Category Archives: Combat Planning

Providing Strategic Guidance for the Chinese Military Emphasis in the New Era In-depth study and implementation of Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military

為新時代中國軍事重點提供戰略指引
深入學習貫徹習近平強軍思想

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2022年9月2日 星期五

現代英語:

In July 2019, the white paper “China’s National Defense in the New Era” was published. In this comprehensive national defense white paper, for the first time, a defensive national defense policy system for China in the new era was constructed, and it was clearly stated that “implementing the military strategic policy of the new era is the strategic guidance of China’s national defense in the new era”. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi has always firmly grasped the fundamental focus of serving the strategic goals of the Party and the country, taking military means as the bottom line to realize the great dream and military struggle as an important aspect of the great struggle, keeping pace with the times and innovating military strategic guidance, establishing the general outline for the construction and use of military forces, and leading the national defense and military construction, reform and military struggle preparation in the new era to achieve many landmark, pioneering and historic achievements.

Giving new connotations to the active defense strategic thought

The active defense strategic thought is the basic point of our party’s military strategic thought. In the long-term practice of revolutionary war, the people’s army has formed a complete set of active defense strategic ideas. After the founding of New China, the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission made several major adjustments to the military strategic policy in accordance with the development and changes of the national security situation. Although the content of military strategic policies has changed in different periods, the basic idea of ​​active defense has never changed. We must adhere to the unity of strategic defense and offensive campaigns and battles, adhere to the principles of defense, self-defense, and post-strike, and adhere to “If no one offends me, I will not offend; if someone offends me, I will offend him.” Scientific and accurate military strategy is the greatest chance of victory. The reason why our army has been able to defeat the strong with the weak and the superior with the inferior, and has always been invincible and invincible, is that it has adhered to the strategic thinking of active defense.

In the new era, we must unswervingly adhere to the strategic thinking of active defense. President Xi pointed out that adhering to active defense is a conclusion drawn from summarizing historical experience and scientifically judging the reality and the future. It is by no means an expedient measure and must be firmly adhered to. Strategically adhering to active defense is fundamentally determined by the socialist nature of our country and the fundamental interests of the country. my country is a socialist country that follows the path of peaceful development, adheres to an independent and peaceful foreign policy, pursues a defensive national defense policy, and will not invade other countries; my country is a developing country that has always faced arduous and heavy economic construction tasks and needs a peaceful and stable external environment; the Chinese nation is a peace-loving nation, and there is no gene in the blood of the Chinese nation to invade others and dominate. The Chinese people have never bullied, oppressed, or enslaved the people of other countries, not in the past, not now, and not in the future. Under the new era conditions, we adhere to the active defense strategic thinking, fully demonstrate the position of my country’s defensive national defense policy, and show that my country will never follow the old path of “a strong country must dominate”, which is conducive to winning wider international recognition and creating a more favorable strategic environment for achieving the national development strategic goals.

The vitality of military strategic guidance lies in changing with the times and taking action in response to the situation. Since its birth, the active defense strategic thinking has always developed with the development of military practice and continuously enriched its connotation. Now, we are closer than ever to the goal of achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and we have the ability and confidence to achieve this goal as never before. However, we must see that we are engaged in a great struggle with many new historical characteristics, and we will inevitably face various major challenges, major risks, major resistance, and major contradictions in the process of moving forward. President Xi Jinping has a profound understanding of the new situation of my country’s national security, scientifically judged the characteristics and trends of military struggle in the new era, and made it clear that active defense is fundamentally defense and the key is active. Emphasis is placed on enhancing the aggressiveness and initiative of military strategic guidance, focusing on the word “active”, further broadening the strategic vision, updating strategic thinking, moving the focus of guidance forward, and expanding the strategic depth of active defense; being active is not about rushing for quick results or rushing forward rashly, but the unity of strategic aggressiveness and tactical steady and steady, which is steady progress and steady action; actively adapt to the change in the basis of military struggle preparation, increase military innovation, and strive to raise military struggle preparation to a new level. These important expositions have concentrated on answering the most fundamental and critical issues of military strategy in the new era, and have clarified the direction and focus for our army to carry out diversified military tasks in a broader space. In recent years, under the strong guidance of Xi Jinping’s military strategic thinking, the focus of our military work has been increasingly corrected, the “peacetime ills” have been effectively corrected, the construction direction has been more focused on actual combat, and the innovation and development in all aspects of war, construction, and preparation have been fully leveraged. In particular, the whole army has effectively responded to external military provocations and pressures with a firm will to fight and a flexible strategy to fight, established the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone, deterred the separatist activities of “Taiwan independence” with powerful actions, actively and prudently handled hot and sensitive situations in the surrounding areas, carefully organized border control and maritime rights protection operations, effectively carried out major tasks such as anti-terrorism and stability maintenance, peacekeeping and escort, promoted the historic transformation of the military struggle pattern, and effectively maintained the overall stability of the national strategy.

Innovation of our military’s war and combat guidance theory

The essence of military strategy is the strategy of war, and planning and guiding war is the core content of innovative strategic guidance. At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution is accelerating, and science and technology have an increasingly greater impact on military competition and modern warfare. President Xi accurately grasped the changes in science and technology, war, and opponents, established new goals and new layouts for military struggle, clarified new guidance and new strategies for the use of military forces, put forward new measures and new requirements for preparing for war, and profoundly answered the major questions of what kind of war to fight and how to fight in the future, and raised our army’s understanding of the laws of war guidance to a new level.

Deeply grasp the characteristics, laws, and winning mechanisms of modern warfare. The freedom to control war comes from the inevitability of understanding war. All laws of war guidance must develop in accordance with the development of history and the development of war. Judging from the recent local wars and military operations in the world, the degree of informatization of modern warfare is constantly improving, and intelligent characteristics are becoming increasingly apparent. Various types of unmanned combat systems have been put into actual combat in large quantities, and the concepts, elements, and methods of winning wars have undergone major changes. President Xi pointed out profoundly that these changes seem dazzling, but there are laws to follow behind them. The fundamental thing is that the winning mechanism of war has changed. For example, in terms of combat forms, it is emphasized that modern warfare is a confrontation between systems, and integrated joint operations have become the basic combat form; in terms of time and space characteristics, it is emphasized that the multi-dimensional battlefield space is integrated, and the boundaries between strategic, campaign, and tactical actions tend to be blurred; in terms of the key to victory, it is emphasized that the right to control information has become the core of seizing comprehensive control of the battlefield and the key to winning the war; in terms of organization and command, it is emphasized that the strategic, joint, timely, professional, and precise requirements of combat command are becoming higher and higher, and combat organization and management are becoming more standardized, process-oriented, and refined. These important expositions have deepened the understanding of the characteristics and laws of modern warfare, and provided important guidelines for us to grasp the laws of war in the world today and master the “swimming skills” of modern warfare.

Build a combat theory system with the characteristics of our army. War theory and combat thinking are a powerful traction for strengthening actual combat preparations and defeating strong enemies. In the revolutionary war years, our army was always one step ahead of the enemy in combat theory and tactics, which is an important reason why our army continued to move from victory to victory. Entering the new era, President Xi Jinping focused on the overall national security and development, grasped the revolutionary changes in the war form and combat methods, prospectively studied major issues of future wars, and put forward a series of innovative combat ideas. For example, he proposed to strengthen the concept of information dominance, system support, elite combat, and joint victory, integrate various combat forces, combat units, and combat elements into an organic whole, and improve the joint combat capability and full-domain combat capability based on the network information system; he proposed to adhere to flexibility, mobility, and autonomy, focus on playing our advantages and fight with what we can and what we can’t; he proposed to grasp the new characteristics and new requirements of the people’s war under the new era conditions, innovate content and methods, and give full play to the overall power of the people’s war. These important expositions adhere to and carry forward the essence of the military thought that our army has always adhered to, conform to the evolution trend of the war form, meet the actual and development requirements of combat effectiveness construction, and provide principled guidance for our army to carry out combat tasks.

Based on the most difficult and complex situations, we should promote military struggle preparation. Military struggle preparation is the basic practical activity of the army. The more fully prepared, the more proactive it will be strategically. In the summer and autumn of 2018, the Central Military Commission used three months to conduct an unannounced and surprise inspection of the various military services and armed police forces distributed in the five major war zones. The scope of the operation covered 21 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government) and parts of the East China Sea and the South China Sea. This is a microcosm of the whole army’s in-depth promotion of military struggle preparation in the new era. “It is better to be prepared without fighting than to fight without preparation.” President Xi repeatedly emphasized that the whole army must establish the idea of ​​being ready for war at any time, and military struggle preparation must be firmly grasped and never relaxed. The whole army is required to persist in fighting, preparing for war, and building at the same time, coordinate the promotion of military struggle preparation in all directions and fields, and be prepared to respond to various complex and difficult situations at any time; raise daily combat readiness work to a strategic height, adhere to the integration of peace and war, and maintain a high alert posture with arrows on the string and ready to be fired; promote actual combat training, keep close to combat tasks, combat opponents, and combat environment, and strengthen targeted, testing, and confrontational training. These important expositions reflect deep strategic concerns and strong bottom-line thinking, deepen the understanding of the laws of how to prepare for war and how to train troops in a peaceful environment, and point out the methods and paths for the army to generate and improve combat effectiveness and grasp the initiative in military struggle.

Enrich and develop our party’s art of commanding military struggle

President Xi insists on using the Marxist view of war to examine war and military issues, enriches and develops our party’s military dialectical thinking, and applies it to guiding the practice of actual military struggle, showing strategic planning that takes into account the overall situation, strategic courage that is not afraid of risks, and strategic wisdom that wins by taking advantage of the enemy, opening up a new realm of strategic guidance for the people’s army in the new era.

Adhere to the military’s obedience to politics and strategy’s obedience to policy. War is the continuation of politics, and dealing with the relationship between war and politics is related to the fate of the country. Now, the connection between military and politics is closer, the relevance and integrity at the strategic level are increasing, and the influence and constraints of political factors on war are becoming more prominent. President Xi pointed out profoundly that in planning and guiding wars, we must deeply understand the political attributes of war and think about war issues from a political perspective. It is emphasized that we must maintain strategic clarity, strengthen strategic determination, and understand and plan the war issue under the great goal of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation; we must have both military and political minds, and whether to fight, when to fight, how to fight, and to what extent, must obey and serve politics. We must always obey and serve the highest interests of the country and the nation, strengthen political awareness, awareness of the overall situation, and awareness of orders, and be good at planning military actions with an eye on the overall situation of national politics and diplomacy and the overall national security strategy to ensure political and strategic initiative.

Adhere to overall planning of struggle, preparation for war, and construction. “Those who have civil affairs must have military preparations.” President Xi Jinping profoundly summarized the historical lessons of my country’s suffering from the ravages of wars by the great powers in modern times, revealed the dialectics of war and peace, and pointed out that only by being able to fight can we stop the war, and only by being prepared to fight can we avoid fighting. The less able to fight, the more likely we are to be beaten. We emphasize that we do not want to fight, but only if we are prepared, have strong military power and have the ability to win, can we strategically achieve the goal of “stopping war with force”; we must plan preparation for war and stopping war, deterrence and actual combat, war operations and the use of military power in peacetime as a whole, and give full play to the strategic function of military power. In today’s world, the shadow of Cold War mentality and power politics lingers, and traditional and non-traditional security threats emerge in an endless stream. Some countries are trying to expand military alliances to seek absolute security, coerce other countries to take sides and create camp confrontation, ignore the rights and interests of other countries and pursue self-centeredness, and forging swords into plowshares is still a good wish of people. Practice has proved that peace must be backed by strong strength. We must keep a close eye on strong enemies and opponents, step up the forging of stronger capabilities and more reliable means, better play the strategic functions of our army in shaping the situation, managing crises, containing wars, and winning wars, and resolutely defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

Adhere to the unity of firmness in the principle of struggle and flexibility in strategy. Struggle is an art. It is about will, determination, and faith. It is about strategy, wisdom, and methods. In leading the great struggle, President Xi has always insisted on the unity of strengthening the sense of crisis and maintaining strategic determination, the unity of strategic judgment and tactical decision-making, and the unity of the struggle process and the effectiveness of the struggle. He requires our army to be brave and good at struggle. It is emphasized that we must not give in on issues of principle, we must be tit-for-tat and fight for every inch of land, and we must dare to take on all kinds of provocations, dare to attack, dare to fight and win, not bow in the face of difficulties, not retreat in the face of challenges, and not trade principles; we must be flexible and maneuverable on strategic issues, insist on being reasonable, beneficial, and moderate, and pay attention to the methods and art of struggle. Practice has proved that the more complex the struggle situation is, the more we must use the military hand in a step-by-step and strategic way. We must focus on stabilizing the overall situation and controlling risks, adhere to the combination of rigidity and flexibility, multiple measures, and comprehensive measures, strengthen the coordination and cooperation between military actions and political and diplomatic actions, and form an overall joint force for struggle.

Adhere to the combination of overall planning and highlighting key points. The key to strategic planning is to focus on the overall situation and seek opportunities. my country has a complex geostrategic environment and has the most neighboring countries among the world’s major powers. Based on the new situation facing my country’s security and development, President Xi Jinping has insisted on overall planning and ensuring the stability of the overall strategic situation in military strategic guidance, and has also focused on highlighting key points and grasping strategic hubs related to the overall situation to enhance the balance and three-dimensionality of the strategic layout. It is emphasized that according to the security threats and the strategic tasks of our army, we must build a strategic deployment and military deployment that is coordinated overall, responsible for different regions, mutually coordinated and integrated; highlight the preparation for military struggle at sea, effectively control major crises, and properly respond to chain reactions; coordinate the promotion of military struggle preparations in traditional security fields and new security fields, and actively respond to new security threats and challenges. At present, the sudden, interconnected and changeable threats facing my country’s security have greatly increased. We must grasp the direction, take the overall situation into consideration, coordinate the overall situation, firmly grasp the main contradictions and main aspects of the military struggle, ensure the stability of the overall strategic situation, and create a strategic situation that is beneficial to us.

On the new journey, we are facing a situation with complexity and severity, and a task with heaviness and difficulty that is rare in the world and history. The People’s Army must shoulder the important task of supporting the Chinese nation towards great rejuvenation. The whole army must establish the military strategic thinking of the new era, the military strategic policy of the new era, the baton of preparing for war, and the responsibility of preparing for war. We must vigorously carry forward the spirit of struggle, cultivate the fighting spirit of not fearing hardship and not fearing death, strengthen the determination and will to fight at the critical moment, and always have the character, integrity, and courage of not believing in evil, not fearing ghosts, and not being spineless. We must constantly enhance our fighting skills, focus on tempering our actual combat capabilities in arduous and rigorous training, actively innovate strategies and tactics that are one step ahead of the enemy, and step up the construction of a strong system support for joint operations, forge elite troops that can come when called, fight when they come, and win when they fight, and resolutely win future wars and resolutely safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

國語中文:

2019年7月,《新時代的中國國防》白皮書發表。在這部綜合型國防白皮書中,首次建構新時代中國防禦性國防政策體系,鮮明提出「貫徹落實新時代軍事戰略方針,這是新時代中國國防的戰略指導」。黨的十八大以來,習主席始終牢牢把握服務黨和國家戰略目標這個根本著眼,把軍事手段作為實現偉大夢想的保底手段、軍事鬥爭作為進行偉大斗爭的重要方面來運籌,與時俱進創新軍事戰略指導,確立了統攬軍事力量建設和運用的總綱,引領新時代國防和軍隊建設、改革和軍事鬥爭準備取得許多標誌性、開創性、歷史性重大成就。

賦予積極防禦戰略思想新的內涵

積極防禦戰略思想是我們黨軍事戰略思想的基本要點。在長期革命戰爭實踐中,人民軍隊形成了一整套積極防禦戰略思想。新中國成立後,黨中央、中央軍委根據國家安全情勢發展變化,對軍事戰略方針進行了多次重大調整。雖然各時期軍事戰略方針內容有變化,但積極防禦的基本思想始終沒有變,堅持戰略上防禦與戰役戰鬥上進攻的統一,堅持防禦、自衛、後發製人的原則,堅持「人不犯我,我不犯人;人若犯我,我必犯人」。軍事戰略科學準確,就是最大的勝算。我軍一路走來,之所以能夠以弱勝強、以劣勝優,始終攻無不克、戰無不勝,很重要的是堅持了積極防禦戰略思想。

新時代必須堅定不移堅持積極防禦戰略思想。習主席指出,堅持積極防禦,是總結歷史經驗、科學判斷現實和未來得出的結論,決不是權宜之計,要牢牢堅持住。在戰略上始終堅持積極防禦,從根本上來說是由我國社會主義性質和國家根本利益決定的。我國是社會主義國家,走和平發展道路,堅持獨立的和平外交政策,奉行防禦性國防政策,不會去侵略其他國家;我國是發展中國家,一直面對著艱鉅繁重的經濟建設任務,需要一個和平穩定的外在環境;中華民族是愛好和平的民族,中華民族血液中沒有侵略他人、稱王稱霸的基因,中國人民從來沒有欺負、壓迫、奴役過其他國家人民,過去沒有、現在沒有、將來也不會有。在新的時代條件下,我們堅持積極防禦戰略思想,充分錶明我國防禦性國防政策立場,昭示我國絕不走「國強必霸」的老路,有利於贏得更廣泛的國際認同,為實現國家發展戰略目標營造更為有利的策略環境。

軍事戰略指導的生命力在於應時而變、應勢而動。積極防禦戰略思想自誕生之日起,就始終隨著軍事實踐的發展而發展,不斷豐富其內涵。現在,我們前所未有地接近實現中華民族偉大復興的目標,前所未有地具有實現這個目標的能力和信心。但要看到,我們正在進行具有許多新的歷史特徵的偉大鬥爭,前行中必然會面對各種重大挑戰、重大風險、重大阻力、重大矛盾。習主席深刻掌握我國國家安全的新形勢,科學研判新時代軍事鬥爭的特徵和趨勢,明確積極防禦根本在防禦、要義在積極。強調增強軍事戰略指導的進取性和主動性,在「積極」二字上做文章,進一步拓寬戰略視野、更新戰略思維、前移指導重心,拓展積極防禦戰略縱深;積極不是急於求成、急躁冒進,而是戰略上進取和戰術上穩紮穩打相統一,是穩中有進、穩中有為;積極適應軍事鬥爭準備基點轉變,加大軍事創新力度,努力把軍事鬥爭準備提高到一個新水平。這些重要論述,集中回答了新時代軍事戰略最根本最要害的問題,為我軍在更加廣闊的空間遂行多樣化軍事任務明確了方向重點。這些年,在習近平軍事戰略思想的有力指引下,我軍工作重心日益歸正,「和平積弊」有力糾治,建設指向更加聚焦實戰,全方位撬動了戰、建、備各領域各方面創新發展。特別是全軍以堅定的鬥爭意志、靈活的鬥爭策略,有效應對外部軍事挑釁施壓,劃設東海防空識別區,以有力行動震懾「台獨」分裂行徑,積極穩健處置週邊熱點敏感事態,周密組織邊境管控與海上維權行動,有效遂行反恐維穩、維和護航等重大任務,推動軍事鬥爭格局實現歷史性轉變,有力維護了國家戰略全局穩定。

創新我軍戰與作戰指導理論

軍事戰略的本質是戰之方略,規劃和指導戰爭是創新戰略指導的核心內容。目前,新一輪科技革命和軍事革命正在加速發展,科技對軍事競爭和現代戰爭影響越來越大。習主席準確掌握科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變,確立軍事鬥爭新目標新佈局,明確軍事力量運用新指導新策略,提出備戰打仗新舉措新要求,深刻回答了未來打什麼仗、怎麼打仗的重大問題,把我軍對戰爭指導的規律性認知提升到新高度。

深刻掌握現代戰爭特徵規律與致勝機理。駕馭戰爭的自由,來自於認識戰爭的必然。一切戰爭指導規律,必須依照歷史的發展而發展,並依照戰爭的發展而發展。從世界近幾場局部戰爭和軍事行動看,現代戰爭資訊化程度不斷提高,智能化特徵日益顯現,各類無人作戰系統大量投入實戰,戰爭制勝觀念、制勝要素、制勝方式發生重大變化。習主席深刻指出,這些變化看起來眼花撩亂,但背後是有規律可循的,根本的是戰爭的致勝機理變了。例如,在作戰形式上,強調現代戰爭是體系和體系的對抗,一體化聯合作戰成為基本作戰形式;在時空特性上,強調多維戰場空間融為一體,戰略、戰役、戰術行動界限趨於模糊;在製勝關鍵上,強調制資訊權成為奪取戰場綜合控制權的核心,成為贏得戰爭勝利的關鍵;在組織指揮上,強調作戰指揮戰略性、聯合性、時效性、專業性、精確性要求越來越高,作戰組織和管理日趨標準化、流程化、精細化。這些重要論述深化了對現代戰爭特徵規律的認識,為我們掌握當今世界戰爭法則、掌握現代戰爭「游泳術」提供了重要遵循。

建構具有我軍特色的作戰理論體系。戰爭理論和作戰思想,是加強實戰準備、制勝強敵對手的有力牽引。革命戰爭年代,我軍在作戰理論和戰法上始終高敵一籌,這是我軍不斷從勝利走向勝利的重要原因。進入新時代,習主席著眼於國家安全和發展全局,掌握戰爭形態和作戰方式的革命性變化,前瞻研究未來戰爭重大議題,提出了一系列創新性作戰想法。例如,提出強化資訊主導、體系支撐、精兵作戰、聯合製勝的觀念,把各種作戰力量、作戰單元、作戰要素融合為一個有機整體,提高基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力;提出堅持靈活、機動、自主,著眼於發揮我們的優勢打,以能擊不能;提出把握新的時代條件下人民戰爭的新特點新要求,創新內容和方式方法,充分發揮人民戰爭的整體威力。這些重要論述,堅持和發揚我軍一貫堅持的軍事思想精髓,順應戰爭形態演變趨勢,符合戰鬥力建設實際和發展要求,為我軍遂行作戰任務提供了原則指導。

以最困難、最複雜情況推進軍事鬥爭準備。軍事鬥爭準備是軍隊的基本實踐活動,準備越充分在戰略上就越主動。 2018年夏秋,中央軍委利用3個月時間,以不打招呼、突擊檢查的方式,對分佈在5大戰區的各軍兵種和武警部隊進行整建制戰備拉動,行動範圍覆蓋21個省(自治區、直轄市)和東海、南海部分海域,這是新時代全軍上下深入推進軍事鬥爭準備的縮影。 「寧可備而不戰,不可無備而戰。」習主席一再強調,全軍要樹立隨時準備打仗的思想,軍事鬥爭準備要牢牢抓在手上,須臾不可放鬆。要求全軍堅持邊鬥爭、邊備戰、邊建設,統籌推進各方向各領域軍事鬥爭準備,做好隨時應對各種複雜困難局面的準備;把日常戰備工作提到戰略高度,堅持平戰一體,保持箭在弦上、引而待發的高度戒備態勢;推進實戰實訓,緊貼作戰任務、作戰對手、作戰環境,加強針對性、檢驗性、對抗性訓練。這些重要論述,反映了深層的戰略憂患和強烈的底線思維,深化了和平環境下如何備戰、怎麼練兵的規律性認識,為軍隊生成和提高戰鬥力、掌握軍事鬥爭主動權指明了方法路徑。

豐富發展我們黨軍事鬥爭指揮藝術

習主席堅持用馬克思主義戰爭觀審視戰爭和軍事問題,豐富發展了我們黨的軍事辯證法思想,並運用到指導現實軍事鬥爭實踐中,展現出觀照全局的戰略運籌、不畏風險的戰略魄力、因敵制勝的戰略智慧,開啟了新時代人民軍隊戰略指導的新境界。

堅持軍事服從政治、戰略服從政略。戰爭是政治的延續,處理戰爭和政治的關係,事關國家命運。現在,軍事和政治的連結更加緊密,在戰略層面上的相關性和整體性日益增強,政治因素對戰爭的影響和限制愈發突出。習主席深刻指出,規劃和指導戰爭,必須深刻認識戰爭的政治屬性,從政治高度思考戰爭問題。突顯,要保持戰略清醒,增強戰略定力,把戰爭問題放在實現中華民族偉大復興這個大目標下來認識和籌劃;既要有軍事頭腦,更要有政治頭腦,打還是不打、什麼時候打、怎麼打、打到什麼程度,都要服從和服務政治。我們必須始終服從服務於國家和民族的最高利益,強化政治意識、大局意識、號令意識,善於著眼國家政治外交大局和國家安全戰略全局規劃軍事行動,確保政治和戰略主動。

