Tag Archives: #China National Cyber Security Strategy

Chinese Military Exploring Mechanisms of Winning War in the Midst of Global Change and Chaos

全球變亂中中國軍隊探索戰爭勝利機制

現代英語:

 ●As a product of the information age, information warfare embodies some characteristics that are completely different from previous wars, mainly in terms of war background, combat means and methods, etc.

  ●Compared with mechanized warfare, informationized warfare has not changed in its essential attributes such as war being the continuation of politics and its basic laws such as strength being the basis for victory.

  ●To study information warfare, we need to recognize the changes and constants in modern warfare compared with past wars, and explore its winning mechanism through comparison.

  There are three major changes in information warfare compared to traditional warfare

  The background conditions of war have changed. The background of information warfare caused by traditional security and non-traditional security has become more complicated. For example, economic globalization has made us interdependent, and both struggle and cooperation between countries have become the norm; conflicts between emerging powers and established powers often emerge; and military actions in any strategic direction may trigger chain reactions in multiple directions and fields.

  The way of war has changed. Informationized warfare cannot be a formal battle. The boundaries between traditional and non-traditional security, war and non-war are becoming more blurred. Military struggle styles are emerging in an endless stream, and battlefield uncertainty is increasing. An important reason for China’s disastrous defeat in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 was that it was forced to respond and was not fully prepared. Aiming to win future informationized wars, we must adapt to the requirements of the information age, focus on solving practical problems, take the initiative to design wars, and make full preparations, so as to maintain strategic initiative.

  The means of warfare have changed dramatically. Informatized warfare has more diverse options for using strategic forces to achieve political and military goals. Military struggles are simultaneously carried out in multi-dimensional battlefield spaces such as land, sea, air, space, and power grids, and the role of the invisible battlefield has become more prominent. Whether it is war operations or non-war military operations, they all require large-scale system support, large-area deployment, and big data security.

  Compared with traditional warfare, information warfare has three things in common:

  First, the essence of war as the continuation of politics has not changed. War is a complex social and political phenomenon. It is a way for countries or groups of countries, nations, races and social groups to resolve conflicts by force. As a continuation of politics, war is the last resort to resolve conflicts of interest. There is no repeated war in the world, but the nature of war is consistent. Moreover, with the continuous development of world politics and economy, the political purpose of war will become stronger. Therefore, in order to deal with future information warfare, it is necessary to analyze and study the political nature at a deeper level and enhance the pertinence of military struggle preparation.

  Secondly, the basic laws of war have not changed. The basic laws of war are the essence and inevitable connection between various elements throughout the entire war process. Whether in information warfare or traditional warfare, strength is the basis for victory, and lagging behind means being beaten; in any war, correct strategic guidance is the key to victory; although weapons are an important factor in winning a war, people are always the decisive factor. It is not the equipment that determines the outcome of the war, but the people. After the informationized weapons and equipment are interconnected, interoperable, and interoperable, a small number of commanders and staff can control a large number of dispersed troops and weapons, thereby greatly improving combat effectiveness and command decision-making speed. This phenomenon does not show a decline in the role of people, but rather shows that information warfare requires higher-quality talents to be competent for command positions.

  Third, the role of war has not changed. Wars are extremely violent, so they often bring serious disasters to social production and people’s lives, hinder social progress, interrupt a country’s development process, and even cause regression. However, if properly planned, the losses of war can be minimized, and it may bring greater development opportunities and benefits to a country.

  To win the information war, we must grasp three winning mechanisms

  Only by being ready to fight can we be invincible in the future information war. If we are prepared, we may not fight, but if we are not prepared, we may be passively beaten. The crisis is not terrible, but the terrible thing is that the crisis comes quietly and we are completely unaware of it. Whether the future war will be fought or not does not entirely depend on us, but we must be prepared for military struggle. In recent years, in the face of frequent “hot spots” in the surrounding areas, we have taken the initiative to respond steadily and achieved strategic goals. In the future, my country will still encounter challenges of one kind or another in the process of development. It is urgent to enrich and expand the active defense military strategic thinking, unify the eyes inward and outward, adhere to the bottom line thinking, prepare for war, and create favorable conditions for the country’s peaceful development.

  Winning the battlefield depends on the organic combination of “soft” and “hard” means. Informationized warfare is a system confrontation, relying on network information systems. The realization of “fast eating slow” depends on the integrated and orderly rapid operation of reconnaissance, early warning, command and control, firepower strikes, and comprehensive support in a multi-dimensional three-dimensional space. Among them, the role of “software” in system combat capability is more prominent. For example, how to solve the problem of difficult target identification: the lack of electronic fingerprint data of enemy aircraft and ship targets makes it impossible to conduct comparative analysis. Without these data, advanced equipment will not be able to fully play its role; how to solve the problem of difficult data transmission: when target information is transmitted to the weapon platform, if the data link loses information, it will be difficult to meet the launch needs of the weapon platform. For example, how to solve the problem of anti-interference? The guidance method of the naval and air force weapon platform is susceptible to interference. If this problem is not solved, it is difficult to hit accurately. The formation of system combat capability requires not only advanced weapons and equipment, but also long-term combat readiness and training accumulation. Informationized warfare must start with “knowing the enemy”. Through long-term and multi-means preparation, the opponent is thoroughly understood, the opponent is digitized, and the opponent’s main combat weapon information is carded, providing guarantees for system confrontation and defeating the enemy.

  Winning the information war requires national cohesion. The recent local wars are asymmetric warfare with a huge disparity in strength between the two sides. They can also be said to be typical “fighting” wars, rather than evenly matched “fighting” wars. The wars we will face in the future are likely to be “fighting” wars. It is not feasible to use this “fighting” combat theory to guide future wars. In information warfare, people are still the basis for victory. Potential opponents are not afraid of our technological breakthroughs, but they are afraid of our unity. The development of science and technology and the research and development of advanced weapons and equipment require a process. Improving national cohesion often has immediate results. Innovating and developing the theory of people’s war under the new situation is our correct choice. Mobilizing the masses, relying on the masses, and for the masses can win future wars.

  Editor’s Notes Zhou Feng

  Seeing through the fog before Napoleon

  Although Napoleon, known as the “giant of war” in the West, and Clausewitz, the “military saint”, did not have a face-to-face contest, they had several indirect confrontations. On November 9, 1799, the young general Napoleon became the supreme ruler of France and the representative of the capitalist forces in Europe at that time. Subsequently, in order to fight against the counterattack of the feudal forces in Europe, Napoleon organized troops to fight against the anti-French alliance several times. Among them, in the double battle of Jena-Auerstedt in October 1806, Napoleon defeated the fourth anti-French alliance dominated by Russia and Prussia, forcing Prussia to surrender. This battle was also the first time that Napoleon and Clausewitz fought on a mutually hostile battlefield. Clausewitz, 26 years old at the time, was the adjutant of Prince August, a senior general of the Prussian side, and was in his prime. The ever-changing battlefield fighting, especially his own experience of being captured by the French army, became the “grain” of his brewing of the old wine “On War”.

  A year later, Clausewitz was released. Three years later, Prussia agreed to ally with France. Clausewitz resigned from the army in anger and defected to Russia to fight against France. Tsar Alexander at the time was one of the few staunch anti-French factions in Europe. He once emphasized: “Even if all the bayonets in Europe were concentrated on the Russian border, it would not shake my determination to fight against France!” In 1812, when Napoleon attacked Russia and began to retreat after his defeat in Moscow, Clausewitz, who participated in the war as a Russian cavalry officer, tried hard to chase him and capture him alive. However, Napoleon, who had experienced many battles, still managed to escape unscathed in a mess.

  Although Clausewitz did not capture Napoleon, he captured his thoughts and revealed the real Napoleon with his pen: Although Napoleon’s military art was superb, everything he did was to safeguard the interests of France, and politics was his first starting point. As for the old emperors of European countries running around to besiege Napoleon, it was also to defend their own ruling status. Politics is the mother of war, and violence cannot be viewed alone under any circumstances. Compared with the concept of “fog of war” proposed later in “On War”, Clausewitz believed that it was more important to examine the fog before the war, including accurately judging the political situation of all parties, understanding the signs of war, weighing whether to fight or not, etc. But no matter how the fog is solved, it is just to solve the problem of seeing the essence through the phenomenon, and what is needed is a bunch of keys: problem awareness, mastering general or special laws and timely intelligence information.

(Source: Liberation Army Daily )

現代國語:

●資訊戰爭作為資訊時代的產物,體現了一些與以往戰爭完全不同的特點,主要體現在戰爭背景、作戰手段和方法等面向。

●與機械化戰爭相比,資訊化戰爭的戰爭是政治的延續、實力是勝利的基礎等基本屬性沒有改變。

●研究資訊戰,需要認識現代戰爭與以往戰爭相比的變化和不變,透過比較探索其勝利機制。

資訊戰與傳統戰爭相比有三大變化

戰爭的背景條件改變了。傳統安全與非傳統安全引發的資訊戰背景更加複雜。例如,經濟全球化使我們相互依存,國家之間鬥爭與合作成為常態;新興大國與老牌強國之間常出現衝突;任何一個戰略方向的軍事行動都可能引發多個方向、多個領域的連鎖反應。

戰爭的方式已經改變。資訊化戰爭不可能是正式的戰鬥。傳統安全與非傳統安全、戰爭與非戰爭的界線越來越模糊。軍事鬥爭方式層出不窮,戰場不確定性增加。 1894年甲午戰爭,中國慘敗的一個重要原因是被迫應戰,準備不充分。打贏未來資訊化戰爭,必須適應資訊時代要求,著眼解決實際問題,主動設計戰爭,做好充分準備,保持戰略主動。

戰爭手段發生了巨大變化。資訊化戰爭使戰略力量實現政治軍事目標的選擇更加多元。軍事鬥爭在陸、海、空、太空、電網等多維戰場空間同時進行,隱形戰場的角色更為凸顯。無論是戰爭行動或非戰爭軍事行動,都需要大規模系統支撐、大面積部署、大數據安全。

與傳統戰爭相比,資訊戰爭有三個共同點:

首先,戰爭作為政治延續的本質並沒有改變。戰爭是一種複雜的社會和政治現象。它是國家或國家、民族、種族和社會群體之間以武力解決衝突的一種方式。戰爭作為政治的延續,是解決利益衝突的最後手段。世界上沒有重複的戰爭,但戰爭的本質是一致的。而且,隨著世界政治、經濟的不斷發展,戰爭的政治目的將會更加強烈。因此,因應未來資訊化戰爭,有必要對政治本質進行更深層的分析研究,以增強軍事鬥爭準備的針對性。

其次,戰爭的基本法則沒有改變。戰爭基本法則是整個戰爭過程中各要素之間的本質與必然連結。無論是資訊化戰爭或傳統戰爭,實力是勝利的基礎,落後就是挨打;任何戰爭,正確的戰略指導是取勝的關鍵;雖然武器是贏得戰爭勝利的重要因素,但人永遠是決定性因素。決定戰爭勝負的不是裝備,而是人。資訊化武器裝備互聯互通、互通後,少數指揮官和參謀就可以控制大量分散的部隊和武器,從而大大提高戰鬥力和指揮決策速度。這種現象並不是人的作用下降,而是說明資訊化戰爭需要更高素質的人才來勝任指揮崗位。

第三,戰爭的角色沒有改變。戰爭極度暴力,常常為社會生產和人民生活帶來嚴重災難,阻礙社會進步,中斷一個國家的發展進程,甚至造成倒退。但如果規劃得當,可以將戰爭的損失降到最低,並可能為一個國家帶來更大的發展機會和利益。

打贏資訊化戰爭,必須掌握三大勝利機制

只有做好戰鬥準備,才能在未來的資訊戰爭中立於不敗之地。如果我們準備好了,我們可能不會去戰鬥,但如果我們沒有準備好,我們可能會被動挨打。危機並不可怕,可怕的是危機悄悄來臨,但我們卻渾然不覺。未來的戰爭是否會是四打不打並不完全取決於我們,但我們必須做好軍事鬥爭的準備。近年來,面對週邊地區頻繁的“熱點”,我們主動出擊,穩紮穩打,實現了戰略目標。未來,我國在發展過程中仍將遇到這樣或那樣的挑戰。刻不容緩地豐富和拓展積極防禦的軍事戰略思想,把目光向內與向外統一,堅持底線思維,做好打仗準備,為國家和平發展創造有利條件。

贏得戰場取決於「軟」手段和「硬」手段的有機結合。資訊化戰爭是系統對抗,依托網路資訊系統。實現“快吃慢”,有賴於多維立體空間內的偵察預警、指揮控制、火力打擊、綜合保障等一體化有序快速作戰。其中,「軟體」對於系統作戰能力的作用更為突出。例如如何解決目標辨識困難的問題:敵機、船艦目標電子指紋資料缺乏,無法進行比較分析。沒有這些數據,先進設備就無法充分發揮作用;如何解決資料傳輸困難的問題:當目標訊息傳輸到武器平台時,如果資料鏈遺失訊息,將難以滿足武器平台的發射需求。例如,如何解決抗干擾問題?海空軍武器平台的導引方式容​​易受到干擾。如果這個問題不解決,就很難打準。體係作戰能力的形成不僅需要先進的武器裝備,更需要長期的戰備訓練累積。資訊化戰爭必須從「知敵」開始。透過長期、多手段的準備,摸透對手、數位化對手、梳理對手主戰武器訊息,為系統對抗、克敵制勝提供保障。

贏得資訊戰需要民族凝聚力。近期的局部戰爭是雙方實力懸殊的不對稱戰爭。也可以說是典型的「打架」戰爭,而不是勢均力敵的「打架」戰爭。未來我們面臨的戰爭很可能是「打」戰。用這種「打仗」的作戰理論來指導未來的戰爭是不可行的。在資訊化戰爭中,人仍然是勝利的基礎。潛在的對手並不害怕我們的技術突破,而是害怕我們的團結。科學技術的發展和先進武器裝備的研發需要一個過程。提高民族凝聚力往往會產生立竿見影的效果。新形勢下創新和發展人民戰爭理論是我們的正確選擇。發動群眾、依靠群眾、為了群眾,才能贏得未來戰爭的勝利。

編者按 週峰

撥開拿破崙之前的迷霧

被譽為西方「戰爭巨人」的拿破崙與「軍事聖人」克勞塞維茨雖然沒有面對面的較量,但也有過幾次間接的交鋒。 1799年11月9日,年輕的將軍拿破崙成為法國的最高統治者,也是當時歐洲資本主義勢力的代表。隨後,為了對抗歐洲封建勢力的反撲,拿破崙多次組織軍隊與反法聯盟作戰。其中,在1806年10月的耶拿-奧爾施泰特雙重戰役中,拿破崙擊敗了以俄國和普魯士為主的第四次反法同盟,迫使普魯士投降。這場戰役也是拿破崙和克勞塞維茨第一次在相互敵對的戰場上作戰。克勞塞維茨當時26歲,是普魯士一方高級將領奧古斯特親王的副官,正值壯年。瞬息萬變的戰場戰鬥,尤其是他自己被法軍俘虜的經歷,成為他釀造《戰爭論》老酒的「糧」。

一年後,克勞塞維茨被釋放。三年後,普魯士同意與法國結盟。克勞塞維茨一怒之下退伍,投奔俄國與法國作戰。當時的沙皇亞歷山大是歐洲少數幾個堅定的反法派系之一。他曾強調:“即使歐洲所有的刺刀都集中在俄羅斯邊境,也動搖不了我對抗法國的決心!” 1812年,當拿破崙進攻俄羅斯並在莫斯科戰敗後開始撤退時,作為俄羅斯騎兵軍官參戰的克勞塞維茨,盡力追趕他並活捉他。然而,身經百戰的拿破崙仍然在一片狼藉中毫髮無傷地逃脫了。

克勞塞維茨雖然沒有捕捉到拿破崙,但他捕捉到了他的思想,用筆揭示了真實的拿破崙:拿破崙雖然軍事藝術高超,但他所做的一切都是為了維護法國的利益,政治是他的第一出發點。至於歐洲各國的老皇帝四處奔波圍攻拿破崙,也是為了捍衛自己的統治地位。政治是戰爭之母,任何情況下都不能單獨看待暴力。與後來在《戰爭論》中提出的「戰爭迷霧」概念相比,克勞塞維茨認為,在戰前審視迷霧更為重要,包括準確判斷各方政治局勢、了解戰爭徵兆、權衡戰爭迷霧等。

(圖片來源:解放軍報)http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2014-04/01/content_71770.htm

中國原創軍事資源:

China’s Focus on “Controlling Narratives with Intelligence”: The New Frontier of Chinese Cognitive Warfare

中國聚焦「用情報控制敘事」:中國認知戰新前沿

現代英語:

【Military Academy】

  Author: Wu Xiaojian (PhD student at the School of Military and Political Basic Education, National University of Defense Technology)

  At present, the world’s military powers have stepped up cutting-edge research on cognitive domain operations, relying on language to build a narrative discourse system that can win the battlefield, and seek to create asymmetric advantages at the narrative discourse level. Looking to the future, narrative games are playing an increasingly important role in shaping self-interest, conducting cognitive manipulation, and releasing the fog of war. The “weaponization” tendency of its soft power attributes to hard power attributes is becoming increasingly obvious. Against this background, narrative games have become a new frontier for major powers’ cognitive domain operations.

  The “cognitive” nature of narrative

  Narrative is the narration of a story, which consists of two parts: “narration” and “story”. The former answers the question of “how to tell”, while the latter is related to “what to tell”. Human attention to narrative began in the field of literature, and then expanded to other fields such as film, television, fine arts, music, and news communication. With the continuous advancement of human cognition, the concept of narrative has been extended to the fields of politics, economy, military, culture, and citizens’ personal lives, from which narrative concepts such as national macro-narrative, social meso-narrative, and individual micro-narrative have been derived. While the narrator tells the story, through the artificial arrangement of narrative person, time, perspective, focus and other strategies, the audience is subtly influenced by the values ​​and ideology behind the story while understanding the story. This is the “cognitive nature” of narrative.

  The connotations of narrative game are very rich. It covers macro-narratives such as a country’s military thought, military concepts, and military terminology, as well as meso-narratives of agenda setting such as military law, rules of engagement, combat standards, regulations, and war ethics. It also involves micro-narratives such as narratives of war progress and heroic figures in military history and war history.

  Narratives are to cognition what ammunition is to guns. On the eve of the Iraq War, in order to create a cognitive situation of “just cause”, the United States used a small bottle of “white powder” to fabricate the so-called “weapons of mass destruction” and created the “narrative key” for the US invasion of Iraq. In the current Russia-Ukraine conflict, Russia and Western countries have carried out a high-intensity narrative confrontation, each doing its best to shape a self-interested public opinion situation. At present, Western militaries represented by the United States rely on their discourse hegemony to shape narratives into the “main battlefield” of cognitive domain operations. On the one hand, they actively promote ideological output through the Internet and social media, and on the other hand, they influence the formulation of military strategies and the development of national defense forces in other countries by hyping new weapons and equipment and fresh combat concepts.

  Narrative Game and Great Power Competition

  Wars obey politics, and strategies obey policies. Narrative games are ultimately tools for achieving the political goals behind wars. In the process of great power competition in different historical periods, narratives generally serve the overall domestic and foreign affairs of a country, and they use strategic thinking, theoretical concepts, laws and regulations, and political declarations within the macro-political framework that obeys and serves national interests. In the 1930s, the United States enacted the Neutrality Act under the influence of its isolationist foreign policy, but as the threat of fascism grew, especially after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, its foreign policy took a major turn, changing its previous narrative discourse system of neutrality and declaring war on Japan, which profoundly affected the fate of the United States and reshaped the world’s political landscape. After entering the new century, the United States, based on the political purpose of enhancing its own political and military status and establishing a unilateral order, launched the narrative logic of the so-called “weapons of mass destruction” agenda to provoke the Iraq War, which to a certain extent achieved its political plot.

  Faced with a complex external environment, it is a necessary measure for major powers to maintain national security by improving their narrative game capabilities that are in line with their national conditions and commensurate with their military strength. At present, the political nature of great power competition has not been weakened by the evolution of war forms, but has been significantly strengthened. Narrative games must follow the strategic policy of obeying and serving the country and the military as the fundamental principle of operations, defend national sovereignty and development interests as the ultimate mission, value offense and defense as the central task, and cognitive competition as the core goal. In peacetime, they should serve as a “mouthpiece” to shape the image of their own military forces, win support, and convey deterrence. In wartime, they should become a “blade” to cooperate with physical strikes to politically and organizationally divide opponents, shake the enemy, and disintegrate the enemy.

  In today’s world, the fierce competition between major powers has integrated narrative games into the entire process of military cognitive games. Before the military game between major powers, both sides first frequently declare their respective positions and show their will through various channels, convey the justice and necessity of their military struggle, and shape a self-interested situation at the moral and ethical level to gain broad support from the domestic people and the international community; in the process of the game, both sides convey their new progress and achievements in military strategies and tactics, weapons and equipment, combat readiness training and personnel modernization through various means according to the times and circumstances, shape their own dominant position, and cast cognitive fog to cause hesitation, panic and shaken will of the other side’s domestic military and civilians; once the game comes to an end, the winning side will look back on its game process from a grand narrative perspective, and by shaping the image of a winner with both deterrence and affinity, it will demonstrate the winner’s strength and position, and consolidate the victory of the game.

  Building a powerful military narrative discourse system is the basis for conducting cognitive offensive and defensive operations. Narrative games under the background of great power competition require actively finding the points of convergence between cognitive warfare, public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, etc. in terms of elements, information and cognition. The fierce competition among great powers in the fields of public opinion, psychology, and brain control has given narrative games a broader interpretation space and strategic significance. The core of public opinion warfare is the struggle for narrative dominance, and behind it is the competition for international communication power; psychological warfare is a deep-level confrontation about core values, and narrative provides it with a “script” for interpreting and conveying different values; brain control warfare is a combat style that deeply integrates brain science and artificial intelligence. Narrative provides a powerful weapon for information implantation in the competition for cognitive space such as reading the brain, imitating the brain, and controlling the brain, which directly targets the brain.

  “Controlling Narration with Intelligence” is on the agenda

  With the rapid development of science and technology such as cognitive science, computer science, and brain science, and the accelerated evolution of intelligent warfare with ubiquitous intelligence, interconnectedness, human-machine integration, and full-domain collaboration, narrative games have surpassed the traditional scope of “verbal battles” and entered a new era of unbounded generalization, deep integration, and algorithms as king.

  ChatGPT, which has recently become popular all over the world, further reveals the generalization of “narratives are everywhere” in the intelligent era. The continuous progress of technologies such as natural language processing, video image processing, deep learning, big data analysis, and cloud computing has promoted the rapid development of language intelligence, making text, sound, image, video and other tangible or intangible “language” carriers included in the narrative category, greatly expanding the field of narrative games, and leading the competition of major powers to social life, film and television entertainment, news dissemination, education and teaching, etc. beyond hot conflicts, significantly deepening the complexity of cognitive domain confrontation, and greatly enhancing the full-time, global and interactive nature of multimodal narratives. Narrative games in the context of great power competition include psychological narratives, legal narratives, public opinion narratives, information narratives, etc. Once artificial intelligence is integrated with multi-domain narrative games, its weaponization effectiveness may increase geometrically.

  In the future, the narrative game under the competition of major powers will be based on powerful algorithms, and its core lies in “controlling narrative with intelligence”, and the “intelligence” of intelligence must be realized by algorithms. For example, through powerful algorithms, big data technology can accurately draw the enemy’s cognitive landscape, and achieve “customized on demand” control of enemy cognition, and induce the enemy to obey our narrative script in an intelligent, precise and detailed way in the game, ensuring that the narrative dominance of the game is firmly controlled by us.

現代國語:

資料來源:光明網-《光明日報》 | 2023年04月30日 06:55
原文標題:「以智駕馭敘」:認知戰的新邊疆
【講武堂】

作者:武嘯劍(國防科技大學軍政基礎教育學院博士研究生)

當前,世界軍事強國紛紛加緊認知域作戰前沿性研究,以語言為依托打造決勝疆場的敘事話語體系,謀求塑造敘事話語層面的非對稱優勢。展望未來,敘事博弈在塑造利己態勢、開展認知操控、釋放戰爭迷霧等方面正扮演著愈發重要的角色,其軟實力屬性向硬實力屬性過渡的「武器化」傾向日漸明顯。在此背景下,敘事博弈成為大國認知域作戰的新邊疆。

敘事的“認知性”

敘事就是對故事的敘述,由「敘述」和「故事」兩部分組成,前者回答「怎麼講」的問題,後者則與「講什麼」有關。人類對敘事的關注始於文學領域,隨後擴展到影視、美術、音樂等藝術領域和新聞傳播等其3他領域。隨著人類認知的不斷進步,敘事的概念延伸到政治、經濟、軍事、文化、公民個人生活等範疇,由此衍生出國家宏觀敘事、社會中觀敘事、個體微觀敘事等敘事概念。敘事者講述故事的同時,透過敘事人稱、時間、視角、聚焦等策略的人為安排,使受眾在理解故事的同時潛移默化地被故事背後的價值觀和意識形態影響,這就是敘事的“認知性” 。

敘事博弈涉及的內涵十分豐富,既涵蓋一國軍事思想、軍事概念、軍事術語等宏觀敘事,也包括軍事法律、交戰規則、作戰標準、條令條例、戰爭倫理等議程設定的中觀敘事,也涉及軍史戰史中的戰爭進程敘事和英雄人物敘事等微觀敘事。

敘事之於認知,好比彈藥之於槍砲。伊拉克戰爭前夕,美國為塑造「師出有名」的認知態勢,借一小瓶「白色粉末」羅織所謂「大規模殺傷性武器」的莫須有之罪,打造了美軍入侵伊拉克的「敘事之鑰」。在這次俄烏衝突中,俄羅斯與西方國家展開了高強度敘事對抗,為塑造利己輿論態勢各盡其能。當前,以美國為代表的西方軍隊依託其掌控的話語霸權,將敘事塑造為認知域作戰的“主戰場”,一方面通過互聯網和社交媒體積極推進意識形態輸出,另一方面通過炒作新型武器裝備和新鮮作戰概念,影響別國軍事戰略制定和國防軍隊建設發展走向。

敘事博弈與大國競爭

戰爭服從政治,戰略服從政略。敘事博弈歸根究底是實現戰爭背後政治目的的工具。在不同歷史時期的大國競爭過程中,敘事在整體上服務於國家內政外交大局,在服從和服務於國家利益的宏觀政治框架內以戰略思想、理論概念、法律法規、政治宣言等形式施展縱橫捭閔之術。在1930年代,美國受孤立主義外交政策影響制定了《中立法》,但隨著法西斯的威脅日漸增長,特別是日本偷襲珍珠港後,其對外政策出現重大轉向,一改以往奉行中立的敘事話語體系並對日宣戰,從而深刻影響了美國國運,重塑了世界政治格局。進入新世紀後,美國從提升自身政治軍事地位、建立單邊主義秩序的政治目的出發,發動所謂「大規模殺傷性武器」議程的敘事邏輯挑起伊拉克戰爭,某種程度上實現了其政治圖謀。

面對錯綜複雜的外在環境,提升符合本國國情且與本國軍事實力地位相稱的敘事博弈能力,是大國維護國家安全的必要舉措。當前,大國競爭的政治屬性並未因為戰爭形態的演進而削弱,反而顯著地加強了。敘事博弈必須以服從服務於國家和軍隊的戰略方針為作戰根本遵循,以捍衛國家主權和發展利益為終極使命,以價值攻防為中心任務,以認知爭奪為核心目標,在平時當好「喉舌「為本國軍事力量塑造形象、爭取支持、傳遞威懾,在戰時成為「刀鋒」配合物理打擊從政治和組織上分化對手、動搖敵人、瓦解敵軍。

當今世界,大國之間的激烈較量已將敘事博弈融入軍事認知博弈的整個流程。大國軍事賽局前,雙方先透過多種管道頻繁宣示各自立場、展現各自意志,向外傳達己方開展軍事鬥爭的正義性必要性,在道義和倫理層面塑造利己態勢,以獲取國內民眾和國際社會的廣泛支持;在博弈進程中,雙方因時因勢透過各種方式向外傳遞各自的軍事戰略戰術、武器裝備、戰備訓練和人員現代化取得的新進展新成就,塑造己方優勢地位,施放認知迷霧造成對方國內軍民猶疑恐慌意志動搖;博弈一旦進入尾聲,勝利一方則以宏大敘事視角回溯其博弈過程,透過塑造威懾力與親和力同在的勝利者形象彰顯勝利者實力地位,鞏固博弈勝利成果。

建構強大的軍事敘事話語體係是開展認知攻防作戰的基礎。大國競爭背景下的敘事博弈,要求積極尋找認知戰與輿論戰、心理戰等彼此在要素、資訊與認知間的契合點。大國較量圍繞著輿論、心理、制腦權等場域開展的激烈角逐,賦予了敘事博弈以更為廣闊的闡釋空間與戰略意義。輿論戰的核心是敘事主導權的爭奪,背後是國際傳播力的較量;心理戰是關於核心價值觀的深層對抗,敘事則為其提供了闡釋和傳遞不同價值觀的「腳本」;制腦權作戰是腦科學與人工智慧深度融合的作戰樣式,敘事為讀腦、類腦、控腦等以大腦為直接目標的認知空間爭奪提供了資訊植入的有力武器。

「以智駕馭敘」提上日程

隨著認知科學、電腦科學、腦科學等科學技術的高速發展,以及智慧泛在、萬物互聯、人機共融、全域協同的智慧化戰爭加速演進,敘事博弈已超越「唇槍舌戰」的傳統範疇,進入無界泛化、深度融合、演算法為王的新時代。

近期風靡全球的ChatGPT,進一步揭示了智慧時代「敘事無所不在」的泛化性。自然語言處理、視訊影像處理、深度學習、大數據分析、雲端運算等技術的不斷進步推動了語言智慧的快速發展,使得文字、聲音、影像、視訊等有形或無形的「語言」載體都被納入到敘事範疇,極大拓展了敘事博弈的發生場域,將大國競爭引向熱衝突以外的社會生活、影視娛樂、新聞傳播、教育教學等方方面面,顯著加深了認知域對抗的複雜程度,極大增強了多模態敘事的全時全域性和互動性。大國競爭背景下的敘事博弈,包括心理敘事、法律敘事、輿論敘事、資訊敘事等,人工智慧一旦與多域敘事博弈融合,就可能使其武器化效能幾何式遞增。

未來,大國競爭下的敘事博弈將以強大算法為依托,其核心在於“以智駕馭敘”,智能之“智”要靠算法實現。例如,透過強大演算法,大數據技術可精準繪製敵方認知圖景,據此實現對敵認知操控的“按需定制”,在博弈中智能化、精準化、細緻化地誘使敵方服從我方敘事腳本,確保博弈的敘事主導權牢牢為我所控。

中國原創軍事資源:https://military.cctv.com/2023/04/30/ARTITYH9OANialt6AQ2BNLC2230430.shtml

Truly Integrating Chinese Military Combat Preparation into Current Adversarial Defeat Operations

將中國軍事備戰真正融入當前抗擊作戰

現代英語:

Key points

  ● Our military’s preparations for military struggle are being carried out under the special background of dramatic changes in world military affairs. If we lack a strong awareness of keeping pace with the times and theoretical preparations for pioneering and innovation, we will not be able to carry the spirit of the times throughout the entire process of military struggle preparations.

  ● The many stages of military transformation and their possible changes are uncertain, which leads to different value judgments and behavioral norms. The only way to decide on these judgments and norms is to put them into the “general coordinates” of military transformation.

  ● Keeping pace with the times does not mean following the trend or following a routine. Leapfrog development is an inherent requirement of keeping pace with the times. The new historical mission requires us to shorten or even surpass certain development stages and take a road of military struggle preparation with distinctive characteristics.

