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Inclusive Plan for Building Chinese Artificial Intelligence Capabilities

01/31/2026 admin Leave a comment

建構中國人工智慧能力的包容性規劃

現代英語：

To bridge the digital and intelligent divide, and particularly to ensure the Global South benefits equitably from the development of artificial intelligence, China believes it is essential to uphold the UN’s coordinating role in international development cooperation, adhere to genuine multilateralism, and, based on the principles of sovereign equality, development orientation, people-centeredness, inclusiveness, and collaborative cooperation, effectively implement the UN General Assembly resolution on strengthening international cooperation in artificial intelligence capacity building ( A/RES/78/311 ) through North-South cooperation, South-South cooperation, and trilateral cooperation, thereby promoting the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. To this end, China has proposed the “Inclusive Plan for Artificial Intelligence Capacity Building” and calls on all parties to increase investment in artificial intelligence capacity building.

I. Vision and Goals

(a) Promoting the connectivity of artificial intelligence and digital infrastructure

Improve the global interoperability of artificial intelligence and digital infrastructure, actively assist countries, especially the Global South, in developing artificial intelligence technologies and services, and help the Global South truly access artificial intelligence and keep up with the pace of its development.

(II) Promoting the application of “AI+” to empower various industries

Explore and promote the all-round, full-chain, and multi-scenario empowerment of the real economy by artificial intelligence, promote the application of artificial intelligence in industrial manufacturing, traditional agriculture, green transformation and development, climate change response, biodiversity protection and other fields, and promote the construction of a rich, diverse, healthy and benevolent artificial intelligence development ecosystem in accordance with local conditions.

(III) Strengthening AI literacy and talent cultivation

Actively promote the widespread application of artificial intelligence in education, carry out talent training and exchange in artificial intelligence, increase the sharing of general professional knowledge and best practices, cultivate public awareness of artificial intelligence, protect and strengthen the digital and intelligent rights of women and children, and share knowledge, achievements and experiences in artificial intelligence.

(iv) Enhance the security and diversity of artificial intelligence data

Cooperation will promote the lawful, orderly, and free cross-border flow of data, explore the establishment of a global mechanism platform for data sharing, and safeguard personal privacy and data security. It will also promote the equality and diversity of AI data corpora, eliminate racism, discrimination, and other forms of algorithmic bias, and promote, protect, and preserve the diversity of civilizations.

(v) Ensure that artificial intelligence is safe, reliable and controllable

Upholding the principles of fairness and non-discrimination, we support the establishment of a globally interoperable framework, standards, and governance system for AI security risk assessment that takes into account the interests of developing countries within the framework of the United Nations. We will jointly assess the risks of AI research and application, actively promote and improve technologies and policies to address AI security risks, and ensure that the design, research and development, use, and application of AI promote human well-being.

II. China’s Actions

(i) China is willing to carry out North-South cooperation, South-South cooperation and trilateral cooperation in the field of artificial intelligence with all countries, jointly implement the outcomes of the UN Future Summit, actively cooperate with all countries, especially developing countries, in the construction of artificial intelligence infrastructure, and jointly build joint laboratories.

(ii) China is willing to carry out cooperation in the research and development and empowerment of artificial intelligence models, especially to promote the application of artificial intelligence in poverty reduction, medical care, agriculture, education and industrial manufacturing, deepen international cooperation in the artificial intelligence production and supply chain, and unleash the dividends of artificial intelligence as a new type of productive force.

(III) China is willing to work with all countries, especially developing countries, to explore the potential of artificial intelligence to empower green development, climate change response, and biodiversity conservation, and contribute to global climate governance and sustainable development.

(iv) China is willing to build an international cooperation platform for artificial intelligence capacity building. China’s artificial intelligence industry and industry alliances are willing to carry out various forms of exchange activities with all countries, especially developing countries, to share best practices, and to build an open source community for artificial intelligence in a responsible manner, so as to promote the construction of a multi-level and multi-industry cooperation ecosystem.

(v) The Chinese government will organize short- and medium-term education and training programs for artificial intelligence capacity building in developing countries, share artificial intelligence education resources, and carry out joint programs and exchanges in artificial intelligence to help developing countries cultivate high-level artificial intelligence science and technology and application talents.

(vi) The Chinese government is willing to strengthen cooperation with developing countries in human resources assistance. Building on the first artificial intelligence capacity building workshop held this year, it will hold ten more training and seminar programs in the field of artificial intelligence, focusing on developing countries, by the end of 2025.

(vii) China is willing to work with all countries, especially developing countries, to cultivate public awareness of artificial intelligence, and promote the popularization and professional knowledge of artificial intelligence in a multi-dimensional, multi-level and multi-platform manner through a combination of online and offline methods, and strive to improve the artificial intelligence literacy and skills of our people, especially to protect and improve the digital rights of women and children.

(viii) China is willing to work with all countries, especially developing countries, to jointly develop artificial intelligence corpora, take positive measures to eliminate racial, algorithmic, and cultural discrimination, and commit to maintaining and promoting linguistic and cultural diversity.

(ix) China is willing to work with all countries, especially developing countries, to promote and improve data infrastructure and jointly promote the fair and inclusive use of global data.

(x) China is willing to work with all countries, especially developing countries, to strengthen the alignment of artificial intelligence strategies and policy exchanges, actively share policies and technical practices in artificial intelligence testing, evaluation, certification and regulation, and work together to address the ethical and security risks of artificial intelligence.

現代國語：

為彌合數位落差和智慧鴻溝，尤其要確保全球南方國家公平地受益於人工智慧發展，中國認為必須維護聯合國在國際發展合作中的協調作用，堅持真正的多邊主義，並本著主權平等、發展導向、以人為本、包容性和協作性原則，透過南北合作、南南合作和三方合作，切實落實聯合國大會關於加強人工智慧能力建構國際合作的決議（A/RES/78/311），從而推動落實聯合國2030年永續發展議程。為此，中國提出了“人工智慧能力建設包容性方案”，並呼籲各方加大對人工智慧能力建設的投入。

一、願景與目標

(a) 促進人工智慧與數位基礎設施的互聯互通

提升人工智慧與數位基礎設施的全球互通性，積極協助各國，特別是全球南方國家，發展人工智慧技術和服務，幫助全球南方國家真正獲得人工智慧，並跟上其發展步伐。

(II) 推動「AI+」賦能各產業

探索並推動人工智慧對實體經濟的全方位、全鏈、多場景賦能，推動人工智慧在工業製造、傳統農業、綠色轉型發展、氣候變遷因應、生物多樣性保護等領域的應用，並根據當地實際情況，推動建構豐富多元、健康向善的人工智慧發展生態系統。

