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Chinese Military Laws Necessary for Winning Intelligent Warfare

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中國軍事法規是贏得智慧化戰爭的必要條件

現代英語：

●To understand the laws of intelligent warfare, we must grasp the foundation of intelligence and autonomy, the key of building a war knowledge and action system, and the essence of the changes in the connotation of war power.

●War leaders must examine intelligent warfare dynamically, keenly capture the new elements spawned by intelligent warfare, correctly analyze the changes in the relationship between the new elements, and constantly re-understand intelligent warfare.

President Xi pointed out that we should seriously study the military, war, and how to fight, and grasp the laws of modern warfare and the laws governing war. Today, the intelligent characteristics of war are becoming increasingly prominent, and intelligent warfare has already shown its early form. In order to seize the initiative in future intelligent warfare, we should actively follow the development of modern warfare, keep close to the actual military struggle preparations, proactively understand the laws of intelligent warfare, deeply grasp its guiding laws, focus on answering questions such as “what is it” and “how to do it”, and constantly innovate war and strategic guidance.

Answering the question “What is it?” and understanding the laws of intelligent warfare

Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: “The laws of war are a problem that anyone who directs a war must study and must solve.” Today, as intelligent warfare begins to emerge, we should proactively understand “what” intelligent warfare is. Otherwise, we will not be able to solve “how to do it,” let alone control future wars.

The laws of intelligent warfare are the reconstruction of the war knowledge and action system. The laws of intelligent warfare, like the laws of cold weapon warfare, hot weapon warfare, mechanized warfare, and information warfare, are the inherent and essential connections between the elements of war. The difference is that it has new elements and new modes of composition between elements. It is essentially the reconstruction of the war knowledge and action system caused by the intelligent revolution. Today, to understand the laws of intelligent warfare, we must grasp the foundation of intelligence and autonomy, grasp the key to building a war knowledge and action system, and grasp the essence of the change in the connotation of war power. Mastering these laws can overcome the chaos and uncertainty in future wars and find order and certainty from them. This is the objective requirement for dealing with intelligent warfare.

The laws of intelligent warfare are the basis of the laws of war guidance. In “Problems of Strategy in China’s Revolutionary War”, Mao Zedong first analyzed the characteristics of China’s revolutionary war and revealed the laws of war, and then “derived our strategies and tactics from this”, that is, the laws of war guidance; in “On Protracted War”, he first explained “what it is”, and then turned to the question of “how to do it”, reflecting a logical order of the cognitive process. Today, the study of intelligent warfare should still follow this order, and neither put the cart before the horse, nor reverse the order; nor add, reduce or replace links. On the basis of mastering the fundamental law of intelligent autonomy, we must reveal the laws of war guidance such as autonomous perception, autonomous planning, autonomous implementation, autonomous linkage, and autonomous evaluation.

If you don’t understand the laws of intelligent warfare, you can’t guide the war. “Sun Bin’s Art of War” points out: “Know, win” and “Don’t know, don’t win.” Tao is the law of war. If you master it and act in accordance with it, you can win; otherwise, you will lose. Mao Zedong also emphasized: “If you don’t know the laws of war, you don’t know how to guide the war, and you can’t win the war.” Similarly, mastering the laws of intelligent warfare is the premise for correctly guiding intelligent warfare. Otherwise, it is inevitable to be confused by the superficial phenomena of intelligent warfare. Today, we need to analyze the basic, long-term and subversive impact of intelligent technology groups on war, and study what intelligent warfare looks like? What are the laws? How should it be fought? These are all major issues that must be answered in the guidance of intelligent warfare.

Solve the “how to do it” problem and reveal the guiding principles of intelligent warfare

The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the medium for guiding practice by using the laws of intelligent warfare, playing the role of “bridge” and “boat”. We should solve the problem of “how to do it” on the basis of answering “what is it” and propose the “swimming skills” of intelligent warfare.

The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of applying the laws of war. The purpose of understanding the laws of war is to apply them. Marx pointed out: “Philosophers only interpret the world in different ways, but the problem is to change the world.” Similarly, intelligent warfare itself forces commanders to discover the laws. Once discovered, they will combine initiative and use the laws to serve winning the war, which will inevitably lead to the emergence of guiding laws for intelligent warfare. Today, war is the continuation of politics, which is still the law of intelligent warfare. From this, it can be concluded that intelligent warfare must obey the guiding laws that serve politics; soldiers and civilians are the basis of victory, which is still the law of intelligent warfare. From this, it can be concluded that the guiding laws of mobilizing the people in the broadest possible way are derived, and so on. These guiding laws for intelligent warfare are derived from the laws of war and are “swimming skills in the sea of ​​intelligent warfare.”

Give full play to the active role of people in intelligent warfare. Engels said: “It is people, not guns, who win the battle.” The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of practice and use. It is not a simple “transfer” or “copying” of the laws of intelligent warfare, but it can be transformed into the guiding laws of war with the addition of people’s subjective initiative. Today, military talents who master artificial intelligence are not only the operators of intelligent weapons, but also the creators of artificial intelligence. People still occupy a dominant position in the intelligent human-machine system and are the decisive factor in the victory or defeat of intelligent warfare. Commanders should give full play to their initiative on the basis of mastering the laws of intelligent warfare and adhere to the “technology + strategy” combat theory generation model, so as to change from answering “what is” to solving “how to do”.

The laws governing intelligent warfare are constantly evolving. War is a “chameleon”. Intelligent warfare itself will also go through different stages such as germination, development, and maturity, which will inevitably lead to the development of laws governing intelligent warfare. War leaders must dynamically examine intelligent warfare, keenly capture the new elements of intelligent warfare, correctly analyze the changes in the relationship between the new elements, and constantly re-recognize intelligent warfare. We must keep up with the historical process of the accelerated advancement of war forms towards intelligence, grasp the direction of development of intelligent warfare and the pulse of the times, push the research on the laws governing intelligent warfare to a new level, and seize strategic initiative and opportunities on future battlefields.

Keep a close eye on the “initiative” and continue to innovate intelligent warfare and strategic guidance

As the military is ever-changing, water is ever-changing. As intelligent warfare has already arrived, we must follow the laws and guidance of intelligent warfare, keep close to the actual military struggle preparations, strengthen research on opponents and enemy situations, take the initiative to design “when”, “where” and “who to fight”, innovate war and strategic guidance, and firmly grasp the strategic initiative of future wars.

You fight yours, I fight mine. The highest realm of the art of war guidance is that you fight yours, I fight mine. “Each fights his own” requires commanders to use their own forces independently and autonomously in future intelligent wars, no matter how complex and difficult the environment is. In particular, enemies with high-tech equipment may cause a temporary local situation where the enemy is active and we are passive. At this time, we must use comprehensive means such as politics, economy, and diplomacy to make up for the disadvantages in weapons with an overall favorable situation, quickly reverse this situation, and restore the active position. If you are led by the nose by your strategic opponent, you may suffer a great loss.

Seize the opportunity and use the troops according to the time. The Six Secret Teachings pointed out: “The use depends on the opportunity.” Jomini emphasized: “The whole art of war lies in being good at waiting for the opportunity to act.” On the one hand, if the time is not right, do not force it. Be cautious about the opportunity, and have great patience before the opportunity comes to prevent strategic blind action. On the other hand, the time will not come again, so don’t miss the opportunity. Be good at seizing the opportunity, and once you encounter a favorable opportunity, you must resolutely use it and avoid being timid. It should be pointed out that we should look at the issue of the maturity of the opportunity dialectically. The future intelligent war is changing rapidly, requiring quick decision-making, but in the face of uncertain factors, we must make careful decisions. Sometimes making a decision early may be more effective than making a more perfect decision tomorrow. Therefore, we must dare to take a little risk, otherwise we will sit back and watch the loss of the opportunity for success.

Different domains are different, and operations are based on the local conditions. Clausewitz pointed out: “War is not like a field full of crops, but like a field full of trees. When harvesting crops, you don’t need to consider the shape of each crop, and the quality of the harvest depends on the quality of the sickle; when chopping down trees with an axe, you must pay attention to the shape and direction of each tree.” Different strategic spaces lead to different wars, and war guidance is also different. At present, the battlefield space is constantly expanding from traditional spaces such as land, sea and air to new spaces such as space and the Internet. War leaders should explore new intelligent war laws and guidance laws based on the characteristics of multi-domain, three-dimensional, and networked.

Aim at the opponent and win by taking advantage of the enemy. The Art of War by Sun Tzu states: “Follow the enemy and decide the battle.” Jomini also said: “No matter who you are, if you don’t understand the enemy, how can you know how to act?” Looking to the future, smart strategists should classify combat targets into primary combat targets and general combat targets, actual combat targets and potential combat targets according to their importance and urgency, and comprehensively and objectively understand the strategic intentions, force deployment, combat concepts, etc. of different combat targets, propose new intelligent war guidance laws that can give full play to the advantages of their own combat power, and implement correct war actions.

In short, the laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of the cognitive process, solving the problem of “what”; the guiding laws are the laws of the practical process, solving the problem of “how”. The two are dialectically unified and inseparable, forming a complete chain of understanding and guiding intelligent warfare. “Victory is not repeated, but should be formed in infinity.” Today, war and strategic leaders should, based on objective conditions, deeply explore and flexibly apply the laws of intelligent warfare and the laws of war guidance, and innovate war and strategic guidance in line with the times.

(Author’s unit: Academy of Military Science, Institute of War Studies)

Source: Liberation Army DailyAuthor: Hao Jingdong Niu Yujun Duan FeiyiEditor-in-charge: Wang Feng2021-03-16 10:12

現代國語：

认识智能化战争规律，要抓住智能化和自主化这个基础，抓住构建战争知行体系这个关键，抓住战争力量内涵发生改变这个实质。

●战争指导者须动态地考察智能化战争，敏锐捕捉智能化战争孕育的新质要素，正确分析新质要素之间关系的变化，不断对智能化战争进行再认识。

习主席指出，要认真研究军事、研究战争、研究打仗，把握现代战争规律和战争指导规律。今天，战争的智能化特征日益凸显，智能化战争已经展现出早期形态的样貌。要想掌握未来智能化战争主动权，就应积极跟踪现代战争发展，紧贴现实军事斗争准备，前瞻认识智能化战争规律，深刻把握其指导规律，着力回答“是什么”、解决 “怎么做”等问题，不断创新战争和战略指导。

回答“是什么”，前瞻认识智能化战争规律

毛泽东同志指出：“战争的规律——这是任何指导战争的人不能不研究和不能不解决的问题。”今天，在智能化战争初显端倪之际，应前瞻认识智能化战争“是什么”，否则就不能解决“怎么做”，更不可能驾驭未来战争。

智能化战争规律是战争知行体系的重建。智能化战争规律，和冷兵器战争、热兵器战争、机械化战争、信息化战争的规律一样，是战争诸要素间内在的、本质的联系，不同之处在于它有新质的要素和新的要素间的构成模式，本质上是基于智能化革命所引发的战争知行体系的重建。今天，认识智能化战争规律，要抓住智能化和自主化这个基础，抓住构建战争知行体系这个关键，抓住战争力量内涵发生改变这个实质。掌握这些规律，就能克服未来战争中的纷乱和不确定性，从中找出条理和确定性，这是应对智能化战争的客观要求。

智能化战争规律是战争指导规律的依据。毛泽东在《中国革命战争的战略问题》中，首先分析了中国革命战争的特点，揭示了战争规律，然后“由此产生我们的战略战术”，即战争指导规律；在《论持久战》中，他首先说明了“是什么”，再转到研究“怎么做”的问题上，体现了一种认识过程的逻辑顺序。今天，研究智能化战争仍应遵循这一顺序，既不能本末倒置，颠倒顺序；也不能增加、减少或更换环节。要在掌握智能自主这一根本规律的基础上，揭示自主感知、自主规划、自主实施、自主联动、自主评估等战争指导规律。

不懂得智能化战争规律，就不能指导战争。《孙膑兵法》指出：“知道，胜”“不知道，不胜”。道是战争规律，掌握它、行动符合它，就能取胜；反之，则败。毛泽东也强调：“不知道战争的规律，就不知道如何指导战争，就不能打胜仗。”同样，掌握智能化战争规律，是正确指导智能化战争的前提。否则，就难免要被智能化战争的表面现象所迷惑。今天，要通过分析智能化技术群对战争的基础性、长远性和颠覆性影响，研究智能化战争是个什么样子？有哪些规律？应该怎么打？这些都是智能化战争指导必须回答的重大课题。

解决“怎么做”，揭示掌握智能化战争指导规律

智能化战争指导规律是运用智能化战争规律指导实践的中介，起到“桥”和“船”的作用。应在回答“是什么”的基础上解决“怎么做”的问题，提出智能化战争的“游泳术”。

智能化战争指导规律是运用战争规律的规律。认识战争规律的目的在于应用。马克思指出：“哲学家们只是用不同的方式解释世界，而问题在于改变世界。”同样，智能化战争本身迫使指挥员不发现规律则已，一旦发现，就会结合能动性，利用规律为打赢战争服务，这就必然导致智能化战争指导规律的产生。今天，战争是政治的继续仍是智能化战争规律，由此得出智能化战争必须服从服务于政治的指导规律；兵民是胜利之本仍是智能化战争规律，由此得出最广泛地动员民众的指导规律，等等。这些智能化战争指导规律是战争规律派生出来的，是“智能化战争大海中的游泳术”。

充分发挥人在智能化战争中的能动作用。恩格斯说过：“赢得战斗胜利的是人而不是枪。”智能化战争指导规律是实践规律、使用规律。它不是对智能化战争规律的简单“移用”“照搬”，而是加上人的主观能动性，才能转化为战争指导规律。今天，掌握人工智能的军事人才，不仅是智能化武器的操控者，更是人工智能的创造者。人在智能化人机系统中仍处于主体地位，是智能化战争胜负的决定性因素。指挥员应在掌握智能化战争规律的基础上，充分发挥能动性，坚持“技术+谋略”的作战理论生成模式，才能由回答“是什么”向解决“怎么做”转变。

智能化战争指导规律是不断发展的。战争是一条“变色龙”。智能化战争本身也会经历萌芽、发展、成熟等不同阶段，这就必然带来智能化战争指导规律的发展。战争指导者须动态地考察智能化战争，敏锐捕捉智能化战争孕育的新质要素，正确分析新质要素之间关系的变化，不断对智能化战争进行再认识。要紧跟战争形态向智能化加速迈进的历史进程，把握智能化战争发展方向和时代脉搏，把对智能化战争指导规律的研究推向新境界，在未来战场占据战略主动和先机。

紧盯“主动权”，不断创新智能化战争和战略指导

兵无常势，水无常形。在智能化战争已然来临之际，要在遵循智能化战争规律和指导规律的基础上，紧贴现实军事斗争准备，加强对手研究、敌情研究，主动设计“在什么时间”“在什么地点”“和谁打仗”，创新战争和战略指导，牢牢掌握未来战争的战略主动权。

你打你的，我打我的。战争指导艺术的最高境界，就是你打你的、我打我的。“各打各的”要求指挥员在未来智能化战争中，无论处于怎样复杂、困难的环境，首先要立足自身实际，独立自主地使用自己的力量。特别是拥有高技术装备之敌，可能造成暂时的局部的敌之主动、我之被动的局面，这时要通过政治、经济、外交等综合手段，以总体有利态势弥补武器上的劣势，迅速扭转这一局面，恢复主动地位。如果被战略对手牵着鼻子走，就可能吃大亏。

把握时机，因时用兵。《六韬》指出：“用之在于机。”若米尼强调：“全部战争艺术就在于善于待机而动。”一方面，时不至，不可强动。要持重时机，时机未到，应有极大耐心，防止战略盲动。另一方面，时不再来，机不可失。要善于把握时机，一旦遇上有利时机，就要坚决利用，防止畏首畏尾。需要指出的是，要辩证地看待时机成熟问题。未来智能化战争瞬息万变，要求快速决策，而面对不确定性因素，又必须慎重决策。有时及早定下决心，比明天下达更完善的决心也许更有效。因此，要敢于冒一点风险，不然则会坐视成功机会的丧失。

各域有别，因地运筹。克劳塞维茨指出：“战争不像长满庄稼的田地，而像长满大树的土地。收割庄稼时不需要考虑每棵庄稼的形状，收割得好坏取决于镰刀的好坏；而用斧头砍伐大树时，就必须注意到每棵大树的形状和方向。”战略空间不同，战争就不同，战争指导也不一样。当前，战场空间不断由陆海空等传统空间向太空、网络等新型空间拓展，战争指导者应根据多域性、立体性、网络性等特点，探索新的智能化战争规律和指导规律。

瞄准对手，因敌制胜。《孙子兵法》指出：“践墨随敌，以决战事。”约米尼也说过：“不管是谁，如果不了解敌人，怎能知道自己应该如何行动呢？”着眼未来，聪明的战略家应根据轻重、缓急程度，把作战对象区分为主要作战对象和一般作战对象、现实作战对象和潜在作战对象，全面客观地了解不同作战对象的战略意图、兵力部署、作战构想等，提出能充分发挥己方战力优长的新的智能化战争指导规律，实施正确的战争行动。

总之，智能化战争规律是认识过程中的规律，解决“是什么”；指导规律是实践过程中的规律，解决“怎么做”。二者辩证统一，不可分割，构成了认识和指导智能化战争的完整链条。“战胜不复，而应形于无穷。”今天，战争和战略指导者应基于客观情况，深入探索和灵活运用智能化战争规律和战争指导规律，与时俱进创新战争和战略指导。

（作者单位：军事科学院战争研究院）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/jmsd/2021-03/16/content_4880989.htm?yikikata=7593b488-bf4396b2e061d55553e340f0a68ef7f8888

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Command information Systems, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭

Chinese Military Review of the Strategic Game Among Major Powers Within Context of Military Intelligence

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軍事情報視野下的大國戰略博弈－中國軍事評論

現代英語：

In today’s world, the new military revolution has entered a critical qualitative change stage. Intelligent warfare with ubiquitous intelligence, interconnectedness, human-machine integration, and full-domain collaboration is accelerating. In order to consolidate its position as the world’s hegemon, the United States actively promotes the third “offset strategy” to “change the future war situation”, formulates an artificial intelligence development strategy, accelerates the actual combat testing and exercises of artificial intelligence, and regards intelligent technology as the core of a “disruptive technology group” that can change the “rules of the game”. Military powers such as Russia, Britain, and Israel are unwilling to lag behind and are also stepping up to improve their respective strategic layouts in the field of artificial intelligence. As competition among major powers intensifies, military intelligence will become the new commanding heights of the arms race.

    【Key words】military conflict, artificial intelligence strategy, AI war 【Chinese Library Classification Number】D81 【Document Identification Code】A

    In 2017, Master, known as the evolved version of “AlphaGo”, swept the top Go players on the online Go platform and won 60 consecutive games; in 2019, in the StarCraft II man-machine competition, two top human players were defeated with a score of 1:10; in 2020, in the “Alpha” air combat competition held by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency of the United States Department of Defense, the F-16 piloted by the US military ace pilot was completely defeated by the artificial intelligence fighter with a score of 0:5. These events show that the era of artificial intelligence that humans both look forward to and fear has quietly arrived.

    Engels said, “Once technological advances can be used for military purposes and have been used for military purposes, they will immediately and almost forcibly, and often against the will of the commander, cause reforms or even changes in the way of warfare.” At present, the militarized application of artificial intelligence has caused “the winning mechanism of war to undergo an unprecedented transformation, and the center of gravity of combat power generation is undergoing a historic shift.” A new round of scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution and military revolution provides support for the intelligent era of “controlling energy with intelligence.”

    Military artificial intelligence demonstrates its powerful power in modern warfare

    The drive of the arms race among the major powers is triggering a chain of changes in the military field. In recent years, the world situation has been in a turbulent period, which has triggered a series of geopolitical crises. The concept of “hybrid warfare” has entered the war stage, and military artificial intelligence has entered a new stage of development. The rapid development and comprehensive integration of technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and reconnaissance and strike drones have demonstrated their powerful power in modern warfare. Whether it is the physical domain of firepower strikes, the interest domain of economic sanctions, or the cognitive domain of public opinion and psychological control, it makes people deeply feel that military artificial intelligence is becoming popular.

    Assassinating senior Iranian officials, AI becomes a “killing tool” for the US military. On January 3, 2020, then-US President Trump ordered the US military to launch an airstrike on Baghdad International Airport in Iraq without the consent of the US Congress. This airstrike directly killed Iranian senior official Soleimani. Soleimani is the top commander of the “Quds Brigade” of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard. Why was he successfully assassinated by the United States in the capital of Iraq? It is reported that the “Reaper” drone carried out this mission, which “targeted and eliminated” Soleimani by projecting “Hellfire” missiles. The operation was very secretive and could not be detected by radar. Even the US spy satellites did not know the location of the “Reaper” at the time. It should be emphasized that the assassination of Soleimani was an illegal and brutal act of the United States using terrorist means, “one of the war crimes committed by the United States by abusing force”, and its so-called “rules-based international order” is a pure whitewash, and its essence is a true manifestation of hegemony.

    In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Israel launched the “first AI war”. In May 2021, Israel launched “Operation Rampart” against Hamas. During the 11-day battle in the Gaza Strip, Israel relied on advanced information collection technology, analytical algorithms and AI-led decision support systems to quickly and effectively select attack targets and use the most appropriate ammunition as needed. Through hundreds of intensive and precise strikes from multiple combat platforms, it paralyzed Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad Organization’s rocket positions, rocket manufacturing plants, ammunition depots, military intelligence agencies, senior commanders’ residences and other key facilities, destroyed several autonomous GPS-guided submarines of the Hamas Maritime Commando, and killed Bassem Issa and other Hamas senior commanders and senior agents.

    It has been disclosed that the artificial intelligence system used in the war is an algorithm system developed by an elite team code-named 8200. The three systems “Alchemist”, “Gospel” and “Deep Wisdom” hatched by the team were all used in this military operation. The “Alchemist” system can analyze the enemy’s attempt to launch an attack and provide real-time warnings through the communication device carried by individual soldiers. The information fed back by the soldiers will also be collected again and evaluated for the next attack; the “Gospel” system can generate target strike suggestions and mark target information in real time. Commanders can flexibly select important targets and implement strikes based on battlefield conditions; the “Deep Wisdom” system can accurately draw a map of the tunnel network of Hamas armed organizations in the Gaza Strip through intelligence collection and big data fusion such as signal intelligence, visual intelligence, personnel intelligence, and geographic intelligence, forming a situation map that fully reflects the conflict area scenario. The use of these technologies has greatly enhanced the Israeli army’s battlefield situation awareness capabilities. A senior intelligence official of the Israel Defense Forces said that this is “the first time that AI has become a key component and combat power amplifier in fighting the enemy.” The Israeli military believes that the use of AI has brought “super cognitive ability” and even directly calls it “the first artificial intelligence war.”