  The era of rapid change gave birth to great ideas. In his speech on May 31, General Secretary Jiang Zemin pointed out: “To implement the requirements of the ‘Three Represents’, the whole party must always maintain a spirit of keeping pace with the times and constantly open up new horizons for the development of Marxist theory…” The idea of ​​keeping pace with the times proposed by Chairman Jiang is a high-level summary of the spirit of the times and a lasting spiritual driving force for promoting military innovation. It will surely have a profound impact on military struggle preparations. Guided by the important thought of “Three Represents”, we must vigorously promote the spirit of keeping pace with the times, open up the work situation with pioneering and innovation, and enhance combat effectiveness with emancipated minds, so as to put “winning” into practice.

  The most prominent background of military struggle preparation is the new military transformation

  The important thought of “Three Represents” is the result of the Chinese Communists observing and thinking about the changes in the world and China today, and adhering to and developing Marxism in new practices. Keeping pace with the times is a concept that reflects the essential characteristics of the times. To examine military struggle preparations with this concept, we should first look at what kind of changes have taken place in the background of our times.

  There are many factors that affect the preparation for military struggle: the development of the international situation, the evolution of the strategic pattern, the judgment of security threats… However, the most direct, profound and extensive influence is the new round of military revolution that emerged at the end of the last century.

  ———A revolution in combat elements: simultaneous improvement in strike, defense, and mobility. For thousands of years, no military revolution has achieved simultaneous development of strike, defense, and mobility in a short period of time. The military revolution taking place today is turning the ideal model of simultaneous improvement of the three combat capabilities into reality.

  The improvement of strike capability is mainly due to precision-guided weapons. The accuracy of traditional unguided weapons is generally in a stable inverse relationship with the strike distance, but precision-guided weapons are changing the “range-accuracy” law. The accuracy does not decrease with the increase of range. This change has a strong impact on the time, space and effectiveness concepts formed in the previous generation of wars, and new tactics such as “non-contact combat” and “out-of-area strike” have emerged.

  In all previous military reforms, the transformation of defense capabilities has always been “half a beat slower”, and the battlefield strictly follows the iron rule of “saving oneself by destroying the enemy”. Some people even believe that the armor revolution in the 20th century was just an extension of the idea of ​​”blocking and offsetting the opponent’s attack power” in the cold weapon era, and it is not really a defense revolution. Today, a real defense revolution has quietly arrived. The representative technology is stealth technology, known as “low detectability technology”. It breaks through the traditional routine that has been followed for thousands of years, “saves itself” by reducing the probability of the target being discovered, and at the same time creates conditions for achieving the suddenness of the attack. It can be called an offensive defense method of “saving oneself” first and then “destroying the enemy”, and its development prospects are unlimited.

  Mobility is shifting to “air”, and military mobility is showing multi-dimensional and three-dimensional characteristics. With the cross-generational improvement of intelligence support, command and control, and mobility tools, air mobility has leapt from the tactical level to the campaign level. At present, the number of helicopters in the main forces of the military of some developed countries is roughly equal to that of tanks, with an average of one helicopter for every 100 soldiers. Once the ground is no longer an obstacle, what new landscape will appear on the battlefield?

  ———Revolution in the military structure: integration of all services. Integration is a prominent manifestation of the achievements of the new military revolution in the field of command and coordination. Since the establishment of services, the military has believed in the idea of ​​​​integrated operations, but the difficulty of “horizontal flow” of information has restricted the improvement of the overall combat capability of the military. Since the 1980s, digital communication equipment, friend-or-foe identification systems, global positioning systems, and computer networks have successively entered the battlefield. For the first time, troops of different types, levels, and spaces have the ability to “horizontally flow” information, creating conditions for integrated operations. Reflecting this trend is the concept of “action-centered warfare” proposed by the US military in recent years. Based on the development of sensor technology, computer network technology and rapid response capabilities, the US military has transformed “plan-centered warfare” into “action-centered warfare”, which will be a profound change in the field of military command and coordination, and the integrated operations of all services will reach a new level.

  Integration is also reflected in the formation of the army. First, the boundaries between the services are weakened. Since World War II, the power of the services has usually been directly controlled by the strategic command, forming a clear boundary between the services. In future joint operations, the traditional command system can no longer adapt to the special requirements of timeliness. It is necessary to break the original boundaries between the services and form an integrated force. At present, the establishment of a “joint task force” composed of an army brigade task force, an air force fighter squadron, a naval ship unit and a marine expeditionary unit is a new attempt by the military of developed countries to seek integration. Secondly, the boundaries between the services are weakened. The military of developed countries has formed mixed-service synthetic forces. For example, the US Air Force will establish 10 expeditionary aerospace forces by 2003 based on the “mixed wing” experiment in the past few years; the United Kingdom has mixed the Navy’s “Sea Harrier” aircraft with the Air Force’s “Harrier” fighter since 2000. It can be foreseen that in the near future, a new pattern will emerge in the relatively stable military structure formed in the era of mechanized warfare. Some scholars call it a “revolution of relationships” and a “revolution of structure”, which is indeed a vision.

  ———Revolution of combat systems: transformation from mechanized army to informationized army. Human society is facing the third major transformation in history, and the wave of information revolution continues. A few years ago, the concept of informationization as “intelligent” warfare was still beyond people’s vision, but today few people doubt its emergence.

  Since the advent of the industrial age, war has shown an accelerating development trend, especially in the half century after World War II. Mechanization, as the mainstream of war, has reached its peak, but it has also fallen into a dilemma: the physical performance of weapons and equipment has reached its limit, and the return on investment is very small; the catastrophic consequences of nuclear weapons make it increasingly difficult to play a role in war; the harm to innocent people and the pollution to the environment caused by weapons of mass destruction have led to ecological deterioration… There is almost no way to continue to develop within the framework of mechanization. People began to seek new ways, that is, to solve the problems of strike efficiency and combat effectiveness from a deeper level, and strive to achieve precision, controllability and intelligence, and this is informatization. At present, the armies of many countries are working hard to open up a path of change to break out of the dilemma of mechanized warfare. The trend of mechanized warfare giving way to information warfare is irreversible. President Jiang has a keen insight into the major changes in the world’s military field and pointed out that the essence of the new military revolution is the information revolution, which has pointed out the direction for our army to meet the challenges of the new military revolution in the world.

  At present, the armed forces of developed countries are vigorously promoting the informatization of weapons and equipment. While actively developing C4I systems, precision-guided munitions, smart weapons, and digital individual equipment, they also focus on doing a good job in top-level design, integrating target reconnaissance and surveillance, target information processing and transmission, precision strikes, and damage assessment to form a “military system”. In this way, the combat system of the industrial age, which is suitable for exerting the potential of firepower and mobility, has been gradually transformed into a combat system of the information age, which is suitable for the rapid flow and use of information.

  Our military’s preparations for military struggle coincide with the real upheaval in the world’s military field. Having experienced this revolution, we should have a stronger sense of the times and urgency than ever before. When we are preparing for real threats, we must not ignore or forget that we are in a new era, and we must not be busy responding and indifferent to the general trend. Not being attached to things we are already familiar with, keenly absorbing the new things shown to us by the historical trend, taking advantage of the trend, and taking a bigger step, this is the powerful response of the idea of ​​keeping pace with the times to the challenges of the times.

  Designing the “general coordinates” of military struggle preparation in accordance with the general trend of military transformation

  In his “May 31” speech, General Secretary Jiang pointed out: “Adhering to the ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts and promoting the spirit of keeping pace with the times are decisive factors in the Party’s maintaining its advanced nature and creativity under the conditions of long-term governance. Whether our Party can always do this will determine China’s development prospects and destiny.” If we understand keeping pace with the times from the perspective of “determining destiny,” military struggle preparations will be able to find reference in a broader context.

  ———Inspiration from history: Those who follow the trend will prosper, and those who go against the trend will perish. Those who follow the historical trend are destined to be favored by history, and those who seize the initiative are often those armies that are extremely sensitive to the historical trend. In the mid-19th century, Prussia was earlier than other countries to realize the challenges brought by the Industrial Revolution to the military field, and took the lead in realizing the transition of the military system to mechanized warfare, which gave it a decisive advantage over those European armies with more troops and higher technological levels in the following decades.

  On the contrary, there is a clear gap between the huge military investment and the results achieved, and the reason is probably the lack of a keen sense of smell to seize the opportunity. From the mid-17th century to the end of the 18th century, Chinese society developed to the extreme under the original system framework, and the military was also in the heyday of the cold weapon era. Almost at the same time, a series of earth-shaking changes took place in the world: the gunpowder revolution was in full swing, and the mechanization revolution followed. Faced with the impact of military changes, the Qing army clung to the pedantic idea that “riding and shooting are the foundation of Manchuria”, calling inventions and creations “strange skills and tricks” and viewing strong ships and powerful guns as sorcery. The Qing Dynasty was eventually passively beaten and lost its power and humiliated the country.

  History has striking similarities, but the choices of historical paths have their merits and demerits. Today, the world’s military is once again facing major changes, major developments, and major turning points. After the Gulf War, the Central Military Commission was keenly aware that the world’s military field was undergoing extensive and profound changes, and promptly formulated a military strategic policy for the new era, requiring that the basis of military struggle preparation be placed on winning local wars under modern technology, especially high-tech conditions; in 1996, under the guidance of this strategic policy, it was proposed that the guiding ideology of military construction must achieve two fundamental changes from quantity and scale to quality and efficiency, and from manpower-intensive to technology-intensive; in 1997, with great wisdom and extraordinary courage, the “three-step” strategy for the cross-century development of the military was determined… These major measures fully reflect the forward-looking vision of keeping pace with the times. Over the past decade, the reason why our military’s preparation for military struggle in the new era has been able to make continuous progress and breakthroughs is because the spirit of the times that keeps pace with the times has been integrated into it.

  ———Useful experience: Take reform as the focus of military struggle preparation. After the Cold War, the international situation changed, and the armies of various countries began to redesign their development blueprints. The general practice is to attach great importance to the impact of new military changes, emphasize the historical opportunity of war transformation, and promote military reform in accordance with the requirements of the times. Waves of reforms have emerged one after another, and finally formed a reform trend that swept the world.

  According to the “2001-2002 Strategic Assessment Report” recently published by the London International Institute for Strategic Studies, after the “9.11” incident, the US military proposed a new round of military reform plans, which included six important components, the first of which was “concepts on future wars.” With a new view on future wars, the war machine must be remodeled. In fact, the former Soviet army was the first to realize the current military revolution, but the US military came later. When many mechanized armies were still arguing about whether informatization would come, the US military quietly began the informatization reform and established the “Senior Steering Committee for Military Revolution Research” in 1994 as the organizational leadership of military reform. Each branch of the military has also established corresponding institutions, such as the Army Digitalization Office and Ground Information Warfare Center, the Navy New Operational Concept Committee and Fleet Information Warfare Center, and the Air Force Information Warfare Center. After years of accumulation, a large number of beneficial results have been achieved, providing coordinates for the military’s informatization transformation.

  The deeper the reform, the more difficult it is to operate. The armies of many countries have seen that the military system that has been perfected in the mechanized era has little room for transformation, and must vigorously promote the new military revolution. The US Department of Defense has set up five working groups to focus on how to use information technology to completely transform the US military, and has established six combat laboratories dedicated to studying information warfare. The US military believes that it is currently unable to effectively cope with various complex new security challenges, and needs to carry out military reforms with the goal of rapid, flexible, and effective joint operations of all arms, including the establishment of a standing joint task force, the development of required leapfrog technologies, the enhancement of the flexibility of command organizations, the reform of procurement strategies, the abandonment of old military systems to free up funds for new systems, and so on. Although the conditions for promoting the new military revolution in Russia, Britain, France, Japan and other countries are not as complete as those in the United States, they have also formulated long-term national defense development strategies and military construction plans, and accelerated the pace of their own military reforms to meet the challenges of the new military revolution. These reform measures reflect the general direction and are worth learning from for our army.

  ———The call of mission: Unify military struggle preparation and building a first-class army. The tasks of our army’s military struggle preparation are determined, but the reference system of army building is not solidified. The changing international environment, the uncertain strategic pattern and the complex surrounding security situation faced by our country have determined that once a war breaks out, our combat opponents and combat directions may not be single, and the main strategic direction is also relative and variable. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, almost none of the several local wars we have fought were carried out in the strategic direction we have prepared. If we only target one opponent and imagine one situation, it is undoubtedly a strategic shortsightedness.

  In the face of this situation, how can we prepare for military struggle? The answer is: improve the starting point of military struggle preparation and build a first-class army. In a reality full of uncertainty and unpredictability, the most important thing is to have the “ability” to cope with various situations. This is like participating in a large-scale international competition. It is not enough to just defeat one opponent. Only by defeating a series of opponents can you win the championship, which requires comprehensive strength. Therefore, military struggle preparation should be planned for the long term, not overly focusing on recent threats and ignoring long-term construction. While highlighting the key points, we should focus on developing the ability of the entire army to cope with challenges and unexpected events. This ability can only be obtained by strengthening quality construction and catching up with the world’s military powers. Take advantage of our “latecomer advantage”, draw nourishment from the history of military development in developed countries, accelerate the process of catching up with advanced technology, advanced systems, and advanced ideas, avoid the detours they have taken, and finally form our own advantages. In this way, we can prepare for recent threats while also taking care of the future.

  The military revolution is global, but it will not automatically visit every country. Although it has made it possible for the armies of developing countries to catch up, opportunities only come to those who respond correctly. We have unified the two strategic tasks of preparing for real military struggles and strengthening the quality of military construction, preparing while building, using preparation to drive construction and construction to promote preparation. This is undoubtedly the right choice.

  Taking a Distinctive Path of Military Struggle Preparation in the Trend of Change

  Due to different starting points, the military of different countries has shown diversity in the choice of development path. A foreign scholar once asserted: “What aspects of an army lag behind and how much it lags behind completely determines the pattern of historical change.” In the field of economics, this phenomenon is called “path dependence.” If the path of change of the world’s military powers is regarded as the only model and applied to oneself without thinking, then it will inevitably lead to a serious misalignment of the starting point, path and goal.

  ———Establish a brand-new development strategy. In the 21st century, the war will inevitably enter the informationization stage. In this transition, the armies of countries around the world may undergo new differentiation, resulting in major differences and imbalances in combat capabilities. To avoid being left behind in the new competition, conventional strategies will not work. We must find a way to catch up quickly.

  Mechanization is the path to development for Western armies. This is because the historical background at that time provided them with special conditions. It is impossible for our army to have these historical conditions again and to achieve the same level of development in the form of mechanized warfare. Therefore, we should seriously reflect on whether we can really catch up with the armies of developed countries in the framework of mechanization.

  Information warfare is a great leap forward in the form of warfare. In fact, the development from the old form to the new form is achieved through a series of huge changes within the combat system. This transformation is not a linear transition from the old form to the new form, but a “transfer development”. Just as “steamboats are not evolutionary sailboats; cars are not evolutionary improvements on horses and carriages; transistors are not better vacuum tubes”, “transfer development” is a change in the nature and direction of combat means. Its prominent features are its transition, nonlinearity, discontinuity and innovation. Looking forward from the perspective of the old form in a straight line, you cannot see the new form.

  Our army is still in the process of mechanization. The limitations of mechanization are rapidly emerging but have not yet been fully exposed. In some areas of information technology, our army has gradually entered the new military revolution, and even in some parts and to some extent, it is not behind many Western countries’ armies. This shows a fact that mechanization and informatization are not completely connected in a straight line. Under certain conditions, it is possible to achieve leapfrog development. The agricultural civilization of ancient Egypt was not built on the basis of the world’s most developed hunting and gathering civilization, and the British pioneering industrial civilization did not have the world’s most developed agricultural civilization.

  The discontinuity and transition of the new war form often provide a historical opportunity for the army that was not advanced to catch up. The information revolution provides an opportunity for our army to achieve leapfrog development without fully developed mechanization.

  ———Use informatization to drive mechanization. The “generational” development of weapons and equipment is not only an important part of the new military revolution, but also its origin. A fundamental question is: for which generation of war are the weapons systems being developed or introduced preparing? If we use yesterday’s equipment to meet tomorrow’s war, we will inevitably run into a wall. Let’s take an example. The radar system used by the vast majority of early warning aircraft currently in service is an active radiation radar, which will basically have no survivability in the next generation of war. If we blindly introduce such early warning aircraft, is it a strategic miscalculation? Obviously, forward-looking awareness is particularly important for equipment development.

  The so-called advanced consciousness, for our army at this stage, is to establish the development concept of “using informatization to drive mechanization”. The information revolution has provided opportunities for our army to develop by leaps and bounds, but it is impossible to completely leapfrog the mechanization stage. The mechanization level of our army’s weapons and equipment is still not high, and some are even only semi-mechanized. Using informatization to drive mechanization means moderately developing mechanization, but not pursuing the most advanced mechanization, not affecting the capital investment in informatization transformation, not over-performing the mechanized command system and mechanism, and ensuring the smooth progress of informatization transformation while maintaining the mechanized combat mode. Combine moderate development of mechanization with informatization, and while maintaining the former, focus on the latter.

  ———Deepen reform while inheriting. As early as 1996, President Jiang pointed out: “From the current trend of world military development, the problem of unreasonable organizational system of our army is also quite prominent. The adjustment and reform of organizational system should continue to be carried out actively and steadily.” Any army is following the organizational tradition that has been tested by practice and reflects its own characteristics. For example, Sweden has adopted the organizational system of integrating soldiers with civilians for hundreds of years, and the organizational system of the Indian Army still retains the “wing system” tradition of the British Indian period… However, the impact point of military reform is often aimed at the organizational system first. The “hub” position of the organizational system makes it the focus of any army that wants to make a difference.

  As the military revolution develops in depth, a series of innovative achievements in weapons and equipment, personnel quality and combat theory will eventually need to be materialized in a smooth system, and scientific mechanisms will be used to express and reflect them, so that they can release energy most quickly and effectively. The adjustment of the organizational system of our army should break through the accumulated problems, transcend tradition, create enough space to promote institutional reform, and unswervingly work towards the direction of “appropriate scale, reasonable structure, and flexible command” required by Chairman Jiang. The so-called keeping pace with the times means that we should boldly reform the focus and difficulties of these top-level designs, and should not be burdened by the details in front of us.

  ———Using science and technology as the driving force. In the process of new military transformation, our army’s scientific spirit and scientific and technological awareness are keeping pace with the times. The whole army has carried out extensive, in-depth and long-term scientific and technological training activities, and has embarked on a new training development path driven by science and technology.

  Historically, armies that reject science and technology have always been doomed. During World War II, the Japanese Kwantung Army believed that “belief rather than knowledge is the factor in completing the mission”, and its combat regulations insisted on “hand-to-hand combat”. In the “Zhanggufeng Incident” in 1938, although the casualties in hand-to-hand combat only accounted for 2.8% of the total casualties, the Kwantung Army’s combat regulations in 1941 still emphasized “hand-to-hand combat” and lacked training to deal with tanks and aircraft. After the war, the Japanese army admitted that the Kwantung Army “had almost zero modern combat training”. Western armies have a tradition of advocating science, and they attach great importance to timely revising training regulations and adjusting training content according to the development of military technology. It is reported that the US Air Force no longer conducts training in close-range air combat projects, but focuses on controlling missile flight.

  In recent years, the whole army has carried out a comprehensive reform of the content of education and training in accordance with the requirements of the military strategic policy of the new era, and has achieved phased results. However, the reform that has been carried out is preliminary, and there is still a long way to go. The innovation of education and training content should focus on the requirements of the next generation of war on personnel quality and combat capability, and make a good overall design from top to bottom. In recent years, our army has built a military training information network for the whole army and campus networks of various colleges and universities, established a large number of modern teaching venues and training grounds, developed and distributed a large number of training simulation equipment that matches new equipment, and realized the interconnection and interoperability of campaign and tactical training simulation systems… We will hold high the torch of the spirit of the times, keep pace with the times, and rely closely on scientific and technological progress to continuously push education and training to a new level.

現代國語:

柴宇球、曾蘇南、本報記者張國育

內容提要

●我軍軍事鬥爭準備是在世界軍事真正發生劇變的特殊背景下進行的。如果缺乏與時俱進的強烈意識和開拓創新的理論準備,就無法把時代精神貫穿軍事鬥爭準備的整個過程

●軍事變革的許多階段及其可能變化具有不確定性,因此產生了不同的價值判斷和行為準則。決定這些判斷和準則的取捨,只能把它們放到軍事變革的「總座標」中去考慮

●與時俱進不是隨波逐流,不是按部就班,跨越式發展是與時俱進的題中應有之義。新的歷史使命要求我們縮短甚至超越某些發展階段,走具有鮮明特色的軍事鬥爭準備之路

激變時代催生偉大思想。江澤民總書記在「5·31」演講中指出:「貫徹好『三個代表』要求,必須使全黨始終保持與時俱進的精神狀態,不斷開拓馬克思主義理論發展的新境界…」。江主席提出的與時俱進思想,是時代精神的高度概括,也是推動軍事創新的持久的精神動力,它必將對軍事鬥爭準備產生深遠影響。以「三個代表」重要想法為指導,大力弘揚與時俱進的精神,用開拓創新打開工作局面,用解放思想提升戰鬥力,才能把「打得贏」落實。

軍事鬥爭準備最突出的時代背景是新軍事變革

「三個代表」重要思想是中國共產黨人觀察、思考當今世界和中國的變化,在新的實踐中堅持與發展馬克思主義的結果。與時俱進,則是反映了時代本質特徵的觀念。用這個觀念來檢視軍事鬥爭準備,首先應當看我們所處的時代背景究竟發生了什麼樣的改變。

影響軍事鬥爭準備的因素很多:國際情勢的發展,戰略格局的演變,對安全威脅的判斷……但是,影響最直接、最深刻、最廣泛的,當首推上世紀末期興起的新一輪軍事革命。

———戰鬥要素的革命:打擊力、防護力、機動力同步提升。千百年來,還沒有哪一次軍事變革在短時間內使打擊、防護、機動能力獲得同步發展。而當今發生的這場軍事變革,正把三種作戰能力同時提升的理想模式變成現實。

打擊能力的提升主要得益於精確導引武器。傳統非導引武器的命中精準度一般與打擊距離構成穩定的反比關係,而精確導引武器卻在改變「射程-精準度」規律,它不因射程的增大而降低精準度。這項變革猛烈衝擊著上一代戰爭中形成的時間觀、空間觀和效能觀,「非接觸作戰」、「防區外打擊」等新戰法應運而生。

在歷次軍事變革中,防護能力的變革總是“慢半拍”,戰場嚴格遵循“靠消滅敵人來保存自己”的鐵律。甚至有人認為,20世紀的裝甲革命只是冷兵器時代「阻隔與抵消對方打擊威力」的思路的延伸,實在算不上是一次防護革命。今天,一場真正意義上的防護革命悄然而至,代表性的技術是被稱為「低可探測性技術」的隱身技術,它突破了沿襲數千年的傳統套路,透過降低目標被發現的機率來“保存自己”,同時又為達成攻擊的突然性創造了條件,堪稱先“保存自己”再“消滅敵人”的進攻性防護手段,其發展前景不可限量。

機動力正向「空中化」轉移,軍隊機動呈現多維立體的特徵。隨著情報保障、指揮控制、機動工具的跨代式改善,空中機動能力從戰術級躍升到了戰役級。目前,有些已開發國家軍隊主力部隊的直升機數量與坦克大致相等,平均每100名士兵就有一架直升機。一旦地面不再成為障礙物時,戰場將出現什麼新景觀?

———軍隊結構的革命:諸軍兵種一體化。一體化是新軍事變革的成果在指揮協同領域的突出體現。自從有了軍兵種,軍隊就信奉整體作戰思想,但由於資訊的「橫向流動」比較困難,制約了軍隊整體作戰能力的提升。自1980年代以來,數位化通訊設備、敵我識別系統、全球定位系統、電腦網路相繼躋身戰場,不同類型、不同層級、不同空間的部隊第一次具備了資訊「橫向流動」的能力,為一體化作戰創造了條件。反映這一趨勢的是近年來美軍提出的「行動中心戰」概念。基於感測器技術、電腦網路技術及快速反應能力的發展,美軍把“計劃中心戰”轉變為“行動中心戰”,這將是軍隊指揮協同領域的一次深刻變革,諸軍兵種一體化作戰將由此達到一個新水平。

一體化也體現在軍隊編成上。首先是軍種界限的弱化。二次大戰以來,軍種力量通常由戰略統帥部直接掌握,形成了涇渭分明的軍種界限。未來聯合作戰,傳統的指揮體制已無法適應對時效性的特殊要求,必須打破原有的軍種界限,組成一體化部隊。目前,建立由陸軍旅特遣隊、空軍戰鬥機中隊、海軍艦艇部隊和陸戰隊遠徵分隊組成的“聯合特遣部隊”,就是發達國家軍隊謀求一體化的新嘗試。其次是兵種界線的弱化。已開發國家軍隊紛紛組成兵種混編合成部隊,如美國空軍在前幾年「混編聯隊」試驗的基礎之上,將在2003年前建立10​​支遠徵型航空航天部隊;英國從2000年開始將海軍的「海鷂」飛機與空軍的「鷂」式戰鬥機混合編組。可以預見,在不遠的將來,機械化戰爭時代所形成的相對穩定的軍隊結構將出現新格局。有些學者稱之為“關係的革命”、“結構的革命”,不失為一種遠見。

———作戰體系的革命:機械化軍隊轉變為資訊化軍隊。人類社會正面臨歷史上第三次大轉型,資訊革命的浪潮持續不斷。幾年前,作為「智慧化」戰爭的資訊化概念尚在人們的視野之外,而今天沒有多少人再懷疑它的出現。

戰爭自進入工業時代以來,呈現出加速度發展趨勢,尤其是第二次世界大戰後的半個世紀,機械化作為戰爭形態的主流已經達到它的巔峰,但同時也陷入了困境:武器裝備的物理性能達到極限,大量的投入回報甚微;核武的災難性後果,使其越來越難以在戰爭中發揮作用;大規模殺傷性武器造成的對無辜人民的傷害和對環境造成的污染,導致生態惡化……在機械化的框架中繼續發展幾乎沒有出路,人們開始尋求新的方式,即從更深層面上解決打擊效率和作戰效果問題,努力實現精確化、可控化和智能化,而這就是信息化。目前,許多國家軍隊都在努力開拓跳出機械化戰爭困境的變革之路,機械化戰爭讓位給資訊化戰爭的趨勢不可逆轉。江主席敏銳洞察世界軍事領域發生的重大變化,精闢指出了新軍事變革的本質是資訊化革命,為我軍迎接世界新軍事變革的挑戰指明了方向。

目前,已開發國家軍隊都在大力推進武器裝備的資訊化建設,在積極發展C4 I系統、精確制導彈藥、靈巧武器、數位化單兵裝備的同時,注重搞好頂層設計,使目標偵察與監視、目標資訊處理與傳輸、精確打擊與毀傷評估實現一體化,形成「軍事大系統」。這樣,就把工業時代的適於發揮火力和機動力潛能的作戰體系,逐步改造成了資訊時代的適於資訊快速流動和使用的作戰體系。

我軍軍事鬥爭準備恰逢世界軍事領域正發生著真正的劇變,親歷了這場革命,我們應有比以往更強烈的時代感和緊迫感。當我們針對現實威脅認真準備的時候,我們一定不可以忽略或忘記我們正置身一個新的時代,一定不可以忙於應對而淡漠大勢。不眷戀我們已經熟悉了的東西,敏銳吸納歷史潮流為我們展示的新鮮事物,乘勢而上,把步子邁得更大一點,這就是與時俱進思想對時代挑戰的有力回應。

按照軍事變革大趨勢設計軍事鬥爭準備“總坐標”

江總書記在「5·31」演講中指出:「堅持解放思想、實事求是的思想路線,弘揚與時俱進的精神,是黨在長期執政條件下保持先進性和創造力的決定性因素。我們黨能否始終做到這一點,決定著中國的發展前途和命運。

———歷史的啟蒙:順應趨勢者昌,逆趨勢而動者亡。順應歷史潮流注定得到歷史的青睞,搶先者往往是那些對歷史潮流異常敏感的軍隊。 19世紀中葉,普魯士比其他國家更早察覺到工業革命對軍事領域帶來的挑戰,率先實現了軍事體係向機械化戰爭的過渡,從而使它在後來數十年間比那些兵力更多、科技水平更高的歐洲軍隊都佔有決定性優勢。

相反的情形是,軍事上的巨額投入與所取得的成果之間存在明顯落差,其原因恐怕也是缺乏乘勢而動的靈敏嗅覺。 17世紀中葉至18世紀末,中國社會在原有的體系框架下發展到了極致,軍事上也處於冷兵器時代的鼎盛期。幾乎在同一時間,世界發生了一系列改天換地的變革:火藥革命方興未艾,機械化革命接踵而至。面對軍事變革的衝擊,滿清軍隊卻死抱著“騎射乃滿洲根本”的迂腐觀念,把發明創造稱為“奇技淫巧”,把堅船利炮看成妖術。大清王朝最終被動挨打,喪權辱國。

歷史有著驚人的相似之處,歷史道路的選擇卻有高下優劣之分。當今,世界軍事又面臨大變動、大發展、大轉折。海灣戰爭以後,中央軍委敏銳察覺到世界軍事領域正在發生廣泛而深刻的變革,及時制定了新時期軍事戰略方針,要求把軍事鬥爭準備的基點放在打贏現代技術特別是高技術條件下的局部戰爭上;19 96年,在這一戰略方針的指導下,提出軍隊建設的指導思想必須實現由數量規模型向質量效能型、由人力密集型向科技密集型的兩個根本性轉變;1997年,又以高度的智慧和過人的膽魄,確定了軍隊跨世紀發展“三步走”戰略……這些重大舉措,充分體現了與時俱進的前瞻性視野。十多年來,我軍新時期軍事鬥爭準備之所以能夠不斷取得進展與突破,就是因為把與時俱進的時代精神融入其中。

———有益的經驗:把改革當作軍事鬥爭準備的著力點。冷戰後,國際局勢起了變化,各國軍隊開始重新設計發展藍圖。普遍的做法是,高度重視新軍事變革的影響,強調掌握戰爭形態轉型的歷史機遇,並依照時代要求推動軍事改革。一個波次接一個波次的改革浪潮此起彼伏,最終形成了席捲全球的改革之勢。

根據倫敦國際戰略研究所最近發表的《2001-2002年度戰略評估報告》稱,「9·11」事件以後,美軍提出了新一輪的軍事改革計劃,其中包括六個重要組成部分,首要部分是「關於未來戰爭的設想」。對未來戰爭有了新看法,必然對戰爭機器進行新的改造。其實,最早意識到當今這場軍事變革的是前蘇軍,但美軍後來居上,當許多機械化為主的軍隊還在爭論資訊化是否會到來時,美軍不動聲色地開始了資訊化改革,於1994年成立了“軍事革命研究高級指導委員會”,作為軍事改革的組織領導機構。各軍種也成立了相應的機構,如陸軍數位化辦公室和地面資訊戰中心、海軍新作戰概念委員會和艦隊資訊戰中心、空軍資訊戰中心等。經過多年積累,取得了大量有益成果,為軍隊資訊化改造提供了座標。

改革越深入,操作的難度就越高。許多國家的軍隊已經看到,在機械化時代日臻完善的軍事體系已經沒有太大的改造空間,必須大刀闊斧地推進新軍事革命。美國國防部專門成立了5個工作小組,集中探討如何使用資訊科技徹底改造美軍,並且建立了6個專門研究資訊戰的戰鬥實驗室。美軍認為,目前還不能有效地應付各種複雜的新安全挑戰,需要以迅速、靈活、各兵種有效聯合行動為目標進行軍事改革,包括設立一支常備聯合特遣部隊,開發需要的躍進技術,增強指揮機構的彈性,改革採購策略,放棄舊的軍事系統以便為新系統騰出經費,等等。俄、英、法、日等國推行新軍事革命的條件雖然不如美國完備,但它們也紛紛制定面向長遠的國防發展戰略與軍隊建設規劃,加快本國軍事改革的步伐,以迎接新軍事革命的挑戰。這些反映了大方向的改革舉措,值得我軍借鏡。