（三）加強人工智慧素養與人才培養

積極推動人工智慧在教育領域的廣泛應用，進行人工智慧人才培訓和交流，加強一般專業知識和最佳實踐的分享，提升大眾對人工智慧的認識，保護和加強婦女兒童的數位和智慧權利，分享人工智慧領域的知識、成果和經驗。

（四）增強人工智慧資料的安全性與多樣性

合作將促進資料合法、有序、自由的跨境流動，探索建立全球資料共享機制平台，保障個人隱私和資料安全。同時，也將促進人工智慧資料語料庫的平等性和多樣性，消除種族主義、歧視和其他形式的演算法偏見，促進、保護和維護文明多樣性。

（五）確保人工智慧安全、可靠、可控

秉持公平、非歧視原則，我們支持在聯合國框架內建立兼顧發展中國家利益的全球互通人工智慧安全風險評估架構、標準和治理體系。我們將共同評估人工智慧研發和應用風險，積極推動和改善應對人工智慧安全風險的技術和政策，確保人工智慧的設計、研發、使用和應用促進人類福祉。

二、中國的行動

（一）中國願與各國在人工智慧領域進行南北合作、南南合作與三方合作，共同落實聯合國未來高峰會成果，積極與各國，特別是發展中國家合作建置人工智慧基礎設施，共同建置聯合實驗室。

（二）中國願在人工智慧模型研發和賦能方面開展合作，尤其是在推動人工智慧在減貧、醫療、農業、教育和工業製造等領域的應用方面，深化人工智慧生產和供應鏈領域的國際合作，釋放人工智慧作為新型生產力的紅利。

（三）中國願與各國，特別是發展中國家，共同探索人工智慧在賦能綠色發展、應對氣候變遷和保護生物多樣性方面的潛力，為全球氣候治理和永續發展做出貢獻。

（四）中國願建構人工智慧能力建構國際合作平台。中國人工智慧產業和產業聯盟願進行各種形式的合作。

與各國，特別是發展中國家進行交流活動，分享最佳實踐，負責任地建構人工智慧開源社區，以促進多層次、多產業的合作生態系統建設。

（五）中國政府將在發展中國家組織進行短期和中期人工智慧能力建構教育培訓項目，共享人工智慧教育資源，進行人工智慧聯合項目和交流，幫助發展中國家培養高水準人工智慧科技及應用人才。

（六）中國政府願加強與發展中國家在人力資源援助的合作。在今年舉辦的首屆人工智慧能力建構研討會的基礎上，到2025年底，中國將再舉辦十期人工智慧領域的培訓和研討會，重點是發展中國家。

（七）中國願同各國，特別是發展中國家，共同努力，透過線上線下相結合的方式，多維度、多層次、多平台地普及人工智慧知識，提高國民人工智慧素養和技能，尤其要保護和改善婦女兒童的數位權利。

（八）中國願同各國，特別是發展中國家，共同建構人工智慧語料庫，積極消除種族歧視、演算法歧視和文化歧視，致力於維護和促進語言文化多樣性。

（九）中國願同各國，特別是發展中國家，共同促進資料基礎建設，共同推動全球資料的公平、包容性利用。

（十）中國願與各國，特別是發展中國家，加強人工智慧戰略和政策交流的協調一致，積極分享人工智慧測試、評估、認證和監管方面的政策和技術實踐，共同應對人工智慧的倫理和安全風險。

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/wjbzhd/2028409/t2028409827_114984638.shtml

#Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Command information Systems, Information Support Force

Chinese Military Plans Focus on Improving Battlefield Management During Future Operations

01/31/2026 admin Leave a comment

中國軍方計畫聚焦於提升未來作戰中的戰場管理能力

現代英語：

Battlefield management refers to the management of participating troops and other relevant personnel, weapons and equipment, command structures, and key targets to maintain battlefield order. Joint operations under informationized and intelligent conditions are rapidly expanding the operational space and the battlefield area to an unprecedented extent. Coupled with the deep integration of various services and forces, battlefield management faces more complex new situations, new requirements, and new challenges. Looking towards future warfare, battlefield management should closely follow the evolving characteristics of warfare, firmly establish the concept of integrated warfare management, build smooth and efficient mechanisms, promote innovation in management methods, and effectively improve management levels.

Establish a strong concept of integrated combat management. Future warfare is based on integrated joint operations using network information systems. Battlefield management, as a crucial element in ensuring victory, has undergone significant changes compared to traditional battlefield management. Only by re-examining the role of battlefield management in future joint operations, closely focusing on the requirements of victory, always keeping in mind the needs of future warfare, further broadening the management perspective and expanding the management scope, and establishing a concept of integrated combat management can we maximize and consolidate combat effectiveness. First, we must establish a systematic management concept, employing a comprehensive and systematic way of thinking to examine and properly handle all kinds of battlefield-related matters, and implement all-time, all-element management of all elements. Secondly, it is essential to establish a holistic management philosophy, clearly define the primary objectives of battlefield management and their scope, and ensure comprehensive control over all resources, including human, financial, and material resources, as well as the scientific management of spatiotemporal information resources. Thirdly, it is crucial to establish a centralized management philosophy, combining the actual situation of the troops with future combat development trends, to develop detailed emergency plans for all possible unforeseen circumstances on the battlefield, and to establish strict management discipline based on the assigned tasks and personnel, ensuring coordinated and consistent troop actions.

Establish a smooth and efficient mechanism. Future joint operations will involve not only the joint operations of various services and arms, but also the overall joint operations of forces in other fields. The personnel composition will be complex, the forces will be intertwined and overlapping, and the high degree of dispersion of weapons, equipment, and key targets will further increase the difficulty of management. In joint operations, problems such as complex management relationships, loose management structures, and disrupted management chains are prone to arise. Establishing a smooth and efficient management mechanism can improve the quality and efficiency of battlefield management and effectively solve related problems. Therefore, based on the joint operations system, a top-down command structure and a smooth information exchange mechanism should be established to build a timely and efficient operational management system. This encompasses close collaboration between commanders at all levels and the command system, as well as real-time interconnection and coordination among various combat platforms and weapon systems. Throughout the process, a streamlined yet responsive and continuous management mechanism is established to meet the evolving needs of the battlefield environment.