堅持整體運籌鬥爭、備戰、建設。 「有文事者,必有武備。」習主席深刻總結近代以後我國遭受列強戰爭蹂躪的歷史教訓,揭示戰爭與和平的辯證法,指出能戰方能止戰,準備打才可能不必打,越不能打越可能挨打。強調我們不希望打仗,但只有我們有準備、有強大軍事力量、有打贏能力,才能從戰略上實現不戰而屈人之兵,達到「以武止戈」的目的;要把備戰與止戰、威懾與實戰、戰爭行動與和平時期軍事力量運用作為一個整體加以運籌,發揮好軍事力量的戰略功能。當今世界,冷戰思維和強權政治陰霾不散,傳統和非傳統安全威脅層出不窮。一些國家試圖擴大軍事同盟謀求絕對安全,脅迫別國選邊站隊製造陣營對抗,漠視別國權益大搞唯我獨尊,鑄劍為犁仍然是人們的一個美好願望。實踐證明,和平必須以強大實力為後盾。我們要緊盯強敵對手,加緊鍛造更強大的能力、更可靠的手段,更好發揮我軍塑造態勢、管控危機、遏制戰爭、打贏戰爭的戰略功能,堅決捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益。

堅持鬥爭原則的堅定性與策略的彈性相統一。鬥爭是一門藝術,拼的是意志、決心、信念,比的是策略、智慧、方法。習主席在領導進行偉大鬥爭中,始終堅持增強憂患意識和保持戰略定力相統一、戰略判斷和戰術決斷相統一、鬥爭過程和鬥爭實效相統一,要求我軍既要敢於鬥爭,又要善於鬥爭。強調在原則問題上寸步不讓,必須針鋒相對、寸土必爭,面對各種挑釁敢於接招、敢於出擊、敢戰能勝,不在困難面前低頭,不在挑戰面前退縮,不拿原則做交易;在策略問題上靈活機動,堅持有理有利有節,講求鬥爭的方式方法和藝術。實踐證明,鬥爭情勢越複雜,越要有步驟、有策略地用好軍事這一手。我們必須著眼穩控大局、管控風險,堅持剛柔並濟、多手並舉、綜合施策,加強軍事行動同政治外交行動協調配合,形成鬥爭整體合力。

堅持通盤規劃與突出重點結合。策略運籌關鍵在於全局著眼、謀勢取勢。我國地緣戰略環境複雜,在世界大國中周邊接壤國家最多。習主席立足我國安全和發展面臨的新形勢,在軍事戰略指導上既堅持通盤謀劃、確保戰略全局穩定,又著力突出重點、扭住關係全局的戰略樞紐,增強戰略佈局的平衡性、立體性。強調要根據面臨安全威脅和我軍戰略任務,建構全局統籌、分區負責,相互策應、互為一體的戰略部署和軍事布勢;突顯海上軍事鬥爭準備,有效控制重大危機,妥善應對連鎖反應;統籌推動傳統安全領域和新型安全領域軍事鬥爭準備,積極應對新的安全威脅和挑戰。目前,我國安全面臨的突發性、連動性、多變性威脅大幅增強。我們必須掌握方向、統攬大局、統籌全局,緊緊抓住軍事鬥爭的主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面,確保戰略全局穩定,營造於我有利的戰略態勢。

新征程上,我們面臨情勢環境的複雜性和嚴峻性、肩負任務的繁重性和艱鉅性世所罕見、史所罕見,人民軍隊必須肩負起支撐中華民族走向偉大復興的時代重任。全軍要把新時代軍事戰略思想立起來,把新時代軍事戰略方針立起來,把備戰打仗指揮棒立起來,把抓備戰打仗的責任擔當立起來。要大力發揚鬥爭精神,培育一不怕苦、二不怕死的戰鬥精神,強化關鍵時刻不惜一戰的決心意志,任何時候都要有不信邪、不怕鬼、不當軟骨的風骨、氣節、膽魄。要不斷增強鬥爭本領,注重在艱苦嚴格的訓練中淬煉實戰能力,積極創新高敵一籌的策略戰法,抓緊建強聯合作戰的體系支撐,鍛造召之即來、來之能戰、戰之必勝的精兵勁旅,堅決打贏未來戰爭,堅決維護國家主權、安全、發展利益。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/02/content_323888.htm

Where is the Focus of Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations?

中國軍事認知域作戰的重點在哪裡?

劉曙光
2022年10月05日 | 資料來源:解放軍報

現代英語:

● Cognitive domain warfare focuses on full-dimensional attacks, including both cognitive penetration in “peacetime” and cognitive coercion in “wartime”.

● Wartime cognitive domain operations are carried out around the achievement of military objectives, and are implemented in coordination with military operations and support each other.

●In cognitive domain warfare, as the sound of gunfire fades away, the clarion call for a new round of cognitive domain warfare may sound again, and there can be no slackness.

Cognitive domain operations are confrontations conducted at the level of consciousness and thinking. Through selective processing and transmission of information, it influences judgments, changes concepts, and competes for people’s hearts, thereby guiding the reality to develop in a direction that is beneficial to oneself. From the perspective of cognitive shaping, cognitive domain operations focus on full-dimensional attacks, including both cognitive penetration in “peacetime” and cognitive coercion in “wartime”. Therefore, cognitive domain operations do not have a clear boundary between peace and war; at the same time, according to the needs of political or military purposes, its targets can be individuals, organizations, and even countries. Therefore, cognitive domain operations should establish the concept of peacetime and wartime integration, military-civilian integration, cross-domain integration, and joint victory, and sort out basic tasks accordingly.

Focus on the layout tasks of ideology

Ideology is “a system of thought that systematically and consciously reflects the social and economic forms and political systems”. Ideology determines the rational foundation of cognition and has distinct camp characteristics. Although ideology covers all aspects of social life, in the confrontation between countries or political groups, the struggle around belief guidance, attitude acquisition, and concept assimilation is particularly fierce, becoming the focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shaping and guiding political cognition, seizing the initiative to break and establish beliefs. The confrontation between countries or political groups is not only a confrontation of national strength, but also a confrontation of national will, and the confrontation of political beliefs bears the brunt. Shaping and guiding political cognition aims to consolidate or destroy political consensus, strengthen or shake political beliefs, and expand or disintegrate political camps. In cognitive domain operations, through the cognitive guidance of various aspects such as the legitimacy of the ruling party, the rationality of political ideas and systems, and the health of the political ecology, cultivate feelings such as recognition or denial, support or hatred of political positions, beliefs, and practices, and lay a political cognitive layout that is beneficial to oneself and detrimental to the enemy. Political cognition is related to the survival foundation of a country or organization, and is the primary focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide war cognition, seize the leadership of war attitude. A country can live without war but cannot live without war awareness. War cognition is the basis for the formation and development of will, concept, psychology, and thinking of individuals, organizations, and countries in the war cycle. Through the guidance of cognition of the nature, properties, and legal concepts of war, it is a key issue to build a war cognition thinking system, guide the evaluation trend of the rationality, justice, and legitimacy of war, promote the formation of support or opposition to the possible war, and regulate the fluctuation of the willingness to assume war obligations. War cognition affects war attitude, and the struggle for control over it is a task that must be taken seriously in cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide value cognition, and seize the control of emotional will. Values ​​affect people’s judgment of beauty, ugliness, right and wrong, and social behavior orientation. In terms of identifying things and judging right and wrong, people’s emotions always tend to support propositions with similar values. Value cognition permeates every corner of life. Through the dissemination of ethical and moral concepts, standards of beauty, ugliness, good and evil, and literary and artistic viewpoints, the competition for the right to guide value concepts, the right to guide life patterns, and the right to judge traditional inheritance is frequent and fierce. In real life, different values ​​often penetrate and entangle with each other. The essence of shaping and guiding value cognition is to strive for the recognition of social emotions, which is a regular task of cognitive domain operations.

Focus on the social psychology of the task of creating momentum

Social psychology provides a perceptual and experiential basis for cognition, and it is formed on the basis of daily life, social activities, practical insights, etc. Social psychological guidance often promotes unpredictable changes in the real situation. It is one of the common modes of confrontation between the two sides, especially in non-military conflict periods, and it is also a task that must be taken seriously in cognitive domain operations.

Guide national psychology and regulate national emotions. National psychology is one of the social psychology that is most likely to cause conflict and confrontation. Attacking national self-esteem can breed national inferiority complex and easily split and disperse. Improving national self-esteem can enhance national cohesion, but the expansion of national self-esteem can easily lead to extreme racism, national chauvinism, etc.; the differences in status, interests, culture, customs, and life among different ethnic groups within the country provide opportunities for people with ulterior motives to stir up national confrontation, while the same living space and cooperation process lay the foundation for eliminating prejudice and even cohesion and tolerance among ethnic groups. The result depends on cognitive guidance. National psychological guidance is sensitive and easy to get out of control, which has a direct impact on social stability. It is a task that needs to be focused on in cognitive domain operations.

Guide group psychology and increase or decrease opposition awareness. Groups generally refer to people of the same kind, such as ethnic groups, regions, classes, professional groups, and even civil groups, non-governmental organizations, etc. If groups are subjectively defined based on the standard of “convergence”, then the “differences” between groups exist objectively. This difference may be political or economic status, or it may be cultural ideas, regional concepts, or other. Guiding the cognition of differences to promote the opposition psychology of different groups such as party opposition, regional opposition, professional opposition, and rich-poor opposition will not only damage the internal unity of the country, but also accumulate and increase the dissatisfaction of all sectors of society with the political authorities, laying the groundwork for instigating social unrest and division. In cognitive domain operations, attention needs to be paid to this kind of social psychology.

Guiding individual psychology and influencing social emotions. In cognitive domain operations, individual psychological guidance is divided into two situations. One is the psychological guidance of important figures, such as sensitive professionals, social intellectuals, academic elites, successful business people, etc. The struggle for their political stance, emotional attitude, etc. is an issue that both sides of the confrontation need to focus on. The other is the use of phenomena that easily trigger individual psychological resonance. For example, in public crises, major accidents, natural disasters, and even some criminal incidents and emergencies in life, intentionally guiding certain emotions may cause group polarization due to the individual’s herd effect, thereby causing changes in public opinion and even social unrest. Both aspects are content that cognitive domain operations need to pay attention to.

Targeting the critical task of wartime cognition

Cognitive domain operations precede military operations and end with them. In wartime, cognitive domain operations are carried out around the achievement of military objectives, coordinated with military operations, and mutually supportive, with the characteristics of violent coercion. In this stage of cognitive domain operations, “offensive” and “defensive” actions are carried out simultaneously, with the combined effects of weapons and propaganda, and the emergence of “enticement”, “attack”, “cheating”, and “control”. This is the key stage of cognitive domain operations.

Attack the enemy’s mind and induce cognition. Cognitive attacks in wartime are mainly carried out to weaken the enemy’s will to resist and induce the enemy to make wrong decisions. Targeted attacks are used to shake the enemy’s will to resist and front-line commanders and fighters, and information deception interference is used to induce decision-making; for armed forces, which are mainly military forces, the use of force to deter and deter is dominant, and the use of public opinion warfare and other style actions and emerging technical means are used to shake their belief in participating in the war, cause panic, undermine their military morale, and dominate their action patterns; for social support forces, strong information is delivered through large-scale military exercises, equipment tests, and propaganda on the lethality of weapons to undermine confidence, induce panic through selective target strikes and the dissemination of battle conditions, and seek understanding through publicity of one’s own humanitarian actions in the war and related international comments.

Build a strong defense line, gather hearts and minds to control the situation. The focus of cognitive defense in wartime is to build a strong defense line of “heart”, “will” and “intelligence” to prevent the loss of fighting spirit under the stimulation of drastic changes in the situation or environment. Education and publicity are the basic ways of cognitive defense in wartime. For the participating forces, stimulate enthusiasm for participation through mobilization and incentives, clarify the truth by refuting rumors, establish the belief in victory by publicizing the results of the war, mobilize morale by setting up models, etc.; for the supporting forces, establish a sense of mission, responsibility and obligation for the whole people through education and publicity on the justice, rationality and legality of the war, stimulate the psychology of common hatred of the enemy by exposing the enemy’s brutal behavior, and stimulate enthusiasm for supporting operations by publicizing the deeds of local participation in the war and supporting the front, etc.

Expand the camp and eliminate hidden dangers. Creating a favorable cognitive atmosphere and providing support for the expansion of one’s own camp is an important aspect of cognitive domain operations during wartime that must be done. In particular, although the pursuit of international support forces is mainly based on political and diplomatic activities, the widespread spread of one’s own positions, ideas, attitudes, etc. often leads to changes in international civil attitudes, which in turn affects decision-making at the political level and provides support for the expansion of one’s own camp. In addition, cognitive domain operations during wartime have an important task that runs through the entire war, that is, to eliminate the adverse hidden dangers caused by various accidents in the war. Especially in the later stages of the war, as the destructive effects of the war appear and spread, people’s cognitive systems will inevitably be repeatedly impacted by different information. During this period, ideological guidance, social psychological shaping, and individual psychological counseling are needed to ensure the consolidation of the results of the war. In cognitive domain operations, as the sound of gunfire dissipates, the horn of a new round of cognitive domain operations may sound again, and there must be no slackness.

現代國語:

要點提示

●認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊,既包括「平時」的認知滲透,也包括「戰時」的認知迫誘。

●戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目的的達成而展開,與軍事行動配合實施、相互支持。

●在認知域作戰中,隨著槍砲聲的消散,新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能再次吹響,不能有絲毫懈怠。

認知域作戰是在意識思維層面進行的對抗,透過選擇性加工和傳遞訊息,影響判斷、改變觀念、爭奪人心,進而引導現實態勢向有利於己的方向發展。從認知塑造來看,認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊,既包括「平時」的認知滲透,也包括「戰時」的認知迫誘。因而,認知域作戰沒有明晰的平、戰界線;同時,根據政治或軍事目的需要,其作用對象可以是個人、組織甚至國家。因此,認知域作戰應該樹立平戰一體、軍地一體、跨域融合、連動制勝的觀念,並依此整理基本任務。

聚焦意識形態的佈局任務

意識形態是「系統性、自覺地反映社會經濟形態和政治制度的思想體系」。意識形態決定了認知的理性根基,具有鮮明的陣營特徵。儘管意識形態涵蓋社會生活的各個層面,但在國家或政治團體之間的對抗中,圍繞著信念引導、態度爭取、觀念同化等方面的鬥爭尤為激烈,成為認知域作戰重點關注的任務。

塑造引導政治認知,奪取信念破立主控權。國家或政治集團之間的對抗不僅是舉國之力的對抗,也是舉國之志的對抗,政治信念的對抗首當其衝。塑造引導政治認知旨在凝聚或破壞政治共識、堅定或動搖政治信念、拓展或瓦解政治陣營。認知域作戰中,透過對執政黨的合法性、政治理念和製度的合理性、政治生態的健康性等各方面的認知引導,培植對政治立場、信念、實踐等的認同或否定、擁護或憎恨等感情,舖設有利於己、不利於敵的政治認知佈局。政治認知關係到國家或組織的生存根基,是認知域作戰的首要關注目標。

塑造引導戰爭認知,奪取戰爭態度領導權。國可無戰事但不能無戰識。戰爭認知是個人、組織、國家在戰爭週期中意志、觀念、心理、思考形成和發展的基礎。透過對戰爭的本質、性質、法理觀念等的認知引導,建構戰爭認知思維體系,引導戰爭合理性、正義性、合法性的評價走向,推動對可能發生戰爭支持或反對態度的形成,調控承擔戰爭義務意願的漲落,是戰爭認知引導的關鍵問題。戰爭認知影響戰爭態度,對其主控權的爭奪是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

塑造引導價值認知,奪取情感意志控領權。價值觀影響人的美醜是非評判和社會行為取向,在認定事物、判定是非方面,人的情感總是傾向於支持價值觀相近的主張。價值認知滲透於生活的各個角落,透過倫理道德觀念、美醜善惡標準、文學藝術觀點等的傳播,圍繞價值觀念導引權、生活模式導向權、傳統傳承評判權等的爭奪頻繁且激烈。現實生活中,不同的價值觀念往往會互相滲透糾纏。塑造引導價值認知的實質是爭取社會情感的認同,是認知領域作戰的經常性任務。

緊盯社會心理的造勢任務

社會心理為認知提供了感性和經驗基礎,它在日常生活、社會活動、實踐感悟等經驗基礎上形成。社會心理引導常會推動現實情勢產生難測變化,是雙方對抗特別是非軍事衝突期的慣用模式之一,也是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

導引民族心理,調控民族情緒。民族心理是最容易引發衝突對抗的社會心理之一。打擊民族自尊心可滋長民族自卑心理而易分裂澇散,提升民族自尊心可增強民族凝聚力,但民族自尊心的膨脹又易引發極端種族主義、民族沙文主義等的產生;國家內部不同民族間地位、利益、文化、風俗、生活等的差異性,為別有用心之人挑動民族對立情緒提供了可乘之機,而相同的生存空間、合作歷程等又奠定了民族間消除偏見甚至凝聚包容的基礎,結果取決於認知導引。民族心理導引敏感且容易失控,對社會穩定有直接影響,是認知域作戰需要重點關注的任務。

導引群類心理,漲消對立意識。群類泛指同類的人,如民族、地理、階級、職業團體甚至民間團體、非政府組織等等。如果說群類是以「趨同」為標準而主觀劃定的,那麼群類之間的「差異」就是客觀存在的。這種差異性可能是政治、經濟地位,也可能是文化思想、地域觀念抑或其他。導引差異認知推動黨派對立、地區對立、職業對立、貧富對立等不同群體對立心理,不但會對國家內部團結造成破壞,也會累積增加社會各界對政權當局的不滿情緒,為策動社會動盪分裂留下伏筆。認知域作戰中,需要對此類社會心理予以關注。

導引個體心理,影響社會情緒。認知域作戰中,個體心理導引區分為兩種情境。一種是重要人物心理導引,如敏感工作者、社會公知、學術菁英、商業成功人士等,對其政治立場、情感態度等的爭取,是對抗雙方需要重點關注的議題。一種是對易引發個體心理共鳴現象的利用。如公共危機、重大事故、自然災害甚至生活中的一些犯罪事件、突發情況等,有意導引某種情緒則可能因個體的從眾效應而產生群體極化現象,從而引發民意變化甚至社會動盪。這兩個面向都是認知域作戰需重視的內容。

瞄準戰時認知的關鍵性任務

認知域作戰先於軍事行動開展而後於軍事行動結束。戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目的的達成而展開,與軍事行動配合實施、相互支撐,具有暴力脅迫特徵。此階段的認知域作戰,「攻」「防」行動同步開展,武器影響、宣傳影響綜合致效,「誘」「打」「騙」「控」等手段層出不窮,是認知域作戰的關鍵階段。

攻心奪志,迫誘認知。戰時認知攻擊主要圍繞在削弱敵抵抗意志、誘導敵錯誤決策。針對敵方決策層、一線指戰員等,透過靶向攻擊動搖抵抗意志,透過資訊欺騙幹擾誘導決策;針對以軍隊為主的武裝力量,以武力打擊震懾主導,綜合運用輿論戰等樣式行動以及新興技術手段,動搖其參戰信念、引發其恐慌情緒、瓦解其軍心士氣、支配其行動模式;針對社會面支撐力量,透過大型軍事演習、裝備試驗、宣傳武器殺傷效能等傳遞強硬訊息打擊信心,透過選擇性目標打擊、戰況傳播等誘發恐慌情緒,透過宣傳己方戰爭中的人道行為和國際相關評論爭取理解等。

築牢防線,凝心控局。戰時認知防守的重點是築牢「心」「志」「智」防線,防止在局勢或環境劇烈變化的刺激下喪失鬥志。教育和宣傳是戰時認知防禦的基本途徑。針對參戰力量,透過動員激勵激發參戰熱情,透過批駁謠言澄清事實真相,透過宣傳戰果確立必勝信念,透過樹立典型調動士氣等等;針對支撐力量,透過戰爭的正義性、合理性、合法性教育宣傳,建立全民使命感、責任感、義務感,透過揭露敵方的殘暴行為激發同仇敵愾心理,透過宣傳地方參戰支前事蹟激發支援作戰熱情等等。

拓展陣營,消除隱憂。營造有利的認知氛圍,為己方陣營拓展提供支撐,是戰時認知領域作戰必須有所作為的重要面向。特別是國際支持力量的爭取,雖然在途徑上主要以政治、外交等活動為主,但己方立場、理念、態度等的廣泛擴散,常會帶動國際民間態度的轉變,進而影響到政治層面的決策,為己方拓展陣營提供支撐。此外,戰時認知域作戰還有一項貫穿戰爭始終的重要任務,即消除戰爭中各種意外帶來的不利隱患。特別是戰爭後期,隨著戰爭破壞效應的顯現擴散,人的認知體係必將受到不同資訊的反覆衝擊。這段時期,需要意識形​​態引領、社會心理塑造、個體心理疏導等配合致效,方能確保戰果的鞏固。在認知域作戰中,隨著槍砲聲的消散,新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能再次吹響,不能有絲毫懈怠。

(編按:王子鋒、黃子娟)

中國原創軍事資源:http://military.people.com.cn/n1/2022/1005/c1011-32539888.html

Chinese Military intelligence is Profoundly Affecting Future Operations

中國軍事情報正在深刻影響未來的行動

資料來源:新華社 作者:林娟娟 張元濤 王 巍 責任編輯:喬楠楠

2019-09-10

現代英語:

In today’s era, military intelligence is becoming a powerful driving force for a new round of military reforms after mechanization and informatization, profoundly affecting the future combat victory mechanism, combat rules, and combat methods, and increasingly pushing war into the era of intelligence. The impact of military intelligence on future combat is mainly reflected in four aspects.

First, “intelligence” will become the dominant factor in determining the outcome of future operations. Mechanized warfare can be seen as platform-centric warfare, where energy is the dominant force. Energy is used to achieve the mobility of combat platforms and firepower strikes on targets, to achieve the combat purpose of destroying the enemy, and to pursue the use of objects to carry energy and release energy. Informationized warfare can be seen as network-centric warfare, where information is the dominant force. Information does not replace energy, but through precise positioning of time and space, it multiplies the combat effectiveness of energy, thus becoming the dominant force in war, and pursues the use of networks to gather energy and release energy. Intelligent warfare can be seen as cognitive-centric warfare, in which the dominant force is “intelligence”. The combat space is further extended from the physical domain and information domain to the cognitive domain, social domain, and biological domain. The battlefield situation is more complex. War is a systemic confrontation across domains, and it pursues more empowerment and release of power with intelligence.

Second, intelligent unmanned equipment will become the main combat equipment in future operations. The development of intelligent technology has gradually separated people from weapons and equipment. Unmanned systems have shifted from assisting people in combat to replacing people in combat, completing many high-risk combat operations that are not suitable for people to perform. Intelligent combat has increasingly distinctive characteristics of “unmanned platforms, manned systems, unmanned combat, and manned command”. On the Syrian battlefield, the Russian military remotely controlled 10 combat robots to kill more than 70 Islamic State militants with “zero casualties” and seize the 754.5 high ground, becoming the first ground combat operation in military history with robots as the main force. It is expected that by 2025, the proportion of intelligent unmanned equipment in the Russian military’s weapons and equipment will reach more than 30%. The U.S. military predicts that by 2030, intelligent unmanned equipment will be able to perform tasks autonomously, and 60% of ground combat platforms will achieve unmanned intelligence. A large number of drones, unmanned ships/boats, and unmanned vehicles will become the main equipment for both sides on the intelligent battlefield, carrying out various traditional/untraditional military tasks and implementing self-organized and systematic operations.

Third, human-machine collaborative combat will become the main mode of action in future combat. Human-machine collaborative combat is a mode of combat in which manned and unmanned equipment joint formations implement coordinated attacks in a networked confrontation environment. Among them, human soldiers with battlefield decision-making and tactical control capabilities serve as the “command back end”, and intelligent unmanned equipment carrying guided weapons or various intelligence, reconnaissance and surveillance sensors serve as the “weapon front end”. With the support of information networks, human soldiers and intelligent unmanned equipment work closely together to complete actions such as situation perception, tactical decision-making, firepower guidance, weapon launch and damage assessment. According to the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, before 2035, human-machine collaborative combat will mainly take the form of autonomous combat with humans in the loop; before 2050, authorized autonomous or fully autonomous combat with humans outside the loop will be achieved, officially kicking off intelligent warfare dominated by machines.