———使命的呼喚:把軍事鬥爭準備和建設一流軍隊統一起來。我軍軍事鬥爭準備的任務是確定的,而軍隊建設的參考係卻不是凝固的。多變的國際環境、未定的戰略格局以及我國所面臨的複雜的周邊安全形勢,這些都決定了一旦發生戰事,我們的作戰對手和作戰方向可能都不是單一的,主要戰略方向也具有相對性和可變性。建國後,我們所進行的幾場局部戰爭,幾乎沒有一場是在我們準備好了的戰略方向進行的。如果僅僅瞄準一個對手,設想一種情況,無疑是一種戰略短視。

面對這種局面,如何做好軍事鬥爭準備?答案是:提高軍事鬥爭準備的起點,建立一支一流軍隊。在充滿不確定性和不可測性的現實中,具備應付各種情況的「能力」才是最重要的。這如同參加大型國際賽,光是戰勝一個對手不行,只有戰勝一系列對手才能奪冠,這就需要綜合實力。所以,軍事鬥爭準備要從長計議,不過度專注近期威脅而忽略長遠建設,在突出重點的同時,著力去開發整個軍隊應付挑戰和不測事件的能力。這種能力只有透過加強品質建設,在追趕世界軍事強國的過程中獲得。利用我們的“後發優勢”,從發達國家軍隊發展的歷史中汲取營養,加速對先進技術、先進體制、先進思想的追趕過程,避免他們走過的彎路,最終形成自己的優勢。這樣,我們才能在為近期威脅作好準備的同時,也關照好未來。

軍事革命是全球性的,但它不會自動光顧每一個國家,它雖然使後發國家軍隊有了奮起追趕的可能性,但機運只為那些正確應對者而來。我們把現實軍事鬥爭準備和加強軍隊質量建設兩大戰略任務統一起來,邊準備,邊建設,以準備牽引建設,以建設促進準備,這無疑是正確的抉擇。

在變革潮流中走具有特色的軍事鬥爭準備之路

不同國家軍隊由於起點不同,對發展道路的選擇呈現出多樣性。國外某學者曾斷言:「一支軍隊什麼方面落後、落後多少完全規定了歷史的變化模式。」經濟學領域稱這種現象為「路徑依賴」。如果把世界軍事強國的變革之路視為唯一模式,不假思索地套於自身,那麼,必然導致起點、途徑與目標的嚴重錯置。

———確立嶄新的發展思路。戰爭形態在21世紀必定跨入資訊化階段,世界各國軍隊有可能在這場過渡中發生新的分化,形成作戰水準的重大差異與不平衡。要避免在新的角逐中落伍,常規的思路肯定不行,必須找到一條快速追趕的路徑。

機械化是西方軍隊的發達之路,這是由於當時的歷史背景給西方軍隊提供了特殊條件,而我軍不可能重新具備這些歷史條件,不可能在機械化戰爭形態中獲得同等發達水平。因此,我們應該認真反思在機械化框架中能否真正趕上已開發國家軍隊的問題。

資訊化戰爭是戰爭形態的大飛躍。其實,從舊形態轉向新形態的發展是透過作戰系統內部一系列巨大轉變來實現的,這種轉變不是舊形態向新形態的直線推移,而是一種「轉移式發展」。正如「蒸氣船不是進化發展的帆船;汽車不是馬和馬車的進化型改進;晶體管不是一種較好的真空管」一樣,「轉移式發展」是作戰手段的本質、方向的改變,其突出特徵是它的轉折性、非線性、間斷性和創新性,從舊型態的視角向前直線展望是看不到新型態的。

我軍目前尚處在機械化進程中,機械化的局限性正在快速顯現但尚未完全暴露,而我軍在資訊科技某些領域已逐漸涉足新軍事革命,甚至在某些局部某種程度上並不比許多西方國家軍隊落後。這顯示了一個事實,機械化與資訊化並不完全是直線相接的,在具備一定的條件下,有可能實現跨越式發展。古埃及的農業文明並不是建立在世界最發達的採獵文明基礎上,英國開拓工業文明也不是擁有世界最發達的農業文明。

新戰爭形態的間斷性、轉折性往往會給原本並不先進的軍隊提供一個後來居上的歷史機會。資訊革命為我軍在不擁有充分發展的機械化的基礎上實現跨越式發展提供了機會。

———用資訊化牽引機械化。武器裝備的「斷代性」發展,既是新軍事變革的重要內容,也是它的始因。一個帶根本性的問題是:正在研發或引進的武器系統是為哪一代戰爭做準備?如果用昨天的裝備迎接明天的戰爭,難免會碰壁。試舉一例。現在正在服役的絕大多數預警機,採用的雷達系統是主動式輻射雷達,這在下一代戰爭中將基本沒有生存能力,如果盲目引進此類預警機,是不是一種戰略失算?顯然,超前意識對裝備發展來說尤其重要。

所謂超前意識,對現階段的我軍來說,就是確立「用資訊化牽引機械化」的發展觀。資訊革命為我軍跨越式發展提供了機遇,但機械化階段不可能完全跨越,我軍武器裝備的機械化水準還不高,有些甚至只是半機械化。用資訊化牽引機械化,就是適度發展機械化,但不追求最發達的機械化,不影響資訊化改造的資金投入,不過度完善機械化指揮體系和機制,在維持機械化作戰方式的同時,保證資訊化改造順利進行。把適度發展機械化與資訊化結合起來,在維持前者的同時,重心向後者傾斜。

———在繼承中深化改革。江主席早在1996年就指出:「從當前世界軍事發展的動向看,我軍的編制體制不合理的問題也比較突出,編制體制的調整改革要繼續積極穩妥地進行。」任何軍隊都在沿襲著經過實踐檢驗、體現自身特色的編制傳統,如瑞典幾百年來一直採取了寓兵於民的組織體制,印度陸軍的編制體制仍然保留著英印時期的「聯隊制」傳統……但是,軍事變革的衝擊點往往先瞄準編制體制。編制體制所處的「樞紐」地位,使它成為任何一支有所作為的軍隊所關注的焦點。

隨著軍事革命向縱深發展,武器裝備、人員素質和作戰理論的一系列革新成果,最終都需要物化於一種順暢的體制內,用科學的機制去表現它、反映它,使其最迅速、最有效地釋放能量。我軍的編制體制調整應當衝破積弊,超越傳統,創造足夠的空間促進機構改革,堅定不移地朝著江主席所要求的「規模適度、結構合理、指揮靈便」的方向努力。所謂與時俱進,就應當在這些頂層設計的焦點、難點上大膽改革,而不應為眼前的細節所累。

———以科學技術為推動力。在新軍事變革的過程中,我軍的科學精神、科技意識都在與時俱進,全軍廣泛、深入、持久地開展科技練兵活動,走出了一條以科學技術為推動力的新的訓練發展道路。

歷史上,拒絕科學技術的軍隊均難逃厄運。在二次大戰中,日本關東軍信奉“完成任務的因素,是信念而不是知識”,戰鬥條令一味主張“白刃主義”。到了1938年“張鼓鋒事件”,儘管白刃戰傷亡僅佔總傷亡的千分之二點八,但關東軍1941年的戰鬥條令仍然強調“白刃主義”,缺少對付坦克和飛機的訓練。日軍戰後承認,關東軍「在近代作戰訓練方面幾乎等於零」。而西方軍隊則具有崇尚科學的傳統,他們十分重視根據軍事科技的發展及時修改訓練條例,調整訓練內容。據報道,美空軍已不再進行空中近距格鬥項目的訓練,而把訓練重點放在控制飛彈飛行上。

近年來,全軍按照新時期軍事戰略方針的要求,對教育訓練內容進行了全面改革,取得了階段性成果。但已經進行的改革是初步的,今後的路還很長。教育訓練內容創新,應緊緊圍繞下一代戰爭對人員素質和作戰能力提出的要求,由上至下搞好整體設計。近年來,我軍建成了全軍軍事訓練資訊網和各院校校園網,建立了一大批現代化教學場館和訓練場地,研製配發了一大批與新裝備配套的訓練模擬器材,實現了戰役戰術訓練模擬系統的互連互通……我們將高擎與時俱進這把時代精神的火炬,緊緊依靠科技進步,把教育訓練不斷推向新境界。

http://jczs.sina.com.cn 2002年7月16日 07:51 解放军报

中國原創軍事資源:https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2002-07-16/7489888.html?from=wap

Strengthening the Military with Chinese Characteristics A Path of Deep Reform

中國特色強軍之路 深化改革之路

現代英語:

From November 24 to 26, 2015, the world-renowned deepening of national defense and military reform was officially launched, opening the curtain for our army to seize the strategic commanding heights of future military competition. This is the most revolutionary military reform of the People’s Liberation Army in 60 years. The reform is unprecedented in its force, structure and scope.

Give full play to the advantages of the socialist military system with Chinese characteristics

Ren Tianyou

A new round of reforms in our military has begun. With the establishment of the joint command system, theater system, and service construction and management system, China’s military reform is taking a key step forward with a new attitude. What is different from the past is that this is a comprehensive reform with the leadership and command system as the core, a “reform above the neck”, with unprecedented determination, unprecedented action, unprecedented benefits, and unprecedented risks.

In carrying out top-down reform, our army’s greatest advantage lies in the system. This reform starts from the headquarters, services, military regions and other high-level leadership organs of the army, starting from the “brain” and “center” of the army. The reason why we bravely cross the shoals and why we are full of confidence is the advantage of the socialist military system with Chinese characteristics.

The core of giving full play to the advantages of the socialist military system with Chinese characteristics is to uphold the absolute leadership of the Party over the military. If this point is not seen, the reform will make the mistake of purely military perspectives; if this point is not adhered to, it will not be able to gather motivation and innovation in the face of difficulties, and the reform will eventually become a building on gravel, which cannot withstand the battle on the battlefield and the test of history. To uphold the absolute leadership of the Party over the military is to resolutely implement the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi, break through various ideological obstacles to build consensus, and obey orders regardless of personal gains and losses and local interests. Only in this way can the military reform overcome numerous difficulties and reach the other side of victory.

Reform is a process of interest adjustment. The obstacles to military reform in ancient and modern times, both in China and abroad, also highlight the threshold of interests. It is easy to defeat the thief in the mountains, but it is difficult to defeat the thief in the heart. Compared with people’s subjective consciousness, under the new era conditions, more attention should be paid to breaking the obstacles to reforming the old system by improving the system and the legal system. The rule of law should be used to ensure the coordination of the resources of the whole army and realize the concentration of forces for reform; the rule of law should be used to withdraw and merge to reduce the space for backward combat forces and make room for new combat forces; the rule of law should be used to ensure the smooth operation of the new leadership and command system and strongly eliminate the interference from local interests and personal interests.

Who can successfully implement reforms and who can successfully manage risks are the major issues that determine the fate of reforms. As Engels said, “When the wave of technological revolution is surging around, it is no good to let these conservative prejudices dominate the army. We need newer and braver minds.” Since the Gulf War, the US military has continuously produced talented generals, from Boyd to Owens, from Powell to Ramosfeld, theorists and practitioners have emerged in an endless stream, either relying on their achievements on the battlefield or being selected through the survival of the fittest in theory. For this reason, if the talent selection rules are not refreshed, the reform may remain in the trap of “old wine in new bottles” where “old heads” monopolize new positions.

Chairman Mao Zedong said that our army matures quickly in war. This is because our army always takes the initiative to reform and forges a path to victory at the critical moment of life and death. Looking back at history, our army’s reform is often not a calm and unhurried process, but a desperate outbreak under external threats and internal pressure. The “Three Bays Reform” started with a team of less than a thousand people in the repeated failures of urban riots, and the streamlining of the army and government was carried out in the heavy siege of the Japanese invaders’ “Three Alls” policy and iron wall encirclement. Today’s reform of our army is taking place under the hegemonic countries’ flaunting of maritime hegemony and military provocations, and it is set sail in the Japanese right-wing forces’ eagerness to shake the peace constitution and then plot to subvert the post-war international order. It shoulders the mission of defending national territorial sovereignty and maintaining world peace, and it cannot tolerate delay, carelessness, or retreat. At the same time, it should be seen that this military reform is based on the country’s economic take-off and is a leap forward standing on the solid shoulders of scientific and technological innovation. The opportunity is rare and should not be missed.

(The author is the director of the Strategic Education and Research Department of the National Defense University and a major general)

(Excerpt from Guangming Daily, December 23, 2015)

Military reform: a charge to seize strategic commanding heights

Lu Jianyong Wang Xueping

Build a joint combat command organization and launch a combined attack

Information warfare is a game between systems and systems, and systems and systems. The way of winning by fighting alone has no place. In the ever-changing information battlefield, whether the various services can closely coordinate to form a joint force depends on the joint operations command organization. Looking at the armies of the powerful countries in the world today, all of them have the ability to win information warfare by building a strong joint operations command organization. After the end of the Cold War, the US military immediately began to adjust and build the leadership and command system of the headquarters, and the same is true for the armies of Russia, Britain, France and other countries. This major reform of our army, standing at the commanding heights of the world, can be said to be a global vision and strategic thinking. By 2020, we must “strive to build a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics that can win information warfare and effectively fulfill missions and tasks.” The leadership and management system and the joint operations command system are designed as a whole, and “joint operations command organizations are established”, and efforts are made to build a “combat command system of the Military Commission-theater-troops”. The joint command organization has made its debut, making the “central nervous system” of the army more efficient and flexible, as shown in the following:

Strengthened unified command. The military is an armed force group with special missions and tasks. Its special nature requires a highly unified command. President Xi Jinping stressed that “we must focus on implementing the requirements of political military construction under the new situation, promote the organic unity of leadership and control of the troops and efficient command of the troops, and form a pattern in which the CMC is in charge of overall affairs, the theater commands are responsible for combat, and the services are responsible for construction.” The so-called CMC is in charge of overall affairs, which means “strengthening the centralized and unified leadership of the CMC, and better concentrating the highest leadership and command of the military in the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission”, so that the military will always listen to the Party.

Reduced levels of command. Modern warfare is about speed. Without the rapid decision-making and command of the command organs and the rapid response of the troops, there will be no initiative on the battlefield. The CMC and the theater directly command the troops, and the command chain is greatly compressed. The will and determination of the command level are transformed into troop actions in the shortest path, which can effectively seize the initiative on the battlefield in a rapidly changing battlefield.

Achieved efficiency and effectiveness. A bloated and inefficient leadership and command structure not only makes it difficult for the military machine to operate efficiently and quickly, but also makes it easier for a powerful enemy to “attack wherever it points to.” Building a three-level command system of “CMC, theater, and troops” can effectively achieve high efficiency in combat command through the streamlining and reorganization of organs and clear division of functions.

Establish the Army Department, divide the war zones, and plan for war

For a long time, the leadership and command system of our army has been imperfect. The army’s construction, management and leadership functions are performed by various departments of the headquarters, resulting in overlapping command and management functions of the army, multiple policies and mutual constraints. This is not only not conducive to the top-level design and systematic planning of army construction, but also puts too much burden on the headquarters. The huge and repeated establishment of military district organs also leads to conflicts and dual weakening of command and management functions. These problems have seriously affected the overall construction of the army as a service, and restricted the formation and performance of the joint combat command functions of the headquarters and theater. At present, the armies of major countries in the world have established army headquarters, which are responsible for various tasks of the construction of their own services, including personnel and administrative management, education and training, military scientific research, military mobilization, weapons and equipment, and logistics support. In this military reform of our army, President Xi Jinping, based on a scientific judgment of my country’s security situation and in line with the general trend of the world’s military revolution, pointed out that deepening the reform of national defense and the army should “focus on solving the institutional obstacles, structural contradictions, and policy issues that restrict national defense and army building, promote the modernization of the army’s organizational form, further liberate and develop combat effectiveness, further liberate and enhance the vitality of the army, and build a consolidated national defense and a strong army that is commensurate with my country’s international status and compatible with national security and development interests”. Some military experts analyzed that the establishment of the Army Department in this military reform will make the army more aware of its military services. The strengthening of the top-level design of the army’s construction and development can fundamentally solve the problems of our army’s large number and scale, unreasonable proportion of arms, long and short leadership and command system, and excessive non-combat units. A sensitive, synthetic, multi-functional, and efficient army with Chinese characteristics will stand in the east of the world. The transformation of military regions into theaters of war is even more significant.

First, the theater is dedicated to fighting wars and is a complete regional combat organization. In the future, our army will have a clearer idea of ​​”what kind of war to fight and how to fight it”, and forward-looking war design will also drive and guide the development of military construction and promote the leap in the combat effectiveness of the troops. Second, the transformation of military regions into theaters is not only a reorganization of the leadership and command institutions, but also a more efficient and effective leadership and command level, and also makes military struggle preparations more targeted. At the same time, the institutionalization and normalization of theater joint training ensures that peacetime training is connected with future wars.

Establish the Military Commission’s Discipline Inspection Commission and the Political and Legal Commission to keep the military flag forever bright red

Our army has grown from nothing to something, from small to large, from weak to strong, and from victory to victory. Adhering to the absolute leadership of the Party over the army and strictly governing the army are the fundamental guarantees. This military reform is a historical opportunity for our army to catch up and overtake in the new round of military revolution. It is even more necessary to pave the way and escort it by governing the army according to law and strictly governing the army. President Xi Jinping pointed out that “we should focus on deepening the rule of law and strict governance of the army, grasp the key of governing power, and build a strict system of constraints and supervision on the exercise of power”. “Focus on solving the problem of insufficient independence and authority of military discipline inspection, inspection, audit, justice, and supervision, and strive to eradicate the soil for the breeding and spread of corruption by weaving a tight cage of the system. Establish a new Military Commission Discipline Inspection Commission, send discipline inspection teams to the Military Commission organs and theaters respectively, and promote the implementation of the dual leadership system of the Discipline Inspection Commission. Adjust and establish the Military Commission Audit Office, and implement all resident audits. Establish a new Military Commission Political and Legal Affairs Commission, adjust the military judicial system, set up military courts and military procuratorates according to regions, and ensure that they exercise their powers independently and impartially in accordance with the law.”

Optimize the force structure of the armed forces and make a leap forward in “combat effectiveness”

The military force structure in which the three armed forces revolve around the army and the army revolves around the heavy-armed forces is no longer suitable for the three-dimensional, speedy and wide-area needs of modern warfare. Looking at the military reforms of major countries in the world today, all of them seek combat effectiveness through structural reorganization, especially by drastically reducing the strength of outdated arms and accelerating the development of new combat forces, so that the army can stand at the forefront of military reform. For example, focus on the development of technical arms and arms with strong assault power, accelerate the construction of rapid reaction forces, light armored forces, special operations forces and army aviation, etc., to meet the needs of information warfare, system warfare and speed warfare. In addition, the “breaking the boundaries of military arms and creating integrated forces” in the military of some countries has also become a major trend in the development of troop formations. For example, the joint expeditionary force formed by the US military includes army divisions, naval aircraft carrier battle groups, Marine Corps units (subunits) and air force fighter wings. At this military reform meeting, President Xi Jinping emphasized that “we should focus on building elite combat forces, optimize the scale structure and troop formation, and promote the transformation of our army from quantity and scale to quality and efficiency.” We must “adjust and improve the proportion of military services, optimize the force structure of the military services, reform the troop composition according to the security needs and combat missions in different directions, and promote the development of troop composition in the direction of enrichment, synthesis, versatility and flexibility.” This clearly points out that the key to building the combat effectiveness of our army must be to firmly grasp the optimization of the military structure.

First, we should optimize the force structure of the services, accelerate the development of the navy and air force, and appropriately reduce the size of the army, so that our military force structure can effectively respond to the informationized local wars that may be launched from the sea in the future. Second, we should optimize the force structure of the services, reduce and eliminate obsolete forces, accelerate the development of new combat forces, and make the proportion of each service more reasonable. Third, we should optimize the organization of the troops, focus on the needs of diversified military tasks, build multi-type troops that can meet different directions and different threats, and improve the pertinence of military struggle preparations.

(Excerpt from Study Times, December 10, 2015)

The connotation and requirements of our army’s distinctive joint culture

Li Fengbiao

Xi Jinping pointed out: “A cause without cultural support is difficult to sustain for a long time.” As a special military culture, joint culture is the concept and behavior formed by joint command personnel in military practice regarding the knowledge system, value orientation, thinking method, moral norms and psychological awareness of joint operations. It is an important “soft power” that nourishes and enhances joint combat capabilities.

Loyalty, reliability, centralization and unity. Adhering to the absolute leadership of the Party over the military is not only the fundamental magic weapon for our military to defeat the enemy, but also the greatest advantage and feature of our military’s advanced culture. In modern information-based joint operations, political factors are more prominent, the participating forces are more diverse, the organization and command are more complex, and the coordination requirements are more stringent. To organically aggregate highly dispersed combat elements, combat units, and combat systems to form a strong combat capability, we must also have unswerving faith and centralized and unified leadership.

Reform and innovation, information dominance. In today’s era, reform and innovation are the spiritual driving force for accelerating military construction, and information dominance is the key concept for winning military games. The two will inevitably constitute the most distinctive contemporary characteristics of joint culture. In particular, through the practice of informatized local wars in recent years and the development trend of the new military revolution, it is not difficult to find that informatization has not only made traditional intelligence warfare forces, electronic warfare forces, and command and control forces more powerful, but also spawned new combat forces such as cyber warfare and psychological warfare. Information dominance is no longer just a purely technical concept, but has gradually become a new concept to guide the military transformation of various countries’ armies.

Flexible, autonomous, and systemic operations. Our army has always emphasized flexible and maneuverable strategies and tactics, which is an important magic weapon for leveraging strengths and avoiding weaknesses and attacking the enemy’s soft spots, and provides an important reference for our army’s joint culture. In the era of information warfare, the enemy and our offensive and defensive battles are rapidly changing, and the battlefield situation is changing rapidly. In particular, the significant characteristics of platform operations, system support, tactical operations, and strategic guarantees provide a solid foundation and broad space for giving full play to our army’s “live” advantages. To develop our army’s joint culture, we must correctly apply the basic principles of joint operations, integrate our army’s strategies and tactics into the multi-dimensional integrated force system of land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet, and transform them into strategic guidance, tactical thinking, and command art for future joint operations. You fight yours, I fight mine, and you attack others without being attacked by others, forming an asymmetric advantage, and always mastering the strategic and operational initiative.

Integration of peacetime and wartime, comprehensive integration. In the face of the current severe test of responding to multiple security threats and completing diversified military tasks, to develop our military’s joint culture, we must not only timely transform and cultivate new ideas for preparing for war, infiltrate and reflect the scientific methods of joint operations in all areas of planning and guiding the construction of troops, coordinate and allocate various resources, and improve the level of troops built in peacetime according to joint operations standards; we must also focus on enhancing the system combat capability based on information systems in wartime, give full play to the role of information technology, use system engineering methods, integrate various subsystems and subsystems that generate combat effectiveness into an organic whole, and strive to make the integration of armed forces, military organization, command and control, and combat elements a conscious practice, so as to maximize the cohesion of combat capabilities and release combat energy.

Unity and cooperation, joint victory. Uniting as one for the common revolutionary ideal, fighting side by side, and striving for victory have always been the value concept of our army to defeat powerful enemies. Under the conditions of informatization, the rapid development of science and technology has not only unprecedentedly improved the combat capabilities of various elements, but also made the battlefield situation extremely complicated. Only by strengthening the value concept of joint victory, focusing on the linkage of systems and systems, complementary advantages, dynamic coordination, sincere unity, and efficient elite troops, can we win the greatest victory at the lowest cost. To develop the joint culture of our army, we must highlight unity and cooperation, and joint victory, actively build a concept of victory, honor, interests, and gains and losses that are consistent with joint operations, thoroughly break the constraints of the interests of the military and arms and the narrow local concepts, and consciously cultivate a joint spirit of independent coordination, conscious cooperation, and cross-linking and interaction, so that various combat forces can be optimally combined and seamlessly linked, demonstrating effectiveness and winning together.

(The author is the deputy commander of the Chengdu Military Region)

(Excerpt from the Liberation Army Daily, December 23, 2015)

Russia and the United States: Cultivating military talents for joint operations

Tian Yiwei

Comprehensively cultivating joint operations command talents, joint operations information training management talents, and joint operations information technology professionals, and promoting the construction of a high-quality joint operations talent team is a basic way to promote the formation of joint operations capabilities at the cultural level in the military reforms of countries around the world.

The Russian military has made the training of joint combat talents a priority in the development of military culture. It believes that military academies are the bases for the training of military talents and the cradle of joint culture, and they play a leading and exemplary role in the development of joint culture. In order to expand the knowledge structure of students, enhance mutual understanding between the military services, and eliminate “partisanship”, the Russian military has carried out major reforms in the military education system, strengthened the construction of the elementary, intermediate and advanced joint education system, and improved the joint combat command capability throughout the education process. At the end of 2008, the Russian military began to fully integrate the military education system. As Russian President Putin pointed out: “Military education is undergoing major reforms. We are setting up 10 large scientific research and teaching centers. All of these institutions are built in a strict vertical system and provide officers with opportunities to continuously improve their professional level based on their service. In this regard, we rely on our own traditions and draw on practical experience from around the world.”

The Education Department of the Russian Ministry of Defense revealed that in order to continuously improve the joint combat literacy of officers at all levels, the role of on-the-job short-term training will be fully utilized in the future, the knowledge structure of the officer team will be updated in a timely manner, and officers will be ensured to become high-level professionals who master modern technology. The Russian military has also opened information-based joint combat lectures at senior and intermediate military academies, and revised the teaching syllabus to make the teaching content of the academies closer to the reality of modern warfare. The Russian General Staff Military Academy organized joint combat seminars to improve the students’ information-based joint combat command capabilities and create composite commanders who are proficient in joint culture. The experience of the Russian military in strengthening the training of joint command talents tells us that it is necessary to incorporate integrated joint combat education and training based on information systems into the training of commanders, so that commanders can receive education and training on “integrated joint combat” as planned in primary and intermediate command positions, so that they can master relevant knowledge and skills before entering senior command positions and have a certain degree of joint literacy. The superb art of joint combat command has accumulated the profound heritage of joint culture and depicted the profound imprint of joint culture. It runs through the entire process of the growth of joint combat talents, penetrates into all aspects of the growth of joint combat talents, affects the thinking mode, values, mental model and behavioral habits of joint combat talents, is a catalyst and multiplier for the forging of joint combat talents, and fundamentally determines the quality and level of joint combat talent training.

In actual training, the armies of many countries in the world emphasize that all services and units should give priority to joint training, focus on cultivating commanders’ awareness and ability of coordination across services, arms, and departments, and emphasize instilling “instinctive joint thinking” in soldiers from the beginning of basic individual training, so that commanders and soldiers can fully realize that they are members of the joint force and part of the overall combat force, and consciously think about problems and take actions from a joint perspective. Taking the joint operations of the US military as an example, after going through the two stages of eliminating conflicts between services and bridging gaps between services, the US military is now in the stage of seamless integration of multi-service capabilities and is developing towards cohesive joint operations.

(The author is the political assistant of the Foreign Military Department of the Academy of Military Sciences)

(Excerpt from Reference News on December 28, 2015)

Source: Red Flag Digest Magazine, Issue 2, 2016

現代國語:

編者以 2015年11月24日至26日,備受世界矚目的深化國防和軍事改革正式啟動,拉開了我軍搶佔未來軍事競爭戰略制高點的大幕。這是人民解放軍60年來撼動性最強的一次軍改,改革推進力度之大、調整結構之多、影響範圍之廣,可謂前所未有。

發揮中國特色社會主義軍事制度優勢

任天佑

我軍新一輪改革大幕已經拉開。隨著聯合指揮體制、戰區體制、軍種建設管理體制的確立,中國軍事變革正以嶄新姿態邁出關鍵一步。與以往不同的是,這是以領導指揮系統為核心的全面改革,是“脖子以上的改革”,改革決心之大前所未有,改革動作之大前所未有,改革效益之大前所未有,改革風險之大也前所未有。

進行自上而下的改革,我軍最大的優勢在製度。這次改革從總部、軍種、軍區這些軍隊的高層領率機關開始,從軍隊「大腦」和「中樞」起步。我們憑什麼勇涉險灘,憑什麼充滿自信,憑的是中國特色社會主義軍事制度優勢。

發揮中國特色社會主義軍事制度優勢,核心在於堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導。不看到這條,改革就會犯單純軍事觀點的毛病;不堅持這一點,就會在攻堅克難面前凝聚不起動力和創新力,最終讓改革變成沙礫上建樓房,經不起戰場上的較量,經不起歷史的檢驗。堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導,就是要堅決貫徹黨中央、中央軍委和習主席的決策部署,衝破各種思想障礙以凝聚共識,不計個人得失、局部利益而聽令而行。惟如此,軍事改革才能突破千難萬險,到達勝利的彼岸。

改革是利益調整的過程,古今中外軍事改革的阻礙也突顯在利益這道門檻上。破山中賊易,破心中賊難。與人的主觀自覺性相比,新的時代條件下,更應著重於透過完善製度法制,破除改革舊體制的攔路虎。以法治化確保全軍資源的統籌力,實現集中力量辦改革;以法治化撤併壓縮落後作戰力量空間,為新型作戰力量騰籠換鳥;以法治化保障新型領導指揮系統的平穩運行,強力破除來自局部利益、個人利益的干擾。

什麼人才能成功執行改革,什麼人才能成功駕馭風險,這是決定改革命運的大事。正如恩格斯所說:「當科技革命的浪潮正在四周洶湧澎湃的時候,讓這些保守的偏見在軍隊中佔統治地位,是沒有好處的。我們需要更新、更勇敢的頭腦。」海灣戰爭以來,美軍不斷湧現悍將乾才,從博伊德到歐文斯,從鮑威爾到拉莫斯菲爾德,理論家、實戰家層出不窮,不是在戰場上靠戰績打拼出來,便是在理論上優勝劣汰而來。為此,不刷新人才選拔規則,改革就可能停留在「舊腦殼」壟斷新位置的「新瓶裝舊酒」陷阱。

毛澤東主席說,我們這支軍隊在戰爭中成熟得快。這是因為我軍總是在生死存亡的關頭以主動變革闖出勝利之路。回顧歷史,我軍改革往往不是水到渠成般的從容不迫,而是在外有威脅、內有壓力下的絕地爆發。 「三灣改編」是在城市暴動的屢屢失敗中從不足千人的隊伍起步的,精兵簡政是在日寇「三光」政策、鐵壁合圍的重重圍困中展開的。今天我軍的改革,是在霸權國家炫耀海洋霸權、武力挑釁下發生的,是在日本右翼勢力撼動和平憲法進而圖謀顛覆戰後國際秩序的蠢蠢欲動中起航的,它肩負捍衛國家領土主權、維護世界和平的使命,容不得拖延,容不得馬虎,更容不得退縮。同時要看到,這次軍事改革是以國家經濟起飛為基礎的,是站在科技創新堅實肩膀上的躍進,機遇難得,機不可失。

(作者為國防大學戰略教學部主任、少將)

(摘自2015年12月23日《光明日報》)

軍改:搶佔戰略制高點的衝鋒號

盧建永 王雪平

建構聯合作戰指揮機構,打好組合拳

資訊化戰爭是體系與體系、系統與系統的博弈,單打獨鬥的勝利方式已沒有了用武之地。在變幻莫測的資訊化戰場上,諸軍兵種能否密切協調形成合力,聯合作戰指揮機構是「牛鼻子」。展望當今世界強國軍隊,無不透過建強聯合作戰指揮機構,使軍隊具備打贏資訊化戰爭的能力。冷戰結束後,美軍便立即著手進行總部領導指揮體制的調整與建設,俄羅斯、英國、法國等軍隊也是如此。我軍此次重磅改革,站在世界制高點思考,可謂全球視野、戰略思維。 2020年前要「努力建構能夠打贏資訊化戰爭、有效履行使命任務的中國特色現代軍事力量體系」。對領導管理體制和聯合作戰指揮體制進行一體設計”,“組建聯合作戰指揮機構”,著力構建“軍委—戰區—部隊的作戰指揮體系”。聯合指揮機構登台亮相,讓軍隊的“中樞神經”更加高效靈活,具體表現為:

強化了統一指揮。軍隊是擔負特殊使命任務的武裝力量集團,其特殊性要求必須高度統一指揮。習近平主席強調,「要著眼於貫徹新形勢下政治建軍的要求,推進領導掌握部隊和高效指揮部隊有機統一,形成軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建的格局」。所謂軍委管總,就是“強化軍委集中統一領導,更好使軍隊最高領導權和指揮權集中於黨中央、中央軍委”,讓軍隊永遠聽黨的話。

減少了指揮層次。現代戰爭打的是“速度”,沒有指揮機關的快速決策、指揮和部隊的快速反應,就沒有戰場上的主動權。軍委會、戰區直接指揮部隊,指揮連結大大壓縮,指揮層的意志、決心,最短路徑轉化為部隊行動,在瞬息萬變的戰場上可有效搶佔先機,贏得戰場主動。

實現了精幹高效。臃腫低能的領導指揮機構,不僅難以讓軍隊機器高效快速運轉,更容易成為強敵「指哪兒打哪裡」的第一口餐。建構「軍委會、戰區、部隊」三級指揮體系,透過機關精修、重組,職能分工明確,可有效達成作戰指揮的高效益。

設陸軍部、劃戰區,專職謀打仗

長期以來,我軍陸軍領導指揮體制不健全,陸軍的建設、管理和領導職能由總部機關各部門代行,導致陸軍指揮與管理職能重疊,政出多門,相互制約,不僅不利於對陸軍建設進行頂層設計和系統規劃,而且使總部機關承受了過重的負擔。軍區機關的龐大與重複性設置,也導致指揮與管理職能相互衝突、雙重弱化。這些問題,既嚴重影響了陸軍作為一個軍種的整體建設,也限制了總部和戰區聯合作戰指揮功能的形成與發揮。目前,世界主要國家軍隊陸軍均建有陸軍總部,負責本軍種建設的各項工作,包括人事及行政管理、教育訓練、軍事科研、兵役動員、武器裝備及後勤支援等。我軍此次軍改,習近平主席基於對我國安全情勢的科學判斷,順應世界軍事革命大勢,指出深化國防和軍隊改革要「著力解決制約國防和軍事建設的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題,推進軍隊組織形態現代化,進一步解放和發展戰鬥力,進一步解放和增強軍隊活力,建立同我國國際地位相稱、同國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大軍隊」。有軍事專家分析,此次軍改設陸軍部,將使陸​​軍的軍種意識更強,陸軍建設發展頂層設計的強化,可從根本上解決我軍陸軍數量規模大、兵種比例不合理、領導指揮體制縱長橫短,以及非作戰單位過度過濫的問題,一支靈敏、合成、多能、高效的中國特色陸軍將立於世界東方。而軍區變戰區,意義更重大。

一是戰區專職謀打仗,是一個完整的區域性作戰組織,未來我軍「打什麼仗、仗怎麼打」就會更清楚,而前瞻性的戰爭設計也會拉動和牽引軍隊建設發展,促進部隊戰鬥力躍升。二是軍區變戰區,既是一次領導指揮機構脫胎換骨的力量重組,領導指揮層更精幹高效,也使軍事鬥爭準備的針對性更強,同時戰區聯合訓練的製度化、常態化,確保了平時訓練與未來戰爭對接。

組成軍委紀委、政法委,讓軍旗永遠鮮紅

我軍從無到有、從小到大、從弱到強、從勝利走向勝利,堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導,從嚴治軍是根本保證。這次軍改,是我軍在新一輪軍事革命潮起湧動中能否迎頭趕上、彎道超車的歷史機遇,更需以依法治軍、從嚴治軍為其開路護航。習近平主席指出,「要著眼於深入推進依法治軍、從嚴治軍,抓住治權這個關鍵,建構嚴密的權力運作制約和監督體系」。 「專注於解決軍隊紀檢、巡視、審計、司法、監督獨立性和權威性不夠的問題,以編密紮緊制度的籠子,努力剷除腐敗現象滋生蔓延的土壤。組建新的軍委紀委,向軍委機關部門和戰區分別派駐紀檢組,推動紀委雙重領導體制落到實處。依法獨立公正行使職權。

優化軍兵種力量結構,讓「戰鬥力」實現跨越

三軍圍繞陸軍轉、陸軍圍繞重裝部隊的軍兵種力量結構,已不適應現代戰爭立體性、速度性、廣域性的需要。縱觀當今世界主要國家軍改,無不向結構重組要戰鬥力,特別是透過重刀削減過時兵種力量,加速新銳作戰力量發展,使軍隊挺立於軍事變革潮頭。如,重點發展技術兵種和突擊力強的兵種,加快快速反應部隊、輕型裝甲部隊、特種作戰部隊和陸軍航空兵建設等,以應對資訊化戰爭體系戰、速度戰的需要。另外,一些國家軍隊「打破軍兵種界線,創建一體化部隊」也成為部隊編組形式發展的大趨勢。如美軍組成的聯合遠徵部隊包括陸軍師、海軍航空母艦戰鬥群、海軍陸戰隊部(分)隊和空軍戰鬥機聯隊。這次軍改會上,習近平主席強調指出,「要著眼打造精銳作戰力量,優化規模結構和部隊編成,推動我軍由數量規模型轉向質量效能型」。若要「調整改善軍種比例,優化軍種力量結構,依照不同方向安全需求和作戰任務改革部隊編成,推動部隊編成向充實、合成、多能、靈活方向發展」。鮮明地指出了我軍戰鬥力建設必須牢牢抓住軍兵種結構來優化這個關鍵。

一是優化軍種力量結構,加速海、空軍力量發展,適當壓縮陸軍數量規模,使我軍力量結構能有效應對未來可能從海上發起的資訊化局部戰爭。二是優化兵種力量結構,削減、淘汰過時的兵種力量,加速發展新銳作戰力量,使各軍種的兵種比例更合理。三是優化部隊編制,著眼多樣化軍事任務需求,建設能滿足不同方向、不同威脅的多類型部隊,提高軍事鬥爭準備的針對性。

(摘自2015年12月10日《學習時報》)

我軍特色聯合文化的內涵要求

李鳳彪

習近平指出:「一項沒有文化支撐的事業難以持續長久」。作為一種特殊的軍事文化,聯合文化是聯合指揮人才在軍事實踐中關於聯合作戰的知識體系、價值取向、思維方法、道德規範和心理意識等形成的觀念形態和行為方式,是滋養和提升聯合作戰能力的重要“軟實力”

忠誠可靠、集中統一。堅持黨對軍隊的絕對領導,既是我軍克敵制勝的根本法寶,也是我軍先進文化的最大優勢、最大特色。現代資訊化聯合作戰,政治因素更加凸顯、參戰力量更加多元、組織指揮更加複雜、協同要求更加嚴格,把高度分散的作戰要素、作戰單元、作戰體係有機聚合起來,形成強大的戰鬥力,同樣必須有忠貞不渝的信念和集中統一的領導。

改革創新、資訊主導。在當今時代,改革創新是加速軍隊建設的精神動力,資訊主導是贏得軍事博弈的關鍵理念,二者必然構成聯合文化最鮮明的時代特色。特別是透過近年來資訊化局部戰爭實踐和新軍事革命發展大勢,不難發現資訊化不僅使傳統的情報戰力量、電子戰力量、指揮控制力量變得更加強大,而且催生了網路戰、心理戰等新的作戰力量,資訊主導已不僅是純粹技術性概念,逐漸成為指導各國軍隊軍事轉型的全新理念。

靈活自主、體係作戰。我軍歷來強調靈活機動的戰略戰術,這是揚長避短、擊敵軟肋的重要法寶,為我軍聯合文化提供了重要藉鏡。進入資訊化戰爭時代,敵我攻防交戰轉換迅捷、戰場形勢瞬息萬變,尤其是平台作戰、體系支撐,戰術行動、戰略保障的顯著特徵,為充分發揮我軍「活」的優勢提供了堅實基礎和廣闊空間。發展我軍聯合文化,就要正確運用聯合作戰的基本原則,把我軍戰略戰術融會貫通於陸、海、空、天、電、網多維一體的力量體系中,轉化為未來聯合作戰的戰略指導、戰術思想和指揮藝術,你打你的、我打我的,致人而不致於人,形成非對稱優勢,始終掌握戰略和作戰主動。

平戰一體、綜合集成。面對當前應對多種安全威脅、完成多樣化軍事任務的嚴峻考驗,發展我軍聯合文化,不僅要及時轉換和培育備戰打仗的新思路,把聯合作戰的科學方法滲透體現到策劃和指導部隊建設的整個過程各領域,搞好各種資源統籌配置,提高平時按照聯合作戰標準建設部隊的層次水平;而且要著眼增強戰時基於信息系統的體係作戰能力,發揮信息技術作用,運用系統工程方法,把生成戰鬥力的各個子系統、分系統整合成一個有機的整體,努力使武裝力量一體化、軍隊編成一體化、指揮控制一體化、作戰要素一體化成為自覺遵循,最大限度地凝聚作戰能力、釋放作戰能量。

團結協作、聯合製勝。為共同革命的理想團結一心、並肩奮戰、爭取勝利,向來是我軍戰勝強敵的價值理念。在資訊化條件下,科技的快速發展既使各要素作戰能力空前提升,也使戰場情況異常複雜,只有強化聯合製勝的價值理念,做到著眼體系、系統聯動,優勢互補、動態協同,精誠團結、精兵高效,才能以最小的代價贏得最大的勝利。發展我軍聯合文化,就要突顯團結協作、聯合製勝,積極建構與聯合作戰相符合的勝利觀、榮譽觀、利益觀、得失觀,徹底破除軍兵種利益掣肘和局部狹隘觀念,自覺養成自主協同、自覺配合、交鏈互動的聯合精神,使各種作戰力量最優組合、無縫鏈接,彰顯效能、合力製勝。

(作者為成都軍區副司令)

(摘自2015年12月23日《解放軍報》)

俄美:培養聯合作戰軍事人才

田義偉

全面培養聯合作戰指揮人才、聯合作戰資訊化訓練管理人才、聯合作戰資訊科技專業人才,推動高素質聯合作戰人才隊伍建設,是世界各國軍隊改革中在文化層面促進聯合作戰能力形成的基本途徑

俄軍把培養聯合作戰人才作為軍事文化的優先發展方向,認為軍隊院校是軍事人才培育的基地,是孕育聯合文化的搖籃,對聯合文化的發展起到引領示範作用。俄軍為拓展學員的知識結構,增進軍兵種之間的相互了解,消除“門戶之見”,對軍事教育體制進行了重大改革,強化構建初、中、高級聯合教育體制,在教育全程提升聯合作戰指揮能力。 2008年底,俄軍開始對軍事教育體系進行全面整合,正如俄總統普丁所指出:「軍事教育正在經歷重大改革。我們正在組成10個大型科研教學中心,所有這些機構都建在一套嚴格的垂直體系中,並根據服役情況為軍官們提供不斷提升自身職業水平的機會。

俄國防部教育司透露,為連續不間斷地提高各級軍官的聯合作戰素養,今後將充分發揮在職短期培訓的作用,及時更新軍官隊伍的知識結構,確保軍官成為掌握現代技術的高水平專業人員。俄軍也在高、中級軍事學院開設了資訊化聯合作戰講座,重新修訂了教學大綱,使院校教學內容更加貼近現代戰爭實際。俄總參軍事學院組織聯合作戰研討,提升學員資訊化聯合作戰指揮能力,打造精通聯合文化的複合型指揮官。俄軍加強聯合指揮人才培養的經驗告訴我們,必須把基於資訊系統的一體化聯合作戰教育訓練納入指揮員的培訓之中,使指揮人員在初、中級指揮崗位上都能按計劃接受有關「一體化聯合作戰」的教育與訓練,使其在進入高級指揮崗位之前就掌握相關的知識、技能,具備一定的聯合素養。高超的聯合作戰指揮藝術,累積著聯合文化的深厚底蘊,刻畫著聯合文化的深刻印跡。它貫穿於聯合作戰人才成長的整個過程,滲透到聯合作戰人才成長的各個方面,影響著聯合作戰人才的思維方式、價值觀念、心智模式和行為習慣,是聯合作戰人才鍛造的催化劑和倍增器,從根本上決定著聯合作戰人才培養的品質和水準。

在實際訓練中,世界上許多國家軍隊都強調,各軍兵種、各部隊要把聯合訓練放在優先的位置,著重培養指揮員跨軍種、兵種、部門的協同意識和能力,強調從基礎的單兵訓練開始,就向士兵灌輸“本能的聯合思維”,使指揮官和士兵充分認識到自己是聯合部隊的一員,是整體作戰力量的一分子,自覺地從聯合的角度思考問題,採取行動。以美軍的聯合作戰為例,美軍在經歷了消除軍種衝突,彌合軍種縫隙兩個階段後,現正處於多軍種能力無縫隙融合階段,向著內聚式聯合發展。

(作者為軍事科學院外軍部政治協理員 )

(摘自2015年12月28日《參考消息》)

資料來源:《紅旗文摘》雜誌2016年第2期

中國原創軍事資源:http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0301/c352498-28161788.html

Chinese Military “Studying the Military, Studying War, and Studying Fighting” Special Topic: Taking Control of the Initiative to Win Future Wars

中國軍隊「學軍事、學戰爭、學打仗」專題:掌控未來戰爭主動權

現代英語:

With the rapid development of emerging technologies and their widespread application in the military field, the war situation is evolving at an accelerated pace. To win future wars, we must not only have a long-term vision, but also be meticulous, grasp the pulse of the evolution of the war situation, understand the wars that may be fought in the future, and understand the new winning mechanism, so that we can make targeted preparations for military struggle and effectively control the initiative to win future wars.

Deeply understand the connotation and characteristics of future wars

Future wars will be informationized wars with intelligent features and advanced joint operations. Their characteristics are specifically reflected in the following four “highs”:

The application of high technology changes the winning mechanism. The long-range precision, intelligent, stealth and unmanned development of weapons and equipment has promoted the evolution of war to a higher level of confrontation. It is prominently reflected in three aspects: First, there is no victory without calculation. Powerful data, algorithms and computing power provide feasible conditions for realizing superb calculation, detailed calculation and multiple calculation. From the overall decision-making of strategic battles to the tactical calculation of force use, it is necessary to occupy the advantage of “calculation” and accumulate the odds of winning at each step to increase the probability of defeating the opponent. Second, there is no victory without connection. Future combat units will present the typical characteristics of being small, scattered and active. They will be reduced from large to small and deployed in a dispersed manner. Multi-domain forces, multiple modules and multiple combinations will be connected into an autonomous and integrated combat system to achieve the emergence of structural functions and exponential growth of combat effectiveness. Third, speed is the key to success. The extension and expansion of high-tech to the terminal elements of the military system has not only brought about faster information transmission and action speeds, but also faster decision-making and system operation. Once you lag behind the enemy by one step, you are likely to fall into the danger of having your “OODA” loop locked.

High-border competition raises security threats. In future wars, national borders are no longer simply defined by geographical borders. There are also “national borders” in public domains and shared domains such as the Internet, space, deep sea, polar regions, and disruptive technologies. To gain dominance in the high borders, the following four directions must be paid attention to: First, high-covert sabotage. Cyber ​​attacks “come and go without a trace”, high-covert weapon platforms “come and go freely”, and cognitive domain covert settings “imperceptibly”, creating a serious situation that the opponent cannot see, distinguish, or defend against. Second, high-energy destruction. High-energy weapons have long continuous combat time, fast firepower transfer speed, and short firepower interruption interval, which subverts the traditional concept of firepower strike. They can be carried on land-based, sea-based, air-based, and space-based multi-dimensional platforms, and the opponent’s defense faces great difficulties. The third is high-intelligence attack. The intelligent unmanned swarm combat force has “emerged as a different force” with strong penetration capability, strong survivability, and strong battlefield recovery ability. It has become an important force in future wars. The fourth is high-speed strike. The speed of strike weapons such as aerospace aircraft has exceeded Mach 20. The global rapid strike system of some countries can carry out rapid and precise strikes on any target in the world within an hour, greatly compressing the opponent’s reaction time. The traditional defense system is facing a dangerous situation of failure.

High-level opponents place more emphasis on planning. A well-thought-out plan leads to a successful outcome. At present, countries around the world are stepping up their efforts to innovate military theories, seeking strategic advantages and initiative in future wars, which is prominently reflected in four aspects: First, foresight. See who can study the next war more clearly and thoroughly, predict the future combat environment, develop new combat styles, and design the construction and use of military forces in advance. Second, execution. See who can transform, absorb, refine and sublimate more guiding combat ideas, and implement them to the end to better guide military practice. Third, technology. See who has stronger technical perception, understanding, and application, and can continuously improve equipment performance, innovate tactics and methods, and promote the innovation and development of combat theory. Fourth, compare autonomy. See who has more “unique hidden weapons” and “killer knives”, can form a unique theoretical advantage, and give opponents an asymmetric check and balance.

High-intensity games drive global confrontation. Future wars will be highly intense and generally have three characteristics: First, globality. Wars will involve land, sea, air, space, network, electromagnetic, and psychological cognition. The combat system will be vertically connected and horizontally integrated, and global mobile integrated operations will become the basic pattern. Second, it is holistic. Focusing on strategic goals, military actions are closely coordinated and linked with political, economic, and diplomatic struggles, focusing on building an integrated national strategic system and capabilities. Third, it is persistent. Especially in the game between major powers, no party is able to destroy or change the other party’s will in a short period of time. The ultimate manifestation of the war between major powers is the comparison of comprehensive national strength.

Scientifically calibrating the basic capabilities for winning future wars

Analyzing the inherent requirements of joint operations in the context of intelligence, four basic capabilities should be possessed to win future wars.

Strategic planning capabilities based on the overall situation of the times. A good warrior seeks the situation. To design future wars, we must have a deep understanding of the general trend and plan in the process of recognizing, responding to and seeking changes. First, we must be good at understanding the overall situation. We must be able to accurately judge the enemy and our friends based on the current situation, and plan the modernization of the military around the ultimate goal, strategic goal, and stage goal. We must also be able to see the essence through the phenomenon and the depth through the appearance, and engage in all-round game with powerful enemies around the red line, bottom line, and sideline, and always maintain strategic clarity and determination. Second, we must be good at forward-looking analysis and judgment. We must be able to predict and foresee national security risks, war threats, and strategic opponents to prevent the risks of strategic misguidance and process interruption, and we must also be able to keenly detect the direction of technological breakthroughs and mechanism mutations, and accelerate the generation of new quality combat capabilities before our opponents. Thirdly, we must be good at using technology. We must improve the sensitivity of science and technology, be able to seize it when “the top of the mast is just exposed”, plan the development of key technologies, core technologies, and cutting-edge technologies, focus on the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements, and truly transform science and technology into combat power.

Combat planning capabilities based on intelligent technology. In future wars, rapid planning and decision-making will become the key to improving combat effectiveness. We must further promote the application of intelligent technology in combat planning and strive to improve the “three transformations”. The first is the digitization of analysis and judgment. Through data mining, intelligent identification, and auxiliary decision-making, we can sift through the massive amount of information, remove the dross and retain the essence, reduce the interference of subjective misjudgment, objectively and comprehensively present the situation, and improve the accuracy of planning and decision-making based on data analysis and judgment. The second is the intelligence of planning operations. Advanced technologies such as machine learning, deep learning, and brain-like intelligence are deeply embedded in the entire process of case research, case preparation, case performance, and case revision. Force organization, action paths, and combat processes are intelligently designed based on combat objectives, and multiple sets of solutions are provided. Decision-making suggestions are provided to commanders through computer simulation and deduction, greatly improving the scientific and timely nature of combat planning. The third is the regularization of human-computer interaction. Adhere to the “man in the loop”, highlight the dominant position of commanders in the “OODA” loop, scientifically formulate human-computer interaction rules, constrain the autonomous scope of intelligent systems, and achieve a deep integration of command art and machine intelligence.

Based on the command and control capability of rapid optimization. In future wars, neither side will have an absolute advantage in the whole world. The key is to see who can seize the opportunity to instantly optimize and accurately release energy, and change the relationship between strength and weakness in a specific time and space. To this end, we must be sensitive to opportunities, grasp the battlefield situation in real time, accurately understand the battlefield situation, systematically analyze the opponent’s combat focus, core hubs, and key nodes, dynamically evaluate the difference in force advantages, study and judge the evolution of the situation, organically integrate the art of command and intelligent technology, and effectively grasp the window of advantage. We must make real-time action decisions, adapt to rapid battlefield changes, seize the window of advantage, quickly determine the target of attack based on the enemy’s and our own situation and the actual situation on the battlefield, aggregate multi-domain superior forces, flexibly implement combat organization, scientifically plan combat action task system, and make real-time decisions for precise energy release actions. We must conduct cross-domain collaborative control, adjust the interactive collaboration mode and combat control relationship of combat units in each domain in real time, flexibly adjust and optimize force organization, quickly distribute and update coordination rules, and realize multi-directional and multi-dimensional cross-domain, cross-medium, and cross-environment precise energy release. It is necessary to connect the system at all times and build a full-domain, multi-level information assurance system that can sense network damage in real time, restore network connectivity immediately, provide safe, smooth, and uninterrupted protection, and effectively support the efficient operation of the joint combat system.

System combat capability based on full-domain integration. Future wars will be full-domain, full-system, full-element, and full-process system confrontations, which require full-domain integrated system combat capabilities. The first is multi-source energy-gathering reconnaissance. Adhere to full-domain reconnaissance, joint early warning, and coordinated verification, and build a large-region joint reconnaissance intelligence system with multi-dimensional integration, full-domain coverage, highlighting key points, and deep integration of intelligence information. The second is wide-area joint deterrence. Have the ability to continuously deter opponents in space, cyberspace, deep sea, polar regions and other fields. The third is cross-domain joint action. Improve the level of field deployment, strengthen the ability to communicate in motion, promote modular and standardized construction, realize the dynamic deployment of combat forces, and improve command coordination and cross-domain delivery capabilities. The fourth is autonomous precision killing. Establish a flexible, dynamically matched, autonomously coordinated, and multi-layered firepower network, seize the opponent’s pain points and weaknesses, and focus on customizing and creating a multi-domain killing chain. Fifth, integrated support. Efficiently respond to the support needs of various domains, intelligently plan support resources, improve the strategic storage layout of combat materials, expand the pre-positioned storage network for campaigns, and enhance the long-term self-support capabilities of tactical-level combat units. Sixth, rapid mobilization support. Adapt to the suddenness and fast pace of war, improve the demand response mechanism, quickly aggregate resources and strength from all parties, and quickly transform war potential into actual combat power.

Actively prepare to win future wars

Focus on building a combat theory system that will lead future wars. Focusing on the modernization of military theory and guided by the military strategic policy of the new era, accelerate the construction of a combat theory system that can lead future war preparations. Focus on powerful enemies, stick to core missions, aim at future wars, and develop combat concepts and supporting concepts in all fields and directions. With combat concepts as the core, systematically develop combat theories to turn abstract combat concepts into concrete combat guidance that can be understood and accepted by the troops, thereby leading to practical innovations in joint combat command, combat capability requirements, joint combat training, joint combat support, and joint campaign tactics.

We should focus on building a new force system that can face war directly. New combat forces are an important growth point for combat effectiveness. We should strengthen system planning, take the initiative and fight proactively. We should keep a close eye on the frontier direction and the direction of assault, develop new weapons, and form combat capabilities in an organized manner. In addition, we should strengthen the construction of capabilities in emerging fields and strive to seize the initiative in military competition.

We must focus on building an intelligent network information system to support future wars. We must adhere to forward-looking layout, iterative advancement, and integrated development, and continuously improve the level of “network information + intelligence”. We must optimize system functions, build a “combat cloud” with real-time online response, and integrate multifunctional modules such as battlefield situation perception, command decision-making, action control, and combat support. We must promote resource sharing, establish an information grid that integrates the military and civilians, the sky and the earth, and multiple domains, strengthen the development and application of mobile communication systems, and improve the ability of mobile communication, broadband communication, and reliable communication. We must highlight independent innovation, strengthen the research and development of core technologies and products, and accelerate the transformation and application of technologies such as big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and quantum information in the military field.

We will focus on improving the joint training system for rehearsing future wars. In accordance with the strategic requirements of building a new military training system, we will strengthen system training, confrontation training, and forward-looking training. In terms of training guidance, we will focus on the basic capabilities required to win future wars, and emphasize strategic planning, combat planning, command and control, and combat coordination training, and establish a “weather vane” for leading training with war in mind and training for war. In terms of training content, we will accurately grasp the winning mechanism of future wars, emphasize calculation in combat planning, coordination in command and control, speed in joint tactics, and intelligence in command confrontation, and establish a training content system with multi-layer connection, multi-domain coverage, and complete supporting facilities. In terms of training mode, we will follow the requirements of all-domain joint warfare in future wars, adhere to the precision control of the whole process of domain-based training, cross-domain coordination of multi-domain segmented training, and unified command of all-domain integrated training. In terms of training support, we will use intelligent simulation technology to vigorously strengthen simulation training and virtual confrontation training based on combat scenarios and powerful enemies, and conduct rehearsal practices in the context of war as realistically as possible.

(Author’s unit: Central Theater Command)

現代國語:

隨著新興技術的快速發展及其在軍事領域的廣泛應用,戰爭形態呈現加速演變趨勢。制勝未來戰爭,既要登高望遠,又須細致入微,把準戰爭形態演變的脈搏,把未來可能要打的仗弄明白,把新制勝機理搞清楚,方能有針對性地做好軍事鬥爭準備,有效掌控打贏未來戰爭主動權。

深刻掌握未來戰爭內涵特徵

未來戰爭,是具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭,是高級階段的聯合作戰,其特徵具體體現在以下四「高」:

高技術應用改變制勝機理。武器裝備的遠程精準化、智慧化、隱身化、無人化發展,推動戰爭朝向更高層次的對抗演進。突出體現在三個面向:一是無算不勝。強大的數據、演算法、算力,為實現高超的廟算、細算、多算提供了可行條件,大到戰略戰役全局決策、小到力量運用戰術計算,必須佔據「算」的優勢,積累每一步的勝算,才能增大戰勝對手的機率。二是無聯不勝。未來作戰單元呈現小、散、活的典型特點,化大為小、分散部署,多域力量、多個模塊、多種組合,聯結成自主融合的作戰體系,實現結構性功能湧現、作戰效能指數級增長。三是無快不勝。高新技術向軍事體系末端要素延伸拓展,帶來的不僅是資訊傳輸速度和行動速度變快,還有決策速度更快、體系運轉更快,一旦慢敵一步就很可能陷入「OODA」環被鎖死的險境。

高邊疆爭奪推高安全威脅。未來戰爭,國家邊疆已不再簡單用地理邊疆來定義,網絡、太空、深海、極地、顛覆性科技等公域、共域也存在著「國家邊疆」。要佔據高邊疆主導權,以下四個方向必須引起關注:一是高隱破壞。網絡攻擊“來無影去無踪”,高隱身武器平台“來去自如”,認知域隱蔽設局“潛移默化”,給對手造成看不見、辨不明、防不住的嚴峻局面。二是高能摧毀。高能量武器持續作戰時間長、火力轉移速度快、火力中斷間隔短,顛覆傳統火力打擊概念,可以搭載至陸基、海基、空基、天基多維平台,對手防禦面臨極大困難。三是高智破襲。智慧無人集群作戰力量“異軍突起”,突防能力強、生存能力強、戰場恢復能力強,已成為未來戰爭的重要力量。四是高速打擊。空天飛機等打擊武器速度已超20馬赫,部分國家的全球快速打擊系統可在一小時內對全球任何目標實施快速精確打擊,極大壓縮了對手反應時間,傳統防禦系統面臨失效的危險局面。

高水準對手更重計高一籌。計熟事定,舉必有功。當前,世界各國紛紛加強軍事理論創新力度,謀求未來戰爭的戰略優勢與主動,突顯為四比拼:一是比前瞻。看誰把下一場戰爭研究得更清楚、更透徹,能夠預測未來作戰環境,開發新的作戰樣式,超前設計軍事力量建設與運用。二是比執行。看誰能夠轉化吸收、提煉升華更具指導性的作戰思想,並且貫通到底,更好地指導軍事實踐。三是比技術。看誰技術感知力、理解力、運用力更強,能夠不斷提升裝備性能,創新戰術戰法,促進作戰理論革新發展。四是比自主。看誰掌握更多的“獨門暗器”和“撒手鐧”,能夠形成獨特的理論優勢,給對手非對稱制衡。

高強度博弈帶動全局對抗。未來戰爭對抗賽局將是高強度的,一般有三個特性:一是全域性。戰爭將涉及陸地、海洋、空中以及太空、網絡、電磁和心理認知等領域,作戰系統縱向貫通、橫向融合,全局機動一體化作戰成為基本樣式。二是整體性。圍繞著戰略目的,軍事行動與政治、經濟、外交等爭爭緊密配合、協調聯動,著重於建構一體化國家戰略體系與能力。三是持久性。尤其是大國間博弈,任何一方都無力在短暫摧毀或改變對方意志,大國戰爭最終體現的是綜合國力的較量。

科學標定打贏未來戰爭基本能力

從智慧化背景下聯合作戰的內在要求分析,打贏未來戰爭應具備四個面向基本能力。

基於時代大局的戰略謀劃能力。善戰者,求之於勢。設計未來戰爭要深刻掌握大勢,在識變應變求變中運籌謀劃。首先,要善於洞悉全局。既要能基於時勢準確判斷敵我友,圍繞終極目標、戰略目標、階段目標佈局謀劃軍事現代化發展,也要能夠透過現像看本質、透過表像看深層,圍繞紅線、底線、邊線與強敵對手展開全方位博弈,始終保持戰略清醒與定力。其次,要善於前瞻研判。既要能夠對國家安全風險、戰爭威脅、戰略對手預知預判,防止出現戰略誤導、進程打斷的風險,也要能夠敏銳察覺科技突襲方向、機理突變方向,趕在對手之前加快生成新質作戰能力。再次,要善於運用科技。提昇科技的敏銳度,能夠在「桅桿頂剛剛露出的時候」就抓住它,佈局發展關鍵技術、核心技術、前沿技術,注重科技成果轉化運用,真正把科學技術轉化為戰鬥力。

基於智慧技術的作戰籌劃能力。未來戰爭,快速籌劃決策成為提升作戰效能的關鍵點,要深入推進智慧技術在作戰規劃中的應用,努力提升「三化」水準。一是分析判斷數據化。透過資料探勘、智慧識別、輔助決策等手段,對海量資訊進行去粗取精、去偽存真,減少主觀誤判幹擾,客觀全面呈現態勢,做到基於數據分析研判,提高籌劃決策精準度。二是籌劃作業智能化。將機器學習、深度學習、類腦智能等先進技術,深度嵌入研案、制案、演案、修案全過程,依據作戰目標智能設計力量編組、行動路徑、作戰過程,提供多套方案,通過電腦模擬推演為指揮者提供決策建議,大幅提升作戰規劃的科學性時效性。三是人機互動規則化。堅持“人在迴路”,突出指揮員在“OODA”環上的主導地位,科學制定人機交互規則,約束智能係統自主範圍,實現指揮藝術與機器智能的深度融合。

基於快速聚優的指揮控制能力。未來戰爭,對抗雙方都沒有全局全時的絕對優勢,關鍵看誰能夠搶先一步即時聚優、精準釋能,改變特定時空的強弱優劣關系。為此,要敏銳捕捉戰機,即時掌握戰場情況,準確理解戰場態勢,系統分析對手作戰重心、核心樞紐、關鍵節點,動態評估力量優勢差,研判態勢演進圖,有機融合指揮藝術與智能科技,有效把握優勢窗口。要即時行動決策,適應戰場快速變化,緊緊抓住優勢窗口,根據敵我態勢和戰場實際,快速確定打擊目標,聚合多域優勢力量,靈活實施作戰編組,科學規劃作戰行動任務體系,實現精準釋能行動的即時決策。要跨域協同控制,即時調整各域作戰單元互動協作方式、作戰控制關系,靈活調整優化力量編組,快速分發更新協同規則,實現多方向多維度跨域、跨介質、跨環境的精準釋能。要隨時聯通體系,構建覆蓋全領域、多層級的資訊保障體系,能夠實時感知網絡受損情況,即時恢復網絡通聯,提供安全、暢通、不間斷的保障,有效支撐聯合作戰體系高效運轉。