    In order to seize the technological commanding heights, countries are stepping up their strategic layout of military intelligence

    Artificial intelligence is regarded as a key strategic technology in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In order to gain the upper hand in the new round of disruptive technology competition, the world’s military and technological powers, led by the United States, have stepped up their strategic layout around military intelligence, and are working intensively and spare no effort.

    The United States attempts to rely on artificial intelligence to maintain its military hegemony. Since 2016, the U.S. Department of Defense has successively issued documents such as “Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence”, “National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan”, and “Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Strategy”, which have elevated the development of artificial intelligence to the national strategic level. In order to establish its own “rules of war”, the Pentagon has successively formulated artificial intelligence technology research and development plans, key project concepts, and technical standards and specifications, and focused on building a research and development production and combat application system. In summary, the U.S. military’s layout for the future development of artificial intelligence can be roughly divided into three stages: near, medium, and long. In the first stage, before 2025, with unmanned, stealth, and remote combat platforms as the development focus, a “global surveillance and strike system” will be built, and unmanned systems will become the main means of military intervention by the U.S. military. In the second stage, before 2035, with intelligent combat platforms, information systems, and command and decision-making systems as the development focus, an intelligent combat system will be initially established, and unmanned systems will surpass manned systems and occupy a dominant position in combat. The third stage, before 2050, will focus on the development of technologies such as strong artificial intelligence, nanorobots, and brain networking, fully realize the intelligence of combat platforms, information systems, and command and control, promote the expansion of combat space to biospace, nanospace, and intelligent space, and strive to seek the intelligent combat system to enter the advanced stage.

    The various branches of the U.S. military have also launched and continuously updated their artificial intelligence development plans. The ground unmanned autonomous system has the “U.S. Ground Unmanned System Roadmap” and the “U.S. Robot Development Roadmap”, etc., and plans to achieve intelligent formations and coordinated actions of manned and unmanned by 2030, and realize the mobility of synthetic forces by 2040. The aerial unmanned autonomous system has a special drone development plan, and the long-term goal is to form a complete aerial unmanned equipment system covering high, medium and low altitudes, large, medium, small and micro, ordinary and long flight time. The maritime unmanned autonomous system is divided into two directions. One is to create a new underwater combat system, using multiple unmanned submarines to form a mobile integrated reconnaissance, detection, and strike network, and form an “advanced underwater unmanned fleet”; the other is to accelerate the development of surface unmanned ships and make breakthroughs in the “human-machine cooperation” of surface unmanned ships. In addition, the U.S. Department of Defense has also established partnerships with industry, academia and allies to ensure access to the most advanced artificial intelligence technology support.

    Russia has also put forward its own strategic plan in the field of artificial intelligence. In recent years, Russian President Vladimir Putin has attached great importance to the development of artificial intelligence. He proposed that artificial intelligence is the future for both Russia and all mankind. Whoever becomes a leader in this field will stand out and gain a huge competitive advantage. Artificial intelligence is related to the future of the country. Russian Chief of General Staff Gerasimov said that the Russian army is “developing non-nuclear strategic deterrence forces” through artificial intelligence equipment. Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu said that the Russian army is stepping up the research and development and deployment of military robots, and combat robots will be put into mass production.

    As early as November 2014, Russia adopted a plan to develop combat robots by 2025, proposing that robot systems will account for 30% of the entire weapons and military technology system by 2025. In December 2015, Putin signed a presidential decree to “establish a national robotics technology development center”, providing institutional support for the development of artificial intelligence from a strategic level. In recent years, Russia has successively issued strategic plans such as “Future Russian Military Robot Application Concept”, “National Artificial Intelligence Development Strategy by 2030”, and “Russian Federation Defense Plan 2021-2025”, carried out war games in various complex combat environments, studied the impact of artificial intelligence on various levels such as strategy, campaign and tactics, and strived to build a multi-level and multi-dimensional unmanned intelligent combat system that is interconnected.

    From the perspective of medium- and long-term goals, attacking unmanned equipment is the focus of Russia’s development. In 2019, Russian President Vladimir Putin proposed at the Russian Federation Security Conference that in the next 10 years, the Russian army will vigorously develop combat robot systems that can perform tasks on the battlefield. The short-term goal is to build a multifunctional combat robot force with certain autonomous control capabilities by 2025. According to information, the force will be composed of 5 types of robots, each of which can be independently divided into combat units and can basically complete battlefield combat tasks without or with very little human intervention. At present, the Russian army has started the experimental design work of the heavy and light robot “assault” and “comrade” systems. Some experts analyzed that the combat robot force may become an independent and brand-new branch of the Russian army.

    The United States is wooing its allies to prepare for AI wars, and the AI ​​arms race is intensifying. In recent years, in order to maintain its absolute leading position in the field of artificial intelligence, the United States has stepped up its own AI militarization construction while trying to win over its allies to jointly develop a joint operation AI system in the name of serving the alliance combat system. According to the U.S. “Defense News” website, in September 2020, the U.S. Joint Artificial Intelligence Center has launched the “Defense Partnership Program”, which covers the United Kingdom, France, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Canada, Finland, Norway, Sweden and other countries. It aims to develop an AI system that is interconnected with the above-mentioned allies and lay the foundation for joint operations in intelligent warfare. It is reported that relevant defense representatives of the United States and its allies have held several meetings around this plan. The United States also claimed that this defense cooperation will “open the door” to more interested U.S. allies.

    The United States’s push will undoubtedly intensify the AI ​​arms race among the world’s major military powers. Among the United States’ many allies, Israel’s AI level is the best. Israel is the world’s largest exporter of military drones; it has the world’s first controllable autonomous unmanned vehicle, the Guardian, which has been equipped to the troops; it is the only country in the world, except the United States, equipped with unmanned surface vessels, and has many types of unmanned surface vessels such as the Protector, Stingray, and Seagull.

    Other major countries are also stepping up their layout in the field of artificial intelligence. The United Kingdom has formulated an artificial intelligence development path of “universities as the source, military-civilian integration”, and issued the “National Artificial Intelligence Strategy” and the “Robots and Artificial Intelligence” strategic plan. France has formulated the “French Artificial Intelligence Strategy” and the “French Artificial Intelligence Plan”. Since 2018, it has increased its defense budget year by year and continuously increased investment in the research and development of artificial intelligence weapons. Germany has the world’s largest artificial intelligence research center. In 2018, it issued the “Artificial Intelligence Strategy” and planned to create an “Artificial Intelligence Made in Germany” brand by 2025. Japan has successively issued the “Artificial Intelligence Strategy”, “New Robot Strategy” and “Comprehensive Science and Technology Innovation Strategy”, and established the “Innovative Intelligence Comprehensive Research Center” to focus on the development of artificial intelligence-related technologies. In January 2021, the Australian Department of Defense issued the “Fighting the Artificial Intelligence War: Operational Concepts for Future Intelligent Warfare”. This document focuses on how to apply artificial intelligence to land, sea and air combat.

    As some experts have said, “Intelligent technology is a double-edged sword. While it promotes the evolution of warfare to intelligent warfare, it also brings about a series of new war ethics issues and dilemmas in the law of war.” What changes will artificial intelligence bring to human society? This issue deserves in-depth thinking and continued attention.

    (The author is the director of the News Research Department of Guangming Daily)

    【References】

    ①Wu Mingxi: Intelligent Warfare—AI Military Vision, Beijing: National Defense Industry Press, January 2020.

    ②Guo Ming: “Basic Understanding of Intelligent Warfare”, “People’s Forum·Academic Frontier”, Issue 10, 2021.

    ③ Ding Ning and Zhang Bing: “Development of Intelligent Weapons and Equipment of Major Military Powers in the World”, “Military Digest”, Issue 1, 2019.

    ④ Ge Yan and Jia Zhenzhen: “Future Combat Concepts and Combat Styles under Military Transformation”, “Military Digest”, Issue 15, 2020.

    ⑤He Fuchu: “The Future Direction of the New World Military Revolution”, Reference News, August 23, 2017.

    ⑥Ma Junyang: “Russian-made unmanned intelligent weapons debut in Syria”, People’s Liberation Army Daily, December 30, 2019.

Geng HaijunPeople’s Forum (July 1, 2022, Issue 03)

現代國語：

當今世界，新軍事變革進入關鍵性變遷階段，智慧泛在、萬物互聯、人機共融、全局協同的智慧化戰爭正加速演進。為鞏固世界霸主地位，美國積極推行“改變未來戰局”的第三次“抵消戰略”，制定人工智能發展戰略，加速人工智能實戰檢驗和演習，將智能科技視作可改變“遊戲規則”的“顛覆性技術群”的核心。俄羅斯、英國、以色列等軍事強國不甘落後，也加緊完善各自在人工智慧領域的戰略佈局。大國競爭加劇，軍事智慧化將成為新的軍備競賽制高點。

【關鍵字】軍事衝突 人工智慧戰略 AI戰爭 【中圖分類號】D81 【文獻識別碼】A

2017年，被稱為進化版「阿爾法狗」的Master在圍棋網路平台橫掃圍棋界頂尖高手，豪取60連勝；2019年，星際爭霸Ⅱ遊戲人機對抗賽中，兩位人類頂尖選手以1：10的比數慘敗；2020年，在美國國防部高級研究計畫局舉辦的「阿爾法」空中格鬥競賽中，由美軍王牌飛行員駕駛的F-16以0：5完敗於人工智慧戰鬥機。這些事件表明，人類既期待又畏懼的人工智慧時代已經悄悄到來。

恩格斯說，「一旦技術上的進步可以用於軍事目的並且已經用於軍事目的，它們便立刻幾乎強制地，而且往往是違反指揮官的意志而引起作戰方式上的改革甚至變革」。當下，人工智慧的軍事化應用使「戰爭的致勝機制正在發生前所未有的嬗變，戰鬥力生成的重心正發生歷史性的位移」。新一輪科技革命、產業革命和軍事革命為「以智地」的智慧化時代提供了支撐。

軍事人工智慧在現代戰爭中展現出強大威力

大國軍備競賽的驅動，正引發軍事領域鍊式變革。近年來，世界局勢處於動盪不安時期，由此引發了一系列地緣政治危機，「混合戰爭」概念登上戰爭舞台，軍事人工智慧進入發展新階段。人工智慧、大數據、雲端運算、察打一體無人機等技術的快速發展、全面融合，在現代戰爭中展現出強大威力。無論是火力打擊的物理域、經濟制裁的利益域，或是輿情心理控制的認知域，無不使人深刻感受到軍事人工智慧正在大行其道。

刺殺伊朗高官，AI成為美軍「殺人工具」。 2020年1月3日，時任美國總統川普未經美國國會同意，下令讓美軍空襲伊拉克巴格達國際機場。這次空襲，直接殺死了伊朗高官蘇萊曼尼。蘇萊曼尼是伊朗革命衛隊「聖城旅」最高指揮官，為何會被美國在伊拉克首都暗殺成功？有消息透露，實施這項任務的是「收割者」無人機，它透過投射「地獄火」飛彈，對蘇萊曼尼進行了「定點清除」。這次行動十分隱秘，雷達無法偵測到，連美軍間諜衛星都不知道這架「收割者」當時的位置。需要強調的是，刺殺蘇萊曼尼，是美國動用恐怖主義手段的非法和殘暴行徑，“是美國濫用武力犯下的戰爭罪行之一”，其所謂的“基於規則的國際秩序”是純粹的粉飾，本質是霸權主義的真實表露。

在巴以衝突中，以色列打響了「第一次AI戰爭」。 2021年5月，以色列對哈馬斯發起「城牆衛兵行動」。在加薩地帶11天的戰鬥中，以色列依靠先進的資訊收集技術、分析演算法和人工智慧主導的決策支援系統，快速有效地選擇攻擊目標並根據需要使用最合適的彈藥，透過數百次多種作戰平台的密集、精確打擊，癱瘓了哈馬斯和巴勒斯坦伊斯蘭聖戰組織的火箭陣地、火箭製造廠、彈藥倉庫、軍事情報機構、高級指揮官住所等關鍵設施，摧毀了哈馬斯海上突擊隊多艘自主GPS制導潛艇，擊殺了巴塞姆·伊薩等多名哈馬斯高級指揮官和高級特工。

有資訊揭露，此次應用於戰爭的人工智慧系統，是由一支代號8200的精英小組所開發的演算法系統。由該小組孵化的「煉金術士」「福音」「深度智慧」三個系統，全部被用於這次軍事行動。 「煉金術士」系統可對敵方發動攻擊的企圖進行分析，並透過單兵攜帶的通訊裝置即時預警，而士兵回饋的訊息也會被重新收集並對下一次攻擊作出評估；「福音」系統可產生目標打擊建議，並即時標記目標訊息，指揮人員結合戰場情況可靈活選擇重要目標並實施打擊；「深度智慧」系統透過訊號情報、視覺情報、人員情報、地理情報等情報收集和大數據融合，可精確繪製哈馬斯武裝組織在加薩地帶的地道網絡圖，形成了全面反映衝突區域情景的態勢圖。這些技術的運用，大大提升了以軍的戰場態勢感知能力。以色列國防軍一名高級情報官員表示，這是「AI第一次成為與敵人作戰的關鍵組成部分和戰力放大器」。以色列軍方認為，使用AI帶來了“超認知能力”，甚至直接稱其為“第一場人工智慧戰爭”。

各國為搶佔技術制高點，加緊軍事智慧化戰略佈局

人工智慧被視為第四次工業革命的關鍵性戰略技術，為謀求在新一輪顛覆性技術爭奪中獨佔鰲頭，以美國為首的世界軍事科技強國圍繞軍事智能化加緊戰略佈局，可謂緊鑼密鼓、不遺餘力。

美國企圖依賴人工智慧維持其軍事霸權。自2016年以來，美國防部連續推出《為人工智慧的未來做好準備》《國家人工智慧研究與發展戰略規劃》《國防部人工智慧戰略》等文件，將人工智慧發展提升至國家戰略層面。五角大廈為確立由自己主導的“戰爭規則”，相繼制定了人工智慧技術研發規劃、重點專案設想和技術標準規範等，著力建構研發生產和作戰運用體系。概括起來看，美軍對未來人工智慧發展的佈局大致可分為近、中、遠三個階段。第一階段，2025年前，以無人化、隱身化、遠程化作戰平台為發展重點，建構“全球監視打擊體系”，無人系統成為美軍軍事幹預的主要手段。第二階段，2035年前，以智慧化作戰平台、資訊系統、指揮決策系統為發展重點，初步建成智慧化作戰體系，無人系統將超過有人系統，居於作戰的主導地位。第三階段，2050年前，以強人工智慧、奈米機器人、腦聯網等技術為發展重點，全面實現作戰平台、資訊系統、指揮控制智慧化，推動作戰空間向生物空間、奈米空間、智慧空間拓展，努力尋求智慧化作戰體系進入高階階段。

美軍各軍種也相繼推出並不斷更新其人工智慧發展規劃。地面無人自主系統有《美國地面無人系統路線圖》《美國機器人發展路線圖》等，計畫在2030年實現有人與無人的智慧編隊、協同行動，2040年實現合成兵力機動。空中無人自主系統有專項的無人機發展規劃，長遠目標是形成覆蓋高、中、低空，大、中、小微型，普通與長航時完備的空中無人裝備體系。海上無人自主系統分兩個方向，一個是打造新型水下作戰體系，利用多個無人潛航器組成機動式一體化偵察、偵測、打擊網絡，組成「先進水下無人艦隊」；另一個是加速發展水面無人艦艇，在水面無人艇「人機合作」方面取得突破。此外，美國防部也與工業界、學術界和盟國建立夥伴關係，確保獲得最先進的人工智慧技術支援。

俄羅斯在人工智慧領域也提出了自己的戰略計畫。近年來，俄羅斯總統普丁高度重視人工智慧發展，他提出，無論對俄羅斯或全人類，人工智慧都是未來，誰成為這個領域的領導者，誰就會脫穎而出，進而獲得巨大的競爭優勢，人工智慧關係國家未來。俄總參謀長格拉西莫夫稱，俄軍正透過人工智慧裝備「發展非核手段戰略威懾力量」。俄國國防部長紹伊古則表示，俄軍正加緊進行軍用機器人的研發、列裝工作，戰鬥機器人將投入量產。

早在2014年11月，俄羅斯就通過了2025年前發展作戰機器人計劃，提出2025年機器人系統將佔整個武器和軍事技術系統的30%。 2015年12月，普丁簽署「成立國家機器人技術發展中心」總統令，從戰略層面為人工智慧的發展提供了體制支撐。近幾年，俄羅斯先後推出了《未來俄軍用機器人應用構想》《2030年前人工智慧國家發展戰略》《2021—2025年俄聯邦國防計畫》等戰略規劃，開展了各種複雜作戰環境下的兵棋推演，研究人工智慧對戰略、戰役和戰術等各層面的影響，努力建構多層次相互智能化、相互智能化體系的無個人化作戰。

從中長目標來看，攻擊無人裝備是俄羅斯發展的重點。 2019年，俄羅斯總統普丁在俄聯邦安全會議上提出，未來10年俄軍將大力發展能在戰場上執行任務的戰鬥機器人系統。近期目標，是2025年建造具有一定自主控制能力的多功能戰鬥機器人部隊。根據資料介紹，該部隊將由5種機器人組成，每種機器人都可以獨立劃分為作戰單元，可在無需人工或僅需很少人工幹預下，基本完成戰場作戰任務。目前，俄軍已啟動重型和輕型機器人「突擊」及「戰友」系統的試驗設計工作。有專家分析，戰鬥機器人部隊或將成為俄獨立的、具有全新意義的兵種。

美國拉攏盟友備戰AI戰爭，人工智慧軍備競賽加劇。近年來，美國為維持在人工智慧領域的絕對領先地位，在加緊推進自身人工智慧軍事化建設的同時，也以服務聯盟作戰體系為名，試圖拉攏盟友共同開發聯合操作人工智慧系統。根據美國「防務新聞」網站報道，2020年9月，美聯合人工智慧中心已啟動“防務夥伴關係計畫”，該計畫涵蓋英國、法國、以色列、日本、韓國、澳洲、加拿大、芬蘭、挪威、瑞典等國，旨在開發與上述盟國互聯互通的人工智慧系統，為智能化戰爭聯合作戰奠定基礎。有報導稱，圍繞這個計劃，美國及其盟友的相關國防代表已多次召開會議。美國還聲稱，這個國防合作將向更多感興趣的美國盟友「敞開大門」。

美國的助推，無疑將使全球主要軍事大國間的人工智慧軍備競賽愈演愈烈。在美國眾多盟友中，以色列的人工智慧水準獨領風騷。以色列是世界最大的軍用無人機出口國；擁有世界上第一種可控的自主式無人車——“守護者”，並已裝備部隊；是世界上除美國之外僅有的裝備了無人水面艇的國家，擁有“保護者”“黃貂魚”“海鷗”等多型無人水面艇。

其他大國也加緊佈局人工智慧領域。英國制定了「高校為源、軍民融合」的人工智慧發展路徑，推出了《國家人工智慧戰略》《機器人與人工智慧》戰略規劃。法國制定有《法國人工智慧戰略》《法國人工智慧計畫》，從2018年起逐年增加國防預算，不斷增加人工智慧武器研發投資力道。德國擁有世界上最大的人工智慧研究中心，2018年發布了《人工智慧戰略》，計畫2025年前打造「人工智慧德國製造」品牌。日本先後推出《人工智慧戰略》《新機器人戰略》《科技創新綜合戰略》，成立“革新智慧綜合研究中心”，集中開發人工智慧相關技術。 2021年1月，澳洲國防部發表《打好人工智慧戰爭：未來智慧化戰爭之作戰構想》。這份文件著重探討如何將人工智慧應用到陸、海、空作戰領域。

正如一些專家所言：「智慧科技是一把雙面刃，在推動戰爭形態向智慧化戰爭演變的同時，也帶來一系列全新的戰爭倫理問題和戰爭法困境。」人工智慧將為人類社會帶來哪些變革？這一問題值得深入思考並持續關注。

（作者為光明日報社新聞研究部主任）

【參考文獻】

①吳明曦：《智能化戰爭－AI軍事暢想》，北京：國防工業出版社，2020年1月。

②郭明：《關於智慧化戰爭的基本認知》，《人民論壇‧學術前線》，2021年第10期。

③丁寧、張兵：《世界主要軍事強國的智慧化武器裝備發展》，《軍事文摘》，2019年第1期。

④葛妍、賈珍珍：《軍事變遷下的未來作戰概念與作戰樣式》，《軍事文摘》，2020年第15期。

⑤賀福初：《世界新軍事革命未來走向》，《參考消息》，2017年8月23日。

⑥馬浚洋：《俄製無人智慧武器亮相敘利亞》，《解放軍報》，2019年12月30日。

中國原創軍事資源：https://paper.people.com.cn/rmlt/html/2022-07/01/content_2593935188.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Combat Management System: Core of Modern Combat Command & Control

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中國軍事作戰管理系統：現代作戰指揮控制的核心

現代英語：

Source: China Military Network-People’s Liberation Army Daily Author: Yang Lianzhen Editor-in-charge: Yang Fanfan

2022-04-22 06:42

Combat management is the foundation for winning modern wars and the core of the modern combat system. It is the planning, organization, coordination and control of personnel, equipment, information, resources, time and space and other elements during the combat process.

Combat management system refers to the command information system used to support combat management activities, including intelligence collection, information transmission, target identification, threat assessment, weapon allocation, mission planning, etc. It has gradually developed with the evolution of war and technological progress.

Combat Management System: The Core of Modern Combat System

Schematic diagram of the combat management system

Past and present life

Implementing timely and accurate command and control of combat operations and making timely and decisive combat decisions are the goals and dreams that commanders have always pursued in different war periods. Before the emergence of scientific management, there was no concept of combat management in war, and naturally there was no combat management system. However, simple combat management activities and systems have always been associated with war and developed in an integrated manner.

The core of combat management is to ensure that commanders and troops can exchange information and instructions smoothly. In the ancient combat command system, gongs, drums, and flags were called the “three officials”. “When words cannot be heard, gongs and drums are used; when sight cannot be seen, flags are used.” Sight and hearing are the primitive means of command and control.

After the invention of the telegraph, telephone, and radio, long-distance and rapid transmission of combat orders and combat information became a reality, and the scope of combat management shifted from two-dimensional to three-dimensional. The war decision-making of “planning and winning thousands of miles away” is no longer a myth. Of course, traditional battlefield management methods are not completely ineffective. For example, in the Korean War, due to limited communication conditions, our army still used bugles to transmit combat orders to the company and below, and there were more than 20 types of bugle calls related to combat. “The sound of bugles from all sides rose up,” and the bugles on the Korean battlefield once frightened the US military. Ridgway wrote in his memoirs: “As soon as it sounded, the Chinese Communist Army would rush towards the coalition forces as if it were under a spell. At this time, the coalition forces were always beaten back like a tide.”

