Category Archives: Chinese Military Future Wars

Enhancing and Influencing the Chinese Military Innovation Culture


弘揚及影響中國軍事創新文化 //2016年01月12日08:XX   来源:解放军报

現代英語:

At the Central Military Commission’s reform work conference, President Xi Jinping emphasized, “We must focus on seizing the strategic commanding heights of future military competition, give full play to the role of innovation-driven development, and cultivate new growth points for combat effectiveness.” This important statement profoundly reveals the important position of military innovation in the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military.

  History has repeatedly shown that in the process of military competition, whoever occupies the commanding heights of military culture may lead the trend of military innovation, stay ahead of the war and win strategic advantages in advance.

  The deepening of national defense and military reforms currently underway is closely linked to the new world military revolution. “In this tide of the new world military revolution, whoever is conservative and complacent will miss precious opportunities and fall into strategic passivity.” President Xi’s words are deafening and thought-provoking. In the process of reforming and strengthening the military, every soldier is not a bystander, but a factor of innovation. In the face of reform, can we accurately grasp the latest trends in the development of world military theory and military technology? Can we adapt to the latest changes in the form of war? Can we find the right path and method for innovation? These should be questions that we should think about.

  Culture senses the changes in the world, stands at the forefront of reform, and is the forerunner of the times. We build a strong military culture by leveraging the unique advantages of culture, breaking the conservative and rigid thinking pattern in the context of thousands of ships competing and hundreds of boats vying for the current, stimulating the vitality of military innovation, and allowing the latest achievements of military cultural innovation to continue to extend to reform.

  Rocks are flying through the sky, waves are crashing against the shore, in the rolling tide of the new world military revolution, who has awakened and who is still sleeping?

  –editor

  The curtain has been raised on deepening the reform of national defense and the military. This reform is carried out against the backdrop of the surging tide of the world’s military revolution and is another milestone in the history of our military development. From “changing chess pieces” to “changing the chessboard”, institutional reform inevitably requires changes in the “rules of the game” and the military system; it requires accelerating the pace of building an informationized army based on a new organizational structure.

  The new military revolution is a process of continuous innovation, and the informationized army is essentially an innovative army. We need to continuously cultivate a military innovation culture, enhance the vitality of reform, and promote the realization of the strategy of reform and strengthening the army.

  (one)

  The new trend of the development of world military culture requires us to strengthen cultural cultivation in the process of change and change the thinking logic of military innovation.

  In a sense, the so-called strategic vision is the vision of understanding the future. Associated with the change in the field of observation, the “paradigm” of innovative thinking has changed accordingly: in the past, it was: practice-technology-theory. Now it is: theory-technology-practice. Associated with the change in the “paradigm” of thinking, since the 1980s, military innovation has gradually changed from the previous combat demand-driven model to the “theory-driven” model. Theoretical works such as “The Third Wave” and “Future Wars” by the famous American futurist Alvin Toffler have played a great role in the development of information society, information warfare and related technologies. As a result, the logic of military innovation has also changed accordingly. The previous order of innovation development was: scientific and technological progress-weapons and equipment-military theory-combat formation. The current development order is: military theory-scientific and technological progress-weapons and equipment-combat formation. The military culture of the information age has made combat commanders and military theory experts the leaders of military technology innovation.

  Military theory experts and military technology experts have found that in developed Western countries, the evolution of modern military culture has gone through three stages:

  Throughout the 19th century and before, most soldiers had not yet realized the huge role of scientific and technological progress in promoting the development of military power. Even a highly innovative military commander like Napoleon easily rejected the suggestion of American scientist Fulton to develop sailless warships. From the beginning of the 19th century to the First World War, although the Industrial Revolution had already affected other areas of society, most soldiers did not think about the role of new technologies in war. They only emphasized the use of existing equipment in their hands and would not think about improving and innovating equipment. This period is called the stage of soldiers “waiting for technology.”

  At the beginning of the 20th century, the highly developed mechanical industry gradually changed the soldiers’ simple martial concept. On August 8, 1918, in the Battle of Emins, the assault power of the Allied “star” tanks and the bombing power of 300 British aircraft awakened the soldiers from their trenches. In the following 20 years, history has created a large number of new military strategists in the era of mechanized warfare, such as Fuller, Douhet, Guderian, Rommel, Montgomery, de Gaulle, Eisenhower, Zhukov, and Vasilevsky. They are not only proficient in military affairs, but also know the performance characteristics of tanks, aircraft, and other new technological weapons at the time. They regard science and technology as their second major and engineers as their close friends, thus making one innovation after another in the development of tactics. Guderian invented the armored blitzkrieg, Roosevelt accepted Einstein’s suggestion to make the atomic bomb, and Stalin treated a large number of aircraft designers as guests of honor. Because of this, during and after World War II, the military technology and military academic level of these countries have achieved unprecedented and substantial development. This period can be called the stage of “marriage between soldiers and technology”.

  Since the 1960s and 1970s, due to the rapid development of new technologies such as microelectronics, artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, space, ocean development, new materials, and new energy, the wave of new technological revolution has enabled many far-sighted military strategists to further break the original thinking mode and propose that soldiers should stand at the forefront of scientific and technological development to envision future combat styles, and based on these ideas, in turn propose the goals and directions of military technology innovation. Military defense experts look forward to the development trends in the next 20 to 30 years, design new combat concepts, and innovate combat theories to propose the necessary technical support, and then scientific researchers will meet the new military needs from a technical perspective. Under the organization and guidance of soldiers, military technology has reduced the blindness of development, thereby obtaining faster and more military economic benefits. This period can be said to be the stage of soldiers “leading technology”.

  The change from soldiers “waiting for technology” and “marrying technology” to “leading technology” reflects the objective trend of the increasingly close relationship between the development of military science and science and technology. This trend forces soldiers to change from being bystanders of technological development to being leaders of technological development.

  In my country, due to the loss of the opportunity of the first industrial revolution, military culture is still in the stage of “waiting for technology” and “marrying technology”. The military concept that emphasizes history and neglects the future is used to designing our army’s tomorrow according to the opponent’s today; it is used to thinking about our army of tomorrow and fighting against today’s opponent.

  On the journey of reform, many comrades’ ideas are still stuck in the Gulf War, Kosovo War, Afghanistan War, and Iraq War, which have been 15 or 20 years. The US military proposed the third “offset strategy” to select disruptive new technologies and create new “asymmetric military advantages.” The new military revolution will thus see a turning point: a new form of warfare – light warfare based on autonomous systems is slowly coming. In order to fulfill the historical mission of military reform and meet new challenges, we must strengthen cultural cultivation and transform the thinking logic of military innovation.

  (two)

  The cultural core of an army is deeply hidden in its military philosophy. In the process of implementing the strategy of reforming and strengthening the army, we should use modern scientific methods to carry out military innovation.

  In human history, every great era not only gives people great tasks, but also provides people with new methods. Only those who have clearly defined the great tasks and mastered the new methods can lead the trend of the times.

  The history of scientific development shows that many major scientific and technological innovations, as well as the raising and solving of major scientific problems, are often the result of certain breakthroughs in scientific methods. Galileo’s discovery of the laws of falling motion and the law of inertia is inseparable from his systematic use of experimental and mathematical methods; Darwin’s creation of the theory of biological evolution benefited from the scientific observation method and the historical comparison method; the theoretical experimental method played an important role in the emergence of Einstein’s theory of relativity; Marx’s “Capital” was able to deeply analyze the complex capitalist society and achieve great success. One of the important reasons is that he cleverly applied the method of unity of logic and history, as well as the method of scientific abstraction, taking the “simplest, most common, and most basic things” – commodities, as the logical and historical starting point of scientific research, rising from the concreteness of perception to the abstract provisions, and then from the abstract provisions to the concreteness of thinking.

  Similarly, innovation in military theory also first relies on the new methods of the times. The Art of War was published in China in the late Spring and Autumn Period because the ancient system theory represented by “yin and yang” and “five elements” had matured and been complete by then; Clausewitz wrote On War because Newton’s mechanics and Hegel’s dialectics provided him with weapons to study war; Mao Zedong’s military thought is the result of Comrade Mao Zedong’s use of Marxist philosophical methods to study the practice of China’s revolutionary war.

  The scientific and technological revolution has promoted the improvement of social productivity and military combat effectiveness, and also prompted the development of philosophical thought.

  The “three major discoveries” of the 19th century (evolution, cytology, and conservation and transformation of energy) led to the end of German classical philosophy and the emergence of Marxist philosophy.

  In the 20th century, the emergence of relativity, quantum mechanics and life sciences, the development of information technology, biotechnology, nanotechnology, new materials technology, and Internet technology have changed and are continuing to change the world’s landscape. In the 1960s and 1970s, along with the wave of new technological revolution, the revolution of scientific methods reached an unprecedented high, showing the trend of natural science research methods, methods, models and concepts penetrating and blending into the field of social sciences. New scientific methodologies have emerged one after another: system theory, control theory, synergy theory, mutation theory, information theory, discrete theory, functional theory, intelligence theory, optimization theory, reaction theory, fuzzy theory, art theory, as well as “chaos” and “fractals”. From a philosophical perspective, the methods proposed by these cross-disciplinary disciplines can be summarized as system methods and complex system methods.

  In 1958, after the U.S. military implemented the separation of military administration and military command, it did not quickly regain vitality. The Pentagon’s resource management was in chaos and was still in a precarious situation. In 1960, McConamara took over the Ministry of Defense. In response to the chaotic situation in which the three armed forces acted independently in the use of national defense resources, he proposed the management principle of “combining centralized guidance with decentralized implementation” in 1962, adopted the system engineering method, coordinated the planning of national defense and weapons and equipment construction, and proposed a “Planning, Programming and Budgeting System (PPBS)”, which straightened out the relationship for the construction of the U.S. military and saved resources.

  In 1986, the U.S. military implemented the Department of Defense Reform Act, which centralized the power of the Department of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff and established a new set of regulations that unified centralization and authorization. This ensured the smooth implementation of joint operations and laid the foundation for future integrated joint operations.

  At the beginning of the 21st century, when Donald Rumsfeld was the Secretary of Defense, according to the development of the new military revolution, the U.S. military changed the PPBS system’s management habits based on target tasks and proposed a PPBE system based on capability requirements, namely “Planning, Programming, Budgeting and Execution System”.

  The PPBS system and the PPBE system are both typical applications of the system science method in national defense management. From a methodological perspective, the characteristics of these systems are: grasping the reality from the future, determining capabilities based on missions and tasks, and driving technology creation and selecting combat formations based on capability requirements. In short, the “upstream” determines the “downstream”, the “top” determines the “bottom”, and the “front end” determines the “back end”.

  The ideas of system theory and complexity methods have been deeply applied in the transformation of the US military. They believe that previous military theories, namely the theories of famous scholars such as Clausewitz and Jomini, are all based on Newtonian mechanics. In today’s operations, the enemy’s military organization and combat operations must be regarded as a system. In this way, only complexity theory, which Newtonian methods cannot do at all, can be used to describe, predict, and select corresponding confrontational actions. For example, the concept of “friction” often used by Clausewitz in “On War” originated from Newtonian mechanics. It can be said to be a concept of physical war, reflecting the characteristics of war in the pre-industrial era. No matter how tightly organized the army was at that time, it was inevitable to face shocks and hysteresis, frontier confrontation and confrontation. Therefore, Clausewitz used Newtonian mechanics as the main method to understand, study, and guide war. In today’s information warfare, the purpose of war has changed from “destroying the enemy and preserving oneself” to “controlling the enemy and realizing interests.” Therefore, a major change in the confrontation method is from large-scale destruction to increasing the “entropy value” within the enemy organization and increasing the “negative entropy value” within one’s own organization (“entropy” is a description of the disorder within the organization). The more information-based, integrated, and sophisticated a military is, the more vulnerable it becomes. An important principle in modern military construction is to minimize the vulnerability of its own disintegration and collapse; an important principle in war guidance is to actively create and exploit the vulnerability within the enemy.

  Today, when evaluating a military system, we cannot only look at the amount of matter, energy and information it possesses, but also its anti-destruction ability, stability, and the possible “entropy value”.

  (three)

  Informatization and networking have broken through the traditional space boundaries and time barriers. The “pre-practice” of virtual technology has created a new military culture.

  While causing a revolution in philosophical methodology, the science of complex systems has also triggered a revolution in philosophical epistemology when combined with multimedia technology, virtual reality technology, artificial intelligence technology, high-performance computing technology and simulation technology – there have been some changes in the way humans understand the world.

  First, the understanding of the unity of the world is richer. In the past, when we talked about the unity of the world, we only emphasized the “primacy of matter”. From today’s perspective, the unity of the world contains three basic elements, namely the unity of matter, energy, and information. In man-made technical systems, it is the unity of materials, energy, and information; in social and economic systems, it is the unity of material flow, energy flow, and information flow. Abstracting the unity of these three aspects to the philosophical level, it colorfully embodies the “unity of matter, movement, and information.”

  Secondly, the cognitive process has changed from the past “part-whole-part” to today’s “whole-part-whole”. In connection with this, the research method has changed from the past “analysis-synthesis-analysis” to today’s “synthesis-analysis-synthesis”.

  Informatization and networking have broken through the traditional space boundaries and time barriers. People’s focus on observing problems has shifted from “object-centered” to “system-centered”, and the key to epistemology is no longer “concrete analysis” but “system integration”.

  This new philosophical epistemology marks a major change in the structure of scientific thinking. Scientific research has shifted from the analytical advantage of the past to the overall comprehensive advantage of today; the static cognition that mainly studied “existence” in the past has shifted to the dynamic cognition that mainly studies systems today.

  The significance of practice is no longer limited to the framework of history and reality, but also includes the future. After the Gulf War, developed countries established the innovative idea of ​​”proposing theory – combat experiment – actual military exercise – actual combat test”, stepped up the establishment of “combat laboratory”, and made new breakthroughs in military theory research methods.

  Scholars such as Zhang Yi, the author of Virtual Epistemology, pointed out: “Virtual technology has profoundly changed the way humans perceive the world and created a completely new way of human practice. Virtual technology is not just a way of understanding and interpreting the world, it is itself a way of human practice.”

  The “pre-practice” of virtual technology creates a new military culture. Thus, the military construction has developed from the past “contemporaneity” to today’s “synchronicity”. “Contemporaneous” development means finishing today and then moving on to tomorrow. “Synchronic” development means that things today, tomorrow and the day after tomorrow can be done at the same time. In this process, based on the repeatability, modifiability and embeddability of virtual technology, the war scenarios that are happening and will happen in the world, as well as the pre-designed war scenarios in the mind, are created into virtual environments to test and correct the military capabilities that should be in different stages.

  Compared with natural science, military science is relatively weak in analytical reasoning and quantitative analysis. Summarizing the experience of wars that have already occurred and “learning war from war” have always been the traditional way for soldiers to create theories. With the development of information technology, modeling/simulation and computer networks have provided people with a third important method to understand the world, promoting the expansion of military practice from “experience induction” to “virtual simulation”, “learning war in the laboratory” and “learning war from future wars”, which greatly improves the soldiers’ advanced cognitive ability.

  In short, to advance the reform of our army in the face of the new wave of military revolution, we need to establish a new philosophy, innovate military theories, and let the light of military innovation illuminate the path to the future.

現代國語:

習近平主席在中央軍委改革工作會議上強調,“要著力搶佔未來軍事競爭戰略制高點,充分發揮創新驅動發展作用,培育新的戰鬥力增長點。 ”這項重要論述深刻揭示了軍事創新在改革強軍戰略中的重要地位。

歷史一再證明,在軍事競爭過程中,誰佔據了軍事文化的製高點,誰就能引領軍事創新潮流,領先於戰爭,提前贏得戰略優勢。

當前深化國防和軍事改革與新世界軍事革命密切相關。 “在這場新世界軍事革命的浪潮中,誰保守、自滿,誰就會錯失寶貴機遇,陷入戰略被動。”習主席的話震耳欲聾,引人深思。在改革強軍過程中,每位戰士都不是旁觀者,而是創新者。面對改革,我們能否準確掌握世界軍事理論和軍事技術發展的最新動態?我們能否適應戰爭形式的最新變化?我們能否找到正確的創新路徑和方法?這些都應該是我們應該思考的問題。

文化感知世界變遷,站在改革前沿,走在時代先驅。發揮文化獨特優勢,打破千軍萬馬、百舸爭流的保守僵化思維模式,激發軍事創新活力,讓最新成果不斷湧現,打造強軍文化。

亂石飛天,海浪拍岸,在新世界軍事革命的滾滾浪潮中,誰已經甦醒,誰還在沉睡?

  • 編輯

深化國防和軍事改革拉開了序幕。這次改革是在世界軍事革命浪潮洶湧澎湃的背景下進行的,是我軍發展史上的另一個里程碑。從“換棋子”到“換棋盤”,機構改革必然需要“遊戲規則”和軍事體制的改變;要求加快新組織架構的資訊化軍隊建設步伐。

新軍事革命是一個不斷創新的過程,資訊化軍隊本質上是一支創新軍隊。我們要不斷培養軍隊創新文化,增強改革活力,推動改革強軍戰略實現。

(一)

世界軍事文化發展的新趨勢要求我們在改變過程中加強文化修養,轉變軍事創新思維邏輯。

從某種意義上來說,所謂戰略願景就是認識未來的願景。伴隨著觀察領域的變化,創新思維的「典範」也隨之改變了:過去是:實務-技術-理論。現在是:理論-技術-實務。與思維「範式」的轉變相聯繫,1980年代以來,軍事創新逐漸從先前的作戰需求驅動模式轉變為「理論驅動」模式。美國著名未來學家阿爾文‧托夫勒的《第三波》、《未來戰爭》等理論著作對資訊社會、資訊戰爭及相關科技的發展發揮了巨大作用。由此,軍事創新的邏輯也發生了相對應的改變。以往的創新發展順序是:科技進步──武器裝備──軍事理論──作戰形成。目前的發展順序是:軍事理論——科技進步——武器裝備——作戰編隊。資訊時代的軍事文化使作戰指揮官和軍事理論專家成為軍事技術創新的領導者。

軍事理論專家和軍事技術專家研究發現,在西方已開發國家,現代軍事文化的演變經歷了三個階段:

在整個19世紀及以前,大多數軍人還沒有認識到科技進步對軍事力量發展的巨大推動作用。即使是像拿破崙這樣極富創新精神的軍事統帥,也輕易地拒絕了美國科學家富爾頓研發無帆戰艦的建議。從十九世紀初到第一次世界大戰,雖然工業革命革命已經影響社會的其他領域,大多數士兵沒有考慮新技術在戰爭中的作用。他們只強調使用手中現有的設備,不會考慮設備的改良和創新。這個時期被稱為士兵「等待技術」的階段。

20世紀初,高度發展的機械工業逐漸改變了士兵單純的軍事觀念。 1918年8月8日,在埃明斯戰役中,盟軍「明星」坦克的突擊威力和300架英國飛機的轟炸威力喚醒了戰壕裡的士兵。此後20年,歷史創造了一大批機械化戰爭時代的新軍事家,如富勒、杜黑、古德里安、隆美爾、蒙哥馬利、戴高樂、艾森豪威爾、朱可夫、華西列夫斯基等。他們不僅精通軍事,也了解當時坦克、飛機等新技術武器的性能特徵。他們視科學技術為第二專業,視工程師為親密朋友,在戰術發展上進行了一次又一次的創新。古德里安發明了裝甲閃電戰,羅斯福接受了愛因斯坦的建議製造原子彈,史達林則把一大批飛機設計師當作貴賓。正因為如此,二戰期間和戰後,這些國家的軍事技術和軍事學術水準都獲得了前所未有的長足發展。這段時期堪稱「軍人與科技聯姻」的階段。

自1960、70年代以來,由於微電子、人工智慧、基因工程、太空、海洋開發、新材料、新能源等新技術的快速發展,新技術革命的浪潮使許多有遠見的軍事家進一步打破原有的思維模式,提出軍人應該站在科技發展的最前沿暢想未來的作戰樣式,並基於這些設想進而提出軍事技術創新的目標和方向。軍事國防專家展望未來20至30年的發展趨勢,設計新的作戰概念,創新作戰理論,提出必要的技術支撐,然後科學研究人員從技術角度滿足新的軍事需求。軍事技術在士兵的組織和指導下,減少了發展的盲目性,從而獲得更快、更多的軍事經濟效益。這段時期可以說是軍人「技術領先」的階段。

士兵從「等技術」、「嫁技術」到「領先技術」的轉變,體現了軍事科學與科技發展關係日益密切的客觀趨勢。這種趨勢迫使士兵從技術發展的旁觀者轉變為技術發展的領導者。

在我國,由於失去了第一次工業革命的機遇,軍事文化仍處於「等待科技」和「嫁給科技」的階段。重歷史、輕未來的軍事理念,用來根據對手的今天來設計我軍的明天;它習慣於思考我們的明天的軍隊,並與今天的對手作戰。

在改革的旅程上,許多同志的思想還停留在海灣戰爭、科索沃戰爭、阿富汗戰爭、伊拉克戰爭,已經十五年、二十年了。美軍提出第三個“抵消戰略”,選擇顛覆性新技術,打造新的“非對稱軍事優勢”。新軍事革命將迎來轉捩點:一種新的戰爭形式——基於自主系統的輕型戰爭正在慢慢來臨。履行軍隊改革歷史使命、迎接新挑戰,必須加強文化修養,轉變軍事創新思維邏輯。

(二)

軍隊的文化內核,深蘊藏在軍事理念之中。在實施改革強軍戰略過程中,要運用現代科學方法進行軍事創新。

人類歷史上的每一個偉大時代,不僅賦予人們偉大的任務,也提供人們新的方法。只有明確了偉大任務、掌握了新方法,才能引領時代潮流。

科學發展史表明,許多重大科技創新以及重大科學問題的提出和解決,往往都是科學方法取得一定突破的結果。伽利略發現落體運動定律和慣性定律與他系統性地運用前驅定律是分不開的。

實驗和數學方法;達爾文創立生物演化論得益於科學觀察方法和歷史比較方法;理論實驗方法對愛因斯坦相對論的產生發揮了重要作用;馬克思的《資本論》能夠深入分析複雜的資本主義社會並取得巨大成功。其中一個重要原因是他巧妙地運用了邏輯與歷史相統一的方法以及科學抽象的方法,以「最簡單、最普遍、最基本的東西」——商品,作為邏輯和歷史的起點。著眼點,從感知的具體上升到抽象的規定,再從抽象的規定上升到思考的具體。

同樣,軍事理論的創新也首先依賴時代的新方法。中國春秋末年出版《孫子兵法》,是因為當時以「陰陽」、「五行」為代表的古代體系理論已經成熟、完整;克勞塞維茨寫《論戰爭》,是因為牛頓的力學和黑格爾的辯證法為他提供了研究戰爭的武器;毛澤東軍事思想是毛澤東同志運用馬克思主義哲學方法研究中國革命戰爭實踐的成果。

科技革命促進了社會生產力和軍事戰鬥力的提高,也促進了哲學思想的發展。

19世紀的「三大發現」(進化論、細胞學、能量守恆與轉化)導致了德國古典哲學的終結和馬克思主義哲學的出現。

20世紀,相對論、量子力學與生命科​​學的出現,資訊科技、生物科技、奈米科技、新材料科技、網路科技的發展,已經並將持續改變世界面貌。 1960、70年代,伴隨著新科技革命浪潮,科學方法革命達到了前所未有的高度,呈現出自然科學研究方法、方法、模型和理念向社會科學領域滲透、融合的趨勢。新的科學方法論相繼出現:系統論、控制論、協同論、突變論、資訊理論、離散論、泛函論、智能論、最優化論、反應論、模糊論、藝術論,以及「混沌論」。 」和「分形」。從哲學的角度來看,這些跨學科學科所提出的方法可以歸納為系統方法和複雜系統方法。

1958年,美軍實行軍政軍指揮分離後,並沒有很快恢復活力。五角大廈的資源管理一片混亂,仍處於岌岌可危的境地。 1960年,麥科納馬拉接管國防部。針對三軍獨立使用國防資源的混亂局面,他於1962年提出「集中指導與分散實施相結合」的管理原則,採用系統工程方法,統籌規劃國家國防資源。規劃和預算系統(PPBS)”,理順了美軍建設的關係,節省了資源。

1986年,美軍實施了《國防部改革法案》,將國防部和參謀長聯席會議的權力集中起來,建立了一套集權與授權相統一的新法規。這保證了聯合作戰的順利實施,為今後一體化聯合作戰奠定了基礎。

21世紀初,拉姆斯菲爾德擔任國防部長時,根據新軍事革命的發展,美軍改變了PPBS系統基於目標任務的管理習慣,提出了基於能力需求的PPBE系統,即「規劃、規劃、預算和執行系統」。

PPBS體系和PPBE體係都是系統科學方法在國防管理的典型應用。從方法論來看,這些體系的特點是:從未來掌握現實,根據任務任務確定能力,根據能力需求驅動技術創新和選擇作戰編隊。簡而言之,“上游”決定“下游”,“頂部”決定“底部”,“前端”決定“後端”。

系統論和複雜性方法的想法已經深入人心應用於美軍轉型。他們認為,以往的軍事理論,即克勞塞維茨、約米尼等著名學者的理論,都是以牛頓力學為基礎的。在今天的作戰中,必須把敵方的軍事組織和作戰行動視為一個系統。這樣,就只能用牛頓方法根本無法做到的複雜性理論來描述、預測和選擇相應的對抗動作。例如,克勞塞維茨在《戰爭論》中經常使用的「摩擦」概念就源自於牛頓力學。可以說是物理戰爭的概念,反映了前工業時代戰爭的特徵。無論當時的軍隊組織得多麼嚴密,都不可避免地要面臨衝擊和滯後、邊疆對峙和對抗。因此,克勞塞維茨以牛頓力學為主要方法來認識、研究和指導戰爭。當今資訊化戰爭,戰爭目的已從「消滅敵人、保存自己」轉變為「制敵、實現利益」。因此,對抗方式的一個重大變化就是從大規模破壞,轉向增加敵方組織內部的「熵值」和增加己方組織內部的「負熵值」(「熵」是對組織內部混亂的描述)。 )。軍隊越是資訊化、一體化和複雜化,它就越容易受到攻擊。現代軍事建設的一個重要原則就是盡量減少自身瓦解和崩潰的脆弱性;戰爭指導的一個重要原則是積極創造和利用敵人內部的弱點。

今天,評價一個軍事系統,不僅要看它所擁有的物質、能量和資訊的多少,還要看它的抗破壞能力、穩定性以及可能存在的「熵值」。

(三)

資訊化、網路化突破了傳統的空間界限和時間障礙。虛擬技術的「預實踐」創造了新的軍事文化。

複雜系統科學在引發哲學方法論革命的同時,與多媒體技術、虛擬實境技術、人工智慧技術、高效能運算技術、模擬技術結合,也引發了哲學知識論的革命——在知識論上發生了一些變化。人類理解世界的方式。

一是對世界統一的認識更加豐富。過去,我們在談論世界的統一性時,只強調「物質的首要性」。從今天的角度來看,世界的統一包含三個基本要素,即物質、能量、資訊的統一。在人造技術系統中,它是物質、能量和資訊的統一體;在社會經濟系統中,它是物質流、能量流、資訊流的統一。將這三方面的統一抽像到哲學層面,豐富多彩地體現了「物質、運動、資訊的統一」。

其次,認知過程從過去的「部分-整體-部分」轉變為今天的「整體-部分-整體」。與此相聯繫,研究方法也從過去的「分析-綜合-分析」轉變為今天的「綜合-分析-綜合」。

資訊化、網路化突破了傳統的空間界限和時間障礙。人們觀察問題的焦點從“以物件為中心”轉向“以系統為中心”,認識論的關鍵不再是“具體分析”而是“系統整合”。

這種新的哲學認識論標誌著科學思維結構的重大變化。科學研究從過去的分析優勢轉向今天的整體綜合優勢;過去主要研究「存在」的靜態認知已經轉向今天主要研究系統的動態認知。

實踐的意義不再侷限於歷史和現實的框架,也包括未來。海灣戰爭後,已開發國家確立了“提出理論——實戰實驗——實戰演練——實戰檢驗”的創新思路,加緊建立“實戰實驗室”,軍事理論研究方法取得新突破。

《虛擬知識論》一書作者張毅等學者指出:「虛擬技術深刻改變了人類感知世界的方式,創造了人類全新的實踐方式。虛擬技術不僅僅是一種理解和解釋世界的方式,它本身就是人類實踐的一種方式。

虛擬技術的「預實踐」創造了新的軍事文化。由此,軍隊建設從過去的“同時性”發展到今天的“同步性”「同步」開發是指完成今天,然後走向明天。嵌入性,將世界上正在發生和將要發生的戰爭場景,以及腦海中預先設計的戰爭場景,創建到虛擬環境中,以測試和修正不同階段應有的軍事能力。

與自然科學相比,軍事科學在分析推理和定量分析方面相對較弱。總結已經發生的戰爭經驗,“從戰爭中學習戰爭”,一直是軍人創造理論的傳統方式。隨著資訊科技的發展,建模/模擬和電腦網路為人們提供了認識世界的第三種重要方法,推動軍事實踐從「經驗歸納」向「虛擬模擬」、「在實驗室學習戰爭」拓展「從未來戰爭中學習戰爭”,大大提高了士兵的高級認​​知能力。

總之,面對新一輪軍事革命浪潮,推進我軍改革,需要建立新理念,創新軍事理論,讓軍事創新之光照亮未來之路。

中國原創軍事資源:http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0112/c49150-28040888.html

Truly Integrating Chinese Military Combat Preparation into Current Adversarial Defeat Operations

將中國軍事備戰真正融入當前抗擊作戰

現代英語:

Key points

  ● Our military’s preparations for military struggle are being carried out under the special background of dramatic changes in world military affairs. If we lack a strong awareness of keeping pace with the times and theoretical preparations for pioneering and innovation, we will not be able to carry the spirit of the times throughout the entire process of military struggle preparations.