基於全域融合的體係作戰能力。未來戰爭是全領域、全系統、全要素、全流程的體系對抗,需要具備全域融合的體係作戰能力。一是多源聚能偵察。堅持全域偵搜、聯合預警、協同印證,建構多維一體、全域覆蓋、突出重點、情報資訊深度融合的大區域聯合偵察情報體系。二是廣域聯合威懾。具備在太空、網路空間、深海、極地等領域持續嚇阻對手的實力。三是跨域聯合行動。提升野戰化部署水平,強化動中通聯能力,推進模塊化標準化建設,實現作戰力量動態部署,提升指揮協同和跨域投送能力。四是自主精準殺傷。建立彈性靈活、動態匹配、自主協同、多層銜接的火力網,抓住對手痛點弱處,重點訂定打造多域殺傷鏈。五是綜合一體保障。有效率回應各域保障需求,智慧規劃保障資源,完善作戰物資戰略儲備佈局,擴大戰役預置儲備網點,增強戰術級作戰單元長時自我保障能力。六是快速動員支援。適應戰爭突然性強、節奏快的要求,完善需求響應機制,快速聚合各方資源與力量,迅速將戰爭潛力轉變為現實戰鬥力。

積極做好打贏未來戰爭各項準備

著力建構引領未來戰爭的作戰理論體系。圍繞著實現軍事理論現代化,以新時代軍事戰略方針為統領,加速建立能夠引領未來戰爭準備的作戰理論體系。聚焦強敵對手、緊貼核心使命、瞄準未來戰爭,發展各領域各方向作戰概念和支撐概念。以作戰概念為內核,體系發展作戰理論,使抽象的作戰概念變為具體化的作戰指導,能夠被部隊理解和接受,進而牽引聯合作戰指揮、作戰能力需求、聯合作戰訓練、聯合作戰保障、聯合戰役戰法等方面的實踐創新。

著力建強直面戰爭的新質力量體系。新質作戰力量是戰鬥力重要成長點,要加強系統謀劃,下好先手棋、打好主動仗。既要緊盯前緣方向,更要緊盯突襲方向,發展新型武器,成建制形成作戰能力。此外,還要加強新興領域能力建設,努力奪取軍事競爭主動權。

著力建設支撐未來戰爭的智慧化網絡資訊體系。堅持前瞻佈局、迭代推進、融合發展,不斷提升「網絡資訊+智慧化」水準。要優化體系功能,構建實時在線響應的“作戰雲”,融合集成戰場態勢感知、指揮決策、行動控制、作戰保障等多功能模塊。要推進資源共享,建立軍民一體、天地一體、多域一體的資訊柵格網,加強行動通訊系統開發運用,提高動中通聯、寬帶通聯、可靠通聯能力。要突顯自主創新,加強核心技術與產品研發,加速大數據、雲端計算、人工智慧、量子資訊等技術在軍事領域的轉化運用。

著力完善預演未來戰爭的聯合訓練體系。依照建構新型軍事訓練體系的戰略要求,加強體系練兵、對抗練兵、前瞻練兵。在訓練指導上,圍繞打贏未來戰爭所需基礎能力,突顯抓好戰略謀劃、作戰籌劃、指揮控制、作戰協同訓練,確立以戰領訓、向戰抓訓的「風向標」。在訓練內容上,準確掌握未來戰爭制勝機理,作戰籌劃突出算、指揮控制突出聯、聯合戰術突出快、指揮對抗突出智,建立多層銜接、多域覆蓋、配套完善的訓練內容體系。在訓練模式上,遵循未來戰爭全局聯合要求,堅持分域全程練精準控制、多域分段練跨域協同、全局融合練一體指揮。在訓練保障上,運用智慧模擬技術,大力加強基於作戰場景、強敵對手的模擬模擬訓練和虛擬對抗訓練,盡可能逼真地進行戰爭背景下的預演實踐。

(作者單位:中部戰區)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/489870888.html

Providing Strategic Guidance for the Chinese Military Emphasis in the New Era In-depth study and implementation of Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military

為新時代中國軍事重點提供戰略指引
深入學習貫徹習近平強軍思想

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2022年9月2日 星期五

現代英語:

In July 2019, the white paper “China’s National Defense in the New Era” was published. In this comprehensive national defense white paper, for the first time, a defensive national defense policy system for China in the new era was constructed, and it was clearly stated that “implementing the military strategic policy of the new era is the strategic guidance of China’s national defense in the new era”. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi has always firmly grasped the fundamental focus of serving the strategic goals of the Party and the country, taking military means as the bottom line to realize the great dream and military struggle as an important aspect of the great struggle, keeping pace with the times and innovating military strategic guidance, establishing the general outline for the construction and use of military forces, and leading the national defense and military construction, reform and military struggle preparation in the new era to achieve many landmark, pioneering and historic achievements.

Giving new connotations to the active defense strategic thought

The active defense strategic thought is the basic point of our party’s military strategic thought. In the long-term practice of revolutionary war, the people’s army has formed a complete set of active defense strategic ideas. After the founding of New China, the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission made several major adjustments to the military strategic policy in accordance with the development and changes of the national security situation. Although the content of military strategic policies has changed in different periods, the basic idea of ​​active defense has never changed. We must adhere to the unity of strategic defense and offensive campaigns and battles, adhere to the principles of defense, self-defense, and post-strike, and adhere to “If no one offends me, I will not offend; if someone offends me, I will offend him.” Scientific and accurate military strategy is the greatest chance of victory. The reason why our army has been able to defeat the strong with the weak and the superior with the inferior, and has always been invincible and invincible, is that it has adhered to the strategic thinking of active defense.

In the new era, we must unswervingly adhere to the strategic thinking of active defense. President Xi pointed out that adhering to active defense is a conclusion drawn from summarizing historical experience and scientifically judging the reality and the future. It is by no means an expedient measure and must be firmly adhered to. Strategically adhering to active defense is fundamentally determined by the socialist nature of our country and the fundamental interests of the country. my country is a socialist country that follows the path of peaceful development, adheres to an independent and peaceful foreign policy, pursues a defensive national defense policy, and will not invade other countries; my country is a developing country that has always faced arduous and heavy economic construction tasks and needs a peaceful and stable external environment; the Chinese nation is a peace-loving nation, and there is no gene in the blood of the Chinese nation to invade others and dominate. The Chinese people have never bullied, oppressed, or enslaved the people of other countries, not in the past, not now, and not in the future. Under the new era conditions, we adhere to the active defense strategic thinking, fully demonstrate the position of my country’s defensive national defense policy, and show that my country will never follow the old path of “a strong country must dominate”, which is conducive to winning wider international recognition and creating a more favorable strategic environment for achieving the national development strategic goals.

The vitality of military strategic guidance lies in changing with the times and taking action in response to the situation. Since its birth, the active defense strategic thinking has always developed with the development of military practice and continuously enriched its connotation. Now, we are closer than ever to the goal of achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and we have the ability and confidence to achieve this goal as never before. However, we must see that we are engaged in a great struggle with many new historical characteristics, and we will inevitably face various major challenges, major risks, major resistance, and major contradictions in the process of moving forward. President Xi Jinping has a profound understanding of the new situation of my country’s national security, scientifically judged the characteristics and trends of military struggle in the new era, and made it clear that active defense is fundamentally defense and the key is active. Emphasis is placed on enhancing the aggressiveness and initiative of military strategic guidance, focusing on the word “active”, further broadening the strategic vision, updating strategic thinking, moving the focus of guidance forward, and expanding the strategic depth of active defense; being active is not about rushing for quick results or rushing forward rashly, but the unity of strategic aggressiveness and tactical steady and steady, which is steady progress and steady action; actively adapt to the change in the basis of military struggle preparation, increase military innovation, and strive to raise military struggle preparation to a new level. These important expositions have concentrated on answering the most fundamental and critical issues of military strategy in the new era, and have clarified the direction and focus for our army to carry out diversified military tasks in a broader space. In recent years, under the strong guidance of Xi Jinping’s military strategic thinking, the focus of our military work has been increasingly corrected, the “peacetime ills” have been effectively corrected, the construction direction has been more focused on actual combat, and the innovation and development in all aspects of war, construction, and preparation have been fully leveraged. In particular, the whole army has effectively responded to external military provocations and pressures with a firm will to fight and a flexible strategy to fight, established the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone, deterred the separatist activities of “Taiwan independence” with powerful actions, actively and prudently handled hot and sensitive situations in the surrounding areas, carefully organized border control and maritime rights protection operations, effectively carried out major tasks such as anti-terrorism and stability maintenance, peacekeeping and escort, promoted the historic transformation of the military struggle pattern, and effectively maintained the overall stability of the national strategy.

Innovation of our military’s war and combat guidance theory

The essence of military strategy is the strategy of war, and planning and guiding war is the core content of innovative strategic guidance. At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution is accelerating, and science and technology have an increasingly greater impact on military competition and modern warfare. President Xi accurately grasped the changes in science and technology, war, and opponents, established new goals and new layouts for military struggle, clarified new guidance and new strategies for the use of military forces, put forward new measures and new requirements for preparing for war, and profoundly answered the major questions of what kind of war to fight and how to fight in the future, and raised our army’s understanding of the laws of war guidance to a new level.

Deeply grasp the characteristics, laws, and winning mechanisms of modern warfare. The freedom to control war comes from the inevitability of understanding war. All laws of war guidance must develop in accordance with the development of history and the development of war. Judging from the recent local wars and military operations in the world, the degree of informatization of modern warfare is constantly improving, and intelligent characteristics are becoming increasingly apparent. Various types of unmanned combat systems have been put into actual combat in large quantities, and the concepts, elements, and methods of winning wars have undergone major changes. President Xi pointed out profoundly that these changes seem dazzling, but there are laws to follow behind them. The fundamental thing is that the winning mechanism of war has changed. For example, in terms of combat forms, it is emphasized that modern warfare is a confrontation between systems, and integrated joint operations have become the basic combat form; in terms of time and space characteristics, it is emphasized that the multi-dimensional battlefield space is integrated, and the boundaries between strategic, campaign, and tactical actions tend to be blurred; in terms of the key to victory, it is emphasized that the right to control information has become the core of seizing comprehensive control of the battlefield and the key to winning the war; in terms of organization and command, it is emphasized that the strategic, joint, timely, professional, and precise requirements of combat command are becoming higher and higher, and combat organization and management are becoming more standardized, process-oriented, and refined. These important expositions have deepened the understanding of the characteristics and laws of modern warfare, and provided important guidelines for us to grasp the laws of war in the world today and master the “swimming skills” of modern warfare.

Build a combat theory system with the characteristics of our army. War theory and combat thinking are a powerful traction for strengthening actual combat preparations and defeating strong enemies. In the revolutionary war years, our army was always one step ahead of the enemy in combat theory and tactics, which is an important reason why our army continued to move from victory to victory. Entering the new era, President Xi Jinping focused on the overall national security and development, grasped the revolutionary changes in the war form and combat methods, prospectively studied major issues of future wars, and put forward a series of innovative combat ideas. For example, he proposed to strengthen the concept of information dominance, system support, elite combat, and joint victory, integrate various combat forces, combat units, and combat elements into an organic whole, and improve the joint combat capability and full-domain combat capability based on the network information system; he proposed to adhere to flexibility, mobility, and autonomy, focus on playing our advantages and fight with what we can and what we can’t; he proposed to grasp the new characteristics and new requirements of the people’s war under the new era conditions, innovate content and methods, and give full play to the overall power of the people’s war. These important expositions adhere to and carry forward the essence of the military thought that our army has always adhered to, conform to the evolution trend of the war form, meet the actual and development requirements of combat effectiveness construction, and provide principled guidance for our army to carry out combat tasks.

Based on the most difficult and complex situations, we should promote military struggle preparation. Military struggle preparation is the basic practical activity of the army. The more fully prepared, the more proactive it will be strategically. In the summer and autumn of 2018, the Central Military Commission used three months to conduct an unannounced and surprise inspection of the various military services and armed police forces distributed in the five major war zones. The scope of the operation covered 21 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government) and parts of the East China Sea and the South China Sea. This is a microcosm of the whole army’s in-depth promotion of military struggle preparation in the new era. “It is better to be prepared without fighting than to fight without preparation.” President Xi repeatedly emphasized that the whole army must establish the idea of ​​being ready for war at any time, and military struggle preparation must be firmly grasped and never relaxed. The whole army is required to persist in fighting, preparing for war, and building at the same time, coordinate the promotion of military struggle preparation in all directions and fields, and be prepared to respond to various complex and difficult situations at any time; raise daily combat readiness work to a strategic height, adhere to the integration of peace and war, and maintain a high alert posture with arrows on the string and ready to be fired; promote actual combat training, keep close to combat tasks, combat opponents, and combat environment, and strengthen targeted, testing, and confrontational training. These important expositions reflect deep strategic concerns and strong bottom-line thinking, deepen the understanding of the laws of how to prepare for war and how to train troops in a peaceful environment, and point out the methods and paths for the army to generate and improve combat effectiveness and grasp the initiative in military struggle.

Enrich and develop our party’s art of commanding military struggle

President Xi insists on using the Marxist view of war to examine war and military issues, enriches and develops our party’s military dialectical thinking, and applies it to guiding the practice of actual military struggle, showing strategic planning that takes into account the overall situation, strategic courage that is not afraid of risks, and strategic wisdom that wins by taking advantage of the enemy, opening up a new realm of strategic guidance for the people’s army in the new era.

Adhere to the military’s obedience to politics and strategy’s obedience to policy. War is the continuation of politics, and dealing with the relationship between war and politics is related to the fate of the country. Now, the connection between military and politics is closer, the relevance and integrity at the strategic level are increasing, and the influence and constraints of political factors on war are becoming more prominent. President Xi pointed out profoundly that in planning and guiding wars, we must deeply understand the political attributes of war and think about war issues from a political perspective. It is emphasized that we must maintain strategic clarity, strengthen strategic determination, and understand and plan the war issue under the great goal of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation; we must have both military and political minds, and whether to fight, when to fight, how to fight, and to what extent, must obey and serve politics. We must always obey and serve the highest interests of the country and the nation, strengthen political awareness, awareness of the overall situation, and awareness of orders, and be good at planning military actions with an eye on the overall situation of national politics and diplomacy and the overall national security strategy to ensure political and strategic initiative.

Adhere to overall planning of struggle, preparation for war, and construction. “Those who have civil affairs must have military preparations.” President Xi Jinping profoundly summarized the historical lessons of my country’s suffering from the ravages of wars by the great powers in modern times, revealed the dialectics of war and peace, and pointed out that only by being able to fight can we stop the war, and only by being prepared to fight can we avoid fighting. The less able to fight, the more likely we are to be beaten. We emphasize that we do not want to fight, but only if we are prepared, have strong military power and have the ability to win, can we strategically achieve the goal of “stopping war with force”; we must plan preparation for war and stopping war, deterrence and actual combat, war operations and the use of military power in peacetime as a whole, and give full play to the strategic function of military power. In today’s world, the shadow of Cold War mentality and power politics lingers, and traditional and non-traditional security threats emerge in an endless stream. Some countries are trying to expand military alliances to seek absolute security, coerce other countries to take sides and create camp confrontation, ignore the rights and interests of other countries and pursue self-centeredness, and forging swords into plowshares is still a good wish of people. Practice has proved that peace must be backed by strong strength. We must keep a close eye on strong enemies and opponents, step up the forging of stronger capabilities and more reliable means, better play the strategic functions of our army in shaping the situation, managing crises, containing wars, and winning wars, and resolutely defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

Adhere to the unity of firmness in the principle of struggle and flexibility in strategy. Struggle is an art. It is about will, determination, and faith. It is about strategy, wisdom, and methods. In leading the great struggle, President Xi has always insisted on the unity of strengthening the sense of crisis and maintaining strategic determination, the unity of strategic judgment and tactical decision-making, and the unity of the struggle process and the effectiveness of the struggle. He requires our army to be brave and good at struggle. It is emphasized that we must not give in on issues of principle, we must be tit-for-tat and fight for every inch of land, and we must dare to take on all kinds of provocations, dare to attack, dare to fight and win, not bow in the face of difficulties, not retreat in the face of challenges, and not trade principles; we must be flexible and maneuverable on strategic issues, insist on being reasonable, beneficial, and moderate, and pay attention to the methods and art of struggle. Practice has proved that the more complex the struggle situation is, the more we must use the military hand in a step-by-step and strategic way. We must focus on stabilizing the overall situation and controlling risks, adhere to the combination of rigidity and flexibility, multiple measures, and comprehensive measures, strengthen the coordination and cooperation between military actions and political and diplomatic actions, and form an overall joint force for struggle.

Adhere to the combination of overall planning and highlighting key points. The key to strategic planning is to focus on the overall situation and seek opportunities. my country has a complex geostrategic environment and has the most neighboring countries among the world’s major powers. Based on the new situation facing my country’s security and development, President Xi Jinping has insisted on overall planning and ensuring the stability of the overall strategic situation in military strategic guidance, and has also focused on highlighting key points and grasping strategic hubs related to the overall situation to enhance the balance and three-dimensionality of the strategic layout. It is emphasized that according to the security threats and the strategic tasks of our army, we must build a strategic deployment and military deployment that is coordinated overall, responsible for different regions, mutually coordinated and integrated; highlight the preparation for military struggle at sea, effectively control major crises, and properly respond to chain reactions; coordinate the promotion of military struggle preparations in traditional security fields and new security fields, and actively respond to new security threats and challenges. At present, the sudden, interconnected and changeable threats facing my country’s security have greatly increased. We must grasp the direction, take the overall situation into consideration, coordinate the overall situation, firmly grasp the main contradictions and main aspects of the military struggle, ensure the stability of the overall strategic situation, and create a strategic situation that is beneficial to us.

On the new journey, we are facing a situation with complexity and severity, and a task with heaviness and difficulty that is rare in the world and history. The People’s Army must shoulder the important task of supporting the Chinese nation towards great rejuvenation. The whole army must establish the military strategic thinking of the new era, the military strategic policy of the new era, the baton of preparing for war, and the responsibility of preparing for war. We must vigorously carry forward the spirit of struggle, cultivate the fighting spirit of not fearing hardship and not fearing death, strengthen the determination and will to fight at the critical moment, and always have the character, integrity, and courage of not believing in evil, not fearing ghosts, and not being spineless. We must constantly enhance our fighting skills, focus on tempering our actual combat capabilities in arduous and rigorous training, actively innovate strategies and tactics that are one step ahead of the enemy, and step up the construction of a strong system support for joint operations, forge elite troops that can come when called, fight when they come, and win when they fight, and resolutely win future wars and resolutely safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

國語中文:

2019年7月,《新時代的中國國防》白皮書發表。在這部綜合型國防白皮書中,首次建構新時代中國防禦性國防政策體系,鮮明提出「貫徹落實新時代軍事戰略方針,這是新時代中國國防的戰略指導」。黨的十八大以來,習主席始終牢牢把握服務黨和國家戰略目標這個根本著眼,把軍事手段作為實現偉大夢想的保底手段、軍事鬥爭作為進行偉大斗爭的重要方面來運籌,與時俱進創新軍事戰略指導,確立了統攬軍事力量建設和運用的總綱,引領新時代國防和軍隊建設、改革和軍事鬥爭準備取得許多標誌性、開創性、歷史性重大成就。

賦予積極防禦戰略思想新的內涵

積極防禦戰略思想是我們黨軍事戰略思想的基本要點。在長期革命戰爭實踐中,人民軍隊形成了一整套積極防禦戰略思想。新中國成立後,黨中央、中央軍委根據國家安全情勢發展變化,對軍事戰略方針進行了多次重大調整。雖然各時期軍事戰略方針內容有變化,但積極防禦的基本思想始終沒有變,堅持戰略上防禦與戰役戰鬥上進攻的統一,堅持防禦、自衛、後發製人的原則,堅持「人不犯我,我不犯人;人若犯我,我必犯人」。軍事戰略科學準確,就是最大的勝算。我軍一路走來,之所以能夠以弱勝強、以劣勝優,始終攻無不克、戰無不勝,很重要的是堅持了積極防禦戰略思想。

新時代必須堅定不移堅持積極防禦戰略思想。習主席指出,堅持積極防禦,是總結歷史經驗、科學判斷現實和未來得出的結論,決不是權宜之計,要牢牢堅持住。在戰略上始終堅持積極防禦,從根本上來說是由我國社會主義性質和國家根本利益決定的。我國是社會主義國家,走和平發展道路,堅持獨立的和平外交政策,奉行防禦性國防政策,不會去侵略其他國家;我國是發展中國家,一直面對著艱鉅繁重的經濟建設任務,需要一個和平穩定的外在環境;中華民族是愛好和平的民族,中華民族血液中沒有侵略他人、稱王稱霸的基因,中國人民從來沒有欺負、壓迫、奴役過其他國家人民,過去沒有、現在沒有、將來也不會有。在新的時代條件下,我們堅持積極防禦戰略思想,充分錶明我國防禦性國防政策立場,昭示我國絕不走「國強必霸」的老路,有利於贏得更廣泛的國際認同,為實現國家發展戰略目標營造更為有利的策略環境。

軍事戰略指導的生命力在於應時而變、應勢而動。積極防禦戰略思想自誕生之日起,就始終隨著軍事實踐的發展而發展,不斷豐富其內涵。現在,我們前所未有地接近實現中華民族偉大復興的目標,前所未有地具有實現這個目標的能力和信心。但要看到,我們正在進行具有許多新的歷史特徵的偉大鬥爭,前行中必然會面對各種重大挑戰、重大風險、重大阻力、重大矛盾。習主席深刻掌握我國國家安全的新形勢,科學研判新時代軍事鬥爭的特徵和趨勢,明確積極防禦根本在防禦、要義在積極。強調增強軍事戰略指導的進取性和主動性,在「積極」二字上做文章,進一步拓寬戰略視野、更新戰略思維、前移指導重心,拓展積極防禦戰略縱深;積極不是急於求成、急躁冒進,而是戰略上進取和戰術上穩紮穩打相統一,是穩中有進、穩中有為;積極適應軍事鬥爭準備基點轉變,加大軍事創新力度,努力把軍事鬥爭準備提高到一個新水平。這些重要論述,集中回答了新時代軍事戰略最根本最要害的問題,為我軍在更加廣闊的空間遂行多樣化軍事任務明確了方向重點。這些年,在習近平軍事戰略思想的有力指引下,我軍工作重心日益歸正,「和平積弊」有力糾治,建設指向更加聚焦實戰,全方位撬動了戰、建、備各領域各方面創新發展。特別是全軍以堅定的鬥爭意志、靈活的鬥爭策略,有效應對外部軍事挑釁施壓,劃設東海防空識別區,以有力行動震懾「台獨」分裂行徑,積極穩健處置週邊熱點敏感事態,周密組織邊境管控與海上維權行動,有效遂行反恐維穩、維和護航等重大任務,推動軍事鬥爭格局實現歷史性轉變,有力維護了國家戰略全局穩定。

創新我軍戰與作戰指導理論

軍事戰略的本質是戰之方略,規劃和指導戰爭是創新戰略指導的核心內容。目前,新一輪科技革命和軍事革命正在加速發展,科技對軍事競爭和現代戰爭影響越來越大。習主席準確掌握科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變,確立軍事鬥爭新目標新佈局,明確軍事力量運用新指導新策略,提出備戰打仗新舉措新要求,深刻回答了未來打什麼仗、怎麼打仗的重大問題,把我軍對戰爭指導的規律性認知提升到新高度。

深刻掌握現代戰爭特徵規律與致勝機理。駕馭戰爭的自由,來自於認識戰爭的必然。一切戰爭指導規律,必須依照歷史的發展而發展,並依照戰爭的發展而發展。從世界近幾場局部戰爭和軍事行動看,現代戰爭資訊化程度不斷提高,智能化特徵日益顯現,各類無人作戰系統大量投入實戰,戰爭制勝觀念、制勝要素、制勝方式發生重大變化。習主席深刻指出,這些變化看起來眼花撩亂,但背後是有規律可循的,根本的是戰爭的致勝機理變了。例如,在作戰形式上,強調現代戰爭是體系和體系的對抗,一體化聯合作戰成為基本作戰形式;在時空特性上,強調多維戰場空間融為一體,戰略、戰役、戰術行動界限趨於模糊;在製勝關鍵上,強調制資訊權成為奪取戰場綜合控制權的核心,成為贏得戰爭勝利的關鍵;在組織指揮上,強調作戰指揮戰略性、聯合性、時效性、專業性、精確性要求越來越高,作戰組織和管理日趨標準化、流程化、精細化。這些重要論述深化了對現代戰爭特徵規律的認識,為我們掌握當今世界戰爭法則、掌握現代戰爭「游泳術」提供了重要遵循。

建構具有我軍特色的作戰理論體系。戰爭理論和作戰思想,是加強實戰準備、制勝強敵對手的有力牽引。革命戰爭年代,我軍在作戰理論和戰法上始終高敵一籌,這是我軍不斷從勝利走向勝利的重要原因。進入新時代,習主席著眼於國家安全和發展全局,掌握戰爭形態和作戰方式的革命性變化,前瞻研究未來戰爭重大議題,提出了一系列創新性作戰想法。例如,提出強化資訊主導、體系支撐、精兵作戰、聯合製勝的觀念,把各種作戰力量、作戰單元、作戰要素融合為一個有機整體,提高基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力;提出堅持靈活、機動、自主,著眼於發揮我們的優勢打,以能擊不能;提出把握新的時代條件下人民戰爭的新特點新要求,創新內容和方式方法,充分發揮人民戰爭的整體威力。這些重要論述,堅持和發揚我軍一貫堅持的軍事思想精髓,順應戰爭形態演變趨勢,符合戰鬥力建設實際和發展要求,為我軍遂行作戰任務提供了原則指導。

以最困難、最複雜情況推進軍事鬥爭準備。軍事鬥爭準備是軍隊的基本實踐活動,準備越充分在戰略上就越主動。 2018年夏秋,中央軍委利用3個月時間,以不打招呼、突擊檢查的方式,對分佈在5大戰區的各軍兵種和武警部隊進行整建制戰備拉動,行動範圍覆蓋21個省(自治區、直轄市)和東海、南海部分海域,這是新時代全軍上下深入推進軍事鬥爭準備的縮影。 「寧可備而不戰,不可無備而戰。」習主席一再強調,全軍要樹立隨時準備打仗的思想,軍事鬥爭準備要牢牢抓在手上,須臾不可放鬆。要求全軍堅持邊鬥爭、邊備戰、邊建設,統籌推進各方向各領域軍事鬥爭準備,做好隨時應對各種複雜困難局面的準備;把日常戰備工作提到戰略高度,堅持平戰一體,保持箭在弦上、引而待發的高度戒備態勢;推進實戰實訓,緊貼作戰任務、作戰對手、作戰環境,加強針對性、檢驗性、對抗性訓練。這些重要論述,反映了深層的戰略憂患和強烈的底線思維,深化了和平環境下如何備戰、怎麼練兵的規律性認識,為軍隊生成和提高戰鬥力、掌握軍事鬥爭主動權指明了方法路徑。

豐富發展我們黨軍事鬥爭指揮藝術

習主席堅持用馬克思主義戰爭觀審視戰爭和軍事問題,豐富發展了我們黨的軍事辯證法思想,並運用到指導現實軍事鬥爭實踐中,展現出觀照全局的戰略運籌、不畏風險的戰略魄力、因敵制勝的戰略智慧,開啟了新時代人民軍隊戰略指導的新境界。

堅持軍事服從政治、戰略服從政略。戰爭是政治的延續,處理戰爭和政治的關係,事關國家命運。現在,軍事和政治的連結更加緊密,在戰略層面上的相關性和整體性日益增強,政治因素對戰爭的影響和限制愈發突出。習主席深刻指出,規劃和指導戰爭,必須深刻認識戰爭的政治屬性,從政治高度思考戰爭問題。突顯,要保持戰略清醒,增強戰略定力,把戰爭問題放在實現中華民族偉大復興這個大目標下來認識和籌劃;既要有軍事頭腦,更要有政治頭腦,打還是不打、什麼時候打、怎麼打、打到什麼程度,都要服從和服務政治。我們必須始終服從服務於國家和民族的最高利益,強化政治意識、大局意識、號令意識,善於著眼國家政治外交大局和國家安全戰略全局規劃軍事行動,確保政治和戰略主動。

堅持整體運籌鬥爭、備戰、建設。 「有文事者,必有武備。」習主席深刻總結近代以後我國遭受列強戰爭蹂躪的歷史教訓,揭示戰爭與和平的辯證法,指出能戰方能止戰,準備打才可能不必打,越不能打越可能挨打。強調我們不希望打仗,但只有我們有準備、有強大軍事力量、有打贏能力,才能從戰略上實現不戰而屈人之兵,達到「以武止戈」的目的;要把備戰與止戰、威懾與實戰、戰爭行動與和平時期軍事力量運用作為一個整體加以運籌,發揮好軍事力量的戰略功能。當今世界,冷戰思維和強權政治陰霾不散,傳統和非傳統安全威脅層出不窮。一些國家試圖擴大軍事同盟謀求絕對安全,脅迫別國選邊站隊製造陣營對抗,漠視別國權益大搞唯我獨尊,鑄劍為犁仍然是人們的一個美好願望。實踐證明,和平必須以強大實力為後盾。我們要緊盯強敵對手,加緊鍛造更強大的能力、更可靠的手段,更好發揮我軍塑造態勢、管控危機、遏制戰爭、打贏戰爭的戰略功能,堅決捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益。

堅持鬥爭原則的堅定性與策略的彈性相統一。鬥爭是一門藝術,拼的是意志、決心、信念,比的是策略、智慧、方法。習主席在領導進行偉大鬥爭中,始終堅持增強憂患意識和保持戰略定力相統一、戰略判斷和戰術決斷相統一、鬥爭過程和鬥爭實效相統一,要求我軍既要敢於鬥爭,又要善於鬥爭。強調在原則問題上寸步不讓,必須針鋒相對、寸土必爭,面對各種挑釁敢於接招、敢於出擊、敢戰能勝,不在困難面前低頭,不在挑戰面前退縮,不拿原則做交易;在策略問題上靈活機動,堅持有理有利有節,講求鬥爭的方式方法和藝術。實踐證明,鬥爭情勢越複雜,越要有步驟、有策略地用好軍事這一手。我們必須著眼穩控大局、管控風險,堅持剛柔並濟、多手並舉、綜合施策,加強軍事行動同政治外交行動協調配合,形成鬥爭整體合力。

堅持通盤規劃與突出重點結合。策略運籌關鍵在於全局著眼、謀勢取勢。我國地緣戰略環境複雜,在世界大國中周邊接壤國家最多。習主席立足我國安全和發展面臨的新形勢,在軍事戰略指導上既堅持通盤謀劃、確保戰略全局穩定,又著力突出重點、扭住關係全局的戰略樞紐,增強戰略佈局的平衡性、立體性。強調要根據面臨安全威脅和我軍戰略任務,建構全局統籌、分區負責,相互策應、互為一體的戰略部署和軍事布勢;突顯海上軍事鬥爭準備,有效控制重大危機,妥善應對連鎖反應;統籌推動傳統安全領域和新型安全領域軍事鬥爭準備,積極應對新的安全威脅和挑戰。目前,我國安全面臨的突發性、連動性、多變性威脅大幅增強。我們必須掌握方向、統攬大局、統籌全局,緊緊抓住軍事鬥爭的主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面,確保戰略全局穩定,營造於我有利的戰略態勢。

新征程上,我們面臨情勢環境的複雜性和嚴峻性、肩負任務的繁重性和艱鉅性世所罕見、史所罕見,人民軍隊必須肩負起支撐中華民族走向偉大復興的時代重任。全軍要把新時代軍事戰略思想立起來,把新時代軍事戰略方針立起來,把備戰打仗指揮棒立起來,把抓備戰打仗的責任擔當立起來。要大力發揚鬥爭精神,培育一不怕苦、二不怕死的戰鬥精神,強化關鍵時刻不惜一戰的決心意志,任何時候都要有不信邪、不怕鬼、不當軟骨的風骨、氣節、膽魄。要不斷增強鬥爭本領,注重在艱苦嚴格的訓練中淬煉實戰能力,積極創新高敵一籌的策略戰法,抓緊建強聯合作戰的體系支撐,鍛造召之即來、來之能戰、戰之必勝的精兵勁旅,堅決打贏未來戰爭,堅決維護國家主權、安全、發展利益。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/02/content_323888.htm

Chinese Military intelligence is Profoundly Affecting Future Operations

中國軍事情報正在深刻影響未來的行動

資料來源:新華社 作者:林娟娟 張元濤 王 巍 責任編輯:喬楠楠

2019-09-10

現代英語:

In today’s era, military intelligence is becoming a powerful driving force for a new round of military reforms after mechanization and informatization, profoundly affecting the future combat victory mechanism, combat rules, and combat methods, and increasingly pushing war into the era of intelligence. The impact of military intelligence on future combat is mainly reflected in four aspects.