At the beginning of the 20th century, the concept of scientific management gradually gained popularity, and the military quickly applied it to combat. The term “combat management” first appeared in the US Air Force, where combat managers provided long-range target indication and voice guidance to fighters based on radar detection. The core combat organization is called the BM/C3 system, namely Battle Management and Command, Control, and Communication. In 1946, the first electronic computer “ENIAC” was successfully developed, and the military began to use computers to store and process various data related to combat. In 1958, the US military built the world’s first semi-automated combat management system-the “Seqi” air defense command and control system, which used computers to realize the automation of part of the information collection, processing, transmission and command decision-making process for the first time. In the same year, the Soviet Army built the “Sky No. 1” semi-automated air defense command and control system. Combat management systems began to appear on the war stage, and human-machine collaborative decision-making gradually became the main form of combat decision-making for commanders. During the “Rolling Thunder” campaign of the Vietnam War, the U.S. military commanded more than 5,000 aircraft to dispatch 1.29 million sorties and dropped 7.75 million tons of bombs, which would have been impossible to achieve by manual command alone.

The combat management system has gone through weapon-centered, platform-centered, network-centered, and system-centered construction stages, and has gradually been able to receive and process information from sensors and other sources in multiple domains, perceive and generate combat situation maps in real time, automatically implement command and control of troops and equipment, and intelligently assist commanders in making decisions, involving the army, navy, air force and other military services.

For example, the Israeli Army’s “Ruler” combat management system uses a single-soldier digital device to connect to a channel state information device to provide real-time situational awareness and command and control information for troops performing tactical operations and fire support. The U.S. Navy’s “Aegis” combat system uses a multi-task signal processor to integrate air defense and anti-missile capabilities, and realizes the integration of shipborne phased array radars, command decisions, and weapon control. The NATO Air Force’s ACCSLOC1 system, based on network distributed deployment, integrates 40 types of radars and more than 3,000 physical interfaces, and undertakes air operations such as mission planning, combat command, and combat supervision. From the launch of the first Gulf War to the Libyan War, the time from sensor information acquisition to firing by the U.S. military has been shortened from 24 hours to 2.5 minutes.

Features

The combat management system is a rapidly developing and constantly improving distributed operating system. It mainly collects and processes sensor data, facilitates the transmission and integration of various types of information, conducts situation identification and prediction, generates combat plans, completes action evaluation and selection, and issues combat orders to weapon platforms and shooters. Its essence is to achieve an efficient combat “observation-judgment-decision-action” cycle (OODA loop).

The combat management system widely uses situation assessment and prediction, combat space-time analysis, online real-time planning, combat resource management and control, and combat management engine technologies, and adopts a “cloud + network + terminal” technical architecture based on information technology.

For example, the U.S. military took the lead in using information technology to build a C4ISR system that integrates command, control, computers, communications, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, laying the foundation for the combat management system. In the Afghanistan War, the C4ISR system achieved near-real-time transmission of combat information to combat platforms for the first time. With the continuous maturity of sensors, networks and artificial intelligence, technologies such as intelligent situation understanding and prediction, intelligent information push, intelligent task planning, intelligent collaborative control, intelligent rapid reconstruction and intelligent parallel command and control are having an increasingly significant impact on combat management systems.

Combat management systems usually support functions such as situational awareness, mission planning, engagement management, communications, modeling, simulation and analysis, and test training. For example, a missile defense combat management system mainly includes command and control, engagement management, and communications. The command and control function enables pre-battle combat planning and battlefield situation awareness; the engagement management function enables auxiliary combat decision-making, allocation of anti-missile weapons, and completion of strike missions; and the communication function enables the transmission and sharing of intelligence and data among the anti-missile units in the system.

The combat management system is an open and complex system. The structure determines the function. Different system structures determine the functional expansion of different systems: the ship’s self-defense combat management system enables the ship to have a strong self-defense capability through automated weapon control regulations, collaborative engagement management systems and tactical data links; the electromagnetic combat management system improves the planning, sharing and mobility of the electromagnetic spectrum by integrating and displaying battlefield electromagnetic spectrum data; the individual combat system enhances the soldier’s mobility, support, lethality and survivability by integrating individual protection, individual combat weapons and individual communication equipment.

Combat management systems generally have the characteristics of integration, automation, optimization, and real-time. The combat mode of modern warfare is complex and the battlefield scale is expanding. The requirements for force control, resource integration, and task scheduling have increased, and system integration must be achieved. The French Army’s “Scorpion” system fully integrates tanks, armored vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles, unmanned ground vehicles, drones, and attack helicopters into the same combat group, and links all platforms and combat units in the task group.

With the increase of combat elements in modern warfare and the expansion of battlefield perception space, the command automation system that relies heavily on people can no longer fully adapt, and the system must be automated. All operating functions of Pakistan’s combat management artillery control system are fully automated, “providing an automated solution for preparing, coordinating, transmitting, executing and modifying fire support plans and firing plans.”

The pace of modern warfare is accelerating and battlefield data is massive. It is necessary to quickly grasp the situation and make decisions efficiently, and it is necessary to achieve system optimization decision-making. Military powers are combining artificial intelligence, cloud computing, the Internet of Things and big data technologies to facilitate faster decision-making in multi-domain operations.

Future Development

Traditional combat management systems place more emphasis on pre-established engagement sequences and combat rules. However, future wars will emphasize the confrontation between systems, and it is impossible to exhaust all situations in advance. The battlefield information that needs to be mastered is also becoming more complex and massive. For this reason, the armies of various countries have begun to abandon the traditional method of developing combat management systems for each combat domain separately, and are network-centric and supported by artificial intelligence, trying to help commanders make combat decisions more quickly and realize real-time connection between sensors in each combat domain and any shooter.

The combat management system will promote the implementation of combat concepts. The “Advanced Combat Management System” developed by the US Air Force plans to connect all military services and their weapon platforms in real time in a military Internet of Things. Its core is to seamlessly link various intelligence reconnaissance platforms, command and control platforms, strike platforms and combat management platforms with various cross-domain capabilities, convert intelligence and target indication data into timely and usable information, shorten the “discovery-positioning-tracking-targeting-strike-assessment” cycle, and execute combat operations at a speed that opponents cannot keep up. The Russian military proposed the “military unified information space” theory and organized the development of the “automatic control system” for integrated joint operations of land, sea and air networks. By establishing a network-centric command model, it attempts to integrate the command, communication, reconnaissance, firepower, and support of the entire army, realize cross-domain operations in the true sense, and improve battlefield situation awareness and combat command efficiency.

The combat management system will rely on artificial intelligence technology. The application of artificial intelligence will not only multiply the capabilities of weapon systems, but will also fundamentally change the implementation of the OODA loop. In future combat management systems, artificial intelligence technology will become the core support and driving engine, and the key factor is the quality of the algorithm. The system will have built-in upgradeable artificial intelligence, and people will be in a supervisory or collaborative state to minimize manual input, spontaneously identify and classify threat targets in the combat environment, autonomously evaluate and weigh, and automatically allocate weapons, thereby providing adaptive combat advantages and decision-making options.

For example, the “Intelligent Autonomous Systems Strategy” released by the US Navy in July 2021 aims to accelerate the development and deployment of intelligent platforms through a highly distributed command and control architecture, integrate unmanned systems, artificial intelligence, and autonomous driving technologies, and realize future combat decisions facilitated by intelligent autonomous systems. The Russian military has more than 150 artificial intelligence projects under development, one of the focuses of which is to introduce artificial intelligence into command and control systems, adapt intelligent software to different weapon platforms, achieve the unification of physical and cognitive domains, and double combat effectiveness through intelligent empowerment.

The combat management system will achieve a breakthrough in cross-domain capabilities. The military’s combat management capabilities are shifting towards full-domain coordination, including land, sea, air, space, electricity, network, cognitive domain, and social domain. To adapt to the full-domain environment, the combat management system needs to have the following functions: a resilient and redundant communication system, flexible and secure data operation; artificial intelligence and machine learning directly extract and process data from sensors, and conduct decentralized integration and sharing; segmented access based on confidentiality levels to meet perception, understanding, and action needs. On this basis, it is also necessary to provide troops with reconnaissance and surveillance, tactical communications, data processing, network command and control, and other capabilities.

The future combat management system will focus on security processing, connectivity, data management, application, sensor integration and effect integration, optimize data sharing, collaborative operations and command and control in the entire combat domain, and support decision-making advantages from the tactical level to the strategic level. Its purpose is only one: to give commanders the ability to surpass their opponents.

(The author is the deputy director and professor of the Training Management Department of the Armed Police Command Academy)

現代國語：

作戰管理，是打贏現代化戰爭的基礎，是現代化作戰體系的核心，也是作戰過程中對人員、裝備、資訊、資源和時空等要素進行的規劃、組織、協調與控制活動。

作戰管理系統，指用來支撐作戰管理活動的指揮資訊系統，包括情報採集、資訊傳輸、目標識別、威脅判斷、分配武器、任務規劃等。其隨戰爭演化、技術進步而逐步發展。

作戰管理系統：現代化作戰體系核心

■楊蓮珍

作戰管理系統示意圖

前世今生

對作戰行動實施適時精確的指揮控制和作出及時果斷的作戰決策，是不同戰爭時期指揮員始終追求的目標與夢想。在科學管理產生前，戰爭中並無作戰管理這一概念，自然談不上作戰管理系統。但樸素的作戰管理活動和系統一直與戰爭相伴、融合發展。

作戰管理的核心是保證指揮員與部隊能順暢地交換資訊和指示。在古代作戰指揮號令系統中，金、鼓、旗號稱為“三官”，“言不相聞，故為之金鼓；視不相見，故為之旌旗”，目視耳聽是原始的指揮控製手段。

電報、電話、無線電發明後，作戰命令和戰鬥訊息的遠距離快速傳輸成為現實，作戰管理範圍由平面走向立體，「運籌帷幄、決勝千裡」的戰爭決策不再是神話。當然，傳統的戰場管理手段並非完全失去作用，例如在抗美援朝戰場上，我軍因通信條件受限，連以下分隊仍在通過軍號傳遞作戰命令，與作戰相關的號聲就有20餘種。 “四面邊聲連角起”，朝鮮戰場上的軍號曾讓美軍聞風喪膽。李奇微在回憶錄裡寫道：“只要它一響，中共軍隊就如著了魔法一般，全部不要命地撲向聯軍。這時，聯軍總被打得如潮水般潰退。”

20世紀初，科學管理的概念逐漸升溫，軍隊迅速將其應用於作戰。 「作戰管理」一詞，最早出現在美國空軍，其編成內的作戰管理員，基於雷達探測情況向戰機進行遠程目標指示和話音引導。作戰核心組織則稱為BM/C3系統，即作戰管理(Battle Management)和指揮、控制、通訊(Command，Control，Communication)。 1946年，第一台電子計算機「埃尼阿克」研製成功，軍隊開始使用計算機存儲和處理有關作戰的各種數據。 1958年，美軍建成世界上第一個半自動化作戰管理系統－「賽其」防空指揮控制系統，使用電腦首次實現了資訊擷取、處理、傳輸和指揮決策過程部分作業的自動化。同年，蘇軍建成「天空1號」半自動化防空指揮控制系統。作戰管理系統開始登上戰爭舞台，人機協作決策逐漸成為指揮主要的作戰決策形式。越戰中的「滾雷」戰役，美軍指揮5,000多架飛機出動129萬架次，投彈775萬噸，如果單靠人工指揮是不可能實現的。

作戰管理系統經歷了以武器為中心、以平台為中心、以網絡為中心和以體係為中心的建設階段，逐步能夠接收、處理來自多域的傳感器和其他來源信息，實時感知並生成作戰態勢圖，自動對兵力及裝備實施指揮控制，智能輔助指揮員決策，涉及陸、海、空等軍兵種。

如以色列陸軍的「統治者」作戰管理系統，單兵數字化裝置連接通道狀態資訊設備，用於為執行戰術作戰、火力支援等部隊提供即時態勢感知和指揮控制資訊。美國海軍的「宙斯盾」作戰系統，採用多任務訊號處理器整合防空與反導能力，實現艦載相控陣雷達、指揮決策、武器控制等一體化整合。北約空軍的ACCSLOC1系統，基於網路分散部署，整合40種型號的雷達和3000多個物理接口，承擔任務規劃、作戰指揮和戰鬥監督等空中行動。從發動第一次海灣戰爭到利比亞戰爭，美軍從傳感器獲取資訊到開火，時間由24小時縮短至2.5分鐘。

功能特徵

作戰管理系統是一個迅速發展並不斷完善的分散式操作系統，主要通過收集、處理傳感器數據，暢通各類信息傳輸和融合，進行態勢識別和預測，生成作戰方案，完成行動評估與選擇，下發作戰指令給武器平台和射手。其本質是實現高效率的作戰「觀察-判斷-決策-行動」循環（OODA環）。

作戰管理系統廣泛使用態勢評估與預測、作戰時空分析、線上即時規劃、作戰資源管控和作戰管理引擎技術等，採用基於資訊技術的「雲+網+端」的技術架構。

如美軍率先運用資訊技術，建構了集指揮、控制、計算機、通訊、情報、監視和偵察於一體的C4ISR系統，為作戰管理系統打下了基礎。阿富汗戰爭中，C4ISR系統首次實現作戰資訊近實時傳輸到作戰平台。隨著傳感器、網絡和人工智慧的不斷成熟，智能態勢理解和預測、智慧資訊推送、智慧任務規劃、智慧協同控制、智慧快速重構和智慧平行指控等技術，正在對作戰管理系統產生越來越重大的影響。

作戰管理系統通常支援態勢感知、任務規劃、交戰管理、通訊、建模及模擬與分析、試驗訓練等功能。如導彈防禦作戰管理系統，主要包括指揮控制、交戰管理及通訊等功能構成。指揮控制功能，實現對戰前的作戰規劃及對戰場態勢的感知；交戰管理功能，實現輔助作戰決策和分配反導武器並完成打擊任務；通信功能，實現系統各反導單元情報、數據的傳輸和共享。

作戰管理系統是一個開放的複雜系統。結構決定功能，不同的系統結構，決定不同系統的功能拓展：艦艇自防禦作戰管理系統通過自動化武器控制條令、協同交戰管理系統和戰術數據鍊等，使艦艇具備了強大的自防禦能力；電磁作戰管理系統通過融合並顯示戰場電磁頻譜數據，提高電磁戰兵器規劃能力、共享電磁力和單兵作戰力量；

作戰管理系統普遍具有一體化、自動化、最優化、即時化等特徵。現代戰爭作戰模式複雜、戰場規模擴大，對力量管控、資源整合和任務調度要求的提高，必須實現系統一體化整合。法國陸軍的「蝎子」系統，就將坦克、裝甲車、步兵戰車、無人地面車輛、無人機與攻擊直升機完整整合到同一個作戰群，並連結任務群中的所有平台和作戰單元。

現代戰爭作戰要素增加、戰場感知空間擴大，對人依賴較高的指揮自動化系統已無法完全適應，必須實現系統自動化運作。巴基斯坦作戰管理火砲控制系統所有操作功能全部自動化，「為準備、協調、傳遞、執行和修改火力支援計畫與射擊方案提供了自動化解決方案」。

現代戰爭作戰節奏加快、戰場數據海量，需要快速掌握狀況、有效率定下決心，必須實現系統最優化決策。各軍事強國正將人工智慧、雲端運算、物聯網與大數據技術結合起來，以利在多域作戰中更快決策。

未來發展

傳統作戰管理系統，更強調基於事先制定的交戰序列、作戰規則。但未來戰爭更突出體係與體系之間的對抗，不可能預先窮盡各種情況，需要掌握的戰場資訊也更趨複雜、海量。為此，各國軍隊開始摒棄傳統上為各作戰域單獨開發作戰管理系統的方法，以網絡為中心、以人工智能為支撐，力圖幫助指揮員更迅速作出作戰決策，實現各作戰域的傳感器與任意射手的實時連接。

作戰管理系統將推動作戰概念落地。美國空軍開發的“先進作戰管理系統”，規劃將各軍種及其武器平台實時連接在一個軍事物聯網中，其核心是將各類情報偵察平台、指揮控制平台、打擊平台和作戰管理平台與各種跨域能力無縫鏈接，把情報和目標指示數據轉化為及時、可用的信息，縮短“發現-定位-跟踪-瞄準-打擊-評估”速度，以執行對手的速度執行。俄羅斯軍隊提出“軍隊統一資訊空間”理論，組織開發陸海空網絡一體化聯合作戰“自動控制系統”，通過建立網絡中心指揮模式，試圖將全軍指揮、通信、偵察、火力、保障等進行融合，實現真正意義上的跨域作戰，提升戰場態勢感知能力與作戰指揮效率。

作戰管理系統將依賴人工智慧技術。人工智慧的應用不僅引起武器系統能力的倍增，也將從根本上改變OODA環的實現。未來的作戰管理系統，人工智慧技術將成為核心支撐和驅動引擎，關鍵因素是演算法的品質。系統將內置可升級的人工智慧，人們將處於監督或協同狀態的位置，最大限度地減少人工輸入，對作戰環境中的威脅目標進行自發識別分類、自主評估權衡和自動分配武器，從而提供自適應的作戰優勢和決策可選性。

如2021年7月美海軍發布的“智能自主系統戰略”，旨在通過高度分佈式的指揮和控制架構，加速智能平台的開發和部署，綜合無人系統、人工智能和自動駕駛等技術，實現由智能自主系統促成的未來作戰決策。俄軍在研的人工智慧項目超過150個，其重點之一是將人工智慧引入指揮控制系統，為不同武器平台適配智慧軟件，實現物理域與認知域的統一，以智慧賦能的方式實現戰鬥力倍增。

作戰管理系統將實現跨域能力突破。軍隊作戰管理能力正向陸、海、空、天、電、網和認知域、社會域等全域協同轉變。適應全局環境，作戰管理系統需要具備以下功能：有彈性和冗餘的通信系統，靈活安全的數據運行；人工智能和機器學習直接從傳感器中提取、處理數據，並進行去中心化集成、共享；根據保密級別分段訪問，滿足感知、理解和行動需要。在此基礎上，還需具備向部隊提供偵察監視、戰術通訊、數據處理、網路指控等能力。

未來的作戰管理系統，將聚焦安全處理、連通性、數據管理、應用、傳感器整合和效果整合等能力，優化全作戰域的數據共享、協同作戰和指揮控制，支援從戰術級到戰略級的決策優勢。其目的只有一個：賦予指揮員超越對手的能力。

（作者係武警指揮學院訓練管理系副主任、教授）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/10149663888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, 中國軍事認知戰, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Analyzing the New Features of Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare

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中國軍事智能化戰爭新特徵解析

現代英語：

China Military Network Ministry of National Defense NetworkThursday, November 14, 2024

Intelligent warfare is the latest form of warfare development. Under intelligent warfare conditions, the battle rhythm changes rapidly, humans and machines are deeply integrated, and complex elements are interconnected, presenting new characteristics on the battlefield.

The combat tempo changes rapidly. The combat tempo refers to the phenomenon that in the course of combat, different participating forces, under different combat missions, actions, and spaces, synchronously complete their respective established tasks at specified time nodes according to the combat phase division. In essence, the combat tempo is the effect of the confrontational interaction between the military systems of all parties in a common external environment. It is a regular phenomenon that appears periodically or non-periodically. It is objective due to the interaction, and uncertain due to the active role played by the opposing parties based on their respective perspectives. In war, the combat tempo represents not only the speed of time and speed, but also the embodiment of the comprehensive effect of multiple factors such as time, space, purpose, goal, and opponent. With the continuous expansion of the battlefield and the improvement of battlefield cognitive decision-making capabilities, the future intelligent battlefield may gradually change from the simple “quick kill” type of simple use of the one-dimensionality of time to a comprehensive game and mixed confrontation in multiple dimensional fields such as politics, economy, diplomacy and multiple time and space cycles. Combat is a game between the enemy and us, and the quality of our combat rhythm depends largely on the opponent as a reference system. The combat rhythm should always focus on the opponent, and by changing the enemy and our power comparison in various forms in various dimensions, we can gain an “asymmetric” advantage, so that the battlefield situation can continue to develop in a direction that is beneficial to us in a variety of states between the active “using our own capabilities to control the enemy’s inability” and “suppressing the enemy’s capabilities when we are unable to do so.”

Humans and machines achieve deep integration. In a broad sense, human-machine integration refers to the state and process in which all humans and machines work closely together based on their respective characteristics and advantages. With the emergence of artificial intelligence technology, especially multimodal large models represented by ChatGPT, the foundation has been laid for the knowledge-level interaction between humans and machines, which has brought new opportunities for combat planning and combat command invisibly. As intelligent creatures, humans have creativity and thoughtfulness that other objects cannot match. Compared with humans, machines have obvious advantages in storage, computing and other capabilities, and have the characteristics of fast response speed and strong environmental adaptability. Under current technical conditions, the dominance of humans in human-machine fusion intelligence determines the basic mode of human-machine fusion operations. Machines are only tools and means of implementation for operations. To a certain extent, they become the main body of operations together with operators. The interactive output is also limited to the predictable changes defined by several major variables, and is closely related to the professional ability and experience of the operators themselves. As technology continues to improve, the positioning of people may gradually shift to macro-control, focusing on controlling strategic key contents and nodes such as the timing of launching a war, the scale level, the style intensity, the process development, and the ending time. The combination of human and machine does not mean a hard coupling between the two in terms of spatial position and physics, but through the mechanism and engineering of business processes and operating procedures, they play to their respective strengths and achieve dynamic adaptive operation.

Complex elements are interconnected. Modern warfare is a complex giant system, especially in the current era of global, cross-domain, and distributed operations. Focusing on the construction of the “kill network” and element-level coordination, the widely distributed combat force entities, combat platforms, sensors, weapons, etc. are further decoupled, and the combat system is gradually developing towards “decentralization”. Focusing on the combat purpose and combat objectives, in the combat system, various functional combat elements that are three-dimensionally networked are quickly reorganized and aggregated in a self-organizing and self-adaptive manner to dynamically form a closed kill chain. It is difficult to discover, identify, and calibrate the landmark nodes of the opponent’s system one by one in the various links of “detection, control, attack, and evaluation” as before, and then achieve system destruction. This “black box” state in the organization and operation of forces makes the logical causal relationship of the combat behaviors of all parties more “inexplicable” and the “incomprehensible war” effect more prominent. War is largely a confrontation of human thinking, and thanks to the help of intelligent decision-making systems, the uncertainty of combat intentions in future wars will be further increased in the fierce confrontation of broader cognitive and information domains. From the initial combat purpose to the final combat means, combat methods, and force application, “misalignment” may occur. Therefore, future wars will place more emphasis on finding a balance in active changes at the battle tactical level, which puts higher demands on better realizing “you fight yours, I fight mine” and exerting one’s own advantages.