  ● The many stages of military transformation and their possible changes are uncertain, which leads to different value judgments and behavioral norms. The only way to decide on these judgments and norms is to put them into the “general coordinates” of military transformation.

  ● Keeping pace with the times does not mean following the trend or following a routine. Leapfrog development is an inherent requirement of keeping pace with the times. The new historical mission requires us to shorten or even surpass certain development stages and take a road of military struggle preparation with distinctive characteristics.

  The era of rapid change gave birth to great ideas. In his speech on May 31, General Secretary Jiang Zemin pointed out: “To implement the requirements of the ‘Three Represents’, the whole party must always maintain a spirit of keeping pace with the times and constantly open up new horizons for the development of Marxist theory…” The idea of ​​keeping pace with the times proposed by Chairman Jiang is a high-level summary of the spirit of the times and a lasting spiritual driving force for promoting military innovation. It will surely have a profound impact on military struggle preparations. Guided by the important thought of “Three Represents”, we must vigorously promote the spirit of keeping pace with the times, open up the work situation with pioneering and innovation, and enhance combat effectiveness with emancipated minds, so as to put “winning” into practice.

  The most prominent background of military struggle preparation is the new military transformation

  The important thought of “Three Represents” is the result of the Chinese Communists observing and thinking about the changes in the world and China today, and adhering to and developing Marxism in new practices. Keeping pace with the times is a concept that reflects the essential characteristics of the times. To examine military struggle preparations with this concept, we should first look at what kind of changes have taken place in the background of our times.

  There are many factors that affect the preparation for military struggle: the development of the international situation, the evolution of the strategic pattern, the judgment of security threats… However, the most direct, profound and extensive influence is the new round of military revolution that emerged at the end of the last century.

  ———A revolution in combat elements: simultaneous improvement in strike, defense, and mobility. For thousands of years, no military revolution has achieved simultaneous development of strike, defense, and mobility in a short period of time. The military revolution taking place today is turning the ideal model of simultaneous improvement of the three combat capabilities into reality.

  The improvement of strike capability is mainly due to precision-guided weapons. The accuracy of traditional unguided weapons is generally in a stable inverse relationship with the strike distance, but precision-guided weapons are changing the “range-accuracy” law. The accuracy does not decrease with the increase of range. This change has a strong impact on the time, space and effectiveness concepts formed in the previous generation of wars, and new tactics such as “non-contact combat” and “out-of-area strike” have emerged.

  In all previous military reforms, the transformation of defense capabilities has always been “half a beat slower”, and the battlefield strictly follows the iron rule of “saving oneself by destroying the enemy”. Some people even believe that the armor revolution in the 20th century was just an extension of the idea of ​​”blocking and offsetting the opponent’s attack power” in the cold weapon era, and it is not really a defense revolution. Today, a real defense revolution has quietly arrived. The representative technology is stealth technology, known as “low detectability technology”. It breaks through the traditional routine that has been followed for thousands of years, “saves itself” by reducing the probability of the target being discovered, and at the same time creates conditions for achieving the suddenness of the attack. It can be called an offensive defense method of “saving oneself” first and then “destroying the enemy”, and its development prospects are unlimited.

  Mobility is shifting to “air”, and military mobility is showing multi-dimensional and three-dimensional characteristics. With the cross-generational improvement of intelligence support, command and control, and mobility tools, air mobility has leapt from the tactical level to the campaign level. At present, the number of helicopters in the main forces of the military of some developed countries is roughly equal to that of tanks, with an average of one helicopter for every 100 soldiers. Once the ground is no longer an obstacle, what new landscape will appear on the battlefield?

  ———Revolution in the military structure: integration of all services. Integration is a prominent manifestation of the achievements of the new military revolution in the field of command and coordination. Since the establishment of services, the military has believed in the idea of ​​​​integrated operations, but the difficulty of “horizontal flow” of information has restricted the improvement of the overall combat capability of the military. Since the 1980s, digital communication equipment, friend-or-foe identification systems, global positioning systems, and computer networks have successively entered the battlefield. For the first time, troops of different types, levels, and spaces have the ability to “horizontally flow” information, creating conditions for integrated operations. Reflecting this trend is the concept of “action-centered warfare” proposed by the US military in recent years. Based on the development of sensor technology, computer network technology and rapid response capabilities, the US military has transformed “plan-centered warfare” into “action-centered warfare”, which will be a profound change in the field of military command and coordination, and the integrated operations of all services will reach a new level.

  Integration is also reflected in the formation of the army. First, the boundaries between the services are weakened. Since World War II, the power of the services has usually been directly controlled by the strategic command, forming a clear boundary between the services. In future joint operations, the traditional command system can no longer adapt to the special requirements of timeliness. It is necessary to break the original boundaries between the services and form an integrated force. At present, the establishment of a “joint task force” composed of an army brigade task force, an air force fighter squadron, a naval ship unit and a marine expeditionary unit is a new attempt by the military of developed countries to seek integration. Secondly, the boundaries between the services are weakened. The military of developed countries has formed mixed-service synthetic forces. For example, the US Air Force will establish 10 expeditionary aerospace forces by 2003 based on the “mixed wing” experiment in the past few years; the United Kingdom has mixed the Navy’s “Sea Harrier” aircraft with the Air Force’s “Harrier” fighter since 2000. It can be foreseen that in the near future, a new pattern will emerge in the relatively stable military structure formed in the era of mechanized warfare. Some scholars call it a “revolution of relationships” and a “revolution of structure”, which is indeed a vision.

  ———Revolution of combat systems: transformation from mechanized army to informationized army. Human society is facing the third major transformation in history, and the wave of information revolution continues. A few years ago, the concept of informationization as “intelligent” warfare was still beyond people’s vision, but today few people doubt its emergence.

  Since the advent of the industrial age, war has shown an accelerating development trend, especially in the half century after World War II. Mechanization, as the mainstream of war, has reached its peak, but it has also fallen into a dilemma: the physical performance of weapons and equipment has reached its limit, and the return on investment is very small; the catastrophic consequences of nuclear weapons make it increasingly difficult to play a role in war; the harm to innocent people and the pollution to the environment caused by weapons of mass destruction have led to ecological deterioration… There is almost no way to continue to develop within the framework of mechanization. People began to seek new ways, that is, to solve the problems of strike efficiency and combat effectiveness from a deeper level, and strive to achieve precision, controllability and intelligence, and this is informatization. At present, the armies of many countries are working hard to open up a path of change to break out of the dilemma of mechanized warfare. The trend of mechanized warfare giving way to information warfare is irreversible. President Jiang has a keen insight into the major changes in the world’s military field and pointed out that the essence of the new military revolution is the information revolution, which has pointed out the direction for our army to meet the challenges of the new military revolution in the world.

  At present, the armed forces of developed countries are vigorously promoting the informatization of weapons and equipment. While actively developing C4I systems, precision-guided munitions, smart weapons, and digital individual equipment, they also focus on doing a good job in top-level design, integrating target reconnaissance and surveillance, target information processing and transmission, precision strikes, and damage assessment to form a “military system”. In this way, the combat system of the industrial age, which is suitable for exerting the potential of firepower and mobility, has been gradually transformed into a combat system of the information age, which is suitable for the rapid flow and use of information.

  Our military’s preparations for military struggle coincide with the real upheaval in the world’s military field. Having experienced this revolution, we should have a stronger sense of the times and urgency than ever before. When we are preparing for real threats, we must not ignore or forget that we are in a new era, and we must not be busy responding and indifferent to the general trend. Not being attached to things we are already familiar with, keenly absorbing the new things shown to us by the historical trend, taking advantage of the trend, and taking a bigger step, this is the powerful response of the idea of ​​keeping pace with the times to the challenges of the times.

  Designing the “general coordinates” of military struggle preparation in accordance with the general trend of military transformation

  In his “May 31” speech, General Secretary Jiang pointed out: “Adhering to the ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts and promoting the spirit of keeping pace with the times are decisive factors in the Party’s maintaining its advanced nature and creativity under the conditions of long-term governance. Whether our Party can always do this will determine China’s development prospects and destiny.” If we understand keeping pace with the times from the perspective of “determining destiny,” military struggle preparations will be able to find reference in a broader context.

  ———Inspiration from history: Those who follow the trend will prosper, and those who go against the trend will perish. Those who follow the historical trend are destined to be favored by history, and those who seize the initiative are often those armies that are extremely sensitive to the historical trend. In the mid-19th century, Prussia was earlier than other countries to realize the challenges brought by the Industrial Revolution to the military field, and took the lead in realizing the transition of the military system to mechanized warfare, which gave it a decisive advantage over those European armies with more troops and higher technological levels in the following decades.

  On the contrary, there is a clear gap between the huge military investment and the results achieved, and the reason is probably the lack of a keen sense of smell to seize the opportunity. From the mid-17th century to the end of the 18th century, Chinese society developed to the extreme under the original system framework, and the military was also in the heyday of the cold weapon era. Almost at the same time, a series of earth-shaking changes took place in the world: the gunpowder revolution was in full swing, and the mechanization revolution followed. Faced with the impact of military changes, the Qing army clung to the pedantic idea that “riding and shooting are the foundation of Manchuria”, calling inventions and creations “strange skills and tricks” and viewing strong ships and powerful guns as sorcery. The Qing Dynasty was eventually passively beaten and lost its power and humiliated the country.

  History has striking similarities, but the choices of historical paths have their merits and demerits. Today, the world’s military is once again facing major changes, major developments, and major turning points. After the Gulf War, the Central Military Commission was keenly aware that the world’s military field was undergoing extensive and profound changes, and promptly formulated a military strategic policy for the new era, requiring that the basis of military struggle preparation be placed on winning local wars under modern technology, especially high-tech conditions; in 1996, under the guidance of this strategic policy, it was proposed that the guiding ideology of military construction must achieve two fundamental changes from quantity and scale to quality and efficiency, and from manpower-intensive to technology-intensive; in 1997, with great wisdom and extraordinary courage, the “three-step” strategy for the cross-century development of the military was determined… These major measures fully reflect the forward-looking vision of keeping pace with the times. Over the past decade, the reason why our military’s preparation for military struggle in the new era has been able to make continuous progress and breakthroughs is because the spirit of the times that keeps pace with the times has been integrated into it.

  ———Useful experience: Take reform as the focus of military struggle preparation. After the Cold War, the international situation changed, and the armies of various countries began to redesign their development blueprints. The general practice is to attach great importance to the impact of new military changes, emphasize the historical opportunity of war transformation, and promote military reform in accordance with the requirements of the times. Waves of reforms have emerged one after another, and finally formed a reform trend that swept the world.

  According to the “2001-2002 Strategic Assessment Report” recently published by the London International Institute for Strategic Studies, after the “9.11” incident, the US military proposed a new round of military reform plans, which included six important components, the first of which was “concepts on future wars.” With a new view on future wars, the war machine must be remodeled. In fact, the former Soviet army was the first to realize the current military revolution, but the US military came later. When many mechanized armies were still arguing about whether informatization would come, the US military quietly began the informatization reform and established the “Senior Steering Committee for Military Revolution Research” in 1994 as the organizational leadership of military reform. Each branch of the military has also established corresponding institutions, such as the Army Digitalization Office and Ground Information Warfare Center, the Navy New Operational Concept Committee and Fleet Information Warfare Center, and the Air Force Information Warfare Center. After years of accumulation, a large number of beneficial results have been achieved, providing coordinates for the military’s informatization transformation.

  The deeper the reform, the more difficult it is to operate. The armies of many countries have seen that the military system that has been perfected in the mechanized era has little room for transformation, and must vigorously promote the new military revolution. The US Department of Defense has set up five working groups to focus on how to use information technology to completely transform the US military, and has established six combat laboratories dedicated to studying information warfare. The US military believes that it is currently unable to effectively cope with various complex new security challenges, and needs to carry out military reforms with the goal of rapid, flexible, and effective joint operations of all arms, including the establishment of a standing joint task force, the development of required leapfrog technologies, the enhancement of the flexibility of command organizations, the reform of procurement strategies, the abandonment of old military systems to free up funds for new systems, and so on. Although the conditions for promoting the new military revolution in Russia, Britain, France, Japan and other countries are not as complete as those in the United States, they have also formulated long-term national defense development strategies and military construction plans, and accelerated the pace of their own military reforms to meet the challenges of the new military revolution. These reform measures reflect the general direction and are worth learning from for our army.

  ———The call of mission: Unify military struggle preparation and building a first-class army. The tasks of our army’s military struggle preparation are determined, but the reference system of army building is not solidified. The changing international environment, the uncertain strategic pattern and the complex surrounding security situation faced by our country have determined that once a war breaks out, our combat opponents and combat directions may not be single, and the main strategic direction is also relative and variable. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, almost none of the several local wars we have fought were carried out in the strategic direction we have prepared. If we only target one opponent and imagine one situation, it is undoubtedly a strategic shortsightedness.

  In the face of this situation, how can we prepare for military struggle? The answer is: improve the starting point of military struggle preparation and build a first-class army. In a reality full of uncertainty and unpredictability, the most important thing is to have the “ability” to cope with various situations. This is like participating in a large-scale international competition. It is not enough to just defeat one opponent. Only by defeating a series of opponents can you win the championship, which requires comprehensive strength. Therefore, military struggle preparation should be planned for the long term, not overly focusing on recent threats and ignoring long-term construction. While highlighting the key points, we should focus on developing the ability of the entire army to cope with challenges and unexpected events. This ability can only be obtained by strengthening quality construction and catching up with the world’s military powers. Take advantage of our “latecomer advantage”, draw nourishment from the history of military development in developed countries, accelerate the process of catching up with advanced technology, advanced systems, and advanced ideas, avoid the detours they have taken, and finally form our own advantages. In this way, we can prepare for recent threats while also taking care of the future.

  The military revolution is global, but it will not automatically visit every country. Although it has made it possible for the armies of developing countries to catch up, opportunities only come to those who respond correctly. We have unified the two strategic tasks of preparing for real military struggles and strengthening the quality of military construction, preparing while building, using preparation to drive construction and construction to promote preparation. This is undoubtedly the right choice.

  Taking a Distinctive Path of Military Struggle Preparation in the Trend of Change

  Due to different starting points, the military of different countries has shown diversity in the choice of development path. A foreign scholar once asserted: “What aspects of an army lag behind and how much it lags behind completely determines the pattern of historical change.” In the field of economics, this phenomenon is called “path dependence.” If the path of change of the world’s military powers is regarded as the only model and applied to oneself without thinking, then it will inevitably lead to a serious misalignment of the starting point, path and goal.

  ———Establish a brand-new development strategy. In the 21st century, the war will inevitably enter the informationization stage. In this transition, the armies of countries around the world may undergo new differentiation, resulting in major differences and imbalances in combat capabilities. To avoid being left behind in the new competition, conventional strategies will not work. We must find a way to catch up quickly.

  Mechanization is the path to development for Western armies. This is because the historical background at that time provided them with special conditions. It is impossible for our army to have these historical conditions again and to achieve the same level of development in the form of mechanized warfare. Therefore, we should seriously reflect on whether we can really catch up with the armies of developed countries in the framework of mechanization.

  Information warfare is a great leap forward in the form of warfare. In fact, the development from the old form to the new form is achieved through a series of huge changes within the combat system. This transformation is not a linear transition from the old form to the new form, but a “transfer development”. Just as “steamboats are not evolutionary sailboats; cars are not evolutionary improvements on horses and carriages; transistors are not better vacuum tubes”, “transfer development” is a change in the nature and direction of combat means. Its prominent features are its transition, nonlinearity, discontinuity and innovation. Looking forward from the perspective of the old form in a straight line, you cannot see the new form.

  Our army is still in the process of mechanization. The limitations of mechanization are rapidly emerging but have not yet been fully exposed. In some areas of information technology, our army has gradually entered the new military revolution, and even in some parts and to some extent, it is not behind many Western countries’ armies. This shows a fact that mechanization and informatization are not completely connected in a straight line. Under certain conditions, it is possible to achieve leapfrog development. The agricultural civilization of ancient Egypt was not built on the basis of the world’s most developed hunting and gathering civilization, and the British pioneering industrial civilization did not have the world’s most developed agricultural civilization.

  The discontinuity and transition of the new war form often provide a historical opportunity for the army that was not advanced to catch up. The information revolution provides an opportunity for our army to achieve leapfrog development without fully developed mechanization.

  ———Use informatization to drive mechanization. The “generational” development of weapons and equipment is not only an important part of the new military revolution, but also its origin. A fundamental question is: for which generation of war are the weapons systems being developed or introduced preparing? If we use yesterday’s equipment to meet tomorrow’s war, we will inevitably run into a wall. Let’s take an example. The radar system used by the vast majority of early warning aircraft currently in service is an active radiation radar, which will basically have no survivability in the next generation of war. If we blindly introduce such early warning aircraft, is it a strategic miscalculation? Obviously, forward-looking awareness is particularly important for equipment development.

  The so-called advanced consciousness, for our army at this stage, is to establish the development concept of “using informatization to drive mechanization”. The information revolution has provided opportunities for our army to develop by leaps and bounds, but it is impossible to completely leapfrog the mechanization stage. The mechanization level of our army’s weapons and equipment is still not high, and some are even only semi-mechanized. Using informatization to drive mechanization means moderately developing mechanization, but not pursuing the most advanced mechanization, not affecting the capital investment in informatization transformation, not over-performing the mechanized command system and mechanism, and ensuring the smooth progress of informatization transformation while maintaining the mechanized combat mode. Combine moderate development of mechanization with informatization, and while maintaining the former, focus on the latter.

  ———Deepen reform while inheriting. As early as 1996, President Jiang pointed out: “From the current trend of world military development, the problem of unreasonable organizational system of our army is also quite prominent. The adjustment and reform of organizational system should continue to be carried out actively and steadily.” Any army is following the organizational tradition that has been tested by practice and reflects its own characteristics. For example, Sweden has adopted the organizational system of integrating soldiers with civilians for hundreds of years, and the organizational system of the Indian Army still retains the “wing system” tradition of the British Indian period… However, the impact point of military reform is often aimed at the organizational system first. The “hub” position of the organizational system makes it the focus of any army that wants to make a difference.

  As the military revolution develops in depth, a series of innovative achievements in weapons and equipment, personnel quality and combat theory will eventually need to be materialized in a smooth system, and scientific mechanisms will be used to express and reflect them, so that they can release energy most quickly and effectively. The adjustment of the organizational system of our army should break through the accumulated problems, transcend tradition, create enough space to promote institutional reform, and unswervingly work towards the direction of “appropriate scale, reasonable structure, and flexible command” required by Chairman Jiang. The so-called keeping pace with the times means that we should boldly reform the focus and difficulties of these top-level designs, and should not be burdened by the details in front of us.

  ———Using science and technology as the driving force. In the process of new military transformation, our army’s scientific spirit and scientific and technological awareness are keeping pace with the times. The whole army has carried out extensive, in-depth and long-term scientific and technological training activities, and has embarked on a new training development path driven by science and technology.

  Historically, armies that reject science and technology have always been doomed. During World War II, the Japanese Kwantung Army believed that “belief rather than knowledge is the factor in completing the mission”, and its combat regulations insisted on “hand-to-hand combat”. In the “Zhanggufeng Incident” in 1938, although the casualties in hand-to-hand combat only accounted for 2.8% of the total casualties, the Kwantung Army’s combat regulations in 1941 still emphasized “hand-to-hand combat” and lacked training to deal with tanks and aircraft. After the war, the Japanese army admitted that the Kwantung Army “had almost zero modern combat training”. Western armies have a tradition of advocating science, and they attach great importance to timely revising training regulations and adjusting training content according to the development of military technology. It is reported that the US Air Force no longer conducts training in close-range air combat projects, but focuses on controlling missile flight.

  In recent years, the whole army has carried out a comprehensive reform of the content of education and training in accordance with the requirements of the military strategic policy of the new era, and has achieved phased results. However, the reform that has been carried out is preliminary, and there is still a long way to go. The innovation of education and training content should focus on the requirements of the next generation of war on personnel quality and combat capability, and make a good overall design from top to bottom. In recent years, our army has built a military training information network for the whole army and campus networks of various colleges and universities, established a large number of modern teaching venues and training grounds, developed and distributed a large number of training simulation equipment that matches new equipment, and realized the interconnection and interoperability of campaign and tactical training simulation systems… We will hold high the torch of the spirit of the times, keep pace with the times, and rely closely on scientific and technological progress to continuously push education and training to a new level.

現代國語:

柴宇球、曾蘇南、本報記者張國育

內容提要

●我軍軍事鬥爭準備是在世界軍事真正發生劇變的特殊背景下進行的。如果缺乏與時俱進的強烈意識和開拓創新的理論準備,就無法把時代精神貫穿軍事鬥爭準備的整個過程

●軍事變革的許多階段及其可能變化具有不確定性,因此產生了不同的價值判斷和行為準則。決定這些判斷和準則的取捨,只能把它們放到軍事變革的「總座標」中去考慮

●與時俱進不是隨波逐流,不是按部就班,跨越式發展是與時俱進的題中應有之義。新的歷史使命要求我們縮短甚至超越某些發展階段,走具有鮮明特色的軍事鬥爭準備之路

激變時代催生偉大思想。江澤民總書記在「5·31」演講中指出:「貫徹好『三個代表』要求,必須使全黨始終保持與時俱進的精神狀態,不斷開拓馬克思主義理論發展的新境界…」。江主席提出的與時俱進思想,是時代精神的高度概括,也是推動軍事創新的持久的精神動力,它必將對軍事鬥爭準備產生深遠影響。以「三個代表」重要想法為指導,大力弘揚與時俱進的精神,用開拓創新打開工作局面,用解放思想提升戰鬥力,才能把「打得贏」落實。

軍事鬥爭準備最突出的時代背景是新軍事變革

「三個代表」重要思想是中國共產黨人觀察、思考當今世界和中國的變化,在新的實踐中堅持與發展馬克思主義的結果。與時俱進,則是反映了時代本質特徵的觀念。用這個觀念來檢視軍事鬥爭準備,首先應當看我們所處的時代背景究竟發生了什麼樣的改變。

影響軍事鬥爭準備的因素很多:國際情勢的發展,戰略格局的演變,對安全威脅的判斷……但是,影響最直接、最深刻、最廣泛的,當首推上世紀末期興起的新一輪軍事革命。

———戰鬥要素的革命:打擊力、防護力、機動力同步提升。千百年來,還沒有哪一次軍事變革在短時間內使打擊、防護、機動能力獲得同步發展。而當今發生的這場軍事變革,正把三種作戰能力同時提升的理想模式變成現實。

打擊能力的提升主要得益於精確導引武器。傳統非導引武器的命中精準度一般與打擊距離構成穩定的反比關係,而精確導引武器卻在改變「射程-精準度」規律,它不因射程的增大而降低精準度。這項變革猛烈衝擊著上一代戰爭中形成的時間觀、空間觀和效能觀,「非接觸作戰」、「防區外打擊」等新戰法應運而生。

在歷次軍事變革中,防護能力的變革總是“慢半拍”,戰場嚴格遵循“靠消滅敵人來保存自己”的鐵律。甚至有人認為,20世紀的裝甲革命只是冷兵器時代「阻隔與抵消對方打擊威力」的思路的延伸,實在算不上是一次防護革命。今天,一場真正意義上的防護革命悄然而至,代表性的技術是被稱為「低可探測性技術」的隱身技術,它突破了沿襲數千年的傳統套路,透過降低目標被發現的機率來“保存自己”,同時又為達成攻擊的突然性創造了條件,堪稱先“保存自己”再“消滅敵人”的進攻性防護手段,其發展前景不可限量。

機動力正向「空中化」轉移,軍隊機動呈現多維立體的特徵。隨著情報保障、指揮控制、機動工具的跨代式改善,空中機動能力從戰術級躍升到了戰役級。目前,有些已開發國家軍隊主力部隊的直升機數量與坦克大致相等,平均每100名士兵就有一架直升機。一旦地面不再成為障礙物時,戰場將出現什麼新景觀?

———軍隊結構的革命:諸軍兵種一體化。一體化是新軍事變革的成果在指揮協同領域的突出體現。自從有了軍兵種,軍隊就信奉整體作戰思想,但由於資訊的「橫向流動」比較困難,制約了軍隊整體作戰能力的提升。自1980年代以來,數位化通訊設備、敵我識別系統、全球定位系統、電腦網路相繼躋身戰場,不同類型、不同層級、不同空間的部隊第一次具備了資訊「橫向流動」的能力,為一體化作戰創造了條件。反映這一趨勢的是近年來美軍提出的「行動中心戰」概念。基於感測器技術、電腦網路技術及快速反應能力的發展,美軍把“計劃中心戰”轉變為“行動中心戰”,這將是軍隊指揮協同領域的一次深刻變革,諸軍兵種一體化作戰將由此達到一個新水平。

一體化也體現在軍隊編成上。首先是軍種界限的弱化。二次大戰以來,軍種力量通常由戰略統帥部直接掌握,形成了涇渭分明的軍種界限。未來聯合作戰,傳統的指揮體制已無法適應對時效性的特殊要求,必須打破原有的軍種界限,組成一體化部隊。目前,建立由陸軍旅特遣隊、空軍戰鬥機中隊、海軍艦艇部隊和陸戰隊遠徵分隊組成的“聯合特遣部隊”,就是發達國家軍隊謀求一體化的新嘗試。其次是兵種界線的弱化。已開發國家軍隊紛紛組成兵種混編合成部隊,如美國空軍在前幾年「混編聯隊」試驗的基礎之上,將在2003年前建立10​​支遠徵型航空航天部隊;英國從2000年開始將海軍的「海鷂」飛機與空軍的「鷂」式戰鬥機混合編組。可以預見,在不遠的將來,機械化戰爭時代所形成的相對穩定的軍隊結構將出現新格局。有些學者稱之為“關係的革命”、“結構的革命”,不失為一種遠見。

———作戰體系的革命:機械化軍隊轉變為資訊化軍隊。人類社會正面臨歷史上第三次大轉型,資訊革命的浪潮持續不斷。幾年前,作為「智慧化」戰爭的資訊化概念尚在人們的視野之外,而今天沒有多少人再懷疑它的出現。

戰爭自進入工業時代以來,呈現出加速度發展趨勢,尤其是第二次世界大戰後的半個世紀,機械化作為戰爭形態的主流已經達到它的巔峰,但同時也陷入了困境:武器裝備的物理性能達到極限,大量的投入回報甚微;核武的災難性後果,使其越來越難以在戰爭中發揮作用;大規模殺傷性武器造成的對無辜人民的傷害和對環境造成的污染,導致生態惡化……在機械化的框架中繼續發展幾乎沒有出路,人們開始尋求新的方式,即從更深層面上解決打擊效率和作戰效果問題,努力實現精確化、可控化和智能化,而這就是信息化。目前,許多國家軍隊都在努力開拓跳出機械化戰爭困境的變革之路,機械化戰爭讓位給資訊化戰爭的趨勢不可逆轉。江主席敏銳洞察世界軍事領域發生的重大變化,精闢指出了新軍事變革的本質是資訊化革命,為我軍迎接世界新軍事變革的挑戰指明了方向。

目前,已開發國家軍隊都在大力推進武器裝備的資訊化建設,在積極發展C4 I系統、精確制導彈藥、靈巧武器、數位化單兵裝備的同時,注重搞好頂層設計,使目標偵察與監視、目標資訊處理與傳輸、精確打擊與毀傷評估實現一體化,形成「軍事大系統」。這樣,就把工業時代的適於發揮火力和機動力潛能的作戰體系,逐步改造成了資訊時代的適於資訊快速流動和使用的作戰體系。

我軍軍事鬥爭準備恰逢世界軍事領域正發生著真正的劇變,親歷了這場革命,我們應有比以往更強烈的時代感和緊迫感。當我們針對現實威脅認真準備的時候,我們一定不可以忽略或忘記我們正置身一個新的時代,一定不可以忙於應對而淡漠大勢。不眷戀我們已經熟悉了的東西,敏銳吸納歷史潮流為我們展示的新鮮事物,乘勢而上,把步子邁得更大一點,這就是與時俱進思想對時代挑戰的有力回應。

按照軍事變革大趨勢設計軍事鬥爭準備“總坐標”

江總書記在「5·31」演講中指出:「堅持解放思想、實事求是的思想路線,弘揚與時俱進的精神,是黨在長期執政條件下保持先進性和創造力的決定性因素。我們黨能否始終做到這一點,決定著中國的發展前途和命運。

———歷史的啟蒙:順應趨勢者昌,逆趨勢而動者亡。順應歷史潮流注定得到歷史的青睞,搶先者往往是那些對歷史潮流異常敏感的軍隊。 19世紀中葉,普魯士比其他國家更早察覺到工業革命對軍事領域帶來的挑戰,率先實現了軍事體係向機械化戰爭的過渡,從而使它在後來數十年間比那些兵力更多、科技水平更高的歐洲軍隊都佔有決定性優勢。

相反的情形是,軍事上的巨額投入與所取得的成果之間存在明顯落差,其原因恐怕也是缺乏乘勢而動的靈敏嗅覺。 17世紀中葉至18世紀末,中國社會在原有的體系框架下發展到了極致,軍事上也處於冷兵器時代的鼎盛期。幾乎在同一時間,世界發生了一系列改天換地的變革:火藥革命方興未艾,機械化革命接踵而至。面對軍事變革的衝擊,滿清軍隊卻死抱著“騎射乃滿洲根本”的迂腐觀念,把發明創造稱為“奇技淫巧”,把堅船利炮看成妖術。大清王朝最終被動挨打,喪權辱國。