First, “intelligence” will become the dominant factor in determining the outcome of future operations. Mechanized warfare can be seen as platform-centric warfare, where energy is the dominant force. Energy is used to achieve the mobility of combat platforms and firepower strikes on targets, to achieve the combat purpose of destroying the enemy, and to pursue the use of objects to carry energy and release energy. Informationized warfare can be seen as network-centric warfare, where information is the dominant force. Information does not replace energy, but through precise positioning of time and space, it multiplies the combat effectiveness of energy, thus becoming the dominant force in war, and pursues the use of networks to gather energy and release energy. Intelligent warfare can be seen as cognitive-centric warfare, in which the dominant force is “intelligence”. The combat space is further extended from the physical domain and information domain to the cognitive domain, social domain, and biological domain. The battlefield situation is more complex. War is a systemic confrontation across domains, and it pursues more empowerment and release of power with intelligence.

Second, intelligent unmanned equipment will become the main combat equipment in future operations. The development of intelligent technology has gradually separated people from weapons and equipment. Unmanned systems have shifted from assisting people in combat to replacing people in combat, completing many high-risk combat operations that are not suitable for people to perform. Intelligent combat has increasingly distinctive characteristics of “unmanned platforms, manned systems, unmanned combat, and manned command”. On the Syrian battlefield, the Russian military remotely controlled 10 combat robots to kill more than 70 Islamic State militants with “zero casualties” and seize the 754.5 high ground, becoming the first ground combat operation in military history with robots as the main force. It is expected that by 2025, the proportion of intelligent unmanned equipment in the Russian military’s weapons and equipment will reach more than 30%. The U.S. military predicts that by 2030, intelligent unmanned equipment will be able to perform tasks autonomously, and 60% of ground combat platforms will achieve unmanned intelligence. A large number of drones, unmanned ships/boats, and unmanned vehicles will become the main equipment for both sides on the intelligent battlefield, carrying out various traditional/untraditional military tasks and implementing self-organized and systematic operations.

Third, human-machine collaborative combat will become the main mode of action in future combat. Human-machine collaborative combat is a mode of combat in which manned and unmanned equipment joint formations implement coordinated attacks in a networked confrontation environment. Among them, human soldiers with battlefield decision-making and tactical control capabilities serve as the “command back end”, and intelligent unmanned equipment carrying guided weapons or various intelligence, reconnaissance and surveillance sensors serve as the “weapon front end”. With the support of information networks, human soldiers and intelligent unmanned equipment work closely together to complete actions such as situation perception, tactical decision-making, firepower guidance, weapon launch and damage assessment. According to the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, before 2035, human-machine collaborative combat will mainly take the form of autonomous combat with humans in the loop; before 2050, authorized autonomous or fully autonomous combat with humans outside the loop will be achieved, officially kicking off intelligent warfare dominated by machines.

Fourth, autonomous swarm combat will become an important attack style in future combat. The technical inspiration of swarm combat comes from the bionics research on bees. The division of labor within the bee colony is clear, there is a rich and interesting information exchange language between individuals, and the social behavior is rich, so the cluster is also called a “bee colony.” Swarm combat is an intelligent combat style that relies on artificial intelligence, data chain integration, cloud computing and other technical support, and launches dozens or even hundreds of drones at the same time. They form precise formations and precise division of labor, and perform multiple tasks and multi-target strikes at the same time. Compared with traditional combat, swarm combat has incomparable advantages and is a subversion of traditional combat styles and combat rules. After hundreds of simulation tests, the U.S. Navy found that even an advanced air defense system like the Aegis air defense system has difficulty in allocating firepower when dealing with drone swarm attacks, resulting in some drones being able to avoid interception and successfully launch attacks on ships. Data shows that when a swarm of 8 drones is used to attack ships, an average of 2.8 drones can avoid the Aegis interception system; when the number of drones increases to dozens, the number of drones that successfully avoid the interception system and achieve penetration is greater. These simulation tests fully prove that the effect of drone swarm operations is significant and poses a huge threat to the current defense system. At the same time, it also indicates that swarm-type autonomous operations will inevitably become an important offensive combat style on the future intelligent battlefield.

現代國語:

當今時代,軍事智能化正成為繼機械化、資訊化之後推動新一輪軍事變革的強大動力,深刻影響著未來作戰制勝機理、作戰規則及作戰方式方法等,日益推動戰爭步入智能化時代。軍事智能化對未來作戰的影響趨勢主要體現在4個面向。

一是「智能力」將成為決定未來作戰勝負的主導因素。機械化戰爭可視為平台中心戰,主導力量是能量,透過能量實現作戰平台的機動性和對目標的火力打擊,達到毀傷敵方的作戰目的,追求以物載能、以物釋能。資訊化戰爭可看作是網絡中心戰,主導力量是資訊力,訊息並沒有取代能量,而是透過對時空的精準定位,使能量的作戰效能成倍提升,從而成為戰爭的主導力量,追求以網聚能、以網釋能。智能化戰爭可以看作是認知中心戰,主導力量是“智能力”,作戰空間從物理域、信息域進一步向認知域、社會域和生物域延拓,戰場態勢更為錯綜復雜,戰爭是各作戰域跨域融合的體系對抗,更追求以智賦能、以智釋能。

二是智慧無人裝備將成為未來作戰的主體主戰裝備。智慧技術的發展,使人與武器裝備逐漸實現脫離,無人系統從輔助人作戰轉向代替人作戰,完成諸多不適合人去執行的高危險作戰行動,智能化作戰越來越具有「平台無人、體係有人,作戰無人、指揮有人」的鮮明特徵。在敘利亞戰場上,俄軍遙控指揮10支戰鬥機器人以「零傷亡」擊斃70多名伊斯蘭國武裝分子並奪取754.5高地,成為軍事史上首例以機器人為主力的地面作戰行動。預計2025年,俄軍武器裝備中智慧無人裝備的比例將達到30%以上。美軍預測2030年前,智慧無人裝備將能夠自主執行任務,60%的地面作戰平台將實現無人智慧化。大量無人機、無人船/艇和無人車等裝備,將成為智慧化戰場上對抗雙方的主體裝備,遂行各類傳統/非傳統軍事任務,並實施自組織和體系化作戰。

三是人機協同作戰將成為未來作戰的主要行動方式。人機協同作戰是在網絡化對抗環境下,有人與無人裝備聯合編隊實施協同攻擊的作戰方式。其中,具備戰場決策及戰術控制能力的人類士兵作為“指揮後端”,攜帶制導武器或各類情報、偵察和監視傳感器的智能無人裝備作為“武器前端”,在信息網絡的支持下,人類士兵與智慧無人裝備通過密切協同,共同完成態勢感知、戰術決策、火力引導、武器發射及毀傷評估等行動。根據美國陸軍研究實驗室的觀點,2035年前,人機協同作戰主要採取人在迴路的監督自主式作戰;2050年前,將實現人在迴路外的授權自主或完全自主式作戰,正式拉開機器主戰的智慧化戰爭序幕。

四是集群自主作戰將成為未來作戰的重要攻擊樣式。集群作戰的技術靈感源自於對蜜蜂的仿生研究。蜂群內部分工明確,個體間存在豐富有趣的資訊交流語言,社會行為豐富,所以集群又被稱為「蜂群」。集群作戰是依託人工智慧、數據鏈整合以及雲計算等技術支撐,同時發射數十乃至成百架以上無人機,由其自行精準編隊、精確分工,同時執行多種任務及多目標打擊的智能化作戰樣式。與傳統作戰相比,集群作戰具有無可比擬的優勢,是對傳統作戰樣式和作戰規則的顛覆。美海軍經過數百次模擬試驗後發現,即使先進如「宙斯盾」防空系統,在應對無人機集群攻擊時,也難以合理分配火力,導致部分無人機能夠避開攔截對艦艇成功發動攻擊。數據表明,當使用由8架無人機組成的集群向艦艇發動攻擊時,平均有2.8架無人機可避開「宙斯盾」攔截系統;當無人機數量增至幾十架時,成功避開攔截系統實現突防的無人機數量更多。這些模擬試驗充分證明,無人機集群作戰的效果顯著,對當前防禦體系構成巨大威脅,同時也預示,集群式自主作戰必將成為未來智慧化戰場上重要的進攻作戰樣式。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4850888.html?

How the People’s Republic of China, By the Middle of the 21st century, will Fully Develop the People’s Liberation Army Into a World-class Army…

到21世紀中葉,中華人民共和國將如何把解放軍全面建設成為世界一流軍隊…

現代英語:

Beijing, July 2, Title: Creating a new situation in reforming and strengthening the military – a summary of the achievements in national defense and military reform since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China

  On the great journey of the people’s army to reform and strengthen the army, we have ushered in another important moment that will go down in history——

  On April 19, 2024, the founding meeting of the Information Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was held grandly at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the Information Support Force and delivered a speech. On behalf of the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission, he extended warm congratulations to all officers and soldiers of the Information Support Force.

  After the flag-presenting ceremony, Xi Jinping delivered a speech. He pointed out that the adjustment and formation of the information support force is a major decision made by the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission based on the overall situation of strengthening the military. It is a strategic measure to build a new structure of services and arms and improve the modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. It is also important for accelerating national defense and military affairs. Modernizing and effectively fulfilling the missions and tasks of the People’s Army in the new era is of great and far-reaching significance.

  According to the decision of the Central Military Commission, the newly formed information support force will be directly commanded by the Central Military Commission. At the same time, the designation of the strategic support force will be revoked, and the leadership and management relationships of the military aerospace force and cyberspace force will be adjusted accordingly.

  Reform is the requirement of the times to realize the Chinese Dream and the dream of building a strong military. It is the only way to strengthen and rejuvenate the military, and it is also a key move to determine the future of the military.

  Since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the People’s Army has adhered to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, thoroughly implemented Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military, and guided the Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era, comprehensively implementing the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military. , deeply break through the institutional obstacles, structural contradictions, and policy issues that have long restricted national defense and military construction, deepen the reform of national defense and the military, and achieve historic achievements. The people’s army has a new system, a new structure, a new pattern, and a new look. Take firm steps on the road to building a strong military with Chinese characteristics.

  Reform promotes a strong military, and a strong military supports a strong country. Standing at a new historical starting point, under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, the People’s Army has achieved overall revolutionary reshaping and is making strides to become a world-class force, providing strategic support for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

  The commander-in-chief of strategic planning is at the helm and leads the way.

  Reform is the distinctive feature of contemporary China and the distinctive character of the Communists.

  Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, and national defense and military building have also entered a new era. Faced with the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the world’s major changes unseen in a century, as well as the deep-seated contradictions and problems that have long restricted the construction of national defense and the military, President Xi assessed the situation, took charge of the overall situation, and decisively made strategic decisions to reform and strengthen the military.

  A strong country must have a strong army, and a strong army must be reformed. “Once military backwardness occurs, the impact on national security will be fatal. I often read some historical materials in modern China, and it hurts my heart to see the tragic scenes of backwardness and beatings!” President Xi pointed out with strong historical concern. , National defense and military reform is an important part of comprehensive reform and an important symbol of comprehensively deepening reform. The military must keep up with the pace of the central government and resolutely promote various military reforms in the spirit of opening roads across mountains and building bridges across rivers. Everyone must have this kind of historical responsibility.

  Only reformers advance, only innovators are strong. President Xi encouraged the entire army: “The new military revolution provides us with a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. We must seize the opportunity and work hard. We must not only catch up with the trend and the times, but also strive to be at the forefront of the times.”

  After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, our army has carried out 13 relatively major reforms. The size and structure of the army have been continuously adjusted, and they have played an important role in different historical periods. At the same time, affected by various factors, deep-seated contradictions that restrict national defense and military construction still exist to varying degrees.

  ”The reform of national defense and the military has entered a critical period and a deep-water zone. Most of the problems that need to be solved are long-term accumulated institutional obstacles, structural contradictions, and policy issues. It is indeed not easy to advance.” President Xi warned the entire army, “Not reforming is a waste of time. You can’t fight and win the battle.”

  The more you think deeply, the more earnestly you act.

  In November 2013, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee was held. The Party Central Committee decided to include deepening the reform of national defense and the military into the overall plan of comprehensively deepening reforms, making it the will of the Party and the behavior of the state.

  This is the first time in the history of the plenary session that national defense and military reform were included in the plenary session’s decision as a separate part.

  Only four months later, another blockbuster news attracted widespread attention at home and abroad: President Xi decided to establish a Central Military Commission leading group for deepening national defense and military reform and served as the group leader. This is also the first time that the General Secretary of the Party personally serves as the leader of the Central Military Commission’s Leading Group for Deepening National Defense and Military Reform.

  These two extraordinary “firsts” demonstrated the firm will and determination of the core of the Party, the commander-in-chief of the army, and the people’s leaders to deepen the reform of national defense and the army. They greatly inspired and gathered all the officers and soldiers to support the reform and support the reform. Reform and the majestic force devoted to reform have become the fundamental guarantee for promoting reform.

  For a major country’s military, the question of what to change and how to change it involves issues of goals and layout, issues of stance and perspective, as well as issues of methods and paths. President Xi has put a lot of effort into the reform demonstration and design. He has chaired many meetings of the Central Military Commission’s Leading Group for Deepening National Defense and Military Reform, Central Military Commission Standing Meetings, and Central Political Bureau Standing Committee meetings. He has listened to the reform opinions and suggestions of relevant units in person on many occasions, and personally determined the reforms. Arrange major work, personally lead the research, demonstration and plan formulation work, personally organize research on major reform issues…

  Reform always pursues problems and uses problems to force reform. At each stage of reform, each plan pointed out the method and path to solve practical problems, and the solutions to each practical problem eventually converged into specific reform measures.

  Deepening the reform of national defense and the military is a comprehensive change that requires strengthening top-level planning and system design. At an important meeting of the military, President Xi emphasized the need to grasp the relevance and coupling of reform measures so that various reforms such as leadership and command systems, force structures, and policy systems can promote and complement each other to form an overall effect and achieve overall results.

  Plan the layout of the article and make a sound decision.

  Establish an expert advisory group of the Central Military Commission’s Leading Group for Deepening National Defense and Military Reform; establish an expert database for consultation and evaluation of military policy and system reform consisting of more than 200 military and civilian experts and leaders to give full play to the role of third-party independent evaluation; empower the Academy of Military Science and the National Defense University with relevant Research and demonstrate tasks and play its role as a think tank…

  Gather the wisdom of the entire military and all sectors to form the “greatest common denominator” for reform. President Xi visited institutions, joined squads, went to plateaus and islands, boarded tanks and took warships to conduct in-depth investigations and studies. The whole army and all aspects actively offer suggestions and suggestions, from outside the military to inside the military, from agencies to troops, from generals to soldiers; field surveys in all directions, interviews at all levels, large-scale questionnaire surveys; situation reports one after another, and letters one after another. Opinions, online messages… many good ideas, suggestions, and ideas have entered the reform plan.

  ”Anything that can be done with concentrated effort will be invincible; anything that can be done with collective wisdom can be achieved.” Under the leadership and planning of President Xi, a set of reform designs that solve deep-seated contradictions, have major innovative breakthroughs, and have distinctive characteristics of the People’s Army Break out of the cocoon.

  In July 2015, President Xi presided over the meeting of the Central Military Commission’s Leading Group for Deepening National Defense and Military Reform, the Central Military Commission Standing Meeting and the Central Political Bureau Standing Committee meeting, and reviewed and approved the overall plan for deepening national defense and military reform.

  In the process of leading this round of reforms, President Xi Jinping has issued a series of directional, fundamental and overall important strategic thoughts on deepening the reform of national defense and the military, which have established the fundamental principles and action guidelines for reforming and strengthening the military.

  From the overall layout of the party and the country to the mutual coupling of various military systems, from the overall plan, major field plans to special plans, and from the leadership and command system, the size, structure and strength of the army to the orderly advancement of the reform of military policies and systems, the new era The goal map, road map and construction drawings for the reform of the People’s Army were thus drawn up, and a historic change of rebirth from the ashes and new development was vigorously launched.

  Overcoming Difficulties and Deeply Promoting Reform

  A history of the development of the people’s army is a history of reform and innovation.

  November 24, 2015, is a day destined to go down in the history of the People’s Army. The Central Military Commission Reform Work Conference was held grandly in Beijing. President Xi issued a mobilization order to deepen the reform of national defense and the military—to comprehensively implement the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military and unswervingly follow the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics.

  When the commander-in-chief orders, the entire army obeys the order, unites to the center, exerts force for the battle, and overcomes difficulties.

  The leadership and command system achieves historic changes——

  The reform of the leadership and command system implements the general principles of the Central Military Commission, the main battle areas, and the military services, breaking the long-standing headquarters system, large military region system, and large army system, and building a leadership and management system of “Central Military Commission-Services-troops” and ” The combat command system of “Central Military Commission – Theater – Troops” has established a new “four beams and eight pillars” of the people’s army. The “Four Headquarters” have withdrawn from the historical stage, and 15 functional departments of the Central Military Commission have been adjusted and established. The paths of command, construction, management, and supervision have become clearer. Functional configurations such as decision-making, planning, execution, and evaluation have become more reasonable. The Central Military Commission has centralized and unified leadership and strategic planning, Strategic management functions have been effectively strengthened. The “Seven Military Regions” have completed their historical missions, reorganized and divided into five major theaters, improved the military commission and theater joint operations command structure, and established a strategic campaign command system that integrates peacetime and wartime operations, operates normally, specializes in main operations, and is capable and efficient. The leadership and management system of the services and arms has been further improved. The Armed Police Force is under the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission. The reserve forces are fully integrated into the military leadership and command system. Entering the “new system era”, the majority of officers and soldiers have both “changed their bodies” and “changed their minds”, liberating themselves from all outdated mindsets, inherent patterns, and path dependencies. The barriers to alliances have gradually been broken down, and the effectiveness of warfare has gradually become apparent.

  In drill after drill, units of different services and arms that used to be relatively independent carried out joint exercises and training on a regular basis under the dispatch of the war zone; data and information that were difficult to share in the past are now efficiently transferred among the various services and arms in the war zone; reconnaissance is no longer ” “Each one fights”, the commander no longer “sings his own tune”, and the firepower no longer “fights his own thing”, each one is born through the tempering of the iron fist.

  The size, structure and strength of the army have been profoundly reshaped——

  This is new data that has never appeared in the history of the people’s army: the proportion of the army’s total personnel in the army has dropped to less than 50%; the number of active-duty personnel in non-combat agencies of the army has been reduced by nearly half, and the number of officers has decreased by 30%…

  This is a new term that has never appeared in the history of the people’s army: synthetic brigade, air assault brigade, aircraft carrier formation, airborne force, information support force, joint logistics support force…

  The dialectic of reduction and increase is not only slimming down, but also strengthening the body. It is an epoch-making reshaping of strength. The reform of scale structure and force organization promotes the development of the army in the direction of enrichment, synthesis, multi-functionality and flexibility.

  On April 27, 2017, the Ministry of National Defense disclosed at a regular press conference that the designations of 18 army groups of the Army were cancelled, and the designations of the 13 adjusted armies were announced at the same time. In addition, the newly adjusted units also include many new combat forces.

  After the adjustment, our army has become more capable in scale, more optimized in structure, and more scientific in its organization. It has fundamentally changed the long-term land warfare-type force structure, changed the homeland defense-type force deployment, and changed the heavy-force grouping and victory with quantity. New combat forces such as strategic early warning, open sea defense, long-range strike, strategic projection, and information support have been enriched and strengthened, and a joint combat force system with elite combat forces as the main body is taking shape.

  The reform of military policy and system has been comprehensively advanced——

  Recently, civilian personnel who have been recruited for the 2024 open recruitment for the entire army have been reporting to various units. In June 2018, the military openly recruited civilian personnel for the first time. Among the recruited personnel, groups with high academic qualifications and “secondary enlistment” groups were particularly eye-catching. This marks that the openness and competitiveness of our military’s talent introduction work have been greatly enhanced. Civilians are an integral part of the military personnel and play an increasingly important role.

  Let the vitality of all combat effectiveness elements burst out, and let the sources of all military modernization fully flow. The establishment and improvement of the new civilian personnel system is a vivid epitome of the policy and system reform of the people’s army.

  This reform has completely changed the previous piecemeal approach. Systematic planning, forward-looking design, innovative development, and overall reshaping have established and improved the socialist military policy system with Chinese characteristics, forming a military party building system, a policy system for the use of military power, and a military power building system. The “four major sections” are policy system and military management policy system.

  President Xi presided over a meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, which successively reviewed and approved the “Regulations on Party Building of the Chinese Communist Party in the Military”, “Regulations on Military Political Work” and other backbone systems for party building in our military. The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress has successively reviewed and adopted the newly revised National Defense Law of the People’s Republic of China, the newly revised Military Service Law of the People’s Republic of China, and the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of the Status and Rights and Interests of Military Personnel.

  Establish a leading group for talent work of the Central Military Commission and establish a cadre evaluation committee of the Central Military Commission. The “Interim Regulations on the Management of Active Military Officers” and 11 supporting policies and systems were promulgated, and substantial progress was made in establishing a professional system for military officers with Chinese characteristics. The “Interim Regulations for Sergeants”, “Interim Regulations for Conscripts”, the newly revised “Regulations on Civilian Personnel of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army” and supporting regulations were promulgated.

  Build a military honor system, hold honor and title ceremonies; optimize military benefits, issue military parent support subsidies, spouse honorary funds, and implement new medical security policies such as free medical care for military spouses and children… Each heart-warming event enhances the professional honor of officers and soldiers sense, making military personnel a profession respected by the whole society.

  The reform of military policies and systems has matured one by one. Basic laws and regulations in more than 20 major fields have been introduced one after another. A large number of supporting policies and systems and major reform measures have been intensively introduced. The combat effectiveness of the military and the vitality of officers and soldiers have been further liberated, and the effectiveness of reforms has been continuously released.

  Major reforms across the military and civilian areas are implemented in depth——

  ”Coordinate economic construction and national defense construction, and strive to achieve the unity of enriching the country and strengthening the military.” Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi has attached great importance to major cross-military and local reforms, and has made many deployments to promote the implementation of a series of measures.

  Just after the Spring Festival in 2018, the Third Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China reviewed and approved the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Deepening the Reform of the Party and State Institutions” and the “Plan for Deepening the Reform of the Party and State Institutions”. Deepening cross-military and civilian reforms is an important part of it.

  Combined with deepening the reform of party and state institutions, deepening the cross-military reform of the Armed Police Force, advancing the reform of the active public security force, establishing the Ministry of Veterans Affairs; implementing the reform of the air traffic control system, establishing the Central Air Traffic Management Commission; advancing the reform of the national defense mobilization system, and building a modern national defense Mobilizing the force system; Comprehensive suspension of paid military services, and the goal of the military not engaging in business activities has been basically achieved…

  “With all our efforts, nothing can be done.” Central state agencies, local party committees, governments, and all sectors of society have introduced a series of policies and measures to support and serve reform, and the military and civilians have gathered a powerful force to promote reform.

  In the late autumn of 2021, the “Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party’s Centenary Struggle” passed by the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China fully affirmed the historic achievements made in deepening the reform of national defense and the army, calling it “New China” The most extensive and profound reform of national defense and the military since its establishment.”

  Reshaping and reshaping to become world-class

  Reform and strengthening the military have brought a series of profound changes to the People’s Army. The People’s Army has accelerated its transformation in the “new system era”: the Army’s mobile combat and three-dimensional offensive and defensive capabilities have been significantly enhanced, and the Navy has accelerated its transformation from offshore defense to far-sea defense. , the Air Force is accelerating its transformation into integrated air and space, and both offensive and defensive capabilities, and the Rocket Force continues to strengthen its nuclear and conventional capabilities and its ability to deter war in all areas…

  This is the new look of the People’s Army as a strong military after reform and reshaping——

  In July 2023, at the Air Force Aviation Open Event Changchun Air Show, the J-20 performed maneuvering flight demonstrations in a four-aircraft formation for the first time. The screen was displayed for aerial refueling, and the J-10S and J-11BS were displayed for the first time in simulated air combat of special-shaped aircraft…

  This event demonstrated the People’s Air Force’s ever-changing equipment development level, the quality and effectiveness of practical military training, and its strategic capabilities to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

  ”The Yunyou-20 is no longer a single static display and a single flight display, but an all-round presentation of the system’s capabilities, displaying combat postures commonly used in our daily combat training.” Wang Yuling, pilot of the Yunyou-20, said, “The reform has strengthened the The military strategy has enabled the people’s army to achieve historic changes in its organizational structure and force system. It is precisely because of the reform that our army has been reshaped and accelerated to become a world-class force.”

  On October 1, 2019, more than 200,000 soldiers and civilians celebrated the 70th anniversary of the Republic of China with a grand military parade and mass march.

  This is the first National Day military parade as socialism with Chinese characteristics enters a new era, and it is also the first overall appearance of the Republic’s armed forces after the reform and reshaping.

  The leadership and command formation that made its debut is a formation with the most distinctive imprint of reforming and strengthening the army and joint combat command – the members are drawn from 15 departments of the Central Military Commission and various war zones, service and arms agencies, and armed police forces.

  The leadership and command formation created two firsts: the first formation in the history of the People’s Army military parade to be drawn from the leadership and command organization, and the first formation with generals forming the first row.

  For the first time, this military parade has set up joint support forces, academic scientific research, civilian personnel and other formations, demonstrating the results of the integral and revolutionary reshaping of the national defense and military organizational structure and force system, and demonstrating the new composition of the people’s army in the new era. , new look.

  580 pieces (sets) of ground equipment formed 32 equipment formations, and more than 160 fighter planes of the army, navy and air force formed 12 air echelons… The equipment reviewed was all made in China, 40% of which were made for the first time, demonstrating the basics of the people’s army. Achieve mechanization and accelerate the momentum towards informatization.

  This is the more capable and efficient command system displayed by the People’s Army after the reform and reshaping——

  From May 23 to 24, 2024, the Eastern Theater Command of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army organized the theater’s army, navy, air force, rocket force and other forces to conduct the “Joint Sword-2024A” exercise around Taiwan Island.

  The exercise focuses on subjects such as joint naval and air combat readiness patrols, joint seizure of comprehensive battlefield control, and joint precision targeting of key targets. Ships and aircraft conduct combat patrols near Taiwan Island, and integrate internal and external linkage within the island chain to test the actual joint combat capabilities of the theater forces.

  This is also a strong punishment for the “Taiwan independence” separatist forces seeking “independence” and a serious warning against external forces interfering and provoking trouble.

  Military experts believe that during the exercise, under the unified command of the Eastern Theater Command, the theater’s army, navy, air force, rocket force and other services jointly participated, demonstrating the collaborative capabilities and overall operations of the Chinese military in joint operations after reform and reshaping. strength.

  More than 4 years ago, the COVID-19 epidemic broke out.

  With an order, medical personnel from the Army, Navy, Air Force, Rocket Force, Joint Logistics Support Force, Armed Police Force and other medical units quickly gathered to assist Wuhan.

  Aviation, railways, highways, three-dimensional delivery; manpower, materials, and information, efficient circulation; active military personnel, civilian personnel, and militia, close collaboration; joint command, joint formation, military-civilian joint…

  ”Getting into the state quickly, assembling troops quickly, and launching operations quickly, this is the real speed of war.” “Command and coordinate a picture, use strength as a game, and implement every move. This is the real war system.” Some military observers commented this way The performance of the Chinese military in the anti-epidemic operation in Wuhan. There was no preparation time, no battle rehearsal, and the decisive battle was the first battle. In this special battle, the People’s Army handed over an excellent answer sheet of “going to the front line on the day of receiving the order, controlling the situation in 3 weeks, and completing the task within 3 months.” This miraculous “speed” stems from the more efficient command system, leaner force scale, and more scientific structure after the reform and reshaping of the People’s Army.

  ”The People’s Army’s anti-epidemic response sheet condenses the reshaping of the People’s Army’s capabilities and the changes of the times, and demonstrates the new look and confidence of an army after reform and reshaping.” Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Sciences Researcher Yin Hao believes that although the fight against the epidemic is a non-war military operation, it tests and reflects the actual combat capabilities of the people’s army after reform and reshaping.

  Military experts believe that after the reform and adjustment, the entire army has further strengthened the concept of preparing for war and joint operations and joint training. Each theater has played the role of a hub for joint operations and joint training, and all services and arms units have closely aligned with the joint operations capability needs of the theater, and trained with the capabilities of the services and arms. Support system joint training to continuously improve the victory contribution rate.

  This is the new training style explored by the people’s army after reform and reshaping——

  From September 11 to 25, 2021, the “Peace Mission-2021” SCO joint anti-terrorism military exercise was held at the Donguz shooting range in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.

  In this joint exercise, the command structure of the Chinese participating troops is mainly composed of the Chinese directing department and the Chinese anti-terrorism cluster command headquarters in the northern theater. The task force is mainly composed of a synthetic battalion of a brigade in the northern theater and is equipped with relevant support detachments.

  Under the new system and new organization, the combined battalion of Chinese participating troops includes infantry, armor, artillery, reconnaissance, communications, engineering and other forces. It integrates multiple arms and realizes the strength structure, personnel organization, equipment deployment, The reshaping and leapfrogging of element grouping can be combined with a variety of combat forces and modularized, giving full play to its advantages of miniaturization, multi-functionality, and leanness, so that each combat unit and element can maximize the system’s combat capabilities.

  During a live-fire exercise on September 23, reporters saw the modular and multi-functional combat organization advantages of the combined battalion in a new combat command vehicle, boldly practicing multi-source perception of combat command, high integration of combat elements, and combat space orientation. The multi-dimensional expansion of the new combat style maximizes the role of the combined battalion’s “forward reach”.

  On July 23, 2023, with the successful conclusion of the “Anchorage Defense” drill of the ship formation, the “Northern Joint-2023” exercise completed various scheduled drill courses.

  The exercise focused on the theme of “Maintaining the Security of Strategic Maritime Channels”. The naval and air forces of China and Russia jointly planned, jointly commanded, and jointly operated. It effectively tested the actual combat capabilities in far seas and remote areas, and made achievements in the joint exercise organization form and force integration model. An innovative breakthrough.

  On May 17, 2024, the China-Mongolia “Grassland Partner-2024” joint army training was the first all-element and full-process live-fire training, which was held at a training ground in East Gobi Province, Mongolia.

  The participating troops from China and Mongolia jointly carried out joint training on the topic of dealing with the activities of illegal armed groups in accordance with the basic tactics of “attacking key points from all depths, concentric assaults from multiple directions, and clearing and encircling and annihilating in different areas”.

  …

  New systems, new forces, new equipment, new tactics… the people’s army has taken on a new look from the inside out, and is more confident in deterring the enemy with its sword.