現代國語：

關 宇

智能化戰爭是戰爭發展的最新形態。智慧化戰爭條件下，作戰節奏快速變化、人機實現深度融合、複雜要素相互關聯，戰場呈現新的特點。

作戰節奏快速變化。作戰節奏是指在作戰過程中，不同參戰力量在作戰任務、行動、空間各不相同情況下，依照作戰階段劃分，在規定的若干時間節點同步完成各自既定任務的現象。從本質上講，作戰節奏是一種在共同外部環境下各方軍事系統間對抗性交互產生的效果，週期或非週期顯現的一種規律性現象，其因交互作用而呈現客觀性，又因對抗各方基於各自視角所進行的能動作用而具有不確定性。在戰爭中，作戰節奏所代表的並不僅僅是時間和速度的快慢，而是時間、空間、目的、目標、對手等多種因素綜合作用的體現。隨著作戰域的不斷拓展以及戰場認知決策能力的提升，未來智能化戰場可能由單純「快速秒殺」式的對時間一維性的簡單運用，逐步向政治、經濟、外交等多個維度領域和多個時空週期的綜合博弈、混合對抗轉變。作戰是敵我雙方的博弈，己方作戰節奏的好壞很大程度上要以對手為參照系。作戰節奏應始終聚焦對手，透過在各維域以各種形式改變敵我力量對比，獲取「不對稱」優勢，使得戰局形勢在能動的「以己之能製敵不能」和「己不能時抑敵之能」間的多種狀態下不斷向有利於我方的方向發展。

人機實現深度融合。從廣義上講，人機融合泛指一切人與機器根據各自特點優勢，密切協同開展作業的狀態和過程。隨著人工智慧技術特別是以ChatGPT為代表的多模態大模型的出現，為人機間的知識層面互動奠定了基礎，這在無形之中為作戰籌劃和作戰指揮帶來了新的機會。人作為智慧生物，具有其他器物無法比擬的創造性和思想性。相較於人類，機器的儲存、計算等能力則優勢明顯，具有響應速度快、環境適應性強等特徵。在當前技術條件下，人機融合智能中人的主導性，決定了人機融合作業的基本模式。機器只是作業的工具和實現手段，在一定程度上與作業人員共同成為作業主體，交互輸出也局限於幾個主要變量所限定的可預測變化，且與作業人員自身專業能力和經驗密切相關。隨著技術不斷完善，人的定位或將逐漸轉向宏觀控制，重點掌控戰爭發起時機、規模層次、樣式強度、進程發展、結束時機等戰略性關鍵內容和節點。人機融合的編組並不意味著二者在空間位置和物理上的硬耦合，而是透過機制化、工程化的業務流程和作業程序，圍繞發揮各自所長，實現動態自適應運行。

複雜要素相互關聯。現代戰爭是一個複雜巨系統，特別是在全局作戰、跨域作戰、分散式作戰的當下，圍繞著「殺傷網」的構建和要素級協同，廣域分佈的作戰力量實體、作戰平台、傳感器、武器等進一步解耦，作戰體系逐漸向「去中心」化發展。圍繞作戰目的，聚焦作戰目標，作戰體系中，立體網狀關聯的各種功能性作戰要素，以自組織、自適應方式快速重組聚合，動態形成閉合殺傷鏈。很難如從前一樣，在「偵、控、打、評」的各環節上逐一發現、識別和標定對手體系各標志性節點進而實現體系破擊。這種在力量組織和運行實施中的“黑盒”狀態，使得各方作戰行為的邏輯因果關系更趨“不可解釋性”，“看不懂的戰爭”效應更加凸顯。戰爭在很大程度上是人類思維的對抗，得益於智慧化決策系統的助力，未來戰爭在更廣闊的認知和資訊領域激烈對抗中，作戰意圖的不確定性進一步增大。從最初始的作戰目的，直至末端的作戰手段、作戰方式、力量運用等各方面，都可能出現「錯置」。因此，未來戰爭在戰役戰術層面將更加強調在主動變化中求得平衡，這對更好實現“你打你的，我打我的”，發揮己方優勢提出了更高要求。

2024年11月14日 星期四

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2024-11-14&paperNumber=07&articleid=943398881

#Artificial #Intelligence, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese Military Future Wars, Command information Systems, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, 認知戰

Operational Window: Chinese Military New Perspectives for Implementing Cross-Domain Collaborative Operations

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作戰窗口：中國軍隊實施跨域協同作戰的新視角

現代英語：

The combat window refers to the time and space range that is chosen to stimulate the effectiveness of the system’s combat cycle and is conducive to the joint combat force’s implementation of cross-domain coordinated operations. The concept of combat window comes from fighter jets. It is an innovative development of the theory of joint combat command under the new situation. It will be more widely used than fighter jets in combat command activities. Whether the selection of fighter jets in the confrontation of the joint combat force system can be regarded as a form of “combat window” directly affects the commander’s vision. In the complex and changeable information battlefield environment, the combat window has gradually become a new basis for the joint combat force to implement cross-domain coordinated operations, which is of great significance for seizing the initiative on the battlefield and shaping a favorable situation.

Constructing a combat window to highlight the comprehensiveness of cross-domain collaborative combat preparations

The theater joint command should closely follow the combat missions, opponents, and environment, firmly grasp the strategic and campaign initiative, strengthen the pre-positioning of joint combat resources, actively optimize the battlefield environment, and create conditions for establishing combat windows.

Carry out careful and continuous joint reconnaissance around the operational window. The time and space scope of the operational window includes the time interval and the strike area for attacking enemy targets. Among them, the strike area is generally centered on the strike target, which refers to a relatively closed space that can regulate the system combat forces to maintain comprehensive control over the local battlefield and is suitable for attacking enemy node targets. In order to ensure the smooth implementation of operations in the operational window area, its periphery can be divided into warning patrol areas, interception and annihilation areas, and defensive combat areas to provide support and guarantee for it. The joint command agency should focus on the reporting needs of priority intelligence and warning information in the operational window, and comprehensively use the reconnaissance and early warning forces and means of various services to implement careful, continuous and focused joint reconnaissance to obtain intelligence and warning information in the operational window area and its peripheral areas. If necessary, strategic reconnaissance and early warning forces can be coordinated to provide intelligence support, eliminate reconnaissance and early warning blind spots in the time and space of the operational window, and ensure that the flow of intelligence and warning information from acquisition to use is efficient and stable.

Predict the combat window and timely adjust the cycle plan of the combat readiness training of the task force. The scale and intensity of the high alert state maintained by the task forces of various services and arms greatly restricts the time and space scope of the combat window. Periodically maintaining a high state of alert requires the task forces of various services and arms to manage and operate in accordance with the state of war, which is an important indicator of the combat effectiveness of the task force. At present, the task force should carry out daily management and training in accordance with the three states of combat readiness, training, and preparation. The purpose is to ensure that a considerable number of combat-capable forces can carry out combat window tasks at any time and continuously improve their actual combat level. Non-combat-capable forces should coordinate resources and concentrate on training to generate system combat capabilities. The preparation period is in the interval between combat readiness training. The combat personnel should be flexibly organized to rest, repair equipment and conduct necessary training to create conditions for transitioning to the training cycle or combat readiness cycle. By predicting the combat window, the theater joint command timely adjusts the cycle plan of combat readiness training for large-scale task forces, so that they are rhythmically and regularly in a high state of alert, providing a force basis for implementing window operations.

Focus on the operational window and roll out the linkage operation of cross-domain collaborative combat plans. Since the operational window is often fleeting, the completeness of the cross-domain collaborative combat plans of various services and arms formulated around the operational window may be greatly reduced. Therefore, the theater joint command should gather the collective wisdom of commanders and their command organs, rely on the command information system, and roll out the formulation of cross-domain collaborative combat plans through systematic, procedural, and professional fast command linkage operations. Command linkage operations involve linkage operations of superior and subordinate command agencies, linkage operations of the entire process of reconnaissance, control, attack, protection, and evaluation, and human-machine interaction linkage operations. The implementation of command linkage operations should unify operational intentions, focus on operational windows, use the command operation platform for situation sharing, carry out parallel operations in a coordinated manner, conduct periodic operational planning, conduct situation analysis at any time, follow up on operational concepts, enhance the credibility of simulation and evaluation, and simultaneously formulate and improve cross-domain collaborative combat plans. The implementation of linkage operations helps to shorten the formulation time of cross-domain collaborative combat plans, improve the feasibility of plans, and seize the opportunity of operational windows as soon as possible.

Applying combat windows to highlight the effectiveness of cross-domain collaborative combat system confrontation

The theater joint command should make decisive decisions to launch operations based on careful planning and comprehensive preparation in response to different combat objectives and tasks, different attributes of combat opponents, and different combat types and styles, and quickly seize the initiative on the battlefield in the combat window.

Superimpose the effectiveness of the combat system. The task forces of various services and arms work closely together within the time and space of the combat window, work together as a whole, and focus on combat tasks to form a system combat effect. At present, with the rapid development of military science and technology and the continuous adjustment and optimization of new combat forces, precision, automation, intelligence, and unmanned weapons and equipment are being used more and more widely. Within a specific combat window, almost every service and arms has more or less the means to accurately strike enemy targets in multiple domains over long distances. Even land-based task forces have the ability to accurately strike enemy targets at long distances and the ability to project troops near the coast, which enables the task forces of various services and arms to carry out compound strikes within the combat window, becoming the preferred method for joint operations to strike enemy targets. Compared with a single service and arms, compound strikes of multiple services and arms will produce more powerful, more accurate, more stable, and faster compound strike effectiveness. The compound strike effectiveness of the task forces of various services and arms focuses on combat targets within the combat window, which will cause the value of cross-domain collaborative combat effectiveness to increase sharply, and the superimposed effect will be more obvious.

Converge combat support resources. Combat support resources are material factors that affect the selection and application of combat windows, involving many resources such as reconnaissance and intelligence support, information support, and rear-end support. Implementing converged support and support for the theater in wartime is the key to applying the combat window. The combat support of friendly theaters will enable the task force to maintain a high level of combat readiness, and commanders will have more combat options; the aerospace information support and network combat support provided by the strategic support force will be an important support in the field of joint reconnaissance and intelligence, and information operations; and the joint logistics support force is the main force for implementing joint logistics support and strategic and campaign support, and the volatility of the combat capability of the theater task force is largely restricted by this. In this regard, by clarifying the mission and tasks, command authority, institutional mechanisms, and laws and regulations of the combat support force, we will actively gather combat support resources around the combat window, implement integrated, comprehensive and efficient support, and greatly improve the system effectiveness of cross-domain collaborative operations.

Regulate the operational fluctuation cycle. The joint command command command of the task forces of various services and arms to carry out strike operations against enemy targets. Before the operation, it is necessary to convert the combat readiness level, conduct coordinated exercises, and deploy to the standby area. Even if the task force is faster in preparation for strikes, more skilled in strike methods, and more optimized in strike processes, it needs to be completed within the corresponding time period. At the same time, commanders and combatants will be affected by combat fatigue, resulting in a significant reduction in command decision-making efficiency and strike effectiveness, which greatly restricts the extension of combat duration and makes the fluctuation cycle of the combat capability of the task force more obvious. After the strike operation, the replenishment and rest of combat personnel, the maintenance and repair of weapons and equipment, and the summary and review of combat experience and lessons all require an adjustment cycle. Commanders need to timely regulate the fluctuation cycle of the task force’s strike capability according to the different combat methods and weapon and equipment damage mechanisms of various services and arms, clarify the combat threshold of the task force, and minimize the interference of combat fluctuations as much as possible, thereby greatly improving the cross-domain collaborative combat capability.

Maintain the operational window and highlight the stability of battlefield control in cross-domain collaborative operations

The theater joint command should strictly control the scale and intensity of window operations, strengthen joint management and control, strictly control combat costs, improve combat effectiveness, actively create a favorable battlefield situation, avoid combat passivity, and prevent window operations from expanding into full-scale operations.

Strengthen battlefield linkage control. Battlefield control by various services plays an important role in shaping a stable combat situation, strengthening multi-domain space control, and maintaining combat windows. Strengthen the control of cross-domain collaborative combat battlefield space, including battlefield spaces such as land, sea, air, space, and network, as well as electromagnetic spectrum and time-space reference battlefield space. Among them, the battlefield control area is mainly divided into combat window areas, strategic support areas, alert isolation areas, frontier warning areas, and friendly support areas in various fields. Under the unified command and control of commanders and command agencies, the task forces of various services and arms clarify the primary and secondary relationships of cross-domain collaborative control, clarify control rules, mechanisms and disciplines, adopt a variety of control methods, and comprehensively use command information systems and other advanced technical means to vigorously strengthen the timeliness and accuracy of battlefield linkage control.

Comprehensively evaluate the combat effectiveness. The command organization should closely follow the formulation process of the cross-domain collaborative combat plan of the combat window, closely follow the collaborative control instructions, closely follow the collaborative actions of the task force, and closely follow the actual collaborative support, and implement rapid, efficient, and continuous performance and effectiveness evaluation during the window operation. Focusing on the achievement of combat objectives, adapting to the characteristics of window operations with full-domain linkage, comprehensively using a variety of combat evaluation tools and means, integrating system evaluation algorithms, data and capabilities, optimizing the evaluation system dominated by combat effectiveness, process management, information support, and human-in-the-loop, forming an evaluation model that matches combat orders, actions, and effects, and combines combat performance with effectiveness indicator judgment, thereby improving the accuracy and timeliness of combat window effect evaluation.

Actively shape the new battlefield situation. After continuous preparations for military struggle against the enemy, interactive deterrence and control, and limited strikes within the combat window, the state and situation formed by the enemy and us in terms of combat force comparison, deployment and action are relatively stable, thus forming a battlefield situation under the new situation, and its development trend is also predictable and expected. Commanders and their command organs continue to have a deep understanding of the characteristics and laws of the enemy situation, our situation and battlefield environment in this strategic direction, and have a clear understanding of the basic outline of the future struggle situation. They can clarify future combat objectives and measures, and their confidence in winning will gradually increase, creating conditions for determining the next round of combat windows.

現代國語：

劉 陽 李志華

引言

作戰窗口，是指為激發體係作戰週期效能而選擇的有利於聯合作戰力量實施跨域協同作戰的時空範圍。作戰窗口概念來自戰機，是戰機在新局勢下聯合作戰指揮理論的創新發展，在作戰指揮活動中將比戰機應用更廣泛。能否將聯合作戰力量體系對抗中戰機的選擇看作「作戰窗口」的形式，直接影響了指揮的眼界。在複雜多變的資訊化戰場環境下，作戰窗口逐漸成為聯合作戰力量實施跨域協同作戰的新基點，對奪取戰場主動，塑造有利態勢，具有重要意義。

構設作戰窗口，突顯跨域協同作戰準備的全面性

戰區聯指應緊貼作戰任務、戰鬥對手、作戰環境,牢牢掌握戰略戰役主動權，加強聯合作戰資源預設，積極優化戰場環境，為構設作戰窗口創造條件。

圍繞作戰窗口實施周密持續的聯合偵察。作戰窗口的時空範圍包括打擊敵目標的時間區間與打擊地幅。其中，打擊地幅一般以打擊目標為中心，指能調控體係作戰力量持續維持局部戰場綜合控制權、適合打擊敵節點目標的相對密閉空間。為確保在作戰窗口區順利實施作戰，其外圍可區分為警戒巡邏區、攔截阻殲區與防禦作戰區等為其提供支撐保障。聯指機關應圍繞作戰窗口優先情報告警信息的提報需求，綜合運用諸軍兵種偵察預警力量和手段，為獲取作戰窗口區及其外圍區域的情報告警信息實施周密持續有重點的聯合偵察。必要時可協調戰略偵察預警力量提供情報支援，消除作戰窗口時空的偵察預警盲區，確保情報告警信息從獲取至運用的流轉過程高效穩定。

預測作戰窗口及時調整任務部隊戰備訓練的週期計畫。諸軍兵種任務部隊保持高度戒備狀態的規模強度極大限製作戰窗口的時空範圍。週期性保持高度戒備狀態，要求諸軍兵種任務部隊依照臨戰狀態進行管理運作，是體現任務部隊戰鬥力高低的重要標誌。當前任務部隊應依照戰備、訓練、整備三種狀態進行日常管理和訓練，目的是確保相當規模的能戰兵力可隨時遂行作戰窗口任務並不斷提高實行水平，非能戰兵力應統籌資源集中精力進行系統作戰能力的生成訓練。整備期則處於戰備訓練間隙，應機動靈活組織作戰人員休息、裝備維修和必要訓練，為轉入訓練週期或戰備週期創造條件。戰區聯指透過預測作戰窗口，及時調整較大規模任務部隊戰備訓練的周期計劃，使其有節奏、規律地處於高度戒備狀態，為實施窗口作戰提供力量基礎。

聚焦作戰視窗滾動組織跨域協同作戰方案計畫的聯動作業。由於作戰窗口往往稍縱即逝，圍繞作戰窗口應急制定的諸軍兵種跨域協同作戰方案計劃的完備性可能會大打折扣。因此戰區聯指應凝聚指揮員及其指揮機關的集體智慧，依靠指揮資訊系統，透過體系化、程序化、專業化的快速指揮聯動作業，滾動組織擬制跨域協同作戰方案計劃。指揮聯動作業涉及上下級指揮機構聯動作業、偵控打保評全流程聯動作業及人機交互聯動作業等。實施指揮聯動作業應統一作戰意圖，聚焦作戰窗口，利用態勢共享的指揮作業平台，聯動展開平行作業，進行週期性的作戰規劃，隨時開展研判態勢，跟進提出作戰構想，增強推演評估的可信度，同步擬制並日臻完善跨域協同作戰的方案計劃。實施聯動作業有助於縮短跨域協同作戰方案計畫的製定時間，提高方案計畫的可行性，儘早掌握作戰窗口的先機。

應用作戰窗口，突顯跨域協同作戰體系對抗的效能性

戰區聯指應針對不同作戰目的任務，不同作戰對手屬性，不同作戰類型樣式，在精心籌劃和全面準備的基礎上，果斷決策發起作戰，迅速奪取作戰窗口的戰場主動權。

疊加作戰體系效能。諸軍兵種任務部隊在作戰窗口時空範圍內密切協同，整體聯動，聚焦作戰任務形成體係作戰效果。目前隨著軍事科技的快速發展與新銳作戰力量不斷調整優化，精確化、自動化、智慧化、無人化的武器裝備應用越來越廣泛，在特定的作戰窗口範圍內，幾乎每個軍兵種都或多或少地具備遠程多域精確打擊敵目標的手段。即使是陸戰型任務部隊，也具備較遠距離的精確遠火打擊能力與近海兵力投送能力，這就使得諸軍兵種任務部隊在作戰窗口內實施複合打擊，成為聯合作戰打擊敵目標的首選方式。多軍兵種複合打擊與單一軍兵種相比，將會產生更猛、更準、更穩、更快的複合打擊效能。諸軍兵種任務部隊的複合打擊效能在作戰窗口範圍內聚焦作戰目標，將促使跨域協同作戰效能的量值陡增，疊加效果更加顯現。

匯聚作戰保障資源。作戰保障資源是影響作戰窗口選擇應用的物質因素，涉及偵察情報保障、資訊保障與後裝保障等諸多資源。戰時對本戰區實施匯聚式支援保障是應用作戰窗口的關鍵。友鄰戰區的作戰支援將使任務部隊保持較高的戰備水平，指揮官將具有更多的作戰選擇性；戰略支援部隊提供的航天資訊支援、網路作戰支援將是聯合偵察情報、資訊作戰領域的重要支撐；而聯勤保障部隊是實施聯勤保障和戰略戰役支援保障的主要力量，戰區任務部隊作戰能力的波動性很大程度上受此制約。對此，透過明確作戰保障力量的使命任務、指揮權限、體制機制與法規制度等約束激勵手段，主動圍繞作戰窗口匯聚作戰保障資源，實施一體化綜合高效保障，大力提升跨域協同作戰的體系效能。

調控作戰波動週期。聯指機關指揮諸軍兵種任務部隊對敵目標實施打擊行動，其行動前需進行戰備等級轉換、協同演練與機動展開至待機地域等。即使任務部隊打擊準備速度再快，打擊方法再熟練，打擊流程再優化，也需要在相應的時間週期內完成。同時指揮與戰鬥人員會受到作戰疲勞的影響，造成指揮決策效率、打擊效能大幅降低，極大限製作戰持續時間的延長，使得任務部隊作戰能力的波動週期更加明顯。而打擊行動結束後，作戰人員的補充休整，武器裝備的保養修理，作戰經驗教訓的總結檢討，均需要一個調整週期。指揮員需根據諸軍兵種作戰方式與武器裝備毀傷機理的不同，及時調控任務部隊打擊能力的變化波動週期，明確任務部隊的能戰閾值，盡可能減少作戰波動幹擾，從而大幅提升跨域協同作戰能力。

維持作戰窗口，突顯跨域協同作戰戰場管控的穩定性

戰區聯指應嚴格控制窗口作戰的規模強度，加強連動管控，嚴控作戰成本，提升作戰效益，積極塑造有利戰場態勢，避免作戰被動，防止將窗口作戰擴大成全面作戰。

加強戰場聯動管控。諸軍兵種戰場管控對塑造穩定的作戰態勢，加強多域空間管制，維持作戰窗口有重要作用。加強跨域協同作戰戰場空間的管控，包括陸地、海洋、空中、太空、網路等戰場空間，以及電磁頻譜與時空基準戰場空間等。其中，戰場管控區域重點劃分為各領域的作戰窗口區、戰略支撐區、警戒隔離區、前沿預警區以及友鄰支援區等，諸軍兵種任務部隊在指揮員及指揮機關的統一指揮控制下，釐清跨域協同管控的主次關係，明確管控規則、機製與紀律，採用多種管控方法，綜合用級管控法

全面評估作戰效果。指揮機構應緊貼作戰窗口跨域協同作戰方案計畫的製定流程，緊貼協同控制指令，緊貼任務部隊協同動作，緊貼協同保障實際，在窗口作戰過程中實施快速、高效、持續的績效與效力評估。圍繞作戰目的的達成，適應全局聯動的窗口作戰特點，綜合運用多種作戰評估工具和手段，集成系統評估的算法、數據與能力於一體，優化作戰效益主導、流程管理、資訊支撐、人在迴路的評估體系，形成作戰命令、行動、效果的相互匹配，績效與效力時效力時相互結合的評估模式，從而提高作戰後效性指標的準確性和時效性指標的準確性和效能性指標。從而提高作戰時效性指標。

主動塑造戰場新態。經過平時持續對敵軍事鬥爭準備、互動懾控以及作戰窗口內有限的打擊較量後，敵我雙方在作戰力量對比、部署和行動等方面形成的狀態和形勢表現相對穩定，從而形成塑造了新形勢下的戰場態勢，其發展趨勢也顯得可預測、可期望。指揮者及其指揮機關對本戰略方向的敵情、我情與戰場環境的特點規律不斷深度掌握，對未來鬥爭形勢的基本輪廓走向就有了清晰認識，就能明確今後的作戰目標舉措，打贏自信也會逐步增強，為確定下一輪的作戰窗口創造了條件。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2018-12/06/content_222435888.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #中國軍事人工智慧武器化, #新興戰爭技術, #智慧化戰爭, #軍事資訊化與智慧化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, 中國軍事智能化, 認知域戰

Chinese Military Comprehensive Observations of Intelligent Warfare: Focus on Anti-AI Operations During Intelligent Warfare

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中國軍隊智慧化戰爭綜合觀察：聚焦智慧化戰爭中的反人工智慧作戰

現代英語：

Focus on anti-AI operations in intelligent warfare

■ Kang Ruizhi and Li Shengjie

introduction

The extensive application of science and technology in the military field has caused profound changes in the form and mode of warfare. The military game between major powers is increasingly manifested in technological subversion and counter-subversion, surprise and counter-surprise, offset and counter-offset. To win the future intelligent war, we must not only continue to promote the deep transformation and application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field, but also strengthen dialectical thinking, adhere to asymmetric thinking, innovate and develop anti-artificial intelligence combat theories and tactics, and proactively plan anti-artificial intelligence technology research and weapons and equipment research and development to achieve “breaking intelligence” and win, and strive to seize the initiative in future wars.