歷史有著驚人的相似之處,歷史道路的選擇卻有高下優劣之分。當今,世界軍事又面臨大變動、大發展、大轉折。海灣戰爭以後,中央軍委敏銳察覺到世界軍事領域正在發生廣泛而深刻的變革,及時制定了新時期軍事戰略方針,要求把軍事鬥爭準備的基點放在打贏現代技術特別是高技術條件下的局部戰爭上;19 96年,在這一戰略方針的指導下,提出軍隊建設的指導思想必須實現由數量規模型向質量效能型、由人力密集型向科技密集型的兩個根本性轉變;1997年,又以高度的智慧和過人的膽魄,確定了軍隊跨世紀發展“三步走”戰略……這些重大舉措,充分體現了與時俱進的前瞻性視野。十多年來,我軍新時期軍事鬥爭準備之所以能夠不斷取得進展與突破,就是因為把與時俱進的時代精神融入其中。

———有益的經驗:把改革當作軍事鬥爭準備的著力點。冷戰後,國際局勢起了變化,各國軍隊開始重新設計發展藍圖。普遍的做法是,高度重視新軍事變革的影響,強調掌握戰爭形態轉型的歷史機遇,並依照時代要求推動軍事改革。一個波次接一個波次的改革浪潮此起彼伏,最終形成了席捲全球的改革之勢。

根據倫敦國際戰略研究所最近發表的《2001-2002年度戰略評估報告》稱,「9·11」事件以後,美軍提出了新一輪的軍事改革計劃,其中包括六個重要組成部分,首要部分是「關於未來戰爭的設想」。對未來戰爭有了新看法,必然對戰爭機器進行新的改造。其實,最早意識到當今這場軍事變革的是前蘇軍,但美軍後來居上,當許多機械化為主的軍隊還在爭論資訊化是否會到來時,美軍不動聲色地開始了資訊化改革,於1994年成立了“軍事革命研究高級指導委員會”,作為軍事改革的組織領導機構。各軍種也成立了相應的機構,如陸軍數位化辦公室和地面資訊戰中心、海軍新作戰概念委員會和艦隊資訊戰中心、空軍資訊戰中心等。經過多年積累,取得了大量有益成果,為軍隊資訊化改造提供了座標。

改革越深入,操作的難度就越高。許多國家的軍隊已經看到,在機械化時代日臻完善的軍事體系已經沒有太大的改造空間,必須大刀闊斧地推進新軍事革命。美國國防部專門成立了5個工作小組,集中探討如何使用資訊科技徹底改造美軍,並且建立了6個專門研究資訊戰的戰鬥實驗室。美軍認為,目前還不能有效地應付各種複雜的新安全挑戰,需要以迅速、靈活、各兵種有效聯合行動為目標進行軍事改革,包括設立一支常備聯合特遣部隊,開發需要的躍進技術,增強指揮機構的彈性,改革採購策略,放棄舊的軍事系統以便為新系統騰出經費,等等。俄、英、法、日等國推行新軍事革命的條件雖然不如美國完備,但它們也紛紛制定面向長遠的國防發展戰略與軍隊建設規劃,加快本國軍事改革的步伐,以迎接新軍事革命的挑戰。這些反映了大方向的改革舉措,值得我軍借鏡。

———使命的呼喚:把軍事鬥爭準備和建設一流軍隊統一起來。我軍軍事鬥爭準備的任務是確定的,而軍隊建設的參考係卻不是凝固的。多變的國際環境、未定的戰略格局以及我國所面臨的複雜的周邊安全形勢,這些都決定了一旦發生戰事,我們的作戰對手和作戰方向可能都不是單一的,主要戰略方向也具有相對性和可變性。建國後,我們所進行的幾場局部戰爭,幾乎沒有一場是在我們準備好了的戰略方向進行的。如果僅僅瞄準一個對手,設想一種情況,無疑是一種戰略短視。

面對這種局面,如何做好軍事鬥爭準備?答案是:提高軍事鬥爭準備的起點,建立一支一流軍隊。在充滿不確定性和不可測性的現實中,具備應付各種情況的「能力」才是最重要的。這如同參加大型國際賽,光是戰勝一個對手不行,只有戰勝一系列對手才能奪冠,這就需要綜合實力。所以,軍事鬥爭準備要從長計議,不過度專注近期威脅而忽略長遠建設,在突出重點的同時,著力去開發整個軍隊應付挑戰和不測事件的能力。這種能力只有透過加強品質建設,在追趕世界軍事強國的過程中獲得。利用我們的“後發優勢”,從發達國家軍隊發展的歷史中汲取營養,加速對先進技術、先進體制、先進思想的追趕過程,避免他們走過的彎路,最終形成自己的優勢。這樣,我們才能在為近期威脅作好準備的同時,也關照好未來。

軍事革命是全球性的,但它不會自動光顧每一個國家,它雖然使後發國家軍隊有了奮起追趕的可能性,但機運只為那些正確應對者而來。我們把現實軍事鬥爭準備和加強軍隊質量建設兩大戰略任務統一起來,邊準備,邊建設,以準備牽引建設,以建設促進準備,這無疑是正確的抉擇。

在變革潮流中走具有特色的軍事鬥爭準備之路

不同國家軍隊由於起點不同,對發展道路的選擇呈現出多樣性。國外某學者曾斷言:「一支軍隊什麼方面落後、落後多少完全規定了歷史的變化模式。」經濟學領域稱這種現象為「路徑依賴」。如果把世界軍事強國的變革之路視為唯一模式,不假思索地套於自身,那麼,必然導致起點、途徑與目標的嚴重錯置。

———確立嶄新的發展思路。戰爭形態在21世紀必定跨入資訊化階段,世界各國軍隊有可能在這場過渡中發生新的分化,形成作戰水準的重大差異與不平衡。要避免在新的角逐中落伍,常規的思路肯定不行,必須找到一條快速追趕的路徑。

機械化是西方軍隊的發達之路,這是由於當時的歷史背景給西方軍隊提供了特殊條件,而我軍不可能重新具備這些歷史條件,不可能在機械化戰爭形態中獲得同等發達水平。因此,我們應該認真反思在機械化框架中能否真正趕上已開發國家軍隊的問題。

資訊化戰爭是戰爭形態的大飛躍。其實,從舊形態轉向新形態的發展是透過作戰系統內部一系列巨大轉變來實現的,這種轉變不是舊形態向新形態的直線推移,而是一種「轉移式發展」。正如「蒸氣船不是進化發展的帆船;汽車不是馬和馬車的進化型改進;晶體管不是一種較好的真空管」一樣,「轉移式發展」是作戰手段的本質、方向的改變,其突出特徵是它的轉折性、非線性、間斷性和創新性,從舊型態的視角向前直線展望是看不到新型態的。

我軍目前尚處在機械化進程中,機械化的局限性正在快速顯現但尚未完全暴露,而我軍在資訊科技某些領域已逐漸涉足新軍事革命,甚至在某些局部某種程度上並不比許多西方國家軍隊落後。這顯示了一個事實,機械化與資訊化並不完全是直線相接的,在具備一定的條件下,有可能實現跨越式發展。古埃及的農業文明並不是建立在世界最發達的採獵文明基礎上,英國開拓工業文明也不是擁有世界最發達的農業文明。

新戰爭形態的間斷性、轉折性往往會給原本並不先進的軍隊提供一個後來居上的歷史機會。資訊革命為我軍在不擁有充分發展的機械化的基礎上實現跨越式發展提供了機會。

———用資訊化牽引機械化。武器裝備的「斷代性」發展,既是新軍事變革的重要內容,也是它的始因。一個帶根本性的問題是:正在研發或引進的武器系統是為哪一代戰爭做準備?如果用昨天的裝備迎接明天的戰爭,難免會碰壁。試舉一例。現在正在服役的絕大多數預警機,採用的雷達系統是主動式輻射雷達,這在下一代戰爭中將基本沒有生存能力,如果盲目引進此類預警機,是不是一種戰略失算?顯然,超前意識對裝備發展來說尤其重要。

所謂超前意識,對現階段的我軍來說,就是確立「用資訊化牽引機械化」的發展觀。資訊革命為我軍跨越式發展提供了機遇,但機械化階段不可能完全跨越,我軍武器裝備的機械化水準還不高,有些甚至只是半機械化。用資訊化牽引機械化,就是適度發展機械化,但不追求最發達的機械化,不影響資訊化改造的資金投入,不過度完善機械化指揮體系和機制,在維持機械化作戰方式的同時,保證資訊化改造順利進行。把適度發展機械化與資訊化結合起來,在維持前者的同時,重心向後者傾斜。

———在繼承中深化改革。江主席早在1996年就指出:「從當前世界軍事發展的動向看,我軍的編制體制不合理的問題也比較突出,編制體制的調整改革要繼續積極穩妥地進行。」任何軍隊都在沿襲著經過實踐檢驗、體現自身特色的編制傳統,如瑞典幾百年來一直採取了寓兵於民的組織體制,印度陸軍的編制體制仍然保留著英印時期的「聯隊制」傳統……但是,軍事變革的衝擊點往往先瞄準編制體制。編制體制所處的「樞紐」地位,使它成為任何一支有所作為的軍隊所關注的焦點。

隨著軍事革命向縱深發展,武器裝備、人員素質和作戰理論的一系列革新成果,最終都需要物化於一種順暢的體制內,用科學的機制去表現它、反映它,使其最迅速、最有效地釋放能量。我軍的編制體制調整應當衝破積弊,超越傳統,創造足夠的空間促進機構改革,堅定不移地朝著江主席所要求的「規模適度、結構合理、指揮靈便」的方向努力。所謂與時俱進,就應當在這些頂層設計的焦點、難點上大膽改革,而不應為眼前的細節所累。

———以科學技術為推動力。在新軍事變革的過程中,我軍的科學精神、科技意識都在與時俱進,全軍廣泛、深入、持久地開展科技練兵活動,走出了一條以科學技術為推動力的新的訓練發展道路。

歷史上,拒絕科學技術的軍隊均難逃厄運。在二次大戰中,日本關東軍信奉“完成任務的因素,是信念而不是知識”,戰鬥條令一味主張“白刃主義”。到了1938年“張鼓鋒事件”,儘管白刃戰傷亡僅佔總傷亡的千分之二點八,但關東軍1941年的戰鬥條令仍然強調“白刃主義”,缺少對付坦克和飛機的訓練。日軍戰後承認,關東軍「在近代作戰訓練方面幾乎等於零」。而西方軍隊則具有崇尚科學的傳統,他們十分重視根據軍事科技的發展及時修改訓練條例,調整訓練內容。據報道,美空軍已不再進行空中近距格鬥項目的訓練,而把訓練重點放在控制飛彈飛行上。

近年來,全軍按照新時期軍事戰略方針的要求,對教育訓練內容進行了全面改革,取得了階段性成果。但已經進行的改革是初步的,今後的路還很長。教育訓練內容創新,應緊緊圍繞下一代戰爭對人員素質和作戰能力提出的要求,由上至下搞好整體設計。近年來,我軍建成了全軍軍事訓練資訊網和各院校校園網,建立了一大批現代化教學場館和訓練場地,研製配發了一大批與新裝備配套的訓練模擬器材,實現了戰役戰術訓練模擬系統的互連互通……我們將高擎與時俱進這把時代精神的火炬,緊緊依靠科技進步,把教育訓練不斷推向新境界。

http://jczs.sina.com.cn 2002年7月16日 07:51 解放军报

中國原創軍事資源:https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2002-07-16/7489888.html?from=wap

Strengthening the Military with Chinese Characteristics A Path of Deep Reform

中國特色強軍之路 深化改革之路

現代英語:

From November 24 to 26, 2015, the world-renowned deepening of national defense and military reform was officially launched, opening the curtain for our army to seize the strategic commanding heights of future military competition. This is the most revolutionary military reform of the People’s Liberation Army in 60 years. The reform is unprecedented in its force, structure and scope.

Give full play to the advantages of the socialist military system with Chinese characteristics

Ren Tianyou

A new round of reforms in our military has begun. With the establishment of the joint command system, theater system, and service construction and management system, China’s military reform is taking a key step forward with a new attitude. What is different from the past is that this is a comprehensive reform with the leadership and command system as the core, a “reform above the neck”, with unprecedented determination, unprecedented action, unprecedented benefits, and unprecedented risks.

In carrying out top-down reform, our army’s greatest advantage lies in the system. This reform starts from the headquarters, services, military regions and other high-level leadership organs of the army, starting from the “brain” and “center” of the army. The reason why we bravely cross the shoals and why we are full of confidence is the advantage of the socialist military system with Chinese characteristics.

The core of giving full play to the advantages of the socialist military system with Chinese characteristics is to uphold the absolute leadership of the Party over the military. If this point is not seen, the reform will make the mistake of purely military perspectives; if this point is not adhered to, it will not be able to gather motivation and innovation in the face of difficulties, and the reform will eventually become a building on gravel, which cannot withstand the battle on the battlefield and the test of history. To uphold the absolute leadership of the Party over the military is to resolutely implement the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi, break through various ideological obstacles to build consensus, and obey orders regardless of personal gains and losses and local interests. Only in this way can the military reform overcome numerous difficulties and reach the other side of victory.

Reform is a process of interest adjustment. The obstacles to military reform in ancient and modern times, both in China and abroad, also highlight the threshold of interests. It is easy to defeat the thief in the mountains, but it is difficult to defeat the thief in the heart. Compared with people’s subjective consciousness, under the new era conditions, more attention should be paid to breaking the obstacles to reforming the old system by improving the system and the legal system. The rule of law should be used to ensure the coordination of the resources of the whole army and realize the concentration of forces for reform; the rule of law should be used to withdraw and merge to reduce the space for backward combat forces and make room for new combat forces; the rule of law should be used to ensure the smooth operation of the new leadership and command system and strongly eliminate the interference from local interests and personal interests.

Who can successfully implement reforms and who can successfully manage risks are the major issues that determine the fate of reforms. As Engels said, “When the wave of technological revolution is surging around, it is no good to let these conservative prejudices dominate the army. We need newer and braver minds.” Since the Gulf War, the US military has continuously produced talented generals, from Boyd to Owens, from Powell to Ramosfeld, theorists and practitioners have emerged in an endless stream, either relying on their achievements on the battlefield or being selected through the survival of the fittest in theory. For this reason, if the talent selection rules are not refreshed, the reform may remain in the trap of “old wine in new bottles” where “old heads” monopolize new positions.

Chairman Mao Zedong said that our army matures quickly in war. This is because our army always takes the initiative to reform and forges a path to victory at the critical moment of life and death. Looking back at history, our army’s reform is often not a calm and unhurried process, but a desperate outbreak under external threats and internal pressure. The “Three Bays Reform” started with a team of less than a thousand people in the repeated failures of urban riots, and the streamlining of the army and government was carried out in the heavy siege of the Japanese invaders’ “Three Alls” policy and iron wall encirclement. Today’s reform of our army is taking place under the hegemonic countries’ flaunting of maritime hegemony and military provocations, and it is set sail in the Japanese right-wing forces’ eagerness to shake the peace constitution and then plot to subvert the post-war international order. It shoulders the mission of defending national territorial sovereignty and maintaining world peace, and it cannot tolerate delay, carelessness, or retreat. At the same time, it should be seen that this military reform is based on the country’s economic take-off and is a leap forward standing on the solid shoulders of scientific and technological innovation. The opportunity is rare and should not be missed.

(The author is the director of the Strategic Education and Research Department of the National Defense University and a major general)

(Excerpt from Guangming Daily, December 23, 2015)

Military reform: a charge to seize strategic commanding heights

Lu Jianyong Wang Xueping

Build a joint combat command organization and launch a combined attack

Information warfare is a game between systems and systems, and systems and systems. The way of winning by fighting alone has no place. In the ever-changing information battlefield, whether the various services can closely coordinate to form a joint force depends on the joint operations command organization. Looking at the armies of the powerful countries in the world today, all of them have the ability to win information warfare by building a strong joint operations command organization. After the end of the Cold War, the US military immediately began to adjust and build the leadership and command system of the headquarters, and the same is true for the armies of Russia, Britain, France and other countries. This major reform of our army, standing at the commanding heights of the world, can be said to be a global vision and strategic thinking. By 2020, we must “strive to build a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics that can win information warfare and effectively fulfill missions and tasks.” The leadership and management system and the joint operations command system are designed as a whole, and “joint operations command organizations are established”, and efforts are made to build a “combat command system of the Military Commission-theater-troops”. The joint command organization has made its debut, making the “central nervous system” of the army more efficient and flexible, as shown in the following:

Strengthened unified command. The military is an armed force group with special missions and tasks. Its special nature requires a highly unified command. President Xi Jinping stressed that “we must focus on implementing the requirements of political military construction under the new situation, promote the organic unity of leadership and control of the troops and efficient command of the troops, and form a pattern in which the CMC is in charge of overall affairs, the theater commands are responsible for combat, and the services are responsible for construction.” The so-called CMC is in charge of overall affairs, which means “strengthening the centralized and unified leadership of the CMC, and better concentrating the highest leadership and command of the military in the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission”, so that the military will always listen to the Party.

Reduced levels of command. Modern warfare is about speed. Without the rapid decision-making and command of the command organs and the rapid response of the troops, there will be no initiative on the battlefield. The CMC and the theater directly command the troops, and the command chain is greatly compressed. The will and determination of the command level are transformed into troop actions in the shortest path, which can effectively seize the initiative on the battlefield in a rapidly changing battlefield.

Achieved efficiency and effectiveness. A bloated and inefficient leadership and command structure not only makes it difficult for the military machine to operate efficiently and quickly, but also makes it easier for a powerful enemy to “attack wherever it points to.” Building a three-level command system of “CMC, theater, and troops” can effectively achieve high efficiency in combat command through the streamlining and reorganization of organs and clear division of functions.

Establish the Army Department, divide the war zones, and plan for war

For a long time, the leadership and command system of our army has been imperfect. The army’s construction, management and leadership functions are performed by various departments of the headquarters, resulting in overlapping command and management functions of the army, multiple policies and mutual constraints. This is not only not conducive to the top-level design and systematic planning of army construction, but also puts too much burden on the headquarters. The huge and repeated establishment of military district organs also leads to conflicts and dual weakening of command and management functions. These problems have seriously affected the overall construction of the army as a service, and restricted the formation and performance of the joint combat command functions of the headquarters and theater. At present, the armies of major countries in the world have established army headquarters, which are responsible for various tasks of the construction of their own services, including personnel and administrative management, education and training, military scientific research, military mobilization, weapons and equipment, and logistics support. In this military reform of our army, President Xi Jinping, based on a scientific judgment of my country’s security situation and in line with the general trend of the world’s military revolution, pointed out that deepening the reform of national defense and the army should “focus on solving the institutional obstacles, structural contradictions, and policy issues that restrict national defense and army building, promote the modernization of the army’s organizational form, further liberate and develop combat effectiveness, further liberate and enhance the vitality of the army, and build a consolidated national defense and a strong army that is commensurate with my country’s international status and compatible with national security and development interests”. Some military experts analyzed that the establishment of the Army Department in this military reform will make the army more aware of its military services. The strengthening of the top-level design of the army’s construction and development can fundamentally solve the problems of our army’s large number and scale, unreasonable proportion of arms, long and short leadership and command system, and excessive non-combat units. A sensitive, synthetic, multi-functional, and efficient army with Chinese characteristics will stand in the east of the world. The transformation of military regions into theaters of war is even more significant.

First, the theater is dedicated to fighting wars and is a complete regional combat organization. In the future, our army will have a clearer idea of ​​”what kind of war to fight and how to fight it”, and forward-looking war design will also drive and guide the development of military construction and promote the leap in the combat effectiveness of the troops. Second, the transformation of military regions into theaters is not only a reorganization of the leadership and command institutions, but also a more efficient and effective leadership and command level, and also makes military struggle preparations more targeted. At the same time, the institutionalization and normalization of theater joint training ensures that peacetime training is connected with future wars.

Establish the Military Commission’s Discipline Inspection Commission and the Political and Legal Commission to keep the military flag forever bright red

Our army has grown from nothing to something, from small to large, from weak to strong, and from victory to victory. Adhering to the absolute leadership of the Party over the army and strictly governing the army are the fundamental guarantees. This military reform is a historical opportunity for our army to catch up and overtake in the new round of military revolution. It is even more necessary to pave the way and escort it by governing the army according to law and strictly governing the army. President Xi Jinping pointed out that “we should focus on deepening the rule of law and strict governance of the army, grasp the key of governing power, and build a strict system of constraints and supervision on the exercise of power”. “Focus on solving the problem of insufficient independence and authority of military discipline inspection, inspection, audit, justice, and supervision, and strive to eradicate the soil for the breeding and spread of corruption by weaving a tight cage of the system. Establish a new Military Commission Discipline Inspection Commission, send discipline inspection teams to the Military Commission organs and theaters respectively, and promote the implementation of the dual leadership system of the Discipline Inspection Commission. Adjust and establish the Military Commission Audit Office, and implement all resident audits. Establish a new Military Commission Political and Legal Affairs Commission, adjust the military judicial system, set up military courts and military procuratorates according to regions, and ensure that they exercise their powers independently and impartially in accordance with the law.”

Optimize the force structure of the armed forces and make a leap forward in “combat effectiveness”

The military force structure in which the three armed forces revolve around the army and the army revolves around the heavy-armed forces is no longer suitable for the three-dimensional, speedy and wide-area needs of modern warfare. Looking at the military reforms of major countries in the world today, all of them seek combat effectiveness through structural reorganization, especially by drastically reducing the strength of outdated arms and accelerating the development of new combat forces, so that the army can stand at the forefront of military reform. For example, focus on the development of technical arms and arms with strong assault power, accelerate the construction of rapid reaction forces, light armored forces, special operations forces and army aviation, etc., to meet the needs of information warfare, system warfare and speed warfare. In addition, the “breaking the boundaries of military arms and creating integrated forces” in the military of some countries has also become a major trend in the development of troop formations. For example, the joint expeditionary force formed by the US military includes army divisions, naval aircraft carrier battle groups, Marine Corps units (subunits) and air force fighter wings. At this military reform meeting, President Xi Jinping emphasized that “we should focus on building elite combat forces, optimize the scale structure and troop formation, and promote the transformation of our army from quantity and scale to quality and efficiency.” We must “adjust and improve the proportion of military services, optimize the force structure of the military services, reform the troop composition according to the security needs and combat missions in different directions, and promote the development of troop composition in the direction of enrichment, synthesis, versatility and flexibility.” This clearly points out that the key to building the combat effectiveness of our army must be to firmly grasp the optimization of the military structure.

First, we should optimize the force structure of the services, accelerate the development of the navy and air force, and appropriately reduce the size of the army, so that our military force structure can effectively respond to the informationized local wars that may be launched from the sea in the future. Second, we should optimize the force structure of the services, reduce and eliminate obsolete forces, accelerate the development of new combat forces, and make the proportion of each service more reasonable. Third, we should optimize the organization of the troops, focus on the needs of diversified military tasks, build multi-type troops that can meet different directions and different threats, and improve the pertinence of military struggle preparations.

(Excerpt from Study Times, December 10, 2015)

The connotation and requirements of our army’s distinctive joint culture

Li Fengbiao

Xi Jinping pointed out: “A cause without cultural support is difficult to sustain for a long time.” As a special military culture, joint culture is the concept and behavior formed by joint command personnel in military practice regarding the knowledge system, value orientation, thinking method, moral norms and psychological awareness of joint operations. It is an important “soft power” that nourishes and enhances joint combat capabilities.

Loyalty, reliability, centralization and unity. Adhering to the absolute leadership of the Party over the military is not only the fundamental magic weapon for our military to defeat the enemy, but also the greatest advantage and feature of our military’s advanced culture. In modern information-based joint operations, political factors are more prominent, the participating forces are more diverse, the organization and command are more complex, and the coordination requirements are more stringent. To organically aggregate highly dispersed combat elements, combat units, and combat systems to form a strong combat capability, we must also have unswerving faith and centralized and unified leadership.

Reform and innovation, information dominance. In today’s era, reform and innovation are the spiritual driving force for accelerating military construction, and information dominance is the key concept for winning military games. The two will inevitably constitute the most distinctive contemporary characteristics of joint culture. In particular, through the practice of informatized local wars in recent years and the development trend of the new military revolution, it is not difficult to find that informatization has not only made traditional intelligence warfare forces, electronic warfare forces, and command and control forces more powerful, but also spawned new combat forces such as cyber warfare and psychological warfare. Information dominance is no longer just a purely technical concept, but has gradually become a new concept to guide the military transformation of various countries’ armies.

Flexible, autonomous, and systemic operations. Our army has always emphasized flexible and maneuverable strategies and tactics, which is an important magic weapon for leveraging strengths and avoiding weaknesses and attacking the enemy’s soft spots, and provides an important reference for our army’s joint culture. In the era of information warfare, the enemy and our offensive and defensive battles are rapidly changing, and the battlefield situation is changing rapidly. In particular, the significant characteristics of platform operations, system support, tactical operations, and strategic guarantees provide a solid foundation and broad space for giving full play to our army’s “live” advantages. To develop our army’s joint culture, we must correctly apply the basic principles of joint operations, integrate our army’s strategies and tactics into the multi-dimensional integrated force system of land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet, and transform them into strategic guidance, tactical thinking, and command art for future joint operations. You fight yours, I fight mine, and you attack others without being attacked by others, forming an asymmetric advantage, and always mastering the strategic and operational initiative.

Integration of peacetime and wartime, comprehensive integration. In the face of the current severe test of responding to multiple security threats and completing diversified military tasks, to develop our military’s joint culture, we must not only timely transform and cultivate new ideas for preparing for war, infiltrate and reflect the scientific methods of joint operations in all areas of planning and guiding the construction of troops, coordinate and allocate various resources, and improve the level of troops built in peacetime according to joint operations standards; we must also focus on enhancing the system combat capability based on information systems in wartime, give full play to the role of information technology, use system engineering methods, integrate various subsystems and subsystems that generate combat effectiveness into an organic whole, and strive to make the integration of armed forces, military organization, command and control, and combat elements a conscious practice, so as to maximize the cohesion of combat capabilities and release combat energy.

Unity and cooperation, joint victory. Uniting as one for the common revolutionary ideal, fighting side by side, and striving for victory have always been the value concept of our army to defeat powerful enemies. Under the conditions of informatization, the rapid development of science and technology has not only unprecedentedly improved the combat capabilities of various elements, but also made the battlefield situation extremely complicated. Only by strengthening the value concept of joint victory, focusing on the linkage of systems and systems, complementary advantages, dynamic coordination, sincere unity, and efficient elite troops, can we win the greatest victory at the lowest cost. To develop the joint culture of our army, we must highlight unity and cooperation, and joint victory, actively build a concept of victory, honor, interests, and gains and losses that are consistent with joint operations, thoroughly break the constraints of the interests of the military and arms and the narrow local concepts, and consciously cultivate a joint spirit of independent coordination, conscious cooperation, and cross-linking and interaction, so that various combat forces can be optimally combined and seamlessly linked, demonstrating effectiveness and winning together.

(The author is the deputy commander of the Chengdu Military Region)

(Excerpt from the Liberation Army Daily, December 23, 2015)

Russia and the United States: Cultivating military talents for joint operations

Tian Yiwei

Comprehensively cultivating joint operations command talents, joint operations information training management talents, and joint operations information technology professionals, and promoting the construction of a high-quality joint operations talent team is a basic way to promote the formation of joint operations capabilities at the cultural level in the military reforms of countries around the world.

The Russian military has made the training of joint combat talents a priority in the development of military culture. It believes that military academies are the bases for the training of military talents and the cradle of joint culture, and they play a leading and exemplary role in the development of joint culture. In order to expand the knowledge structure of students, enhance mutual understanding between the military services, and eliminate “partisanship”, the Russian military has carried out major reforms in the military education system, strengthened the construction of the elementary, intermediate and advanced joint education system, and improved the joint combat command capability throughout the education process. At the end of 2008, the Russian military began to fully integrate the military education system. As Russian President Putin pointed out: “Military education is undergoing major reforms. We are setting up 10 large scientific research and teaching centers. All of these institutions are built in a strict vertical system and provide officers with opportunities to continuously improve their professional level based on their service. In this regard, we rely on our own traditions and draw on practical experience from around the world.”

The Education Department of the Russian Ministry of Defense revealed that in order to continuously improve the joint combat literacy of officers at all levels, the role of on-the-job short-term training will be fully utilized in the future, the knowledge structure of the officer team will be updated in a timely manner, and officers will be ensured to become high-level professionals who master modern technology. The Russian military has also opened information-based joint combat lectures at senior and intermediate military academies, and revised the teaching syllabus to make the teaching content of the academies closer to the reality of modern warfare. The Russian General Staff Military Academy organized joint combat seminars to improve the students’ information-based joint combat command capabilities and create composite commanders who are proficient in joint culture. The experience of the Russian military in strengthening the training of joint command talents tells us that it is necessary to incorporate integrated joint combat education and training based on information systems into the training of commanders, so that commanders can receive education and training on “integrated joint combat” as planned in primary and intermediate command positions, so that they can master relevant knowledge and skills before entering senior command positions and have a certain degree of joint literacy. The superb art of joint combat command has accumulated the profound heritage of joint culture and depicted the profound imprint of joint culture. It runs through the entire process of the growth of joint combat talents, penetrates into all aspects of the growth of joint combat talents, affects the thinking mode, values, mental model and behavioral habits of joint combat talents, is a catalyst and multiplier for the forging of joint combat talents, and fundamentally determines the quality and level of joint combat talent training.