  There is no end to reform. The people’s army that marches forward courageously on the road to reform and strengthen the army will surely continue to win new victories in the modernization of national defense and the army——

  In 2027, the centenary goal of the founding of the army will be achieved;

  By 2035, the modernization of national defense and the army will be basically realized;

  By the middle of the 21st century, the people’s army will be fully developed into a world-class army…

現代國語:

在人民軍隊改革強軍的偉大旅程上,又迎來一個載入史冊的重要時刻——

2024年4月19日,中國人民解放軍資訊支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習近平向資訊支援部隊授予軍旗並致訓詞,代表黨中央和中央軍委向資訊支援部隊全體官兵致以熱烈祝賀。

授旗儀式後,習近平致訓詞。他指出,調整組建資訊支援部隊,是黨中央和中央軍委從強軍事業全局出發作出的重大決策,是構建新型軍兵種結構佈局、完善中國特色現代軍事力量體系的戰略舉措,對加快國防和軍隊現代化、有效履行新時代人民軍隊使命任務具有重大而深遠的意義。

根據中央軍委決定,新組建的資訊支援部隊由中央軍委直接領導指揮,同時撤銷戰略支援部隊番號,相應調整軍事航天部隊、網絡空間部隊領導管理關系。

改革,是實現中國夢、強軍夢的時代要求,是強軍興軍的必經之路,也是決定軍隊未來的關鍵一招。

黨的十八屆三中全會以來,人民軍隊堅持以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想為指導,深入貫徹習近平強軍思想,以黨在新時代的強軍目標為引領,全面實施改革強軍戰略,深入破解長期制約國防和軍隊建設的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題,深化國防和軍隊改革取得歷史性成就,人民軍隊體制一新、結構一新、格局一新、面貌一新,在中國特色強軍之路上邁出堅定步伐。

改革推動強軍,強軍支撐強國。站在新的歷史起點上,在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央堅強領導下,實現整體性革命性重塑的人民軍隊,正闊步邁向世界一流,為實現中華民族偉大復興提供戰略支撐。

戰略擘畫 統帥掌舵領航

改革,當代中國的鮮明特色,共產黨人的鮮明品格。

黨的十八大以來,中國特色社會主義進入新時代,國防和軍隊建設也進入了新時代。面對中華民族偉大復興戰略全局和世界百年未有之大變局,面對長期制約國防和軍隊建設的深層次矛盾和問題,習主席審時度勢、總攬全局,果斷作出改革強軍的戰略決策。

強國必強軍,強軍必改革。 「軍事上的落後一旦形成,對國家安全的影響將是致命的。我經常看中國近代的一些史料,一看到落後挨打的悲慘場景就痛徹肺腑!」習主席以強烈的歷史憂患深刻指出,國防和軍隊改革是全面改革的重要組成部分,也是全面深化改革的重要標志。軍隊要跟上中央步伐,以逢山開路、遇河架橋的精神,堅決推進軍隊各項改革。大家一定要有這樣的歷史擔當。

惟改革者進,惟創新者強。習主席激勵全軍:“新軍事革命為我們提供了千載難逢的機遇,我們要抓住機遇、奮發有為,不僅要趕上潮流、趕上時代,還要力爭走在時代前列。”

新中國成立後,我軍先後進行了13次比較大的改革,部隊規模、體制編制不斷調整,在不同歷史時期都發揮了重要作用。同時,受各種因素影響,制約國防和軍隊建設的深層矛盾問題還不同程度存在。

「國防和軍隊改革進入了攻堅期和深水區,要解決的大都是長期積累的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題,推進起來確實不容易。」習主席告誡全軍,「不改革是打不了仗、打不了勝仗的。

思之彌深,行之愈篤。

2013年11月,黨的十八屆三中全會召開。黨中央決定將深化國防和軍隊改革納入全面深化改革的總盤子,上升為黨的意志和國家行為。

國防和軍隊改革作為單獨一部分寫進全會決定,這在全會歷史上是第一次。

僅4個月後,又一條重磅消息引起國內外廣泛關注:習主席決策成立中央軍委深化國防和軍隊改革領導小組,並擔任組長。黨的總書記親自擔任中央軍委深化國防和軍隊改革領導小組組長,這也是第一次。

這兩個非同尋常的“第一次”,昭示了黨的核心、軍隊統帥、人民領袖對深化國防和軍隊改革的堅定意志、堅強決心,極大激發和凝聚了全軍官兵擁護改革、支持改革、投身改革的磅礡力量,成為推動改革的根本保証。

對於一支大國軍隊來說,改什麼、怎麼改,有目標、佈局問題,有立場、觀點問題,也有方法、路徑問題。習主席為改革論証設計傾注大量心血,多次主持召開中央軍委深化國防和軍隊改革領導小組會議、中央軍委常務會議、中央政治局常委會會議,多次當面聽取有關單位改革意見建議,親自確定改革重大工作安排,親自領導調研論証和方案擬制工作,親自組織研究改革重大問題…

改革始終奔著問題去,以問題倒逼改革。在改革的各個階段,每一個方案都指明了破解現實問題的方法路徑,每一個現實問題的解決思路最終匯聚成一條條具體的改革措施。

深化國防和軍隊改革是一場整體性變革,要加強頂層謀劃、體系設計。在軍隊一次重要會議上,習主席強調,要掌握改革舉措的關聯性和耦合性,使領導指揮體制、力量結構、政策制度等各項改革相互促進、相得益彰,形成總體效應、取得總體效果。

謀篇佈局,落子有聲。

設立中央軍委深化國防和軍隊改革領導小組專家諮詢組﹔建立由軍地200多名專家和領導組成的軍事政策制度改革諮詢評估專家庫,充分發揮第三方獨立評估作用﹔賦予軍事科學院和國防大學相關研究論証任務,發揮其智囊作用…

匯聚全軍與各方面智慧,形成改革「最大公約數」。習主席到機關、進班排,上高原、赴海島,登戰車、乘軍艦,深入調查研究。全軍及各方面踴躍獻策、積極建言,軍外到軍內、機關到部隊、將軍到士兵﹔各方向實地調研、各層面座談訪談、大範圍問卷調查﹔一份份情況報告、一封封來信意見、一條條網留言……許多好點子、好建議、好點子進入了改革方案。

「積力之所舉,則無不勝也﹔眾智之所為,則無不成也。」在習主席領導運籌下,一整套解決深層次矛盾問題、有重大創新突破、人民軍隊特色鮮明的改革設計破繭而出。

2015年7月,習主席先後主持召開中央軍委深化國防和軍隊改革領導小組會議、中央軍委常務會議和中央政治局常委會會議,審議通過深化國防和軍隊改革總體方案。

在領導推動這輪改革的歷程中,習主席關於深化國防和軍隊改革一系列方向性、根本性、全局性的重要戰略思想,立起改革強軍的根本遵循和行動指南。

從黨和國家整體佈局到軍隊各系統相互耦合,從總體方案、重大領域方案到專項方案層層深入,從領導指揮體制、軍隊規模結構和力量編成到軍事政策制度改革有序推進,新時代人民軍隊改革的目標圖、路線圖和施工圖就此繪就,一場浴火重生、開新圖強的歷史性變革蓬勃展開。

攻堅克難 深入推進改革

一部人民軍隊的發展史,就是一部改革創新史。

2015年11月24日,一個注定載入人民軍隊史冊的日子。中央軍委會改革工作會議在北京隆重召開,習主席發出深化國防和軍隊改革的動員令——全面實施改革強軍戰略,堅定不移走中國特色強軍之路。

統帥號令所指,全軍聞令景從,向心凝聚、向戰發力、向難攻堅。

領導指揮體制實現歷史性變革——

領導指揮體制改革貫徹軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建總原則,打破長期實行的總部體制、大軍區體制、大陸軍體制,構建起「中央軍委-軍種-部隊」的領導管理體系、「中央軍委-戰區-部隊」的作戰指揮體系,立起人民軍隊新的「四樑八柱」。 「四總部」退出歷史舞台,調整組建軍委機關15個職能部門,指揮、建設、管理、監督等路徑更加清晰,決策、規劃、執行、評估等職能配置更加合理,軍委集中統一領導和戰略謀劃、戰略管理職能有效強化。 「七大軍區」完成歷史使命,重新調整劃設五大戰區,健全軍委、戰區聯合作戰指揮機構,構建起平戰一體、常態運行、專司主營、精幹高效的戰略戰役指揮體系。軍兵種領導管理體制進一步健全。武警部隊由黨中央、中央軍委集中統一領導。預備役部隊全面納入軍隊領導指揮體系。步入“新體制時間”,廣大官兵既“轉身子”又“換腦子”,從一切不合時宜的思維定勢、固有模式、路徑依賴中解放出來,聯的壁壘漸次打破,戰的效能逐步凸顯。

一次次演訓中,過去相對獨立的不同軍兵種部隊,在戰區的調度下常態化開展聯演聯訓﹔過去難以共享的數據信息,如今在戰區諸軍兵種部隊間高效流轉﹔偵察不再“各自為戰”,指揮不再“各唱各調”,火力不再“各打各的”,一個個聯合鐵拳淬火而生。

軍隊規模結構與力量編成深刻重塑——

這是人民軍隊歷史上不曾出現過的新數據:陸軍佔全軍總員額比例下降到50%以下﹔全軍非戰鬥機構現役員額壓減近一半,軍官數量減少30%…

這是人民軍隊歷史上不曾出現過的新名詞:合成旅、空中突擊旅、航空母艦編隊、空降兵軍、資訊支援部隊、聯勤保障部隊…

減與增的辯証法,既是瘦身,更是強體,是一次劃時代的力量重塑。規模結構與力量編成改革,推動部隊朝向充實、合成、多能、靈活方向發展。

2017年4月27日,國防部例行記者會披露,陸軍18個集團軍番號撤銷,調整組建後的13個集團軍番號同時公佈。此外,新調整組建的單位中,還包括諸多新型作戰力量。

調整之後,我軍規模更加精幹,結構更加優化,編成更加科學,從根本上改變了長期以來陸戰型的力量結構,改變了國土防禦型的兵力布勢,改變了重兵集團、以量取勝的製勝模式,戰略預警、遠海防衛、遠程打擊、戰略投送、資訊支援等新型作戰力量得到充實加強,以精銳作戰力量為主體的聯合作戰力量體係正在形成。

軍事政策制度改革全面推進——

近日,2024年全軍面向社會公開招聘已錄用文職人員陸續到各部隊報到。 2018年6月,全軍首次面向社會公開招募文職人員,錄取人員中,高學歷群體、「二次入伍」群體等格外引人注目。這標志我軍人才引進工作的開放性、競爭力大為增強。文職人員是軍隊人員的組成部分,發揮越來越重要的作用。

讓一切戰鬥力要素的活力競相迸發,讓一切軍隊現代化建設的源泉充分湧流。新型文職人員制度的建立與完善,是人民軍隊政策制度改革的生動縮影。

這次改革徹底改變以往零敲碎打的做法,系統謀劃、前瞻設計、創新發展、整體重塑,建立健全中國特色社會主義軍事政策制度體系,形成軍隊黨的建設制度、軍事力量運用政策制度、軍事力量建設政策制度、軍事管理政策制度「四大板塊」。

習主席主持召開中央政治局會議,相繼審議通過《中國共產黨軍隊黨的建設條例》《軍隊政治工作條例》等我軍黨的建設主幹制度。全國人民代表大會常務委員會陸續審議通過新修訂的《中華人民共和國國防法》、新修訂的《中華人民共和國兵役法》《中華人民共和國軍人地位和權益保障法》等軍事法律。

成立中央軍委人才工作領導小組,成立中央軍委幹部考評委員會。推出《現役軍官管理暫行條例》及11項配套政策制度,建立中國特色軍官職業化製度取得實質進展。頒布《軍士暫行條例》《義務兵暫行條例》、新修訂的《中國人民解放軍文職人員條例》以及配套法規。

建構軍人榮譽體系,舉辦授勛授稱儀式﹔優化軍人待遇,發放軍人父母贍養補助、配偶榮譽金,實行軍人配偶子女免費醫療等新的醫療保障政策…一件件暖心事,增強官兵職業榮譽感,讓軍人成為全社會尊崇的職業。

軍事政策制度改革成熟一項推進一項,20餘個重大領域基本法規相繼推出,一大批配套政策制度和重大改革舉措密集出台,軍隊戰鬥力和官兵活力進一步解放,改革效能持續釋放。

跨軍地重大改革深入實施——

「統籌經濟建設和國防建設,努力實現富國和強軍的統一。」黨的十八大以來,習主席對跨軍地重大改革高度重視,多次作出部署,推動一系列舉措落地。

2018年春節剛過,黨的十九屆三中全會審議通過《中共中央關於深化黨和國家機構改革的決定》和《深化黨和國家機構改革方案》,深化跨軍地改革是其中重要內容。

結合深化黨和國家機構改革,深化武警部隊跨軍地改革,推進公安現役部隊改革,組建退役軍人事務部﹔實施空管體制改革,成立中央空中交通管理委員會﹔推進國防動員體制改革,打造現代國防動員力量體系﹔全面停止軍隊有償服務,軍隊不從事經營活動的目標基本實現…

「眾力並,則萬鈞不足舉也。」中央國家機關和各地黨委政府、社會各界紛紛出台一系列支持改革、服務改革的政策舉措,軍地匯聚起推進改革的強大合力。

2021年深秋,黨的十九屆六中全會通過的《中共中央關於黨的百年奮鬥重大成就和歷史經驗的決議》,充分肯定深化國防和軍隊改革取得的歷史性成就,稱之為“新中國成立以來最為廣泛、最深刻的國防和軍隊改革」。

重整重塑 邁向世界一流

改革強軍為人民軍隊帶來一系列深刻變化,人民軍隊在「新體制時間」加速破繭蝶變:陸軍機動作戰、立體攻防能力顯著增強,海軍加快推進由近海防禦型向遠海防衛型轉變,空軍加速向空天一體、攻防兼備轉型,火箭軍不斷強化核常兼備、全域懾戰能力…

這是改革重塑後,人民軍隊展現的強軍新貌—

2023年7月,在空軍航空開放活動·長春航空展上,殲-20首次以四機編隊進行機動飛行展示,運油-20首次與殲-20、殲-16以「五機同框」的畫面進行空中加油通場展示,殲-10S、殲-11BS首次進行異型機模擬空戰展示…

此次活動展現了人民空軍日新月異的裝備發展水準、實戰化軍事訓練質效和捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益的戰略能力。

「運油-20不再是單一的靜態展示和單機飛行展示,而是全方位呈現體系能力,展示的是我們日常戰訓中常用的戰鬥姿態。」運油-20 飛行員王宇凌說,「改革強軍戰略,使人民軍隊實現了組織形態和力量體系的歷史性變革。

2019年10月1日,20萬名軍民以盛大閱兵儀式和群眾遊行歡慶共和國70華誕。

這是中國特色社會主義進入新時代的首次國慶閱兵,也是共和國武裝力量改革重塑後的首次整體亮相。

首次亮相的領導指揮方隊,是一個改革強軍、聯合作戰指揮印記最鮮明的方隊-隊員從軍委機關15個部門和各戰區、軍兵種機關、武警部隊抽組而成。

領導指揮方隊創造了兩個第一:人民軍隊閱兵史上第一個從領導指揮機構抽組的方隊,第一個由將軍組成第一排面的方隊。

這次閱兵首次設置了聯勤保障部隊、院校科研、文職人員等方隊,展現了國防和軍隊組織架構和力量體系的整體性、革命性重塑成果,展示著新時代人民軍隊的新構成、新風貌。

580台(套)地面裝備組成32個裝備方隊,陸、海、空軍航空兵160餘架戰機組成12個空中梯隊……受閱裝備全部為中國製造,40%為首次亮相,展示出人民軍隊基本實現機械化、加速邁向資訊化的如虹氣勢。

這是改革重塑後,人民軍隊展現的更精幹高效的指揮體制——

2024年5月23日至24日,中國人民解放軍東部戰區組織戰區陸軍、海軍、空軍、火箭軍等兵力,位台島週邊開展「聯合利劍-2024A」演習。

演習重點演練聯合海空戰備警巡、聯合奪取戰場綜合控制權、聯合精打要害目標等科目,艦機抵近台島週邊戰巡,島鏈內外一體聯動,檢驗戰區部隊聯合作戰實戰能力。

這也是對「台獨」分裂勢力謀「獨」行徑的有力懲戒,對外部勢力干涉挑舋的嚴重警告。

軍事專家認為,演習中,在東部戰區的統一指揮下,戰區陸軍、海軍、空軍、火箭軍等多個軍兵種共同參與,展示了改革重塑後中國軍隊在聯合作戰中的協同能力和整體作戰實力。

4年多前,新冠疫情暴發。

一聲令下,來自陸軍、海軍、空軍、火箭軍、聯勤保障部隊、武警部隊等多個醫療單位的醫務人員迅速集結,馳援武漢。

航空、鐵路、公路,立體投送﹔人力、物資、信息,高效流轉﹔現役軍人、文職人員、民兵,密切協作﹔聯合指揮、聯合編組、軍地聯合…

「進入狀態快、部隊集結快、行動展開快,這是真正的戰爭速度。」「指揮統籌一張圖、力量運用一盤棋、貫徹執行一竿子,這是真正的打仗體制。」有軍事觀察者這樣評價中國軍隊在武漢抗疫行動中的表現。沒有備戰時間、沒有臨戰預演、初戰即決戰,人民軍隊在這場特殊戰役中,交出了一份「接令當天開赴前線、3個星期控制局面、3個月內完成任務」的優異答卷。這種奇蹟般的“快”,源於人民軍隊改革重塑後更加高效的指揮體制、更加精幹的力量規模、更加科學的結構編成。

「人民軍隊的抗疫答卷,濃縮著人民軍隊的能力重塑和時代之變,彰顯了一支軍隊在改革重塑後的全新面貌和勝戰底氣。」中國科學院院士、軍事科學院系統工程研究院研究員尹浩認為,雖然抗擊疫情是一次非戰爭軍事行動,但檢驗並體現了人民軍隊改革重塑後的實戰能力。

軍事專家認為,改革調整後,全軍上下備戰打仗、聯戰聯訓的觀念進一步強化,各戰區發揮聯戰聯訓樞紐作用,各軍兵種部隊緊密對接戰區聯合作戰能力需求,以軍兵種能力訓練支撐體系聯合訓練,不斷提升勝戰貢獻率。

這是改革重塑後,人民軍隊探索的新型演訓樣式—

2021年9月11日至25日,「和平使命-2021」上合組織聯合反恐軍演,在俄羅斯奧倫堡州東古茲靶場舉行。

此次聯演,中方參演部隊指揮機構以北部戰區為主編成中方導演部和中方反恐集群指揮部,任務部隊以北部戰區某旅合成營為主、配屬相關保障分隊編成。

新體制新編制下的中方參演部隊合成營,既有步兵、裝甲兵、砲兵,又有偵察、通信、工兵等力量,集多兵種於一體,實現了力量結構、人員編成、裝備編配、要素編組的重塑與跨越,可與多種作戰力量對接組合、模塊化編組,充分發揮其小型化、多能化、精幹化等優勢,讓各作戰單元和要素發揮最大體係作戰能力。

9月23日實兵實彈演習中,記者在某新型作戰指揮車內看到合成營模塊化、多能化的作戰編成優勢,大膽實踐作戰指揮多源感知、作戰要素高度融合、作戰空間向多維拓展的新型作戰樣式,最大限度發揮合成營「前伸觸角」的作用。

2023年7月23日,隨著艦艇編隊「錨地防禦」演練順利結束,「北部·聯合-2023」演習完成了各項預定演練課目。

演習圍繞著「維護海上戰略通道安全」這個主題,中俄雙方海空兵力聯合籌劃、聯合指揮、聯合作戰,有效錘煉檢驗了遠海遠域實戰能力,在聯演組織形式、兵力融合模式等方面取得了創新突破。

2024年5月17日,中蒙「草原夥伴-2024」陸軍聯合訓練首次全要素、全過程實兵實彈合練,在蒙古國東戈壁省某訓練場舉行。

中蒙雙方參訓部隊依照「全縱深精打要害、多方向向心突擊、分區域清剿圍殲」的基本戰法,共同展開以應對非法武裝團體活動為課題的聯合訓練。

新的體系、新的力量、新的裝備、新的戰法……人民軍隊由內而外煥然一新,亮劍懾敵的底氣更加充盈。

改革未有窮期。在改革強軍之路上奮勇向前的人民軍隊必將不斷奪取國防和軍隊現代化新勝利——

2027年,實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標﹔

2035年,基本實現國防與軍隊現代化﹔

21世紀中葉,把人民軍隊全面建成世界一流軍隊…

中國共產黨資源:http://politics.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2024/0702/c1001-40269268.html

Chinese Military Identifying Characteristics of Intelligent Transformation of Command and Control


中國軍隊指揮控制智慧轉型特點

現代英語:

Grasp the characteristics of intelligent transformation of command and control

Command and control is the key to the operation of the war system and is the most sensitive to the core technologies that shape the war situation. With the accelerated development of artificial intelligence, especially military intelligence, human-machine integration, intelligent game, and network empowerment have gradually become key factors for winning on the battlefield, and intelligent warfare is coming step by step. Studying the development and changes of command and control in the evolution of war situations is an inevitable requirement for actively designing wars, seeking command advantages, and winning future battlefields.

Flat mesh command systems tend to be more elastic and self-organized

The command system covers command elements, command institutions, command relationships, and other contents, and has a global and fundamental impact on combat command. The development of “network +” towards “intelligence +” has accelerated the reconstruction of the command system. The command elements of the linkage network are more compact and flexible. While information warfare reduces the command gradient, it also increases the command span, resulting in the complexity of the command link and a greatly compressed response time limit. The breakthrough changes in intelligent technology enable it to achieve intelligent migration through simple replication or appropriate transformation, which can not only assist commanders to improve their control, but also leave flexible command redundancy. In the future, intelligent systems can fight one enemy against ten or even one hundred, and can continuously upgrade themselves through self-game iteration. Command agencies with centralized authority tend to be distributed and self-organized. Information on the informationized battlefield accelerates the flow of information, and command agencies must quickly classify and handle problems like sorting machines on an assembly line. The intelligent battlefield emphasizes systematization. Relying on the resource pool, wisdom library, and tactics shelf of the “Comprehensive Integration Seminar Hall”, each command agency can have a clear view of the battlefield situation in a distributed environment and dynamically adjust the investment in manpower, intelligence, and computing power, which not only reduces the burden on the command core but also improves its battlefield survival rate through decentralization. Clear and stable command relationships tend to be dynamically reconfigurable. The information chain determines the command relationship. The “smoke-filled” information system is inefficient and faces the risk of being “broken and paralyzed” by the enemy during a war. The intelligent-driven border monitoring and early warning system and the endogenous traceability defense system can quickly verify the source of the attack, randomly jump the command link, dynamically adjust the command relationship, increase or decrease the command intensity as needed, and maintain the stable operation of the command system.

The operating mechanism of system confrontation emphasizes that victory is determined by superiority

The operating mechanism is the invisible baton of the command and control system, which interacts deeply with the winning mechanism and affects the outcome of the war. The core of the system has shifted from being human-centered to being coaxially driven by humans and machines. The debate over the decision-making power of intelligent warfare has been going on for a long time. Due to the political nature of war and the inorganic nature of intelligent systems, the final decision must be made by humans. The complexity, emergence and uncertainty of the intelligent battlefield require a reasonable division of labor between humans and machines. By strengthening the top-level design to establish the human-machine boundary and the cooperation mechanism, commanders will be freed from heavy physical and mental labor to focus on creative thinking activities. The system operation has developed from step-by-step transmission to on-demand linkage. Modern warfare pursues “unimpeded communication from sensor to shooter”. The high mutation and unpredictability of battlefield situations require the command and control system to be more adaptable. Compared with traditional step-by-step command, the intelligent command and control system focuses on cross-domain linkage under unified command, which can be “pseudo-controlled” according to the enemy, situation and circumstances, and can fully stimulate and mobilize the subjective initiative of subordinates. The utility model changes from comprehensive control to key point energy release. Intelligent warfare has the distinct characteristics of non-contact, asymmetric and nonlinear. From the accelerated militarization of space, to the exposure of the world’s largest network arsenal, to the nuclearization of weapon power and the frequent testing of hypersonic weapons, the trend of military powers seeking to implement key point energy release through technological assault is obvious. Adhering to the principle of “you fight yours, I fight mine” and countering asymmetric threats with asymmetric advantages will be the basic effectiveness model of intelligent warfare.

The battlefield situation of full-dimensional perception is extended to deep cognition

Battlefield situation is the premise for judging the situation and planning decisions. Through the transmission of the value chain of “data-information-knowledge-cognition”, it promotes understanding of the battle situation and reaching consensus. Intelligent situation perception helps to penetrate the surface and gain insight into the essence. The rise of distributed access and edge computing promotes situational equality. The acquisition of informationized battlefield data is greatly facilitated, but there are also problems such as uneven configuration of infrastructure, inconsistent standard formats, and difficulty in sharing and privacy protection. Large data centers face challenges such as difficulty in load balancing and stable operation. With the promotion and deployment of flexible and ad hoc access networks, autonomous trusted computing, and lightweight data centers, modular forces will gain more equal, friendly, and convenient situational authority, significantly improving situational response efficiency. Situational analysis transforms from intelligence extraction to cognitive discovery. As the offensive and defensive forces expand from tangible space to intangible space, facing true and false, chaotic and disordered situational data, based on data correlation analysis, intelligent knowledge graphs, and intelligent analysis of diversified corpora, a three-dimensional but incomplete “portrait” of the target can be made, and with the help of battle case libraries and typical behavior models, the real enemy behind the complex situation can be understood. Situational services expand from correlation integration to on-demand push. Traditional situation services are limited by static display, delayed update, and indiscriminate simultaneous release. It is difficult to reasonably distinguish the granularity and number of meshes, which increases the burden on users. Visual demonstration graphics can efficiently convey information. Relying on data visualization, electronic sandbox, and situation map hierarchical push, it can realize on-demand customized push, reduce data congestion, and improve the accuracy of delivery.

Scientific and normative planning and decision-making call for the integration of wisdom and strategy

Planning and decision-making are the core of command and control, and are also the stage for war technology and art to compete and flourish. Planning and decision-making in the intelligent era will shift from “decision-making based on intuition” to “decision-making based on data” to “decision-making based on wisdom”. The role of commanders is more creative. In a fast-paced and highly complex decision-making environment, the amount and efficiency of information processed by the human brain are limited, which is more suitable for creative thinking activities. In the decision-making mechanism of human-machine “co-conspiracy”, the machine “staff” will mainly undertake various difficult and overloaded “calculation” tasks, while the commander will focus on “calculation” work such as setting up a situation, implementing strategies and using them, so as to maximize their respective advantages. Intelligent computers are the key to understanding the war situation. In the face of the fog of war, “dispersing or bypassing the fog” depends on the commander’s operation and means of support. In the case that the characteristics of the commanders of both sides, tactics and regulations, main combat equipment and support systems are difficult to hide, the dominant side will have targeted layouts and obstacles. Autonomous and controllable intelligent systems can surpass human thinking and create new strategies without input or weak intervention, making it possible to break through the fog. Human-machine integration fills the gaps in the battlefield system. In the future battlefield, the modular force system, the fully interconnected information system, and the command system of human-machine cooperation will inevitably have gaps or barriers, which are often the “weak points” of the enemy system. The edge computing nodes and terminal decision-making entities that constitute the human-machine system can form a highly adaptable interface environment through human-machine brain connection, playing the role of a combat system adhesive.

Accurate and efficient coordinated control emphasizes cross-domain linkage

Coordinated control is the practical chapter of command control. In the intelligent era, coordinated control will move from two-dimensional to three-dimensional, with greater emphasis on cross-domain linkage. The selection of combat targets has evolved from careful selection to precise attack with full visibility. Critical targets and key nodes are like the “life gate” of the combat system, and are the key to attack and defense. How to locate the target? How to evaluate the target? How to measure the benefit? If the control is not appropriate, once a misfire or misinjury occurs, it will inevitably cause serious political and military consequences. In the future, the combination of “front-line cheap unmanned equipment + mid-stage solution and recognition system + back-stage judgment and evaluation personnel” can not only quickly identify and locate targets, but also intelligently screen and distinguish high-value targets. The control of the combat process has evolved from precise control to dynamic adjustment. The goal of coordinated control is to effectively connect various sub-domain directions, various participating forces, various offensive and defensive actions, and operations at all stages. Usually affected by the time lag of commands, it is difficult for deep command organizations to accurately control front-line troops in real time. The use of virtual augmented reality, real-time situation sharing, and data concurrent links can enable commanders to see, judge, and control the battle situation as if they were “on the scene”. The achievement of combat effectiveness has evolved from focusing on energy release to cross-domain coupling. Joint operations emphasize the close coupling and joint response of multi-domain battlefields, bringing about a positive superposition of combat effects. With the help of situation tracking systems, strike evaluation models, and effect diffusion algorithms, commanders can accurately predict the battle situation, reasonably seek benefits and avoid harm, and comprehensively control combat effects.

Precise and quantitative performance evaluation pursues iterative efficiency improvement

Effectiveness evaluation is a test of the degree of command and control, and is also the basis for optimizing and improving the combat system. The promotion of intelligent deduction and evaluation theories and methods will further demonstrate the benefits of “learning war from war”. Classic battle examples contribute new quality combat power under a new perspective. The military inherits military traditions, and past battle examples are an important carrier. With the help of behavioral logic modeling, intelligent image synthesis, natural language compilation and other technologies, historical scenes can be “reproduced”, key figures can be “revived”, key decisions can be reviewed, and opponents can be preset in a targeted manner to improve the readiness of war and combat command. Realistic operations reduce uncertainty in simulation verification. Organizing war games before the launch of a campaign action, after the end of a combat action, or during a major exercise can verify combat concepts, practice tactics and processes, and identify strengths and weaknesses. Under intelligent conditions, command agencies rely on computer war game systems to repeatedly conduct pre-war simulations, design intelligent blue troops to cooperate with actual military exercises, and organize post-war reviews based on data identification and image synthesis, which can approach the “standard answer” in “violent actions”. Wars are happening in combat laboratories in advance. In the future, people with more and more machine-like superpowers and machines that are more and more like humans will fight side by side. By constructing realistic battlefields, mixed human-machine formations, creating multi-script rules, defining flexible boundaries between humans and machines, and simulating extreme training conditions, it will help the troops understand the intelligent battlefield, deepen human-machine collaboration, rehearse future battles, and proactively open the door to intelligent warfare.