Fourth, autonomous swarm combat will become an important attack style in future combat. The technical inspiration of swarm combat comes from the bionics research on bees. The division of labor within the bee colony is clear, there is a rich and interesting information exchange language between individuals, and the social behavior is rich, so the cluster is also called a “bee colony.” Swarm combat is an intelligent combat style that relies on artificial intelligence, data chain integration, cloud computing and other technical support, and launches dozens or even hundreds of drones at the same time. They form precise formations and precise division of labor, and perform multiple tasks and multi-target strikes at the same time. Compared with traditional combat, swarm combat has incomparable advantages and is a subversion of traditional combat styles and combat rules. After hundreds of simulation tests, the U.S. Navy found that even an advanced air defense system like the Aegis air defense system has difficulty in allocating firepower when dealing with drone swarm attacks, resulting in some drones being able to avoid interception and successfully launch attacks on ships. Data shows that when a swarm of 8 drones is used to attack ships, an average of 2.8 drones can avoid the Aegis interception system; when the number of drones increases to dozens, the number of drones that successfully avoid the interception system and achieve penetration is greater. These simulation tests fully prove that the effect of drone swarm operations is significant and poses a huge threat to the current defense system. At the same time, it also indicates that swarm-type autonomous operations will inevitably become an important offensive combat style on the future intelligent battlefield.

現代國語:

當今時代,軍事智能化正成為繼機械化、資訊化之後推動新一輪軍事變革的強大動力,深刻影響著未來作戰制勝機理、作戰規則及作戰方式方法等,日益推動戰爭步入智能化時代。軍事智能化對未來作戰的影響趨勢主要體現在4個面向。

一是「智能力」將成為決定未來作戰勝負的主導因素。機械化戰爭可視為平台中心戰,主導力量是能量,透過能量實現作戰平台的機動性和對目標的火力打擊,達到毀傷敵方的作戰目的,追求以物載能、以物釋能。資訊化戰爭可看作是網絡中心戰,主導力量是資訊力,訊息並沒有取代能量,而是透過對時空的精準定位,使能量的作戰效能成倍提升,從而成為戰爭的主導力量,追求以網聚能、以網釋能。智能化戰爭可以看作是認知中心戰,主導力量是“智能力”,作戰空間從物理域、信息域進一步向認知域、社會域和生物域延拓,戰場態勢更為錯綜復雜,戰爭是各作戰域跨域融合的體系對抗,更追求以智賦能、以智釋能。

二是智慧無人裝備將成為未來作戰的主體主戰裝備。智慧技術的發展,使人與武器裝備逐漸實現脫離,無人系統從輔助人作戰轉向代替人作戰,完成諸多不適合人去執行的高危險作戰行動,智能化作戰越來越具有「平台無人、體係有人,作戰無人、指揮有人」的鮮明特徵。在敘利亞戰場上,俄軍遙控指揮10支戰鬥機器人以「零傷亡」擊斃70多名伊斯蘭國武裝分子並奪取754.5高地,成為軍事史上首例以機器人為主力的地面作戰行動。預計2025年,俄軍武器裝備中智慧無人裝備的比例將達到30%以上。美軍預測2030年前,智慧無人裝備將能夠自主執行任務,60%的地面作戰平台將實現無人智慧化。大量無人機、無人船/艇和無人車等裝備,將成為智慧化戰場上對抗雙方的主體裝備,遂行各類傳統/非傳統軍事任務,並實施自組織和體系化作戰。

三是人機協同作戰將成為未來作戰的主要行動方式。人機協同作戰是在網絡化對抗環境下,有人與無人裝備聯合編隊實施協同攻擊的作戰方式。其中,具備戰場決策及戰術控制能力的人類士兵作為“指揮後端”,攜帶制導武器或各類情報、偵察和監視傳感器的智能無人裝備作為“武器前端”,在信息網絡的支持下,人類士兵與智慧無人裝備通過密切協同,共同完成態勢感知、戰術決策、火力引導、武器發射及毀傷評估等行動。根據美國陸軍研究實驗室的觀點,2035年前,人機協同作戰主要採取人在迴路的監督自主式作戰;2050年前,將實現人在迴路外的授權自主或完全自主式作戰,正式拉開機器主戰的智慧化戰爭序幕。

四是集群自主作戰將成為未來作戰的重要攻擊樣式。集群作戰的技術靈感源自於對蜜蜂的仿生研究。蜂群內部分工明確,個體間存在豐富有趣的資訊交流語言,社會行為豐富,所以集群又被稱為「蜂群」。集群作戰是依託人工智慧、數據鏈整合以及雲計算等技術支撐,同時發射數十乃至成百架以上無人機,由其自行精準編隊、精確分工,同時執行多種任務及多目標打擊的智能化作戰樣式。與傳統作戰相比,集群作戰具有無可比擬的優勢,是對傳統作戰樣式和作戰規則的顛覆。美海軍經過數百次模擬試驗後發現,即使先進如「宙斯盾」防空系統,在應對無人機集群攻擊時,也難以合理分配火力,導致部分無人機能夠避開攔截對艦艇成功發動攻擊。數據表明,當使用由8架無人機組成的集群向艦艇發動攻擊時,平均有2.8架無人機可避開「宙斯盾」攔截系統;當無人機數量增至幾十架時,成功避開攔截系統實現突防的無人機數量更多。這些模擬試驗充分證明,無人機集群作戰的效果顯著,對當前防禦體系構成巨大威脅,同時也預示,集群式自主作戰必將成為未來智慧化戰場上重要的進攻作戰樣式。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4850888.html?

Chinese Military’s Embrace of Artificial Intelligence: How to Revolutionize Future Warfare

中國軍隊擁抱人工智慧:如何徹底改變未來戰爭

現代英語:

Source: China National Defense News Author: Chen Hanghui Editor-in-charge: Qiao Nannan 2018-01-02 08:29:25

At present, the world is on the eve of the intelligent revolution, and human society is moving from the “Internet +” era to the “Intelligence +” era. In recent years, driven by big data, new algorithms and supercomputing, artificial intelligence is changing and even subverting every industry it touches, and war is no exception. From underwater submersibles to drone swarms, from predictive maintenance software to intelligent decision-making assistants, artificial intelligence is affecting different areas of war with unprecedented breadth and depth, promoting a new round of military reforms, and the form and appearance of war are quietly changing.

Temple planning comes first, war design becomes more sophisticated

“The Art of War” by Sun Tzu says: “He who plans for victory before the battle has made many calculations; he who plans for defeat before the battle has made few calculations.” Looking at the history of human warfare, “He who plans more wins, and he who plans less loses” is an immutable theorem.

Future wars will increasingly rely on “temple calculations”. Artificial intelligence can enhance the effectiveness of war prediction in at least two ways:

First, it can more accurately calculate and predict the outcome of wars. With the support of advanced algorithms and supercomputing capabilities, the calculation and prediction results of artificial intelligence systems are more accurate than those of the human brain. Second, with the help of war game systems, combat plans can be tested and optimized more effectively. For example, war game systems that incorporate artificial intelligence can engage in man-machine confrontation with humans, which helps people find problems and find weaknesses. In particular, after introducing algorithms such as deep learning into war game systems, the behavior of intelligent systems will become profound and varied, which will help break through the established thinking of humans, enhance the confrontation and authenticity of war game simulations, and achieve the purpose of optimizing solutions. In addition, intelligent war game systems can also be used to conduct machine-machine confrontations to improve the efficiency of simulations.

In February 2015, the U.S. Department of Defense issued a memorandum titled “Wargames and Innovation,” proposing to introduce machine learning into wargames. Currently, Rand Corporation and Raytheon have already begun attempts in this regard. Once mature intelligent software is applied to wargames, it will not only improve the level of optimization plans and prediction of war situations, but also more accurately predict the size of the troops involved in the war, ammunition consumption, duration and support requirements, etc., significantly improving the ability to design wars.

Speed ​​is the key to success. The pace of operations has never been faster.

In the information age, wars follow the principle of “the fast eats the slow”. In the several wars since the Gulf War, the key to the US military’s repeated victories is that it always achieves “the fastest move”.

Nowadays, the reaction speed of artificial intelligence has completely “crushed” the human brain. In 2016, in a simulated air battle, the “Alpha” intelligent software developed by the University of Cincinnati in the United States controlled the F-15 fighter and defeated the F-22 fighter piloted by humans. The reason is that the reaction speed of the intelligent software is 250 times that of the human brain! In October this year, the Geospatial Intelligence Center of the University of Missouri in the United States announced a research result showing that the center has developed an algorithm model based on deep learning technology, which can search and identify missile launch sites within nearly 90,000 square kilometers in the southeastern coastal area of ​​a certain country within 42 minutes, which is 85 times faster than human analysts and has an accuracy rate reaching the level of expert image analysts.

For this reason, in recent years, the US, Russian and other militaries have turned their attention to artificial intelligence, intending to use the speed advantage of artificial intelligence to shorten their decision-making cycle on the battlefield and firmly grasp the operational advantage. In July this year, Russian weapons manufacturer Kalashnikov announced that it had developed a fully automatic combat module based on artificial neural networks, which can achieve destruction upon detection. In addition, the US military is developing intelligent tools such as automated data analysis tools, automatic target recognition software, airborne intelligent decision assistants, and digital air combat planners, intending to reduce the burden of intelligence and combat personnel at all stages of the decision-making cycle and improve decision-making efficiency. In November this year, the head of the US Department of Defense’s algorithmic warfare project called for: Any weapon system purchased by the US military in the future should be integrated with artificial intelligence.

It can be predicted that as more and more intelligent weapon systems are deployed on the battlefield, combat response time on the battlefield will become shorter and shorter, combat actions will become unprecedentedly fierce, and will eventually exceed human understanding and response capabilities.

Autonomous confrontation, the combat mode has changed

Since the 20th century, the development of detection technology and the advancement of perception technology under the wave of informatization have promoted the birth of the man-machine collaborative combat chain of “sensor-shooter-weapon platform”.

With the development of artificial intelligence technology, intelligent weapon systems that can automatically identify, lock and strike targets are gradually emerging, and can replace humans to execute simple decision-making commands. Such as the US military’s ship-borne “Aegis” system, the Israeli military’s “Iron Dome” system, the Russian military’s “Arena” active protection system, the French military’s “Shark” system, etc. However, the intelligence level of these systems is not high at present, and the autonomous combat mode is usually the last option.

In the future, with the advancement of intelligent technology groups such as sensor technology, new algorithms, and big data technology, the autonomous action capabilities of weapon systems will be greatly improved, and the situation of autonomous confrontation of weapon systems will become more and more common. In specific combat fields, such as cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum, humans can only rely on intelligent weapon systems for autonomous confrontation. At the same time, with the emergence of hypersonic weapons and cluster warfare, wars will enter the era of “instant kills” and “group fights”, and using intelligent systems to autonomously fight is almost the only way out.

In the future, as the autonomous confrontation of intelligent weapon systems becomes the new normal, the combat mode will gradually change from “man in the loop” to “man on the loop”. The main characteristics of the new mode can be summarized as “in command, out of control”, that is, in most cases, human warriors play the role of supervisors, responsible for inputting target characteristics and setting rules of engagement before the war, observing battlefield engagements, etc. It should be pointed out that in the new mode, humans are still the final decision makers, and human warriors will autonomously enter and exit the combat chain as needed and take necessary intervention measures. The biggest advantage of the new mode is that it can free human warriors from complex decisions and focus on major decisions and key tasks. How to ensure that humans can take over control at any time will be the biggest challenge facing the development of human-machine collaboration technology in the future.

Cluster warfare brings new life to the war of attrition

In the era of cold weapons and mechanized warfare, attrition warfare was the basic way of fighting, and “eating more and eating less” was the basic rule for winning on the battlefield.

Since the 1970s, with the emergence of stealth technology, satellite positioning systems, and precision-guided weapons, the “more, less” war principle has been completely broken. In recent years, with the rapid development of sensor technology, bionics, miniaturization technology, and artificial intelligence technology, the concept of swarm warfare has once again attracted the attention of the military of various countries. The so-called swarm warfare refers to the centralized deployment of hundreds or thousands of intelligent weapons to attack targets from multiple directions. Compared with traditional combat methods, swarm warfare has four major advantages:

First, the miniaturization of a single platform greatly improves battlefield survivability; second, it is decentralized, and the loss of an individual does not affect the overall function; third, it is low-cost, large in quantity, and the combat cost-effectiveness is multiplied; fourth, it can implement saturation attacks and paralyze the enemy’s defense system. It is not difficult to see that cluster warfare can achieve the effect of “quantity is quality”, and therefore, it is considered a war of attrition in the intelligent era.

The U.S. military sees swarm warfare as a game-changer in warfare, and believes that swarm warfare is particularly suitable for dealing with anti-access/area denial threats. Currently, the U.S. Department of Defense is simultaneously targeting underwater, surface, and air, and promoting multiple swarm research and development projects, striving to have multi-dimensional space swarm combat capabilities. In addition, the various branches of the U.S. military are competing to develop swarm combat concepts. For example, the Marine Corps envisions using unmanned combat swarms as landing pioneers to perform tasks such as battlefield perception, mine clearance, and obstacle removal, creating conditions for Marines to rush ashore.

From underwater “wolf packs” to ground “ant swarms” to aerial “bee swarms”, swarm warfare will be prevalent in the future intelligent battlefield. “Human wave tactics” will be re-emerged in a new look, and the balance of the war of attrition will be extremely tilted towards the side with swarm warfare capabilities. The following scene may appear in the future: on one side, there are swarms of intelligent machines covering the sky and the sun, and on the other side, there are panicked, lonely human warriors…

現代國語:

當前,世界正處於智慧革命的前夜,人類社會正從「互聯網+」時代邁入「智能+」時代。近年來,在大數據、新型演算法和超級運算的推動下,人工智慧正在改變乃至顛覆所觸及的每個產業,戰爭也不例外。從水下潛航器到無人機集群,從預測性維修軟件到智慧決策助手,人工智慧正以前所未有的廣度與深度影響著戰爭的不同領域,推動著新一輪軍事變革,戰爭形態和麵貌正悄然被改變。

廟算為先,戰爭設計日益精細

《孫子兵法》曰:「夫未戰而廟算勝者,得算多也;未戰而廟算不勝者,得算少也。」縱觀人類戰爭史,「多算勝,少算不勝」是亙古不變的定理。

未來戰爭對「廟算」的依賴度有增無減,人工智慧至少可以從兩方面增強戰爭預判的有效性:

一是更精確地計算並預測戰爭結果。在先進演算法和超算能力的支撐下,人工智慧系統的計算和預測結果比人腦更加準確。二是藉助兵棋系統能更有效檢驗和優化作戰方案。例如,融入人工智慧的兵棋系統能夠和人開展人機對抗,有助於人們發現問題、找出弱項。特別是將深度學習等演算法引入兵棋系統後,智慧系統的行為將變得深邃多變,有助於突破人類的既定思維,增強兵棋推演的對抗性和真實性,達到優化方案的目的。此外,還可利用智慧兵棋系統開展機機對抗,提升推演的效率。

2015年2月,美國國防部推出了《兵棋推演與創新》備忘錄,並提出將機器學習引入兵棋推演。目前,蘭德公司、雷神公司已經開始這方面的嘗試。一旦將研發成熟的智慧軟件應用於兵棋推演,不僅能提高優化方案和預測戰局的水平,還能更精確地預測戰爭涉及的兵力規模、彈藥消耗、持續時間和保障需求等,顯著提升對戰爭設計的能力。

速度製勝,作戰節奏空前加快

在資訊時代,戰爭遵循「快吃慢」制勝法則,海灣戰爭以來的幾場戰爭中,美軍之所以能夠屢戰屢勝,其關鍵在於始終做到了「棋快一招」。

如今,人工智慧的反應速度已經完全「碾壓」人腦。 2016年,在一次模擬空戰中,美國辛辛那提大學研發的「阿爾法」智慧軟體操控F-15戰機,擊敗了由人駕駛的F-22戰機,原因就在於該智慧軟件的反應速度是人類大腦反應速度的250倍!今年10月,美國密蘇里大學地​​理空間情報中心公佈了一份研究成果顯示,該中心基於深度學習技術開發了一種演算法模型,能夠在42分鐘內搜尋並識別出某國東南沿海地區近9萬平方千米內的導彈發射場,速度比人類分析師快85倍,準確率達到專家級影像分析師水準。

正因如此,近年來,美、俄等軍隊將目光投向了人工智慧,意圖利用人工智慧的速度優勢,縮短己方在戰場上的決策週期,牢牢掌握行動優勢。今年7月,俄羅斯武器製造商卡拉什尼科夫公司宣稱,已開發出基於人工神經網絡的全自動戰鬥模塊,能做到發現即摧毀。另外,美軍則在研發自動化數據分析工具、自動目標識別軟件、機載智慧決策助理、數字化空中作戰規劃員等智慧工具,意圖在決策週期各環節上減輕情報和作戰人員的負擔,提高決策效率。而在今年11月,美國國防部演算法戰項目負責人呼籲:今後美軍採購的任何武器系統都應融入人工智慧。

可以預見,今後隨著越來越多的智慧化武器系統投入戰場,戰場上的作戰反應時間將越來越短,交戰行動將空前激烈,並最終超越人類的理解和應對能力。

自主對抗,作戰模式引發變革

20世紀以來,偵測技術的發展和資訊化浪潮下感知技術的進步,推動了「傳感器-射手-武器平台」這一人機協作式作戰鏈誕生。

隨著人工智慧技術的發展,能夠自動識別、鎖定和打擊目標的智慧化武器系統逐漸出現,並能取代人類執行簡單的決策命令。如美軍的艦載「宙斯盾」系統、以軍的「鐵穹」系統、俄軍的「競技場」主動防護系統、法軍的「鯊魚」系統,等等。不過,這些系統的智慧化程度目前還不高,自主交戰模式通常是最後一個選項。

未來,隨著傳感技術、新型演算法、大數據技術等智慧化技術群的進步,武器系統的自主行動能力將大幅提升,武器系統自主對抗的情況也越來越普遍。而在特定作戰領域,如網路空間和電磁頻譜領域,人類只能依托智慧化武器系統進行自主對抗。與此同時,隨著高超音速武器和集群作戰的出現,戰爭將進入「秒殺」和「群架」時代,利用智慧系統自主迎戰幾乎是唯一出路。

未來,隨著智慧化武器系統的自主對抗成為新常態,作戰模式將逐漸從「人在迴路中」轉變為「人在迴路」。新模式的主要特徵可概括為“指揮之中、控制之外”,即在多數情況下,人類戰士扮演監督員的角色,負責在開戰前輸入目標特徵和設定交戰規則,觀察戰場交戰情況等。需要指出的是,在新模式下人依然是最終決策者,人類戰士將根據需要自主進出作戰鏈,採取必要的干預措施。新模式的最大優勢是可以使人類戰士從紛繁複雜的決策中解放出來,聚焦於主要決策和關鍵任務。如何確保人類能夠隨時接管控制權,將是今後一段時期內,人機協同技術發展面臨的最大挑戰。

集群作戰,讓消耗戰重煥生機

在冷兵器和機械化戰爭時代,消耗戰是基本作戰方式,「多吃少」是戰場制勝的基本法則。

自上世紀70年代以來,隨著隱形技術、衛星定位系統、精確制導武器的登場,「多吃少」的戰爭法則被徹底打破。近年來,隨著傳感技術、仿生技術、微型化技術和人工智慧技術取得長足發展,集群式作戰構想再次受到各國軍隊的重視。所謂集群作戰,是指集中部署數百上千個智慧化武器,從多個方向對目標實施攻擊。與傳統作戰方式相比,集群作戰具備四大優勢:

一是單一平台小型化,戰場生存能力大幅提升;二是去中心化,個體的損失不影響整體功能;三是成本低廉,數量龐大,作戰效費比成倍提高;四是可實施飽和攻擊,癱瘓敵防禦體系。不難看出,集群作戰能夠達到「數量即質量」的效果,因此,被認為是智慧時代的消耗戰。

美軍將集群作戰視為戰爭遊戲規則的改變者,認為集群作戰尤其適合應對反介入/區域拒止威脅。當前,美國國防部同時瞄準水下、水面和空中,推進多個集群研發項目,力求具備多維空間集群作戰能力。此外,美軍各軍種正競相開發集群作戰概念,如海軍陸戰隊設想讓無人作戰集群充當登陸先鋒,執行戰場感知、排雷除障等任務,為陸戰隊員搶灘上陸創造條件。

從水下“狼群”到地面“蟻群”再到空中“蜂群”,集群作戰將在未來智慧化戰場上大行其道。 「人海戰術」將改頭換面重新登場,消耗戰的天平將向具備集群作戰能力的一方極度傾斜。未來可能出現這一場景:一邊是遮天蔽日、蜂擁而至的智慧機器,另一邊是驚慌失措、形單影隻的人類戰士…

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4801288.html

Chinese Military’s Dissipative warfare: a Typical Form of Intelligent Warfare

中國軍隊的耗散戰:智慧戰爭的典型形式

英文翻譯:

With the rapid development of intelligent technology and its widespread application in the military, intelligent warfare is becoming a new form of warfare after information warfare, and dissipative warfare has become a typical form of intelligent warfare. The so-called dissipative warfare refers to the combat method in which the intelligent warfare system achieves comprehensive combat power by integrating material consumption, energy release and information diffusion through internal enrichment and integration and external mutation emergence. Strengthening the research on dissipative warfare will help us to deeply reveal the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare and win the initiative in future war games.

Dissipative warfare is the inevitable result of the development of the times

Dissipative warfare is manifested in the comprehensive confrontation of the physical, information and cognitive domains in the intelligent era. It is embodied in the highly unified forms of political contest, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances, reflecting the openness, complexity and emergence of the intelligent warfare system.

Adapt to the security situation requirements of the intelligent era. Entering the intelligent era, technologies such as broadband networks, big data, big models, cloud computing, and deep learning are developing rapidly, and the connections between political groups, countries, and nations are becoming more extensive. Under the influence of multiple factors such as political pluralism, economic integration, social openness, and technological revolution, non-traditional security has emerged and intertwined with traditional threats. The subjects and scope of intelligent warfare are constantly expanding, the time and space of war are constantly extending, and war and peace are inseparable and intertwined. The war system will further transcend local regional restrictions, from relative closure to greater openness, forming a higher level and larger range of confrontation. Dissipative warfare emphasizes the comprehensive efforts of the intelligent warfare system in the physical domain, information domain, and cognitive domain, and highly unifies the forms of political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict, and diplomatic checks and balances and incorporates them into the category of enemy-us confrontation, adapting to the requirements of the times for the development of the world security situation.

This is in line with the objective law of the evolution of war forms. The dissipation phenomenon of the war system has always existed since the emergence of war. However, before the emergence of intelligent war forms, due to technological constraints, it has always been in a relatively low-level and simple state. War confrontation can only be manifested in one of the forms of material consumption, energy dissipation and information diffusion. In the agricultural era, the form of war was mainly manifested as a cold weapon war dominated by material elements and centered on the human body. In the industrial era, the form of war was mainly manifested as thermonuclear weapons and mechanized war dominated by energy elements and centered on platforms. In the information age, the form of war is mainly manifested as an information war dominated by information elements and centered on the network security system. Entering the intelligent era, intelligent technology highly unifies the cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages and action advantages in the confrontation between the enemy and us. In essence, it highly unifies the three elements of matter, energy and information. Through empowering, gathering and releasing energy with intelligence, an intelligent war form dominated by intelligent elements and centered on intelligent algorithms has been formed. The main form of expression is the dissipative war that reflects the confrontation of the complex system of intelligent warfare.

It has a solid philosophical theoretical foundation. The social form is the mother of the war form. To explore and understand intelligent warfare, we must base ourselves on the basic principles of historical materialism and dialectical materialism, comprehensively examine the evolution of the war form and the social form in which intelligent warfare is located, and construct a new war concept and context system. From a philosophical perspective, matter, energy and information are the three major elements that constitute the world. Matter embodies the existence of the origin, energy embodies the existence of movement, and information embodies the existence of connection. The three progressively and alternately dominate the evolution and operation of social and war forms. According to the principle of negation of negation of dialectical materialism, in the intelligent age after the information age, the dominant element of society will be matter again after matter, energy and information. However, this material is a new type of material formed after a spiral rise after high informatization, and its main feature is that it has intelligent technology attributes. Therefore, in essence, dissipative warfare is the intelligent element that highly unifies the characteristics and advantages of matter, energy and information in the previous low-level war form, and highly unifies the forms of material consumption, energy release and information diffusion that are prevalent in war, reflecting the typical characteristics of intelligent warfare.

Deeply grasp the inherent meaning of dissipative warfare

Dissipative warfare is based on the real world and covers the virtual world. It adapts to the rapid development of intelligent technology, the rise of non-traditional security threats, and the continuous expansion of the subjects and scope of war, and presents many new characteristics.