In actual training, the armies of many countries in the world emphasize that all services and units should give priority to joint training, focus on cultivating commanders’ awareness and ability of coordination across services, arms, and departments, and emphasize instilling “instinctive joint thinking” in soldiers from the beginning of basic individual training, so that commanders and soldiers can fully realize that they are members of the joint force and part of the overall combat force, and consciously think about problems and take actions from a joint perspective. Taking the joint operations of the US military as an example, after going through the two stages of eliminating conflicts between services and bridging gaps between services, the US military is now in the stage of seamless integration of multi-service capabilities and is developing towards cohesive joint operations.

(The author is the political assistant of the Foreign Military Department of the Academy of Military Sciences)

(Excerpt from Reference News on December 28, 2015)

Source: Red Flag Digest Magazine, Issue 2, 2016

現代國語:

編者以 2015年11月24日至26日,備受世界矚目的深化國防和軍事改革正式啟動,拉開了我軍搶佔未來軍事競爭戰略制高點的大幕。這是人民解放軍60年來撼動性最強的一次軍改,改革推進力度之大、調整結構之多、影響範圍之廣,可謂前所未有。

發揮中國特色社會主義軍事制度優勢

任天佑

我軍新一輪改革大幕已經拉開。隨著聯合指揮體制、戰區體制、軍種建設管理體制的確立,中國軍事變革正以嶄新姿態邁出關鍵一步。與以往不同的是,這是以領導指揮系統為核心的全面改革,是“脖子以上的改革”,改革決心之大前所未有,改革動作之大前所未有,改革效益之大前所未有,改革風險之大也前所未有。

進行自上而下的改革,我軍最大的優勢在製度。這次改革從總部、軍種、軍區這些軍隊的高層領率機關開始,從軍隊「大腦」和「中樞」起步。我們憑什麼勇涉險灘,憑什麼充滿自信,憑的是中國特色社會主義軍事制度優勢。

發揮中國特色社會主義軍事制度優勢,核心在於堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導。不看到這條,改革就會犯單純軍事觀點的毛病;不堅持這一點,就會在攻堅克難面前凝聚不起動力和創新力,最終讓改革變成沙礫上建樓房,經不起戰場上的較量,經不起歷史的檢驗。堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導,就是要堅決貫徹黨中央、中央軍委和習主席的決策部署,衝破各種思想障礙以凝聚共識,不計個人得失、局部利益而聽令而行。惟如此,軍事改革才能突破千難萬險,到達勝利的彼岸。

改革是利益調整的過程,古今中外軍事改革的阻礙也突顯在利益這道門檻上。破山中賊易,破心中賊難。與人的主觀自覺性相比,新的時代條件下,更應著重於透過完善製度法制,破除改革舊體制的攔路虎。以法治化確保全軍資源的統籌力,實現集中力量辦改革;以法治化撤併壓縮落後作戰力量空間,為新型作戰力量騰籠換鳥;以法治化保障新型領導指揮系統的平穩運行,強力破除來自局部利益、個人利益的干擾。

什麼人才能成功執行改革,什麼人才能成功駕馭風險,這是決定改革命運的大事。正如恩格斯所說:「當科技革命的浪潮正在四周洶湧澎湃的時候,讓這些保守的偏見在軍隊中佔統治地位,是沒有好處的。我們需要更新、更勇敢的頭腦。」海灣戰爭以來,美軍不斷湧現悍將乾才,從博伊德到歐文斯,從鮑威爾到拉莫斯菲爾德,理論家、實戰家層出不窮,不是在戰場上靠戰績打拼出來,便是在理論上優勝劣汰而來。為此,不刷新人才選拔規則,改革就可能停留在「舊腦殼」壟斷新位置的「新瓶裝舊酒」陷阱。

毛澤東主席說,我們這支軍隊在戰爭中成熟得快。這是因為我軍總是在生死存亡的關頭以主動變革闖出勝利之路。回顧歷史,我軍改革往往不是水到渠成般的從容不迫,而是在外有威脅、內有壓力下的絕地爆發。 「三灣改編」是在城市暴動的屢屢失敗中從不足千人的隊伍起步的,精兵簡政是在日寇「三光」政策、鐵壁合圍的重重圍困中展開的。今天我軍的改革,是在霸權國家炫耀海洋霸權、武力挑釁下發生的,是在日本右翼勢力撼動和平憲法進而圖謀顛覆戰後國際秩序的蠢蠢欲動中起航的,它肩負捍衛國家領土主權、維護世界和平的使命,容不得拖延,容不得馬虎,更容不得退縮。同時要看到,這次軍事改革是以國家經濟起飛為基礎的,是站在科技創新堅實肩膀上的躍進,機遇難得,機不可失。

(作者為國防大學戰略教學部主任、少將)

(摘自2015年12月23日《光明日報》)

軍改:搶佔戰略制高點的衝鋒號

盧建永 王雪平

建構聯合作戰指揮機構,打好組合拳

資訊化戰爭是體系與體系、系統與系統的博弈,單打獨鬥的勝利方式已沒有了用武之地。在變幻莫測的資訊化戰場上,諸軍兵種能否密切協調形成合力,聯合作戰指揮機構是「牛鼻子」。展望當今世界強國軍隊,無不透過建強聯合作戰指揮機構,使軍隊具備打贏資訊化戰爭的能力。冷戰結束後,美軍便立即著手進行總部領導指揮體制的調整與建設,俄羅斯、英國、法國等軍隊也是如此。我軍此次重磅改革,站在世界制高點思考,可謂全球視野、戰略思維。 2020年前要「努力建構能夠打贏資訊化戰爭、有效履行使命任務的中國特色現代軍事力量體系」。對領導管理體制和聯合作戰指揮體制進行一體設計”,“組建聯合作戰指揮機構”,著力構建“軍委—戰區—部隊的作戰指揮體系”。聯合指揮機構登台亮相,讓軍隊的“中樞神經”更加高效靈活,具體表現為:

強化了統一指揮。軍隊是擔負特殊使命任務的武裝力量集團,其特殊性要求必須高度統一指揮。習近平主席強調,「要著眼於貫徹新形勢下政治建軍的要求,推進領導掌握部隊和高效指揮部隊有機統一,形成軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建的格局」。所謂軍委管總,就是“強化軍委集中統一領導,更好使軍隊最高領導權和指揮權集中於黨中央、中央軍委”,讓軍隊永遠聽黨的話。

減少了指揮層次。現代戰爭打的是“速度”,沒有指揮機關的快速決策、指揮和部隊的快速反應,就沒有戰場上的主動權。軍委會、戰區直接指揮部隊,指揮連結大大壓縮,指揮層的意志、決心,最短路徑轉化為部隊行動,在瞬息萬變的戰場上可有效搶佔先機,贏得戰場主動。

實現了精幹高效。臃腫低能的領導指揮機構,不僅難以讓軍隊機器高效快速運轉,更容易成為強敵「指哪兒打哪裡」的第一口餐。建構「軍委會、戰區、部隊」三級指揮體系,透過機關精修、重組,職能分工明確,可有效達成作戰指揮的高效益。

設陸軍部、劃戰區,專職謀打仗

長期以來,我軍陸軍領導指揮體制不健全,陸軍的建設、管理和領導職能由總部機關各部門代行,導致陸軍指揮與管理職能重疊,政出多門,相互制約,不僅不利於對陸軍建設進行頂層設計和系統規劃,而且使總部機關承受了過重的負擔。軍區機關的龐大與重複性設置,也導致指揮與管理職能相互衝突、雙重弱化。這些問題,既嚴重影響了陸軍作為一個軍種的整體建設,也限制了總部和戰區聯合作戰指揮功能的形成與發揮。目前,世界主要國家軍隊陸軍均建有陸軍總部,負責本軍種建設的各項工作,包括人事及行政管理、教育訓練、軍事科研、兵役動員、武器裝備及後勤支援等。我軍此次軍改,習近平主席基於對我國安全情勢的科學判斷,順應世界軍事革命大勢,指出深化國防和軍隊改革要「著力解決制約國防和軍事建設的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題,推進軍隊組織形態現代化,進一步解放和發展戰鬥力,進一步解放和增強軍隊活力,建立同我國國際地位相稱、同國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大軍隊」。有軍事專家分析,此次軍改設陸軍部,將使陸​​軍的軍種意識更強,陸軍建設發展頂層設計的強化,可從根本上解決我軍陸軍數量規模大、兵種比例不合理、領導指揮體制縱長橫短,以及非作戰單位過度過濫的問題,一支靈敏、合成、多能、高效的中國特色陸軍將立於世界東方。而軍區變戰區,意義更重大。

一是戰區專職謀打仗,是一個完整的區域性作戰組織,未來我軍「打什麼仗、仗怎麼打」就會更清楚,而前瞻性的戰爭設計也會拉動和牽引軍隊建設發展,促進部隊戰鬥力躍升。二是軍區變戰區,既是一次領導指揮機構脫胎換骨的力量重組,領導指揮層更精幹高效,也使軍事鬥爭準備的針對性更強,同時戰區聯合訓練的製度化、常態化,確保了平時訓練與未來戰爭對接。

組成軍委紀委、政法委,讓軍旗永遠鮮紅

我軍從無到有、從小到大、從弱到強、從勝利走向勝利,堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導,從嚴治軍是根本保證。這次軍改,是我軍在新一輪軍事革命潮起湧動中能否迎頭趕上、彎道超車的歷史機遇,更需以依法治軍、從嚴治軍為其開路護航。習近平主席指出,「要著眼於深入推進依法治軍、從嚴治軍,抓住治權這個關鍵,建構嚴密的權力運作制約和監督體系」。 「專注於解決軍隊紀檢、巡視、審計、司法、監督獨立性和權威性不夠的問題,以編密紮緊制度的籠子,努力剷除腐敗現象滋生蔓延的土壤。組建新的軍委紀委,向軍委機關部門和戰區分別派駐紀檢組,推動紀委雙重領導體制落到實處。依法獨立公正行使職權。

優化軍兵種力量結構,讓「戰鬥力」實現跨越

三軍圍繞陸軍轉、陸軍圍繞重裝部隊的軍兵種力量結構,已不適應現代戰爭立體性、速度性、廣域性的需要。縱觀當今世界主要國家軍改,無不向結構重組要戰鬥力,特別是透過重刀削減過時兵種力量,加速新銳作戰力量發展,使軍隊挺立於軍事變革潮頭。如,重點發展技術兵種和突擊力強的兵種,加快快速反應部隊、輕型裝甲部隊、特種作戰部隊和陸軍航空兵建設等,以應對資訊化戰爭體系戰、速度戰的需要。另外,一些國家軍隊「打破軍兵種界線,創建一體化部隊」也成為部隊編組形式發展的大趨勢。如美軍組成的聯合遠徵部隊包括陸軍師、海軍航空母艦戰鬥群、海軍陸戰隊部(分)隊和空軍戰鬥機聯隊。這次軍改會上,習近平主席強調指出,「要著眼打造精銳作戰力量,優化規模結構和部隊編成,推動我軍由數量規模型轉向質量效能型」。若要「調整改善軍種比例,優化軍種力量結構,依照不同方向安全需求和作戰任務改革部隊編成,推動部隊編成向充實、合成、多能、靈活方向發展」。鮮明地指出了我軍戰鬥力建設必須牢牢抓住軍兵種結構來優化這個關鍵。

一是優化軍種力量結構,加速海、空軍力量發展,適當壓縮陸軍數量規模,使我軍力量結構能有效應對未來可能從海上發起的資訊化局部戰爭。二是優化兵種力量結構,削減、淘汰過時的兵種力量,加速發展新銳作戰力量,使各軍種的兵種比例更合理。三是優化部隊編制,著眼多樣化軍事任務需求,建設能滿足不同方向、不同威脅的多類型部隊,提高軍事鬥爭準備的針對性。

(摘自2015年12月10日《學習時報》)

我軍特色聯合文化的內涵要求

李鳳彪

習近平指出:「一項沒有文化支撐的事業難以持續長久」。作為一種特殊的軍事文化,聯合文化是聯合指揮人才在軍事實踐中關於聯合作戰的知識體系、價值取向、思維方法、道德規範和心理意識等形成的觀念形態和行為方式,是滋養和提升聯合作戰能力的重要“軟實力”

忠誠可靠、集中統一。堅持黨對軍隊的絕對領導,既是我軍克敵制勝的根本法寶,也是我軍先進文化的最大優勢、最大特色。現代資訊化聯合作戰,政治因素更加凸顯、參戰力量更加多元、組織指揮更加複雜、協同要求更加嚴格,把高度分散的作戰要素、作戰單元、作戰體係有機聚合起來,形成強大的戰鬥力,同樣必須有忠貞不渝的信念和集中統一的領導。

改革創新、資訊主導。在當今時代,改革創新是加速軍隊建設的精神動力,資訊主導是贏得軍事博弈的關鍵理念,二者必然構成聯合文化最鮮明的時代特色。特別是透過近年來資訊化局部戰爭實踐和新軍事革命發展大勢,不難發現資訊化不僅使傳統的情報戰力量、電子戰力量、指揮控制力量變得更加強大,而且催生了網路戰、心理戰等新的作戰力量,資訊主導已不僅是純粹技術性概念,逐漸成為指導各國軍隊軍事轉型的全新理念。

靈活自主、體係作戰。我軍歷來強調靈活機動的戰略戰術,這是揚長避短、擊敵軟肋的重要法寶,為我軍聯合文化提供了重要藉鏡。進入資訊化戰爭時代,敵我攻防交戰轉換迅捷、戰場形勢瞬息萬變,尤其是平台作戰、體系支撐,戰術行動、戰略保障的顯著特徵,為充分發揮我軍「活」的優勢提供了堅實基礎和廣闊空間。發展我軍聯合文化,就要正確運用聯合作戰的基本原則,把我軍戰略戰術融會貫通於陸、海、空、天、電、網多維一體的力量體系中,轉化為未來聯合作戰的戰略指導、戰術思想和指揮藝術,你打你的、我打我的,致人而不致於人,形成非對稱優勢,始終掌握戰略和作戰主動。

平戰一體、綜合集成。面對當前應對多種安全威脅、完成多樣化軍事任務的嚴峻考驗,發展我軍聯合文化,不僅要及時轉換和培育備戰打仗的新思路,把聯合作戰的科學方法滲透體現到策劃和指導部隊建設的整個過程各領域,搞好各種資源統籌配置,提高平時按照聯合作戰標準建設部隊的層次水平;而且要著眼增強戰時基於信息系統的體係作戰能力,發揮信息技術作用,運用系統工程方法,把生成戰鬥力的各個子系統、分系統整合成一個有機的整體,努力使武裝力量一體化、軍隊編成一體化、指揮控制一體化、作戰要素一體化成為自覺遵循,最大限度地凝聚作戰能力、釋放作戰能量。

團結協作、聯合製勝。為共同革命的理想團結一心、並肩奮戰、爭取勝利,向來是我軍戰勝強敵的價值理念。在資訊化條件下,科技的快速發展既使各要素作戰能力空前提升,也使戰場情況異常複雜,只有強化聯合製勝的價值理念,做到著眼體系、系統聯動,優勢互補、動態協同,精誠團結、精兵高效,才能以最小的代價贏得最大的勝利。發展我軍聯合文化,就要突顯團結協作、聯合製勝,積極建構與聯合作戰相符合的勝利觀、榮譽觀、利益觀、得失觀,徹底破除軍兵種利益掣肘和局部狹隘觀念,自覺養成自主協同、自覺配合、交鏈互動的聯合精神,使各種作戰力量最優組合、無縫鏈接,彰顯效能、合力製勝。

(作者為成都軍區副司令)

(摘自2015年12月23日《解放軍報》)

俄美:培養聯合作戰軍事人才

田義偉

全面培養聯合作戰指揮人才、聯合作戰資訊化訓練管理人才、聯合作戰資訊科技專業人才,推動高素質聯合作戰人才隊伍建設,是世界各國軍隊改革中在文化層面促進聯合作戰能力形成的基本途徑

俄軍把培養聯合作戰人才作為軍事文化的優先發展方向,認為軍隊院校是軍事人才培育的基地,是孕育聯合文化的搖籃,對聯合文化的發展起到引領示範作用。俄軍為拓展學員的知識結構,增進軍兵種之間的相互了解,消除“門戶之見”,對軍事教育體制進行了重大改革,強化構建初、中、高級聯合教育體制,在教育全程提升聯合作戰指揮能力。 2008年底,俄軍開始對軍事教育體系進行全面整合,正如俄總統普丁所指出:「軍事教育正在經歷重大改革。我們正在組成10個大型科研教學中心,所有這些機構都建在一套嚴格的垂直體系中,並根據服役情況為軍官們提供不斷提升自身職業水平的機會。

俄國防部教育司透露,為連續不間斷地提高各級軍官的聯合作戰素養,今後將充分發揮在職短期培訓的作用,及時更新軍官隊伍的知識結構,確保軍官成為掌握現代技術的高水平專業人員。俄軍也在高、中級軍事學院開設了資訊化聯合作戰講座,重新修訂了教學大綱,使院校教學內容更加貼近現代戰爭實際。俄總參軍事學院組織聯合作戰研討,提升學員資訊化聯合作戰指揮能力,打造精通聯合文化的複合型指揮官。俄軍加強聯合指揮人才培養的經驗告訴我們,必須把基於資訊系統的一體化聯合作戰教育訓練納入指揮員的培訓之中,使指揮人員在初、中級指揮崗位上都能按計劃接受有關「一體化聯合作戰」的教育與訓練,使其在進入高級指揮崗位之前就掌握相關的知識、技能,具備一定的聯合素養。高超的聯合作戰指揮藝術,累積著聯合文化的深厚底蘊,刻畫著聯合文化的深刻印跡。它貫穿於聯合作戰人才成長的整個過程,滲透到聯合作戰人才成長的各個方面,影響著聯合作戰人才的思維方式、價值觀念、心智模式和行為習慣,是聯合作戰人才鍛造的催化劑和倍增器,從根本上決定著聯合作戰人才培養的品質和水準。

在實際訓練中,世界上許多國家軍隊都強調,各軍兵種、各部隊要把聯合訓練放在優先的位置,著重培養指揮員跨軍種、兵種、部門的協同意識和能力,強調從基礎的單兵訓練開始,就向士兵灌輸“本能的聯合思維”,使指揮官和士兵充分認識到自己是聯合部隊的一員,是整體作戰力量的一分子,自覺地從聯合的角度思考問題,採取行動。以美軍的聯合作戰為例,美軍在經歷了消除軍種衝突,彌合軍種縫隙兩個階段後,現正處於多軍種能力無縫隙融合階段,向著內聚式聯合發展。

(作者為軍事科學院外軍部政治協理員 )

(摘自2015年12月28日《參考消息》)

資料來源:《紅旗文摘》雜誌2016年第2期

中國原創軍事資源:http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0301/c352498-28161788.html

Scientifically Understanding the “Innovation” in New Chinese Military Quality Combat Power

科學認識新中國軍隊素質戰鬥力的“創新”

來源:中國軍網-解放軍報 作者:何睿潔 責任編輯:尚曉敏 發布:2024-08-22 07:02

現代英語:

A deep understanding of the background, technical vision, tactics support and generation chain of new-quality combat power is a necessary prerequisite for building a new-quality combat power growth pole and promoting the construction of new-quality combat power in new domains. New-quality combat power is an overall capability that integrates comprehensive perception, real-time command and control, precise strike, full maintenance and protection, and focused support. It is concentrated in the “six new” aspects, namely new trends, new technologies, new equipment, new systems, new tactics, and new talents, representing a fundamental change in the form of war and the way of fighting.

New trends. The accelerated advancement of the world’s new military revolution covers all areas of war and the entire process of army building. Comprehensively understanding, actively adapting to, and proactively embracing the new military reforms are crucial to accelerating the effective supply of new-quality combat power. New-domain and new-quality combat power is a weather vane of military development in an era, a new growth point for military combat power, and a commanding height on the battlefield of the future. Judging from the recent local wars and military operations in the world, new domains and new types of combat forces represented by strategic early warning, information control, algorithmic attack and defense, and unmanned intelligence are increasingly becoming key factors in accelerating the escalation of war forms and changing the rules of war. The combat power structure has changed from the traditional one based on manpower, firepower, and mobility to one based on information power, structural power, and intelligence power. These have put forward new requirements for the development of new types of combat power and pointed out new directions. The development of new types of combat power should not be delayed, and we cannot wait passively. We must be proactive, take the initiative, and fight proactively, otherwise we will miss the opportunity and even have a generation gap.

New technologies. Science and technology have always been the most active and revolutionary factors in military development. At present, new technologies in the military field cover multiple fields such as information technology, artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, and cloud computing. The role of new technologies is not only reflected in improving the performance of a single weapon and equipment, but more importantly, it can integrate combat platforms and optimize the killing network, making battlefield information acquisition, transmission, and processing faster and more accurate, greatly improving the performance and intelligence level of weapons and equipment, and providing strong support for battlefield perception, command decision-making, coordinated operations, and system victory. Take artificial intelligence technology as an example. It can achieve real-time perception and advance prediction of battlefield situations through machine learning and big data analysis, effectively improving decision-making flexibility, battlefield control and combat success rate. Looking to the future, the development of new technologies will have a profound impact on the construction of weapons and equipment, innovation of combat styles, adjustment of organizational systems and the evolution of war forms, thereby accelerating the formation of new quality combat power with new principles and mechanisms.

New equipment. The innovation drive of military technology not only updates the types and performance of weapons and equipment, but also creates conditions for the emergence of new concept weapons in the future, greatly activating the supply side of new quality combat power. New equipment provides more diverse and more efficient means of operation for modern warfare. Compared with traditional equipment, new equipment has stronger information acquisition and processing capabilities. Advanced reconnaissance satellites and drones can obtain battlefield information in real time, providing commanders with accurate and timely intelligence support. High-performance computer systems and big data analysis technology also make information processing more efficient and accurate. New equipment has higher strike accuracy and efficiency. New equipment such as precision-guided weapons and smart ammunition can accurately identify targets, achieve precise strikes, and minimize collateral damage. New equipment has stronger battlefield survivability. The application of new protective equipment can reduce the probability of being detected and attacked by the enemy, ensure the safety of combat personnel and equipment, and effectively improve battlefield survivability. As the carrier of new technology, new equipment is the key to achieving a leap in new quality combat power.

New system. The new system is an innovation and reform of the military organizational structure to adapt to the needs of new quality combat power under the new war situation and technological background. Compared with the traditional system, the new system has distinct characteristics such as flatness, coordination, and adaptability. The flat structure of the new system breaks the traditional hierarchical organizational structure, reduces the level of information transmission, and improves decision-making efficiency and response speed; the new system strengthens cross-departmental coordination, and maximizes combat power through information sharing and resource integration among different departments; the new system has higher adaptability and can be quickly adjusted according to the war situation and combat needs, so as to better adapt to the complex and changing battlefield environment. As an important generation platform for new quality combat power, the new system plays an important supporting role in improving combat effectiveness and adaptability.

New tactics. New tactics refer to innovative and effective combat methods that adapt to new technologies and new equipment in the context of modern warfare. With the breakthrough of artificial intelligence technology, the “mast” of military intelligence has appeared on the “sea level” of the development of tactics. New tactics include the use of new tactics such as information warfare, psychological warfare, and public opinion warfare to achieve multi-domain deployment and full-dimensional offense and defense of battlefield situations; the use of new combat methods such as distributed operations and stealth operations to achieve the concealment and suddenness of combat actions; and the use of new combat modes such as joint operations and system operations to integrate and optimize combat forces. Compared with traditional tactics, new tactics have achieved innovations in strategy and tactics by using new technologies and new equipment. By optimizing operational processes and resource allocation, and focusing on flexible adjustment of strategy and tactics according to actual conditions, they can adapt to the ever-changing battlefield environment. The application of new tactics will promote the development of war in the direction of informatization and intelligence. Only by constantly adjusting and optimizing organizational structures and using new tactics to improve rapid response and coordinated combat capabilities can we be invincible in future wars.

New talents. Under the conditions of informatization and intelligence, military talents need to have higher information literacy, innovation ability and unity and cooperation ability to adapt to the needs of modern warfare. New talents should have comprehensive military theoretical knowledge and practical skills, and be proficient in modern weapons and equipment, so as to effectively deal with complex battlefield environments; they should have innovative thinking and the ability to solve difficult and blocked problems, be able to flexibly deal with various emergencies in war, and come up with effective combat plans to solve difficulties; they should have good unity and cooperation capabilities, and be able to communicate effectively with other parties, so as to form a good situation in which one party proposes coordination needs and the other parties actively cooperate. Therefore, we must regard the cultivation of new-domain and new-quality combat force talents as a long-term strategic project, strengthen demand guidance, optimize the training model, focus on shortcomings and weaknesses, implement classified incubation, strengthen practical experience, and scientifically regulate and use them.

The “six new” elements of new quality combat capability are interrelated and mutually reinforcing, and together they constitute a growth system for new quality combat capability. With the continuous advancement of science and technology and the accelerated evolution of the war situation, the connotation and extension of the “six new” elements will continue to expand and deepen, and new quality combat capability will become a key force in shaping future wars.

(Author’s unit: Air Force Engineering University)

現代國語:

何睿潔

深刻理解新質戰鬥力的產生背景、技術視野、戰法支撐和生成鏈路,是打造新質戰鬥力增長極,推進新域新質作戰力量建設的必要前提。新質戰鬥力是集綜合感知、即時指控、精確打擊、全維防護、聚焦保障於一體的整體能力,集中體現在「六新」上,即新趨勢、新技術、新裝備、新體制、新戰法、新人才,代表戰爭形態和作戰方式的根本變革。

新趨勢。世界新軍事革命的加速推進,涵蓋了戰爭和軍隊建設的各領域全過程,全面認識、積極適應、主動擁抱新軍事變革,對加速新質戰鬥力有效供給至關重要。新域新質作戰力量是一個時代軍事發展的風向標,是軍隊戰鬥力新的成長點、未來戰場的製高點。從世界近幾場局部戰爭和軍事行動看,以戰略預警、資訊控制、演算法攻防、無人智慧等為代表的新域新質作戰力量,日益成為加速戰爭形態升級、改變戰爭規則的關鍵性因素,戰鬥力結構從傳統的以兵力、火力、機動力為主,向以資訊力、結構力、智能力為主轉變,這些都給發展新質戰鬥力提出了新要求,也指出了新方向。發展新質戰鬥力事不宜遲,不能消極等待,必須積極主動,下好先手棋,打好主動仗,否則就會錯失良機,甚至出現代差。

新技術。科學技術歷來都是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。當前,軍事領域新技術涵蓋了資訊技術、人工智慧、大數據、區塊鏈、雲端計算等多個領域。新技術的作用不但體現在提升單一武器裝備的性能上,更重要的是它能夠整合作戰平台、優化殺傷網,使得戰場資訊獲取、傳輸、處理更加迅速準確,極大地提升了武器裝備的性能和智慧化水平,為戰場感知、指揮決策、協同作戰、體系製勝提供了強有力的支撐。以人工智慧技術為例,它能夠透過機器學習和大數據分析等技術手段,實現對戰場態勢的即時感知、超前預測,有效提高了決策彈性、戰場把控力和作戰制勝率。展望未來,新技術的發展將對武器裝備建設、作戰樣式創新、編制體制調整和戰爭形態演進產生深刻影響,從而加速形成具有新原理、新機理的新質戰鬥力。

新裝備。軍事科技的創新驅動,不但使武器裝備的種類和性能更新換代,也為未來新概念武器的出場創造條件,極大地激活了新質戰鬥力的供給側。新裝備為現代戰爭提供了更多樣、更有效率的作戰手段。與傳統裝備相比,新裝備資訊獲取與處理能力更強,先進的偵察衛星、無人機等能夠實時獲取戰場信息,為指揮員提供準確、及時的情報支持,高性能的計算機系統和大數據分析技術也使資訊處理更有效率、精確;新裝備打擊精準度與效率更高,精確制導武器、智慧彈藥等新裝備,能夠準確識別目標,實現精確打擊,最大限度地減少附帶損傷;新裝備戰場生存能力更強,新型防護裝備的應用,能夠降低被敵方探測和攻擊的機率,保障作戰人員和裝備的安全,有效提升戰場生存能力。新裝備作為新技術的載體,是實現新質戰鬥力躍升的關鍵。

新體制。新體制是在新的戰爭形態和科技背景下,為適應新質戰鬥力的需要而進行的軍事組織結構創新與變革。與傳統體制相比,新體制具有扁平化、協同性、適配性等鮮明特性。新體制的扁平化結構打破了傳統的層級組織結構,減少了資訊傳遞的層級,提高了決策效率和回應速度;新體制加強了跨部門協同,透過不同部門的資訊共享、資源整合,實現了戰鬥力的最大化;新體制具有更高的適配性,能夠根據戰爭形態和作戰需求進行快速調整,從而更好適應複雜多變的戰場環境。新體製作為新質戰鬥力的重要生成平台,對提升戰鬥效能和適應能力有重要支撐作用。

新戰法。新戰法是指在現代戰爭背景下,適應新技術、新裝備而形成的具有創新性和實效性的作戰方法。隨著人工智慧技術的突破,軍事智慧化的「桅桿」已經出現在戰法發展的「海平面」上。新戰法包括運用資訊戰、心理戰、輿論戰等新型戰法手段,實現戰場態勢的多域展開、全維攻防;運用分散式作​​戰、隱身作戰等新型作戰方式,實現作戰行動的隱蔽性和突然性;運用聯合作戰、體係作戰等新型作戰模式,整合及優化作戰力量。與傳統戰法相比,新戰法透過運用新技術和新裝備,實現了戰略和戰術層面的創新;透過優化作戰流程和資源配置,注重根據實際情況靈活調整戰略和戰術,能夠適應不斷變化的戰場環境。新戰法的應用將推動戰爭形態朝向資訊化、智慧化方向發展。只有不斷調整和優化組織結構,運用新戰法提升快速反應和協同作戰能力,才能在未來戰爭中立於不敗之地。

新人才。在資訊化智能化條件下,軍事人才需要具備更高的資訊素養、創新能力和團結協作能力,以適應現代戰爭的需求。新人才應具備全面的軍事理論知識和實戰技能,熟練掌握現代武器裝備,從而有效應對復雜的戰場環境;應具備創新思維和破解難點堵點問題的能力,能夠在戰爭中靈活應對各種突發情況,拿出有效的作戰方案破解困局;應具備良好的團結協作能力,能夠與其他各方有效溝通,從而形成一方提出協調需求、其餘各方積極配合的良好局面。因此,要把培養新域新質作戰力量人才作為長期策略工程,強化需求牽引、優化培養模式,緊盯短板弱項、實施分類孵化,加強實踐歷練、科學調控使用。

新質戰鬥力之「六新」相互關聯、相互促進,共同構成了新質戰鬥力的成長體系。隨著科技的不斷進步和戰爭形態的加速演變,「六新」的內涵和外延將不斷拓展和深化,新質戰鬥力將成為塑造未來戰爭的關鍵力量。

(作者單位:空軍工程大學)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16332788.html

Chinese Military Perspective on the Hard Support of Cognitive Confrontation

中國軍事視野下的認知對抗硬保障

來源:中國軍網-解放軍報 作者:陳東恆 王一戌 責任編輯:劉秋麗

現代英語:

Modern warfare, according to the characteristics of material form, usually divides the combat domain into the physical domain, the information domain, and the cognitive domain. The three domains interact with each other to form the field and soil for military confrontation. Although cognitive domain operations occur in the cognitive domain, their operational support often spans various fields. War practice shows that with the enhanced effectiveness of hard strikes in the physical domain, cognitive formation can often be accelerated, and cognitive realization can better meet combat needs.

