測試了包括無人機群指揮控制在內的自主智慧演算法，也與國家航空系統科研所共同開發基於神經網路原理的物體自動辨識軟體系統。

組成創新研發機構。新技術的不斷湧現是軍事智慧化蓬勃發展的不竭動力，高水準的軍事智慧化建設離不開專職機構的技術研發。一些國家和軍隊組成研發中心，注重從技術層面創新發展。美國國防部建立了聯合人工智慧中心，計劃將該中心打造成國家級重點實驗室，用於領導數百個與人工智慧相關的項目，確保對人工智慧相關數據資訊的高效利用，以保持美國在該領域的技術優勢。俄羅斯組成了人工智慧和大數據聯盟、國家人工智慧中心和隸屬國防部的機器人技術科研試驗中心，主要進行人工智慧和資訊科技領域的理論和應用研究。法國成立了創新國防實驗室，英國設立了人工智慧實驗室，印度組成了人工智慧特別工作小組，進行相關技術探索。

加強裝備研發列裝。近年來，多國重視研發智慧武器裝備，無人飛行器、無人戰車、無人艦艇、無人潛航器等不斷湧現。目前，美空軍已開始在F-35戰機上實踐「人機協同，人在迴路」的作戰理念。美XQ-58A「女武神」隱身無人機先前主要與F-35和F-22戰機進行人機協同作戰，2021年4月該隱身無人機成功投放ALTIUS-600小型無人機系統，進一步提升了其有人無人協同作戰能力。俄羅斯正聚焦偵察監視、指揮決策、火力打擊、作戰支援等多個領域，展開智慧裝備研發和列裝工作，計畫到2025年將無人作戰系統在武器裝備中的比例提高到30%以上。以“天王星”系列和“平台-M”“阿爾戈”等型號為代表的俄地面無人作戰武器發展迅速。其中，Nerekhta無人戰車可搭載遙控機槍和火箭發射器，除擁有一般裝甲車的戰鬥力外，還兼具運輸和偵察功能。此外，日本自衛隊計劃在2035年正式部署具有較強作戰能力的無人空中編隊。

（作者單位：國防科技大學）

中國軍事資料來源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-03/17/content_311555.htm