Comprehensive game of confrontation. As the intelligent war form accelerates to a higher depth and breadth, the interconnection and influence of political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other fields are more extensive, and the focus of war begins to shift from the military system to the social system. The confrontation of war stakeholders will be reflected in various forms of comprehensive games such as political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances. The war advantage pursued is no longer limited to the field of military confrontation. The winner of the war must adapt to the openness, complexity and emergence requirements of the war system, and transform from the extensive consumption and use of single materials, energy and information to the dissipation of the war system dominated by intelligent advantages, and strive to gain initiative and advantage in the comprehensive game in multiple fields.

The subjects are cross-domain and diversified. The subjects of intelligent warfare are becoming more and more generalized, and the potential forces of war that need to be mobilized in traditional warfare will be in a state of normalized confrontation. Political forces, various institutions and personnel, together with the troops and soldiers fighting on the battlefield in the traditional sense, constitute the subjects of war. Diversified war subjects will cross the real domain and the virtual domain, appear in multiple spatial domains such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and psychology, covering the physical domain, information domain, cognitive domain, etc., covering multiple social domains such as politics, economy, culture, and diplomacy. For example, civilians can use smartphones to collect information on the military battlefield and pass it on to war stakeholders, resulting in the spread of key information about the war, which in turn affects war decisions or the victory or defeat of a campaign or battle.

Forces are integrated and enriched. Virtual forces are integrated. Focusing on the purpose of war, all possible real forces and virtual forces will be integrated with the support of intelligent technology, and perform their duties and act according to regulations on parallel battlefields; unmanned forces are integrated. After going through the stages of manual operation, manual authorization, and manual supervision, unmanned combat forces will achieve a high degree of autonomy, and can be deployed and combined with various manned forces on demand, and effectively coordinate and coexist in parallel under the constraints of common war rules; multiple forces are integrated. Based on the extensive connections in various fields and the common purpose of the war system, the forces of the party, government, military, police, and civilians will closely coordinate military operations with political, economic, diplomatic, public opinion, and legal struggles, and unify their actions to form comprehensive combat power. In short, under the integrated planning of the country or political group, although the multiple participating forces of intelligent warfare are physically dispersed, they can achieve logical concentration, immediate enrichment, complementary advantages, and integrated excellence around the common purpose of war.

Effectiveness accumulates and emerges. While the high-level war form has new technical characteristics, it still includes the characteristic advantages of the low-level war form. Dissipative warfare emphasizes continuous comprehensive confrontation in multiple domains, which includes the consumption of ammunition, supplies, equipment and even combatants at the material level, as well as the continuous collection and release of energy, and the diffusion and integration of data, knowledge, algorithms, etc. at the information level, which has an unlimited impact on people’s thinking cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotional will, and behavior patterns. Under the normal deterrence of nuclear weapons, intelligent warfare shows a decrease in bloodiness, but political isolation, economic blockade, cultural conflict, diplomatic strangulation, etc. will become more severe and intense. When the military, political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other systems continue to play their roles and the effectiveness accumulation reaches a certain level, the war system will increase negative entropy, thereby achieving a sudden change in combat power and the emergence of system effectiveness, thereby gaining a war advantage.

Fighting a Dissipative War by Choosing the Right Combat Focus

The intelligent warfare system achieves maximum system combat effectiveness through internal enrichment and integration, external mutation, cross-domain efficiency enhancement, and intelligent dissipation, which is the winning mechanism contained in dissipative warfare. To win in intelligent warfare, it is necessary to clarify the operational focus of dissipative warfare, target the shortcomings and weaknesses of the opponent’s system, and find the focus of war preparation.

Focus on the openness of the system and isolate the opponent’s war system. Cut off the material, energy and information exchange between the opponent’s war system and the external battlefield environment, so that it lacks material, energy and information sources, and gradually moves towards an isolated, closed and weak state. For example, at the strategic level, political isolation is used to isolate the opponent’s war system, causing the system’s entropy to increase. At the campaign level, methods such as cutting off data sources, destroying data backups, falsifying data, and tampering with information can be used to force its war system to transform into a closed state, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the opponent’s system.

Focusing on the complexity of the system, the opponent’s war system is destroyed in different domains. The more connections and the closer the degree of connection between the elements of the intelligent war system, the lower the reliability of the system structure. By using the principle of relative independence of each layer in a complex system, we can formulate strategic overall, local and tactical action strategies to achieve layered and domain-based destruction of the enemy’s war system. For example, at the strategic level, the economic blockade is adopted to greatly weaken the opponent’s war strength and development potential. At the campaign level, the vulnerability of the combat system communication network is utilized, and the network-electric composite attack is used as the basic path and means. The methods of “destroying the end, attacking the element, isolating the group, disconnecting the network, and breaking the cloud” are adopted to destroy the opponent’s combat system structure and cause the opponent’s war system to “collapse”.

Focus on system emergence and dismantle and disperse the opponent’s war system. Only when the intelligent war system has mutation and emergence effects can it quickly form and exert system effectiveness and gain dissipative warfare advantages. If only a single component or element plays a role, it is impossible to form an advantage. It can be foreseen that the currently emerging technologies such as ChatGPT and more advanced intelligent technologies in the future will provide a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state and laws of complex war systems, as well as new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. The party with the advantage in war confrontation will reduce the coupling degree of the opponent’s war system through a combination of virtual and real, parallel and integrated confrontation methods, and achieve the purpose of dismantling and dismantling the enemy’s war system.

現代國語:

隨著智慧化技術快速發展及在軍事上的廣泛應用,智慧化戰爭正成為資訊化戰爭後的新戰爭形態,而耗散戰則成為智慧化戰爭的典型方式。所謂耗散戰,是指智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合,對外突變湧現,達成集物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散於一體的綜合戰力的作戰方式。加強耗散戰研究,有利於我們深入揭示智慧化戰爭制勝機理,贏得未來戰爭賽局主動權。


耗散戰是時代發展的必然結果


耗散戰表現在智慧化時代中物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合對抗,體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式的高度統一,反映了智慧化戰爭體系所具有的開放性、複雜性和湧現性。
適應智慧化時代的安全情勢要求。進入智慧化時代,寬網路、大數據、大模型、雲端運算、深度學習等技術快速發展,各政治集團、國家、民族之間的聯繫更加廣泛。在政治多元、經濟交融、社會開放、科技革命等多重因素作用下,非傳統安全興起並與傳統威脅交織,智慧化戰爭主體與範疇不斷拓展,戰爭時間與空間不斷外延,戰爭與和平如影相隨並交織一體,戰爭體系將進一步超越局部地域限制,從相對封閉走向更開放,形成更高層次和更大範圍的對抗。耗散戰強調智慧化戰爭體系在物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合發力,把政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式高度統一併納入敵我對抗範疇,適應了世界安全情勢發展的時代要求。
符合戰爭形態演變的客觀法則。戰爭體系的耗散現象自戰爭產生以來便始終存在,只不過在智能化戰爭形態出現之前,由於技術的製約,一直處於較為低級的、簡單的狀態,戰爭對抗僅能表現為物質消耗、能量釋散和訊息擴散中的某一種形式。農業時代,戰爭形態主要表現為以物質要素為主導的、以人體為中心的冷兵器戰爭。工業化時代,戰爭形態主要表現為以能量要素為主導的、以平台為中心的熱核兵器和機械化戰爭。在資訊化時代,戰爭形態主要表現為以資訊要素為主導的、以網信體系為中心的資訊化戰爭。進入智慧化時代,智慧化科技將敵我對抗中的認知優勢、決策優勢和行動優勢高度統一起來,實質是將物質、能量和資訊三者高度統一,透過以智賦能、以智聚能、以智釋能,形成了以智慧要素為主導的、以智慧演算法為中心的智慧化戰爭形態,主要表現形式即為反映智慧化戰爭複雜體系對抗的耗散戰。
具有堅實的哲學理論基礎支撐。社會形態是戰爭形態的母體,探索和認識智能化戰爭,必須基於歷史唯物主義和辯證唯物主義的基本原理,綜合考察戰爭形態的演進和智能化戰爭所處的社會形態,構建新的戰爭概念和語境體系。從哲學角度看,物質、能量和資訊是構成世界的三大要素,物質體現本源的存在,能量體現運動的存在,訊息則體現聯繫的存在,三者遞進交替主導著社會形態和戰爭形態的演進和運行。依照辯證唯物論的否定之否定原理,在資訊時代之後的智慧時代,主導社會的要素將繼物質、能量、資訊後再次輪到物質,只不過這個物質是高度資訊化後螺旋式上升後形成的新型物質,其主要特徵就是具有了智慧化技術屬性。因此,從本質上講,耗散戰是智慧要素將以前低階戰爭形態中物質、能量和資訊的特性優勢高度統一起來,將戰爭中普遍存在的物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散等形式高度統一起來,反映了智慧化戰爭的典型特徵。
深刻把握耗散戰的內在要義
耗散戰基於現實世界、涵蓋虛擬世界,適應了智慧化技術快速發展、非傳統安全威脅興起、戰爭主體和範疇不斷拓展的趨勢,呈現出許多新特性。
對抗綜合博弈。隨著智慧化戰爭形態加速向更高深度和廣度發展,政治、經濟、文化、外交等領域相互聯繫和影響更具廣泛性,戰爭重心開始從軍事系統向社會系統偏移,戰爭利益攸關方的對抗將體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等多種形式的綜合博弈,追求的戰爭優勢不再只限於軍事對抗領域。戰爭制勝方必須適應戰爭體系的開放性、複雜性和湧現性要求,從單一物質、能量和資訊的粗放式消耗和運用轉變到以智慧優勢主導戰爭體系的耗散,力爭在多領域的綜合博弈中贏得主動和優勢。
主體跨域多元。智慧化戰爭的主體日益泛化,傳統戰爭需要動員的戰爭潛在力量將處於常態化對抗狀態。政治力量、各類機構和人員與傳統意義上在戰場廝殺的部隊和軍人一起構成戰爭的主體。多元化戰爭主體將跨越現實域和虛擬域,出現在陸、海、空、天、電、心理等多個空間域,涵蓋物理域、資訊域、認知域等,涵蓋政治、經濟、文化、外交等多類社會域。如社會平民可以用智慧型手機收集軍事戰場上的信息並傳遞給戰爭利益攸關方,造成對戰爭關鍵訊息的擴散,進而影響戰爭決策或一場戰役和戰鬥的勝敗。
力量一體富聚。虛實力量一體。圍繞著戰爭目的,一切可能運用的現實力量和虛擬力量將在智能化技術支撐下實現一體化,在平行戰場上按職履責、按規行動;有無力量一體。無人作戰力量將在經歷人工操作、人工授權、人為監督階段後,實現高度的自主性,並可與各類有人力量按需部署、按需組合,在共同的戰爭規則約束下有效協同、並行共生;多方力量一體。基於各領域的廣泛聯繫和戰爭體系的共同目的,黨政軍警民等各方力量將軍事行動與政治、經濟、外交、輿論、法理鬥爭密切配合、統一行動,形成綜合戰力。總之,在國家或政治集團的一體籌劃下,智慧化戰爭的多元參戰力量雖然物理分散,但能夠圍繞共同的戰爭目的,實現邏輯集中、即時富聚,優勢互補、一體聚優。
效能累積湧現。高階戰爭形態在具有新質技術特徵的同時,仍涵括低階戰爭形態的特徵優勢。耗散戰強調在多域持續進行綜合對抗,這既包括物質層面的彈藥、物資、器材甚至作戰人員的消耗,也包括能量層面的不斷匯集和釋放,更包括透過資訊層面的數據、知識、演算法等的擴散與融合,對人的思考認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等產生不可限制的影響。在核武的常態嚇阻下,智慧化戰爭呈現出血腥味下降,但政治孤立、經濟封鎖、文化衝突、外交扼殺等將更加嚴峻激烈的局面。當軍事、政治、經濟、文化、外交等各系統角色持續發揮,效能累積達到某一程度,戰爭體係就會增加負熵,進而實現戰力突變和體系效能湧現,從而獲得戰爭優勢。
在選準作戰重心中打好耗散戰
智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合,對外突變湧現,跨域增效、以智耗散,達成體係作戰效能最大化,這是耗散戰蘊含的製勝機理。要在智慧化戰爭中贏得勝勢,必須明確耗散戰的作戰重心,針對對手體系短板弱點,找準戰爭準備的發力點。
著眼體系開放性,封閉孤立對手戰爭體系。截斷對手戰爭體系與外在戰場環境的物質、能量和資訊交流,使之缺乏物質、能量和資訊來源管道,逐漸走向孤立、封閉和虛弱狀態。如在戰略層面,採取政治孤立的方式,使對手戰爭體系處於孤立狀態,造成體系熵增。在戰役層面,可利用切斷資料來源、毀滅資料備份、資料作假、竄改資訊等方法,綜合採用軟硬手段,迫其戰爭體係向封閉狀態轉化,進而降低對方體系效能。
著眼體系複雜性,分域破擊對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體係要素間連結越多、連結程度越緊密,體系結構可靠性就越低。運用複雜系統中各分層相對獨立的原理,可製訂戰略全局、戰役局部和戰術行動策略,實現對敵戰爭體系的分層分域破擊。如在戰略層面,採用經濟封鎖的方式,大大削弱對手的戰爭實力和發展潛力。在戰役層面,利用作戰系統通訊網路的脆弱性,以網電複合攻擊為基本路徑與手段,採用「毀端、擊元、孤群、斷網、破雲」等方式,破擊對方作戰系統結構,促使對方戰爭體系「坍塌」。
著眼體系湧現性,拆解疏散對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體系只有出現突變和湧現效應,才能快速形成發揮體系效能,獲得耗散戰優勢。如果只是單一組分或要素發揮作用,不可能形成優勢湧現。可以預見,當前興起的ChatGPT等技術以及未來更高級的智慧化技術,將提供理解和發現戰爭複雜體系運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式,以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段,戰爭對抗優勢方將透過虛實結合、平行一體的對抗方式,降低對手戰爭體系的耦合度,達成拆解疏散敵戰爭體系的目的。

中文原創資訊科技來源:http://www.81it.com/2023/0509/14288.html

Chinese Military “new domains” and “new quality combat space force”?

中國軍隊的「新領域」與「新素質作戰太空軍」?

現代英語:

The report of the 20th CPC National Congress proposed to increase the proportion of new-domain and new-quality combat forces. In today’s world, the war situation is accelerating its evolution towards intelligence, and a large number of advanced technologies are widely used in the military field. New-domain and new-quality combat forces have become the commanding heights of strategic competition among major powers and the key force to win the future. Developing new-domain and new-quality combat forces has become a priority option for the world’s military powers. Understanding what is “new” about new-domain and new-quality combat forces is of great value in clarifying ideas, building scientifically, and improving quality and efficiency.

New developments in space

The space domain is the attribute embodiment of the environment that combat forces rely on and the scope of influence. With the expansion of the scope of human activities and the development of national interests, the current military struggle space has exceeded the traditional land, territorial waters and airspace, and has continuously expanded to the deep sea, space, electromagnetic and other fields, and new domains and new types of combat forces have also emerged.

The scope of action has entered social cognition. The scope of action of new-domain and new-quality combat forces has expanded from the traditional physical domain to the social domain and cognitive domain. In the era of intelligence, disruptive technologies represented by artificial intelligence are accelerating the expansion of the scope of influence of combat forces. The rapid application of technologies such as biological cross-fertilization, brain science, and human-computer interface has promoted the deep penetration and high integration of intelligent network systems and human social activities. New situations and new means such as “intelligent deep forgery” and “fabrication of information manholes” have surfaced in large numbers, and the struggle in the social domain and cognitive domain has gradually evolved into a new domain and new “trend” for power games.

The activity space is more three-dimensional and diversified. Driven by advanced technology, new domain and new quality combat forces have broken through the traditional space of land, sea, air and space, and the scope of activities is more three-dimensional and diversified. The deep sea, space, underground, polar regions, etc. have become new territories for the competition of new domain and new quality combat forces, and have grown into a “new sector” for leveraging the combat space. In 2018, the U.S. Department of Defense issued the “National Defense Space Strategy”. Against the background of the establishment of an independent space force and space command in the United States, its space force has evolved into a synonym for comprehensive space capabilities that integrate military, political, economic, and diplomatic capabilities.

Battlefield dimensions emphasize high-level multi-dimensionality. New domain and new quality combat forces often achieve performance aggregation through high-level multi-dimensional deployment, which is very different from the battlefield deployment of conventional forces. With the extension of battlefield dimensions such as network and electromagnetic, the matrix distribution of new domain and new quality combat forces has broken through the traditional three-dimensional limitations and expanded to a high-level space of high-dimensional, full-dimensional, and large-scale joint. At the end of 2019, the US military launched the concept of “all-domain operations”, integrating space, network, electromagnetic and missile defense capabilities, claiming to compete with competitors in all possible conflict dimensions.

Winning mechanism highlights new changes

The winning mechanism contains the mechanism and principle of seizing the right to occupy and winning. At present, the winning mechanism of intelligent high-end warfare is undergoing profound changes. The new domain and new quality combat force is precisely the “blade” that conforms to the evolution of the war form and conforms to the winning mechanism of intelligent high-end warfare.

The focus of force confrontation is on dimensionality reduction and intelligence control. For new domain and new quality combat forces, data drive is the driving force of power, breaking the network chain is the focus of action, and dimensionality reduction and intelligence control is the focus of confrontation. New domain and new quality combat forces confront based on advanced algorithms and intelligent models, effectively drive key nodes such as cloud, terminal, and library of intelligent combat systems, and form intelligent advantages based on data resources. At the same time, focus on attacking weak links such as the enemy’s data chain system and mobile communication network, cut off the enemy’s cross-domain actions, and block its energy release.

The action path tends to be compound and iterative. Conventional combat forces generally achieve the expected effect through the superposition and accumulation of soft kill and hard destruction, while new domain and new quality combat forces use compound iteration of action effects as an effective path for efficient energy release. In the process of action, it not only emphasizes the role of new forces and new means such as hypersonic, long-range precision, laser electromagnetic and high-power microwave, but also focuses on multi-domain effects such as comprehensive algorithm control, network point paralysis, electromagnetic confrontation, psychological offense and defense, and public opinion building, so as to achieve cross-domain release of combat effects, multi-domain resonance and iterative efficiency enhancement.

The game mode focuses on gray over-limit. Traditional combat forces often pursue the direct effect of damage and destruction, while new domain and new quality combat forces pay more attention to gray over-limit battlefield games. The essence is to effectively reduce domains and control intelligence through non-military destruction, unconventional warfare and non-physical destruction in more fields, wider dimensions and wider ranges based on intelligent means and intelligent tools. It is reported that the US military has developed more than 2,000 computer virus weapons such as Stuxnet, Flame, and Shute, and has successfully used them in battlefields such as Syria and Iran. At present, the US military is striving to use projects such as the “National Cyber ​​​​Range” to continue to consolidate its dominant position.

New mutations emerge in science and technology

Science and technology have always been the most dynamic and revolutionary factor in military development. Entering the new century, leading, cutting-edge, and disruptive technologies have shown a “spurting” growth and have become an important variable in promoting the development of new domains and new types of combat forces.

Mutations come from emerging technologies. Advanced technologies play a vital role in driving the development of combat forces. The core technologies that support new-domain and new-quality combat forces have been rapidly transformed from traditional categories to emerging fields. In today’s world, intelligent technology has made new progress, unmanned system technology has entered an explosive period, space confrontation technology has flourished, network combat technology has advanced in depth, new concept weapons technology has attracted much attention, and fusion technology has given birth to disruptive innovation. As the key to changing the rules of the war game, new-domain and new-quality combat forces must firmly grasp the “key to victory” of emerging technologies.

Mutations present cluster effects. Breakthroughs in advanced science and technology often have a decisive impact on the development of new domains and new types of combat forces. In the era of intelligence, the science and technology system is more complex and systematic, and the role of core and key technologies emphasizes cluster effects and overall emergence. At present, the world’s military science and technology presents an all-round, multi-domain, and deep-level development trend. Various professional directions are accelerating through multi-point breakthroughs, multi-party penetration, and deep integration. The key technologies that support new domains and new types of combat forces are also undergoing a transformation from single competition to cluster promotion.

Mutation favors integration and crossover. Advanced science and technology have a subversive effect of changing the rules of engagement and breaking the conventional path in promoting the development of new domain and new quality combat forces. Today, the development of cutting-edge technology is shifting from conventional disciplines to cutting-edge crossovers. Big crossovers, big integrations, and big breakthroughs have become the general trend. The world’s military powers have increased their investment in artificial intelligence, biological crossovers, advanced computing, hypersonics, and other directions, and have used integration and crossover as an effective way to innovate cutting-edge technologies, competing for the strategic commanding heights of the development of new domain and new quality combat forces.

New modes for weapons and equipment

Weapons and equipment have always been an effective carrier for combat forces to exert their effectiveness. The weapons and equipment of new-domain and new-quality combat forces have the characteristics of new technology, new functions, and new modes. They can effectively exert new-domain and new-quality combat capabilities, create a window of advantage, paralyze the opponent’s system, and form a shock effect.

Platform equipment focuses on intelligent unmanned. At present, the platform equipment of new domain and new quality combat forces has broken through the conventional manned control mode and accelerated the transformation to intelligent unmanned form. In recent years, based on the rapid application of intelligent unmanned technology, the full spectrum of unmanned platforms, intelligent equipment and unmanned swarms have experienced explosive growth. The US military’s “Global Hawk” and “Predator” drones have been put into actual combat in large numbers. The F-35 and the unmanned version of the F-16 continue to strengthen manned and unmanned collaboration through the “Loyal Wingman” program. The US military plans that drones will account for 90% of its air force aircraft equipment in the future.

The weapon system highlights heterogeneity and versatility. The integration of various types of data links, standards and waveforms provides a richer set of technical integration tools for the weapon systems of new-domain and new-quality combat forces. The weapon systems of new-domain and new-quality combat forces have changed the fixed state of individual operation and static combination, and put more emphasis on heterogeneous hinges and data conversion based on network information systems to quickly build cross-domain and cross-dimensional wide-area distributed weapon systems. In 2017, the US military proposed the concept of “mosaic warfare”, envisioning the use of dynamic distribution technology to transform the previously centralized and static weapon systems into heterogeneous and multi-functional ones.

The equipment system is more flexible and open. The equipment system of the new domain and new quality combat force has changed the structural mode of element series connection and unit parallel connection, becoming more flexible and open. With the help of “decentralized” design, the new domain and new quality combat force distributes the key functions of the equipment system nodes to each unit module, which can effectively avoid the passive situation of paralysis as a whole once a certain type or some key equipment is hit. In recent years, the US military has actively promoted the test and verification of “sewing” new electronic system integration technology, which is to accelerate the development of new information fusion and interoperability technologies.

New forms of force formation

Force organization is a form of deployment of combat forces, which directly affects the role and effectiveness of combat forces. New-domain and new-type combat forces have the characteristics of new force platforms, wide range of areas involved, innovative combat mechanisms, and sudden technological development. Force organization is significantly different from traditional forces.

The integration of elements emphasizes dynamic reconstruction. New-domain and new-quality combat forces have realized the dynamic reconstruction and cross-domain integration of combat elements, and promoted the transformation of combat elements from static matching to dynamic reconstruction. Based on the support of intelligent network information system, new-domain and new-quality combat forces can give full play to the derivative effectiveness of intelligent technology, and build a fusion iterative update mechanism of system elements based on autonomous and intelligent battlefield real-time command and control. Through heterogeneous functional elements and unit modules, iterative updates of system elements, reorganization and optimization of system structure, and evolutionary improvement of system capabilities can be achieved.

The unit architecture relies on cross-domain networking. The new domain and new quality combat force has achieved a leap from intra-domain combination to multi-domain aggregation of the unit architecture. Using advanced information network technology and based on mutually cooperative functional nodes, the new domain and new quality combat force can build a distributed “kill network” with good resilience to achieve wide-area configuration, cross-domain networking and multi-domain aggregation of combat units and basic modules. In the U.S. Army’s “Convergence Plan 2020” exercise, the “Firestorm” artificial intelligence-assisted decision-making system was able to achieve target input for the cutting-edge “Gray Eagle” drone within 20 seconds, and connect with attack weapons such as glide guided bombs, helicopters, and ground artillery.

The formation structure emphasizes human-machine hybrid. The new domain and new quality combat force has realized the transformation of the formation structure from manned to man-machine hybrid. The application of a large number of unmanned platforms and unmanned combat clusters enables the new domain and new quality combat force to rely on the intelligent combat system to form a heterogeneous and diverse open hybrid formation. Based on artificial intelligence and machine learning technology, various unmanned system platforms can autonomously build links and networks to generate multiple sets of combination plans. With the help of auxiliary decision-making tools, commanders can quickly select the best man-machine hybrid formation to achieve intelligent decision-making and unexpected victory.