Cognitive offense and defense cannot be separated from physical support

Today’s world is a world where everything is interconnected. The collection of different objects connected to each other greatly enhances the function of independent individuals acting alone. Cognitive domain operations are never isolated operations between cognitive carriers. Only by integrating cognitive attack and defense into an integrated joint operations chain, closely integrating with physical domain military strike operations, and tightly integrating with the entire combat system can we fully exert combat effectiveness.

The starting point of cognition. Existence determines consciousness. Thinking and cognition is not a fairy from the sky, but a true or tortuous reflection of the real world. Without the foundation of the material world, thinking and cognition will lose the source of information, the basis for analysis and judgment, and the accuracy of decision-making and action, making it difficult for people to trust, recognize, and rely on. Even the most psychedelic science fiction wars still have references to real combat targets, specific combat objectives, and corresponding combat paths. Therefore, intelligence reconnaissance analysis has become an indispensable and important link for commanders to organize troops and plan. “Without investigation, there is no right to speak” is regarded as a golden rule that must be followed in decision-making. Battlefield simulation simulations have become an important step for the success of combat operations. In history, most of the combat commands of accomplished generals and classic combat cases that can withstand the test of history and practice are all based on full investigation and research and scientific intelligence analysis. Without the hard-core support of the real world, “human beings think about , and God laughs.”

The basis of cognitive effects. A golden rule of operations in the cognitive domain is that soft power at the cognitive level must be supported by hard strikes at the physical level in order to ensure and strengthen its role. Strong military pressure is a necessary prerequisite for cognitive means to work, and continuous victory on the battlefield is the core support for winning cognitive wars. If the United States does not have the high-pressure pressure of its super comprehensive national strength and superior technology, its “Star Wars Plan” may not really work. If operations in the cognitive domain lack the support of specific military operations in the physical domain, they will never produce the good effects of doubting, confusing, deterring, and defeating the enemy. To grasp the initiative in thinking and cognition and to take the initiative in cognitive domain operations, we must not only strengthen the construction of cognitive ontology, improve the ability to directly use strategies and technical means to strengthen self-protection, intervene and influence the opponent’s thinking and cognition, but also actively strive to The physical domain leverages the conductive effect of military operations in the physical domain to enhance thinking and cognition.

The starting point for cognitive realization. Marxism believes that once theory grasps the masses, it will also become material force. From the perspective of cognitive domain combat, the spiritual creation at the superstructure level of cognition will not automatically turn into material power. Only by being attached to a certain material carrier and practical grasp can it be possible to realize spiritual to material and consciousness. A critical leap into existence. Just as in World War II, if the German army had not bypassed the Maginot Line, broke through the Ardennes Forest, and launched a surprise attack into the French hinterland, it would have been impossible to demonstrate the foresight of the cognitive achievement of the “Manstein Plan”; similarly, if there had been no Allied Forces, The military’s successful landing in Normandy, which invaded the east and west, also failed to highlight the ingenuity of the strategy of “Building Plank Roads in the Open and Covering the Warehouses” in the “Operation Overlord Plan”. Thinking and cognition are transmitted through people to specific military actions in the physical domain, and then the specific military actions in the physical domain realize the material transformation of cognitive results, forming the fundamentals of the two-way interaction between cognitive offense and defense and military strikes in the physical domain.

The basic method of physical attack to support cognitive offense and defense

The methods and methods used by military strikes in the physical domain to support cognitive offense and defense follow the general law that matter determines consciousness and existence determines thinking. The basic methods can be divided into enhanced support, confirmation support and realization support.

Enhanced support. Military strikes in the physical domain strengthen the formation and development of thinking and cognition. Although thinking and cognition depend on the quality of the cognitive carrier itself, it will be difficult to achieve without the support of military operations in the physical domain. The most basic role of military operations in the physical domain in the cognitive domain is to provide solid support for the formation and development of thinking and cognition. Thinking and cognition can only be stable and far-reaching if it is based on real physical actions. For example, in the early days of the Korean War, when the Korean People’s Army was overwhelming, our army’s combat staff Lei Yingfu and others accurately predicted the landing of the US military based on the war situation, geographical and weather characteristics of the Korean Peninsula, especially the various actions of the US and South Korean troops at that time, etc. Time and place. Similarly, Li Qiwei of the “United Nations Army” also made a judgment on the “worship offensive” based on the logistics support, weapons and equipment, and tactical use of the volunteers, and used “magnetic tactics” to fight me. These are all enhancements to the formation and development of thinking and cognition caused by combat in the physical domain.

Confirmation type support. Military strikes in the physical domain confirm preset thinking, precognition, and prejudgment. Cognitive attack and defense does not only occur at the cognitive level, but is the interaction between cognition and practice. War is a “place of life and death, a way of survival”. If one’s cognitive decision-making cannot be verified in many directions at the practical level, then acting rashly is the greatest irresponsibility for war. During the revolutionary war years, our military’s decision-makers were always under the control of the overall strategy and gave front-line commanders the power to act as appropriate and within the principles of the overall strategic direction. This is a positive confirmation of strategic thinking. During the Second World War, the Allies used “false facts” to mislead, constantly shaping and strengthening the German army’s misunderstanding of the Allied landing sites on the European continent, and finally successfully landed in Normandy with minimal cost. This was a counter-attack. To confirm.

Implementation support. Provide direct physical support for the realization of thinking, cognition, judgment and decision-making. Thinking and cognition must be transformed into actual results that change the world. The thinking and cognition acting on the opponent is not the end but a new starting point. Next, it must be acted upon in the physical world through “skilled hands” and “brave heart”. In other words In short, it is to provide direct physical action support for the value realization of thinking and cognition. This is just like Zhuge Liang’s clever plan, no matter how brilliant it is, if there is no implementation by the “Five Tiger Generals” and other Shu Han soldiers, it can only remain at the cognitive level of talking on paper. No matter how efficiently the first three parts of the “OODA” loop operate, if the execution link “A” is missing, it will be a “dead loop”. Similarly, the results of our military’s command decisions also depend on the resolute, thorough, and creative execution of the officers and soldiers. The quality and efficiency of the execution directly determines the effectiveness of the implementation of the command decisions. In this regard, physical actions at the execution level are of extremely important practical significance.

Effectively strengthen the interaction between cognitive offense and defense and physical strikes

Thinking and cognition must rely on the support of physical actions, which is an objective law that is independent of human will. It is an extremely important task to strengthen the communication and interaction between thinking and cognition and physical strikes to make our thinking and decision-making more targeted, objective and operable, so as to better transform cognitive advantages into action advantages and winning advantages. .

Be more proactive and solidify your cognitive foundation. Whether the thinking and cognition is correct depends fundamentally on its compatibility with objective reality and its applicability to combat opponents. Only thinking and cognition based on full investigation and research, seeking truth from facts and comparative advantages can stand the test of practice and actual combat. The practice of absolute, sacred, and nihilistic thinking or generals’ genius, wisdom, and inspiration is idealistic, one-sided, and harmful. This requires that we must work hard to base our thinking and cognition on the basis of extensive investigation, research and intelligence analysis, and truly understand the enemy’s situation, our situation, and other people’s situations, truly know our enemies and ourselves, know everything we should know, and adapt to local conditions. The camera moves. At the same time, we must combine reading books without words with books with words, unify indirect theory with living practice that is constantly developing and changing, and dialectically recognize past experiences and lessons and other people’s experiences and lessons, so that they become our own knowledge. Help instead of shackles, assist instead of dominate.

Be more proactive and strengthen cognitive rationality. Correct understanding that can withstand the long-term test of practice and actual combat comes from practice and is strengthened through feedback from practice. Cognitive practical experience is only the basic material for obtaining correct cognition. To form scientific cognition, we need to further eliminate the false and preserve the true in the repeated collision and verification of consciousness and matter, thinking and existence, in order to improve cognitive rationality. It is wrong and even fatal to think that true knowledge can be obtained once and for all from only local situations, fragmented information and individual periods of time. In the Battle of Chibi in ancient China, Cao Cao’s side only came to the understanding of concatenating warships from the common sense that iron cables can balance the shaking of the ship’s hull, and did not confirm it from the actual combat effects or consequences of concatenating warships. If you don’t know how to recreate, you will easily tie up the ship with iron ropes and tie yourself up, and ultimately end up in the disastrous defeat of “burning Red Cliff”. Times have changed, and the enemy situation on the modern battlefield is ever-changing. There has never been an unchanging cognitive practice, nor a once-and-for-all cognitive achievement. It can only strip away impurities and extract the essence from material to cognitive to material confirmation for re-cognition. , can we return to rationality.

Be more proactive in objectifying cognitive outcomes. Cognitive achievements are only the result of thinking and consciousness nurtured in cognitive carriers. Without timely and effective material transformation, it will be like walking at night wearing brocade clothes or hiding treasures in the mountains, and it will be difficult to demonstrate its own value. Thinking and cognition are based on physical actions, and ultimately rely on specific actions in the physical domain before they can be materialized and transformed into actual results that change the subjective and objective worlds. This requires us to not only consolidate the cognitive foundation and strengthen cognitive rationality, but also improve the operability of cognitive decision-making and planning as much as possible, opening the door for smoother materialization and transformation. At the same time, efforts must be made to improve the execution capabilities of decision-making and deployment executors, so that they can correctly understand the intention of decision-making, creatively adopt appropriate methods based on specific realities, and maximize the implementation of cognitive results and operational decision-making plans to the end. Be a good “ferryman” and “bridge across the river” that connects and transforms cognitive results with combat effectiveness.

(Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute, Academy of Military Sciences)

現代國語:

現代戰爭,按物質形態特點,通常將作戰域分為物理域、信息域、認知域,三個域相互影響共同構成軍事對抗的領域和土壤。認知域作戰雖然發生在認知領域,但其作戰依托常常橫跨各領域。戰爭實踐表明,在物理域硬打擊增效強化下,認知形成往往能加速實現,認知實現也能更好地契合作戰需要。

認知攻防離不開物理支撐

當今世界是一個萬物互聯的世界,相互聯結在一起的不同物體的集合體,極大增強了獨立個體獨自行動所具有的功能。認知域作戰從來都不是認知載體間進行的孤立作戰,只有將認知攻防融入一體化聯合作戰鏈條,與物理域軍事打擊行動緊密結合起來,與整個作戰體系緊緊融為一體,才能充分發揮作戰效能。

認知源起的基點。存在決定意識。思維認知不是天外飛仙,而是現實世界真實或曲折的反映。離開物質世界這個根基,思維認知就失去信息的來源、分析判斷的依據、決策行動的准心,很難讓人信得過、認得准、靠得住。即使最具迷幻色彩的科幻戰爭,也有真實作戰對象、具體作戰目的、相應作戰路徑的參照。於是,情報偵察分析成為指揮員統兵用謀必不可少的重要環節,“沒有調查就沒有發言權”被視為決策決斷必須奉行的金科玉律,戰場模擬推演成為作戰行動成功的重要步驟。歷史上,大凡有作為的將帥作戰指揮、經得起歷史和實踐檢驗的經典作戰案例,無不建立在充分調查研究和科學情報分析基礎之上,離開了現實世界這個硬核支撐,“人類一思索,上帝就發笑”。

認知效應的依托。認知域作戰的一個黃金法則是,認知層面的軟力量必須以物理層面的硬打擊為依托,才能確保和強化其作用發揮。強大軍事壓力是認知手段發揮作用的必要前提,戰場上不斷獲勝是制勝認知戰的硬核支撐。如果美國沒有超強綜合國力和優勢科技的高壓緊逼,其“星球大戰計劃”未必真能奏效。認知域作戰如果缺乏物理域具體的軍事行動配合支撐,斷不會產生疑敵、惑敵、懾敵、勝敵的良好效果。掌握思維認知主動權、打好認知域作戰主動仗,不僅須加強認知本體力量建設,提高直接運用謀略和技術手段加強自我防護、干預和影響對手思維認知的能力,而且應積極向物理域借力,借助物理域軍事行動的傳導效應來增強思維認知。

認知實現的抓手。馬克思主義認為,理論一經掌握群眾,也會變成物質力量。認知域作戰視域下,認知這一上層建築層面的精神創造,同樣不會自動變成物質的力量,只有依附於一定的物質載體和實踐抓手,才可能實現精神到物質、意識到存在的關鍵一躍。正如第二次世界大戰中如果沒有德軍繞過馬其諾防線突破阿登森林向法國腹地突襲,就不可能彰顯“曼施坦因計劃”這一認知成果的預見性;同樣,如果沒有盟軍聲東擊西在諾曼底的成功登陸,同樣也突顯不出“霸王行動計劃”之“明修棧道,暗度陳倉”謀略的巧妙。思維認知經人傳導到物理域的具體軍事行動,再由物理域的具體軍事行動來實現認知成果的物化轉化,構成認知攻防與物理域軍事打擊雙向互動的基本面。

物理打擊支撐認知攻防的基本方式

物理域軍事打擊對認知攻防支撐的方式方法,遵循物質決定意識、存在決定思維的一般規律。基本方式可分為增強型支撐、印證型支撐、實現型支撐。

增強型支撐。物理域的軍事打擊對思維認知形成發展的強化。思維認知固然有賴於認知載體本身素質,但若離開物理域軍事行動的支撐也難以促成。物理域軍事行動之於認知域最基礎的作用在於為思維認知形成發展提供堅實支撐,思維認知也只有建立在實實在在的物理行動基礎之上才能行穩致遠。譬如,朝鮮戰爭初期,當朝鮮人民軍勢如破竹時,我軍作戰參謀雷英夫等人根據朝鮮半島的戰爭態勢、地理天候特點,特別是美韓軍隊當時的種種舉動等,准確預判了美軍登陸的時間地點。同樣,“聯合國軍”的李奇微也是根據志願軍後勤保障、武器裝備、戰術運用等,作出“禮拜攻勢”的判斷,以“磁性戰術”與我纏斗。這些都是物理域作戰對思維認知形成發展的增強。

印證型支撐。物理域軍事打擊對預設思維、預先認知、預有判斷的印證。認知攻防絕不單單發生在認知層面,而是認知與實踐的互動。戰爭作為“死生之地、存亡之道”,其認知決策如果不能在實踐層面得到多向印證就貿然行事,是對戰爭最大的不負責任。革命戰爭年代,我軍決策層總是在全局戰略把控下,賦予一線指揮員在總體戰略方向原則下酌情相機而動的權力,就是對戰略思維認知的正向印證。第二次世界大戰中,盟軍綜合運用以假亂真的“假事實”誤導,不斷塑造和強化德軍關於盟軍在歐洲大陸登陸地點的錯誤認知,最終在諾曼底以最小的代價成功登陸,是為反向印證。

實現型支撐。為思維認知、判斷決策的實現提供直接的物理支撐。思維認知要轉化為改變世界的實際成效,作用於對手的思維認知不是終點只是新的起點,接下來還要經過“熟練的手”和“勇敢的心”作用於物理世界,換而言之,就是為思維認知的價值實現提供直接的物理行動支撐。這正如諸葛亮的錦囊妙計再高明,如果沒有“五虎上將”等蜀漢將士的貫徹執行也只能停留在紙上談兵的認知層面。“OODA”環前三部分運行得再高效,如果缺少了“A”這一執行環節,就是“死環”。同樣,我軍的指揮決策成果也有賴於廣大官兵的堅決、徹底、創造性地執行,執行的質量效益直接決定指揮決策的落實成效。就此而言,執行層面的物理行動就具有極為重要的現實意義。

切實加強認知攻防與物理打擊的互動

思維認知必須有賴於物理行動的支撐,這是不以人的意志為轉移的客觀規律。加強思維認知與物理打擊的交流互動,使我們的思維決策更具針對性、客觀性、操作性,從而更好地由認知優勢轉化為行動優勢、制勝優勢,是一項極為重要的工作。

更加積極主動夯實認知基礎。思維認知正確與否,根本取決於其與客觀實際的契合度、對作戰對手的適用性。只有建立在充分調查研究、實事求是和比較優勢基礎上的思維認知,才是經得起實踐和實戰檢驗的思維認知。那種將思維認知或將帥的天才智慧與靈感頓悟絕對化、神聖化、虛無化的做法,是唯心的、片面的、有害的。這就要求我們必須努力將思維認知建立在廣泛調查研究和情報分析基礎之上,切實把敵情、我情、他情搞清楚弄明白,真正做到知彼知己、應知盡知,因地制宜、相機而動。同時,還須將讀無字書與有字書結合起來,將間接的理論與不斷發展變化的鮮活實踐統一起來,辯證認知以往經驗教訓和別人的經驗教訓,使之成為自己認知的助力而不是桎梏、輔助而不是主導。

更加積極主動強化認知理性。經得起實踐和實戰長期檢驗的正確認知從實踐中來,又在實踐反饋中得以強化。認知實踐經驗只是獲得正確認知的基礎材料,要形成科學的認知還需要進一步在意識與物質、思維與存在的反復折沖印證中不斷去偽存真,才能提高認知理性。那種僅從局部情況、破碎信息和個別時段就認為一勞永逸獲得真知的做法,是錯誤甚至致命的。在中國古代赤壁之戰中,曹操一方只是從鐵索連船可平衡船體晃動的常識中就得出將戰船連體的認知,並未從連片戰船的實戰效果或後果中進行再認知再創造,就輕易用鐵索連船、自縛手腳,最終落得“火燒赤壁”的慘敗下場。時移事易,現代戰場敵情更是瞬息萬變,從來就沒有一成不變的認知實踐,也沒有一勞永逸的認知成果,只有從物質到認知再到物質的印證中剝離雜質、抽取精華進行再認知,才能回歸理性。

更加積極主動物化認知成果。認知成果只是孕育於認知載體的思維意識結果,如果不進行及時有效的物化轉化,就如同著錦衣而夜行、藏重寶於深山,難以彰顯自身價值。思維認知基於物理行動生發,最終還要依托物理域的具體行動,才能物化轉化為改變主客觀世界的實際成效。這就要求我們不僅要夯實認知基礎、強化認知理性,還要盡可能提高認知決策與計劃方案的可操作性,為其更加順暢地物化轉化打開方便之門。同時,還要著力提高決策部署執行者的執行能力,使之能正確理解領會決策意圖,結合具體實際創造性采用適情對路的方法,最大限度地將認知成果與作戰決策方案貫徹執行到底,當好認知成果與作戰效果聯結轉化的“擺渡人”“過河橋”。

(作者單位:軍事科學院軍隊政治工作研究院)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/10203475888.html

Chinese Military Comprehensively Improving Scientific and Technological Cognition of Strategic Capabilities

國軍全面提升戰略能力科技認知

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2024年6月3日 星期一

現代英語:

War is a confrontation of material forces, but also a contest of ideological cognition. To implement President Xi’s new requirements for comprehensively improving strategic capabilities in emerging fields, we must grasp the “bull’s nose” of scientific and technological cognition, focus on the new trend of accelerating the new round of scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution and military revolution, focus on strengthening the army and winning wars, and strengthen the research and exploration of strategic, cutting-edge and disruptive technologies in emerging fields. With a deep understanding of the nature and laws of science and technology, we will master the initiative to achieve high-quality development of military construction and win military competition and future wars, transform scientific and technological cognition into a real ability to design and win wars, and accelerate and gain new advantages in strategic areas.

(one)

Only by understanding the times can we understand war. In the era when scientific and technological revolutions and military revolutions are integrated and intersecting, and science and technology have become the core combat power of modern warfare, improving the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields will help us understand and grasp the characteristics and laws of modern warfare, better control information-based and intelligent warfare, achieve overtaking in new fields and new tracks, win military competitive advantages with scientific and technological advantages, and win future high-tech wars.

Leading military reform and seizing the commanding heights. The wise hear what is silent, and the wise see what is not yet formed. Only by keenly observing the development trends of science and technology in emerging fields and expanding the cognitive boundaries in the field of strategic frontier technologies can we see what is not yet born and recognize what is not yet developed, take the initiative and fight proactively, and lead the revolutionary transformation and development of military elements. In today’s era, emerging technologies represented by artificial intelligence have emerged in a “blowout” manner, leading and promoting the rapid development of military intelligence at an unprecedented speed, triggering chain breakthroughs in the military field, and leveraging a fundamental change in the war pattern. Technological innovation has always been a race between time and speed. Faced with the strong momentum of military technological development in emerging fields, we must strive to seize the initiative and gain advantages. We must accurately grasp the technological trends of the times, dare to stand at the forefront of human warfare and technological development, and grasp the basic laws of technological development and evolution in the long river of history and the global perspective. We must accurately identify new goals, new fields, and new heights for the development of military science and technology, find breakthroughs in the development of military science and technology in a timely manner, and dare to advance into the “no man’s land” of military scientific and technological innovation, seize the strategic commanding heights of military technology competition, and lead the military revolution to achieve new breakthroughs and leaps with new thinking and concepts.

Leading military competition to gain the initiative. The level of cognition ultimately determines the pattern of military competition. At present, the frontier positions and strength competition of world military competition have extended to emerging fields, and seizing technological advantages has become a strategic move to seek military advantages. In the fierce competition of technological subversion and counter-subversion, raid and counter-raid, offset and counter-offset, scientific and technological cognition has become a key variable that determines the outcome of military games. If there is a gap in scientific and technological cognition, there is a risk of being surpassed by the opponent’s new technological combat force. If there is a technological gap in shaping new quality combat power, it will be difficult to “change the rules of competition” to form a military competitive advantage. Recent local wars and armed conflicts in the world have shown that whoever has the strategic capability and scientific and technological cognition of emerging fields ahead of the opponent and uses technology to empower combat power can control the battlefield situation and achieve a fundamental change in the winner and loser. In the increasingly fierce world military game, in order to seize the initiative in the development of military science and technology in emerging fields and occupy a favorable position of overlooking from a high position, it is necessary to enhance the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields, keep a close eye on changes in science and technology, changes in war, and changes in opponents, plan according to the situation, act in response to the situation, follow the trend, make advance arrangements and plans, ensure that unique advantages are formed in some important areas, and win the initiative in military games.

Leading the strong army to win the war and win the future war. Practice determines cognition, which is the source and motivation, purpose and destination of cognition. The scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields is to promote scientific and technological innovation and the application of science and technology as the practice direction. The fundamental focus is to create a new quality combat power growth pole. The main purpose is to seize the commanding heights of strategic competition, seize the initiative in war, and ultimately win the future war. At present, the development of emerging fields is showing a trend of in-depth advancement in all directions and fields, and the frequency of dynamic iteration and update of science and technology is accelerating. To forge a new quality combat power with a new killing mechanism and improve the scientific and technological content of national defense and military modernization, we must deeply grasp the key areas of scientific and technological innovation in emerging fields, grasp the new characteristics of cross-integration of scientific and technological innovation in emerging fields, focus on creating a new quality combat power growth pole, vigorously promote independent innovation and original innovation, eliminate backward technologies that are not adapted to the changes in the war form, adhere to the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, improve the application of military scientific and technological innovation, comprehensively enhance the strategic capabilities in emerging fields, and win the battle to achieve the goal of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the army as scheduled.

(two)

Improving the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields is a very complex rational thinking process of subjective insight into objectiveness. We should scientifically and accurately grasp the essential attributes and characteristics of scientific and technological innovation and development in emerging fields, and know both the facts and the reasons. We should focus on improving the three abilities of scientific and technological foresight, discrimination, and understanding in the strategic capabilities of emerging fields, and form a scientific cognitive ability system that supports, cooperates with, and influences each other, so as to provide strong support for comprehensively improving the strategic capabilities in emerging fields.

Aiming at future wars, we should enhance our scientific and technological foresight. Emerging fields are one of the main battlefields of future wars. Once some technologies achieve breakthroughs, the impact will be subversive, and may even fundamentally change the form and mode of war, and fundamentally change the traditional offensive and defensive pattern of war. Science and technology have never had such a profound impact on military construction and the outcome of wars as today. If the scientific and technological cognition is narrow and there is a lack of strategic foresight and prediction of cutting-edge technologies in emerging fields, it may not understand the opponent, the war, let alone win the future war. During the Gulf War, Iraq’s mechanized steel torrent lost to the US military’s precision-guided weapons. One of the important reasons was the gap in the scientific and technological cognition of the two in strategic capabilities in emerging fields. To let thoughts reach tomorrow’s battlefield directly, we must improve our scientific and technological cognition, closely follow the development direction of the world’s advanced military science and technology, keep abreast of the latest developments in cutting-edge science and technology, scientifically predict the development trend of science and technology, make full use of data mining and other technologies, comprehensively judge the revolutionary impact of high-tech development on war, take the lead in laying out emerging combat fields, develop a series of high-tech weapons and equipment, accelerate the scientific and technological empowerment of combat effectiveness, and provide a solid material foundation for winning future wars.

Keep a close eye on how to defeat powerful enemies and improve your ability to discern science and technology. War is a life-and-death confrontation between the enemy and us, and emerging fields are the top priority for the struggle between the two sides. Improving the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields is the fundamental strategy to prevent technological surprise attacks and avoid technological traps. In order to seize the initiative in war, powerful enemies have always not only used their unique high-tech weapons and equipment to surprise their opponents, putting them in a passive and unfavorable situation, but also used a more dangerous trick of carefully setting up technical traps and implementing strategic fraud. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union fell into the strategic deception trap of the US “Star Wars Plan”, which accelerated the decline of its national strength. To persist in targeting strong enemies and winning battles, we must improve the scientific and technological discernment of strategic capabilities in emerging fields, closely follow the technological frontiers of strong enemies, formulate breakthrough strategies for building strategic capabilities in emerging fields, and maintain a high degree of technical acumen and discernment of some of the so-called new technologies and new concepts hyped by strong enemies. We must be good at distinguishing the authenticity of technology, weighing the pros and cons of development and the extent of their impact, and persist in developing strategic resources in emerging fields based on national conditions and military situation, so that the results of military scientific and technological innovation in emerging fields can better empower the decision-making chain, command chain and combat effectiveness generation chain.

Mastering the winning strategy improves the understanding of science and technology. The key to strengthening the army and winning the war is to master the winning strategy. In the context of the deep coupling of modern science and technology with the military, understanding and mastering science and technology has become an essential ability to understand war, design war, and win war. From the perspective of human military history, it is precisely because of the thorough understanding of the principles of aviation technology and space technology that Douhet’s “air supremacy” theory, Graham’s “high frontier” theory and other war theories have been produced. Similarly, if there is a lack of thorough understanding of new technologies such as human-machine collaboration, group intelligence openness, and autonomous control of artificial intelligence, it will be impossible to master the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare and explore new theories and tactics of intelligent warfare. Technology determines tactics. To win future wars, we must focus on thinking about wars from a scientific and technological perspective, understand the impact of scientific and technological development in emerging fields on wars, learn from and absorb the latest achievements in military and scientific and technological innovation of the world’s powerful countries, research and explore the internal mechanisms of high-tech in emerging fields that support modern warfare, and explore how to use scientific and technological concepts and thinking to accurately grasp the laws of winning wars, how to use advanced scientific and technological means to strengthen the construction of new-quality combat effectiveness, how to design wars based on scientific and technological principles, and how to transform scientific and technological advantages into capability advantages, and use the “key” of scientific and technological thinking to open the “door” to victory.

(three)

Comprehensively improving the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields is a long-term, systematic strategic project. We must deeply understand and implement the spirit of President Xi’s important instructions, take improving the scientific and technological literacy of officers and soldiers as a basic task, and enhance the scientific and technological cognition of officers and soldiers with a high sense of mission, scientific thinking concepts, and effective methods and paths, in order to comprehensively enhance strategic capabilities in emerging fields and lay a solid foundation for the high-quality development of our military.