Promote innovation in management methods. The large-scale application of cutting-edge technologies in the military has transformed combat forms and patterns, requiring corresponding innovation in battlefield management to adapt to the new challenges brought about by new situations and problems. Efforts should be focused on shifting from traditional, extensive, experience-based management to intensive, precise management, continuously simplifying management processes, further compressing management chains, and improving management efficiency. Instructions from superiors must be received, understood, and implemented quickly; emergencies must be grasped, judged, and handled quickly; and management problems must be identified, resolved, and reflected upon quickly to avoid unnecessary losses caused by complex management. The traditional, singular management model must be changed, focusing on all types of personnel and elements in management, managing flexibly according to time and place, continuously enhancing pertinence and effectiveness, and promoting overall management efficiency.

現代國語：

戰場管理是指對參戰部隊及其他相關人員、武器裝備、指揮體系及重點目標進行管理，以維持戰場秩序。資訊化、智慧化條件下的聯合作戰正以前所未有的規模迅速拓展作戰空間和戰場範圍。加之各軍種、各力量的深度融合，戰場管理面臨更複雜的新形勢、新要求和新挑戰。展望未來戰爭，戰場管理應緊跟戰爭演變特徵，堅定確立一體化作戰管理理念，建構流暢高效的機制，推動管理方式創新，有效提升管理水準。

確立一體化作戰管理理念。未來戰爭是建立在網路資訊系統基礎上的一體化聯合作戰。戰場管理作為確保勝利的關鍵要素，與傳統戰場管理相比發生了顯著變化。只有重新檢視戰場管理在未來聯合作戰中的作用，緊扣勝利要求，始終牢記未來戰爭的需求，進一步拓寬管理視野、擴大管理範圍，確立一體化作戰管理理念，才能最大限度地提升和鞏固作戰效能。首先，必須建立系統化的管理理念，運用全面系統的思維方式，對戰場各類事務進行全面、系統的審視和妥善處理，實行全時、全要素的統籌管理。其次，必須建立整體性的管理理念，明確戰場管理的主要目標和範圍，確保對人力、財力、物力等所有資源進行全面管控，並對時空資訊資源進行科學管理。第三，必須建立集中統一的管理理念，結合部隊實際情況和未來作戰發展趨勢，針對戰場上可能出現的各種突發情況制定詳細的應急預案，並根據任務和人員配置建立嚴格的管理紀律，確保部隊行動協調一致。

建立順暢高效的機制。未來的聯合作戰不僅涉及各軍種的聯合作戰，也涉及其他領域部隊的全面聯合作戰。人員構成複雜，兵力交織重疊，武器裝備和重點目標高度分散，進一步增加了管理難度。在聯合作戰中，管理關係複雜、管理結構鬆散、管理鏈斷裂等問題容易出現。建立順暢有效率的管理機制，能提升戰場管理的品質與效率，有效解決相關問題。因此，應基於聯合作戰體系，建立由上而下的指揮結構和順暢的資訊交流機制，建構及時且有效率的作戰管理體系。這包括各級指揮官與指揮系統的緊密協作，以及各作戰平台和武器系統之間的即時互聯互通和協同配合。在此過程中，建立精簡且有效率、反應迅速且持續的管理機制，以滿足不斷變化的戰場環境需求。

推進管理方法創新。尖端技術在軍事領域的大規模應用改變了作戰形式和格局，對戰場管理提出了相應的創新要求，以適應新形勢和新問題帶來的挑戰。應著重從傳統的、粗放的、經驗式的管理轉向精簡的、精準的管理，不斷簡化管理流程，進一步縮短管理鏈，提高管理效率。上級指示必須迅速接收、理解和執行；突發事件必須迅速掌握、判斷和處理；管理問題必須迅速發現、解決和反思，避免因管理過於複雜而造成不必要的損失。必須改變傳統的、單一的管理模式，關注各類人員和各類要素的管理，根據時間和地點靈活管理，不斷提高管理的針對性和有效性，從而提升整體管理效率。

中國軍網與國防部網 2024年5月14日，星期二

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2024-05-14&paperNumber=078&articleid=9838089893

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Reshaping the PLA’s force Structure to Ensure Winning Future Battlefields

01/25/2026 admin Leave a comment

重塑解放軍部隊結構，確保贏得未來戰場

現代英語：

The reason why outstanding professional athletes can maximize their physical capabilities compared to ordinary people lies in the fact that long-term scientific training strengthens their bones, removes excess fat and bulges their muscles, and achieves a perfect proportion and coordination of the body’s functional elements. Similarly, those armies that can dominate the battlefield and fully exert their combat effectiveness are all powerful forces that have achieved an optimized combination of military force systems in their respective eras.

“Military tactics are ever-changing, just as water has no fixed shape.” Since its inception, the People’s Liberation Army has continuously innovated its force structure in response to changes in the situation and tasks and the needs of actual military struggles. In particular, the several major streamlining and reorganizations since the reform and opening up have promoted the continuous optimization of the PLA’s size, structure, and force composition, effectively liberating and developing its combat capabilities.

“Standard systems cannot meet the demands of change, and one approach cannot address all situations.” Faced with the rapidly evolving nature of warfare in the world today and the new requirements for the expansion of the PLA’s missions and tasks, the shortcomings and weaknesses in the PLA’s force structure have once again become prominent. Problems such as excessive size and scale, imbalance in major proportions, insufficient proportion of new combat capabilities, and low degree of modularization and integration of troops have become bottlenecks affecting and restricting the improvement of the PLA’s combat capabilities and its ability to win future battlefields.

In matters of the world, “what must be seized is the momentum, and what must not be missed is the opportunity.” Only by assessing the situation and seizing the moment can one “easily gain advantage.” The world today faces unprecedented changes. The rapid development of global technological and military revolutions has historically converged with the deepening of my country’s efforts to strengthen its military. Changes in warfare, technology, and the overall landscape of struggle are profoundly impacting national security and military strategy. The historical responsibility of reshaping and rebuilding the PLA’s force structure, and constructing a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics capable of winning informationized wars and effectively fulfilling its missions, has been placed before the People’s Liberation Army.

The system determines the structure and function. The composition of the military’s force system determines the size of the military’s energy and the form, scale, and effect of releasing that energy in the appropriate time and space. The Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission, and President Xi Jinping, after careful consideration and decisive decision-making, comprehensively launched reforms to the size, structure, and force composition of the military, undertaking a holistic and revolutionary reshaping of the PLA’s force system. This strategic deployment is a crucial step in rationally allocating and optimizing the PLA’s force system, gaining the initiative in future fierce military competition by “strengthening its muscles and bones.”