國語中文:

指揮控制是戰爭體系運作的樞紐,對塑造戰爭形態的核心技術最敏感。隨著人工智慧特別是軍事智慧化加速發展,人機融合、智慧博弈、網絡賦能逐步成為戰場制勝關鍵因素,智慧化戰爭正一步步走來。研究戰爭形態演變中指揮控制的發展變革,是主動設計戰爭、謀求指揮優勢,制勝未來戰場的必然要求。

扁平網狀的指揮體系較趨向彈性自組織

指揮體系涵蓋指揮要素、指揮機構、指揮關係等內容,對作戰指揮具有全局性、根本性影響。 「網絡+」向「智慧+」方向發展,加速了指揮體系重構。聯動網聚的指揮要素較趨緊湊有彈性。資訊化戰爭在縮減指揮梯度的同時也帶來指揮跨度增加,導致指揮鏈路複雜化和響應時限極大壓縮。智慧技術的突破性變革使其可透過簡單複製或適當改造實現智慧遷移,既能輔助指揮員提高掌控力,又留有彈性指揮冗餘。未來智慧系統,可以一敵十甚至以一敵百,並能不斷自我博弈迭代升級。集中權威的指揮機構較趨分佈自組織。資訊化戰場資訊加速流轉,指揮機構要像流水線上的分揀機一樣快速分類處理問題。智慧化戰場更強調體系性,各指揮機構依托「綜合整合研討廳」的資源池、智慧庫、戰法貨架,可在分散式環境下通視戰局,並能動態調整人力、智力、算力投向投量,既降低了指揮核心的負擔又通過去中心化提高其戰場生存率。清晰穩固的指揮關系更趨動態可重構。資訊鏈決定指揮關系,「煙囪林立」的資訊系統效率低且面臨戰時遭敵「斷鏈癱體」的風險,智慧驅動的邊界監測預警系統和內生溯源防禦系統,可快速查證攻擊源、隨機跳變指揮鏈路、動態調組指揮關系、按需增減指揮強度,維持指揮體系穩健運作。

體系對抗的運行機理更強調優勢決勝

運行機理是指揮控制體系的隱形指揮棒,與制勝機理深層互動交鏈並影響戰爭勝負走向。體系核心由以人為主轉為人-機共軸驅動。智慧化戰爭決策權的爭論由來已久,由於戰爭的政治性和智慧系統的無機性,做出最終決策的必然是人。智慧戰場的複雜性、湧現性和不確定性,要求人與機器合理分工,透過加強頂層設計確立人機分界及協作機制,將使指揮員從繁重的體力腦力勞動中解放出來專事創造性思維活動。體系運轉由逐級傳動向按需聯動發展。現代戰爭追求“從傳感器到射手無障礙貫通”,戰場形勢的高突變性和不可預知性,要求指揮控制體系更具適應性。較之傳統按部就班式指揮,智能化指揮控制體繫著眼統一指揮下的跨域聯動,既可因敵、因勢、因情「擬態」調控,又可充分激發調動下級主觀能動性。效用模式由全面瞰制向要點釋能轉變。智慧化戰爭具有非接觸性、非對稱、非線性的鮮明特徵。從太空加速軍事化,到全球最大網絡武器庫曝光,再到武器動力核能化和高超聲速武器頻繁試驗,軍事強國謀求以技術突襲實施要點釋能趨勢明顯。堅持“你打你的,我打我的”,以不對稱優勢反制不對稱威懾將是智能化戰爭的基本效用模式。

全維感知的戰場態勢向深度認知拓展

戰場態勢是研判情況和規劃決策的前提,透過「數據-資訊-知識-認知」的價值鏈傳遞,促進理解戰局、達成共識。智慧化態勢感知有助於穿透表象洞察本質。分散式接取和邊緣計算興起促使態勢平權。資訊化戰場數據獲取極大便利化,同時也存在基礎設施配置不均、標準格式不統一、共享和隱私保護難等問題,大型數據中心面臨負載平衡難和穩定運行難等挑戰。隨著彈性隨遇接取網絡、自主可信計算和輕量化資料中心推廣部署,模塊化部隊將獲得更為均等、友善、便捷的態勢權限,顯著提升態勢響應效能。態勢分析由情報提取向認知發現轉型。隨著攻防較量由有形空間向無形空間拓展,面對真假互見、零亂無序的態勢數據,基於數據關聯分析、智能知識圖譜、多樣化語料庫的智能化分析,可對目標作立體但不完整的“畫像”,並配合戰例庫和典型行為模型,洞察復雜態勢背後的真實敵情。態勢服務由關聯綜合向按需推送拓展。傳統態勢服務受靜態展示、延時更新、無差別同放等限制,粒度、目數難以合理區分,導致用戶負擔加重。形象化簡報圖形可高效傳遞訊息,依托資料可視化、電子沙盤、態勢圖分級推送等手段可實現按需客製化推送,降低資料擁塞,提高投放精準度。

科學規範的規劃決策更呼喚智謀融合

籌劃決策是指揮控制的核心,也是戰爭技術、藝術競爭的舞台。智慧時代的籌劃決策將由「靠直覺決策」經由「靠數據決策」轉變為「靠智慧決策」。指揮員角色更富創造性。在快節奏和高複雜度決策環境下,人腦處理資訊的量度和效能受限,更適合創造性思維活動。人機「共謀」的決策機構,機器「參謀」將主要承擔各種高難度、超負荷「計算」任務,指揮員則聚焦設局造勢、施計用謀等「算計」工作,從而使各自優勢最大化發揮。智慧型機腦是洞悉戰局的關鍵。面對戰爭迷霧,「驅散或繞開霧團」取決於指揮員運籌和手段支撐。在雙方指揮員特點、戰法條令、主戰裝備及支撐體係等較難隱藏情況下,優勢一方將有針對性佈局設障。而自主可控智慧系統可在無輸入或弱幹預情況下超越人類思維開創嶄新策略,使沖破迷霧成為可能。人機交融彌合戰場體系縫隙。未來戰場,模塊化編組的力量體系、全域互聯的資訊體系、人機配合的指揮體係不可避免存在縫隙或壁壘,往往是遭敵體系破擊的「七寸」。構成人機系統的邊緣計算節點和末端決策實體,可由人腦-機腦接駁形成高適應性介面環境,並發揮作戰體系黏合劑的功能。

精準高效率的協調控制更強調跨域聯動

協調控制是指揮控制的實踐篇章,智慧時代的協調控制將從平面走向立體,並更加強調跨域聯動。作戰目標選取從甄選慎打到通視精打。要害目標及關鍵節點猶如作戰體系的“命門”,是攻防之要。如何定位目標?如何評價目標?如何測算效益?若掌控失當,一旦出現誤擊誤傷,勢必造成嚴重政治軍事後果。未來「前沿廉價無人裝備+中台解算識別系統+後台判讀評估人員」的組合既可快速識別、定位目標,更能智慧篩選、區分高價值目標。作戰過程掌控從精確控製到動態調節。協調控制的目標是使各分域方向、各種參戰力量、各類攻防行動及各階段作戰有效銜接。通常受指令時滯性等影響,縱深指揮機構很難即時精準掌控前線部隊。虛擬增強現實、態勢即時共享和數據並發鏈路等的運用,可使指揮員「身臨其境」般通視、研判和掌控戰局。作戰效果達成從聚力釋能到跨域耦合。聯合作戰強調多域戰場緊密耦合與聯動呼應,帶來作戰效果正向疊加。借助態勢追踪系統、打擊評估模型及效應擴散演算法,指揮員可精準預測戰局,合理趨利避害,綜合調控作戰效果。

精細量化的效能評估更追求迭代增效

效能評估是對指揮控制達成度的檢驗,也是優化完善作戰體系的依據。智慧推演評估理論與手段推廣,將使「從戰爭中學習戰爭」的效益進一步顯現。經典戰例在新視域下貢獻新質戰力。軍隊傳承軍事傳統,既往戰例是重要載體。借助行為邏輯建模、智慧影像合成、自然語言編譯等技術,可「重現」歷史場景、「復活」核心人物、復盤關鍵決策並有針對性預設對手,提升戰爭和作戰指揮準備度。現實作戰在模擬驗證中降低不確定性。在戰役行動發起前、作戰行動結束後或重大演訓期間組織兵棋推演,能夠驗證作戰概念、研練戰法流程、查擺優長不足。智能條件下,指揮機構依托計算機兵棋系統反復進行戰前推演、設計智能藍軍配合實兵演練、基於數據標識與影像合成組織戰後復盤,可在“暴力窮舉”中逼近“標準答案” 。戰爭較量提前在作戰實驗室打響。未來,越來越具備機器般超能力的人和越來越像人的機器將並肩作戰。透過構設逼真戰場、人機混合編組、創設多腳本規則、劃定人機彈性分界、發展極限研練條件,有助於部隊認知智慧戰場、深化人機協作、預演未來之戰,主動叩開智能化戰爭之門。

魯曉彬

來源:解放軍報 作者:魯曉彬 責任編輯:劉上靖 2021-05-25

中國國防部原文資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4885987.html

Guided by Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening China’s Military, People’s Liberation Army Strives to Create New Realm of War Research

以習近平強軍思想為指導,解放軍努力開創戰爭研究新境界

軍事科學學院戰爭研究所

2017-11-02 10:48 資料來源:解放軍報

現代英語:

● If soldiers do not plan for war, the country will be in danger; if the army does not study war, chaos will occur. Always preparing for war, firmly establishing combat effectiveness as the only fundamental standard, and focusing on studying military affairs, studying war, and studying how to fight are necessary to achieve the Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era and building a world-class military in an all-round way.

● Creating a new realm of war research is a concrete manifestation of the military’s main responsibility and mission. The accelerated evolution of war forms and the severe challenges to international and regional security urgently require the military to carry out practical research on war topics and lay a solid foundation for victory.

● The key to creating a new realm of war research is to seek breakthroughs in war research innovation. This requires focusing on system design, adhering to problem orientation, keeping a close eye on combat opponents, focusing on independent innovation, and striving to solve the theoretical confusion and practical problems faced by future wars.

● To create a new realm in war research, we must find the right foothold, grasp the direction, focus on the major needs of strengthening the military and winning wars, and innovate in the face of actual combat, battlefields, and troops.

The 19th CPC National Congress clearly emphasized the establishment of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military as a guide in national defense and military construction. Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military provides a fundamental guideline and action guide for achieving the Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era and building a world-class military in an all-round way. Entering the new era, we must take the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics, build a modern combat system with Chinese characteristics, and undertake the mission and tasks of the new era entrusted by the Party and the people. We must take Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military as a guide and strive to create a new realm of war research.

Facing realistic challenges and strengthening the core functions of research and development to win the war

Creating a new realm of war research is a concrete manifestation of the military’s main responsibility and mission. The accelerated evolution of war forms and the severe challenges to international and regional security urgently require the military to carry out practical research on war topics and lay a solid foundation for victory.

A realistic issue for responding to security challenges. The world is undergoing new, complex and profound changes. The international security situation is generally stable, but hegemonism and power politics still exist. Strategic competition and rights and interests among major powers are becoming increasingly fierce. There are many risk variables in the geopolitical security environment. Hotspots such as international counter-terrorism, arms race, nuclear proliferation, territorial disputes, and ideological confrontation are complex and changeable, and uncertainty, linkage, and comprehensiveness are prominent. With the rapid rise of China, Western powers are stepping up their efforts to contain and divide China, and some neighboring countries are deliberately provoking land and sea disputes. Overseas security risks are concentrated, and security threats in new areas are constantly emerging. Various predictable and unpredictable security crises and war risks are increasing. Maintaining national unity, territorial integrity, development interests, and political and social security faces new challenges. To respond to security challenges, we must control the security situation in real time, accurately assess war risks, and thoroughly understand potential opponents, so as to provide reliable and advanced preparations for responding to crises and winning wars.

Adapt to the urgent call for the in-depth development of the new military revolution. At present, the impact of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution on the world military revolution continues to expand, the arms competition in the Asia-Pacific region has intensified, and the competition for strategic initiative has become more intense. Major countries in the world are actively adjusting their national security strategies and military strategies, reshaping their military power systems, and seizing strategic commanding heights. Intelligent warfare is accelerating from theoretical foresight to actual combat forms. The strong trend of the development of the new military revolution requires us to pay close attention to new trends in war, explore new concepts in war, study new methods of war, and develop new means to maintain peace and win wars. Only in this way can we stand at the forefront of the new world military revolution and always maintain strategic capabilities that are compatible with the status of a major power.

The inherent requirement for realizing the modernization of military theory. A first-class army must have a first-class war theory. In recent years, the U.S. military has successively proposed “network-centric warfare”, “air-sea integrated warfare”, “third offset strategy” and “hybrid warfare”, and the Russian military has proposed “non-nuclear containment strategy”, “strategic air-space battle”, “national information security doctrine” and “ocean doctrine” and other theories, reflecting the strategic design of the world’s military powers to seize the military commanding heights. To realize the modernization of military theory, our army must establish a sense of transcendence and leadership in war research. However, the reality is that the current war research still has problems of being out of touch with the troops, the opponents, and the battlefield to varying degrees; in addition, our army has not fought for decades, and has little or no deep understanding of the form and style of informationized warfare, and the problem of “two insufficient capabilities” is still prominent. Standing at a new historical starting point for national defense and military construction, facing the profound changes in the national security environment and the requirements of the times for a strong country and a strong army, the army must establish a sense of urgency in researching and winning wars.

Grasp the key points and solve the theoretical confusion and practical problems faced by future wars

The key to creating a new realm of war research is to seek breakthroughs in war research innovation. This requires focusing on system design, adhering to problem orientation, keeping a close eye on combat opponents, focusing on independent innovation, and striving to solve the theoretical confusion and practical problems faced by future wars.

Analyze the trend of war in the unprecedented great changes. Understanding and grasping the motivations, types and timing of future wars is the primary issue in war research. To do this, we need to see through the chaotic world, track the trends of hegemonism, power politics and neo-interventionism, keep a close eye on the complex situation of regional conflicts and surrounding hot issues, pay attention to hidden dangers such as national security, new field security, and nuclear security, be vigilant against various forces seeking change and profit in chaos, and the struggle for the redistribution of power and interests among major powers, conduct in-depth research on factors that target my country or may drag my country into local wars and armed conflicts, study the possible military frictions, armed conflicts and even strategic accidents under the conditions of the new era, and the wars of different scales caused by them, and be prepared for military struggles in response to various complex situations.

Study the use of war under the goal of national rejuvenation. A deep understanding and grasp of the relationship between war and national development goals is a political requirement for war research. War has always been a continuation of politics and a means to achieve national political goals. To achieve the goal of building a modern socialist country in an all-round way, war research must grasp the master-slave relationship between politics and the military and study the impact and constraints of politics on war. The impact and constraints of politics on war should be taken as an important topic. Under the goal of achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, we should not only study the tactics and means of winning wars, but also study the countermeasures and strategies for shaping the situation, managing crises, and containing wars. On major issues such as whether to fight or not, when to fight, how to fight, and to what extent, we should come up with strategic planning that meets political requirements to ensure that there are no strategic mistakes in war decisions and the use of means, and give full play to the bottom line of military means to safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

Grasp the laws of war in the general trend of war evolution. Understanding the characteristics, laws and winning mechanisms of modern war is the cognitive foundation of war research. Entering the new era, war research is required to keep up with the historical process of the rapid advancement of war forms towards systematization and intelligence, coordinate military struggles in traditional security fields and new security fields, and push the research of war laws to a new level. In-depth research on new changes in the general winning mechanism of war, in view of the new characteristics of modern war such as the integration of multi-dimensional battlefield space, the continuous appreciation of time elements, the implementation of precision operations with elite forces, and the increasingly flattened combat command, explore the methods and paths that reflect the requirements of information dominance, precision attack, joint victory, and system combat, and make new breakthroughs in planning wars according to reason and fighting in accordance with regulations. In-depth research on new manifestations of special winning mechanisms for fulfilling missions and tasks, combine the general winning mechanisms of war with the special conditions for our army to fulfill its missions and tasks, explore special winning mechanisms around different wars and combat objectives, and find the right countermeasures and strategies for planning and winning wars.

Deepen war guidance under the premise of independent operations. Studying methods and approaches to win wars is a key task of war research. The highest realm of the art of war guidance is that you fight yours and I fight mine. We must strive to innovate military strategic theory, study the needs of strategic goals for military strategic capabilities, improve military strategy in major security areas, theater strategy, service and armed police force development strategy, and explore new ideas and measures to ensure the security of national interests; strive to innovate joint operations theory, study operational concepts, operational guidance and operational methods, innovate operational command and operational support, and explore the formation of “using what can be done to defeat what cannot be done” in the context of integrated joint operations. Strategies and countermeasures, build a joint operations theory system that adapts to information warfare. On this basis, we must also strive to innovate operational needs, wartime political work and logistics equipment support theories, explore countermeasures in tracking, and boldly “learn from the strengths of foreign countries” in comparison.

Expand the means of warfare at the commanding heights of the science and technology game. Transforming the most advanced science and technology of mankind into means of warfare is the eternal task of war research. Science and technology are the primary productive forces and the core combat power. Modern warfare has actually become a strategic game of military science and technology. This requires us to attach great importance to the study of the war effectiveness of new technologies, lead the development of military technology with advanced concepts, and maintain the contemporary vitality and scientific and technological determination of war theory; attach great importance to the extension of war theory research to equipment realization, so that war concepts, combat concepts, combat guidance and combat methods can be transformed into equipment requirements, and maintain the leading edge of the combat system; attach great importance to the impact of new equipment on war forms and combat methods, and comprehensively deepen the research on the use of new combat means and combat forces; attach great importance to the study of combat styles based on the latest scientific and technological means, and explore the guidance and tactics of various combat forms and styles; attach great importance to combat experiments based on modern simulation and effectiveness test technologies, explore innovative paths to support theoretical concepts with scientific experiments, and provide strong scientific and technological support for innovative theories.

Adhere to three aspects and create a new situation in war research

To create a new realm in war research, we must find the right foothold, grasp the direction, focus on the major needs of strengthening the military and winning wars, and innovate in actual combat, on the battlefield, and in the troops.

Make the first move in war design. War design occupies a core position in war research and plays a global and long-term leading role in all aspects of national defense and military construction. In the grand chess game of world military competition, in order to seek the initiative in future wars, we must foresee wars as early as possible, design wars scientifically, focus on achieving the transformation from following and running side by side to leading, and strive to become the visionary and game rule maker of future wars. We must grasp the future cutting-edge trends of scientific and technological innovation, find the fulcrum for leveraging the scientific and technological revolution, gain insight into the key areas, key directions, and key technologies that can trigger changes in the form of war, and grasp the source of science and technology and the direction of development of war; vigorously strengthen the development of core war concepts, and formulate systematic operational concepts in layers and directions for possible war actions, and use systematic war design results to guide military struggle preparation and equipment construction; integrate war design into combat readiness training, verify and improve war design in training practice, and form a virtuous cycle of mutual promotion between war design and troop practice. Modern war design must not only design today’s war, but also tomorrow’s war. In particular, we must prevent using today’s opponents or today’s theories to design tomorrow’s war. We must consider not only the situation in which the war proceeds smoothly, but also the possible crises, deadlocks, and endgames, to ensure the scientific guidance and leadership of war design.

Take the path of integrating theory and technology. Science and technology are the most active and revolutionary factors in military development. The organic combination, mutual promotion and collaborative innovation of military theory and military science and technology have become the only way to break through the difficulties of traditional war research and improve the quality and efficiency of war research. It is necessary to change the mindset and organizational model of the binary separation and dual-track operation of theoretical research and scientific and technological research, combine theoretical guidance with scientific and technological guidance, theoretical conception with technical realization, judge the changes in war based on the changes in science and technology, and use technical principles to explore the winning mechanism; guided by the major needs of strengthening military practice, rationally cross-configure the organizational elements of theory and scientific and technological research, jointly allocate and coordinate the use of theoretical and scientific and technological research forces, strive to create a first-class innovation team integrating theoretical masters and technical experts, and form a new structure and layout of war research that integrates theory and technology; explore new methods of war research that fully integrate theory and technology, build a joint combat experimental environment, scientifically design major innovation projects integrating theory and technology, and test and improve war theories and operational concepts through the combination of man and machine, man and equipment, and virtual and real, improve the scientificity and practicality of war research results, and comprehensively improve the overall level of war research.

Improve the new mechanism of war research. Actively explore the characteristics and laws of war research in the new era, summarize new experiences in war research, and innovate new mechanisms for war research. Improve the collaborative innovation mechanism of small core and large periphery to form an overall synergy for war research. Improve the leading mechanism of planning and planning, take demand as the driving force, problem as the orientation, and integration as the path, refine and improve the roadmap construction drawings for the development of war research in various fields and directions; scientifically allocate the investment direction and volume of scientific research resources, and form a war research planning system that takes into account both the near and far, connects the top and the bottom, and connects the left and the right. Improve the mechanism for combining war research with combat training, take war research as an important part of training, increase the proportion of research training, and make troop training an organic part of war research. Improve the mechanism for rapid transformation and promotion of theoretical exploration and regulations, so that the results of war theory research can be quickly transformed into combat regulations, and open up the innovation link of rapid transformation and mutual promotion from theory to practice. Improve the talent management and incentive mechanism, combine the new reality of war research, adjust and improve the mechanisms for talent introduction, selection, evaluation, incentives, and guarantees, stimulate and mobilize the enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity of the majority of scientific researchers, and maximize the release of innovative vitality.

原始國語中文:

●軍人不謀戰,國必有危難;軍隊不研戰,當事必生亂。時刻準備打仗,牢固樹立戰鬥力這個唯一的根本的標準,集中精力研究軍事、研究戰爭、研究打仗,是實現黨在新時代的強軍目標、全面建成世界一流軍隊題中應有之義。

●開創戰爭研究新境界,是軍隊主責主業的具體展現。戰爭形態加速演變和國際區域安全的嚴峻挑戰,迫切要求軍隊做實研戰課題,夯實勝戰根基。

●開創戰爭研究新境界,關鍵在於在戰爭研究創新上求突破。這要求著重體系設計,堅持問題導向,緊盯作戰對手,聚力自主創新,致力於破解未來戰爭面臨的理論困惑和實踐難題。

●開創戰爭研究新境界,必須找準立足點,把握方向標,緊盯強軍勝戰的重大需求,面向實戰、面向戰場、面向部隊開拓創新。

黨的十九大明確強調確立習近平強軍思想在國防和軍事建設中的指導地位。習近平強軍思想為實現黨在新時代的強軍目標、全面建成世界一流軍隊提供了根本遵循和行動指南。進入新時代,要實現中國特色的強軍之路,建構中國特色現代作戰體系,擔當起黨和人民賦予的新時代使命任務,必須以習近平強軍思想為指導,奮力開創戰爭研究的新境界。

正視現實挑戰,強化研發戰的核心功能

開創戰爭研究新境界,是軍隊主責主業的具體展現。戰爭形態加速演變和國際區域安全的嚴峻挑戰,迫切要求軍隊做實研戰課題,夯實勝戰根基。

應對安全挑戰的現實課題。當今世界正在發生新的複雜深刻變化,國際安全情勢整體穩定,但霸權主義和強權政治依然存在,大國戰略競爭和權益博弈日趨激烈,地緣安全環境風險變數較多,國際反恐、軍備競賽、核武擴散、領土爭奪、思潮交鋒等熱點複雜多變,不確定性、連動性、綜合性凸顯。隨著中國快速崛起,西方大國加緊對我遏制圍堵和分化西化,個別週邊國家蓄意挑起陸海爭端,海外安全風險集中顯現,新型領域安全威脅不斷顯現,各種可以預料和難以預料的安全危機、戰爭風險增多,維護國家統一、領土完整、發展利益和政治社會安全面臨新挑戰。要應對安全挑戰,就必須即時掌控安全情勢,準確研判戰爭風險,搞透潛在對手,為應對危機和打贏戰爭提供可靠的超前準備。

適應新軍事革命深入發展的迫切呼喚。目前,新一輪科技革命和產業革命對世界軍事革命的影響持續擴大,亞太地區軍備競爭態勢增強,圍繞戰略主動權爭奪更加激烈。世界主要國家積極調整國家安全戰略和軍事戰略,重塑軍事力量體系,搶佔戰略制高點,智慧化戰爭正由理論預見向實戰形態加速演進。新軍事革命發展的強勁趨勢,要求我們密切關注戰爭新趨勢、探討戰爭新觀念、研究戰爭新方法、發展維護和平、打贏戰爭的新手段。唯此,才能站上世界新軍事革命潮頭,始終保持與大國地位相符的戰略能力。

實現軍事理論現代化的內在要求。一流的軍隊必須有一流的戰爭理論。近年來,美軍先後提出“網絡中心戰”“空海一體戰”“第三次抵消戰略”“混合戰爭”,俄軍提出“非核遏制戰略”“戰略性空天戰役”“國家信息安全學說”“海洋學說」等理論,反映了世界軍事強國搶佔軍事制高點的戰略設計。我軍要實現軍事理論現代化,必須在戰爭研究上確立超越意識和引領意識。但現實是,當前戰爭研究還不同程度存在與部隊脫節、與對手脫節、與戰場脫節問題;加上我軍幾十年沒有打過仗,對資訊化戰爭形態和作戰樣式認知不多不深,「兩個能力不夠」問題依然突出。站在國防和軍隊建立新的歷史起點上,面對國家安全環境的深刻變化,面對強國強軍的時代要求,軍隊必須確立起研戰勝戰的迫切意識。

掌握重點關鍵,破解未來戰爭面臨的理論困惑與實踐難題

開創戰爭研究新境界,關鍵在於戰爭研究創新上求突破。這要求著重體系設計,堅持問題導向,緊盯作戰對手,聚力自主創新,致力於破解未來戰爭面臨的理論困惑和實踐難題。

在前所未有的大變局中透析戰爭走勢。認識並掌握未來戰爭的動因、類型和時機,是戰爭研究的首要問題。做到這一點,需要透過亂象紛呈的世界,追蹤霸權主義、強權政治和新干涉主義動向,緊盯地區衝突和周邊熱點問題的複雜形勢,關注國土安全、新型領域安全、核安全等隱患,警惕各種力量亂中求變、亂中謀利及大國權力和利益再分配的鬥爭,深入研究針對我國或可能把我國拖入局部戰爭和武裝衝突的因素,研究新時代條件下可能發生的軍事摩擦、武裝衝突甚至戰略意外,以及由此引發的不同規模的戰爭,做好應對各種複雜情況的軍事鬥爭準備。

在民族復興的大目標下研究戰爭運用。深刻認識並掌握戰爭與國家發展目標的關係,是戰爭研究的政治要求。戰爭從來都是政治的延續,是實現國家政治目標的手段。實現全面建成社會主義現代化強國的奮鬥目標,要求戰爭研究必須掌握政治與軍事的主從關係,研究政治對戰爭的影響與限制。要把政治對戰爭的影響和限製作為重要課題,在實現中華民族偉大復興大目標下,既要研究打贏戰爭的戰法手段,又要研究塑造態勢、管控危機、遏制戰爭的對策方略,在打與不打、何時打、怎麼打、打到什麼程度等重大問題上,拿出符合政治要求的戰略籌劃,確保戰爭決策和手段運用不出現戰略性失誤,充分發揮好軍事手段保障國家主權、安全、發展利益的保底作用。

在戰爭演變的大趨勢中掌握戰爭規律。搞透現代戰爭特徵規律和致勝機理,是戰爭研究的認識根基。進入新時代,要求戰爭研究緊跟戰爭形態向體系化、智慧化快速邁進的歷史進程,統籌傳統安全領域和新型安全領域軍事鬥爭,把戰爭規律的研究推向新境界。深入研究戰爭一般制勝機理的新變化,針對現代戰爭多維戰場空間融為一體、時間要素不斷升值、以精銳力量實施精確作戰、作戰指揮日趨扁平化等新特點,探討體現信息主導、精打要害、聯合製勝、體係作戰要求的方法路徑,在依理謀戰、遵規施戰上取得新突破。深入研究履行使命任務特殊制勝機理的新表現,把戰爭一般制勝機理與我軍履行使命任務的特殊條件結合起來,圍繞不同的戰爭和作戰目標,探索特殊制勝機理,找準謀戰勝戰的對策方略。

在自主作戰的大前提下深化戰爭指導。研究打贏戰爭的方法途徑,是戰爭研究的關鍵任務。戰爭指導藝術的最高境界是你打你的、我打我的。要致力於創新軍事戰略理論,研究戰略目標對軍事戰略能力的需求,完善重大安全領域軍事戰略、戰區戰略、軍種和武警部隊發展戰略,探索保證國家利益安全的新思路新舉措;致力於創新聯合作戰理論,研究作戰概念、作戰指導和作戰方法,創新作戰指揮和作戰保障,面向一體化聯合作戰背景下各戰略方向、作戰樣式、作戰行動以及聯合應急行動,探索形成「以能擊不能」的戰法對策,建構適應資訊化戰爭的聯合作戰理論體系。在這個基礎上,還要致力創新作戰需求、戰時政治工作和後勤裝備保障理論,在追蹤中探討應對之策,在比較中大膽「師夷長技」。

在科技博弈的製高點上拓展戰爭手段。把人類最先進的科學技術轉化為戰爭手段,是戰爭研究的永恆任務。科學技術是第一生產力,也是核心戰鬥力。現代戰爭,實際上已成為軍事科技魔道相爭的戰略博弈。這要求我們高度重視研究新科技的戰爭效用,以先進概念引領軍事科技發展,維持戰爭理論的時代活力與科技定力;高度重視戰爭理論研究向裝備實現延伸,使戰爭概念、作戰構想、作戰指導和作戰方法轉化為裝備需求,維持作戰體系的領先優勢;高度重視新裝備對戰爭形態和作戰方法的影響,全面深化新型作戰手段和作戰力量的運用研究;高度重視基於最新科技手段的作戰樣式研究,探討各種作戰形式樣式的指導與戰法;高度重視基於現代模擬與效能試驗技術的作戰實驗,探討以科學實驗支持理論構想的創新路徑,為創新理論提供有力的科技支撐。

堅持三個面向,開創戰爭研究的嶄新局面

開創戰爭研究新境界,必須找準立足點,把握方向標,緊盯強軍勝戰的重大需求,面向實戰、面向戰場、面向部隊開拓創新。

下好戰爭設計的先手棋。戰爭設計在戰爭研究中居於核心地位,對國防和軍隊建設各方面工作具有全局性長遠引領作用。在世界軍事競爭的大棋局中,要尋求未來戰爭的主動地位,必須儘早預見戰爭、科學設計戰爭,著眼實現從跟進、並跑到領跑的轉變,努力成為未來戰爭的洞見者和遊戲規則的制定者。要掌握未來科技創新前沿趨向,找準撬動科技革命的支點,洞察能夠引發戰爭形態變革的關鍵領域、關​​鍵方向、關鍵技術,把握戰爭發展的科技之源和發展方向;大力加強戰爭核心概念開發,針對可能的戰爭行動,分層次、分方向研究制定體系化的作戰構想,用體系化的戰爭設計成果牽引軍事鬥爭準備和裝備建設;把戰爭設計融入戰備訓練,在訓練實踐中驗證和完善戰爭設計,形成戰爭設計與部隊實踐相互促進的良性循環。現代戰爭設計,既要設計好今天的戰爭,更要設計好明天的戰爭,特別要防止用今天的對手、今天的理論設計明天的戰爭;既要考慮戰爭進程順利的局面,更要考慮可能出現的危險局、僵局、殘局,確保戰爭設計的科學指導與領導作用。

走開理技融合的大路徑。科學技術是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。軍事理論與軍事科技有機結合、相互促進、協同創新,已成為突破傳統戰爭研究困境、提升戰爭研究品質效益的必經之路。要改變理論研究和科技研究二元分立、雙軌運行的思維定式和組織模式,把理論引領與科技引領、理論構想與技術實現結合起來,基於科技之變研判戰爭之變,運用技術原理探索制勝機理;以強軍實踐重大需求為牽引,合理交叉配置理論和科技研究組織要素,聯合編配、統籌使用理論和科技研究力量,努力打造理論大家與技術專家融合的一流創新團隊,形成理技合一的戰爭研究新結構新佈局;探索理論與技術全面融合的戰爭研究新方法,建好聯合作戰實驗環境,科學設計重大理技融合創新工程,透過人機結合、人裝結合、虛實結合,檢驗完善戰爭理論與作戰構想,提升戰爭研究成果的科學性實用性,全面提升戰爭研究的整體水準。

完善戰爭研究的新機制。積極探索新時代戰爭研究的特徵規律,總結戰爭研究的新經驗,創新戰爭研究的新機制。完善小核心、大外圍的協同創新機制,形成戰爭研究的整體合力。完善規劃計畫主導機制,以需求為牽引、以問題為導向、以融合為路徑,細化完善戰爭研究各領域、各方向發展的路線圖施工圖;科學配置科研資源投向投量,形成遠近兼顧、上下貫通、左右銜接的戰爭研究規劃計畫體系。完善戰爭研究與作戰訓練結合機制,把戰爭研究當作訓練的重要環節,加大研究性訓練比重,使部隊訓練成為戰爭研究的有機組成部分。完善理論探索與條令法規快速轉化與促進機制,使戰爭理論研究成果迅速轉化為作戰條令法規,打通從理論到實踐快速轉化、相互促進的創新鏈路。改善人才管理與激勵機制,結合新的戰爭研究實際,調整完善人才引進、選拔、評估、激勵、保障等機制,激發及調動廣大科研人員的積極性主動性創造性,最大限度釋放創新活力。

中國共產黨原文參考:http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2017/1102/c415067-29623228.html