Accelerate the transformation of ideas and concepts. The wise change with the times, and the knowledgeable make decisions based on the situation. While the emerging military science and technology is transforming the objective world, it is also profoundly changing people’s subjective world, forming a subversive impact on the traditional war-winning mechanism and way of thinking. The inherent requirement is that we must change our ideas and concepts to improve our scientific and technological cognition. Engels pointed out: “When the wave of technological revolution is surging around… we need newer and braver minds.” Whoever is conservative, conservative, and self-contained will miss precious opportunities, fall into strategic passivity, and even miss a whole era. We must emancipate our minds and update our concepts, actively adapt to the development trend of military changes in the world today, keenly perceive the military ideological innovation brought about by the technological revolution, have the courage to change the mindset of mechanized warfare, break the ideological constraints of conservatism, and firmly establish a new thinking of information-based and intelligent warfare, establish a new concept of strengthening the army and winning with science and technology, focus on understanding the new face of war, discovering new characteristics of war, and revealing new laws of war from a scientific and technological perspective, and strive to raise the level of war cognition to a new height.

Cultivate the foundation of scientific and technological literacy. Scientific and technological literacy is the ability to scientifically understand and describe the objective world and the ability of scientific thinking. The depth of scientific and technological literacy fundamentally determines the level of scientific and technological cognition. If you don’t understand science and technology or your scientific and technological literacy is not high, you will be like looking at flowers in the fog and the moon in the water when it comes to modern warfare, let alone being able to fight and win. To improve the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields and understand the winning mechanism of modern high-tech warfare, the key is to work hard to improve the scientific and technological literacy of officers and soldiers, coordinate the use of military and local scientific and technological resources, vigorously spread the scientific spirit, popularize scientific knowledge, strengthen the study of modern science and technology, especially military science and technology knowledge, conduct in-depth research on cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, and quantum technology, deeply understand the new characteristics of artificial intelligence deep learning, cross-border integration, human-machine collaboration, group intelligence openness, and autonomous control, understand and master the latest scientific and technological achievements, build a multi-dimensional knowledge system with information and intelligent technology as the main body, improve the level of thinking, expand the knowledge structure, and vigorously promote the transformation of the “variable” of scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields into the “energy” of strong military victory.

Improve capabilities based on practice. A knife needs to be sharpened and a person needs to be trained. To enhance the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields, it is necessary not only to nourish theory and promote the transformation of ideas and concepts, but also to follow the basic law of human cognition movement of “practice, cognition, re-practice, and re-cognition”, make good use of the actual combat “grindstone” to sharpen the wisdom, and promote the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields to a higher level. We must be brave in improving quality and strengthening capabilities in the practice of strengthening the military and training through science and technology. We must persist in learning by doing and learning by doing. We must focus on our main responsibilities and main business, study cutting-edge science and technology based on our posts and positions, and improve our scientific and technological acumen, insight, and response speed. We must enhance our technical understanding of new equipment, new skills, and new tactics, cultivate scientific thinking, master scientific methods, improve our scientific and technological cognition, and cultivate the ideological awareness of strengthening strategic capability building in emerging fields from a scientific and technological perspective. We must keep a close eye on powerful enemies and future battlefields to develop a stronger “scientific and technological mind”, be familiar with our opponents’ scientific and technological achievements, capabilities, and means, accurately grasp the “hard core” and “soft underbelly” of our opponents’ scientific and technological development, adhere to asymmetric thinking, and tailor our struggle strategies and tactics to provide strong guarantees for winning this future high-end war and hybrid war.

(Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences)

現代國語:

戰爭是物質力量的對抗,更是思想認知力的較量。貫徹落實習主席全面提升新興領域戰略能力的新要求,必須抓住科技認知力這個“牛鼻子”,著眼新一輪科技革命、產業革命和軍事革命加速推進的新態勢,聚焦強軍勝戰加強新興領域戰略性、前沿性、顛覆性技術的研究探索,以對科學技術本質和規律的深刻理解,掌握實現軍隊建設高品質發展,贏得軍事競爭和未來戰爭的主動權,把科技認知力轉化為實實在在的設計戰爭、打贏戰爭能力,在戰略必爭領域中跑出加速度、贏得新優勢。

(一)

理解時代才能理解戰爭。在科技革命與軍事革命融合交叉,科技已成為現代戰爭核心戰力的時代背景下,提升新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力,有助於理解和掌握現代戰爭的特徵規律,更好地駕馭資訊化智慧化戰爭,在新領域新賽道實現彎道超車,以科技優勢贏得軍事競爭優勢、打贏未來高科技戰爭。

引領軍事變革搶佔制高點。聰者聽於無聲,明者見於未形。敏銳洞察新興領域科技發展趨勢走向,拓展戰略前沿技術領域認知邊界,才能做到見之於未萌、識之於未發,下好先手棋、打好主動仗,引領軍事領域要素實現革命性轉型發展。在當今時代,以人工智慧為代表的新興科技「井噴式」湧現,引領並推動軍事智慧以前所未有的速度突飛猛進,正在引發軍事領域鍊式突破,撬動戰爭格局發生根本性轉變。科技創新歷來是時間與速度的賽跑,面對新興領域軍事科技發展的強勁勢頭,我們要致力於搶佔先機、贏得優勢,必須準確把握時代科技大勢,勇於站在人類戰爭和科技發展最前沿,在歷史長河和全球視野中掌握科技發展演變的基本規律,切實找準軍事科技發展的新目標、新領域、新高地,及時找到軍事科技發展的突破口,勇於向軍事科技創新「無人區」進軍,搶佔軍事技術競爭的戰略制高點,以全新的思維理念引領軍事革命實現新突破新跨越。

引領軍事競爭贏得主動權。認知層次高低最終決定軍事競爭格局。目前,世界軍事競爭前線陣地和實力比拼已經延伸到新興領域,把奪取科技優勢作為謀求軍事優勢的戰略舉措。在技​​術上顛覆與反顛覆、突襲與反突襲、抵銷與反抵銷的激烈較量中,科技認知力已成為決定軍事博弈勝負的關鍵變數。如果科技認知力出現代差,就面臨被對手新科技作戰力量超越的風險。在塑造新質戰鬥力上出現技術鴻溝,就很難「改變競技規則」形成軍事競爭優勢。世界近幾場局部戰爭和武裝衝突表明,誰具有領先對手的新興領域戰略能力科技認知力,用科技為戰鬥力賦能,誰就能掌控戰場態勢,並以此實現勝負手的根本轉換。在日益激烈的世界軍事博弈中,奪取新興領域軍事科技發展主動權,佔據高位瞰的有利位勢,必須提高新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力,緊盯科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變,因勢而謀,應勢而動,順勢而為,超前佈局、超前謀劃,確保在一些重要領域形成獨特優勢,贏得軍事博弈主動權。

引領強軍勝戰制勝未來戰爭。實踐決定認識,是認識的泉源和動力、目的和歸宿。新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力,以推動科技創新和科技運用為實踐指向,根本著眼點是打造新質戰鬥力增長極,主要目的是搶佔戰略競爭制高點,奪取戰爭主動權,最終打贏未來戰爭。當前,新興領域發展呈現全方位多領域縱深推進態勢,科技動態迭代更新頻率加快,鍛造全新殺傷機理的新質戰鬥力,提高國防和軍隊現代化建設的科技含量,必須深刻掌​​握新興領域科技創新發展的關鍵領域,掌握新興領域科技創新發展交叉融合發展新特徵,以打造新質戰鬥力成長極為重點,大力推動自主創新、原始創新,淘汰不適應戰爭形態變化的落後技術,堅持機械化資訊化智慧化發展,提升軍事科技創新應用力,全面提升新興領域戰略能力,打贏如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標攻堅戰。

(二)

提升新興領域戰略能力科技認知力,是十分複雜的主觀見之於客觀的理性思考過程。科學準確掌握新興領域科技創新發展的本質屬性與特徵規律,做到知其然又知其所以然,應重點提升新興領域戰略能力的科技預知力、鑑別力、理解力三種能力素質,形成相互支撐、相互配合、相互影響的科學認知能力體系,為全面提升新興領域策略能力提供強大支撐。

瞄準未來戰爭提昇科技預知力。新興領域是未來戰爭的主戰場之一,有些技術一旦突破,影響將是顛覆性的,甚至可能從根本上改變戰爭形態和作戰方式,從根本上改變傳統的戰爭攻防格局。科技從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響軍隊建設和戰爭勝負,如果科技認知力狹隘,對新興領域前沿技術缺乏戰略性預見和預判,就可能看不懂對手、看不懂戰爭,更談不上打贏未來戰爭。海灣戰爭期間,伊拉克機械化鋼鐵洪流輸給美軍精確導引武器,究其緣由重要的一條是由兩者在新興領域戰略能力科技認知力存在差距造成的。讓思想直達明天的戰場,必須提高科技認知力,緊密追蹤世界先進軍事科技發展方向,及時掌握前沿科技最新動態,科學預測科技發展趨勢,充分運用資料探勘等技術,綜合研判高科技發展給戰爭帶來的革命性影響,搶先佈局新興作戰領域,研發系列高新技術武器裝備,加速戰鬥力科技賦能,為致勝未來戰爭提供堅實的物質基礎。

緊盯制勝​​強敵提高科技鑑別力。戰爭是敵我雙方的生死對抗,新興領域更是作戰雙方角力的重中之重。提升新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力,是防止技術突襲、避免技術陷阱的根本之策。為奪取戰爭主動權,強敵向來不僅以獨特的高新技術武器裝備突襲對手,使其陷入被動挨打的不利處境,更危險的招數在於精心設置技術陷阱,實施戰略欺詐。冷戰美蘇爭霸時期,蘇聯就落入美國「星際大戰計畫」的戰略欺騙陷阱,加速了國力衰退。堅持扭住強敵謀打贏,必須提高新興領域戰略能力的科技鑑別力,要密切跟踪強敵對手科技前沿動態,制定新興領域戰略能力建設突破策略,對強敵宣傳炒作的一些所謂新技術新概念,必須保持高度的技術敏銳度和辨識力,要善於甄別技術真偽、權衡發展利弊及其影響程度,堅持從國情軍情出發開發新興領域戰略資源,使新興領域軍事科技創新成果更好地賦能決策鏈、指揮鍊和戰鬥力生成鏈。

掌握制勝之道提昇科技理解力。強軍勝戰關鍵要掌握致勝之道,在現代科技與軍事深度耦合的背景下,認識並掌握科技成為理解戰爭、設計戰爭、打贏戰爭的必備能力。從人類軍事史來看,正是由於對航空技術、太空技術等原理的透徹認知,杜黑的「制空權」理論、葛拉漢的「高邊疆」理論等戰爭理論才得以產生。同樣,目前如果對人工智慧所具有的人機協同、群智開放、自主操控等新技術缺乏透徹認知,就無法掌握智能化戰爭制勝機理、探索智能作戰新戰法。技術決定戰術。打贏未來戰爭必須著重從科技角度思考戰爭,理解新興領域科技發展對戰爭帶來的影響,並借鑒吸收世界強國軍事科技創新最新成果,研究探索新興領域高新科技支撐現代戰爭的內在機理,探討如何以科技理念和思維把準戰爭制勝規律、如何運用先進科技手段加強新質戰鬥力建設、如何依據科技原理設計戰爭、如何將科技優勢轉化為能力優勢,用科技思維的“鑰匙”開啟勝戰“大門” 。

(三)

全面提升新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力,是一項長期性、系統性的策略工程,必須深刻理解貫徹習主席重要指示精神,把提高官兵科技素養作為一項基礎性工作來抓,以高度的使命擔當、科學的思維理念、有效的方法路徑提升官兵科技認知力,為全面提升新興領域戰略能力,實現我軍高品質發展夯實根基。

加快轉變思想觀念。明者因時而變,知者隨事而製。新興領域軍事科技在改造客觀世界的同時,也深刻改變人們的主觀世界,對傳統的戰爭制勝機理和思維方式形成顛覆性衝擊,內在要求必須轉變思想觀念提昇科技認知力。恩格斯指出:「當科技革命的浪潮正在四周洶湧澎湃的時候……我們需要更新、更勇敢的頭腦。」誰思想保守、因循守舊、固步自封,誰就會錯失寶貴時機,陷於戰略被動,甚至會錯過整整一個時代。我們必須解放思想更新觀念,積極適應當今世界軍事變革的發展趨勢,敏銳感知技術革命帶來的軍事思想革新,勇於改變機械化戰爭的思維定勢,破除守舊守常守成思想束縛,牢固地樹立起信息化智能化戰爭新思維,立起科技強軍制勝的新觀念,注重從科技角度認識戰爭新面貌、發現戰爭新特徵、揭示戰爭新規律,努力把戰爭認知力水準提升到新高度。

涵養科技素養底蘊。科技素養是科學認識和描述客觀世界的能力和科學思考能力,科技素養底蘊的深度,從根本上決定科技認知力高低程度。不懂科技或科技素養不高,對現代戰爭就是霧裡看花、水中觀月,更別說能打仗、打勝仗。提升新興領域戰略能力科技認知力,理解現代高科技戰爭制勝機理,關鍵要在提高官兵科技素養上下功夫,統籌利用軍地科技優勢資源,大力傳播科學精神、普及科學知識,加強現代科技特別是軍事科技知識的學習,深入研究人工智慧、大數據、區塊鏈、量子科技等尖端技術,深刻認識人工智慧深度學習、跨界融合、人機協同、群智開放、自主操控等新特點,了解並掌握最新科技成果,建構以資訊化、智慧化科技為主體的多維知識體系,提升思維層次、拓展知識結構,強力推進新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力這個「變數」向強軍勝戰“能量”轉化。

立足實踐提高能力。刀要磨,人要練。提升新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力,既需要理論滋養促進思想理念轉型,更要遵循「實踐、認識、再實踐、再認識」的人類認識運動基本規律,用好實戰「磨刀石」砥礪智慧鋒芒,推動新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力向更高一級躍進。要勇於在科技強軍、科技強訓實踐中提質強能,堅持學中乾乾中學,聚焦主責主業、立足崗位戰位鑽研前沿科技,提高科技敏銳度、洞察力和響應速度;增強對新裝備、新技能、新戰法的技術理解,培育科學思維、掌握科學方法,提高科技認知力,培塑從科技視角加強新興領域戰略能力建設的思想意識;緊盯強敵對手和未來戰場練就更加強大的“科技頭腦”,熟悉對手的科技成果、科技能力和科技手段,精準把脈對手科技發展的“硬核”和“軟肋”,堅持非對稱思想量身定制鬥爭策略和戰法,為打贏這場未來高端戰爭、混合戰爭提供有力保障。

(作者單位:軍事科學院軍事政治工作研究院)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/gfbszbxq/index.html?paperName=zggfb&paperDate=2024-06-03&paperNumber=03&articleid=932888

Comprehensively Promote Modernization of Chinese Military’s Organizational Form|How Chinese Military Services Implement Building Construction for War

全面推進軍隊組織形態現代化|中國軍隊如何實施戰爭建設

現代英語:

A brief analysis of how the military implements the principle of “building for war”

■ Wang Xueping, Xu Yan, Zhu Xiaomeng

Introduction

To implement the general principle of “the Military Commission is in charge of the overall situation, the theater is responsible for war, and the military is responsible for construction”, the military forces need to accurately grasp the interactive rules of war and construction, strengthen the connection with the theater, form a work pattern with clear rights and responsibilities, positive interaction, smooth and efficient, and focus the main tasks, main responsibilities, and main energy on building and managing the troops. Always adhere to the principle of leading construction with war, building for war, managing for war, and promoting war with construction, comprehensively improve the practical level of military training, and provide high-quality combat forces for the theater.

Get the coordinates of building for war

The coordinates are the epochal orientation of building for war. Only when the orientation is clear can construction be accelerated on track. Entering the new era, the firepower intensity, maneuvering speed, striking accuracy and intelligence of weapons and equipment have greatly increased, the battlefield space has been continuously expanded, the coupling of combat actions has become closer, and the battlefield situation has changed more rapidly. Wars have gradually shown the characteristics of platform combat, system support, tactical actions, and strategic support. In particular, the use of intelligent, stealth, and unmanned combat, as well as aerospace forces, new concept weapons, and high-efficiency destructive ammunition have fundamentally changed the concept of war time and space. The war form has accelerated the evolution from mechanized informationization to informationized intelligence, and intelligent warfare has begun to emerge. The military should focus on building the combat power of informationized warfare with intelligent characteristics, rather than the combat power of mechanized warfare. When the armed forces are building for war, they must focus on information warfare with intelligent characteristics, turn their attention to intelligent military reform, fully imagine the future war form, scale, intensity, spatial region, etc., and use the concept beyond the times to lead the vision of construction forward again and again; they must deeply study the winning mechanism, scientifically judge, and build the troops needed to win the future war, so as to be targeted.

Find the target of building for war

The target is not only a beacon of construction and development, but also a scale to test combat effectiveness. Only by setting the correct target can the armed forces be targeted when building for war, and lead the innovative development of weapons and equipment, system organization and combat theory without deformation or distortion. When the armed forces are building for war, they are not fighting ordinary opponents, but strong enemies in the world military game. This requires the military to build for war, and must lock on to strong enemies, insist on focusing all their attention on defeating strong enemies, and exert their efforts in all work to defeat strong enemies. Closely aiming at world-class standards, the focus should be on firmly grasping the characteristics of future combat systems and system confrontations, exploring standardized and modular construction issues, and forming an integrated and coordinated system combat capability; centering on the requirements of all-domain combat, focusing on tackling practical issues such as rapid response, long-range delivery, and integrated support, and strengthening rapid and mobile cross-domain action capabilities. Grasp the key of balancing powerful enemies, strengthen targeted research on powerful enemies, insist on focusing on what the enemy fears, develop what can balance powerful enemies, and prepare more, strive to have a chance of winning in war, have bargaining chips, and have confidence, focus on solving bottlenecks such as the construction of new military forces, the use of high-tech equipment, and information intelligence integration, and build a world-class military in an all-round way.

Innovation and construction as the forerunner of war

Theory is the forerunner of practice, and scientific military theory is combat effectiveness. Whoever can grasp the development pulse of future wars and possess superb war design capabilities can win the initiative in war and even the final victory. The military should not build for war, but should place war research and construction in a strategic position, carry out forward-looking, targeted, and reserve-oriented innovative research, propose new concepts, seek new breakthroughs, and form innovative theories that are contemporary, leading, and unique. The military should build for war, and must focus on the current practice and future development of war, clarify the vertical evolution axis, focus on shaping the future battlefield, changing the future combat rules, and promote the reshaping of concepts and the reconstruction of systems as soon as possible; focus on cutting-edge technology fields and future intelligent war design, and make efforts to achieve major breakthroughs in new technologies and new forms of war; focus on the continuous development of new concepts such as combat thinking, action patterns, and capability requirements, and form forward-looking thinking on future combat actions. At the same time, the new theories and concepts should be systematized and concretized, and become a “roadmap” for planning and designing force system construction, weapons and equipment development, military training transformation, and combat talent training. It is necessary to form a closed loop from practice to theory and then from theory to practice, so that military theoretical research can draw rich nutrients from practice, and advanced and mature theoretical results can enter the military decision-making and practice links to achieve a benign interaction between theory and practice.

Build a hard core for war

Science and technology are the most revolutionary force. Scientific and technological innovation has always been a race with time and speed. If you don’t work hard to innovate, you will fall behind and be beaten. If you innovate slowly, you will also fall behind and be beaten. Today, scientific and technological innovation has become the core strategy for many countries and militaries to seek advantages. The armed forces must pay close attention to the leading role of science and technology in building for war, integrate the most cutting-edge and even imagined future science and technology into the overall planning of construction, guide the basic direction of construction and development, and actively explore the path of scientific and technological innovation to fight a future war with future enemies with our future army; we must implement the strategy of strengthening the military with science and technology, demand combat effectiveness from scientific and technological innovation, vigorously cultivate new scientific and technological growth points, and focus on improving the contribution rate of scientific and technological innovation to the development of the military’s combat effectiveness; we must face the world’s scientific and technological frontiers, the main battlefields of the future, and the major needs of combat, accelerate the pace of innovation, and launch one project after planning and justifying it, especially to let disruptive technologies run ahead, strive to run at an accelerated pace, and win new advantages. Obviously, talent is the key to building a hard core of “grasping construction for war”. Talent is the most difficult preparation. Whoever has more high-quality new military talents can gain or gain more opportunities to win on the future battlefield. We must accurately grasp the characteristics and laws of modern warfare and the requirements of military transformation and construction, and cultivate what talents are needed for war and give priority to what talents are most in short supply, so that the supply side of talent training can be accurately matched with the needs of the future battlefield.

Lay a solid foundation for grasping construction for war

Fight hard and train hard. The root of “war” lies in “construction”, and the foundation of “construction” lies in “training”. Military training, as a regular and central task of the troops, is not only the basic way to generate and improve combat effectiveness, but also the most direct preparation for military struggle. In the new era, the war situation is accelerating towards informationization and intelligence, the military’s missions and tasks are constantly expanding, the level of informationization and intelligence of weapons and equipment is gradually improving, and the training support conditions are gradually improving. It is urgent for the military forces to consider the interaction of multiple fields such as the war situation, combat methods, weapons and equipment, and personnel quality, and analyze the impact of many factors such as known and unknown, possible and impossible, and possible and impossible, so as to comprehensively upgrade their actual combat capabilities. To build for war, we must focus on training troops against strong enemies, practice reconnaissance, coordination, equipment, and support around the development of the real enemy situation, practice real force deployment, practice fast battlefield construction, practice real equipment data, and practice strong support; we must aim at the latest enemy situation in multiple fields such as land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace, and carry out real, difficult, rigorous, and practical full-element training in scenario re-enactment, “fight” with strong enemies, and let the troops gain real skills and strengthen their strength in real confrontation; we must pursue extreme training, constantly challenge the limits of people and equipment, so that the physiological and psychological limits of officers and soldiers, the performance limits of equipment, and the combat effectiveness limits of the combination of people and weapons can be fully unleashed. Only by using “extremely difficult and extremely difficult” training to present all shortcomings and weaknesses and overcome them can we cope with the most brutal battlefield. Some tactics and strategies trained beyond the limit are often the key move and fatal blow to defeat the enemy in actual combat.

Do a good job in coupling construction for war

The fundamental purpose of war and construction is to be able to fight and win. It is necessary to accelerate the realization of functional coupling under the new system and work together to accelerate the generation of combat power. Building an army that adapts to future combat needs is, in the final analysis, to build a force that can complete future combat tasks and has corresponding combat capabilities. Combat requirements are the concrete manifestation of such mission requirements and capabilities. Building for war should be based on the needs of fulfilling missions and tasks, and should be designed in advance according to future combat military needs. Military construction should be guided by military needs, and combat needs should be continuously refined and dynamically adjusted to promote the coupling of war and construction. By strengthening the argumentation and research of future combat requirements and doing a good job in top-level planning, we can grasp the direction and focus of military construction in general, consider the comprehensive development of military weapons and equipment and personnel quality from a strategic height and long-term development, clarify the focus, adhere to the principle of doing what we should do and not doing what we should not do, concentrate on developing strategic and key projects, give priority to emergency operations, correctly handle the primary and secondary, urgent and slow, light and heavy aspects of military construction, firmly grasp the main and key ones, and promote coordinated and complementary military construction, scientific and reasonable, standardized and orderly, and sustainable development. Scientific combat effectiveness assessment can not only scientifically and specifically understand the composition and strength of one’s own combat effectiveness, but also help to take targeted measures to promote the coupling of building for war, timely discover and correct deficiencies in construction, truly realize the scientific development of military construction, intensive and efficient, and promote the advancement of combat effectiveness construction.

Strictly grasp the test of building for war

Whether a unit is well built and whether it has the ability to win a battle, it must ultimately be tested through military practice. After a comprehensive test of military practice, it is inevitable that the problems in the construction of the unit will be exposed, thereby promoting the army to make corresponding adjustments in the content, focus, and direction of construction. Through repeated tests of military practice, new requirements and new goals are constantly put forward for the construction of the troops, thus leading the construction of the troops to a higher stage. Make good use of network simulated confrontation tests. The informatization and intelligence of network simulated confrontation make the cognition, decision-making, feedback, correction, and action of simulated confrontation more close to actual combat, and revolutionize the process of military activities, thereby producing positive effects on weapons and equipment, command and control, force organization and other fields, thereby promoting the continuous leap of the combat effectiveness of the troops, and even giving birth to new war styles and changing the mechanism of winning wars. Make good use of on-site live-fire exercises. As a pre-practice for future wars, live-fire exercises can not only effectively test the actual combat capabilities of the troops, but more importantly, they can discover some weak links in the construction of the troops, optimize and improve them in a targeted manner, and obtain the maximum combat effectiveness return. Make good use of the test of war practice. The leading role of war practice in the construction of the troops is irreplaceable. Strict war practice can truly test which aspects of the construction of the troops are suitable and which are not suitable for future wars, and then correct the deviations and mistakes in many aspects such as construction guidance, construction priorities, and construction methods, so as to prepare for winning the next war.

現代國語:

淺析軍種如何落實抓建為戰

■王雪平  許炎 朱小萌

引言

貫徹「軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建」總原則,軍種部隊需要準確把握戰與建互動規律,加強同戰區對接,形成權責清晰、正向互動、順暢高效的工作格局,把主要任務、主要職責、主要精力放在建設、管理部隊上,始終堅持以戰領建、抓建為戰、抓管為戰、以建促戰,全面提高軍事訓練實戰化水平,為戰區提供優質作戰力量。

把準抓建為戰的坐標

坐標是抓建為戰的時代方位,只有方位明晰,建設才能依軌加速。進入新時代,武器裝備的火力強度、機動速度、打擊精度、智慧化程度大幅躍升,戰場空間不斷拓展,作戰行動耦合更加緊密,戰場態勢變換更加迅速,戰爭逐漸呈現出平台作戰、體系支撐,戰術行動、戰略保障等特點,特別是智能化、隱身化、無人化作戰以及空天力量、新概念武器、高效毀傷彈藥的運用,從根本上改變了戰爭時空概念,戰爭形態加速由機械化信息化向資訊化智能化演變,智能化戰爭初見端倪。軍種主建,建的應是具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭的戰鬥力,而不是機械化戰爭的戰鬥力。軍種抓建為戰,必須聚焦具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭,把目光投向智能化軍事變革,充分設想未來戰爭形態、規模、強度、空間地域等,用超越時代的理念,引領建設視野向前再向前;必須深研製勝機理,科學研判,打贏未來戰爭需要什麼部隊就建設什麼部隊,做到有的放矢。

找準抓建為戰的靶標

靶標既是建設發展的燈塔,也是檢驗戰鬥力的天秤。只有樹立正確靶標,軍種抓建為戰才能有的放矢,不變形、不走樣地牽引武器裝備、體制編制和作戰理論創新發展。軍種抓建為戰,戰的不是一般對手,而是世界軍事賽場上的強敵。這就要求軍種抓建為戰,必然要鎖定強敵,堅持全部心思向打敗強敵聚焦、各項工作向戰勝強敵用勁。緊緊瞄準世界一流標準,重點要牢牢把握未來作戰體係與體系對抗的特徵,探索標準化、模塊化建設問題,形成一體聯動的體係作戰能力;圍繞全局作戰要求,聚力攻關快速反應、遠程投送、融合保障等現實課題,建強快速機動跨域行動能力。抓住制衡強敵這個關鍵,加強對強敵的針對性研究,堅持敵人怕什麼就重點建什麼,發展什麼能製衡強敵就多備幾手,力求做到戰有勝算、談有籌碼、懾有底氣,著力解決軍種新型力量建設、高新裝備運用、資訊智慧整合等瓶頸問題,全面建成世界一流軍隊。

創新抓建為戰的先導

理論是實踐的先導​​,科學的軍事理論就是戰鬥力。誰能把準未來戰爭的發展脈搏、擁有高超的戰爭設計能力,誰就能贏得戰爭的主動權甚至最後的勝利。軍種抓建為戰,不能走到哪算哪,要把研戰謀建擺在戰略位置,開展前瞻性、針對性、儲備性創新研究,提出新概念、尋找新突破,形成具有時代性、引領性、獨特性的創新理論。軍種抓建為戰,必須著眼於戰爭當前實踐和未來發展,理清縱向演進軸線,把重點放在塑造未來戰場、改變未來作戰規則研究上,盡快推動觀念重塑、體系重構;放在聚焦前沿技術領域、未來智慧化戰爭設計上,下氣力在戰爭新技術、新形態方面實現重大突破;放在持續推進作戰思想、行動樣式、能力需求等新概念的開發上,形成對未來作戰行動的前瞻性性思考。同時把新理論新概念體系化、具體化,成為規劃設計力量體系建構、武器裝備發展、軍事訓練轉變、作戰人才培養的「路線圖」。要形成從實踐到理論、再從理論到實踐的閉環迴路,讓軍事理論研究從實踐中汲取豐厚養分,讓先進成熟的理論成果進入軍事決策和實踐環節,實現理論和實踐良性互動。