“One part planning, nine parts implementation”—the restructuring of the PLA’s force system has been rapidly and steadily unfolding. The total number of officers has decreased, with a batch of civilian personnel or soldiers in brand-new uniforms filling the original officer positions, thus optimizing the officer-to-soldier ratio. The number of active-duty personnel in regimental-level and above organs has been significantly reduced, resulting in a marked optimization of the ratio between organs and troops, and between combat and non-combat units. Despite the reduction in the overall size of the military, the number of personnel in combat units has increased rather than decreased, making the “muscle” stronger. The size of the army has been reduced, with traditional branches and outdated equipment units being repurposed for new combat forces, optimizing the structure of the services and increasing the proportion of new combat capabilities, making the “skeleton” stronger. With a more streamlined size, more scientific organization, and more optimized layout, the PLA is continuously transforming from a quantity-oriented to a quality- and efficiency-oriented force, and from a labor-intensive to a technology-intensive force. The organization of troops is developing towards being more robust, integrated, multi-functional, and flexible, and a joint combat force system with elite combat forces as its main body has been basically formed.

The reshaping of the force structure has unlocked the full potential for combat effectiveness, enabling the PLA to take solid steps toward achieving the Party’s goal of building a strong military under the new circumstances. This provides a stronger guarantee for effectively safeguarding my country’s sovereignty, security, and development interests, and for making greater contributions to maintaining world peace and stability.

With sails hoisted high, the People’s Liberation Army embarks on a journey across vast oceans. Reborn and transformed, the People’s Liberation Army will surely achieve new leaps forward on the path to building a strong military with Chinese characteristics and stride towards an even more glorious future!

現代國語：

優秀專業運動員與一般人相比，之所以能把人體機能發揮到極限，關鍵在於長期的科學訓練強壯了骨骼，去除了多餘的贅肉與脂肪，實現了人體機能要素群的完美比例與配合。同樣道理，那些能夠笑傲疆場充分發揮出戰鬥力能效的軍隊，無不是在其所處時代實現了軍事力量體系優化組合的雄師勁旅。

「兵無常勢，水無常形。」人民軍隊自誕生以來，力量體系構成一直隨著形勢任務的變化和現實軍事鬥爭的需要而不斷自我革新。特別是改革開放以來幾次大的精簡整編，推動了我軍規模結構和力量編成的不斷優化，有效解放和發展了戰鬥力。

「常制不可以待變化，一塗不可以應萬方。」面對當今世界戰爭形態加速演變新趨勢、我軍使命任務拓展新要求，我軍力量體系構成方面的不足和短板再次凸顯，規模體量偏大、重大比例關係失衡、新質戰鬥力比重偏小、部隊模組化合成化程度低等問題，成為影響力、制約軍場戰鬥力提升、制約軍場等問題，成為影響力、制約軍場的戰鬥力提升、制約軍場等問題，成為影響力、制約軍場戰鬥力提升、制約軍場等問題，成為影響力、制約軍場等問題，成為影響力、制約軍場等問題，成為影響力、制約軍場戰鬥力提升、制約軍戰的未來。

天下事，“所當乘者勢也，不可失者時也”，審時度勢，乘勢而上，才能“取之易也”。當今世界面臨前所未有之大變局，世界科技革命、軍事革命迅速發展與我國強軍興軍事業的深入推進歷史性地交匯在一起，戰爭之變、科技之變、鬥爭格局之變深刻影響國家安全和軍事戰略全局。實現我軍力量體系的重塑再造，建構能夠打贏資訊化戰爭、有效履行使命任務的中國特色現代軍事力量體系，這一重任歷史性地擺在人民軍隊面前。

體系決定結構和功能，軍隊的力量體系構成，決定了軍隊能量的大小及其在適當的時間和空間內釋放能量的形態、規模與效果。黨中央、中央軍委會和習主席審時度勢、果斷決策，全面啟動軍隊規模結構與力量編成改革，對我軍力量體系進行整體性、革命性重塑。這項戰略部署是對我軍力量體系進行合理編配與優化組合，透過「強肌、壯骨骼」贏得未來激烈軍事競爭主動權的關鍵一環。

“一分部署，九分落實”，我軍力量體系重塑快速而穩健地鋪開。軍官總數減少，一群身穿嶄新制服的文職人員或士兵補充到原軍官崗位上，官兵比例得到優化。團級以上機關現役員額明顯壓縮，機關與部隊比例、作戰部隊與非戰鬥單位比例已明顯優化。在軍隊總規模壓下來以後，作戰部隊人員不減反增，「肌肉」更豐滿了。壓縮陸軍規模，傳統兵種及老舊裝備部隊為新型作戰力量“騰籠換鳥”，軍兵種結構得到優化，新質戰鬥力的比重增加，“骨骼”更加強壯了。規模更精幹、編成更科學、佈局更優化，不斷推動我軍由數量規模型向質量效能型、由人力密集型向科技密集型的轉變，部隊編成向充實、合成、多能、靈活方向發展，以精銳作戰力量為主體的聯合作戰力量體系基本形成。

力量體系的重塑打通了激活戰鬥力的“任督二脈”，我軍向著實現黨在新形勢下的強軍目標邁出了堅實步伐，為有效捍衛我國主權安全發展利益、為維護世界和平穩定作出更大貢獻提供了更加堅強有力的保證。

雲帆已高掛，征程濟滄海。換羽重生的人民軍隊一定能夠在中國特色強軍之路上實現新的跨越、邁向更光輝的未來！

中國軍網國防部網
2018年12月18日星期二

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2018-12/18/content_282834834.htm

#intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Intelligent Warfare

Chinese Military New Requirements of Combat-Oriented Training in the Era of Intelligentization

01/18/2026 admin Leave a comment

智慧化時代中國軍隊作戰導向訓練的新要求

現代英語：

As a high-intensity, targeted training closely aligned with actual combat, realistic combat training plays a crucial role in enhancing the combat effectiveness of the armed forces and is an inevitable choice for adapting to the evolving nature of warfare and responding to complex security threats. In the intelligent era, the deep integration of military technology, the suddenness of war outbreaks, and the rapid pace of offensive and defensive transitions are becoming increasingly prominent, posing systemic challenges to realistic combat training in areas such as demand guidance, environment construction, tactical innovation, and technological empowerment. To this end, we should focus on building a new training management model that accurately maps needs, deeply embeds adversaries, makes tactics flexible and effective, and deeply integrates technology, so as to achieve resonance between training scenarios and combat environments, dynamic coupling between training content and combat actions, and precise alignment between training results and actual combat needs, thereby comprehensively improving the overall quality and efficiency of combat-oriented training.