Fully understand the inevitability of anti-AI operations

Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out in “On Contradiction”: “The law of contradiction of things, that is, the law of the unity of opposites, is the most fundamental law of dialectical materialism.” Looking at the history of the development of military technology and its combat application, it has always been full of the dialectical relationship between attack and defense. The phenomenon of mutual game and alternating suppression between the “spear” of technology and the “shield” of corresponding counter-technology is common.

In the era of cold weapons, people not only invented eighteen kinds of weapons such as “knives, guns, swords, and halberds”, but also created corresponding “helmets, armor, and shields”. In the era of hot weapons, the use of gunpowder greatly increased the attack distance and lethality, but also gave rise to technical and tactical innovations represented by defensive fortifications such as “trench” and “bastion”. In the mechanized era, tanks shined in World War II, and people’s development of technical and tactical related to “tank armor” and “anti-tank weapons” continues to this day. In the information age, “electronic attack” and “electronic protection” around information control have set off a new wave of enthusiasm, and electronic countermeasures forces have emerged. In addition, there are countless opposing concepts in the military field such as “missiles” and “anti-missiles”, “unmanned combat” and “anti-unmanned combat”.

It should be noted that “anti-AI warfare”, as the opposing concept of “intelligent warfare”, will also gradually emerge with the extensive and in-depth application of intelligent technology in the military field. Prospective research on the concepts, principles and technical and tactical implementation paths of anti-AI warfare is not only a need of the times for a comprehensive and dialectical understanding of intelligent warfare, but also an inevitable move to seize the high ground of future military competition and implement asymmetric warfare.

Scientific analysis of anti-AI combat methods and paths

At present, artificial intelligence technology is undergoing a leapfrog development stage from weak to strong, and from special to general. From the perspective of its underlying support, data, algorithms, and computing power are still its three key elements. Among them, data is the basic raw material for training and optimizing models, algorithms determine the strategic mechanism of data processing and problem solving, and computing power provides hardware support for complex calculations. Seeking ways to “break intelligence” from the perspective of the three elements of data, algorithms, and computing power is an important method and path for implementing anti-artificial intelligence operations.

Anti-data operations. Data is the raw material for artificial intelligence to achieve learning and reasoning. The quality and diversity of data have an important impact on the accuracy and generalization ability of the model. There are many examples in life where artificial intelligence models fail due to minor data changes. For example, the face recognition model in the mobile phone may not be able to accurately identify the identity of the person because of wearing glasses, changing hairstyle or changes in the brightness of the environment; the autonomous driving model may also misjudge the road conditions due to factors such as road conditions, road signs and weather. The basic principle of implementing anti-data operations is to mislead the training and learning process or judgment process of the military intelligent model by creating “polluted” data or changing the distribution characteristics of the data, and use the “difference” of the data to cause the “error” of the model, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the military intelligent model. Since artificial intelligence models can conduct comprehensive analysis and cross-verification of multi-source data, anti-data operations should pay more attention to packaging false data information from multi-dimensional features to enhance its “authenticity”. In recent years, foreign militaries have conducted relevant experimental verifications in this regard. For example, special materials coating, infrared transmitting device camouflage and other methods are used to simulate the optical and infrared characteristics of real weapon platforms and even the engine vibration effects to deceive intelligent intelligence processing models; in cyberspace, traffic data camouflage is implemented to enhance the silent operation capability of network attacks and reduce the effectiveness of network attack detection models.

Anti-algorithm warfare. The essence of an algorithm is to describe a strategy mechanism for solving a problem in computer language. Since this strategy mechanism has a limited scope of adaptation, it may fail when faced with a wide variety of real-world problems. A typical example is Lee Sedol’s “God’s Move” in the 2016 man-machine Go match. After reviewing and analyzing the game, many professional Go players said that the “God’s Move” was not actually valid, but it worked for AlphaGo. Silva, the developer of AlphaGo, explained that Lee Sedol had hit an unknown loophole in the computer; there are also analyses that it may be that “this move” contradicts the Go logic of AlphaGo or is beyond its strategy learning range, making it unable to cope. The basic principle of implementing anti-algorithm warfare is to conduct logical attacks or logical deceptions against loopholes in the algorithm strategy mechanism and weaknesses in the model architecture to reduce the effectiveness of the algorithm. Anti-algorithm warfare should be combined with specific combat actions to achieve “misleading deception” against the algorithm. For example, drone swarm reconnaissance operations often use reinforcement learning algorithm models to plan reconnaissance routes. To address this situation, irregular or abnormal actions can be created to make the reward mechanism in the reinforcement learning algorithm model less effective or invalid, thereby achieving the goal of reducing its reconnaissance and search efficiency.

Anti-computing power operations. The strength of computing power represents the speed of converting data processing into information advantage and decision-making advantage. Unlike anti-data operations and anti-algorithm operations, which are mainly based on soft confrontation, the confrontation method of anti-computing power operations is a combination of soft and hard. Hard destruction mainly refers to the attack on the enemy’s computing power center, computing network facilities, etc., by cutting off its computing power to make it difficult for its artificial intelligence model to function; soft confrontation focuses on increasing the enemy’s computing power cost, mainly by creating a “fog” of war and data noise. For example, during combat, a large number of meaningless data such as images, audio, video, and electromagnetic are generated to contain and consume the enemy’s computing power resources, reducing the effective effect rate of its computing power. In addition, attacks can also be carried out on weak links in defense such as the support environment and supporting construction of computing power. The computing power center consumes huge amounts of electricity, and attacking and destroying its power support system can also achieve the effect of anti-computing power operations.

Proactively plan the construction of anti-AI combat capabilities

In any war, the right tactics are used to win. In the face of intelligent warfare, while continuing to promote and improve intelligent combat capabilities, it is also necessary to strengthen preparations for anti-AI operations, proactively plan theoretical innovations, supporting technology development, and equipment platform construction related to anti-AI operations, and ensure the establishment of an intelligent combat system that is both offensive and defensive, and integrated with defense and counterattack.

Strengthen the innovation of anti-AI combat theory. Scientific military theory is combat effectiveness. Whether it is military strategic innovation, military scientific and technological innovation, or other military innovations, they are inseparable from theoretical guidance. We must persist in emancipating our minds, broadening our horizons, strengthening dialectical thinking, and using the innovation of anti-AI combat theory as a supplement and breakthrough to build a theoretical system of intelligent combat that supports and serves to win the battle. We must insist on you fight yours and I fight mine, strengthen asymmetric thinking, and provide scientific theoretical support for seizing battlefield control through in-depth research on anti-AI combat concepts, strategies and tactics, and effectively play the leading role of military theory. We must persist in the integration of theory and technology, enhance scientific and technological cognition, innovation, and application, open up the closed loop between anti-AI combat theory and technology, let the two complement and support each other, and achieve deep integration and benign interaction between theory and technology.

Focus on the accumulation of anti-AI military technology. Science and technology are important foundations for generating and improving combat effectiveness. Once some technologies achieve breakthroughs, the impact will be subversive, and may even fundamentally change the traditional war offense and defense pattern. At present, major countries in the world regard artificial intelligence as a subversive technology and have elevated the development of military intelligence to a national strategy. At the same time, some countries are actively conducting research on technologies related to anti-AI operations and exploring methods of AI confrontation, with the intention of reducing the effectiveness of the opponent’s military intelligence system. To this end, we must explore and follow up, strengthen the tracking and research of cutting-edge technologies, actively discover, promote, and stimulate the development of technologies such as intelligent confrontation that have anti-subversive effects, seize the technological advantage at the beginning of anti-AI operations, and prevent enemy technological raids; we must also carefully select, focus on maintaining sufficient scientific rationality and accurate judgment, break through the technical “fog”, and avoid falling into the opponent’s technical trap.

Research and develop weapons and equipment for anti-AI operations. Designing weapons and equipment is designing future wars. What kind of wars will be fought in the future will determine what kind of weapons and equipment will be developed. Anti-AI operations are an important part of intelligent warfare, and anti-AI weapons and equipment will also play an important role on future battlefields. When developing anti-AI weapons and equipment, we must first keep close to battlefield needs. Closely combine combat opponents, combat tasks, and combat environments, strengthen anti-AI combat research, accurately describe anti-AI combat scenarios, and ensure that the demand for anti-AI combat weapons and equipment is scientific, accurate, and reasonable. Secondly, we must establish a cost mindset. The latest local war practices show that combat cost control is an important factor affecting the outcome of future wars. Anti-AI operations focus on interfering with and confusing the enemy’s military intelligence system. Increasing the development of decoy weapon platforms is an effective way to reduce costs and increase efficiency. By using low-cost simulations to show false targets to deceive the enemy’s intelligent reconnaissance system, the “brain-breaking” effect can be extended and amplified, and efforts can be made to consume its high-value strike weapons such as precision-guided missiles. Finally, we must focus on upgrading while building, using, and upgrading. Intelligent technology is developing rapidly and is updated and iterated quickly. We must closely track the opponent’s cutting-edge military intelligent technology applications, understand their intelligent model algorithm architecture, and continuously promote the application and upgrading of the latest anti-artificial intelligence technology in weapon platforms to ensure its efficient use on the battlefield.

現代國語：

關注智慧化戰爭中的反人工智慧作戰

■康睿智 李聖傑

引言

科學技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用，引起戰爭形態和作戰方式的深刻變化，大國軍事博弈越來越表現為技術上的顛覆與反顛覆、突襲與反突襲、抵消與反抵消。打贏未來智慧化戰爭，既要不斷推進人工智慧技術在軍事領域的深度轉化應用，還應加強辯證思維、堅持非對稱思想，創新發展反人工智慧作戰理論和戰法，前瞻佈局反人工智慧技術研究和武器裝備研發，實現「破智」制勝，努力把握未來戰爭主動權。

充分認識反人工智慧作戰必然性

毛澤東同志在《矛盾論》中指出：「事物的矛盾法則，即對立統一的法則，是唯物辯證法的最根本的法則。」縱觀軍事技術發展及其作戰運用歷史，從來都充滿了攻與防的辯證關系，技術之「矛」與相應反制技術之「盾」之間相互博弈、交替壓制的現象屢見不鮮壓制的現象屢見不鮮。

在冷兵器時代，人們不僅發明出「刀、槍、劍、戟」等十八般兵器，與之相應的「盔、甲、盾」等也被創造出來。熱兵器時代，火藥的使用大幅提升了攻擊距離和殺傷力，但同時也催生了以「塹壕」「棱堡」等防禦工事為代表的技術戰術創新。機械化時代，坦克在二戰中大放異彩，人們對「坦克裝甲」與「反戰車武器」相關技戰術的開發延續至今。資訊時代，圍繞制資訊權的「電子攻擊」與「電子防護」又掀起一陣新的熱潮，電子對抗部隊應運而生。此外，「導彈」與「反導」、「無人作戰」與「反無人作戰」等軍事領域的對立概念不勝枚舉。

應當看到，「反人工智慧作戰」作為「智慧化作戰」的對立概念，也必將隨著智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛深度運用而逐漸顯現。前瞻性研究反人工智慧作戰相關概念、原則及其技戰術實現路徑，既是全面辯證認識智慧化戰爭的時代需要，也是搶佔未來軍事競爭高地、實施非對稱作戰的必然之舉。

科學分析反人工智慧作戰方法路徑

目前，人工智慧技術正經歷由弱向強、由專用向通用的跨越式發展階段。從其底層支撐來看，數據、演算法、算力依舊是其三大關鍵要素。其中，數據是訓練和優化模型的基礎原料，演算法決定了數據處理與問題解決的策略機制，算力則為復雜計算提供硬體支撐。從數據、演算法、算力三個要素的角度尋求「破智」之道，是實施反人工智慧作戰的重要方法路徑。

反數據作戰。數據是人工智慧實現學習和推理的原始素材，數據的品質和多樣性對模型的準確度和泛化能力有重要影響。生活中因為微小數據變化而導致人工智慧模型失效的例子比比皆是。例如，手機中的人臉識別模型，可能會因人戴上眼鏡、改變發型或環境明暗變化等原因，而無法準確識別身份；自動駕駛模型也會因路況、路標及天氣等因素，產生對道路情況的誤判。實施反數據作戰，其基本原理是通過製造“污染”數據或改變數據的分佈特徵，來誤導軍事智能模型的訓練學習過程或判斷過程，用數據之“差”引發模型之“謬”，從而降低軍事智能模型的有效性。由於人工智慧模型能夠對多源數據進行綜合分析、交叉印證，反數據作戰應更加註重從多維特徵出發，包裝虛假數據信息，提升其「真實性」。近年來，外軍在這方面已經有相關實驗驗證。例如，利用特殊材料塗裝、紅外線發射裝置偽裝等方式，模擬真實武器平台光學、紅外特徵甚至是發動機震動效果，用以欺騙智能情報處理模型；在網絡空間，實施流量數據偽裝，以提升網絡攻擊靜默運行能力，降低網絡攻擊檢測模型的效果。

反演算法作戰。演算法的本質，是用計算機語言描述解決問題的策略機制。由於這種策略機制的適應範圍有限，在面對千差萬別的現實問題時可能會失效，一個典型例子就是2016年人機圍棋大戰中李世石的「神之一手」。不少職業圍棋選手復盤分析後表示，「神之一手」其實並不成立，但卻對「阿爾法狗」發揮了作用。 「阿爾法狗」開發者席爾瓦對此的解釋是，李世石點中了電腦不為人知的漏洞；還有分析稱，可能是「這一手」與「阿爾法狗」的圍棋邏輯相悖或不在其策略學習範圍內，導致其無法應對。實施反演算法作戰，其基本原理是針對演算法策略機制漏洞和模型架構弱點，進行邏輯攻擊或邏輯欺騙，以降低演算法有效性。反演算法作戰應與具體作戰行動結合，達成針對演算法的「誤導欺騙」。例如，無人機群偵察行動常採用強化學習演算法模型規劃偵察路徑，針對此情況，可透過製造無規則行動或反常行動，致使強化學習演算法模型中的獎勵機制降效或失效，從而達成降低其偵察搜尋效率的目的。

反算力作戰。算力的強弱代表著將資料處理轉換為資訊優勢和決策優勢的速度。不同於反數據作戰和反演算法作戰以軟對抗為主，反算力作戰的對抗方式是軟硬結合的。硬摧毀主要指對敵算力中心、計算網絡設施等實施的打擊，通過斷其算力的方式使其人工智能模型難以發揮作用；軟對抗著眼加大敵算力成本，主要以製造戰爭“迷霧”和數據噪聲為主。例如，作戰時大批量產生影像、音訊、影片、電磁等多類型的無意義數據，對敵算力資源進行牽制消耗，降低其算力的有效作用率。此外，也可對算力的支撐環境和配套建設等防備薄弱環節實施攻擊，算力中心電能消耗巨大，對其電力支援系統進行攻擊和摧毀，也可達到反算力作戰的效果。

前瞻佈局反人工智慧作戰能力建構

凡戰者，以正合，以奇勝。面對智慧化戰爭，持續推進提升智慧化作戰能力的同時，也需強化對反人工智慧作戰的未雨綢繆，前瞻佈局反人工智慧作戰相關理論創新、配套技術發展和裝備平台建設，確保建立攻防兼備、防反一體的智慧化作戰體系。

加強反人工智慧作戰理論創新。科學的軍事理論就是戰鬥力，軍事戰略創新也好，軍事科技創新也好，其他方面軍事創新也好，都離不開理論指導。要堅持解放思想、開闊視野，強化辯證思維，以反人工智慧作戰理論創新為補充和突破，建構支撐和服務打贏制勝的智慧化作戰理論體系。要堅持你打你的、我打我的，強化非對稱思想，通過對反人工智慧作戰概念、策略戰法等問題的深化研究，為奪取戰場制智權提供科學理論支撐，切實發揮軍事理論的先導作用。要堅持理技融合，增強科技認知力、創新力、運用力，打通反人工智慧作戰理論與技術之間的閉環迴路，讓兩者互相補充、互為支撐，實現理論與技術的深度融合和良性互動。

注重反人工智慧軍事技術累積。科學技術是產生和提高戰鬥力的重要基礎，有些技術一旦取得突破，影響將是顛覆性的，甚至可能從根本上改變傳統的戰爭攻防格局。當前，世界各主要國家將人工智慧視為顛覆性技術，並將發展軍事智慧化上升為國家戰略。與此同時，也有國家積極進行反人工智慧作戰相關技術研究，探索人工智慧對抗方法，意圖降低對手軍事智慧系統效能。為此，既要探索跟進，加強對前沿技術的跟踪研究，積極發現、推動、催生智能對抗這類具有反顛覆作用的技術發展，在反人工智能作戰起步階段就搶佔技術先機，防敵技術突襲；還要精挑細選，注重保持足夠科學理性和準確判斷，破除技術“迷霧”，避免陷入對手技術陷阱。

研發反人工智慧作戰武器裝備。設計武器裝備就是設計未來戰爭，未來打什麼仗就發展什麼武器裝備。反人工智慧作戰是智慧化戰爭的重要組成部分，反人工智慧武器裝備也將在未來戰場上發揮重要作用。在研發反人工智慧作戰武器裝備時，首先要緊貼戰場需求。緊密結合作戰對手、作戰任務和作戰環境等，加強反人工智慧作戰研究，把反人工智慧作戰場景描述準確，確保反人工智慧作戰武器裝備需求論證科學、準確、合理。其次要樹立成本思維。最新局部戰爭實踐表明，作戰成本控制是影響未來戰爭勝負的重要因素。反人工智慧作戰重在對敵軍事智慧系統的干擾與迷惑，加大誘耗型武器平台研發是一種有效的降本增效方法。通過低成本模擬示假目標欺騙敵智能偵察系統，可將「破智」效應延伸放大，力爭消耗其精確制導導彈等高價值打擊武器。最後要注重邊建邊用邊升級。智慧技術發展速度快、更新迭代快，要緊密追蹤對手前沿軍事智慧技術應用，摸準其智慧模型演算法架構，不斷推動最新反人工智慧技術在武器平台中的運用升級，確保其戰場運用的高效能。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16387159888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #軍事資訊化與智慧化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知域戰, 認知戰

What is the Hotly Debated “Military Metaverse”? Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare Team Explains

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備受爭議的「軍事元宇宙」是什麼？中國軍事智慧作戰團隊解讀

現代英語：

As if overnight, “metaverse” suddenly became a hot word, and related concepts formed many hot topics.

With the development of technologies such as augmented reality, digital twins, 3D rendering, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, high-speed networks, blockchain, and the iteration of terminal devices, the construction and evolution of the “metaverse” may far exceed people’s expectations, and a new Internet form of multi-dimensional, full-sensory, immersive human-computer interaction will hopefully become a reality.

Unveiling the Metaverse

The “Metaverse” allows users to freely travel between the real world and the virtual world. Produced by Lu Xintong

What is the Metaverse?

The term “Metaverse” comes from the 1992 science fiction novel Snow Crash. In the novel, humans live in a virtual three-dimensional world through “Avatars” (digital virtual incarnations). The author calls this space “Metaverse”.

From science fiction to reality, people have not yet reached an absolute consensus on what the metaverse is. Due to the evolution of the times and technological changes, the metaverse is still an evolving concept. Different participants are constantly enriching its definition in their own ways, and the characteristics and forms of the metaverse are also constantly changing. However, we can explore a little through the current presentation of the metaverse.

At present, “metaverse” concept products are mainly concentrated in online games, VR/AR, social networking and other fields.

Online games are widely considered by the industry to be the most likely field to realize the “metaverse” because they themselves have virtual scenes and players’ virtual avatars. Today, game functions have gone beyond the game itself, and the boundaries of games are expanding, and they are no longer just games.

A well-known singer held a virtual concert in the game “Fortress Night” with a virtual image, attracting more than 12 million players from all over the world to participate, breaking the boundary between entertainment and games; due to the impact of the epidemic, the University of California, Berkeley and the School of Animation and Digital Arts of Communication University of China coincidentally rebuilt their campuses in the sandbox game “Minecraft”. Students gathered together with virtual avatars to complete the “cloud graduation ceremony”, realizing the integration of virtual games and real social interactions.

The new generation of “VR social (virtual offline social)” has been gradually developing and becoming popular. It is a fusion of offline social (face-to-face in real life) and online social (through social software such as WeChat). Some well-known VR social platforms provide a free community environment, which not only becomes a place for players to conduct online activities and virtual face-to-face gatherings, but also becomes a social and cultural phenomenon closely related to the current concept of “metaverse”.

The above “metaverse slices” are all important explorations into the construction of the “metaverse”, and they explain in a variety of visible and tangible ways how the “metaverse” will change our real life.