打造抓建為戰的硬核

科技是最具革命性的力量。科技創新歷來是與時間與速度的賽跑。不努力創新就會落後挨打,創新速度慢了也同樣會落後挨打。今天,科技創新已成為許多國家和軍隊謀求優勢的核心戰略。軍種抓建為戰,必須高度關注科技引領作用的發揮,通過把當前最前沿甚至是設想中的未來科學技術融入建設整體規劃之中,引領建設發展的基本方向,積極探索用未來的我軍與未來的敵人打一場未來戰爭的科技創新路徑;必須落實科技強軍戰略,向科技創新要戰鬥力,大力培育新的科技增長點,著力提高科技創新對軍種戰鬥力發展的貢獻率;必鬚麵向世界科技前沿、面向未來主要戰場、面向作戰重大需求,加快創新速度,規劃論證好一項就要上馬一項,特別是要讓顛覆性技術跑在前面,力爭跑出加速度,贏得新優勢。顯然,打造抓建為戰的硬核,人才是關鍵。人才是最艱難的準備,誰擁有更多高素質新型軍事人才,誰就能在未來戰場上早獲得或多獲得一些致勝先機。要準確把握現代戰爭特點規律和軍種轉型建設要求,做到打仗需要什麼人才就培養什麼人才、什麼人才最緊缺就優先鍛造什麼人才,使人才培養供給側同未來戰場需求側精準對接。

夯實抓建為戰的根基

打仗硬碰硬,訓練實打實。 「戰」的根本在於「建」,「建」的基礎在於「練」。軍事訓練作為部隊的經常性中心工作,既是產生和提高戰鬥力的基本途徑,也是最直接的軍事鬥爭準備。新時代,戰爭形態加速向資訊化智能化發展,軍隊使命任務不斷拓展,武器裝備資訊化智能化水平逐步提高,訓練保障條件逐步改善,迫切需要軍種部隊從考慮戰爭形態、作戰方法、武器裝備、人員素質等多個領域的互動,到分析已知與未知、可能與不可能、可為與不可為等諸多因素的影響,全面升級實戰能力。抓建為戰,必須聚焦強敵練兵,圍繞真實敵情的進展,練偵察、練協同、練裝備、練保障,練實力量布勢、練快戰場建設、練真裝備數據、練強保障支撐;必須瞄準陸海空及太空、網絡空間等多領域最新敵情,在情景重現中開展真、難、嚴、實的全要素訓練,與強敵“過招”,讓部隊在真刀真槍對抗中礪實功、強實力;必須追求極限訓練,不斷向人和裝備極限沖擊,使官兵的生理心理極限、裝備的性能極限、人與武器結合的戰鬥力極限全面迸發。唯有用「逼到絕境、難到極致」的訓練呈現所有短板弱項,並加以克服,才能應對最殘酷的戰場。一些超越極限訓出的戰術戰法,往往是實戰中勝敵的關鍵一招、致命一擊。

搞好抓建為戰的耦合

戰與建,根本目的都是為了能打仗、打勝仗,必須在新體制下加速實現功能耦合,為加速戰鬥力生成共同發力。建設適應未來作戰需求的軍隊,說到底是建設能完成未來作戰任務、具備相應作戰能力的部隊,作戰需求就是這種任務需求和能力的具體體現。抓建為戰應根據履行使命任務需要,針對未來作戰軍事需求超前設計,以軍事需求牽引軍隊各項建設,不斷細化和動態化調整作戰需求促進戰建耦合。透過加強未來作戰需求論證研究搞好頂層規劃,從總體上把握軍隊建設的方向和重點,從戰略高度和長遠發展考慮軍隊武器裝備、人員素質的全面發展,明確重點,堅持有所為有所不為,集中力量發展戰略性、關鍵性項目,優先保障應急作戰,正確處理軍隊建設的主與次、急與緩、輕與重,緊緊抓住主要的、關鍵的,推動軍隊建設協調配套,科學合理,規範有序,持續發展。科學的戰鬥力評估不僅能夠科學具體地認識己方戰鬥力的組成及其強弱,還有利於採取針對性措施促進抓建為戰的耦合,及時發現並糾正建設中的不足,真正實現軍隊建設的科學發展、集約高效,促進戰鬥力建設上台階。

嚴格抓建為戰的檢驗

一支部隊建設得好不好,是不是已經具備打勝仗的能力,最終還是要通過軍事實踐來檢驗。經過軍事實踐的全面檢驗,必然揭露部隊建設上存在的問題,從而推動軍隊在建設內容、重點、方向上做出相應的調整。通過這樣一次次軍事實踐的反復檢驗,不斷地給部隊建設提出新要求新目標,由此引領部隊建設向著更高的階段發展。用好網絡模擬對抗檢驗。網絡模擬對抗資訊化智慧化,使得模擬對抗的認知、決策、回饋、修正、行動等更趨於實戰,革命性地改造軍事活動流程,進而對武器裝備、指揮控制、力量編組等多個領域產生積極作用,由此促進部隊戰鬥力不斷躍升,甚至催生新的戰爭樣式、改變戰爭制勝機理。用好現地實兵演習檢驗。作為未來戰爭的預實踐,實兵演習不僅能有效檢驗部隊的實戰能力,更為重要的,是能發現部隊建設中存在的一些薄弱環節,有針對性地加以優化改進,獲得最大限度的戰鬥力回報。用好戰爭實踐檢驗。戰爭實踐對部隊建設的引領作用不可取代。嚴酷的戰爭實踐,可以真正檢驗部隊建設哪些適合、哪些不適合未來戰爭,進而修正在建設指導、建設重點、建設方法等諸多方面的偏差和失誤,為打贏下一場戰爭做好準備。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/9904888.html

Providing Strategic Guidance for the Chinese Military Emphasis in the New Era In-depth study and implementation of Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military

為新時代中國軍事重點提供戰略指引
深入學習貫徹習近平強軍思想

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2022年9月2日 星期五

現代英語:

In July 2019, the white paper “China’s National Defense in the New Era” was published. In this comprehensive national defense white paper, for the first time, a defensive national defense policy system for China in the new era was constructed, and it was clearly stated that “implementing the military strategic policy of the new era is the strategic guidance of China’s national defense in the new era”. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi has always firmly grasped the fundamental focus of serving the strategic goals of the Party and the country, taking military means as the bottom line to realize the great dream and military struggle as an important aspect of the great struggle, keeping pace with the times and innovating military strategic guidance, establishing the general outline for the construction and use of military forces, and leading the national defense and military construction, reform and military struggle preparation in the new era to achieve many landmark, pioneering and historic achievements.

Giving new connotations to the active defense strategic thought

The active defense strategic thought is the basic point of our party’s military strategic thought. In the long-term practice of revolutionary war, the people’s army has formed a complete set of active defense strategic ideas. After the founding of New China, the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission made several major adjustments to the military strategic policy in accordance with the development and changes of the national security situation. Although the content of military strategic policies has changed in different periods, the basic idea of ​​active defense has never changed. We must adhere to the unity of strategic defense and offensive campaigns and battles, adhere to the principles of defense, self-defense, and post-strike, and adhere to “If no one offends me, I will not offend; if someone offends me, I will offend him.” Scientific and accurate military strategy is the greatest chance of victory. The reason why our army has been able to defeat the strong with the weak and the superior with the inferior, and has always been invincible and invincible, is that it has adhered to the strategic thinking of active defense.

In the new era, we must unswervingly adhere to the strategic thinking of active defense. President Xi pointed out that adhering to active defense is a conclusion drawn from summarizing historical experience and scientifically judging the reality and the future. It is by no means an expedient measure and must be firmly adhered to. Strategically adhering to active defense is fundamentally determined by the socialist nature of our country and the fundamental interests of the country. my country is a socialist country that follows the path of peaceful development, adheres to an independent and peaceful foreign policy, pursues a defensive national defense policy, and will not invade other countries; my country is a developing country that has always faced arduous and heavy economic construction tasks and needs a peaceful and stable external environment; the Chinese nation is a peace-loving nation, and there is no gene in the blood of the Chinese nation to invade others and dominate. The Chinese people have never bullied, oppressed, or enslaved the people of other countries, not in the past, not now, and not in the future. Under the new era conditions, we adhere to the active defense strategic thinking, fully demonstrate the position of my country’s defensive national defense policy, and show that my country will never follow the old path of “a strong country must dominate”, which is conducive to winning wider international recognition and creating a more favorable strategic environment for achieving the national development strategic goals.

The vitality of military strategic guidance lies in changing with the times and taking action in response to the situation. Since its birth, the active defense strategic thinking has always developed with the development of military practice and continuously enriched its connotation. Now, we are closer than ever to the goal of achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and we have the ability and confidence to achieve this goal as never before. However, we must see that we are engaged in a great struggle with many new historical characteristics, and we will inevitably face various major challenges, major risks, major resistance, and major contradictions in the process of moving forward. President Xi Jinping has a profound understanding of the new situation of my country’s national security, scientifically judged the characteristics and trends of military struggle in the new era, and made it clear that active defense is fundamentally defense and the key is active. Emphasis is placed on enhancing the aggressiveness and initiative of military strategic guidance, focusing on the word “active”, further broadening the strategic vision, updating strategic thinking, moving the focus of guidance forward, and expanding the strategic depth of active defense; being active is not about rushing for quick results or rushing forward rashly, but the unity of strategic aggressiveness and tactical steady and steady, which is steady progress and steady action; actively adapt to the change in the basis of military struggle preparation, increase military innovation, and strive to raise military struggle preparation to a new level. These important expositions have concentrated on answering the most fundamental and critical issues of military strategy in the new era, and have clarified the direction and focus for our army to carry out diversified military tasks in a broader space. In recent years, under the strong guidance of Xi Jinping’s military strategic thinking, the focus of our military work has been increasingly corrected, the “peacetime ills” have been effectively corrected, the construction direction has been more focused on actual combat, and the innovation and development in all aspects of war, construction, and preparation have been fully leveraged. In particular, the whole army has effectively responded to external military provocations and pressures with a firm will to fight and a flexible strategy to fight, established the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone, deterred the separatist activities of “Taiwan independence” with powerful actions, actively and prudently handled hot and sensitive situations in the surrounding areas, carefully organized border control and maritime rights protection operations, effectively carried out major tasks such as anti-terrorism and stability maintenance, peacekeeping and escort, promoted the historic transformation of the military struggle pattern, and effectively maintained the overall stability of the national strategy.

Innovation of our military’s war and combat guidance theory

The essence of military strategy is the strategy of war, and planning and guiding war is the core content of innovative strategic guidance. At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution is accelerating, and science and technology have an increasingly greater impact on military competition and modern warfare. President Xi accurately grasped the changes in science and technology, war, and opponents, established new goals and new layouts for military struggle, clarified new guidance and new strategies for the use of military forces, put forward new measures and new requirements for preparing for war, and profoundly answered the major questions of what kind of war to fight and how to fight in the future, and raised our army’s understanding of the laws of war guidance to a new level.

Deeply grasp the characteristics, laws, and winning mechanisms of modern warfare. The freedom to control war comes from the inevitability of understanding war. All laws of war guidance must develop in accordance with the development of history and the development of war. Judging from the recent local wars and military operations in the world, the degree of informatization of modern warfare is constantly improving, and intelligent characteristics are becoming increasingly apparent. Various types of unmanned combat systems have been put into actual combat in large quantities, and the concepts, elements, and methods of winning wars have undergone major changes. President Xi pointed out profoundly that these changes seem dazzling, but there are laws to follow behind them. The fundamental thing is that the winning mechanism of war has changed. For example, in terms of combat forms, it is emphasized that modern warfare is a confrontation between systems, and integrated joint operations have become the basic combat form; in terms of time and space characteristics, it is emphasized that the multi-dimensional battlefield space is integrated, and the boundaries between strategic, campaign, and tactical actions tend to be blurred; in terms of the key to victory, it is emphasized that the right to control information has become the core of seizing comprehensive control of the battlefield and the key to winning the war; in terms of organization and command, it is emphasized that the strategic, joint, timely, professional, and precise requirements of combat command are becoming higher and higher, and combat organization and management are becoming more standardized, process-oriented, and refined. These important expositions have deepened the understanding of the characteristics and laws of modern warfare, and provided important guidelines for us to grasp the laws of war in the world today and master the “swimming skills” of modern warfare.

Build a combat theory system with the characteristics of our army. War theory and combat thinking are a powerful traction for strengthening actual combat preparations and defeating strong enemies. In the revolutionary war years, our army was always one step ahead of the enemy in combat theory and tactics, which is an important reason why our army continued to move from victory to victory. Entering the new era, President Xi Jinping focused on the overall national security and development, grasped the revolutionary changes in the war form and combat methods, prospectively studied major issues of future wars, and put forward a series of innovative combat ideas. For example, he proposed to strengthen the concept of information dominance, system support, elite combat, and joint victory, integrate various combat forces, combat units, and combat elements into an organic whole, and improve the joint combat capability and full-domain combat capability based on the network information system; he proposed to adhere to flexibility, mobility, and autonomy, focus on playing our advantages and fight with what we can and what we can’t; he proposed to grasp the new characteristics and new requirements of the people’s war under the new era conditions, innovate content and methods, and give full play to the overall power of the people’s war. These important expositions adhere to and carry forward the essence of the military thought that our army has always adhered to, conform to the evolution trend of the war form, meet the actual and development requirements of combat effectiveness construction, and provide principled guidance for our army to carry out combat tasks.

Based on the most difficult and complex situations, we should promote military struggle preparation. Military struggle preparation is the basic practical activity of the army. The more fully prepared, the more proactive it will be strategically. In the summer and autumn of 2018, the Central Military Commission used three months to conduct an unannounced and surprise inspection of the various military services and armed police forces distributed in the five major war zones. The scope of the operation covered 21 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government) and parts of the East China Sea and the South China Sea. This is a microcosm of the whole army’s in-depth promotion of military struggle preparation in the new era. “It is better to be prepared without fighting than to fight without preparation.” President Xi repeatedly emphasized that the whole army must establish the idea of ​​being ready for war at any time, and military struggle preparation must be firmly grasped and never relaxed. The whole army is required to persist in fighting, preparing for war, and building at the same time, coordinate the promotion of military struggle preparation in all directions and fields, and be prepared to respond to various complex and difficult situations at any time; raise daily combat readiness work to a strategic height, adhere to the integration of peace and war, and maintain a high alert posture with arrows on the string and ready to be fired; promote actual combat training, keep close to combat tasks, combat opponents, and combat environment, and strengthen targeted, testing, and confrontational training. These important expositions reflect deep strategic concerns and strong bottom-line thinking, deepen the understanding of the laws of how to prepare for war and how to train troops in a peaceful environment, and point out the methods and paths for the army to generate and improve combat effectiveness and grasp the initiative in military struggle.

Enrich and develop our party’s art of commanding military struggle

President Xi insists on using the Marxist view of war to examine war and military issues, enriches and develops our party’s military dialectical thinking, and applies it to guiding the practice of actual military struggle, showing strategic planning that takes into account the overall situation, strategic courage that is not afraid of risks, and strategic wisdom that wins by taking advantage of the enemy, opening up a new realm of strategic guidance for the people’s army in the new era.

Adhere to the military’s obedience to politics and strategy’s obedience to policy. War is the continuation of politics, and dealing with the relationship between war and politics is related to the fate of the country. Now, the connection between military and politics is closer, the relevance and integrity at the strategic level are increasing, and the influence and constraints of political factors on war are becoming more prominent. President Xi pointed out profoundly that in planning and guiding wars, we must deeply understand the political attributes of war and think about war issues from a political perspective. It is emphasized that we must maintain strategic clarity, strengthen strategic determination, and understand and plan the war issue under the great goal of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation; we must have both military and political minds, and whether to fight, when to fight, how to fight, and to what extent, must obey and serve politics. We must always obey and serve the highest interests of the country and the nation, strengthen political awareness, awareness of the overall situation, and awareness of orders, and be good at planning military actions with an eye on the overall situation of national politics and diplomacy and the overall national security strategy to ensure political and strategic initiative.

Adhere to overall planning of struggle, preparation for war, and construction. “Those who have civil affairs must have military preparations.” President Xi Jinping profoundly summarized the historical lessons of my country’s suffering from the ravages of wars by the great powers in modern times, revealed the dialectics of war and peace, and pointed out that only by being able to fight can we stop the war, and only by being prepared to fight can we avoid fighting. The less able to fight, the more likely we are to be beaten. We emphasize that we do not want to fight, but only if we are prepared, have strong military power and have the ability to win, can we strategically achieve the goal of “stopping war with force”; we must plan preparation for war and stopping war, deterrence and actual combat, war operations and the use of military power in peacetime as a whole, and give full play to the strategic function of military power. In today’s world, the shadow of Cold War mentality and power politics lingers, and traditional and non-traditional security threats emerge in an endless stream. Some countries are trying to expand military alliances to seek absolute security, coerce other countries to take sides and create camp confrontation, ignore the rights and interests of other countries and pursue self-centeredness, and forging swords into plowshares is still a good wish of people. Practice has proved that peace must be backed by strong strength. We must keep a close eye on strong enemies and opponents, step up the forging of stronger capabilities and more reliable means, better play the strategic functions of our army in shaping the situation, managing crises, containing wars, and winning wars, and resolutely defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

Adhere to the unity of firmness in the principle of struggle and flexibility in strategy. Struggle is an art. It is about will, determination, and faith. It is about strategy, wisdom, and methods. In leading the great struggle, President Xi has always insisted on the unity of strengthening the sense of crisis and maintaining strategic determination, the unity of strategic judgment and tactical decision-making, and the unity of the struggle process and the effectiveness of the struggle. He requires our army to be brave and good at struggle. It is emphasized that we must not give in on issues of principle, we must be tit-for-tat and fight for every inch of land, and we must dare to take on all kinds of provocations, dare to attack, dare to fight and win, not bow in the face of difficulties, not retreat in the face of challenges, and not trade principles; we must be flexible and maneuverable on strategic issues, insist on being reasonable, beneficial, and moderate, and pay attention to the methods and art of struggle. Practice has proved that the more complex the struggle situation is, the more we must use the military hand in a step-by-step and strategic way. We must focus on stabilizing the overall situation and controlling risks, adhere to the combination of rigidity and flexibility, multiple measures, and comprehensive measures, strengthen the coordination and cooperation between military actions and political and diplomatic actions, and form an overall joint force for struggle.

Adhere to the combination of overall planning and highlighting key points. The key to strategic planning is to focus on the overall situation and seek opportunities. my country has a complex geostrategic environment and has the most neighboring countries among the world’s major powers. Based on the new situation facing my country’s security and development, President Xi Jinping has insisted on overall planning and ensuring the stability of the overall strategic situation in military strategic guidance, and has also focused on highlighting key points and grasping strategic hubs related to the overall situation to enhance the balance and three-dimensionality of the strategic layout. It is emphasized that according to the security threats and the strategic tasks of our army, we must build a strategic deployment and military deployment that is coordinated overall, responsible for different regions, mutually coordinated and integrated; highlight the preparation for military struggle at sea, effectively control major crises, and properly respond to chain reactions; coordinate the promotion of military struggle preparations in traditional security fields and new security fields, and actively respond to new security threats and challenges. At present, the sudden, interconnected and changeable threats facing my country’s security have greatly increased. We must grasp the direction, take the overall situation into consideration, coordinate the overall situation, firmly grasp the main contradictions and main aspects of the military struggle, ensure the stability of the overall strategic situation, and create a strategic situation that is beneficial to us.

On the new journey, we are facing a situation with complexity and severity, and a task with heaviness and difficulty that is rare in the world and history. The People’s Army must shoulder the important task of supporting the Chinese nation towards great rejuvenation. The whole army must establish the military strategic thinking of the new era, the military strategic policy of the new era, the baton of preparing for war, and the responsibility of preparing for war. We must vigorously carry forward the spirit of struggle, cultivate the fighting spirit of not fearing hardship and not fearing death, strengthen the determination and will to fight at the critical moment, and always have the character, integrity, and courage of not believing in evil, not fearing ghosts, and not being spineless. We must constantly enhance our fighting skills, focus on tempering our actual combat capabilities in arduous and rigorous training, actively innovate strategies and tactics that are one step ahead of the enemy, and step up the construction of a strong system support for joint operations, forge elite troops that can come when called, fight when they come, and win when they fight, and resolutely win future wars and resolutely safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

國語中文:

2019年7月,《新時代的中國國防》白皮書發表。在這部綜合型國防白皮書中,首次建構新時代中國防禦性國防政策體系,鮮明提出「貫徹落實新時代軍事戰略方針,這是新時代中國國防的戰略指導」。黨的十八大以來,習主席始終牢牢把握服務黨和國家戰略目標這個根本著眼,把軍事手段作為實現偉大夢想的保底手段、軍事鬥爭作為進行偉大斗爭的重要方面來運籌,與時俱進創新軍事戰略指導,確立了統攬軍事力量建設和運用的總綱,引領新時代國防和軍隊建設、改革和軍事鬥爭準備取得許多標誌性、開創性、歷史性重大成就。

賦予積極防禦戰略思想新的內涵

積極防禦戰略思想是我們黨軍事戰略思想的基本要點。在長期革命戰爭實踐中,人民軍隊形成了一整套積極防禦戰略思想。新中國成立後,黨中央、中央軍委根據國家安全情勢發展變化,對軍事戰略方針進行了多次重大調整。雖然各時期軍事戰略方針內容有變化,但積極防禦的基本思想始終沒有變,堅持戰略上防禦與戰役戰鬥上進攻的統一,堅持防禦、自衛、後發製人的原則,堅持「人不犯我,我不犯人;人若犯我,我必犯人」。軍事戰略科學準確,就是最大的勝算。我軍一路走來,之所以能夠以弱勝強、以劣勝優,始終攻無不克、戰無不勝,很重要的是堅持了積極防禦戰略思想。

新時代必須堅定不移堅持積極防禦戰略思想。習主席指出,堅持積極防禦,是總結歷史經驗、科學判斷現實和未來得出的結論,決不是權宜之計,要牢牢堅持住。在戰略上始終堅持積極防禦,從根本上來說是由我國社會主義性質和國家根本利益決定的。我國是社會主義國家,走和平發展道路,堅持獨立的和平外交政策,奉行防禦性國防政策,不會去侵略其他國家;我國是發展中國家,一直面對著艱鉅繁重的經濟建設任務,需要一個和平穩定的外在環境;中華民族是愛好和平的民族,中華民族血液中沒有侵略他人、稱王稱霸的基因,中國人民從來沒有欺負、壓迫、奴役過其他國家人民,過去沒有、現在沒有、將來也不會有。在新的時代條件下,我們堅持積極防禦戰略思想,充分錶明我國防禦性國防政策立場,昭示我國絕不走「國強必霸」的老路,有利於贏得更廣泛的國際認同,為實現國家發展戰略目標營造更為有利的策略環境。

軍事戰略指導的生命力在於應時而變、應勢而動。積極防禦戰略思想自誕生之日起,就始終隨著軍事實踐的發展而發展,不斷豐富其內涵。現在,我們前所未有地接近實現中華民族偉大復興的目標,前所未有地具有實現這個目標的能力和信心。但要看到,我們正在進行具有許多新的歷史特徵的偉大鬥爭,前行中必然會面對各種重大挑戰、重大風險、重大阻力、重大矛盾。習主席深刻掌握我國國家安全的新形勢,科學研判新時代軍事鬥爭的特徵和趨勢,明確積極防禦根本在防禦、要義在積極。強調增強軍事戰略指導的進取性和主動性,在「積極」二字上做文章,進一步拓寬戰略視野、更新戰略思維、前移指導重心,拓展積極防禦戰略縱深;積極不是急於求成、急躁冒進,而是戰略上進取和戰術上穩紮穩打相統一,是穩中有進、穩中有為;積極適應軍事鬥爭準備基點轉變,加大軍事創新力度,努力把軍事鬥爭準備提高到一個新水平。這些重要論述,集中回答了新時代軍事戰略最根本最要害的問題,為我軍在更加廣闊的空間遂行多樣化軍事任務明確了方向重點。這些年,在習近平軍事戰略思想的有力指引下,我軍工作重心日益歸正,「和平積弊」有力糾治,建設指向更加聚焦實戰,全方位撬動了戰、建、備各領域各方面創新發展。特別是全軍以堅定的鬥爭意志、靈活的鬥爭策略,有效應對外部軍事挑釁施壓,劃設東海防空識別區,以有力行動震懾「台獨」分裂行徑,積極穩健處置週邊熱點敏感事態,周密組織邊境管控與海上維權行動,有效遂行反恐維穩、維和護航等重大任務,推動軍事鬥爭格局實現歷史性轉變,有力維護了國家戰略全局穩定。

創新我軍戰與作戰指導理論

軍事戰略的本質是戰之方略,規劃和指導戰爭是創新戰略指導的核心內容。目前,新一輪科技革命和軍事革命正在加速發展,科技對軍事競爭和現代戰爭影響越來越大。習主席準確掌握科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變,確立軍事鬥爭新目標新佈局,明確軍事力量運用新指導新策略,提出備戰打仗新舉措新要求,深刻回答了未來打什麼仗、怎麼打仗的重大問題,把我軍對戰爭指導的規律性認知提升到新高度。

深刻掌握現代戰爭特徵規律與致勝機理。駕馭戰爭的自由,來自於認識戰爭的必然。一切戰爭指導規律,必須依照歷史的發展而發展,並依照戰爭的發展而發展。從世界近幾場局部戰爭和軍事行動看,現代戰爭資訊化程度不斷提高,智能化特徵日益顯現,各類無人作戰系統大量投入實戰,戰爭制勝觀念、制勝要素、制勝方式發生重大變化。習主席深刻指出,這些變化看起來眼花撩亂,但背後是有規律可循的,根本的是戰爭的致勝機理變了。例如,在作戰形式上,強調現代戰爭是體系和體系的對抗,一體化聯合作戰成為基本作戰形式;在時空特性上,強調多維戰場空間融為一體,戰略、戰役、戰術行動界限趨於模糊;在製勝關鍵上,強調制資訊權成為奪取戰場綜合控制權的核心,成為贏得戰爭勝利的關鍵;在組織指揮上,強調作戰指揮戰略性、聯合性、時效性、專業性、精確性要求越來越高,作戰組織和管理日趨標準化、流程化、精細化。這些重要論述深化了對現代戰爭特徵規律的認識,為我們掌握當今世界戰爭法則、掌握現代戰爭「游泳術」提供了重要遵循。

建構具有我軍特色的作戰理論體系。戰爭理論和作戰思想,是加強實戰準備、制勝強敵對手的有力牽引。革命戰爭年代,我軍在作戰理論和戰法上始終高敵一籌,這是我軍不斷從勝利走向勝利的重要原因。進入新時代,習主席著眼於國家安全和發展全局,掌握戰爭形態和作戰方式的革命性變化,前瞻研究未來戰爭重大議題,提出了一系列創新性作戰想法。例如,提出強化資訊主導、體系支撐、精兵作戰、聯合製勝的觀念,把各種作戰力量、作戰單元、作戰要素融合為一個有機整體,提高基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力;提出堅持靈活、機動、自主,著眼於發揮我們的優勢打,以能擊不能;提出把握新的時代條件下人民戰爭的新特點新要求,創新內容和方式方法,充分發揮人民戰爭的整體威力。這些重要論述,堅持和發揚我軍一貫堅持的軍事思想精髓,順應戰爭形態演變趨勢,符合戰鬥力建設實際和發展要求,為我軍遂行作戰任務提供了原則指導。

以最困難、最複雜情況推進軍事鬥爭準備。軍事鬥爭準備是軍隊的基本實踐活動,準備越充分在戰略上就越主動。 2018年夏秋,中央軍委利用3個月時間,以不打招呼、突擊檢查的方式,對分佈在5大戰區的各軍兵種和武警部隊進行整建制戰備拉動,行動範圍覆蓋21個省(自治區、直轄市)和東海、南海部分海域,這是新時代全軍上下深入推進軍事鬥爭準備的縮影。 「寧可備而不戰,不可無備而戰。」習主席一再強調,全軍要樹立隨時準備打仗的思想,軍事鬥爭準備要牢牢抓在手上,須臾不可放鬆。要求全軍堅持邊鬥爭、邊備戰、邊建設,統籌推進各方向各領域軍事鬥爭準備,做好隨時應對各種複雜困難局面的準備;把日常戰備工作提到戰略高度,堅持平戰一體,保持箭在弦上、引而待發的高度戒備態勢;推進實戰實訓,緊貼作戰任務、作戰對手、作戰環境,加強針對性、檢驗性、對抗性訓練。這些重要論述,反映了深層的戰略憂患和強烈的底線思維,深化了和平環境下如何備戰、怎麼練兵的規律性認識,為軍隊生成和提高戰鬥力、掌握軍事鬥爭主動權指明了方法路徑。

豐富發展我們黨軍事鬥爭指揮藝術

習主席堅持用馬克思主義戰爭觀審視戰爭和軍事問題,豐富發展了我們黨的軍事辯證法思想,並運用到指導現實軍事鬥爭實踐中,展現出觀照全局的戰略運籌、不畏風險的戰略魄力、因敵制勝的戰略智慧,開啟了新時代人民軍隊戰略指導的新境界。

堅持軍事服從政治、戰略服從政略。戰爭是政治的延續,處理戰爭和政治的關係,事關國家命運。現在,軍事和政治的連結更加緊密,在戰略層面上的相關性和整體性日益增強,政治因素對戰爭的影響和限制愈發突出。習主席深刻指出,規劃和指導戰爭,必須深刻認識戰爭的政治屬性,從政治高度思考戰爭問題。突顯,要保持戰略清醒,增強戰略定力,把戰爭問題放在實現中華民族偉大復興這個大目標下來認識和籌劃;既要有軍事頭腦,更要有政治頭腦,打還是不打、什麼時候打、怎麼打、打到什麼程度,都要服從和服務政治。我們必須始終服從服務於國家和民族的最高利益,強化政治意識、大局意識、號令意識,善於著眼國家政治外交大局和國家安全戰略全局規劃軍事行動,確保政治和戰略主動。

堅持整體運籌鬥爭、備戰、建設。 「有文事者,必有武備。」習主席深刻總結近代以後我國遭受列強戰爭蹂躪的歷史教訓,揭示戰爭與和平的辯證法,指出能戰方能止戰,準備打才可能不必打,越不能打越可能挨打。強調我們不希望打仗,但只有我們有準備、有強大軍事力量、有打贏能力,才能從戰略上實現不戰而屈人之兵,達到「以武止戈」的目的;要把備戰與止戰、威懾與實戰、戰爭行動與和平時期軍事力量運用作為一個整體加以運籌,發揮好軍事力量的戰略功能。當今世界,冷戰思維和強權政治陰霾不散,傳統和非傳統安全威脅層出不窮。一些國家試圖擴大軍事同盟謀求絕對安全,脅迫別國選邊站隊製造陣營對抗,漠視別國權益大搞唯我獨尊,鑄劍為犁仍然是人們的一個美好願望。實踐證明,和平必須以強大實力為後盾。我們要緊盯強敵對手,加緊鍛造更強大的能力、更可靠的手段,更好發揮我軍塑造態勢、管控危機、遏制戰爭、打贏戰爭的戰略功能,堅決捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益。

堅持鬥爭原則的堅定性與策略的彈性相統一。鬥爭是一門藝術,拼的是意志、決心、信念,比的是策略、智慧、方法。習主席在領導進行偉大鬥爭中,始終堅持增強憂患意識和保持戰略定力相統一、戰略判斷和戰術決斷相統一、鬥爭過程和鬥爭實效相統一,要求我軍既要敢於鬥爭,又要善於鬥爭。強調在原則問題上寸步不讓,必須針鋒相對、寸土必爭,面對各種挑釁敢於接招、敢於出擊、敢戰能勝,不在困難面前低頭,不在挑戰面前退縮,不拿原則做交易;在策略問題上靈活機動,堅持有理有利有節,講求鬥爭的方式方法和藝術。實踐證明,鬥爭情勢越複雜,越要有步驟、有策略地用好軍事這一手。我們必須著眼穩控大局、管控風險,堅持剛柔並濟、多手並舉、綜合施策,加強軍事行動同政治外交行動協調配合,形成鬥爭整體合力。

堅持通盤規劃與突出重點結合。策略運籌關鍵在於全局著眼、謀勢取勢。我國地緣戰略環境複雜,在世界大國中周邊接壤國家最多。習主席立足我國安全和發展面臨的新形勢,在軍事戰略指導上既堅持通盤謀劃、確保戰略全局穩定,又著力突出重點、扭住關係全局的戰略樞紐,增強戰略佈局的平衡性、立體性。強調要根據面臨安全威脅和我軍戰略任務,建構全局統籌、分區負責,相互策應、互為一體的戰略部署和軍事布勢;突顯海上軍事鬥爭準備,有效控制重大危機,妥善應對連鎖反應;統籌推動傳統安全領域和新型安全領域軍事鬥爭準備,積極應對新的安全威脅和挑戰。目前,我國安全面臨的突發性、連動性、多變性威脅大幅增強。我們必須掌握方向、統攬大局、統籌全局,緊緊抓住軍事鬥爭的主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面,確保戰略全局穩定,營造於我有利的戰略態勢。

新征程上,我們面臨情勢環境的複雜性和嚴峻性、肩負任務的繁重性和艱鉅性世所罕見、史所罕見,人民軍隊必須肩負起支撐中華民族走向偉大復興的時代重任。全軍要把新時代軍事戰略思想立起來,把新時代軍事戰略方針立起來,把備戰打仗指揮棒立起來,把抓備戰打仗的責任擔當立起來。要大力發揚鬥爭精神,培育一不怕苦、二不怕死的戰鬥精神,強化關鍵時刻不惜一戰的決心意志,任何時候都要有不信邪、不怕鬼、不當軟骨的風骨、氣節、膽魄。要不斷增強鬥爭本領,注重在艱苦嚴格的訓練中淬煉實戰能力,積極創新高敵一籌的策略戰法,抓緊建強聯合作戰的體系支撐,鍛造召之即來、來之能戰、戰之必勝的精兵勁旅,堅決打贏未來戰爭,堅決維護國家主權、安全、發展利益。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/02/content_323888.htm

Where is the Focus of Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations?