現代國語:

黨的二十大報告提出,增加新域新質作戰力量比重。當今世界,戰爭形態加速向智慧化演變,大量先進科技在軍事領域廣泛應用,新域新質作戰力量已成為大國戰略競爭的製高點和製勝未來的關鍵力量。發展新域新質作戰力量已成為世界軍事強國的優先選項。認清新域新質作戰力量到底「新」在哪裡,對於釐清思緒、科學抓建、提升質效具有重要價值。

空間領域出現新拓展

空間領域是作戰力量環境依賴和影響範圍的屬性體現。隨著人類活動範圍的擴大和國家利益的發展,當前軍事鬥爭空間已經超越傳統的領陸、領海和領空,不斷向深海、太空、電磁等領域拓展,新域新質作戰力量也隨之應運而生。

作用領域進入社會認知。新域新質作戰力量的作用領域已由傳統的物理域擴展進入社會域、認知域。智慧化時代,以人工智慧為代表的顛覆性技術加速擴展作戰力量的影響領域。生物交叉、類腦科學和人機介面等技術的快速應用,促使智慧化網絡體係與人類社會活動深度滲透、高度融合。 「智慧深度偽造」「編制資訊繭房」等新情況、新手段大量浮出水面,社會域、認知域的鬥爭已逐漸演變為力量博弈的新領域和新「風口」。

活動空間更加立體多元。在先進技術推動下,新域新質作戰力量已突破陸、海、空、天等傳統空間,活動範圍更加立體多元。深海、太空、地下、極地等都已成為新域新質作戰力量角逐比拼的新領地,並成長為撬動作戰空間的「新版塊」。 2018年,美國國防部發布《國防太空戰略》,在美國成立獨立太空軍和太空司令部的背景下,其太空力量已經演變成為集軍事、政治、經濟、外交等於一體的太空綜合能力代名詞。

戰場維度強調高階多維。新域新質作戰力量往往透過高層的多維布勢實現效能聚合,與常規力量的戰場部署表現出極大不同。隨著網絡、電磁等戰場維度的延展,新域新質作戰力量的矩陣分佈已突破傳統的三維限制,擴展到高立體、全維度、大聯合的高階空間。 2019年底,美軍推出「全域作戰」概念,將太空、網路、電磁和導彈防禦等能力整合,聲稱要與競爭對手在所有可能的沖突維度展開競爭。

制勝機理突顯新變化

制勝機理蘊含著搶佔制權、奪取勝利的機制和原理。當前,智慧化高端戰爭的製勝機理正在發生深刻改變,新域新質作戰力量恰恰正是順應戰爭形態演變、契合智能化高端戰爭制勝機理的「刀鋒」。

力量對抗聚焦降維制智。對新域新質作戰力量來說,數據驅動是力量的動力來源,破擊網鍊是作用的著力處,降維制智是對抗的聚焦點。新域新質作戰力量基於先進演算法和智慧模型對抗,有效驅動智慧化作戰體系雲、端、庫等關鍵節點,形成基於數據資源的智慧優勢。同時,注重打擊敵方數據鏈體系和行動通訊網等弱點,切斷敵跨域行動,阻隔其能量釋放。

作用路徑傾向複合迭代。常規作戰力量一般透過軟殺傷和硬摧毀的疊加累積達成預期效果,新域新質作戰力量則將作用效果的複合迭代作為高效釋能的有效路徑。作用過程中,其不僅強調發揮高超聲速、遠程精確、雷射電磁和高功率微波等新力量、新手段的作用,而且注重綜合演算法控制、網點毀癱、電磁對抗、心理攻防和輿論造勢等多域效果,以實現作戰效果的跨域釋放、多域共振和迭代增效。

博弈方式註重灰色超限。傳統作戰力量常常追求毀傷破壞的直接作用,新域新質作戰力量更重視灰色超限的戰場賽局。實質是基於智慧手段和智慧工具,在更多領域、更寬維度和更廣範圍,通過非軍事破壞、非常規作戰和非物理摧毀等作用方式,有效降域制智。據悉,美軍已研發出震網、火焰、舒特等2,000多種電腦病毒武器,並在敘利亞、伊朗等戰場成功使用。目前,美軍正力求藉助「國家網絡靶場」等項目,持續鞏固其優勢地位。

科學技術湧現新突變

科學技術一直以來都是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。進入新世紀,先導性、前衛性、顛覆性技術呈現「井噴式」成長,並成為推動新域新質作戰力量發展的重要變數。

突變源於新興科技。先進科技對作戰力量的產生發展具有至關重要的驅動作用,而支撐新域新質作戰力量的核心技術已由傳統範疇加速向新興領域轉變。當今世界,智慧技術取得新進展,無人系統技術進入爆發期,空間對抗技術蓬勃興起,網絡作戰技術向縱深推進,新概念武器技術備受關注,融合技術催生顛覆性創新。新域新質作戰力量作為改變戰爭遊戲規則的關鍵,必須緊緊扭住新興科技這把「勝利之鑰」。

突變呈現集群效應。先進科技的突破往往對新域新質作戰力量的發展有決定性影響。在智慧化時代,科技體系的複雜程度更高、系統性更強,核心和關鍵技術的作用發揮更加強調集群效應和整體湧現。當前,世界軍事科技呈現全方位、多領域、深層次的發展態勢,各專業方向透過多點突破、多方滲透和深度融合等方式加速推進,支撐新域新質作戰力量的關鍵技術也正在經歷由單項比拼向集群推動轉換。

突變青睞融合交叉。先進科技對於推動新域新質作戰力量發展,具有改變交戰規則、打破常規路徑的顛覆性效果。如今,前沿技術的發展正由常規學科延伸向前沿交叉轉移,大交叉、大融合、大突破已成為大勢所趨。世界軍事強國紛紛在人工智慧、生物交叉、先進計算、高超音波等方向加大投入,並將融合交叉作為前沿技術創新的有效途徑,爭相搶佔新域新質作戰力量發展的戰略制高點。

武器裝備呈現新模態

武器裝備一直以來都是作戰力量發揮效用的有效載體。新域新質作戰力量的武器裝備具有技術新、功能新、模態新等特點,可有效發揮新域新質作戰能力,創設優勢窗口,毀癱對方體系,形成震懾效應。

平台裝備側重於智慧無人。當前,新域新質作戰力量的平台裝備已經突破有人為主的常規操控模式,加速向智慧化無人形態轉變。近年來,基於智慧化無人技術的快速應用,全譜係無人平台、智慧裝備和無人蜂群迎來爆發性成長。美軍「全球鷹」「掠食者」等無人機已大量投入實戰,F-35與無人版F-16通過「忠誠僚機」計畫不斷強化有人無人協同。美軍規劃未來無人機將佔到其空軍飛機裝備量的90%。

武器系統突顯異構多能。多種類型的數據鏈、標準和波形的整合,為新域新質作戰力量的武器系統提供了更豐富的技術整合工具。新域新質作戰力量的武器系統改變了個體運行、靜態組合的固定狀態,更加強調基於網絡資訊體系的異構鉸鍊和數據轉換,以快速構建跨領域、穿維度的廣域分散式武器系統。 2017年,美軍提出「馬賽克戰」概念,設想藉助動態分佈技術將以往集中靜態的武器系統變得異構且多能。

裝備體系更彈性開放。新域新質作戰力量的裝備體系改變了要素串聯、單元並聯的結構化模式,變得更有彈性開放。透過「去中心化」設計,新域新質作戰力量將裝備體系節點的關鍵功能分散至各單元模塊,可有效避免一旦某類或某些重點裝備遭到打擊,整體陷入癱瘓的被動局面。近幾年,美軍積極推進「縫合」全新電子系統整合技術的試驗驗證,就是要加速研發新型資訊融合與互通技術。

力量編組顯現新樣態

力量編組是作戰力量編配的形式體現,直接影響作戰力量的角色發揮與效能釋放。新域新質作戰力量具有力量平台新生性、涉及領域廣泛性、作戰機理創新性和技術發展突變性等特徵,力量編組與傳統力量相比有著明顯不同。

要素融合強調動態重構。新域新質作戰力量實現了作戰要素的動態重構與跨域融合,推動了作戰要素由靜態搭配向動態重構的轉變。基於智慧化網絡資訊體系的支撐,新域新質作戰力量可充分發揮智慧技術的衍生效能,基於自主化、智慧化的戰場實時指揮控制,構建一種體係要素的融合式迭代更新機制。透過異構的功能要素和單元模塊,實現體係要素的迭代更新、體系結構的重組優化和體系能力的演進提升。

單元架構借助跨域組網。新域新質作戰力量實現了單元架構由域內組合向多域聚合躍升。利用先進的資訊網絡技術,基於相互協作的功能節點,新域新質作戰力量可構建具有良好韌性的分佈式“殺傷網”,以實現作戰單元和基本模塊的廣域配置、跨域組網和多域聚合。在美陸軍「融合計畫2020」演習中,「火焰風暴」人工智慧輔助決策系統能夠在20秒鐘內實現前沿「灰鷹」無人機的目標輸入,並與滑翔導引炸彈、直升機、地面火砲等攻擊武器連接起來。

編組構成講求人機混合。新域新質作戰力量實現了編組構成由有人為主向人機混合轉變。大量無人平台和無人作戰集群的應用,使得新域新質作戰力量能夠依托智能化作戰體系,形成異構多樣的開放式混合編組。各類無人系統平台基於人工智慧與機器學習技術,自主建鏈組網,產生多套組合方案。指揮員借助輔助決策工具,可快速選定最優的人機混合編組,以實現智慧決策、出奇制勝。

來源:解放軍報 作者:劉海江 責任編輯:劉上靖 2022-11-29

中國國防部原文資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4927208.html?big=fan

One Year of Joint Cooperation Within the People’s Liberation Army of China – Focused on Victory, Chinese Military New Practice of Joint Preparation for War in the New Era

中國人民解放軍聯防聯控一年-聚焦勝利 新時代中國軍隊聯防聯控新實踐

現代英語:

With the approval of Xi Jinping, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, the Central Military Commission issued the “Outline of Joint Cooperation between the People’s Liberation Army of China (Trial Implementation)”, which will come into effect on November 7, 2020.

The Outline focuses on building a legal and regulatory system for joint operations and strengthening the clear orientation of preparing for war. It is of great significance to consolidate and deepen the results of the reform of the leadership and command system, scale structure and force composition, and to promote the liberation and development of our military’s joint operations capabilities.

The Outline is the top-level regulation of our military’s new-era combat doctrine system. It focuses on clarifying the basic issues of joint combat organization and implementation, unifying combat thinking, clarifying responsibilities and procedures, and guiding combat operations. It clarifies major principles, requirements, and basic procedures for joint combat command, combat operations, combat support, national defense mobilization, and political work.

The Central Military Commission requires that all levels should earnestly study and implement the “Outline”, adhere to combat effectiveness as the only fundamental standard, use the “Outline” as the basic basis for organizing and implementing joint operations and joint training, and comprehensively improve the ability to win in the new era.

The battle flag hunt, the military parade ground was full of ups and downs, and the climaxes continued——

From north to south, the surging iron torrents train elite soldiers; in the deep blue ocean, soldiers step on the waves to forge sharp swords; above the vast sky, eagles fly thousands of miles towards the blue sky; deep in the dense forests, the east wind roars to the sky; the skynet controls power, and the invisible war defeats the visible… One after another joint combat exercises are gradually unfolding in multiple domains and all dimensions, presenting a picture of a strong army that trains together to plan for war, uses training to promote war, and wins war through strong training, sounding the strong note of a new era in the history of our army’s training and preparation.

Over the past year, the world has been undergoing unprecedented changes unseen in a century, intertwined with the global COVID-19 pandemic. Under the sky shrouded by the epidemic, the international situation has been in constant turmoil and confrontation. The drone warfare that has shined in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has shown the world the unique characteristics of modern warfare.

“When times change, things change. When things change, we must be prepared for change.” In the future, “what kind of war to fight and how to fight it” carries the heavy mission, and the entire military is surging with enthusiasm for researching and winning wars.

Faced with new changes in the national security situation, new threats from powerful enemies and adversaries, and new developments in the war situation, we urgently need to provide answers to strengthen the military, win battles, and meet the needs of the times.

“Overall, modern warfare has indeed undergone profound changes. These changes may seem dazzling, but there are regularities behind them. The fundamental thing is that the winning mechanism of war has changed.” Faced with the rapid development of the new world military revolution and changes in the war situation, under the guidance of the commander-in-chief and in accordance with the unified deployment of the CMC’s policy and system reforms, the CMC Joint Staff Department organized experts from the Academy of Military Sciences and capable personnel from relevant departments of the CMC, various theater commands, various military services and armed police forces to form a joint research group to pool wisdom and strength to tackle key problems and advance the formulation of new-era combat regulations.

On November 7, 2020, the “Outline of the Joint Cooperation Warfare of the People’s Liberation Army of China (Trial Implementation)” was implemented throughout the army, marking a new coordinate system for our army’s joint cooperation war in the new era.

Since the issuance of the Outline, commanders have taken the lead in learning it, agencies have taken the lead in studying it, and troops have practiced learning it. The officers and soldiers of the whole army have been enthusiastic about learning and publicizing the Outline. A great discussion on joint operations in the new era, a great liberation of thoughts, and a great practice of preparation for war have been vigorously carried out in the whole army.

Pointing to victory, leading the new practice of preparing for war in the new era

“Following the main road, who would you follow to seek a shortcut?” In the world of soldiers, there is no such thing as “easy”. The only way to win a battle is to be prepared.

What kind of war we will fight in the future will require us to innovate corresponding tactics; if we cannot innovate tactics, it will be difficult to win future wars.

In essence, combat regulations are about solving the problem of how to fight and how to win, and are a refinement, deepening and concretization of military strategic policies. The Outline of Joint Cooperation of the People’s Liberation Army of China (Trial) (hereinafter referred to as the Outline) deeply studies the characteristics and laws of future wars, accurately grasps the era characteristics of the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligentization of our army, and through the forward-looking and concrete design of future operations, implements the spiritual essence and content requirements of the new era’s military strategic policy into the troops’ preparation for war.

The Outline is not only a guideline for preparing for war, but also a guideline for winning joint operations.

At the beginning of the new year of 2021, a certain area of ​​the Eastern Theater Command is organizing a multi-service, multi-directional, systematic combat training. Under the guidance of the newly issued “Outline”, this exercise involves the full-domain linkage of land, sea, air, space, network and electric power, close coordination of political and public opinion, and information-led throughout the entire process from combat preparation to situation shaping to mission implementation. All units work closely together, demonstrating the firm determination and strong ability to maintain national unity with a thunderous momentum, and also witnessing the transformation of our military joint cooperation from “formal linkage” to “spiritual linkage”.

In the west, at midnight in mid-spring 2021, a series of urgent alarm bells rang. According to the level transfer order of a certain base of the Western Theater Air Force, the officers and soldiers of a certain air defense battalion of the Army quickly rushed to their positions, and the level transfer time was further shortened. According to the unified deployment, more than 10 Army air defense forces in the theater air force responsibility area entered the Air Force command chain in an organized manner, breaking the information barrier of the services, sharing early warning information, and jointly taking on combat readiness duty, and initially forming a joint air defense combat system. “You lend me the ‘eye in the sky’, and I will help you with the ‘iron fist'”, the integrated joint air defense combat across the services has taken a new step and entered a new stage.

In the north, at the beginning of the summer of 2021, war eagles soared and iron currents rolled, and an exercise with the theme of air-ground joint operations was in full swing. According to the plan, a certain command post of the Air Force of the Northern Theater Command and a certain group army of the Army jointly organized a brigade-level command post exercise to study and explore the composition of joint command institutions and test the integrated joint combat command capabilities of the command post personnel. Intelligence analysis and processing, joint firepower strikes, and integrated rear-end support were coordinated and planned and carried out in an integrated manner, and the command institutions were organized in an integrated manner with all elements complete. Through repeated joint combat and training, the policy of leading training through combat and carrying out combat through training has been further implemented, and the joint combat and command capabilities of commanders of all services and arms have been significantly improved.

In the direction of the South China Sea, war eagles roared and attacked fiercely, dragons took off and stepped on the sea and waves, radars flew and missiles raised their heads… Under the unified command of the theater joint command, all mission forces worked as a whole and coordinated closely to quickly build a battlefield layout that was multi-domain joint, both offensive and defensive, and deployed in echelons. They adopted a combination of centralized command and decentralized command, and flexibly carried out sea and air escort and deterrence and expulsion in a reasonable, forceful and restrained manner, effectively maintaining peace and tranquility in the South China Sea.

One year after the implementation of the Outline, the orientation of preparing for war has become clearer and firmer, the sole fundamental standard of combat effectiveness has been more firmly established, training and preparation for war as the main responsibility of the troops has become more prominent, researching and planning war as the primary responsibility of officers and soldiers has become clearer, the ideas and measures for joint operations and victory have become increasingly effective, and the entire army has continued to set off a new upsurge in training and preparation for war.

Keep pace with the times and clarify the new mechanism of joint cooperation in the new era

“All beneficial ways go with the times.”

Military theorist Douhet once said: “Victory smiles only on those who can foresee the changes in the character of war, not on those who wait for the changes to happen and then adapt to them.”

Looking around the world, the game and struggle among major powers are intensifying, the threat of war exists, the war situation continues to evolve, new military reforms are booming, stealth, unmanned and intelligent weapons and equipment have become the mainstream trend, the battlefield space has expanded to the entire domain and in all dimensions, the integrated linkage of combat forces has become the norm, combat command, action and support have become more sophisticated, and winning future wars requires the support of more advanced combat theories.

The gap in combat concepts is the fundamental gap, and the backwardness of combat theory is the biggest backwardness. When modern wars are surging in the world, what is most needed is newer and braver minds.

The new-era combat regulations, led by the Outline, adhere to Xi Jinping’s military strategic thinking and the new-era military strategic policy as the soul and outline, deeply grasp the new changes in national security, new adjustments in combat opponents, new designs in strategic layout, new connotations of active defense, and new developments in combat guidance, and materialize the principles and methods of commanders’ understanding of war and guidance of war into norms and standards for the specific implementation of the troops, so as to promote our military joint cooperation war to a higher level.

——It comprehensively expounds the contemporary connotation of war guidance under informationized conditions.

The Outline aims to win future high-end wars, accurately grasps the characteristics of lowered thresholds for future armed conflicts, blurred boundaries of war, and increasingly prominent mutual influence and efficiency between the war field and other fields, strengthens the political and social attributes of combat operations, innovatively develops the paradigm model of military struggle, emphasizes relying on the country’s integrated strategic system and capabilities, emphasizes the integration of war and non-war domains, emphasizes the comprehensive implementation of military and political, diplomatic, economic, cultural and other means, and gives full play to the overall advantages of the party, government, military, police and people. It reflects the modern war concept and the war guidance for winning the people’s war and total war in the new era.

——All elements standardize the style and methods of our joint military operations.

The Outline is based on the tasks and development of our army, and systematically expounds on the possible joint operations in the future, covering the core missions of various strategic directions, covering land, sea, air, space, network and electromagnetic multi-dimensional space. At the same time, it also creatively summarizes the basic types of joint operations, highlights the basic actions that run through the joint operations and have common characteristics, and forms a closed-loop chain of joint operations with all elements and in all fields.

——The joint combat command system and organizational operation mode were designed throughout the entire process.

The implementation of joint operations organizations is extremely complex and difficult. Whether they can be “coordinated” in terms of strength, “joined” in operations, and “excellent” in effectiveness depends crucially on whether they can achieve “unification” in command. The “Outline” focuses on building a strong and efficient joint operations command structure, closely integrates the Central Military Commission and the theater joint command operation model mechanism, fully considers that it not only conforms to the general direction and general requirements of the reform, but also leaves room for flexible formation in practice, focusing on solving joint operations Major issues such as the construction of the command system, the differentiation of command authority and responsibility interfaces, and the integration of services into the joint system ensure that thousands of troops can act jointly under unified orders.

Taking joint training as the guideline, promoting a new leap forward in joint training in the new era

At the Central Military Commission’s military training conference, President Xi Jinping stressed the need to strengthen joint training, adhere to joint training as the key, develop a joint training system with Chinese characteristics, and accelerate the improvement of integrated joint combat capabilities. Soldiers should be trained in the way they fight, and troops should be trained in what is needed for fighting. Today’s world-class armies all regard improving joint training as the top priority for war preparation.

The Outline is the opening chapter of the new era combat doctrine and the guiding principle for the transformation of joint training in the new era. The Outline provides guidance, inspires vitality, and gives birth to a new pattern of joint training in the new era.

——Incorporate combat into training to present an “integrated posture” of training.

In the Taiwan Strait, the naval and air fleets carried out joint combat readiness patrols to test and enhance the joint combat capabilities of multiple services, maintain a high state of alert at all times, and resolutely defend national sovereignty and territorial integrity. Exercise preparation is combat preparation, and the exercise state is the combat state. Joint military exercises are no longer simple training activities, but have become a preparation process to promote combat readiness and enhance capabilities. Joint training, the “source” and “main stream” full of power, is guiding and driving the in-depth advancement and vigorous development of military combat readiness, and fully unleashing the role and effectiveness of training to carry out combat and training to promote readiness.

——Systematic training has become the “new normal” of joint training.

“East”, “South”, “West”, “North”, and “Central” are joint live-fire exercises organized by various theater commands, “Crossing”, “Mobility”, “Red Sword”, “Sky Sword”, and “Joint Logistics Mission” are series of systematic exercises organized by various services, covering all seasons, all weather, and all regions. The CMC, theater commands, and services are responsible for division of labor, overall design, and systematic organization. They are decomposed from top to bottom and integrated from bottom to top, driving the operation and inspection of the joint combat system. Joint exercises and systematic training present a new look, and new changes have taken place in the training and preparation mode. Our military’s joint training has entered a new stage of all-round transformation and overall improvement.

——Joint training between China and foreign countries highlights the “integration” of joint exercises.

At the foot of the Helan Mountains and in the heart of the Bronze Gorge Desert, the “Western Joint-2021” China-Russia joint exercise was booming. In this joint exercise, the Chinese and Russian militaries were mixed and planned together. The two sides shared their positions, coordinated closely, and acted together. They practiced more than 20 subjects such as joint air defense, joint obstacle removal, and joint three-dimensional seizure. With the support of the deeply integrated combat system between China and Russia, new breakthroughs in joint exercises and training were achieved. “Maritime Joint”, “Common Destiny”, “Peace Mission”… With the China-foreign joint training as a “window”, the new changes in the joint training of the Chinese military are being brilliantly presented to the world.

——Intensive training in new domains, demonstrating an “open attitude” in research and warfare.

In joint exercises, underwater unmanned “fish schools”, land unmanned “wolf packs”, and air unmanned “bee swarms” began to emerge. New domains and new types of forces such as land aviation, special operations, electric power, unmanned, network, and aerospace were deeply integrated into the joint combat system and the joint exercise process, and realistic combat scenarios were carefully constructed to accurately experiment with modern war organization and management. As the most active practice area for preparing for war, joint training, with an innovative and open attitude, boldly tried and made great strides towards the new combat areas pointed out in the Outline.

Integrating war and construction to shape a new pattern of system construction in the new era

President Xi stressed that we must adhere to the principle of leading construction in accordance with war, strengthen the coordination of war and construction, speed up the promotion of major strategic, leading and fundamental projects, and accelerate the creation of a high-level strategic deterrence and joint combat system.

If the “trouble” in the construction of the joint combat system is not resolved quickly, once the “interest” of the debt accumulates, it will become a “pain” on the battlefield tomorrow. From the perspective of war, the “Outline” calibrates the “sight” of construction and firmly points to the correct direction of military construction.

——Calibrate the construction “sight” to point to the needs of joint operations.

Under the guidance of the Outline, the concept of jointness has been gradually established, and the barriers of “coordination” of military operations and “integration” of combat domain capabilities have been gradually broken down. The land, sea, air, and fire arms have been combined in the same domain, and cross-domain integration of combat domains such as space, network, and electromagnetic space has gradually become a reality. With the support of the network information system and combat data information as the link, a full-time and smooth command link has been built. The system is internally connected to each combat sub-center, connected to each combat group (team) command post, and directly reaches the end of the individual platform when necessary, realizing joint command to the end. All operational forces worked together around the overall intention, realizing the transformation of the joint combat concept from focusing on the “service attributes” of combat forces to focusing on the “operational domain”, which has become the main feature of future joint combat. Studying, planning, and training for war with the “Outline” has become a trend throughout the military.

——Calibrate construction’s “sights” to point to system shortcomings and weaknesses.