The need to meet the demands of “combat” necessitates intensive training based on specific plans.

In the intelligent era, the diversification of weapons, equipment, and combat methods has brought more variables to combat operations. Realistic training must be aligned with actual combat needs, calibrate training objectives through testing in real scenarios, continuously enhance the flexibility of combat plans, and improve the adaptability of troops.

Operational guidance calibrates training targets. As a form of training closely aligned with actual combat, realistic training can only achieve maximum effectiveness by closely adhering to the needs of intelligent warfare, transforming abstract operational concepts into concrete training topics, and deconstructing strategic and operational requirements into quantifiable and assessable tactical indicators. Emphasis should be placed on battlefield adaptability training in complex and ever-changing battlefield environments, strengthening training on challenging issues such as cyber and electronic warfare, autonomous coordination, and the integration of new technologies, to ensure that a proactive battlefield advantage is always maintained. Training content should be dynamically optimized by closely monitoring cutting-edge operational concepts, continuously promoting the interaction and coupling of actual combat and training, and consistently maintaining a high level of combat readiness training.

Practice refines and strengthens the resilience of operational plans. Intelligent warfare is fast-paced and rapidly changing; only through repeated verification and refinement in realistic training can the feasibility and adaptability of operational plans be guaranteed. A multi-functional, intelligent, and professional training ground system should be constructed to continuously refine key aspects such as command and decision-making, force deployment, and operational coordination in scenario-based training, constantly testing the resilience of the command chain, the robustness of coordination mechanisms, and the sustainability of the support system. In fact, testing and improving operational plans through realistic training is timeless. Prior to the Normandy landings, the Allied forces conducted Exercise Tiger at Slapton Beach to improve combat skills, enhance combat experience, and test coordination efficiency. Despite a series of oversights and errors, serious deficiencies in command and communication, landing and unloading were also discovered. By revising and improving the combat plan and addressing the shortcomings, the actual combat casualty rate was greatly reduced, laying a solid foundation for the successful implementation of the final landing operation.

Mission-driven training strengthens capabilities. High-intensity, near-real combat training effectively exposes weaknesses and deficiencies, forcing units to develop targeted measures and ultimately boosting combat capabilities. Close attention should be paid to the specific tasks undertaken by the troops, such as reconnaissance and surveillance, information warfare, force projection, and unmanned operations. Problems should be identified during exercises and practical training, and countermeasures should be developed according to local conditions to address weaknesses in combat capabilities. Before the Hundred Regiments Offensive during the War of Resistance Against Japan, a unit of the Eighth Route Army, recognizing its weak railway sabotage capabilities, conducted targeted intensive training focusing on reconnaissance and surveillance, explosives demolition, and dismantling and transportation. This significantly improved the unit’s railway sabotage capabilities, laying a crucial foundation for victory.

Based on the standard of “war”, we insist on independent confrontation.

In the intelligent era, intelligent unmanned equipment is being used extensively, new combat forces with new characteristics are constantly emerging, and the features of hybrid games and system confrontation are becoming more prominent. This requires that combat-oriented training must be based on actual combat standards and targeted confrontation training must be carried out against strong adversaries.

Reconstructing cognitive benchmarks through re-enactment of enemy situations. Accurate understanding of the operational target system and the adversary’s combat capabilities is not only a prerequisite for winning intelligent warfare but also the foundation for planning and organizing effective combat-oriented training. We must closely monitor the adversary, comprehensively, accurately, and systematically grasp the latest military intelligence dynamics regarding their operational theories, command methods, tactics, operational deployments, and the performance of key weapons and equipment. Furthermore, we must deeply study countermeasures, cultivate the ability to win, and ensure that we anticipate the enemy’s moves and achieve surprise victories in wartime. We should systematically deconstruct the future battlefield environment, starting from multiple dimensions such as the strategic domain, physical domain, network domain, and electromagnetic domain, and use multiple methods to construct a training environment that matches information-based and intelligent warfare, providing strong support for key training subjects and seeking winning strategies.

Red-Blue competition drives a qualitative leap in capabilities. In the context of intelligent warfare, combat-oriented training places greater emphasis on targeted and intense confrontation, requiring the creation of simulated “Blue Force” forces to higher standards, the design of appropriate training content, and the effective implementation of adversarial red-Blue confrontation training. It is essential to focus on tactical confrontation training, operational confrontation exercises, and in-depth strategic game-based confrontation simulations, ensuring their effective implementation at all levels of combat-oriented training. Emphasis should be placed on both virtual simulation confrontation exercises and live-fire confrontation exercises, combining virtual and real elements to provide strong support for combat-oriented training. The training should not only present the size and weaponry of the adversary but also reflect their tactical applications and systemic operations, providing a reliable and credible “touchstone” for combat-oriented training.

Extreme training is essential for honing systemic capabilities. Only by benchmarking against actual combat and organizing realistic training with the standards and intensity of “war” can we objectively assess the combat effectiveness of the troops and promote the improvement of their systemic capabilities. Based on specific enemy situations and complex battlefields, we must deeply anticipate unforeseen circumstances, starting with the most difficult, complex, and passive situations. We should create numerous dangerous, stalemate, difficult, critical, and dire situations to cultivate the confidence and courage to fight and win, and the ability to adapt and achieve victory in perilous circumstances, thereby comprehensively testing and refining the troops’ combat capabilities.

Anchoring “Battle” Effectiveness Innovations in Tactics and Combat Methods

Combat operations in the intelligent era exhibit some new characteristics, emphasizing information dominance and system integration, as well as precise control and accurate energy release. This also requires combat-oriented training to focus on combat effectiveness and seek more effective methods and measures for innovative tactics and maneuvers.

Training and research should be integrated to drive tactical innovation. Effective tactics are often gradually refined and formed through actual combat training. By leveraging the “tempering” process of realistic combat training, weaknesses in tactical application can be exposed to the greatest extent, prompting the innovation and improvement of tactics and methods. Based on the fundamental orientation of practicality and effectiveness, we should strengthen the innovative application of tactics and training methods, deeply analyze combat patterns, capability chains, key nodes, force organization, and tactical means in theoretical research and practical exercises, accelerate the integration of new domains and new quality systems, and ensure the effective implementation of new combat concepts, tailoring “trump cards” and “tactical sets” for countering and defeating the enemy.