中國軍事認知域作戰的重點在哪裡?

劉曙光
2022年10月05日 | 資料來源:解放軍報

現代英語:

● Cognitive domain warfare focuses on full-dimensional attacks, including both cognitive penetration in “peacetime” and cognitive coercion in “wartime”.

● Wartime cognitive domain operations are carried out around the achievement of military objectives, and are implemented in coordination with military operations and support each other.

●In cognitive domain warfare, as the sound of gunfire fades away, the clarion call for a new round of cognitive domain warfare may sound again, and there can be no slackness.

Cognitive domain operations are confrontations conducted at the level of consciousness and thinking. Through selective processing and transmission of information, it influences judgments, changes concepts, and competes for people’s hearts, thereby guiding the reality to develop in a direction that is beneficial to oneself. From the perspective of cognitive shaping, cognitive domain operations focus on full-dimensional attacks, including both cognitive penetration in “peacetime” and cognitive coercion in “wartime”. Therefore, cognitive domain operations do not have a clear boundary between peace and war; at the same time, according to the needs of political or military purposes, its targets can be individuals, organizations, and even countries. Therefore, cognitive domain operations should establish the concept of peacetime and wartime integration, military-civilian integration, cross-domain integration, and joint victory, and sort out basic tasks accordingly.

Focus on the layout tasks of ideology

Ideology is “a system of thought that systematically and consciously reflects the social and economic forms and political systems”. Ideology determines the rational foundation of cognition and has distinct camp characteristics. Although ideology covers all aspects of social life, in the confrontation between countries or political groups, the struggle around belief guidance, attitude acquisition, and concept assimilation is particularly fierce, becoming the focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shaping and guiding political cognition, seizing the initiative to break and establish beliefs. The confrontation between countries or political groups is not only a confrontation of national strength, but also a confrontation of national will, and the confrontation of political beliefs bears the brunt. Shaping and guiding political cognition aims to consolidate or destroy political consensus, strengthen or shake political beliefs, and expand or disintegrate political camps. In cognitive domain operations, through the cognitive guidance of various aspects such as the legitimacy of the ruling party, the rationality of political ideas and systems, and the health of the political ecology, cultivate feelings such as recognition or denial, support or hatred of political positions, beliefs, and practices, and lay a political cognitive layout that is beneficial to oneself and detrimental to the enemy. Political cognition is related to the survival foundation of a country or organization, and is the primary focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide war cognition, seize the leadership of war attitude. A country can live without war but cannot live without war awareness. War cognition is the basis for the formation and development of will, concept, psychology, and thinking of individuals, organizations, and countries in the war cycle. Through the guidance of cognition of the nature, properties, and legal concepts of war, it is a key issue to build a war cognition thinking system, guide the evaluation trend of the rationality, justice, and legitimacy of war, promote the formation of support or opposition to the possible war, and regulate the fluctuation of the willingness to assume war obligations. War cognition affects war attitude, and the struggle for control over it is a task that must be taken seriously in cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide value cognition, and seize the control of emotional will. Values ​​affect people’s judgment of beauty, ugliness, right and wrong, and social behavior orientation. In terms of identifying things and judging right and wrong, people’s emotions always tend to support propositions with similar values. Value cognition permeates every corner of life. Through the dissemination of ethical and moral concepts, standards of beauty, ugliness, good and evil, and literary and artistic viewpoints, the competition for the right to guide value concepts, the right to guide life patterns, and the right to judge traditional inheritance is frequent and fierce. In real life, different values ​​often penetrate and entangle with each other. The essence of shaping and guiding value cognition is to strive for the recognition of social emotions, which is a regular task of cognitive domain operations.

Focus on the social psychology of the task of creating momentum

Social psychology provides a perceptual and experiential basis for cognition, and it is formed on the basis of daily life, social activities, practical insights, etc. Social psychological guidance often promotes unpredictable changes in the real situation. It is one of the common modes of confrontation between the two sides, especially in non-military conflict periods, and it is also a task that must be taken seriously in cognitive domain operations.

Guide national psychology and regulate national emotions. National psychology is one of the social psychology that is most likely to cause conflict and confrontation. Attacking national self-esteem can breed national inferiority complex and easily split and disperse. Improving national self-esteem can enhance national cohesion, but the expansion of national self-esteem can easily lead to extreme racism, national chauvinism, etc.; the differences in status, interests, culture, customs, and life among different ethnic groups within the country provide opportunities for people with ulterior motives to stir up national confrontation, while the same living space and cooperation process lay the foundation for eliminating prejudice and even cohesion and tolerance among ethnic groups. The result depends on cognitive guidance. National psychological guidance is sensitive and easy to get out of control, which has a direct impact on social stability. It is a task that needs to be focused on in cognitive domain operations.

Guide group psychology and increase or decrease opposition awareness. Groups generally refer to people of the same kind, such as ethnic groups, regions, classes, professional groups, and even civil groups, non-governmental organizations, etc. If groups are subjectively defined based on the standard of “convergence”, then the “differences” between groups exist objectively. This difference may be political or economic status, or it may be cultural ideas, regional concepts, or other. Guiding the cognition of differences to promote the opposition psychology of different groups such as party opposition, regional opposition, professional opposition, and rich-poor opposition will not only damage the internal unity of the country, but also accumulate and increase the dissatisfaction of all sectors of society with the political authorities, laying the groundwork for instigating social unrest and division. In cognitive domain operations, attention needs to be paid to this kind of social psychology.

Guiding individual psychology and influencing social emotions. In cognitive domain operations, individual psychological guidance is divided into two situations. One is the psychological guidance of important figures, such as sensitive professionals, social intellectuals, academic elites, successful business people, etc. The struggle for their political stance, emotional attitude, etc. is an issue that both sides of the confrontation need to focus on. The other is the use of phenomena that easily trigger individual psychological resonance. For example, in public crises, major accidents, natural disasters, and even some criminal incidents and emergencies in life, intentionally guiding certain emotions may cause group polarization due to the individual’s herd effect, thereby causing changes in public opinion and even social unrest. Both aspects are content that cognitive domain operations need to pay attention to.

Targeting the critical task of wartime cognition

Cognitive domain operations precede military operations and end with them. In wartime, cognitive domain operations are carried out around the achievement of military objectives, coordinated with military operations, and mutually supportive, with the characteristics of violent coercion. In this stage of cognitive domain operations, “offensive” and “defensive” actions are carried out simultaneously, with the combined effects of weapons and propaganda, and the emergence of “enticement”, “attack”, “cheating”, and “control”. This is the key stage of cognitive domain operations.

Attack the enemy’s mind and induce cognition. Cognitive attacks in wartime are mainly carried out to weaken the enemy’s will to resist and induce the enemy to make wrong decisions. Targeted attacks are used to shake the enemy’s will to resist and front-line commanders and fighters, and information deception interference is used to induce decision-making; for armed forces, which are mainly military forces, the use of force to deter and deter is dominant, and the use of public opinion warfare and other style actions and emerging technical means are used to shake their belief in participating in the war, cause panic, undermine their military morale, and dominate their action patterns; for social support forces, strong information is delivered through large-scale military exercises, equipment tests, and propaganda on the lethality of weapons to undermine confidence, induce panic through selective target strikes and the dissemination of battle conditions, and seek understanding through publicity of one’s own humanitarian actions in the war and related international comments.

Build a strong defense line, gather hearts and minds to control the situation. The focus of cognitive defense in wartime is to build a strong defense line of “heart”, “will” and “intelligence” to prevent the loss of fighting spirit under the stimulation of drastic changes in the situation or environment. Education and publicity are the basic ways of cognitive defense in wartime. For the participating forces, stimulate enthusiasm for participation through mobilization and incentives, clarify the truth by refuting rumors, establish the belief in victory by publicizing the results of the war, mobilize morale by setting up models, etc.; for the supporting forces, establish a sense of mission, responsibility and obligation for the whole people through education and publicity on the justice, rationality and legality of the war, stimulate the psychology of common hatred of the enemy by exposing the enemy’s brutal behavior, and stimulate enthusiasm for supporting operations by publicizing the deeds of local participation in the war and supporting the front, etc.

Expand the camp and eliminate hidden dangers. Creating a favorable cognitive atmosphere and providing support for the expansion of one’s own camp is an important aspect of cognitive domain operations during wartime that must be done. In particular, although the pursuit of international support forces is mainly based on political and diplomatic activities, the widespread spread of one’s own positions, ideas, attitudes, etc. often leads to changes in international civil attitudes, which in turn affects decision-making at the political level and provides support for the expansion of one’s own camp. In addition, cognitive domain operations during wartime have an important task that runs through the entire war, that is, to eliminate the adverse hidden dangers caused by various accidents in the war. Especially in the later stages of the war, as the destructive effects of the war appear and spread, people’s cognitive systems will inevitably be repeatedly impacted by different information. During this period, ideological guidance, social psychological shaping, and individual psychological counseling are needed to ensure the consolidation of the results of the war. In cognitive domain operations, as the sound of gunfire dissipates, the horn of a new round of cognitive domain operations may sound again, and there must be no slackness.

現代國語:

要點提示

●認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊,既包括「平時」的認知滲透,也包括「戰時」的認知迫誘。

●戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目的的達成而展開,與軍事行動配合實施、相互支持。

●在認知域作戰中,隨著槍砲聲的消散,新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能再次吹響,不能有絲毫懈怠。

認知域作戰是在意識思維層面進行的對抗,透過選擇性加工和傳遞訊息,影響判斷、改變觀念、爭奪人心,進而引導現實態勢向有利於己的方向發展。從認知塑造來看,認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊,既包括「平時」的認知滲透,也包括「戰時」的認知迫誘。因而,認知域作戰沒有明晰的平、戰界線;同時,根據政治或軍事目的需要,其作用對象可以是個人、組織甚至國家。因此,認知域作戰應該樹立平戰一體、軍地一體、跨域融合、連動制勝的觀念,並依此整理基本任務。

聚焦意識形態的佈局任務

意識形態是「系統性、自覺地反映社會經濟形態和政治制度的思想體系」。意識形態決定了認知的理性根基,具有鮮明的陣營特徵。儘管意識形態涵蓋社會生活的各個層面,但在國家或政治團體之間的對抗中,圍繞著信念引導、態度爭取、觀念同化等方面的鬥爭尤為激烈,成為認知域作戰重點關注的任務。

塑造引導政治認知,奪取信念破立主控權。國家或政治集團之間的對抗不僅是舉國之力的對抗,也是舉國之志的對抗,政治信念的對抗首當其衝。塑造引導政治認知旨在凝聚或破壞政治共識、堅定或動搖政治信念、拓展或瓦解政治陣營。認知域作戰中,透過對執政黨的合法性、政治理念和製度的合理性、政治生態的健康性等各方面的認知引導,培植對政治立場、信念、實踐等的認同或否定、擁護或憎恨等感情,舖設有利於己、不利於敵的政治認知佈局。政治認知關係到國家或組織的生存根基,是認知域作戰的首要關注目標。

塑造引導戰爭認知,奪取戰爭態度領導權。國可無戰事但不能無戰識。戰爭認知是個人、組織、國家在戰爭週期中意志、觀念、心理、思考形成和發展的基礎。透過對戰爭的本質、性質、法理觀念等的認知引導,建構戰爭認知思維體系,引導戰爭合理性、正義性、合法性的評價走向,推動對可能發生戰爭支持或反對態度的形成,調控承擔戰爭義務意願的漲落,是戰爭認知引導的關鍵問題。戰爭認知影響戰爭態度,對其主控權的爭奪是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

塑造引導價值認知,奪取情感意志控領權。價值觀影響人的美醜是非評判和社會行為取向,在認定事物、判定是非方面,人的情感總是傾向於支持價值觀相近的主張。價值認知滲透於生活的各個角落,透過倫理道德觀念、美醜善惡標準、文學藝術觀點等的傳播,圍繞價值觀念導引權、生活模式導向權、傳統傳承評判權等的爭奪頻繁且激烈。現實生活中,不同的價值觀念往往會互相滲透糾纏。塑造引導價值認知的實質是爭取社會情感的認同,是認知領域作戰的經常性任務。

緊盯社會心理的造勢任務

社會心理為認知提供了感性和經驗基礎,它在日常生活、社會活動、實踐感悟等經驗基礎上形成。社會心理引導常會推動現實情勢產生難測變化,是雙方對抗特別是非軍事衝突期的慣用模式之一,也是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

導引民族心理,調控民族情緒。民族心理是最容易引發衝突對抗的社會心理之一。打擊民族自尊心可滋長民族自卑心理而易分裂澇散,提升民族自尊心可增強民族凝聚力,但民族自尊心的膨脹又易引發極端種族主義、民族沙文主義等的產生;國家內部不同民族間地位、利益、文化、風俗、生活等的差異性,為別有用心之人挑動民族對立情緒提供了可乘之機,而相同的生存空間、合作歷程等又奠定了民族間消除偏見甚至凝聚包容的基礎,結果取決於認知導引。民族心理導引敏感且容易失控,對社會穩定有直接影響,是認知域作戰需要重點關注的任務。

導引群類心理,漲消對立意識。群類泛指同類的人,如民族、地理、階級、職業團體甚至民間團體、非政府組織等等。如果說群類是以「趨同」為標準而主觀劃定的,那麼群類之間的「差異」就是客觀存在的。這種差異性可能是政治、經濟地位,也可能是文化思想、地域觀念抑或其他。導引差異認知推動黨派對立、地區對立、職業對立、貧富對立等不同群體對立心理,不但會對國家內部團結造成破壞,也會累積增加社會各界對政權當局的不滿情緒,為策動社會動盪分裂留下伏筆。認知域作戰中,需要對此類社會心理予以關注。

導引個體心理,影響社會情緒。認知域作戰中,個體心理導引區分為兩種情境。一種是重要人物心理導引,如敏感工作者、社會公知、學術菁英、商業成功人士等,對其政治立場、情感態度等的爭取,是對抗雙方需要重點關注的議題。一種是對易引發個體心理共鳴現象的利用。如公共危機、重大事故、自然災害甚至生活中的一些犯罪事件、突發情況等,有意導引某種情緒則可能因個體的從眾效應而產生群體極化現象,從而引發民意變化甚至社會動盪。這兩個面向都是認知域作戰需重視的內容。

瞄準戰時認知的關鍵性任務

認知域作戰先於軍事行動開展而後於軍事行動結束。戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目的的達成而展開,與軍事行動配合實施、相互支撐,具有暴力脅迫特徵。此階段的認知域作戰,「攻」「防」行動同步開展,武器影響、宣傳影響綜合致效,「誘」「打」「騙」「控」等手段層出不窮,是認知域作戰的關鍵階段。

攻心奪志,迫誘認知。戰時認知攻擊主要圍繞在削弱敵抵抗意志、誘導敵錯誤決策。針對敵方決策層、一線指戰員等,透過靶向攻擊動搖抵抗意志,透過資訊欺騙幹擾誘導決策;針對以軍隊為主的武裝力量,以武力打擊震懾主導,綜合運用輿論戰等樣式行動以及新興技術手段,動搖其參戰信念、引發其恐慌情緒、瓦解其軍心士氣、支配其行動模式;針對社會面支撐力量,透過大型軍事演習、裝備試驗、宣傳武器殺傷效能等傳遞強硬訊息打擊信心,透過選擇性目標打擊、戰況傳播等誘發恐慌情緒,透過宣傳己方戰爭中的人道行為和國際相關評論爭取理解等。

築牢防線,凝心控局。戰時認知防守的重點是築牢「心」「志」「智」防線,防止在局勢或環境劇烈變化的刺激下喪失鬥志。教育和宣傳是戰時認知防禦的基本途徑。針對參戰力量,透過動員激勵激發參戰熱情,透過批駁謠言澄清事實真相,透過宣傳戰果確立必勝信念,透過樹立典型調動士氣等等;針對支撐力量,透過戰爭的正義性、合理性、合法性教育宣傳,建立全民使命感、責任感、義務感,透過揭露敵方的殘暴行為激發同仇敵愾心理,透過宣傳地方參戰支前事蹟激發支援作戰熱情等等。

拓展陣營,消除隱憂。營造有利的認知氛圍,為己方陣營拓展提供支撐,是戰時認知領域作戰必須有所作為的重要面向。特別是國際支持力量的爭取,雖然在途徑上主要以政治、外交等活動為主,但己方立場、理念、態度等的廣泛擴散,常會帶動國際民間態度的轉變,進而影響到政治層面的決策,為己方拓展陣營提供支撐。此外,戰時認知域作戰還有一項貫穿戰爭始終的重要任務,即消除戰爭中各種意外帶來的不利隱患。特別是戰爭後期,隨著戰爭破壞效應的顯現擴散,人的認知體係必將受到不同資訊的反覆衝擊。這段時期,需要意識形​​態引領、社會心理塑造、個體心理疏導等配合致效,方能確保戰果的鞏固。在認知域作戰中,隨著槍砲聲的消散,新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能再次吹響,不能有絲毫懈怠。

(編按:王子鋒、黃子娟)

中國原創軍事資源:http://military.people.com.cn/n1/2022/1005/c1011-32539888.html

Chinese Military intelligence is Profoundly Affecting Future Operations

中國軍事情報正在深刻影響未來的行動

資料來源:新華社 作者:林娟娟 張元濤 王 巍 責任編輯:喬楠楠

2019-09-10

現代英語:

In today’s era, military intelligence is becoming a powerful driving force for a new round of military reforms after mechanization and informatization, profoundly affecting the future combat victory mechanism, combat rules, and combat methods, and increasingly pushing war into the era of intelligence. The impact of military intelligence on future combat is mainly reflected in four aspects.

First, “intelligence” will become the dominant factor in determining the outcome of future operations. Mechanized warfare can be seen as platform-centric warfare, where energy is the dominant force. Energy is used to achieve the mobility of combat platforms and firepower strikes on targets, to achieve the combat purpose of destroying the enemy, and to pursue the use of objects to carry energy and release energy. Informationized warfare can be seen as network-centric warfare, where information is the dominant force. Information does not replace energy, but through precise positioning of time and space, it multiplies the combat effectiveness of energy, thus becoming the dominant force in war, and pursues the use of networks to gather energy and release energy. Intelligent warfare can be seen as cognitive-centric warfare, in which the dominant force is “intelligence”. The combat space is further extended from the physical domain and information domain to the cognitive domain, social domain, and biological domain. The battlefield situation is more complex. War is a systemic confrontation across domains, and it pursues more empowerment and release of power with intelligence.

Second, intelligent unmanned equipment will become the main combat equipment in future operations. The development of intelligent technology has gradually separated people from weapons and equipment. Unmanned systems have shifted from assisting people in combat to replacing people in combat, completing many high-risk combat operations that are not suitable for people to perform. Intelligent combat has increasingly distinctive characteristics of “unmanned platforms, manned systems, unmanned combat, and manned command”. On the Syrian battlefield, the Russian military remotely controlled 10 combat robots to kill more than 70 Islamic State militants with “zero casualties” and seize the 754.5 high ground, becoming the first ground combat operation in military history with robots as the main force. It is expected that by 2025, the proportion of intelligent unmanned equipment in the Russian military’s weapons and equipment will reach more than 30%. The U.S. military predicts that by 2030, intelligent unmanned equipment will be able to perform tasks autonomously, and 60% of ground combat platforms will achieve unmanned intelligence. A large number of drones, unmanned ships/boats, and unmanned vehicles will become the main equipment for both sides on the intelligent battlefield, carrying out various traditional/untraditional military tasks and implementing self-organized and systematic operations.

Third, human-machine collaborative combat will become the main mode of action in future combat. Human-machine collaborative combat is a mode of combat in which manned and unmanned equipment joint formations implement coordinated attacks in a networked confrontation environment. Among them, human soldiers with battlefield decision-making and tactical control capabilities serve as the “command back end”, and intelligent unmanned equipment carrying guided weapons or various intelligence, reconnaissance and surveillance sensors serve as the “weapon front end”. With the support of information networks, human soldiers and intelligent unmanned equipment work closely together to complete actions such as situation perception, tactical decision-making, firepower guidance, weapon launch and damage assessment. According to the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, before 2035, human-machine collaborative combat will mainly take the form of autonomous combat with humans in the loop; before 2050, authorized autonomous or fully autonomous combat with humans outside the loop will be achieved, officially kicking off intelligent warfare dominated by machines.

Fourth, autonomous swarm combat will become an important attack style in future combat. The technical inspiration of swarm combat comes from the bionics research on bees. The division of labor within the bee colony is clear, there is a rich and interesting information exchange language between individuals, and the social behavior is rich, so the cluster is also called a “bee colony.” Swarm combat is an intelligent combat style that relies on artificial intelligence, data chain integration, cloud computing and other technical support, and launches dozens or even hundreds of drones at the same time. They form precise formations and precise division of labor, and perform multiple tasks and multi-target strikes at the same time. Compared with traditional combat, swarm combat has incomparable advantages and is a subversion of traditional combat styles and combat rules. After hundreds of simulation tests, the U.S. Navy found that even an advanced air defense system like the Aegis air defense system has difficulty in allocating firepower when dealing with drone swarm attacks, resulting in some drones being able to avoid interception and successfully launch attacks on ships. Data shows that when a swarm of 8 drones is used to attack ships, an average of 2.8 drones can avoid the Aegis interception system; when the number of drones increases to dozens, the number of drones that successfully avoid the interception system and achieve penetration is greater. These simulation tests fully prove that the effect of drone swarm operations is significant and poses a huge threat to the current defense system. At the same time, it also indicates that swarm-type autonomous operations will inevitably become an important offensive combat style on the future intelligent battlefield.

現代國語:

當今時代,軍事智能化正成為繼機械化、資訊化之後推動新一輪軍事變革的強大動力,深刻影響著未來作戰制勝機理、作戰規則及作戰方式方法等,日益推動戰爭步入智能化時代。軍事智能化對未來作戰的影響趨勢主要體現在4個面向。

一是「智能力」將成為決定未來作戰勝負的主導因素。機械化戰爭可視為平台中心戰,主導力量是能量,透過能量實現作戰平台的機動性和對目標的火力打擊,達到毀傷敵方的作戰目的,追求以物載能、以物釋能。資訊化戰爭可看作是網絡中心戰,主導力量是資訊力,訊息並沒有取代能量,而是透過對時空的精準定位,使能量的作戰效能成倍提升,從而成為戰爭的主導力量,追求以網聚能、以網釋能。智能化戰爭可以看作是認知中心戰,主導力量是“智能力”,作戰空間從物理域、信息域進一步向認知域、社會域和生物域延拓,戰場態勢更為錯綜復雜,戰爭是各作戰域跨域融合的體系對抗,更追求以智賦能、以智釋能。

二是智慧無人裝備將成為未來作戰的主體主戰裝備。智慧技術的發展,使人與武器裝備逐漸實現脫離,無人系統從輔助人作戰轉向代替人作戰,完成諸多不適合人去執行的高危險作戰行動,智能化作戰越來越具有「平台無人、體係有人,作戰無人、指揮有人」的鮮明特徵。在敘利亞戰場上,俄軍遙控指揮10支戰鬥機器人以「零傷亡」擊斃70多名伊斯蘭國武裝分子並奪取754.5高地,成為軍事史上首例以機器人為主力的地面作戰行動。預計2025年,俄軍武器裝備中智慧無人裝備的比例將達到30%以上。美軍預測2030年前,智慧無人裝備將能夠自主執行任務,60%的地面作戰平台將實現無人智慧化。大量無人機、無人船/艇和無人車等裝備,將成為智慧化戰場上對抗雙方的主體裝備,遂行各類傳統/非傳統軍事任務,並實施自組織和體系化作戰。

三是人機協同作戰將成為未來作戰的主要行動方式。人機協同作戰是在網絡化對抗環境下,有人與無人裝備聯合編隊實施協同攻擊的作戰方式。其中,具備戰場決策及戰術控制能力的人類士兵作為“指揮後端”,攜帶制導武器或各類情報、偵察和監視傳感器的智能無人裝備作為“武器前端”,在信息網絡的支持下,人類士兵與智慧無人裝備通過密切協同,共同完成態勢感知、戰術決策、火力引導、武器發射及毀傷評估等行動。根據美國陸軍研究實驗室的觀點,2035年前,人機協同作戰主要採取人在迴路的監督自主式作戰;2050年前,將實現人在迴路外的授權自主或完全自主式作戰,正式拉開機器主戰的智慧化戰爭序幕。

四是集群自主作戰將成為未來作戰的重要攻擊樣式。集群作戰的技術靈感源自於對蜜蜂的仿生研究。蜂群內部分工明確,個體間存在豐富有趣的資訊交流語言,社會行為豐富,所以集群又被稱為「蜂群」。集群作戰是依託人工智慧、數據鏈整合以及雲計算等技術支撐,同時發射數十乃至成百架以上無人機,由其自行精準編隊、精確分工,同時執行多種任務及多目標打擊的智能化作戰樣式。與傳統作戰相比,集群作戰具有無可比擬的優勢,是對傳統作戰樣式和作戰規則的顛覆。美海軍經過數百次模擬試驗後發現,即使先進如「宙斯盾」防空系統,在應對無人機集群攻擊時,也難以合理分配火力,導致部分無人機能夠避開攔截對艦艇成功發動攻擊。數據表明,當使用由8架無人機組成的集群向艦艇發動攻擊時,平均有2.8架無人機可避開「宙斯盾」攔截系統;當無人機數量增至幾十架時,成功避開攔截系統實現突防的無人機數量更多。這些模擬試驗充分證明,無人機集群作戰的效果顯著,對當前防禦體系構成巨大威脅,同時也預示,集群式自主作戰必將成為未來智慧化戰場上重要的進攻作戰樣式。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4850888.html?