Based on the Outline, our army insists on combining inheritance and innovation, theory and practice, innovatively designs strategies for winning future wars, focuses on highlighting problem orientation, takes root in training and preparation for war, promotes the construction of joint combat command system and new combat force construction, and effectively solves the outstanding shortcomings and weaknesses in military combat preparation. In mid-May 2021, the Party Committee of the Northern Theater Command held a special war meeting. In accordance with the Outline, it thoroughly identified contradictions and problems in joint combat research, command and control mode transformation, joint handling level, and efficient command capabilities. According to the Outline, it optimized system support, improved command and control methods, and improved command means, which promoted the transformation of the operation mode of the theater joint command center and the improvement of command effectiveness. Looking across the entire military, similar practices are becoming more and more common. Referring to the Outline to find gaps, ideas, and methods in the near and long term has become the new mainstream for planning and promoting construction at all levels and in all fields.

——Calibrate the construction “sight” to point to the urgent need to balance powerful enemies.

To implement the principle of building the military in accordance with war and coordinating the military construction, we must not only focus on solving current practical problems, but also pay attention to solving long-term development problems. The Outline is anchored on the future of defeating the strong and contains a far-sighted plan to build a world-class military. Guided by the Outline and focusing on changes in the war situation and changes in scientific and technological development, the construction of asymmetric means to check and balance powerful enemies has ushered in a qualitative leap. Batches of new drones, new helicopters and other advanced weapons and equipment have been tested and deployed, and a series of high-tech equipment has been deployed and developed, which has given us more confidence and stronger capabilities to win the war. The Outline condenses the “war code” of historical wisdom and also integrates the way to build first-class and win the future in the new era.

“But look at the path you have come from, and you will see verdant mountains and green hills.” One year after the implementation of the Outline, the new-era combat regulations are releasing capabilities and increasing efficiency in building a joint combat system with Chinese military characteristics.

In the new era and new journey, our path of military-joint cooperation will surely become broader, our ability to defend the country’s strategic development interests will surely become stronger, our confidence in winning future informationized wars will surely become firmer, and the great goal of building a world-class military will surely be fully realized.

“We have a string that is tightly tied to us, a mission that we shoulder, and a storm that we are watching closely… We are always ready!”

國語中文:

經中央軍委主席習近平批准,中央軍委印發《中國人民解放軍聯合作戰綱要(試行)》,於2020年11月7日起施行。

《綱要》著眼構建聯合作戰法規體系,強化備戰打仗的鮮明導向,對鞏固深化領導指揮體制、規模結構和力量編成改革成果,對推動我軍聯合作戰能力解放和發展,具有重要意義。

《綱要》是我軍新時代作戰條令體系的頂層法規,重在明確聯合作戰組織實施的基本問題,重在統一作戰思想、釐清權責程序、指導作戰行動,明確聯合作戰指揮、作戰行動、作戰保障、國防動員、政治工作等重大原則、要求和基本程序。

中央軍委要求,各級要認真抓好《綱要》的學習貫徹,堅持戰斗力這個唯一的根本的標准,將《綱要》作為組織實施聯合作戰和聯合訓練的基本依據,全面提高新時代打贏能力。

戰旗獵獵,演兵場上風起雲湧、高潮迭起——

大江南北,鐵流澎湃礪精兵;深藍大洋,蹈海踏浪鑄利劍;蒼穹之上,鵬飛萬裡向碧空;密林深處,東風浩蕩嘯九天;天網制權,無形之戰勝有形……一場場聯合作戰演練在多域全維漸次展開,鋪陳出一幅幅聯訓謀戰、以訓促戰、強訓勝戰的強軍畫卷,奏響著我軍練兵備戰史上新的時代強音。

一年來,世界百年未有之大變局交織全球新冠疫情之大流行,疫霾籠罩的天空之下,國際局勢波瀾不斷,伴隨著動蕩和對抗,納卡沖突中大放異彩的無人機作戰,向世界展現出現代戰爭獨有的特征。

“世異則事異,事異則備變。”未來“打什麼仗、怎麼打仗”承載著使命之重,全軍上下處處湧動著研戰謀勝的熱潮。

面對國家安全形勢新的變化,面對強敵對手新的威脅,面對戰爭形態新的演進,迫切需要我們給出強軍答案,給出勝戰答案,給出時代答案。

“總的看,現代戰爭確實發生了深刻變化。這些變化看上去眼花繚亂,但背後是有規律可循的,根本的是戰爭的制勝機理變了。”面對迅猛發展的世界新軍事革命和戰爭形態變化,在統帥指引下,按照軍委政策制度改革統一部署,軍委聯合參謀部組織軍事科學院專家力量和軍委機關有關部門、各戰區、各軍兵種和武警部隊精干人員成立聯合課題組,集智聚力攻關,緊前推動新時代作戰條令制定工作。

2020年11月7日,《中國人民解放軍聯合作戰綱要(試行)》在全軍施行,標定了新時代我軍聯合作戰新的坐標系。

《綱要》頒發以來,指揮員率先領學、機關帶頭熱學、部隊實際踐學,全軍官兵學習宣貫《綱要》熱潮奔湧,一場新時代聯合作戰大討論、思想大解放、備戰大實踐,在全軍部隊蓬勃開展。

劍指勝戰,引領新時代備戰打仗新實踐

“遵通衢之大道兮,求捷徑欲從誰?”軍人的世界,沒有“容易”二字。勝戰之道,唯有備戰。

未來打什麼樣的仗,就要創新什麼樣的戰法;創新不了戰法,就難以打贏未來的戰爭。

作戰條令實質上就是解決如何打仗、怎麼打贏的問題,是對軍事戰略方針的細化、深化和具體化。《中國人民解放軍聯合作戰綱要(試行)》(以下簡稱《綱要》)深入研究未來戰爭特點規律,准確把握我軍機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展的時代特征,通過對未來作戰的前瞻性具象化設計,將新時代軍事戰略方針的精神實質和內容要求具體落實到部隊備戰打仗實踐中去。

《綱要》既是備戰指導綱要,更是聯戰勝戰綱要。

2021年新春伊始,東部戰區某區域,正在組織一場多軍種多方向成體系實戰化訓練。此次演練,在新出台的《綱要》引領下,陸海空天網電全域聯動,政治輿論密切配合,從作戰准備到態勢塑造再到任務實施,全流程信息主導,各單位密切協同,以雷霆萬鈞之勢彰顯了維護國家統一的堅定決心和強大能力,也見證了我軍聯合作戰由“形聯”到“神聯”的蛻變。

西部方向,2021年仲春午夜,一陣急促的警鈴聲響起,根據西部戰區空軍某基地等級轉進指令,陸軍某防空營官兵迅速奔向戰位,等級轉進時間進一步縮短。按照統一部署,戰區空軍責任區內,10余支陸軍防空力量成建制進入空軍指揮鏈條,打破軍種信息壁壘,實現共享預警信息、共同擔負戰備值班,初步形成聯合防空作戰體系。“你借我‘天眼’,我助你‘鐵拳’”,跨軍兵種的一體化聯合防空作戰邁出了新步伐,進入了新階段。

北部方向,2021年盛夏之初,戰鷹翱翔,鐵流滾滾,一場以空地聯合為主題的演習正在火熱進行。根據計劃,北部戰區空軍某指揮所與陸軍某集團軍共同組織軍旅兩級指揮所演習,研究探索聯合指揮機構編成,檢驗指揮所人員一體化聯合作戰指揮能力。情報分析處理、聯合火力打擊、綜合後裝保障等環節協同籌劃、一體展開,指揮機構人員一體編設、要素齊全。在一次次聯戰聯訓的淬煉下,以戰領訓、以訓載戰進一步落地落實,各軍兵種指揮員的聯合作戰指揮能力得到明顯提升。

南海方向,戰鷹呼嘯、攻勢凌厲,蛟龍出動、蹈海踏浪,雷達飛轉、導彈昂首……在戰區聯指的統一指揮下,各任務部隊一體聯動、密切協同,迅速構建起多域聯合、攻防兼備、梯次部署的戰場布勢,采取集中指揮與分散指揮相結合的方式,靈活機動開展海空護航和威懾驅離,有理有力有節,有效維護了南海的和平與安寧。

《綱要》施行一年來,備戰打仗的導向更加鮮明堅定,戰斗力這個唯一的根本的標准樹得更牢,練兵備戰作為部隊主責主業更加突出,研戰謀戰作為官兵第一責任更加清晰,聯戰勝戰的思路舉措越來越見成效,全軍持續掀起練兵備戰新的熱潮。

與時俱進,釐清新時代聯合作戰新機理

“凡益之道,與時偕行。”

軍事理論家杜黑曾言:“勝利只向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑,而不是向那些等待變化發生再去適應的人微笑。”

放眼世界,大國博弈斗爭加劇,戰爭威脅現實存在,戰爭形態持續演進,新軍事變革蓬勃發展,武器裝備隱身化、無人化、智能化成為主流趨勢,戰場空間向全域全維拓展,作戰力量一體聯動成為常態,作戰指揮、行動和支援保障更趨精細,打贏未來戰爭需要更加先進的作戰理論支撐。

作戰理念的差距才是根本的差距,作戰理論的落後才是最大的落後。當現代化戰爭在世界洶湧澎湃的時候,最需要的是更新銳、更勇敢的頭腦。

以《綱要》為統領的新時代作戰條令,堅持把習近平軍事戰略思想、新時代軍事戰略方針作為魂和綱,深刻把握國家安全新變化、作戰對手新調整、戰略布局新設計、積極防御新內涵、作戰指導新發展,將統帥認知戰爭、指導戰爭的原則和方法,物化為部隊具體執行的規范標准,推進我軍聯合作戰邁向更高層次。

——全維度闡述了信息化條件下戰爭指導的時代內涵。

《綱要》瞄准打贏未來高端戰爭,准確把握未來武裝沖突門檻降低、戰爭界限模糊,戰爭領域與其他領域的斗爭相互影響增效日漸突出等特點,強化作戰行動的政治、社會屬性,創新發展軍事斗爭范式模式,強調依托國家一體化戰略體系和能力,強調戰與非戰多域融合,強調軍事與政治、外交、經濟、文化等多手段綜合施策,發揮黨政軍警民整體優勢,反映了現代戰爭理念和打贏新時代人民戰爭、總體戰的戰爭指導。

——全要素規范了我軍聯合作戰行動樣式和行動方法。

《綱要》立足我軍擔負任務和建設發展實際,對未來可能實施的聯合作戰樣式進行了系統闡述,覆蓋各戰略方向核心使命,遍及陸、海、空、天、網絡和電磁多維空間。同時,還創造性地總結歸納了聯合作戰基本行動類型,將貫穿聯合作戰始終並具有共性特征的基本行動突出出來,形成全要素全領域聯合行動的閉環鏈路。

——全流程設計了聯合作戰指揮體系及組織運行方式。

聯合作戰組織實施復雜度極高、難度極大,能否在力量上“合”、行動上“聯”、效能上“優”,關鍵要看指揮上能否實現“統”。《綱要》圍繞打造堅強高效的聯合作戰指揮機構,緊密結合軍委、戰區聯指運行模式機制,充分考慮到既順應改革大方向和總要求,又為實際中靈活編組留有余地,重點解決聯合作戰指揮體系構建、指揮權責界面區分、軍種融入聯合體系等重大問題,確保千軍萬馬在統一號令下聯合行動。

以聯為綱,推動新時代聯合訓練新躍升

一引其綱,萬目皆張。習主席在中央軍委軍事訓練會議上強調,要強化聯合訓練,堅持以聯為綱,發展我軍特色聯合訓練體系,加速提升一體化聯合作戰能力。仗怎麼打、兵就怎麼練,打仗需要什麼、部隊就應該練什麼。當今世界一流軍隊,無不把提高聯合訓練水平視為戰爭准備的第一要務。

《綱要》是新時代作戰條令的開篇之作,也是新時代聯合訓練轉型的指向遵循。《綱要》指引著方向,《綱要》激發著活力,催生了新時代聯合訓練的新格局。

——寓戰於訓,呈現訓備“一體態”。

台灣海峽,海空編隊實施聯合戰備警巡,檢驗提升多軍兵種聯合作戰能力,時刻保持高度戒備狀態,堅決捍衛國家主權和領土完整。演練准備就是作戰准備,演練狀態就是作戰狀態,聯合演兵不再是單純的訓練活動,已經成為推進備戰、提升能力的准備過程。聯合訓練這個充滿力量的“源頭”“干流”,正在牽引、帶動軍事斗爭准備深入推進、蓬勃發展,充分釋放以訓載戰、以訓促備的作用功效。

——體系實訓,成為聯訓“新常態”。

“東部”“南部”“西部”“北部”“中部”,各戰區組織的一場場聯合實兵演習,“跨越”“機動”“紅劍”“天劍”“聯勤使命”,各軍兵種組織的系列體系化演訓,覆蓋了全季節、全天候、全地域。軍委機關、戰區、軍兵種分工負責,整體化設計、體系化組織,從上到下逐級分解,從下向上逐級集成,帶動聯合作戰體系運轉檢驗。聯合演訓、體系練兵呈現新氣象,練兵備戰模式出現新變化,我軍聯合訓練進入了全方位變革、整體性提升的新階段。

——中外聯訓,突顯聯演“融合態”。

賀蘭山下,青銅峽大漠腹地,“西部·聯合-2021”中俄聯演炮聲隆隆。此次聯演,中俄兩軍混合編組、合帳籌劃,雙方態勢共享、密切協同、聯合行動,演練聯合防空、聯合破障、聯合立體奪要等20余個課目,在中俄深度融合的作戰體系支撐下,實現聯演聯訓的新突破。 “海上聯合”“共同命運”“和平使命”……以中外聯訓為“窗口”,中國軍隊聯合訓練的新變化正在向世界精彩呈現。

——新域精訓,展現研戰“開放態”。

一場場聯合演練活動中,水下無人“魚群”、陸上無人“狼群”、空中無人“蜂群”開始真正湧現,陸航、特戰、電抗、無人、網絡、空天等新域新質力量,深度融入聯合作戰體系,深度進入聯合演練流程,精細構設現實作戰場景,精准實驗現代戰爭組織管理。作為備戰打仗最活躍的實踐領域,聯合訓練以創新、開放的姿態,朝著《綱要》指出的新型作戰領域,大膽嘗試、闊步前進。

戰建一體,塑造新時代體系建設新格局

習主席強調指出,要堅持以戰領建,加強戰建統籌,抓緊推進戰略性、引領性、基礎性重大工程,加快打造高水平戰略威懾和聯合作戰體系。

聯合作戰體系建設上的“患”,如不加快解決,一旦欠賬“復息”疊加,就將成為明天戰場上的“痛”。《綱要》從戰的角度,校准建的“准星”,堅定地指向軍隊建設正確的方向。

——校准建設“准星”指向聯合作戰所需。

在《綱要》指引下,聯合理念逐步確立,軍兵種行動“配合”、作戰域能力“整合”的壁壘逐漸被打破,陸、海、空、火等軍兵種並域聯合,太空、網絡、電磁空間等作戰域跨域融合逐步成為現實。以網絡信息體系為支撐,以作戰數據信息為紐帶,構建起全時暢通的指揮鏈路。系統內聯各作戰分中心,下接各作戰群(隊)指揮所,必要時直達單兵平台末端,實現聯合指揮到底到邊。各行動力量圍繞整體意圖共同發力,實現了聯合作戰理念以作戰力量“軍種屬性”為著眼,向以“作戰域”歸屬為著眼的轉變,成為未來聯合作戰的主要特征。拿著《綱要》研打仗、謀打仗、練打仗,在全軍上下蔚然成風。

——校准建設“准星”指向體系短板弱項。

以《綱要》為依據,我軍堅持繼承與創新、理論與實踐相結合,創新設計未來戰爭制勝之策,注重突出問題導向,植苗扎根練兵備戰,推進聯合作戰指揮體系建設、新型作戰力量建設,有效解決了軍事斗爭准備的突出短板弱項。2021年5月中旬,北部戰區黨委召開專題議戰會,對照《綱要》深入查找聯合作戰研究、指控模式轉變、聯合處置層次、高效指揮能力等方面的矛盾問題,依據《綱要》優化體系支撐、改進指控方法、完善指揮手段,推動了戰區聯指中心運行模式轉變和指揮效能提升。放眼全軍,類似的做法越來越多,參照《綱要》顧近及遠找差距、找思路、找方法,成為各層級各領域謀劃推動建設的新主流。

——校准建設“准星”指向制衡強敵所急。

落實以戰領建、戰建統籌,既要立足解決當前實際問題,又要注重解決長遠發展問題。《綱要》錨定未來制強勝強,蘊含著建設世界一流軍隊的深遠謀劃。以《綱要》為引領,著眼戰爭形態之變、科技發展之變,制衡強敵非對稱手段建設迎來了質的飛越。一批批新型無人機、新式直升機等先進武器裝備試驗列裝,一系列高新技術裝備部署研發,我們勝戰的底氣更足、能力更強。《綱要》濃縮了歷史智慧的“戰爭法典”,也融匯了新時代建設一流、制勝未來的勝戰之道。

“卻顧所來徑,蒼蒼橫翠微。”《綱要》施行一年來,新時代作戰條令正在為構建我軍特色的聯合作戰體系釋能增效。

新時代新征程,我軍聯合作戰之路必將更加寬廣,捍衛國家戰略發展利益的能力必將更加強大,打贏未來信息化戰爭的信心必將更加堅定,建設世界一流軍隊的偉大目標必將全面實現。

“有一根弦我們緊繃著,有一種使命我們肩扛著,有一片風浪我們緊盯著……我們時刻准備著!”

來源:解放軍報 作者:韓林 魏兵 劉建偉 責任編輯:劉上靖 2022-01-05 06:35:44

中國國防部原文 來源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/qwfb/4902340.html

Chinese Military Receives Dialectical Implications of Communist Party Ten Major Military Principles and Strategic Impact on Adversaries

中國軍隊辯證認識共產黨十大軍事原則及其對對手的戰略影響

現代英語:

The Ten Military Principles are our Party’s scientific summary of the practical experience of the People’s Army in combat during the revolutionary war years. They are a concentrated reflection of Comrade Mao Zedong’s profound military thought and the commanding art of using troops like a god. They embody the basic principles and tactics of the People’s War strategy and tactics. The methodological principle of seeking truth from facts is full of materialism and dialectics, and has vitality that spans time and space. It is the historical responsibility of our generation of soldiers to continue to inherit the winning magic weapon of the people’s army. Of course, all military principles are moving forward. Today, when intelligent warfare has gradually become a new form of warfare, this article focuses on the ten major military principles, summarizes and sorts out the dialectical implications and enlightenment of the times in nine aspects, and provides readers with reference.

Strategic contempt and tactical attention

Operational judgment is the prerequisite for planning operations. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that we must despise the enemy strategically and attach great importance to the enemy tactically. Strategic contempt and tactical attention are a complete idea. The first is to strategically despise the enemy, dare to fight against them, and dare to win. At the same time, we must pay attention to the enemy tactically, adopt a cautious attitude, and pay attention to the art of struggle. If you cannot see the weak side of the enemy and cannot despise the enemy strategically, then paying attention to the enemy tactically may become a fear of the enemy; if you ignore the strong side of the enemy and ignore the enemy tactically, despising the enemy strategically will become underestimating the enemy. Recognizing the dual nature of struggle and preventing one tendency from overshadowing the other is the key to defeating the enemy. The victory in the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea was a victory in which our army despised the enemy strategically and paid attention to the enemy tactically. It was a victory in which our army had the courage to fight and was good at fighting.

In today’s era, a century of changes and a century’s epidemic are superimposed on each other, and the strategic game between countries has become more intense. We must always remain clear-headed and determined, defy all dangers and difficulties, organically combine strategic contempt for the enemy with tactical attention to the enemy, and deal with the enemy. Be fully prepared for all possible situations, be neither afraid of nor underestimate the enemy, dare to fight and be good at winning.

Careful preparation and cautious initial battle

Combat preparation is the basis for winning the battle. Comrade Mao Zedong emphasized that we should never fight an unprepared battle or a battle that we are not sure of; he called for caution in the first battle, believing that the victory or defeat in the first battle would have a great impact on the overall situation of the war, and it would be especially important for the army at a disadvantage or in a defensive position. Long-term war practice tells us that the more complex and difficult the situation, the more detailed the preparation for combat is to analyze the strength and situation of friends and foes, and to put ourselves in their shoes and analyze what the opponent will think and do. In particular, we should strive to be prepared for every battle, anticipate the most difficult and dangerous possible situations, and strive to be sure of victory under the contrasting conditions between the enemy and ourselves. The Battle of Yijiangshan Island was our army’s first three-service joint operation. The planning of the battle lasted for several years, and the preparation for the battle lasted for more than 2 months. It is an example of careful preparation and cautious initial battle.

In today’s era, China, which is at a critical stage of development from big to strong, faces complex and diverse challenges. This requires us to strengthen the concept of combat readiness, improve the ability to win, be prepared for war at any time, and truly carry out construction, development, and preparation for war in accordance with the standards of war. We must anticipate the most difficult and complex situations and treat such situations as The starting point for all combat preparations is to make sufficient and detailed preparations and formulate a comprehensive plan for integrated implementation, so as to achieve the goal of winning if we do not fight and win if we fight.

Destroy enemies and capture places

The purpose of combat is the core of implementing operations. Comrade Mao Zedong demanded that the main goal be to annihilate the enemy’s effective forces and not to defend or capture cities and places. He vividly pointed out that for a person, it is better to cut off one of his ten fingers than to hurt him; for the enemy, it is better to annihilate one of his divisions than to defeat his ten divisions. When the enemy is large and we are small, the enemy is strong and we are weak, it is generally impossible to achieve the two goals of annihilating the enemy and seizing the place at the same time. Only after annihilating the enemy’s effective strength can the place be finally defended or captured. Therefore, annihilating the enemy is a means to seize territory, and seizing territory is the result of annihilating the enemy. Therefore, annihilating the enemy should be the first priority, and consolidating the territory second. During the Yan’an Defense War, the Party Central Committee resolutely withdrew from Yan’an, and while annihilating the effective strength of the Kuomintang army on a large scale, it realized the strategic concept of “save people and lose land, and save both people and land”.

In today’s era, system breaking and precise victory are becoming key words in modern combat theory. We must change the traditional operational thinking of annihilating the enemy and seizing territory, and regard the pursuit of deterrence effects and depriving the enemy of combat power as important operational options. We must step up efforts to forge capabilities and means to seize comprehensive control and take the initiative on the battlefield, so as to destroy the enemy’s key support elements and deprive them of their combat power. The objective material basis for its continued operations and the operational purpose of disintegrating its will to carry out war.

Pay attention to the overall situation and grasp the key points

Combat guidance is the criterion for controlling combat. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that the overall situation and the local part of a war are the unity of opposites. The key to combat guidance is to unify focusing on the overall situation and grasping the key points, “seizing the strategic key point to deploy the campaign, and seizing the operational key point to deploy the battle.” Only in this way can the war situation be effectively promoted in a direction that is beneficial to oneself. In particular, a weak army must follow the objective laws of the development of things, start from the local area, and continue to accumulate the quantity of local victories to cause a qualitative leap and achieve overall changes. In the long-term revolutionary war, our army was good at firmly grasping strategic pivots to promote the development of the war situation, and firmly grasping the main contradictions to promote the transformation of contradictions. Only then did our army turn from passive to active, and from disadvantage to advantage. In the Liaoshen Campaign, our army made comprehensive considerations and decided to “attack Jinzhou first”, which effectively promoted the battle process and won the victory.

In today’s era, wars are becoming more and more hybrid, security threats are complex, diverse and multi-dimensional, and they are characterized by multi-domain linkage. Changes in war practice require us to consider the overall situation and the overall situation in operational guidance, focus on the actual situation on the battlefield, coordinate the struggle in the main strategic direction and other strategic directions, coordinate the military struggle in the traditional security field and the new security field, and coordinate the political, The economic, diplomatic, military, cultural, public opinion and other fronts realize the mutual superposition and accumulation of combat effects, forming an overall emergence of anti-hybrid warfare capabilities and ensuring the strategic goal of complete victory.

Fight weak enemies first and strong enemies later

The focus of operations is the key to implementing operations. Comrade Mao Zedong emphasized that we must first attack dispersed and isolated enemies, and then attack concentrated and powerful enemies. In the practice of long-term revolutionary wars, our army is often at a disadvantage in terms of quantity, scale and equipment. We must first annihilate the enemies that are isolated, dispersed, weakly defended, and garrisoned in small and medium-sized cities. Then, the enemies that are concentrated, strong, well-garrisoned, and garrisoned in large cities will become weaker. , which creates conditions for the next attack and annihilation. If we attack the strong enemy first, not only will it be difficult to deal with the strong enemy quickly, but the weak enemy will also easily become a strong enemy, which will make us passive. Of course, sometimes when you are really sure, you can also wait for an opportunity to attack a strong enemy first to quickly weaken the enemy’s strategic advantage. In the Battle of Menglianggu, Su Yu made the first attack and completely annihilated the reorganized 74th Division, the “first of the five main forces” of the Kuomintang army. This defeated the Kuomintang army’s key attack on the Shandong Liberated Areas and reversed the strategic situation on the East China battlefield.