In common research, the following consensus has been formed: “Metaverse” is a new type of Internet application and social form that integrates multiple new technologies and integrates virtual and real. It provides immersive experience based on extended reality technology, generates virtual scenes based on digital twins and 3D rendering technology, builds basic software and hardware services based on cloud computing, artificial intelligence and high-speed networks, and builds an economic system based on blockchain technology, closely integrating the virtual world with the real world in economic system, social system and identity system. At the same time, it allows each user to produce and edit content, and has complete self-driving and iteration capabilities.

The development direction of the “metaverse”

Today’s mobile Internet is actually still in a flat information interaction state, presented on mobile terminals through text, sound, pictures, and videos. Although news information, e-commerce, social chat, live video, etc. meet people’s needs for using the Internet, it is obviously impossible to achieve the effect of face-to-face communication and full sensory experience in real life through the mobile phone screen. With the development of society, people need more native and richer experience and interaction.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused people to move their lives from offline to online. This forced change has made people think more, discuss more, and pay more attention to the “metaverse”. In particular, the core feature of the “metaverse” is the immersive experience, which can turn a plane into a three-dimensional, multi-dimensional, real-time interactive space, greatly enriching and restoring the real physical world and various human relationships. Therefore, the “metaverse” is highly anticipated.

Looking at the development of information technology and media in the past, humans have constantly changed the way they perceive the world, and later began to consciously transform and reshape the world. From the newspaper era, the radio and television era, to the Internet era, and the mobile Internet era, the tools and platforms under the concept of “metaverse” are becoming increasingly complete, and the path to the “metaverse” is gradually becoming clearer.

Since 2020, Internet giants around the world have been closely planning around cutting-edge technologies such as augmented reality, digital twins, 3D rendering, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, high-speed networks, and blockchain, and the door to the ultimate closed-loop ecosystem of the “metaverse” has been opened little by little. Today, when the “bonus” of mobile Internet users has reached its peak, many experts and scholars have stated that the “metaverse” will be the ultimate form of the next generation of the Internet.

Just as it was difficult to accurately predict the development of the Internet 20 years ago, people cannot accurately predict the future form of the “metaverse”. However, combined with the current development trends of related industries, we can see that: the Internet has changed human life and digitized communication between people, while the “metaverse” will digitize the relationship between people and society; the technologies related to the “metaverse” will show gradual development, and single-point technological innovations will continue to appear and merge, approaching the ultimate form of the “metaverse” from all aspects of the industry; the “metaverse” will surge with massive user-generated content, while revealing the value of digital assets.

In a nutshell, the “metaverse” will profoundly change the organization and operation of the existing society in a way that integrates the virtual and the real, forming a new lifestyle that combines the virtual and the real, giving birth to a new social relationship that integrates online and offline, and giving new vitality to the real economy from a virtual dimension.

The future physical “metaverse” will be similar to the scene described in the science fiction movie “Ready Player One”: one day in the future, people can switch identities at any time and anywhere, freely shuttle between the real world and the virtual world, and study, work, make friends, shop, travel, etc. in the “metaverse”. Through immersive experience, the virtual world will be closer to and integrated into the real world.

In this virtual world, there will be self-evolving content and economic systems that always remain safe and stable, meeting the social needs of individuals.

The mediating role of the “metaverse”

“Imagine the ‘metaverse’ as a physical Internet, where you are not just watching content, but you are in it as a whole.” This is a vivid description. However, as it stands, the content of these “metaverses” that allow “everyone to be in it” is relatively scarce. It needs more content that can be independent, self-iterative, and multi-dimensional to attract users to participate in the experience and even creation.

The “metaverse” is bound to become a new platform for media content production. Content producers can transform the “micro-universe” into the “macro-universe” through rich content production. In the short term, the breakthrough of the “metaverse” is immersive content. With the development and penetration of the concept of “metaverse”, the integration of immersive virtual content (such as games, cartoons, etc.) and immersive physical content (such as media, social networking, film and television, etc.) will become higher and higher. In other words, the “metaverse” will play a greater role as a medium.

In September this year, Yu Guoming, a professor at the School of Journalism and Communication of Beijing Normal University, pointed out at the release conference of the “2020-2021 “Metaverse” Development Research Report” released by the New Media Research Center of the School of Journalism of Tsinghua University: “Today, the role played by the media is generally the provision of cognitive information, but the role of the media is completing a process from providing cognition to providing experience. The entire media and technology development from cognition to experience is a huge transformation. Once the goal of “metaverse” is established, it will play a directional role in communication technology, communication form, communication methods and even communication effects.” If the “metaverse” is the ultimate form of the next generation of the Internet, then it is a super media channel that will show the ultimate form of media convergence and provide the best immersive experience.

Theoretically, the best communication experience must be based on real scenes. For example, when watching a football game, the ideal situation is to watch it in person on the field. In the “metaverse”, with the development of display interaction, high-speed communication and computing technology, it will become a reality to construct a communication scene that is infinitely close to reality. Users can become “witnesses” and “on-site observers” of news events in a three-dimensional, multi-sensory reception situation.

Therefore, “metaverse” media can realize true “multimediaization”, and various human senses such as vision, smell, hearing, taste, touch, etc. can play a role, and even fully develop and cooperate with each other to realize “immersive” media applications.

Today, media content is constantly evolving and innovating, and its development trend seems to be moving towards the concept of “metaverse”. Media content will no longer be limited to flat presentation methods such as TV, computer, and mobile phone screens. Media content production will consider holographic presentation more, focusing on creating an on-site environment and atmosphere to make users feel as if they are in the scene. Social interaction will no longer be limited to text comments. People can express their feelings in real time with voice and body movements, and communicate virtually face to face on the spot.

Imagine if news reports could restore the war scene and create a “battlefield metaverse” so that people could feel as if they were there and experience in real time the tremendous damage that war has caused to human civilization. This shock would further stimulate human society’s desire and yearning for peace, and media content would have a stronger influence and communication power.

現代國語：

來源：解放軍報 作者：戴斌 熊雄 孫浩 責任編輯：王鳳 2021-11-26 09:19:57
彷彿在一夜之間，「元宇宙」突然成為熱詞，相關概念形成許多熱點話題。

隨著擴展現實、數字孿生、3D渲染、雲計算、人工智慧、高速網絡、區塊鍊等技術的發展及終端設備的迭代，「元宇宙」建設和演變可能遠超人們的預期，多維度、全感官、沉浸式的人機交互新互聯網形態，將有望成為現實。

揭開「元宇宙」面紗

■戴斌 熊雄 孫浩

「元宇宙」可讓使用者自由穿梭於現實世界和虛擬世界。 呂欣彤 制

何為“元宇宙”

“元宇宙”，英文為“Metaverse”。該字出自1992年的科幻小說《雪崩》。小說中，人類透過“Avatar”（數字虛擬化身），在一個虛擬三維世界中生活，作者稱這個空間為“Metaverse”，即“元宇宙”。

從科幻走進現實，人們對「元宇宙是什麼」還未能達成一個絕對標準的共識。因為時代的演變、技術的變革，“元宇宙”仍是一個不斷發展的概念，“一千個人眼中就有一千個哈姆雷特”，不同參與者以自己的方式不斷豐富著它的定義，“元宇宙”特徵和形態的可能性也在不斷變化。不過，我們可透過「元宇宙」現有的呈現形態來探究一二。

目前，「元宇宙」概念產品主要集中在網路遊戲、VR/AR、社交等領域。

網絡遊戲被業界普遍認為是最有可能實現「元宇宙」的領域，因為它本身就具有虛擬場景和玩家的虛擬化身。如今，遊戲功能已超越遊戲本身，遊戲邊界正在擴展，甚至不只是遊戲了。

知名歌手在遊戲《堡壘之夜》中，以虛擬形象舉辦一場虛擬演唱會，吸引了全球超過1200萬玩家參與其中，打破了娛樂與遊戲的邊界；因為疫情影響，美國加州大學伯克利分校、中國傳媒大學動畫與數字學院不約而同地在沙盤遊戲《我的世界》裡重建校園，學生們以虛擬化身齊聚一遊戲，實現虛擬化身和社交的現實主義。

新一代「VR社交（虛擬線下社交）」已逐漸發展和流行。它是線下社交（現實面對面）、線上社交（透過微信等社交軟件）的融合產物。一些知名VR社交平台，提供自由的社區環境，不僅成為玩家在線活動與虛擬面對面聚會的場所，也成了一種與目前「元宇宙」概念密切相關的社會文化現象。

以上這些“元宇宙切片”，都是對構建“元宇宙”的重要探索，用多種看得見、摸得著的方式，詮釋了“元宇宙”將如何改變我們的現實生活。

在通常研究中，一般形成了這樣的共識：「元宇宙」是整合多種新技術而產生的新型虛實融合的互聯網應用和社會形態。它基於擴展現實技術提供沉浸式體驗，基於數字孿生和3D渲染技術生成虛實場景，基於雲計算、人工智慧和高速網絡構建基礎軟件硬體服務，基於區塊鏈技術構建經濟體系，將虛擬世界與現實世界在經濟系統、社交系統、身份系統上密切融合。同時，允許每個用戶進行內容生產和編輯，並具備完整的自我驅動和迭代能力。

「元宇宙」發展走向

當今的移動互聯網，實際上仍是平面資訊互動狀態，透過文字、聲音、圖片、視頻方式在移動終端進行呈現。新聞資訊、電子商務、社群聊天、影片直播等形態，雖然滿足了人們使用網路的需求，但隔著手機螢幕，顯然無法達到現實生活中面對面交流、全感官體驗所能達到的效果。隨著社會發展，人們需要更原生和豐富的體驗與互動。

新冠疫情讓人們生活場景從線下更多地移到線上。這種被迫的轉變，讓大家對「元宇宙」有了更多思考、討論和關注。特別是「元宇宙」最核心的特徵，在於沉浸式體驗，它可將一個平面變成一個立體、多維、實時的交互空間，極大地豐富、還原真實物理世界和人類各種關系。因此，「元宇宙」被人們寄予厚望。

縱觀過往資訊科技和媒介的發展歷程，人類不斷改變認知世界的方法，乃至於後來開始有意識地改造和重塑世界。從報業時代、廣播電視時代，到互聯網時代、移動互聯網時代，「元宇宙」概念下的工具和平台日益完備，通往「元宇宙」的路徑逐漸清晰。

自2020年以來，各國互聯網大廠圍繞擴展現實、數字孿生、3D渲染、雲計算、人工智慧、高速網絡和區塊鍊等前沿科技，展開緊密佈局，通往「元宇宙」終極閉環生態的大門被一點點打開。在移動互聯網用戶「紅利」已經見頂的今天，不少專家學者表示，「元宇宙」將是下一代互聯網的終極形態。

如同20年前難以精準預測互聯網的發展一樣，人們也無法精準預判未來「元宇宙」的形態。但是，結合當今相關產業發展趨勢可以看到：互聯網改變人類生活，將人與人交流數字化，而「元宇宙」將把人與社會關係數字化；「元宇宙」相關技術將呈現漸進式發展，單點技術創新將不斷出現和融合，從產業各方面向「元宇宙」終極資產形態顯現；「元宇宙」將海量用戶創造內容，同時湧現價值。

概括地說，「元宇宙」將以虛實融合的方式，深刻改變現有社會的組織與運作，形成虛、實兩極的新型生活方式，催生線上、線下一體的新型社會關系，並從虛擬維度賦予實體經濟新的活力。

未來實體化的「元宇宙」，將類似於科幻電影《一級玩家》裡描述的場景：在未來的某一天，人們可隨時隨地切換身份，自由穿梭於現實世界和虛擬世界，在「元宇宙」中學習、工作、交友、購物、旅遊等。透過沉浸式體驗，讓虛擬世界進一步接近並融入現實世界。

在這個虛擬世界裡，將有自我不斷發展的內容和經濟系統，並且始終保持安全穩定運行，滿足個體的社會需求。

「元宇宙」的媒介作用

「把『元宇宙』想像為一個實體互聯網，你在那裡不只是觀看內容，整個人都身在其中。」這是一個圖像描述。可就現狀而言，這些能讓“整個人都身在其中”的“元宇宙”，內容是相對匱乏的。它需要更多可以獨立成篇、自我迭代、多維立體地吸引用戶參與體驗甚至參與創作的內容。

「元宇宙」勢必成為媒體內容生產的嶄新平台。內容生產者透過豐富的內容生產，可將「小宇宙」演變成「大宇宙」。短期內，「元宇宙」的突破口是沉浸式內容。隨著「元宇宙」概念的發展與滲透，沉浸式虛擬內容（如遊戲、卡通等）與沉浸式實體內容（如媒體、社交、影視等）的融合程度將會越來越高。換句話說，「元宇宙」將發揮出更大的媒介作用。

今年9月，北京師範大學新聞與傳播學院教授喻國明在由清華大學新聞學院新媒體研究中心發布的《2020-2021年「元宇宙」發展研究報告》發布會議上指出：「如今給予所發揮的作用大體上都是認知方面的信息給予，但媒介的作用正在完成一個從給予整個認知體驗的過程。媒介和技術從認知發展到體驗是個巨大轉換，『元宇宙』這個目標一經確立，對傳​​播技術、傳播形態、傳播方法甚至傳播效果，都能起到一個定向作用。」如果說「元宇宙」是下一代互聯網的終極形態，那麼它就是一個超級媒體渠道，將展現媒體融合的終極形式，並給予最佳的沉浸式體驗。

從理論上講，最好的傳播體驗必然是基於真實場景。如看球賽，理想情形是在球場上親身觀看。在「元宇宙」裡，隨著顯示互動、高速通訊和計算技術的發展，建構無限逼近真實的傳播場景將成為現實，用戶能在立體化、多感官接收情境中，成為新聞事件的「目擊者」和「實地觀察者」。

因而，“元宇宙”媒體可實現真正的“多媒體化”，人類的各種感官如視覺、嗅覺、聽覺、味覺、觸覺等，都能發揮作用，甚至完全展開、相互配合，實現“沉浸式”的媒體應用。

當今媒體內容不斷進化和創​​新，其發展趨勢也似乎正在向「元宇宙」概念靠攏。媒體內容將不再侷限在電視、電腦、手機螢幕等平面式的呈現方式，媒體內容製作將更考慮全像呈現，重視營造現場環境氛圍，讓用戶有身臨其境之感。社交也將不再侷限於文字留言評論，可即時以語音、肢體動作來表達感受，現場虛擬化面對面交流。

設想一下，如果新聞報道能還原戰爭現場，打造“戰場元宇宙”，使人如身臨其境，實時感受到戰爭對於人類文明造成的巨大創傷，這份震撼會更能刺激人類社會對於和平的渴望與嚮往，媒體內容將具備更加強大的影響力和傳播力。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/gfjy_index/jt_214147/4899728888.html?big=fan

#Artificial #Intelligence, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #軍事資訊化與智慧化, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars

Chinese Metaverse-enabled Military Training On the Rise

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中國元宇宙軍事訓練正在興起

現代英語：

The metaverse is an artificial online virtual world that is born out of, parallel to, and independent of the real world. It is parallel to the real world, reacts to the real world, and integrates a variety of high technologies. These are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse. The operation of the metaverse conforms to the natural laws of human understanding and transformation of the world, and provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state, and laws of complex real systems, as well as a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. Researching the application of the metaverse in the field of foreign military training and analyzing the opportunities and challenges that the metaverse brings to the field of military training have important theoretical and practical value in solving the key problems that need to be solved in military training in the intelligent era, promoting scientific and technological training, and promoting the innovative development of military training models.

Background of Cognitive Metaverse Empowered Military Training

The scientific and technological revolution has given rise to a new ecology of military training. Driven by the new scientific and technological revolution and the industrial revolution, cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things have accelerated their development. Technology giants have laid out the metaverse, and human real life has migrated to the virtual world more rapidly. The metaverse integrates a variety of emerging technologies, thus generating new Internet applications and new social forms that integrate the virtual and the real. Perception technology supports the integration of the virtual and the real in the metaverse, “AI+” technology supports the social nature of the metaverse, data transmission technology supports the real-time nature of the metaverse, electronic game technology supports the diversity of the metaverse, digital twin technology supports the sustainability of the metaverse, and blockchain technology supports the security of the metaverse. The future metaverse, where virtual and real are highly interconnected, is born out of, parallel to, and independent of the real world. It integrates all elements such as the Internet, virtual reality, immersive experience, blockchain, and digital twins to build a new basic ecology for intelligent military training.

The evolution of war has dominated the transformation and upgrading of military training. With the advent of the intelligent era, the war situation has accelerated its evolution towards informationization and intelligence. The informationized warfare system with “information acquisition and utilization as the core” will gradually transition to the intelligent warfare system with “intelligent simulation and expansion as the core”. The trend of long-range precision, intelligence, stealth, and unmanned weapons and equipment has become more obvious, and intelligent warfare has surfaced. At the same time, combat elements represented by artificial intelligence such as “AI, cloud, network, group, and terminal” and their diversified combinations have formed a new battlefield ecology. The metaverse has constructed a new battlefield space where virtual and real are integrated and parallel interactions occur. The traditional war winning mechanism is being profoundly changed. The development and changes in the form of intelligent warfare have compulsorily driven the transformation and reshaping of the military’s thinking and concepts, requiring the accelerated transformation and upgrading of military training, greater attention to the impact of technological development and changes on warfare, and the use of the “new engine” of training and warfare to achieve “accelerated” preparations.

Foreign militaries explore breakthroughs in military training models. In order to seize the strategic commanding heights of military intelligence, the world’s military powers attach great importance to the innovation of military training models. Some countries have begun to try to apply the metaverse and related technologies to military training. For example, the United States has successively released the National Security Strategy, the National Defense Strategy and the Department of Defense Transformation Plan, focusing on building an “all-round army” and forming a “full spectrum advantage”. It has also simultaneously formulated the Training Transformation Strategic Plan and the Training Transformation Implementation Plan, and proposed the concept of a comprehensive training environment (STE), the core of which is immersive and integrated virtual training, which intends to integrate real-time, virtual, constructive and gaming environments into a comprehensive training environment. Russia also attaches great importance to the development of virtual training systems. Almost all of its advanced weapons and equipment are equipped with corresponding virtual training systems, and are moving towards universalization and embedding. The United Kingdom, Germany, South Korea, etc. are also actively developing various professional military training virtual environments. Intelligent training supported by technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality and augmented reality is gradually becoming the mainstream of military training research in powerful countries.

Clarifying the Advantages of Metaverse-Enabled Military Training

The emergence of new concepts in military training. Only by leading the opponent in thought can we gain the upper hand in action. The emergence of disruptive technologies will inevitably rewrite the current military training rules and systems, and will also innovate the existing military training thinking concepts. On the one hand, the metaverse has set off a hurricane-like “brainstorm”, and the training thinking led by “intelligence” has organically connected training with actual combat, and upgraded to intelligent military training thinking. On the other hand, new technologies and new means represented by the metaverse empower military training, strengthen the concept of winning by science and technology and intelligent drive, and greatly improve the scientific and technological content of military training, in order to control the initiative in future wars. In the future, the metaverse will create more impossible possibilities by constructing a virtual battlefield space, designing wars and evolving wars.

Innovate new theories of military training. War is the area that needs innovation the most. Military training must adapt to the development of intelligent warfare, and theoretical innovation and training practice must be driven by both. Training transformation will not happen automatically. It requires not only a sharp and profound foresight to grasp the general trend, but also a scientific, powerful and solid theory to drive forward. On the one hand, by keeping up with the development of the times and starting from new concepts and new cognition, we can build a scientific theoretical system for metaverse-enabled military training. On the other hand, by following the laws of combat-training coupling, we can establish an innovative model of intelligent military training theory with the characteristics of the times, allowing the metaverse to empower and improve the efficiency of promoting the iterative development of military training transformation.

Transform the new military training model. The combat style determines the training mode, and intelligent warfare changes the “rules of the game”. Military training for the next war must adapt to the requirements of future wars by changing the training mode. First, it can build an intelligent blue army with “both form and spirit”. With the help of optimized AI technology, powerful computing power support, and realistic performance simulation, the Metaverse follows the evolutionary process of “knowing the enemy, imitating the enemy, surpassing the enemy, and defeating the enemy” to create an intelligent blue army with platform support and data empowerment, and carry out “real” confrontation training and effect evaluation in the Metaverse space. Second, it can carry out new domain and new quality combat training. The metaverse expands the practical application path with new domains and new types of combat forces as the leading elements, highlights the research and development of training methods and tactics that are compatible with advanced combat concepts and winning mechanisms, and creates new forms of training such as unmanned and seamless human-machine collaboration, becoming a new point of combat power growth. Third, it can cultivate new types of military talents. At present, the educational metaverse has led the intelligent transformation of education. In the future, the military metaverse will accelerate the realization of intelligent interaction between people and equipment, deep integration between people and systems, and adaptive evolution between people and the environment, and promote the integrated development of “commanders” and “fighters” into “scientists” and “technicians.”

Reshape the new ecology of military training. The multi-dimensional perception, virtual-real integration, free creativity, and open development of the metaverse will make the future metaverse a fully immersive, time-transcending, self-creating and developing space. First, create a digital twin “battlefield metaverse”. The “battlefield metaverse” will be a typical manifestation of the metaverse in the military field, with stricter security and confidentiality standards, stronger simulation computing capabilities, and more real-time and detailed interaction requirements. Secondly, create a full-dimensional three-dimensional metaverse training environment. The metaverse uses technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality to create an immersive and complex scene environment; using powerful data and network support, it builds a full-dimensional space such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. Furthermore, a Metaverse verification platform for weapons and equipment will be built. The platform will have functions such as new weapon and equipment design demonstration, weapon and equipment performance test, weapon and equipment compatibility test, and weapon system combat effectiveness test. In the future, the Metaverse will greatly shorten the timeline for weapons and equipment to go from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence”, realizing the intelligence multiplication effect of weapons and equipment.

Grasping the Key Points of Metaverse-Enabled Military Training

Focus on top-level design. From the perspective of the development of things, the metaverse is a new thing, and its maturity has yet to be verified. Intelligent military training is also a complex, arduous and long-term system engineering, which requires strengthening strategic planning and top-level layout. We should pay close attention to the development trends and technological trends of the metaverse, and scientifically formulate the development plan of the “training metaverse”. In the context of the integration of intelligence, informatization and mechanization, we should give full play to the outstanding advantages of the metaverse, such as enabling trainees to undergo immersive experiential training, so that the metaverse can not only be a display platform for virtual technology, but also a practical platform for improving the effectiveness of military training.

Strengthen technology research and development. From a technical perspective, the Metaverse has reintegrated existing technologies in the information and intelligent technology group, proposed an overall innovative concept, and provided comprehensive application scenarios, thereby giving birth to new vitality. To accelerate the development of the “training Metaverse”, we must speed up the research on basic software and hardware technologies such as algorithm engines and network communications, strengthen the research and development capabilities of core technologies such as artificial intelligence, digital twins, blockchain, and the Internet of Things, and at the same time strengthen the overall technical design and research and development of the Metaverse, such as immersion, sociality, openness, collaboration, and decentralization.