Realistic combat training drives the testing of tactics. Tactics that remain at the theoretical level have no vitality; only tactics that have undergone repeated testing in realistic combat can quickly adapt to the future battlefield. Therefore, realistic combat training places greater emphasis on tactics originating from practice, being tested in practice, and being applied to practice. Through repeated simulation training, deduction exercises, and live-fire drills, scientific and applicable command principles, action points, and support essentials should be formed. Tactics should be tested, enriched, and improved in practice to fully adapt to future informationized and intelligent warfare.

Advancing the evolution of tactics in accordance with the times. No matter how times change, surprise and flexibility remain the “soul” of tactical application and the prerequisite for gaining the initiative on the battlefield. In the intelligent era, new equipment and tactics supported by model algorithms are constantly emerging. Only by keeping pace with the trends of military reform, proactively analyzing the laws of war and the mechanisms of victory, and being one step ahead in discovering and updating tactics, can we ensure that we can deploy our forces and exert our strength one step ahead of the enemy in wartime. Recent local conflicts have repeatedly demonstrated to us the practical application of new operational concepts and the continuous emergence of new tactics and methods. We should focus on strong enemy targets, confront threats and challenges head-on, actively adapt to changes, and proactively seek changes. Based on operational concepts such as flexible mobility and asymmetric enemy control, we should develop and design strategies and tactics to defeat the enemy and comprehensively improve our battlefield adaptability.

Strengthen technological capabilities in line with the trends of “warfare”.

In the intelligent era, the extensive and in-depth application of new-generation military technologies has not only accelerated the pace of warfare, changed the form of war, and given rise to new threats, but also provided more options for combat-oriented training.

Knowledge reshaping elevates cognitive thinking. Cognitive thinking reflects the depth of understanding of warfare and the degree of adaptability to the battlefield. Therefore, some consider cognitive thinking a key foundational element of command ability. In the intelligent era, only those with keen technological awareness and battlefield perception can accurately grasp the battlefield situation, precisely control forces, and flexibly manage actions to gain a combat advantage. It is crucial to strengthen the learning of the latest technologies such as big data, the Internet of Things, cloud computing, and blockchain, and through targeted training, systematically master the characteristics and laws of informationized and intelligent warfare, establish a systemic warfare mindset, and enhance technological effectiveness for realistic combat training.

Simulation interaction optimizes environmental conditions. Virtual simulation technology not only has advantages in reducing material input and lowering safety risks, but also in constructing intelligent warfare scenarios to improve training quality. Emphasis should be placed on utilizing virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality technologies to construct highly immersive and interactive virtual battlefield spaces, providing trainees with realistic visual, auditory, and tactile experiences. Emphasis should also be placed on leveraging intelligent wearable devices, sensor arrays, and virtual simulation systems to construct training scenarios that closely resemble actual combat, supporting trainees in battlefield awareness and action simulation training, and comprehensively improving the quality of combat-oriented training.

Intelligent empowerment revitalizes data and information. In the intelligent era, the multidimensionality of the environment, the diversity of force equipment, and the variety of offensive and defensive confrontations have led to a massive surge of combat training data, making its management and application a major challenge in training practice. Data mining technology should be fully utilized, leveraging big data, algorithms, and large models to transform the vast amounts of scattered behavioral, physiological, and environmental data generated in training practice into quantifiable, traceable, and optimizable digital resources. This will enable the centralized delivery and innovative application of training information. Based on this, a closed-loop management system for training information—”decision-planning-collection-processing-evaluation”—can be established to drive the transformation of combat training from generalized, extensive management to intelligent, precise management.

現代國語：

實戰化訓練作為一種緊貼實戰的高強度針對性訓練，對於提升部隊戰斗力發揮著至關重要的作用，是適應戰爭形態發展、應對復雜安全威脅的必然選項。智能時代，軍事技術的深介入、戰爭爆發的突然性、攻防轉換的快節奏越發凸顯，使得實戰化訓練在需求傳導、環境構建、戰法創新、科技賦能等方面面臨系統性挑戰。為此，應著力構建需求精准映射、對手深度嵌入、戰法靈活有效、技術深度融入的新型訓練管理模式，實現訓練場景與作戰環境同頻共振、訓練內容與作戰行動動態耦合、訓練成果與實戰需求精確對接，全方位提升實戰化訓練綜合質效。

對接“戰”的需求突出依案強訓

智能時代，武器裝備、作戰手段的多樣化，使得作戰行動具有更多變量。實戰化訓練必須對接實戰需求，在實案實情檢驗中校准訓練指向，不斷強化作戰方案柔韌性，提升部隊能力適應性。

作戰牽引校准訓練靶向。作為一種緊貼實戰的訓練形式，實戰化訓練唯有緊扣智能化戰爭需求，將抽象作戰構想轉化為具體訓練課題，將戰略戰役需求解構為可量化、可評估的戰術指標，方能求得最大訓練實效。應突出復雜多變戰場環境下的戰場適應性訓練，強化網電攻防、自主協同、新質融入等重難問題訓練，以確保始終佔據戰場優勢主動。應緊盯前沿作戰理念，動態優化訓練內容，不斷推動實戰與訓練互動耦合，始終保持戰備訓練的高水准。

實踐淬煉強化方案韌性。智能化戰爭節奏緊湊、瞬息萬變，只有在實戰化訓練中歷經反復驗證打磨，才能保證作戰方案的可行性適應性。應構建多功能、智能化、專業化訓練場地體系，在基於實案的訓練中持續推敲指揮決策、兵力運用、作戰協同等關鍵環節，不斷考驗指揮鏈路抗毀性、協同機制穩健性、保障體系持續性。事實上，通過實戰化訓練檢驗完善作戰方案，無論在哪個年代都不過時。諾曼底登陸前，盟軍為提升作戰技能、增強實戰體驗、檢驗協同效率，在斯拉普頓海灘組織參戰部隊開展“猛虎演習”，盡管出現了一系列疏忽失誤，但也發現了指揮通聯、登陸卸載等多項嚴重缺陷，進而通過修訂完善作戰方案、改進問題不足，大大降低了實際作戰傷亡率，為最後登陸作戰行動的成功實施打下了堅實基礎。

任務驅動補強能力短板。高強度近實戰的實戰化訓練，能夠最大程度暴露能力短板缺陷，倒逼部隊制定針對性措施，反哺作戰能力躍升。應緊盯部隊擔負的偵察監視、信息攻防、力量投送、無人作戰等具體任務，在演訓實踐中發現矛盾問題，因地制宜研究對策，補足作戰能力弱環。抗日戰爭百團大戰前，八路軍某部針對鐵路破襲能力薄弱的現實狀況，圍繞偵察警戒、炸藥爆破、拆除搬運等展開針對性強化訓練，大大提高了部隊道路破襲能力，奠定了作戰勝利的重要基礎。