In today’s era, war is a confrontation between systems. The fundamental goal of defeating the system is to attack the enemy’s center of gravity and key points. Combat operations must be carried out closely around the enemy’s center of gravity, and the selected targets must be the “keys”, “vital points” and “joints” in the enemy’s entire war system. These enemy targets may be “strong enemies” or “weak enemies” in the traditional sense. However, once they are identified as centers of gravity, all efforts should be concentrated on destroying these centers of gravity in order to paralyze the enemy’s entire combat system and quickly complete the operation. Purpose.

Concentrate and disperse forces

Combat posture is the posture in which troops are deployed. Comrade Mao Zedong demanded that operations must focus on eliminating the enemy’s effective strength and concentrate superior forces to annihilate the enemy one by one. The essence of concentrating superior forces is to use forces intensively to obtain local advantages and initiative against the enemy based on the overall needs of the operation and to ensure a decisive victory in the decisive battle. In traditional wars, the concentration of troops is mainly reflected in the concentration of personnel and weapons, relying on quantitative advantages to make up for qualitative deficiencies. In battles, our army’s consistent thinking is to concentrate its absolutely superior forces, adopt roundabout encirclement tactics, and annihilate enemies one by one. The opposite of concentrated force is decentralized force or military egalitarianism. Military egalitarianism may result in having neither an overall strength advantage nor a local strength advantage, making it impossible to control the enemy and to be controlled by the enemy. During the Red Army’s fifth counter-campaign against “encirclement and suppression”, the “six-way division of troops” and “all-front resistance” were manifestations of military egalitarianism.

In today’s era, information power, mobility, strike power, etc. have all increased unprecedentedly. Concentrating superior forces requires concentrating and using one’s own advantages in more diverse fields, and more adopting the approach of “dispersed appearance but concentrated spirit, scattered form but combined strength”. Dynamically combine the various combat forces distributed on the multi-dimensional battlefield, rely on the quality accumulation, efficiency integration, and real-time optimization of multiple combat elements to suddenly change the contrast with the opponent’s combat power, forming a hammer effect to defeat the enemy.

Weapons and equipment and fighting spirit

Combat elements are the components of combat strength. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that weapons and equipment are important factors in the victory or defeat of a war, but they are not the decisive factor. The decisive factor is people, not things. He asked the troops to carry forward the style of fighting bravely, not afraid of sacrifice, not afraid of fatigue and continuous fighting. Obviously, war is not only a confrontation of hard power such as weapons and equipment between the opposing parties, but also a competition of soft power such as will and quality. As an important component of combat effectiveness, fighting spirit plays a key role in the outcome of war. Material causes and effects are but the hilt of the knife; spiritual causes and effects are the sharp edge. Why in history has our army been able to defeat powerful enemies one after another and create miracles one after another even if it does not have an advantage in weapons and equipment? One of the most fundamental reasons is that we have the bloody courage to “show swords when facing the enemy, be brave and tenacious” and have the fighting spirit of “firstly, not being afraid of hardship, and secondly, not being afraid of death.”

In today’s era, war forms and combat styles are evolving at an accelerated pace, science and technology have become the core combat effectiveness, and weapons and equipment are becoming more and more important to winning wars. The contribution rate of scientific and technological innovation to military construction and combat effectiveness development must be continuously increased. At the same time, we must forge the spiritual edge to defeat the enemy while inheriting the glorious tradition and fine style, and combine advanced science and technology with tenacious will, so that the majority of commanders and soldiers have a high degree of revolutionary consciousness and spirit of self-sacrifice, and master advanced Weapons, equipment and complex military technology form a powerful combat force to achieve victory in every attack and victory.

You hit yours and I hit mine

Combat methods are the carrier of strategy and tactics. Comrade Mao Zedong emphasized that people should give full play to their conscious initiative and seize the initiative in war. Starting from the overall situation of the revolutionary war, he successively proposed a series of flexible strategies and tactics, such as “Fight if you can win, leave if you can’t”, “You fight yours, I’ll fight mine”, “Mobile warfare, positional warfare, guerrilla warfare”. Cooperate with each other” and so on. This set of strategies and tactics that seek advantages and avoid disadvantages and are flexible and mobile reveals the laws and methods of war guidance for defeating enemies with superior equipment with inferior equipment, and raises flexible strategies and tactics to a new level. During the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, in response to the U.S. military’s strong land and sea support and strong land firepower and mobility, our military emphasized small-scale annihilation wars, which enriched the implementation of annihilation wars. It relied on tunnels to carry out small-scale counterattacks and found a new way to fight positional warfare. .

In today’s era, wars will be carried out in multiple domains simultaneously, and combat operations such as networked and electronic operations, air and space attacks, and unmanned operations are prominent. Proactive, flexible and changeable strategies and tactics are still a weapon to gain the initiative and defeat the enemy. It is necessary to follow the winning mechanism of modern war, step up the forging of new quality and new domain combat capability means, flexibly use “total war”, “cognitive warfare”, “cross-domain warfare” and “intelligent warfare” and other tactics to temper dimensionality reduction strikes and asymmetric strikes Wait for the way of fighting, do not follow the enemy’s routines, focus on the enemy’s weaknesses, use our army’s strengths and strengths to control the battle, and win the victory.

Continuous combat and rest supplement

Combat support is the cornerstone of sustaining operations. Comrade Mao Zedong always believed that the deepest roots of the power of war exist among the people, and that soldiers and people are the foundation of victory. During the long-term revolutionary war, our army’s manpower and material resources supplementation mainly emphasized obtaining them from the enemy and relying on the support of the base areas. At the same time, we used the gaps between campaigns to reorganize and train the troops, improve military and political quality, and enhance the combat effectiveness of the troops. These are all necessary conditions for carrying out another battle. However, in order to prevent the enemy from taking a breather and to inflict continuous blows to the enemy, sometimes even without supplementary rest and recuperation, it is necessary to develop a style of not being afraid of sacrifice or fatigue and achieve continuous operations. Just after the Liaoshen Campaign, the Northeast Field Army changed its plan to use three months to half a year to rest and reorganize its troops. It took a shortcut and quickly sent troops into the pass to participate in the Pingjin Campaign, which changed the battlefield situation in North China in one fell swoop.

In today’s era, in a sense, fighting a war is fighting for security. With the profound changes in the international military competition landscape, national interests and military missions continue to expand, and the time and space span of combat support has expanded dramatically. In particular, the intensity, difficulty, and With the unprecedented increase in speed, we must continue to deepen national defense mobilization, build an integrated national strategic system and capabilities, and form strong war capabilities and war potential that can achieve both quick and lasting strategic victory.

國語中文:

2022年07月28日08:14 來源:解放軍報

原文標題:十大軍事原則的辯証意蘊及時代啟示 – 解放軍報 – 中國軍網
編者按

十大軍事原則是革命戰爭年代我們黨對人民軍隊作戰實踐經驗的科學總結,是毛澤東同志博大精深的軍事思想、用兵如神的指揮藝術的集中反映,它所體現的人民戰爭戰略戰術的基本原理和實事求是的方法論原則,充滿了唯物論、洋溢著辯証法,具有跨越時空的生命力。賡續傳承好人民軍隊的製勝法寶,是我們這代軍人的歷史責任。當然,一切軍事原則都是向前發展的,在智能化戰爭逐漸成為新戰爭形態的今天,本文聚焦十大軍事原則,總結梳理了9個方面辯証意蘊及時代啟示,供讀者參考借鑒。

戰略藐視與戰術重視

作戰判斷是籌劃作戰的前提。毛澤東同志指出,要在戰略上藐視敵人和戰術上重視敵人。戰略藐視與戰術重視是一個完整的想法。首先是要戰略上藐視敵人,敢於與它們鬥爭,敢於奪取勝利。同時,在戰術上重視敵人,要採取謹慎態度,講究鬥爭藝術。如果看不到敵人脆弱的一面,不能在戰略上藐視敵人,那麼在戰術上重視就可能成了畏敵如虎﹔如果忽視敵人強大的一面,離開戰術上重視敵人,戰略上藐視便成了輕敵。認清鬥爭的兩重性,防止一種傾向掩蓋另一種傾向,是克敵制勝的關鍵。抗美援朝戰爭勝利就是我軍戰略上藐視敵人和在戰術上重視敵人的勝利,就是敢於爭爭和善於爭爭的勝利。

當今時代,百年變局與世紀疫情相互疊加,國家間戰略博弈更加激烈,我們要時刻保持清醒和堅定,不畏一切險阻,不怕一切困難,把戰略上藐視敵人同戰術上重視敵人有機結合起來,對各種可能發生的情況做好充分的準備,既不畏敵、亦不輕敵,敢於爭爭、善於勝利。

周密備戰與慎重初戰

作戰準備是贏得作戰的基礎。毛澤東同志強調,不打無準備之仗,不打無把握之仗﹔要求慎重初戰,認為初戰的勝敗對戰爭的全局影響極大,尤其對劣勢或處於防禦地位的軍隊更加重要。長期的戰爭實踐告訴我們,越是復雜困難的形勢下,作戰準備越是要細緻地分析敵我友的力量、敵我友的情況,並換位思考分析對手會怎麼想、怎麼做。特別是每戰都應力求有準備,必須預計到最困難最危險的各種可能情況,力求在敵我條件對比下有勝利的把握。一江山島戰役,是我軍首次三軍聯合作戰,戰役籌劃長達幾年,戰役準備長達2個多月,是周密備戰與慎重初戰的範例。

當今時代,處在由大向強發展關鍵階段的中國,面臨的挑戰復雜多樣。這要求我們必須強化戰備觀念,提高打贏本領,做好隨時打仗的準備,真正按照打仗的標準搞建設、謀發展、抓備戰﹔必須預計到最困難最復雜的情況,並把這種情況當作一切作戰準備的出發點,做充分細致準備,制定一體實施的周密計劃,實現不打則已、打則必勝。

殲滅敵人與奪取地方

作戰目的是實施作戰的中心。毛澤東同志要求,以殲滅敵人有生力量為主要目標,不以保守或奪取城市和地方為主要目標。他形象指出,對於人,傷其十指不如斷其一指﹔對於敵,擊潰其十個師不如殲滅其一個師。在敵大我小、敵強我弱條件下,殲滅敵人和奪取地方這兩個目標,一般不可能同時達到。只有在殲滅敵人有生力量之後,才能最後保守或奪取地方。因此,殲滅敵人是奪取地方的手段,奪取地方是殲滅敵人的結果,所以要殲敵為主、略地次之。延安保衛戰,黨中央毅然撤出延安,在大規模殲滅國民黨軍有生力量的同時實現了「存人失地,人地皆存」的戰略構想。

在當今時代,體系破擊、精打製勝等正成為現代作戰理論的關鍵詞。我們必須轉變傳統殲敵奪地的作戰思維,把追求震懾效應、剝奪敵方戰力作為作戰重要選項,加緊鍛造奪控綜合製權、佔據戰場主動的能力手段,達成摧毀敵方作戰關鍵支持要素、剝奪其持續作戰的客觀物質基礎、瓦解其遂行戰爭意志的作戰目的。

關照全局與抓住重點

作戰指導是駕馭作戰的準繩。毛澤東同志指出,戰爭的全局與局部是對立的統一物。作戰指導的關鍵就是把著眼全局與抓住樞紐統一起來,“抓住戰略樞紐去部署戰役,抓住戰役樞紐去部署戰鬥”,如此方能切實推動戰局向著有利於己的方向發展。特別是弱小之軍必須遵循事物發展的客觀規律,從局部入手,不斷通過局部勝利的量的積累,以引起質的飛躍,達到全局的變化。在長期的革命戰爭中,我軍善於緊緊抓住戰略樞紐推動戰局發展,緊緊抓住主要矛盾推動矛盾轉化,才使我軍由被動轉為主動、劣勢轉為優勢。遼沈戰役,我軍通盤考量決定“首打錦州”,有力地推動了戰役進程並贏得了勝利。

當今時代,戰爭越來越呈現混合化態勢,安全威脅復雜多樣多維,並呈現多域聯動的特點。戰爭實踐變化要求我們,作戰指導要通盤考慮、全局考量,從戰場實際出發抓樞紐,統籌好主要戰略方向和其他戰略方向鬥爭,統籌好傳統安全領域與新型安全領域的軍事鬥爭,統籌好政治、經濟、外交、軍事、文化、輿論等各條戰線,實現作戰效果相互疊加、累積,形成反混合戰爭能力的整體湧現,確保實現全勝的戰略目標。

先打弱敵與後打強敵

作戰重心是實施作戰的要害。毛澤東同志強調,要先打分散和孤立之敵,後打集中和強大之敵。在長期革命戰爭實踐中,我軍在數量、規模和裝備上常常處於劣勢,首先殲滅孤立分散、守備薄弱和據守中小城市之敵,則集中強大、守備堅固和據守大城市之敵即變弱了,這就為下一步攻殲創造了條件。若先打強敵,則不但強敵難以迅速解決,弱敵也易變成強敵,反而使我方陷入被動。當然,有時在確實有把握的情況下,也可伺機先打強敵,迅速削弱敵方戰略優勢。孟良崮戰役,粟裕首打且全殲國民黨軍「五大主力之首」的整編第74師,挫敗了國民黨軍對山東解放區的重點進攻,扭轉了華東戰場戰略態勢。

在當今時代,戰爭是體係與體系的對抗,體系破擊的根本是要打敵重心、要害。作戰行動必須緊緊圍繞打敵重心展開,所選目標必須是敵整個戰爭系統中的「關鍵」「要害」與「關節」。這些敵之目標在傳統意義上可能是“強敵”,也可能是“弱敵”,然而一旦被確定為打擊重心,就應集中全力摧毀這些重心,以毀癱敵整個作戰體系,快速達成作戰目的。

集中兵力與分散兵力

作戰布勢是兵力部署的態勢。毛澤東同志要求,作戰必須著眼於消滅敵人有生力量,集中優勢兵力各個殲滅敵人。集中優勢兵力的實質是根據作戰全局的需要,集中使用兵力以獲得對敵之局部優勢和主動,確保決戰決勝。在傳統戰爭中,集中兵力主要體現為人員、武器的規模集中,並依靠數量上的優勢來彌補品質上的不足。在戰役戰斗上,集中絕對優勢兵力,採取迂迴包圍戰術,各個殲滅敵人,是我軍作戰的一貫思想。與集中兵力對立的是分散兵力亦或軍事平均主義。軍事平均主義可能導致既沒有全局力量優勢,更沒有局部力量優勢,不能製敵反被敵所製。紅軍第五次反「圍剿」時「六路分兵」「全線抵禦」就是軍事平均主義的表現。

在當今時代,資訊力、機動力、打擊力等都空前增強,集中優勢兵力要求在更加多元領域中集中和運用己方優勢,更多採取「貌散而神聚,形散而力合」的方式,將分佈在多維戰場的諸作戰力量動態集中聯合起來,依靠多種戰鬥要素的質量累聚、效能融合、即時聚優,突然改變與對方戰鬥力量的對比,形成重錘效應,克敵制勝。

武器裝備與戰鬥精神

作戰要素是作戰實力的構成。毛澤東同志指出,武器裝備是戰爭勝負的重要因素,但不是決定性因素,決定性因素是人而不是物。他要求部隊要發揚勇敢戰鬥、不怕犧牲、不怕疲勞和連續作戰的作風。顯然,打仗既是敵對雙方武器裝備等硬實力的對抗,也是意志品質等軟實力的比拼。戰鬥精神作為戰鬥力的重要組成部分,對戰爭勝負起著關鍵性作用。物質的原因和結果不過是刀柄,精神的原因和結果才是鋒利的刀刃。為什麼我軍歷史上即使在武器裝備上不佔優勢,卻總能戰勝一個又一個強敵,創造一個又一個奇跡?其中一個最根本的原因,就是我們有「逢敵亮劍、英勇頑強」的血性膽氣,具有「一不怕苦、二不怕死」的戰鬥精神。

在現今時代,戰爭形態和作戰風格加速演變,科技成為核心戰鬥力,武器裝備對打贏戰爭越來越重要,必須不斷提高科技創新對軍隊建設和戰鬥力發展的貢獻率。與此同時,我們要在傳承光榮傳統和優良作風中鍛造克敵制勝的精神利刃,把先進科技與頑強意志很好地結合起來,使廣大指戰員既具備高度的革命覺悟和自我犧牲精神,又掌握先進的武器裝備和複雜的軍事技術,從而形成強大的戰鬥力量,實現攻必克、戰必勝。

你打你的與我打我的

作戰方法是戰略戰術的承載。毛澤東同志強調,要發揮人的自覺能動性,掌握戰爭的主動權。從革命戰爭全局出發,他先後提出一系列靈活機動的戰略戰術,例如「打得贏就打,打不贏就走」「你打你的,我打我的」「運動戰、陣地戰、遊擊戰相互配合”等等。這一整套趨利避害、靈活機動的戰略戰術,揭示了以劣勢裝備戰勝優勢裝備之敵的戰爭指導規律、作戰指導方法,把靈活機動的戰略戰術提高到嶄新境界。抗美援朝戰爭中,針對美軍有海空支援以及陸上火力、機動力強的特點,我軍強調打小殲滅戰,豐富了殲滅戰的實現形式﹔依托坑道實施小規模反擊,找到了打陣地戰的新辦法。

現今時代,戰爭將在多域同時展開,網電作戰、空天襲擊、無人作戰等作戰行動地位凸顯,積極主動靈活多變的戰略戰術仍是贏得主動、克敵制勝的利器。要遵循現代戰爭制勝機理,加緊鍛造新質新域的作戰能力手段,靈活運用「總體戰」「認知戰」「跨域戰」「智能戰」等戰法,錘煉降維打擊、非對稱打擊等打法,不按敵人套路打、盯著敵人軟肋打、發揮我軍優長打,在「以能擊不能」中掌控作戰制權,進而贏得勝利。

持續作戰與休整補充

作戰保障是維持作戰的基石。毛澤東同志始終認為,戰爭偉力之最深厚的根源存在於民眾之中,兵民是勝利之本。長期革命戰爭中,我軍人力物力的補充主要強調取之於敵和依靠根據地的支持,同時利用戰役間隙整頓訓練部隊,提高軍政素質,增強部隊戰鬥力,這些都是實行再戰的必要條件。但是,為了不讓敵人喘息,給敵連續打擊,有時即使在未得到補充休整的情況下,亦須發揚不怕犧牲、不怕疲勞的作風,實現連續作戰。遼沈戰役剛結束,東北野戰軍改變利用三個月至半年時間休整部隊的計劃,取捷徑迅即揮師入關參加平津戰役,一舉改變了華北戰場態勢。

在當今時代,從某種意義上講,打仗就是打保障。隨著國際軍事競爭格局深刻變化,國家利益與軍隊使命任務不斷拓展,作戰保障時空跨度急劇擴大,特別是戰爭作戰進程快、毀傷能力強、力量控制精、技術含量高,保障的強度、難度和速度空前增加,必須不斷深化國防動員,建立一體化國家戰略體系和能力,形成既能戰略速勝又能戰略持久的強大戰爭能力和戰爭潛力。

(責編:萬鵬、代曉靈)

中共原始資料來源:http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2022/0728/c443712-32487665.html

China’s Military: “Changes” of Combat Guidance, Revolution in Military Affairs, Achieving Superiority

中國軍隊:作戰指導“變”,軍事革命,取得優勢

現代英語:

At present, the war situation is evolving into an informationized war with intelligent characteristics, and the mechanism of winning the war has also undergone profound changes. Actively analyzing the new mechanisms of winning the informationized war, such as information dominance, overall linkage, precise energy release, and system destruction, and accurately revealing its internal laws, is of great significance for innovating the combat guidance of local informationized wars with intelligent characteristics.

The dominant factor for victory has shifted from energy dominance to information dominance, and combat guidance has shifted from focusing on manpower and firepower to focusing on “information + firepower”

Human warfare has gone through a long process from force dominance, firepower dominance to information dominance. In the agricultural era, wars were mainly won by human combat, and the combat performance was mainly a “physical battle” of conquering cities and territories. Force dominance was the basis for winning the war. In combat guidance, the size of the force was exchanged for the improvement of combat effectiveness, advocating more the better and using more to defeat fewer. In the industrial era, firepower gradually occupied a dominant position. The war was mainly manifested in a “firepower battle” to destroy the enemy’s war material base and annihilate the enemy’s living forces. Firepower dominance was the basis for winning the war. The mechanism for winning the war is to release energy from materials and win by scale. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on concentrating superior forces and firepower to destroy the enemy.

In information warfare, information becomes the “blood” and “nerves” of the combat system, penetrating into all aspects such as reconnaissance intelligence, command and control, joint strikes, and comprehensive support. The combat is mainly manifested in “information firepower warfare”, and information dominance is the foundation for winning the war. At this stage, information concentration and information empowerment are important winning mechanisms. The integration of information and firepower has changed the traditional combat method of simply competing in scale and firepower, and greatly improved the speed and accuracy of firepower strikes. Whoever has a strong ability to obtain, process, transmit, use and control information, and whoever has a high degree of integration between information and firepower, will win the war. The result of information dominance is the precise focus and rapid release of firepower. Therefore, in terms of combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on gaining information superiority, paralyzing and controlling the enemy through information attacks and firepower strikes, and using information-led, “information + firepower”-based system confrontation advantages to gain combat victory. In the early morning of April 14, 2018, the US, UK and France dispatched an EA-6B electronic warfare aircraft to carry out “deceptive + repressive” interference on the Syrian air defense missile system, and launched 105 missiles in coordination, attacking and destroying many important targets in Damascus in the form of information firepower warfare.

The winning form has changed from force coordination to overall linkage, and combat guidance has changed from pursuing joint operations among various services to pursuing multi-domain joint operations.

Wars have always focused on winning with overall power. In mechanized joint operations, due to the constraints of information technology, the various forces cannot achieve a high degree of battlefield information sharing and common perception of battlefield situations. The combat functions of the army, navy, air force and other services are difficult to break through the constraints of spatial factors. The degree of jointness in operations is not high. Although there are joint combat forms, it emphasizes that two or more military forces cooperate with each other and work closely in different combat spaces, so as to achieve complementary advantages and coordinated attacks on the enemy. The winning form is mainly manifested in the coordination of forces. The combat effectiveness mainly depends on the extreme release of the energy of each combat force and the physical superposition of effects, and the pursuit is “linear concentration”. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on implementing joint operations of various services in two-dimensional or three-dimensional spatial forces. Through careful pre-war planning and impromptu coordination during the war, various services and combat platforms can achieve strong coordination and cooperation to form overall power.

Informatized joint operations, the battlefield has expanded from land, sea and air to space, network and electronics, the combat domain has extended from the physical domain to the information domain and cognitive domain, the combat space is full and multi-dimensional, the virtual and the real are dependent and integrated, the action range of various services has broken through the inherent spatial limitations, and combat activities are no longer achieved by the various services in their own activity space through external coordination and cooperation with other services, but have evolved into breaking the boundaries between services and aggregating the advantages of each domain to achieve it. Overall linkage has become the basic form of victory. All combat forces have moved from simple “cooperation” to deep “integration”, and formed a combat system of “dispersed deployment in space, coordinated in time, and integrated in multiple domains in energy release”, which has changed combat actions from loose coordination and linear superposition of combat effects in the past to today’s overall linkage and amplification of combat effectiveness index, and finally achieved an asymmetric advantage over the enemy. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on multi-domain joint operations, emphasizing the complementary advantages of cross-domain advantages and seeking overall combat advantages. It is mainly supported by the network information system, coordinating and utilizing multi-dimensional space combat forces such as land, sea, air, space, network and electricity to achieve the integration of air and ground, sea and air, and multiple forces, and highly integrating network warfare, electronic warfare, etc. with troop and firepower operations. It also relies on the system to quickly and accurately maneuver and concentrate forces to carry out concentrated energy strikes on important targets of the enemy’s combat system, transforming the information advantage, speed advantage and firepower advantage formed by the joint efforts of multiple domains into an action advantage to defeat the enemy and quickly achieve the combat objectives.

The winning method has changed from extensive energy release to precise energy release, and combat guidance has changed from seeking large-scale destruction and depletion of the opponent’s strength to seeking precise control of the battle situation.