Create training types. From the perspective of time and space, the metaverse may create a vast virtual war space, recreate the war environment, present the war process, and virtualize the future of war. An intelligent military training operation system based on the metaverse should be built, military training concepts should be updated in a timely manner, and innovations in military training models, management support, and legal mechanisms should be deepened. A dynamic and high-level combat-oriented military training environment based on the metaverse should be built to fully support strategic, campaign, and tactical training as well as war simulations. At the same time, in the process of “intelligent adaptation” of military training, we will achieve the expansion of wisdom and intelligent evolution towards the unknown space of military training with “innovation, openness, diversified iteration, and new intelligent ecology”.

Attach importance to risk prevention and control. From the perspective of safety and controllability, the concept and technology of the Metaverse brings innovative opportunities to intelligent military training, but the potential risks associated with the technology itself cannot be ignored. The Metaverse is a huge technology group, and its system architecture, key technologies, and application environment are still in the development and implementation stage. The supporting protection system, safety technology, and management standards will bring security risks. In addition, the integrated application of various emerging technologies in the construction process, the complexity and confidentiality in the application process will be the unknown factors for the key prevention and risk challenges of the Metaverse in military training.

現代國語：

侯春牧　王　勇

閱讀提示

元宇宙是脫胎於、平行、獨立於現實世界的人造線上虛擬世界，與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合，是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。元宇宙運行符合人類認識世界、改造世界的自然規律，提供了理解和發現現實復雜系統運行行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式和探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段。研究元宇宙在外軍軍事訓練領域的運用，剖析元宇宙為軍事訓練領域帶來的機遇與挑戰，對破解智能化時代軍事訓練亟待解決的關鍵問題，推動科技強訓，促進軍事訓練模式創新發展，具有重要理論與實踐價值。

認知元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的背景

科技革命催生軍事訓練嶄新生態。在新科技革命和產業革命推動下，人工智慧、大數據、雲端計算、物聯網等前沿科技加速發展，科技巨頭紛紛佈局元宇宙，人類現實生活更快速向虛擬世界遷移。元宇宙整合多種新興技術，從而產生出虛實相融的互聯網新應用與社會新形態。感知技術支撐元宇宙的虛實相融性，「AI+」技術支撐元宇宙的社會性，數據傳輸技術支撐元宇宙的實時性，電子遊戲技術支撐元宇宙的多樣性，數字孿生技術支撐元宇宙的可持續性，區塊鏈技術支撐元宇宙的安全性。虛擬與現實高度互通的未來元宇宙，脫胎於、平行於、獨立於現實世界，將互聯網、虛擬現實、沉浸式體驗、區塊鍊及數字孿生等全要素融合，為智能化軍事訓練構建起全新基礎生態。

戰爭演進主導軍事訓練轉型升級。智能化時代到來，戰爭形態加速向資訊化智能化演變，以「資訊獲取利用為內核」的資訊化戰爭體系，將逐漸過渡至以「智慧模擬與拓展為內核」的智能化戰爭體系，武器裝備遠程精確化、智能化、隱身化、無人化趨勢更加明顯，智能化作戰浮出水面。同時，以「AI、雲、網、群、端」等人工智慧為代表的作戰要素及其多樣化組合，構成了新的戰場生態，元宇宙構建出虛實融生、平行互動的戰場新空間，傳統的戰爭制勝機理正在被深刻改變。智慧化戰爭形態發展變化，強制性驅動軍隊思維理念的變革重塑，要求加快實現軍事訓練轉型升級，更加重視科技發展變化對戰爭的影響，以練戰「新引擎」跑出備戰「加速」。

外軍探索開啟軍事訓練模式突破。為搶佔軍事智慧化戰略制高點，世界軍事強國高度重視軍事訓練模式創新，有的國家開始嘗試應用元宇宙及相關技術運用在軍事訓練方面。如美國先後發布《國家安全戰略》《國家防務戰略》和《國防部轉型計劃》，圍繞打造“全能型軍隊”、形成“全頻譜優勢”，同步製定了《訓練轉型戰略計劃》和《訓練轉型實施計劃》，並提出了綜合訓練環境（STE）理念，其內核是沉浸式、集成虛擬訓練，擬將實時、虛擬、建設性和環境到綜合培訓環境到綜合培訓中。俄羅斯也高度重視虛擬訓練系統開發，其先進武器裝備幾乎都配有相應虛擬訓練系統，並且正朝著通用化和嵌入化方向發展。英國、德國、韓國等也都積極開發各種專業軍事訓練虛擬環境。以人工智慧、虛擬現實與增強現實等技術為支撐的智慧化訓練，正逐漸成為強國軍隊訓練研究的主流。

明晰元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的優勢

萌發軍事訓練新理念。在思想上領先對手，才能在行動上贏得先機。顛覆性技術的出現必將改寫現行的軍事訓練規則制度，也必將革新現有的軍事訓練思維理念。一方面，元宇宙掀動颶風式的“頭腦風暴”，以“智”引領的練兵思維將訓練與實戰有機銜接起來，升級成智能化軍事訓練思維。另一方面，以元宇宙為代表的新技術新手段賦能軍事訓練，強化科技制勝、智慧驅動理念，大幅提升軍事訓練科技含量，以期掌控未來戰爭主動權。未來元宇宙透過構設虛擬戰場空間，設計戰爭並演化戰爭，將創造出更多不可能的可能性。

創新軍事訓練新論。戰爭是最需要創新的領域。軍事訓練要順應智慧化戰爭發展，理論創新與訓練實踐必須雙輪驅動。訓練轉型不會自動發生，既需要敏銳而深邃的前瞻性眼光把握大勢，更需要科學而強大的堅實理論驅動前行。一方面，緊跟時代發展，從新觀念新認知出發，可以建構元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的科學理論體系。另一方面，遵循戰訓耦合規律，可以建立具有時代特色的智慧化軍事訓練理論創新模式，讓元宇宙為推進軍事訓練轉型迭代發展賦能提效。

變革軍事訓練新模式。作戰樣式決定著訓練模式，智慧化戰爭改變著“遊戲規則”，預演下一場戰爭的軍事訓練必須通過變革訓練模式，來適應未來戰爭要求。一是能夠建造「形神兼備」的智慧藍軍。元宇宙藉由優化的AI技術、強大的算力支撐、逼真的效能仿真，依照「知敵、像敵、超敵、勝敵」的演化進程，打造以平台支撐、數據賦能等綜合集成的智能藍軍，並在元宇宙空間開展「真實」的對抗訓練和效果評估。二是能夠開展新域新質作戰研練。元宇宙拓展新域新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化運用路徑，突顯與先進作戰概念、制勝機理相適應的訓法戰法的研練，開創無人化、人機無縫協同等新樣式訓練，成為新的戰鬥力增長點。第三是能夠培養新型軍事人才。當前，教育元宇宙已經引領了教育智慧化變革。未來軍事元宇宙將加速實現人與裝備智慧互動、人與體系深度融合、人與環境適應進化，推動「指揮者」「戰鬥員」向「科學家」與「技術家」融合發展。

重塑軍事訓練新生態。元宇宙的多維感知性、虛實融合性、自由創造性、開放發展性等特點，使未來元宇宙將成為完全沉浸式的、超越時空的、自我創造發展的空間。首先，打造數字孿生的「戰場元宇宙」。 「戰場元宇宙」將是元宇宙在軍事領域的典型表現形態，具有更嚴格的安全保密標準、更強大的仿真計算能力、更實時的精細交互要求。其次，創造全維立體的元宇宙訓練環境。元宇宙運用虛擬現實、增強現實以及混合現實等技術，創造沉浸複雜的場景環境；利用強大的數據、網絡支撐，搭建起陸、海、空、天、電、網等全維空間。再者，建造武器裝備的元宇宙驗證平台。該平台將具備新型武器裝備設計論證、武器裝備性能試驗、武器裝備相容性試驗、武器系統體係作戰效能檢驗等功能。未來元宇宙將大幅縮短武器裝備從「弱智」到「強智」再到「超智」的時間軸，以實現武器裝備的智慧倍增效應。

掌握元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的重點

著重頂層設計。從事物發展上看，元宇宙作為新生事物，發展成熟尚待驗證。智慧化軍事訓練又是一項複雜、艱巨且長期的系統工程，需要加強戰略籌劃與頂層佈局。應密切關注元宇宙發展動向與技術趨勢，科學制定「訓練元宇宙」的發展規劃，在智慧化、資訊化、機械化「三化」融合的現實背景下，充分發揮元宇宙能讓受訓者沉浸式體驗式訓練等突出優勢，讓元宇宙不能只是虛擬技術的展示平台，而應成為提高軍事訓練效益的實踐平台。

加強技術研發。從技術意義上看，元宇宙把資訊化智能化技術群中已有的技術重新整合到了一起，提出了整體性創新性概念，給出了綜合性的應用場景，從而煥發出了新的生命力。加速「訓練元宇宙」的發展，要加速演算法引擎、網路通訊等基礎軟硬體技術研究，強化人工智慧、數字孿生、區塊鏈、物聯網等核心技術的研發能力，同時也要加強沉浸性、社交性、開放性、協作性、去中心化等元宇宙整體性技術設計與研發。

創設訓練種類。從時空視角來看，元宇宙可能構造出龐大無比的虛擬戰爭空間，重現戰爭環境，呈現戰爭進程，虛擬戰爭未來。應建構基於元宇宙的智慧化軍訓運行體系，及時更新軍事訓練思維理念，深化軍事訓練模式、管理保障、法規機制等創新。建構基於元宇宙的動態高階的實戰化軍事訓練環境，全面支持戰略、戰役和戰術訓練以及戰爭推演。同時，在軍事訓練「智適應」運作過程中，實現拓展生慧，向「創新開放、多元迭代、新智生態」的軍事訓練未知空間智能演進。

重視風險防控。從安全可控上看，元宇宙概念與技術為智慧化軍事訓練帶來創新機遇，但不容忽視的是技術本身伴生的潛在風險。元宇宙龐大的技術群，其體系架構、關鍵技術和應用環境等尚處於開發落地階段，配套防護體系、安全技術、管理標準等都會帶來安全風險，加上建設過程中多種新興技術的集成運用，運用過程中的復雜性與保密性，都將是軍事訓練元宇宙重點防範和風險挑戰的未知數。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16280522888.html

#intellligentization, #智慧化戰爭, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Dissipative Warfare, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Promoting Chinese Military Integrated Development of The “Three Transformations” of Combat Training

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推動中軍融合發展實戰化訓練“三個轉變”

現代英語：

Zhang Yingjie, Zhao Shihang, and She Hongle

中國軍網 國防部網
2023年2月22日，星期三

Adhering to the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence is an inherent requirement for national defense and military modernization, and is also an important means to accelerate the transformation and upgrading of military training. Promoting the integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training is a systematic project that requires both theoretical guidance and practical exploration; it is necessary to plan and design in line with the development of the times, and to boldly practice, dare to try and create, so as to realize the “three transformations” from sequential development to integrated progress, from point-line breakthroughs to system integration, and continuously improve the level and quality of military training.

Deepen theoretical research, guide practice and drive development by thoroughly understanding the mechanism, clarifying the principle and grasping the law. First, we must deepen the research on combat issues and thoroughly understand the future combat mechanism. In future wars, intelligent technology is an important factor in winning. We should explore the reason for winning and the way to win through the phenomenon. We can empower mechanized weapons, enhance the efficiency of informationized equipment and develop unmanned intelligent combat platforms through the power of intelligent technology, so that mechanization, informationization and intelligence coexist, the physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain are mixed, and power, will and land are seized in parallel. Second, we must deepen the research on technology-enhanced training and clarify the principle of technology empowerment and efficiency. Science and technology promote the development of military training, or indirectly affect the development of military training through technological progress to promote the reform of weapons and equipment, combat methods and organizational systems, or directly promote military training innovation through technology directly acting on training methods and management guarantees. In the process of iterative upgrading of mechanization, informationization and intelligence, the mechanized physical entity is the foundation and the “grafting” object of informationization and intelligence. The informationization and intelligence technology acts on mechanization, which is essentially the empowerment and efficiency enhancement of “virtual” control of “real”. Third, we must deepen the research on military training and grasp the law of combat effectiveness generation. The generation of combat effectiveness under mechanized conditions is to achieve a high degree of aggregation of material and energy flows through the superposition of combat platforms. Its generation mechanism is manifested in quantitative accumulation, hierarchical superposition, and linear growth. The generation of combat effectiveness under intelligent information conditions is to carry out a three-dimensional mesh integration of participating forces through the network information system and intelligent support. Its generation mechanism is manifested in information empowerment, network energy gathering, and intelligent energy enhancement. The integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training should shift from the linear step-by-step superposition of mechanized training to the criss-crossing and ascending of intelligent information training, and from simple training of people to training that emphasizes both human and machine learning.

Strengthen strategic management, set up a benchmark to guide development in clarifying the base point, planning and establishing rules and regulations. First, grasp the base point and recognize the coordinates of the times for the integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, our army has adhered to actual combat training, joint combat training, science and technology training, and training in accordance with the law, and strengthened the training guiding ideology of reform and innovation, laying the foundation for the integrated development of the “three transformations”; the new round of national defense and military reform has established a joint training system, reconstructed the training leadership organs and special training institutions of the military services, and formulated military training laws and regulations, providing organizational and institutional guarantees for the integrated development of the “three transformations”; the exploration and practice of the mechanized and informationized compound development of military training has accumulated fresh experience for the integrated development of the “three transformations”; the construction of actual combat training, informationized training conditions and the implementation of the strategy of strengthening the army with science and technology have opened up new horizons for the integrated development of the “three transformations”. Second, top-level design, constructing a blueprint for the integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training. The top-level design of the integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training is an integrated plan of an open and complex system. It is constrained by many factors such as operational evolution and technological changes. At the same time, it is different from a single closed system design. It is difficult to achieve it in one go and make a final decision. We should grasp its characteristics of iterative updates and continuous adjustments and improvements. The integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training should formulate a plan that is compatible with the national defense and military construction development strategy, incorporate the integrated development plan of the “three transformations” of military training into the strategic plan for military construction, and focus on clarifying development goals, tasks, measures, etc. The third is to establish rules and regulations to standardize and guide the effective operation of the integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training. It is necessary to formulate the implementation measures for the integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training, unify the goals and tasks, division of responsibilities, content focus, methods and steps, and supporting measures, and ensure the implementation of regular order.

Focus on the transformation to intelligence, overcome difficulties and innovate in the optimization of content, innovation of methods and improvement of assessment. First, we must focus on “smart training” and optimize the content of military training. Research and practice machine deep learning, focusing on data screening, information input, confrontation game and iterative improvement training. Research and practice new domain and new quality combat forces, carry out new weapons and equipment training, new quality combat force formation and combat application training, new domain combat forces and traditional combat forces coordination training, and new domain and new quality forces into joint combat system training. Research and practice intelligent combat, carry out intelligent combat tactics research, command confrontation training based on intelligent network system, training to seize intellectual control and intelligent combat live-fire exercises. Second, we must focus on “intelligent training” and innovate military training methods. Develop intelligent simulation training methods, give full play to the virtual-real interaction, closed-loop feedback and parallel execution functions of intelligent simulation, upgrade existing electronic games and war game simulation systems, and support individual officers and soldiers or command organizations to carry out human-machine confrontation training based on intelligent simulation systems. On the basis of the existing real-life combat system, we should strengthen the material application of intelligent technology, and create an intelligent military exercise system that combines virtual and real, complements software and hardware, and is multi-domain linked as soon as possible to effectively support the development of real-life training. Third, we should focus on “intelligent testing” and improve precise assessment methods. Using virtual reality technology, relying on the three-dimensional virtual battlefield environment generated by computers, we can evaluate the operational skills and tactical application level of officers and soldiers immersed in it. Using augmented reality technology, human senses can directly obtain real-life experience in the augmented reality scene, which can be used to test and assess the technical training of officers and soldiers and the tactical training of squads. Using mixed reality technology, virtual digital objects are introduced into the real environment, which can support the construction of the environmental conditions of real-life test exercises and the inspection and evaluation of combat capabilities. Using the Internet of Things technology, sensors, data processing units and communication components are integrated into a sensor network to monitor the exercise situation in real time, and automatically collect, transmit, summarize and display exercise information data. Using big data technology to objectively evaluate combat capabilities and training quality, and realize automatic judgment of engagement results, statistical analysis of massive data, objective evaluation of combat capabilities and automatic evaluation of training results in data analysis and deep mining.

現代國語：

張英傑 趙士夯 佘紅樂

堅持機械化資訊智慧化融合發展，是國防和軍隊現代化的內在要求，也是加速推進軍事訓練轉型升級的重要抓手。推動軍事訓練「三化」融合發展，是一項系統工程，既需理論引領，更需實踐探索；既要順應時代發展搞好規劃設計，又要大膽實踐敢試敢創，實現「三化」由遞次發展向融合併進、由點線突破向體系集成，不斷提升軍事訓練水平和質量。

深化理論研究，在搞透機理弄清原理把握規律中引領實務牽引發展。一要深化作戰問題研究，搞透未來作戰機理。未來戰爭中，智慧科技是贏得勝利的重要因素，應透過現象探尋制勝之理、勝戰之道，可透過智慧科技之力賦能機械化武器、增效資訊化裝備和發展無人化智慧作戰平台，使得機械化、資訊化、智慧化並存，物理域、資訊域、認知域混融，奪權、奪志、奪志、奪權、奪志、奪地並行。二要深化科技強訓研究，釐清技術賦能增效原理。科技推動軍事訓練發展，或透過科技進步推動武器裝備、作戰方式、編制體制變革間接作用於軍事訓練發展，亦或科技直接作用於訓練手段和管理保障直接推動軍事訓練創新。在機械化、資訊化、智慧化迭代升級過程中，機械化的物理實體是基礎，是資訊化、智慧化的「嫁接」對象，資訊化、智慧化技術作用於機械化，實質上是以「虛」控「實」的賦能增效。三要深化軍事訓練研究，掌握戰鬥力生成規律。機械化條件下戰鬥力的生成，是透過作戰平台的疊加實現物質流和能量流的高度聚集，其生成機理表現為量變累積、層級疊加、線性增長。智慧化資訊化條件下戰力的生成，是透過網信系統和智慧支援對參戰力量進行網狀立體融合，其生成機製表現為資訊賦能、網路聚能、智慧增能。軍事訓練「三化」融合發展，應從機械化訓練的線性逐級疊加轉向智慧化資訊化訓練的縱橫交錯遞升，從單純對人的訓練轉向人與機器學習並重的訓練。

加強策略管理，在釐清基點規劃規劃建章立制中立起標桿指導發展。一是掌握基點，認清軍事訓練「三化」融合發展的時代座標。黨的十八大以來，我軍堅持實踐實踐、聯戰聯訓、科技強訓、依法治訓，強化改革創新的訓練指導思想，為「三化」融合發展奠定了基礎；新一輪國防和軍事改革，建立了聯合訓練體制，重構了軍兵種訓練領導機關和專制訓練機構，制定了軍事訓練法規制度，為「三化」融合發展提供了組織和製度保證；軍事訓練機械化資訊化複合發展的探索實踐，為「三化」融合發展累積了鮮活經驗；實戰化訓練、資訊化訓練條件建設和科技強軍戰略等的實施，為「三化」融合發展洞開了新天地。二是頂層設計，建構軍事訓練「三化」融合發展藍圖。軍事訓練「三化」融合發展的頂層設計，是開放的複雜系統的整合規劃，受作戰演化、技術變化等諸多因素的製約，同時區別於單一封閉系統設計，難以一次到位、一錘定音，應把握其迭代更新、不斷調整完善的特徵；軍事訓練「三化」融合行動應制定與國防建設和軍事發展目標三是建章立制，規範指導軍事訓練「三化」融合發展有效運作。要製定軍事訓練「三化」融合發展實施辦法，統一目標任務、職責分工、內容重點、方法步驟和配套措施，確保實施正規秩序。

聚焦向智轉型，在優化內容創新方法改進考評中攻堅克難創新發展。一要聚焦“訓智能化”，優化軍事訓練內容。研練機器深度學習，重點進行資料篩選、資訊輸入、對抗賽局和迭代提升訓練。研練新域新質作戰力量，進行新型武器裝備訓練、新質作戰力量編成與作戰運用訓練、新域作戰力量與傳統作戰力量協同訓練，以及新域新質力量融入聯合作戰體系訓練。研練智慧化作戰，進行智慧化作戰戰法研究、基於智慧網路系統指揮對抗訓練、奪取制智權訓練及智慧化作戰實兵演習等。二要聚焦“智能化訓”，創新軍事訓練方法。發展智慧模擬訓練方法，充分發揮智慧模擬虛實互動、閉環回饋與平行執行功能，升級現有電子遊戲與兵棋推演系統，支援官兵個體或指揮機構依托智慧模擬系統進行人機對抗訓練。在現有實兵交戰系統基礎上，加強智慧技術的物化應用，盡快創造虛實結合、軟硬互補、多域連結的智慧化演兵系統，有效支持實戰化訓練的發展。三要聚焦“智能化考”，改進精準評估手段。運用虛擬實境技術，依靠電腦生成的三維空間虛擬戰場環境，對沉浸其中的官兵操作技能和戰術應用水準實施考評。運用擴增實境技術，人體感官能夠直接在增強的現實場景中獲取實戰體驗，可對官兵技術訓練和分隊戰術訓練檢驗考核。運用混合實境技術，把虛擬數位物件引入現實環境，可支撐實兵檢驗性演習環境條件的架構與作戰能力檢驗評估。運用物聯網技術，將感測器、資料處理單元和通訊組件集成為一個感測器網絡，即時監控演練情況，自動擷取、傳輸、匯總和顯示演練資訊資料。運用大數據技術客觀評估作戰能力和訓練質量，在數據分析和深度挖掘中實現交戰結果自動裁決、海量數據統計分析、作戰能力客觀評估和訓練成績自動評定。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2023-02/22/content_33422088.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #軍事資訊化與智慧化, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese Military Future Wars, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知戰

China’s Military Meeting Challenges of Intelligent Warfare with New Concepts

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中國軍隊以新概念應對智慧化戰爭挑戰

現代英語：

Preface

The breakthrough achievements of artificial intelligence technology marked by deep learning and its application in various fields have pushed intelligence to a new high in the global wave and become the focus of attention from all parties. In the military field, which has never been willing to lag behind in technological innovation and application, a new revolution is also being actively nurtured. We must accurately grasp the evolution of intelligent warfare and analyze the inner essence of intelligent warfare in order to welcome and control intelligent warfare with a brand new look.