基於“戰”的標准堅持自主對抗

智能時代，智能無人裝備大量運用，新域新質作戰力量不斷湧現，混合博弈、體系對抗的特征更加鮮明，要求實戰化訓練必須基於實戰標准，緊盯強敵對手展開針對性對抗訓練。

敵情復現重構認知基准。對作戰目標體系和對手作戰能力的精准認知，既是打贏智能化戰爭的前提，也是籌劃組織好實戰化訓練的基礎。應緊盯作戰對手，全面、准確、系統掌握其作戰理論、指揮方式、戰法打法、作戰部署、關鍵武器裝備性能等最新軍情動態，進而深研應對策略，鍛造打贏能力，確保戰時料敵於先、出奇制勝。應系統解構未來戰場環境，從戰略域、物理域、網絡域、電磁域等多維空間入手，多法並舉構設與信息化智能化戰爭相匹配的演訓環境，為演練重點課目、尋求制勝招法等提供強力支撐。

紅藍競技催生能力質變。智能化戰爭背景下，實戰化訓練更加強調訓練的針對性、強對抗，要求以更高標准打造模擬“藍軍”力量、設置適配訓練內容，開展好互為對手紅藍對抗訓練。既要抓實戰術對抗訓練，也要抓牢戰役對抗演練，還要抓深戰略博弈對抗推演，落地落位各層級實戰化訓練。既要注重虛擬仿真對抗演訓，也要關注實兵實裝對抗演練，虛實結合為實戰化訓練提供強力支持。既要呈現出作戰對手的編制規模、武器裝備，更要反映出其戰法運用、體系運轉，為實戰化訓練提供可靠可信“試金石”。

極限磨礪鍛造體系能力。只有對標對表實戰，以“戰”的標准強度組織實戰化訓練，才能客觀檢驗部隊戰斗力水平，推動部隊體系能力提升。要依據具體敵情、復雜戰場，深度預想突發情況，從應對最困難、最復雜、最被動局面出發，多設險局、僵局、難局、危局、殘局，在近似實戰的環境中培養敢打必勝的信心勇氣、險中求勝的應變能力，全面檢驗和錘煉部隊實戰能力。

錨定“戰”的效能創新戰法打法

智能時代的作戰行動呈現出一些全新特征，更加強調信息主導、體系集成，更加強調精確調控、精准釋能，這也要求實戰化訓練要錨定作戰效能，在創新戰法打法上尋求更多行之有效的方法措施。

研訓一體驅動戰術革新。行之有效的戰術，往往在實戰實訓中逐步凝練形成。借助實戰化訓練這一“淬火”環節，可以最大限度暴露戰術運用弱點，牽引推動戰法打法破舊立新、修訂完善。應基於實用管用根本導向，強化戰法訓法創新運用，在理論攻關和演訓實踐中深度解析作戰樣式、能力鏈路、節點樞紐、力量編組和戰法手段等，加快推動新域新質體系融入、新型作戰概念落地見效，量身打造抗敵制敵的“撒手鐧”“戰法集”。

真打實訓推動戰法檢驗。停留在理論層面的戰法是沒有生命力的，只有歷經真打實訓反復檢驗的戰法才能迅速適應未來戰場。因此，實戰化訓練更加強調戰法打法源於實踐、驗於實踐、用於實踐。要通過反復開展模擬訓練、仿真推演、實兵實裝演練，形成科學適用的指揮要則、行動要點、保障要義，在實踐中檢驗、豐富和完善戰法打法，全面適應未來信息化智能化戰爭。

因時順勢推進戰法演進。無論時代如何變遷，出敵不意、靈活機動始終是戰法運用的“魂”，是獲取戰場主動的前提。智能時代，模型算法支撐下的新裝備、新戰法不斷湧現，只有緊跟軍事變革潮流主動解析戰爭規律、制勝機理，先人一步挖掘戰法、更新戰法，才能保證戰時先敵一步布勢、先敵一步發力。近幾場局部戰爭沖突，一再向我們展示新型作戰概念的真切運用，新型戰法打法的層出不窮。應聚焦強敵靶標，直面威脅挑戰，積極適變、主動求變，基於靈活機動、非對稱制敵等作戰理念，開發設計克敵之策、制敵之計，全面提升戰場適應能力。

緊扣“戰”的趨向強化科技賦能

智能時代，由於新一代軍事技術的廣泛深度運用，在加速作戰節奏、改變戰爭形態、催生新型威脅的同時，也為實戰化訓練提供了更多選項。

知識重塑抬升認知思維。思維認知能力反映對戰爭的認識高度，折射對戰場的適應程度。因此，有人將思維認知能力看作指揮能力的關鍵基礎要素。在智能時代，只有具備敏銳的科技認知、戰場感知，才可能在戰時精准掌握戰場態勢、精密調控力量、靈活控制行動，取得作戰優勢勝勢。要注重強化大數據、物聯網、雲計算、區塊鏈等最新科技知識學習，並通過針對性訓練，系統掌握信息化智能化戰爭特性規律，樹牢體系化戰爭思維，為實戰化訓練疊加科技效能。

仿真交互優化環境條件。虛擬仿真技術不僅在減少耗材投入、降低安全風險方面佔據優勢，而且在構設智能化戰爭場景提高訓練質量方面具有優勢。應注重運用虛擬現實、增強現實、混合現實等技術，構建高度沉浸式可交互的虛擬戰場空間，為受訓人員提供視覺、聽覺、觸覺的真實感受。應注重依托智能穿戴設備、傳感器陣列和虛擬仿真系統等，構建貼近實戰的訓練場景，支撐受訓人員展開戰場感知、行動模擬等訓練，全面提升實戰化訓練的質量層次。

智能賦能盤活數據信息。智能時代，環境空間的多維性、力量裝備的多元性、攻防對抗的多樣性，使得實戰化訓練數據信息海量湧現，其管理運用也成為訓練實踐中的一大難題。應充分利用數據挖掘技術，借助大數據、算法、大模型等，將訓練實踐中大量離散的行為數據、生理數據、環境數據等轉化為可量化、可追溯、可優化的數字資源，進而實現訓練信息的歸口推送、創新運用。在此基礎上，通過形成訓練信息“決策—計劃—采集—處理—評估”閉環管理體系，推動實戰化訓練從概略粗放管理向智能精准管理轉變。