During the mechanized warfare period, due to insufficient information acquisition capabilities and limited command and control means, there was a lot of “fog” in the war, and the low accuracy of weapons strikes led to the inability to effectively control energy release. Usually, carpet bombing and saturation attacks were used to increase the probability of killing, and the scale of troops and firepower was exchanged for the improvement of combat effectiveness. The winning method was extensive energy release, following the law of quantitative change to qualitative change. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis was placed on consuming the opponent’s strength through large-scale killings and achieving strategic goals in exchange for military victory.

In the information warfare period, the “fog” of war still exists, but because information technology is integrated into the combat system, each combat system uses information to achieve real-time rapid response, which greatly improves the detection accuracy, positioning accuracy, and strike accuracy, so that the “fog” of war is minimized as much as possible. In particular, the development and application of network information systems have made it possible to make precise plans, select targets, use forces, strike at key points, make precise assessments, control actions, and provide precise guarantees. In combat, long-range precise strikes such as beheading, acupuncture, and surgical operations are usually used to directly hit the enemy’s key points. The winning method is mainly precise energy release, which follows the principles of systems theory and cybernetics. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on elite troops and quick decisions, so as to achieve combat objectives at the lowest cost, fastest speed, and lowest risk. A small-scale precision combat operation may achieve the same combat effectiveness as a large-scale war in the past. In modern warfare, precision warfare is not only a military means of application, but also has important political significance, because human life, property and the environment on which human beings depend for survival can be protected as much as possible under this combat method, rather than using unlimited violence, making precise control of the battle situation an important combat guide.

The path to victory shifted from destroying the enemy and seizing territory to destroying the system, and combat guidance shifted from emphasizing annihilation warfare to emphasizing system destruction warfare.

During the mechanized warfare period, the way to win the war mainly depends on destroying the enemy and seizing the territory. The direct purpose of the war is to destroy the enemy, often by destroying a large number of enemy manpower, seizing or occupying enemy territory, and forcing the enemy to surrender. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on the idea of ​​annihilation warfare. In the Battle of Verdun during World War I, the German and French armies deployed nearly 2 million troops, with more than 700,000 casualties, becoming a terrible “meat grinder”.

In the information warfare period, the destruction of the enemy’s manpower is still of great value in winning the war, and the number of casualties is still an important variable in the effectiveness and tolerance of war. In several local wars in this century, the US military pursued the so-called “zero casualties”, which also shows the sensitivity of casualties in war, and on the other hand, it also reflects the importance of destroying the enemy’s manpower. However, the connection and integration of information, the updating of weapons and equipment, and the improvement of combat methods have made the confrontation between the two sides manifest as a confrontation between systems. The overlap of tactical objectives, campaign objectives and even strategic objectives is getting higher and higher. The large-scale destruction of the enemy’s manpower is no longer a necessary condition for winning the war. The way to win the war usually relies on system destruction, and the direct purpose of combat is to scare and control the enemy. The side with system advantage mainly achieves victory in the war by precisely striking the key nodes and key systems that support the operation of the enemy’s war system and combat system. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on the idea of ​​system destruction warfare, with information as the main guide and system as the support, and the enemy’s “Achilles’ heel” is precisely struck. Through the collapse effect of the system, the purpose of disintegrating the system and winning the hearts and minds is achieved. During the Kosovo War, NATO carried out air strikes for 78 days. The casualties of the Yugoslav army were not many, but because the high-value targets in the combat system, such as the command information system, transportation hubs, energy bases, and power facilities, were hit hard, the war potential of the Yugoslavia was greatly weakened, and the will of the military and civilians to fight was gradually destroyed, leading to the defeat of the war. The limited purpose of information warfare makes the warring parties usually directly target the weaknesses of the opponent’s system to carry out precise destruction, making small-scale and clever system confrontation operations more popular, with few casualties, but can also achieve combat objectives.

國語中文:

■李海濱 霍雲超

引言

當前,戰爭形態正演進為具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭,戰爭制勝機理也隨之發生深刻變化。積極研析資訊化戰爭制勝所蘊含的資訊主導、整體聯動、精確釋能、體系破擊等新機理,準確揭示其內在規律,對於創新具有智能化特徵的信息化局部戰爭作戰指導具有重要意義。

制勝主導因素由能量主導向資訊主導轉變,作戰指導從注重兵力火力主戰轉變為註重「資訊+火力」主戰

人類戰爭經歷了從兵力主導、火力主導到資訊主導的漫長過程。農業時代的戰爭,主要依靠人力搏擊制勝,作戰表現形式主要是攻城略地的“體力戰”,兵力主導是戰爭制勝的根本。在作戰指導上,以兵力規模換取作戰效能的提高,主張多多益善、以多擊少。工業時代的戰爭,火力逐漸佔據主導地位,戰爭的表現形式主要是摧毀敵戰爭物質基礎、殲滅敵有生力量的“火力戰”,火力主導是戰爭制勝的根本。戰爭制勝機理是以物釋能、規模製勝。因此,在作戰指導上,更強調集中優勢兵力火力殲敵。

在資訊化戰爭中,訊息成為作戰體系的“血液”和“神經”,滲透到偵察情報、指揮控制、聯合打擊、綜合保障等各個環節,作戰的表現形式主要是“信息火力戰”,信息主導是戰爭制勝的根本。此階段,資訊聚能、資訊賦能是重要的製勝機理,資訊火力的融合,改變了單純拼規模、拼火力的傳統作戰方法,大大提高了火力打擊的速度與精準度。誰獲取、處理、傳輸、利用和控制資訊的能力強,誰的資訊與火力的融合度高,誰就能在戰爭中獲勝。資訊主導的結果是火力的精確聚焦與快速釋放。因此,在作戰指導上,更強調奪取資訊優勢、透過資訊攻擊和火力打擊癱敵控敵,以資訊主導、「資訊+火力」主戰的體系對抗優勢換取作戰勝勢。 2018年4月14日凌晨,美英法聯軍出動1架EA-6B電子戰飛機對敘利亞防空飛彈系統實施「欺騙性+壓制性」幹擾,配合發射了105枚導彈,以資訊火力戰的方式襲擊並摧毀了大馬士革許多重要目標。

制勝形式由力量協同向整體聯動轉變,作戰指導從追求諸軍兵種聯合作戰轉變為追求多域聯合作戰

戰爭歷來注重整體威力製勝。機械化聯合作戰,由於受資訊技術水準的製約,各力量之間不能實現戰場資訊高度共享、戰場態勢共同感知,陸、海、空等諸軍兵種的作戰功能難以突破空間因素制約,在作戰上彼此聯合度還不高,雖有聯合作戰形式,但強調兩個以上軍種力量在不同作戰空間相互配合、密切協同,從而實現優勢互補、協調一致地打擊敵人。制勝形式主要表現為力量協同,作戰效能主要依靠各作戰力量能量的極限釋放和效果的物理疊加,追求的是「線性聚力」。因此,在作戰指導上,更強調實施諸軍兵種二維或三維空間力量上的聯合作戰,透過戰前周密計劃和戰中臨機協同,使各軍兵種、各作戰平台得到有力的協同配合從而形成整體威力。

資訊化聯合作戰,戰場由陸海空向天網電拓展,作戰域由物理域向資訊域、認知域延伸,作戰空間全局多維,虛與實依存、融合,諸軍兵種的行動範圍已突破固有空間限制,作戰活動已不再是諸軍兵種在自身活動空間通過與其他軍兵種的外部協調聯合來實現,而是演變為打破軍兵種界限、聚合各域的優勢來實現,整體聯動成為製勝的基本形式。各作戰力量已從簡單的“聯合”走向深度的“融合”,並形成“空間上分散部署,時間上協調一致,能量釋放上多域一體”的作戰體系,使作戰行動由過去的鬆散配合、作戰效果線性疊加,變為現今的整體聯動、作戰效能指數放大,最終達成對敵的非對稱優勢。因此,在作戰指導上,更突顯多域聯合作戰,強調以跨領域優勢互補,謀求整體作戰優勢。主要以網絡資訊體係為支撐,統籌運用陸海空天網電等多維空間作戰力量,達成空地一體、海空一體、多種力量一體,網絡戰、電子戰等與兵力、火力行動高度融合,並依托體系快速精確機動聚力,對敵作戰體系重要目標實施聚能打擊,將多域聯合形成的資訊優勢、速度優勢和火力優勢,轉化為製敵的行動優勢,並迅速達成作戰目的。

制勝方法由粗放釋能向精確釋能轉變,作戰指導從謀求大規模殺傷消耗對手實力轉變為謀求精確控制戰局

機械化戰爭時期,由於資訊獲取能力不足,指揮控製手段有限,使戰爭中存在許多“迷霧”,加之武器打擊精度不高,導致能量釋放無法得到有效控制。通常以地毯式轟炸、飽和式攻擊增加殺傷機率,以兵力火力的規模換取作戰效能的提升,制勝方法屬粗放釋能,遵循的是由量變到質變的規律。因此,在作戰指導上,更強調透過大規模殺傷力消耗對手實力,以軍事勝利換取戰略目標的實現。

在資訊化戰爭時期,戰爭「迷霧」仍然存在,但由於資訊科技融入作戰體系,各作戰系統借助資訊實現即時快速響應,大大提高了探測精度、定位精度、打擊精度,使戰爭「迷霧」盡可能降到最低。特別是網絡資訊體系的發展運用,使精確籌劃、精選目標、精用力量、精打要害、精準評估、精控行動、精細保障成為可能。作戰中,通常以斬首式、點穴式、外科手術式等遠程精確打擊方式直擊敵要害,制勝方法主要是精確釋能,遵循的是系統論、控制論的原理。因此,在作戰指導上,更強調精兵精打、速決作戰,以最小代價、最快速度和最低風險達成作戰目的。小規模的精確作戰行動可能會達到以往大規模戰爭的作戰效能。在現代戰爭中,精確作戰不僅是一種軍事手段的運用,更具有重要的政治意義,因為人的生命財產和人類賴以生存的環境在這種作戰方式下可以得到盡可能多的保護,而不是無限制地使用暴力,致使精確控制戰局成為重要的作戰指導。

制勝途徑由殲敵奪地向體系破擊轉變,作戰指導從強調殲滅戰轉變為強調體系破擊戰

機械化戰爭時期,戰爭制勝的途徑主要靠殲敵奪地,作戰的直接目的是將敵人消滅,往往通過大量殲滅敵有生力量、奪取或占領敵方領土,迫使敵人從意誌上屈服。因此,在作戰指導上,更強調殲滅戰思想。一戰時期的凡爾登戰役,德法雙方軍隊共投入兵力近200萬人,傷亡人數達70多萬,成為可怕的「絞肉機」。

在資訊化戰爭時期,殲滅敵有生力量對戰爭制勝仍有重要價值,人員傷亡數字仍是戰爭效益和戰爭承受力的重要變數。本世紀的幾場局部戰爭,美軍追求所謂的“零傷亡”,也說明傷亡數字在戰爭中的敏感性,從另一方面也反映出殲滅敵人有生力量的重要性。但資訊的連結與融合,以及武器裝備的更新、作戰方法的改進,使對抗雙方表現為體係與體系的對抗,戰術目的、戰役目的甚至是戰略目的的重合度越來越高,大量殲滅敵有生力量不再是取得戰爭勝利的必要條件,戰爭制勝的途徑通常靠體系破擊,作戰的直接目的是懾敵控敵。具有體系優勢的一方,主要透過精確打擊支撐敵戰爭體系和作戰體系運作的要害節點和關鍵系統,癱體攻心奪志即意味著作戰的勝利。因此,在作戰指導上,更強調體系破擊戰思想,以信息為主導、以體係為支撐,精打敵“阿喀琉斯之踵”,通過體系的坍塌效應,達成瓦解體系、攻心奪志的目的。在科索沃戰爭中,北約實施了78天的空襲作戰,南聯盟軍隊傷亡並不多,但由於作戰體系中的指揮資訊系統、交通樞紐、能源基地、電力設施等高價值目標遭到重點打擊,南聯盟的戰爭潛力被大大削弱,軍民的戰爭意志逐漸被摧毀,導致戰爭失敗。資訊化戰爭目的的有限性,使得交戰雙方通常直接瞄準對方的體系弱點實施精確破擊,使小打、巧打的體系對抗作戰更加流行,人員傷亡很小,但同樣能達成作戰目的。

來源:解放軍報 作者:李海濱 霍雲超 責任編輯:劉上靖 2023-02-02 06:54:53

國防部原文來源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4931741.html

Chinese Military Focus on Tactical & Operational Combat Planning

中國軍隊注重戰術和作戰規劃

現代英語:

Accurately grasp the focus of combat planning

■ Wang Dong and Xu Zhiyong

Operational planning capability is a key capability of operational command and is also the basic way to transform strategic objectives and campaign tasks into specific combat actions. With an eye on winning future wars, improving operational planning capabilities will help people seize the initiative in war and gain the advantage in winning wars.

Focus on mission science planning

The combat mission stipulates the time and space conditions of the operation, determines the type, number and scale of the participating forces, and is the basic basis for combat planning. In modern warfare, the types of combat missions are more diverse, with more constraints and greater difficulty in completion. In addition, the relationship between different missions is closer, and often one move affects the entire system.

In the process of combat planning, only by accurately understanding combat tasks, scientifically decomposing combat tasks, and reasonably allocating combat tasks can we ensure that combat planning is scientific, accurate, and efficient. Accurately understanding combat tasks emphasizes accurate and comprehensive understanding of the superior’s intentions, ensuring that combat planning is always carried out around the implementation of the superior’s intentions; scientifically decomposing combat tasks emphasizes the analysis of major combat tasks, secondary combat tasks, and implicit combat tasks, ensuring that combat planning is always focused on task completion; reasonably allocating combat tasks emphasizes the reasonable selection of force resources in combination with specific tasks, ensuring that combat planning is always carried out around the optimal allocation of combat resources.

When conducting combat planning, it is necessary to accurately understand the combat intent of superiors, take the efficient completion of combat tasks as the axis, pay close attention to the efficient use of time, space, manpower, firepower, information and other factors to design combat actions, and ensure that the combat plans and programs are detailed and feasible.

Reasonable planning based on ability

Combat capability directly affects the completion time and final effect of the mission, and is an important basis for conducting combat planning. In future integrated joint operations, combat forces will be deployed over a wide area, combat actions will be coordinated across domains, and combat capability will be aggregated across multiple domains. The systemic synergy of various combat capabilities will become the key to determining victory or defeat on the battlefield.

In the process of combat planning, combat objectives should be reasonably determined, combat forces should be scientifically organized, and combat actions should be designed as a whole to ensure that combat planning is close to reality and feasible. Scientifically determine combat objectives, emphasize the reasonable selection of combat objectives based on accurate assessment of the combat capabilities of the troops; scientifically organize combat forces, emphasize focusing on complementary advantages and functional coupling to achieve an organic combination of various combat forces; design combat actions as a whole, emphasize the effective aggregation of various combat capabilities through integrated design, and ensure that combat planning is always carried out around the efficient use of combat forces.

When conducting combat planning, we should base ourselves on existing combat strength and actual combat capabilities, comprehensively analyze various situations and relevant constraints, determine appropriate combat objectives, and use them to guide combat force deployment, combat force organization, and combat action design. We must prevent the objectives from being too high, which will lead to distortion of planning products, and from being too small, which will lead to failure of planning products, and effectively improve the practicality and feasibility of planning plans.

Aim at your opponent and plan accurately

“Know thy enemy and know thyself, and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat.” Informatized and intelligentized warfare, the characteristics of all-domain confrontation, system confrontation, and full-process confrontation are obvious. To achieve “attack others without being attacked by others”, we must insist on anticipating the enemy and responding to changes in advance.

In the face of the constant changes in the combat system, force deployment, tactics and strategies of powerful enemies, in the process of combat planning, we need to keep a close eye on the “opponent” as the target to study strategies and methods and design combat actions to ensure that combat planning is targeted and has rules to follow. We must thoroughly understand the combat opponent, emphasize accurate assessment of the enemy’s combat intentions, detailed analysis of the enemy’s combat system, and accurate grasp of the enemy’s combat focus. We must design tactics and strategies by targeting the key points in the enemy’s combat system, the weak points in force deployment, and the key points in tactics and strategies to ensure that combat planning is always carried out around defeating the enemy.

When conducting combat planning, we should accurately grasp the enemy’s combat focus, key positions and weak links, focus on selecting attack targets, carefully deploy forces, and highlight the key points, nodes and soft spots that support the enemy’s combat system to carry out force utilization and action design, improve the pertinence and accuracy of various planning results, and support the realization of flexible and autonomous asymmetric operations.

Focus on issues and coordinate planning

In future integrated joint operations, there will be more participating forces, more combat levels, a wider spatial domain, greater coordination conflicts, and various combat issues will become more complex.

In the process of combat planning, we should take the discovery of combat problems as the basis, the analysis of combat problems as the entry point, and the resolution of combat problems as the goal, and continuously enhance the thoroughness, systematicness, and completeness of combat planning. We should keep a close eye on problem-based joint planning, emphasize the support of the network information system, focus on solving the pain points, bottlenecks, and difficult problems in combat, and jointly tackle and pool wisdom among all services, fields, and levels, implement overall joint planning across all time periods, fields, and levels, and ensure that combat planning is always focused on quickly solving combat problems.

When conducting combat planning, we should adhere to the main line of efficiently solving combat problems, always focus on the realization of combat objectives, the use of combat forces, and the use of combat time and space, coordinate the joint planning of various services, levels, fields, and elements, realize the overall use of the combat forces of various services, the integrated design of campaign and tactical actions, and the cross-domain linkage of combat elements in various spatial domains, and improve the integrity of combat planning.

Focus on the situation and make rolling plans

Battlefield situation refers to the overall state and situation of the battlefield. Changes in situation are key variables that must be grasped in combat planning. The battlefield environment of modern warfare is complex and the pace of operations is accelerating. Even if the plans and programs formulated before the war are perfect, they are difficult to adapt to the rapid changes in battlefield situation.

Scientific and reasonable combat planning needs to go through a rolling iterative process, grasp the changes in the situation in a timely manner, and emphasize the real-time perception of the development and changes of the battlefield situation; accurately analyze and judge the situation, emphasize the need to base on the plan, focus on changes, and make quick decisions; continue rolling planning throughout the process, emphasize the need to respond quickly and flexibly, and continuously plan operations and decide on actions. Only in this way can the flexibility and timeliness of combat planning be continuously enhanced.

When conducting combat planning, we should focus on changes in the battlefield situation, scientifically predict the evolution of the situation, focus on repeated iterations of key planning steps such as judging the situation, implementing intentions, formulating plans, and making plans, update planning results in a timely manner, and realize the interlocking of planning and action, and move forward towards the combat objectives in a rolling manner, truly achieving “the enemy changes and I change, and I defeat the enemy first”, being one step ahead of others in planning, seizing the advantage of combat planning, and converting it into combat victory.

中文普通話語言:

準確把握作戰籌劃著力點

■王棟 許志永

作戰籌劃能力是作戰指揮的關鍵能力,也是將戰略目標、戰役任務轉化為具體作戰行動的基本途徑。著眼打贏未來戰爭,提升作戰籌劃能力有助於人們掌握戰爭主動,贏得戰爭制勝優勢。

聚焦任務科學籌劃

作戰任務規定作戰的時空條件,決定參戰力量類型、數量和規模,是進行作戰籌劃的基本依據。在現代戰爭中,作戰任務類型更加多元、約束條件更多、完成難度更大,且不同任務之間的關聯更加緊密,往往牽一發而動全身。

作戰籌劃過程中,只有精確理解作戰任務、科學分解作戰任務、合理分配作戰任務,才能確保作戰籌劃科學、準確、有效率。準確理解作戰任務,強調準確全面地理解上級意圖,確保作戰籌劃始終圍繞貫徹上級意圖展開;科學分解作戰任務,強調解析出主要作戰任務、次要作戰任務、隱含作戰任務,確保作戰籌劃始終聚焦任務完成而進行;合理分配作戰任務,強調結合具體任務合理選配力量資源,確保作戰籌劃始終圍繞作戰資源優化配置而進行。

進行作戰籌劃時,需要在準確理解上級作戰意圖的基礎上,以高效完成作戰任務為軸線,緊盯時間、空間、兵力、火力、信息等要素的高效利用進行作戰行動設計,確保作戰方案、計劃精細可行。

立足能力合理籌劃

作戰能力直接影響任務的完成時限和最終效果,是開展作戰籌劃的重要基礎。未來一體化聯合作戰中,作戰力量廣域部署、作戰行動跨域聯動、作戰能力多域聚合特徵明顯,各種作戰能力形成體系合力成為決定戰場勝負的關鍵。

作戰籌劃過程中,應合理確定作戰目標、科學編組作戰力量、整體設計作戰行動,確保作戰籌劃緊貼實際、切實可行。科學確定作戰目標,強調在準確評估部隊作戰能力的基礎上合理選擇作戰目標;科學編組作戰力量,強調聚焦優勢互補、功能耦合實現各種作戰力量的有機組合;整體設計作戰行動,強調通過一體化設計實現各種作戰能力的有效聚合,確保作戰籌劃始終圍繞著作戰力量的高效運用而展開。

進行作戰籌劃時,應立足現有作戰實力、基於實際作戰能力,綜合分析各方面情況及相關制約因素,確定適度的作戰目標,並以此牽引作戰力量部署、作戰力量編組、作戰行動設計,既要防止目標太高而導致籌劃產品失真,也要防止目標太小而導致籌劃產品失效,切實提高籌劃方案的實用性、可行性。

瞄準對手精準籌劃

「知彼知己,百戰不殆。」資訊化智能化戰爭,全局對抗、體系對抗、全程對抗特徵明顯,實現“致人而不致於人”,就要堅持料敵在先、應變在先。

面對強敵對手在作戰體系、兵力部署、戰術戰法等方面的不斷變化,在作戰籌劃過程中,需緊盯「對手」這一靶標指向來研究策略方法和設計作戰行動,確保作戰籌劃有的放矢、有章可循。吃透作戰對手,強調精準研判敵作戰企圖、精細分析敵作戰體系、準確把握敵作戰重心,瞄準敵作戰體系中的關節點、兵力部署上的薄弱點、戰術戰法上的要害點進行戰法設計,確保作戰籌劃始終圍繞克敵制勝而展開。

進行作戰籌劃時,應準確掌握敵作戰重心、關鍵部位和薄弱環節,注重精選打擊目標,精心佈局力量,突出打擊支撐敵作戰體系的要害、節點和軟肋等進行兵力運用和行動設計,提高各種籌劃成果的針對性與精準度,支撐實現靈活自主的非對稱作戰。

緊盯問題聯動籌劃

未來一體化聯合作戰中,涉及參戰力量更多、作戰層級更多、空間領域更廣、協同矛盾更大,各種作戰問題也將更為複雜。

在作戰籌劃過程中,應以發現作戰問題為基點、以分析作戰問題為切入、以解決作戰問題為目標,不斷增強作戰籌劃的周密性、系統性、完備性。緊盯問題聯動籌劃,強調以網絡資訊體係為支撐,聚焦解決作戰中的痛點、堵點、難點問題,各軍兵種、各領域、各層級等聯合攻關、集智共謀,實施全時段、跨領域與跨層次的整體聯動籌劃,確保作戰籌劃始終聚焦快速破解作戰問題而展開。

進行作戰籌劃時,應堅持以高效解決作戰問題為主線,始終圍繞作戰目標的實現、作戰力量的運用和作戰時空的利用,統籌協調各軍兵種、各層級、各領域、各要素進行聯動籌劃,實現各軍兵種作戰力量的整體運用、戰役戰術行動的一體設計、各空間領域作戰要素的跨域聯動,提高作戰籌劃的整體性。

著眼態勢滾動籌劃

戰場態勢是戰場的整體狀態和總體​​形勢,態勢變化是作戰規劃需要掌握的關鍵變數。現代戰爭戰場環境復雜,作戰節奏加快,戰前規劃制定的方案計畫即使再完善,也難以適應戰場態勢的快速變化。

科學合理的作戰籌劃需要經過一個滾動迭代的過程,及時掌握情況變化,強調要實時感知戰場態勢發展變化;準確分析判斷情況,強調要立足預案,著眼變化,快速決斷;全程持續滾動籌劃,強調要快速靈活反應,不間斷籌劃作戰和決定行動,這樣才能不斷增強作戰籌劃的靈活性和時效性。

進行作戰籌劃時,應著眼戰場態勢變化,科學預判態勢演變,重點對判斷情況、貫徹意圖、擬制方案、制定計劃等關鍵籌劃步驟進行反復迭代,適時更新籌劃成果,實現籌劃與行動環環相扣,滾動地向作戰目的推進,真正做到“敵變我變,制敵於先”,在籌劃上高人一籌、先人一步,奪取作戰籌劃優勢,並將其轉化為作戰勝勢。

中國軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/1629826988.html