How far are we from intelligent warfare?

Intelligent warfare is a war that is mainly supported by artificial intelligence technology. It has been the dream of people for thousands of years to endow weapon platforms with human intelligence and replace humans in the battlefield. With the powerful impact brought to the world by artificial intelligence systems represented by AlphaGo and Atlas, and the emergence of new combat concepts and new platforms such as swarm warfare and flying aircraft carriers, the door to intelligent warfare seems to be quietly opening.

The law of historical development indicates that intelligent warfare will inevitably enter the battlefield. The progress of science and technology promotes the evolution of weapons and equipment, triggers fundamental changes in military organization, combat methods and military theories, and ultimately forcibly promotes historical changes in the form of war. The arrival of intelligent warfare also conforms to this inevitable law of historical development. Looking back at the evolution of human warfare, every major progress in science and technology has promoted major changes in the military. The invention of black powder has made human warfare evolve to the era of hot weapons. Infantry and cavalry formations were completely wiped out under the line-of-gun warfare. The use of steam engines in the military has made human warfare evolve to the mechanized era, and has further given rise to large-scale mechanized warfare led by armored ships, tanks, and airplanes. The emergence and application of intelligent technology will profoundly change human cognition, war thinking, and combat methods, and once again set off major changes in the military. Intelligent warfare will inevitably enter the war stage.

The development of artificial intelligence technology determines the pace of intelligent warfare. The continuous development and widespread application of artificial intelligence technology have pushed intelligent warfare from chaos to reality. It has begun to sprout, grow gradually, and come to us step by step. To truly enter intelligent warfare, artificial intelligence technology needs to reach four levels. The first level is computational intelligence, which means breaking through the limitations of computing power and storage space to achieve near-real-time computing power and storage capacity, which is far beyond the reach of large computers and huge servers. The widespread application of cloud computing has steadily brought humans to the first level. The second level is perceptual intelligence, which means that the machine can understand what it hears, see what it sees, distinguish what is true, and recognize what it knows clearly, and can communicate directly with people. Natural language understanding, image and graphic recognition, and biometric recognition technologies based on big data have allowed humans to reach the second level. The third level is cognitive intelligence, which means that the machine can understand human thinking, think and reason like humans, and make judgments and decisions like humans. Knowledge mining, knowledge graphs, artificial neural networks, and decision tree technologies driven by deep learning algorithms have allowed humans to strive to move towards the third level. The fourth stage is human-machine fusion enhanced intelligence, which is to combine the perception, reasoning, induction, and learning that humans are good at with the search, calculation, storage, and optimization that machines are good at, to complement each other’s advantages and interact in a two-way closed loop. Virtual reality enhancement technology, brain-like cognitive technology, and brain-like neural network technology are exploring how humans can move towards the fourth stage. When humans stepped onto the second stage, intelligent warfare began to approach us; when we step onto the fourth stage, the era of intelligent warfare will be fully opened.

Self-learning growth accelerates the sudden arrival of intelligent warfare changes. The ability to “learn” is the core ability of artificial intelligence. Once a machine can learn by itself, its learning speed is amazing. Once a machine has the ability to self-learn, it will enter a rapid growth track of “improving intelligence and accelerating evolution” repeatedly. All technical difficulties in the direction of intelligent warfare will be solved as “learning” deepens. The era of intelligent warfare is likely to arrive suddenly in a way that people can’t imagine!

What will intelligent warfare change?

Intelligent warfare will break through the limits of traditional time and space cognition. In intelligent warfare, artificial intelligence technology can collect, calculate, and push all kinds of action information of all forces in combat in real time and in all domains, enabling humans to break through the logical limits of thinking, the physiological limits of senses, and the physical limits of existence, greatly improving the scope of cognition of time and space, and being able to accurately control all actions of all forces in real time, and to achieve rapid jump, gathering, and attack of superior combat resources in multi-dimensional space and multi-dimensional domains. Any space at any time may become a time and space point for winning the war.

Intelligent warfare will reconstruct the relationship between humans and weapons and equipment. With the rapid advancement of intelligent technology and the continuous improvement of the level of intelligence, weapon platforms and combat systems can not only passively and mechanically execute human instructions, but also can, based on deep understanding and deep prediction, super-amplify through the calculation, storage, and query that machines are good at, so as to autonomously and actively perform specific tasks in a certain sense. It can be said that weapon platforms and combat systems can also actively exert human consciousness to a certain extent, even beyond the scope of human cognition, and complete combat tasks autonomously and even creatively according to specific procedures. The distinction between humans and weapons and equipment in the traditional sense has become blurred, and it is even difficult to distinguish whether it is humans or machines that are playing a role. People exclaimed that “humans and weapons and equipment will become a partnership.” Therefore, in intelligent warfare, although humans are still the most important factor in combat effectiveness, the change in the way humans and weapons and equipment are combined has enriched the connotation of combat effectiveness, and the traditional relationship between humans and weapons and equipment will also be reconstructed on this basis.

Intelligent warfare will give rise to the emergence of new combat methods. The epoch-making progress of science and technology will inevitably bring about revolutionary changes in combat methods; major progress in intelligent technology will inevitably bring about an active period of change in combat methods. On the one hand, the continuous emergence of new technologies in the fields of deep cognition, deep learning, deep neural network, etc. driven by computing, data, algorithms, and biology, as well as the cross-integration of achievements in the fields of information, biology, medicine, engineering, manufacturing, etc., will inevitably promote the emergence of new combat methods. On the other hand, the fierce confrontation between intelligent weapon platforms and combat systems will inevitably become the goal and driving force of innovative combat methods. In war, the more intelligent the parts are, the more they become the focus of confrontation. The differences in advantages in terms of space-time cognitive limits, massive information storage and computing capabilities, and neural network organization generation capabilities will bring about new areas of “blinding”, “deafening”, and “paralyzing” combat methods.

Intelligent warfare will incubate a completely new command and control method. The advantages of command and control are the focus of attention in the field of warfare, and intelligent warfare calls for a completely new command and control method. First, human-machine collaborative decision-making has become the main command and decision-making method in intelligent warfare. In previous wars, command and decision-making were all led by commanders, with technical means as auxiliary decision-making. In intelligent warfare, intelligent auxiliary decision-making systems will actively urge or urge commanders to make decisions based on new battlefield situation changes. This is because in the face of massive and rapidly changing battlefield situation information data, the human brain can no longer quickly accommodate and efficiently process it, and human senses can no longer withstand the extraordinary speed of change. In this case, decisions made solely by commanders are likely to be late and useless. Only human-machine collaborative decision-making driven by intelligent decision-making assistance systems can make up for the time and space differences and the machine-computer differences and ensure the command decision-making advantage. Second, brain neural control has become the main command control method in intelligent warfare. In previous wars, commanders issued commands to command and control troops step by step through documents, radios, and telephones in the form of documents or voice. In intelligent warfare, commanders use intelligent brain-like neurons to issue commands to troops through the neural network combat system platform, which reduces the conversion process of command expression forms, shortens the conversion time of commands across media, and is faster and more efficient. When the combat system platform is partially damaged by an attack, this command and control method can autonomously repair or reconstruct the neural network, quickly restore the main function or even all functions, and have stronger anti-attack capabilities.

How should we prepare for intelligent warfare?

In the research and exploration of intelligent warfare, we must not be content to lag behind, but must aim to win future wars and meet the challenges of intelligent warfare with a more proactive attitude, advanced concepts, and positive actions.

Use breakthroughs in intelligent technology to promote the leap in the effectiveness of intelligent combat systems. Although the development of intelligent technology has made great progress in neural network algorithms, intelligent sensing and networking technology, data mining technology, knowledge graph technology, etc., it is still in the weak intelligence stage overall and is far from reaching the advanced stage of strong intelligence. There is still broad room for development in the future. We must strengthen basic research on artificial intelligence, follow the laws of scientific and technological development, scientifically plan the direction of intelligent technology development, select technical breakthroughs, and strengthen key core technologies of artificial intelligence, especially basic research that plays a supporting role. Highlight research on key military technologies. Guided by military needs, we will develop intelligent reconnaissance and perception systems, command and control systems, weapon equipment systems, combat support systems and other weapons and equipment around key military technologies such as intelligent perception, intelligent decision-making, intelligent control, intelligent strike, and intelligent support. We will focus on military-civilian scientific and technological collaborative innovation, give full play to the advantages of civilian intelligent technology development, rely on the superior resources of the military and the local area, strengthen military-civilian strategic cooperation, build a service platform for the joint research and sharing of artificial intelligence scientific and technological achievements, the joint construction and sharing of conditions and facilities, and the joint connection of general standards between the military and the local area, and form a new situation of open, integrated, innovative and development of intelligent combat technology.

Leading innovation in combat methods with the concept of intelligent warfare. To meet the arrival of intelligent warfare, changing concepts is a prerequisite. Concepts are the forerunner of action. If our concepts remain at the traditional level, it will be difficult to adapt to the needs of intelligent warfare. Intelligent warfare has undergone profound changes in technical support, combat power, and winning mechanisms. We must first establish the concept of intelligent warfare and use it to lead the innovation of our army’s future combat methods. First, we must strengthen the competition for “intellectual property rights.” Artificial intelligence is the foundation of intelligent warfare. Depriving and weakening the opponent’s ability to use intelligence in combat and maintaining the freedom of one’s own intelligence use are the basis for ensuring the smooth implementation of intelligent warfare. The armies of developed Western countries are exploring various means such as electromagnetic interference, electronic suppression, high-power microwave penetration and takeover control to block the opponent’s intelligent application capabilities, seize “intelligence control”, and thus seize battlefield advantages. Second, innovate intelligent combat methods. We must focus on giving full play to the overall effectiveness of the intelligent combat system, strengthen the research on new intelligent combat methods such as human-machine collaborative intelligent combat, intelligent robot combat, and intelligent unmanned swarm combat, as well as the processes and methods of intelligent combat command and intelligent combat support. Focus on effectively responding to the enemy’s intelligent combat threats and study strategies to defeat the enemy, such as intelligent blocking warfare and intelligent disruption warfare.

Use intelligent training innovation to promote the transformation of combat power generation mode. Intelligent warfare will be a war jointly implemented by humans and machines, and combat forces with intelligent unmanned combat systems as the main body will play an increasingly important role. It is necessary to adapt to the new characteristics of the intelligent warfare force system, innovate and develop intelligent training concepts, and explore new models for the generation of intelligent warfare combat power. On the one hand, it is necessary to strengthen the training of “people” driving intelligent systems. Relying on big data, cloud computing, VR technology, etc., create a new training environment, continuously improve people’s intelligent literacy, improve the quality of human-machine cognition, understanding, and interaction, and enhance the ability of people to drive intelligent combat systems. On the other hand, it is necessary to explore a new training model with “machines” as the main object. In the past, training was basically human-centered, focusing on people’s proficiency in mastering and using weapons and equipment in a specific environment to improve combat effectiveness. In order to adapt to the new characteristics of the intelligent warfare force system, the training object should change the traditional human-centered training organization concept and model, focus on improving the self-command, self-control, and self-combat capabilities of the intelligent combat system, make full use of the characteristics of the intelligent system’s ability to self-game and self-grow, and form a training system, training environment, and training mechanism specifically for the intelligent combat system, so that the intelligent combat system can obtain a geometric leap in combat capability after a short period of autonomous reinforcement training.

現代國語：

來源：解放軍報 作者：李始江 楊子明 陳分友 責任編輯：喬楠楠 2018-07-26 08:23:16
前言

以深度學習為標志的人工智慧技術突破性成果及其在各領域的應用，將智慧化推上了全球浪潮的新高，也成為各方關注的焦點。在科技創新與應用從未甘落後的軍事領域，也正在積極孕育一場新的變革。我們必須準確把握智能化戰爭的演進脈搏，透析智能化戰爭的內在本質，才能以嶄新的面貌迎接和駕馭智能化戰爭。

智慧化戰爭究竟離我們有多遠？

智能化戰爭，是以人工智慧技術為主要支撐的戰爭。賦予武器平台以人的智慧並取代人在戰場上廝殺，是千百年來人們夢寐以求的願望。隨著AlphaGo和Atlas為代表的人工智慧系統帶給世人的強大沖擊，蜂群作戰、飛行航空母艦等作戰新概念、新平台的初露端倪，智慧化戰爭大門彷彿正在悄然打開。

歷史發展規律預示著智慧化戰爭必將走上戰爭舞台。科學技術的進步推動武器裝備的演進，引發軍隊編成、作戰方式和軍事理論的根本性變化，並最終強制推動戰爭形態的歷史性變革。智能化戰爭的到來也符合這個歷史發展的必然規律。回顧人類戰爭的演變歷程，每一次科學技術的重大進步，都推動著軍事上的重大變革。黑火藥的發明使人類戰爭進化到熱兵器時代，步兵方陣、騎兵方陣在火槍線式作戰方式下被消滅的蕩然無存；蒸汽機在軍事上的運用使人類戰爭進化到機械化時代，並進而催生了以裝甲艦、坦克、飛機引領的大規模機械化戰爭。智慧化技術的出現與應用，必將深刻改變人類認知、戰爭思維與作戰方式，再一次掀起軍事上的重大變革，智慧化戰爭必將走上戰爭舞台。

人工智慧技術的發展進程決定著智慧化戰爭邁進的腳步。人工智慧技術的不斷發展與廣泛應用，推動智慧化戰爭從混沌走向現實，開始萌芽、逐漸成長，一步一步向我們走來。真正進入到智慧化戰爭，人工智慧技術需要邁上四階。第一級台階是計算智能，即突破計算能力的限制、突破存儲空間的限制，實現近乎實時的計算能力和存儲能力，這種能力是大型計算機和龐大服務器遠遠不可比擬的。雲計算的廣泛應用已經將人類穩穩地送上了第一級台階。第二級台階是感知智能，即機器能夠聽得懂、看得懂、辨得真、識得清，能夠與人進行直接交流對話。以大數據為基礎的自然語言理解、圖像圖形認知、生物特徵識別技術，讓人類走上了第二級台階。第三級台階是認知智能，即機器能夠理解人類的思維，能夠像人類一樣進行思考與推理，像人類一樣進行判斷和決策。以深度學習演算法為驅動的知識挖掘、知識圖譜、人工神經網絡、決策樹技術，讓人類努力邁向第三級台階。第四級台階是人機融合式增強型智能，即將人類擅長的感知、推理、歸納、學習，與機器擅長的搜尋、計算、儲存、優化，進行優勢互補、雙向閉環互動。虛擬現實增強技術、類腦認知技術、類腦神經網絡技術，正在探索人類如何邁向第四級。當人類走上第二級台階，智慧化戰爭開始向我們走來；當我們踏上第四級台階時，智慧化戰爭的時代就將全面開啟。

自我學習成長加速著智慧化戰爭變革的突然降臨。 「學習」能力是人工智慧最核心的能力，一旦機器能夠自我學習，其學習速度是驚人的。機器一旦具備自我學習的能力，就會進入一個不斷反復的「提升智慧、加快進化」的快速成長軌道，邁向智慧化戰爭的所有技術困難將隨著「學習」的深入迎刃而解，智能化戰爭時代很可能會以人們意想不到的方式突然降臨！

智能化戰爭究竟會改變什麼？

智能化戰爭將突破傳統時空認知的極限。在智慧化戰爭中，人工智慧技術能夠全時、全局對作戰中全部力量的各種行動信息，進行實時收集、實時計算、實時推送，使人類能夠突破思維的邏輯極限、感官的生理極限和存在的物理極限，大大提高對時間空間的認知範疇，能夠實時精準地掌控所有力量的所有行動，能夠在多維空間、多維空間、多維領域的優勢

智慧化戰爭將重構人與武器裝備的關系。隨著智慧化技術的快速進步，智慧化程度的不斷提升，武器平台和作戰體係不僅能夠被動、機械地執行人的指令，而且能夠在深度理解和深度預測的基礎上，通過機器擅長的算、存、查進行超級放大，從而在一定意義上自主、能動地執行特定任務。可以說，武器平台和作戰體係也可以在某種程度上主動地發揮出人的意識，甚至是超出人類的認識範疇，根據特定程序自主地、甚至是創造性地完成作戰任務，傳統意義上人與武器裝備的區別變得模糊，甚至難以區分是人在發揮作用還是機器在發揮作用，人們驚呼“人與武器裝備將成為夥伴關系”。因此，在智慧化戰爭中，人雖然仍是戰鬥力中最主要的因素，但人與武器裝備結合方式的改變豐富了戰鬥力的內涵，人與武器裝備的傳統關係也將在此基礎上進行重構。

智慧化戰爭將催生新型作戰方式的湧現。科學技術劃時代的進步，必然使作戰方式發生革命性的變化；智慧化技術的重大進步，必然帶來作戰方式變革的活躍期。一方面，以計算、數據、演算法、生物為驅動力的深度認知、深度學習、深度神經等領域不斷湧現的新技術，以及與資訊、生物、醫學、工程、製造等領域成果的交叉融合，必然推動新型作戰方式井噴式的湧現。另一方面，智慧化武器平台與作戰體系的激烈對抗，必然成為創新作戰方式的目標與動力。戰爭中智慧化技術程度越高的部位，越成為對抗中的焦點，時空認知極限、海量資訊存儲計算能力、神經網絡組織生成能力等方面的優勢差，將會帶來新領域的「致盲」「致聾」「致癱」作戰方式。

智慧化戰爭將孵化全新的指揮控制方式。指揮控制的優勢是戰爭領域的關注焦點，智慧化戰爭呼喚全新的指揮控制方式。一是人機協同決策成為智慧化戰爭中主要的指揮決策方式。以往戰爭中的指揮決策，都是以指揮為主導，牽引技術手段的輔助決策。在智慧化戰爭中，智慧輔助決策系統將根據新的戰場態勢變化，主動督促或催促指揮員做出決策。這是因為面對海量的、瞬息萬變的戰場態勢資訊數據，人的大腦已經無法快速容納和高效處理、人的感官已經無法承受超常規的變化速度。在這種情況下，單純依靠指揮員形成的決策很可能是遲到的、無用的決策。只有在智慧化輔助決策系統推動下的人機協同決策，才能夠彌補時空差和機腦差，確保指揮決策優勢。二是腦神經控製成為智慧化戰爭中主要的指令控制方式。以往戰爭中，指揮員透過文件、電台、電話，以文書或語音的形式，逐級下達指令指揮控制部隊。在智慧化戰爭中，指揮員用智慧化類腦神經元，透過神經網絡作戰體系平台向部隊下達指令，減少了指令表現形式的轉換過程，縮短了指令跨媒體的轉換時間，節奏更快、效率更高。當作戰體系平台遭到攻擊部分破壞時，這種指揮控制方式能夠自主修復或自主重構神經網絡，迅速恢復主體功能甚至全部功能，抗打擊能力更強。

我們應該如何迎接智能化戰爭？

在智慧化作戰的研究與探索中，絕不能甘於落後追隨，必須瞄準打贏未來戰爭，要以更主動的姿態、先進的理念、積極的行動，迎接智慧化戰爭的挑戰。

以智慧化技術突破推動智慧化作戰體系效能躍升。智慧化技術的發展目前雖然在神經網絡演算法、智慧傳感與組網技術、數據挖掘技術、知識圖譜技術等方面有了較大進展，但總體而言仍處於弱智能階段，遠未達到強智能高級階段，未來仍有廣闊的發展空間。要強化人工智慧基礎研究，遵循科學技術發展的規律，科學規劃智慧化技術發展方向，選好技術突破口，加強人工智慧關鍵核心技術，特別是起支撐作用的基礎性研究。突出軍用關鍵技術研究。以軍事需求為牽引，圍繞智慧感知、智慧決策、智慧控制、智慧打擊、智慧保障等軍用關鍵技術，發展智慧化偵察感知系統、指揮控制系統、武器裝備系統、作戰保障系統等武器裝備。抓好軍民科技協同創新，充分發揮民用智慧技術發展優勢，依托軍地優勢資源，強化軍地戰略協作，搭建人工智慧科技成果共研共享、條件設施共建共用、通用標準軍地銜接的服務平台，形成智慧化作戰科技開放融合創新發展新局面。

以智能化作戰理念引領作戰方式創新。迎接智能化戰爭的到來，轉變觀念才是前提。觀念是行動的先導，如果我們的觀念還停留在傳統層面，就難以適應智慧化戰爭的需要。智慧化戰爭在技術支撐、作戰力量、制勝機理等方面都發生了深刻變化，要求我們必須先確立智慧化戰爭理念，並以此引領我軍未來作戰方式創新。一是要強化「制智權」爭奪。人工智慧是智慧化戰爭的基礎，作戰中剝奪和削弱對手智慧運用能力，保持己方智慧運用的自由，是確保智慧化作戰順利實施的基礎。西方發達國家軍隊正探索通過電磁幹擾、電子壓制、高功率微波穿透和接管控制等多種手段，阻斷對手的智能運用能力，奪取“制智權”，從而奪取戰場優勢。二是創新智能化作戰方式方法。要著眼於充分發揮智慧化作戰體系整體效能，加強人機協同智慧作戰、智慧化機器人作戰、智慧無人群聚作戰等的新的智慧化作戰方式方法研究，以及智慧化作戰指揮、智慧化作戰保障的流程與方式方法等。著眼有效應對敵智能化作戰威脅，研究克敵制勝之策，如智慧阻斷戰、智慧擾亂戰等。

以智慧化訓練創新催生戰鬥力生成模式轉變。智慧化戰爭將是人機結合共同實施的戰爭，以智慧化無人作戰系統為主體的作戰力量將發揮越來越重要的作用。必須適應智慧化戰爭力量體系新特點，創新發展智慧化訓練概念，探索智慧化戰爭戰鬥力生成新模式。一方面，要強化「人」駕馭智慧系統訓練。依託大數據、雲計算、VR技術等創設新型訓練環境，不斷提升人的智慧化素養，改善人機認知、理解、互動品質，提升人駕馭智慧化作戰系統的能力。另一方面，要探索以「機」為主體對象的新型訓練模式。過去的訓練基本是以人為主體對象的訓練，聚焦於人在特定環境下熟練掌握和使用武器裝備提高作戰效能。適應智慧化戰爭力量體系構成新特點，在訓練的對像上改變傳統訓練中以人為中心的訓練組織理念和模式，聚焦於智能化作戰系統自我指揮、自我控制、自我作戰能力的提升，充分利用智能化系統能夠自我博弈、自我成長的特點，形成專門針對智能化作戰系統訓練體系、訓練環境和訓練機制，從而使智能化作戰系統獲得短期的自主訓練即可升躍獲得短期能力強化的倍數。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/482056188.html?