中國軍網國防部網 // 2025年10月31日星期四

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2025-10-31&paperNumber=03&articleid=964349

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Infratsructure, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare

Chinese Military Adhering to Integrated Development of Mechanization, Informatization & Intelligence

08/20/2025 admin Leave a comment

中國軍隊堅持機械化、資訊化、智慧化融合發展

現代英語：

Adhere to the integrated development of mechanized informatization and intelligence

——Seriously study, publicize and implement the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China

The report to the 20th CPC National Congress emphasized “upholding the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence,” elevating the requirement for the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence (hereinafter referred to as the “three modernizations”) to a new strategic level. To thoroughly study, publicize, and implement the spirit of the 20th CPC National Congress and strive to achieve the goals of the PLA’s centenary, we must focus on understanding and grasping the primary characteristics, profound mechanisms, basic principles, and strategic measures of the integrated development of the “three modernizations,” and effectively promote their implementation.

Recognize the main characteristics of the integrated development of the “three transformations”

Mechanization, informatization, and intelligence are progressive and interdependent. From a chronological perspective, the three transformations did not originate simultaneously. Without the prerequisites and foundations of the previous transformations, the subsequent transformations could not occur and develop. For example, without mechanization, there would be no informatization. Informatization requires the physical substance provided by mechanization. Without mechanized combat platforms and ammunition as carriers of information nodes, the “connectivity” of informatization would be lost. Informatization is the nucleus of intelligence. Without the sufficient computing power and data provided by advanced informatization, the next generation of artificial intelligence cannot achieve the chain breakthroughs it promises. Without a solid foundation of mechanization, a military cannot advance informatization, and without a solid foundation of mechanization and informatization, it cannot effectively advance intelligence.

Based on this understanding, it’s difficult to leapfrog mechanization and informatization to embrace intelligence. Generally speaking, the latter can only replace the former in specific areas, not completely replace or surpass it. If the foundation of the former’s core technologies, foundational areas, and key stages is not solid, bottlenecks and shortcomings will be difficult to address quickly. Not only will these bottlenecks be difficult to address with the latter, but their weak foundation will also hinder the latter’s development, hindering overall development. If we skip mechanization and informatization and shift our focus entirely to intelligence, haste may lead to failure.

Mechanization, informatization, and intelligence will overlap and coexist for a long time. The term “basic mechanization” generally refers to the fact that mechanization has reached a late stage of development, with its contribution to combat effectiveness having already experienced diminishing returns. Further investment in mechanization will significantly reduce the cost-effectiveness. This does not mean that there will be no more mechanization construction tasks; it simply means that the proportion of investment in informatization and intelligence will gradually decrease compared to informatization and intelligence. Informatization is not the end of mechanization; a certain degree of mechanization will continue during the informatization process. Similarly, intelligence is not the end of mechanization and informatization; a certain degree of informatization and mechanization will continue during the intelligence process. Each of the “three transformations” is only a construction focus for a specific historical period; no one “transformation” is exclusive to any given period.

Based on this understanding, we cannot pursue a “starting from scratch” approach, overthrowing mechanization and informatization in favor of intelligentization. The “three transformations” cannot be viewed in isolation. They are meant to be inclusive, integrated, and mutually exclusive, not selective. The subsequent transformation does not negate or terminate the previous one, nor does it mean discarding the achievements of the previous one and starting over with a new one. We must ensure a smooth transition and gradual upgrade of the combat system from mechanization to informatization and then to intelligentization. Taking intelligentization as an example, intelligentization does not mean completely overthrowing the existing informatized combat system and establishing a completely new, independent intelligent combat system.

Intelligent informationization uses the virtual to control the real, empowering and increasing efficiency in mechanization. The “real” here primarily refers to “hardware,” represented by physical entities such as combat platforms and ammunition, while the “virtual” primarily refers to “software,” centered around combat data and algorithms. While mechanization primarily relies on hardware development, informationization and intelligentization primarily rely on software development, optimizing and upgrading hardware and increasing its efficiency through software. In terms of development priorities, payloads surpass platforms, software surpasses payloads, and algorithms surpass software. Software costs in informationization and intelligentization far exceed hardware costs.

Based on this understanding, we must not pursue development that prioritizes hardware over software or creates a disconnect between the virtual and the real. In the era of intelligence, if the supporting software and core algorithms that serve as the “brains” of weapons and equipment lag behind, even the highest hardware performance indicators will be merely “inflated,” and it will be difficult to realize its combat potential in actual combat. Military combat practice demonstrates that in the era of intelligence, we should prioritize the development of general-purpose chips and core algorithms for military intelligence technology from the outset to avoid being caught in a passive position.

Clarify the profound mechanism of the integrated development of the “three transformations”

The integrated development of the “three transformations” is not a simple mixing, combination, or compounding of the “three transformations,” but rather a process of mutual inclusion, mutual penetration, and mutual promotion. From “you are you, I am me” to “you are in me, I am in you,” and then to “you are me, I am you,” achieving a seamless blend and unity, generating cumulative, aggregate, and multiplier effects, and achieving a qualitative leap in overall combat effectiveness. The integrated development of the “three transformations” primarily follows the following mechanisms:

Advantage-overlaying mechanism. Whether mechanization, informatization, or intelligentization, the supporting technology clusters for each “transformation” will give rise to a series of new weaponry and equipment, generate new combat forces, and ultimately form new combat capabilities with different operational mechanisms. The combined advantages of these new combat capabilities with existing combat capabilities can produce a systemic emergence effect, greatly enhancing the overall combat capability of the military; it can enrich one’s own combat means, methods, and approaches, and put the enemy in a dilemma of multiple difficulties.

Upgrade and expansion mechanism. Informatization, through the digital transformation and networking of various mechanized combat platforms, aggregates and upgrades mechanized combat systems into informationized combat systems, resulting in a qualitative leap in combat effectiveness. Intelligence can also be integrated with mechanization and informatization through upgrades and expansions. On the one hand, intelligent technologies are used to upgrade the control systems of mechanized combat platforms, continuously enhancing the autonomous combat capabilities of individual weapons and equipment. On the other hand, intelligent technologies are used to optimize and upgrade informationized combat systems, significantly enhancing their capabilities in information acquisition, transmission, processing, sharing, and security, and comprehensively improving the combat capabilities of the system.

A mechanism for addressing shortcomings and replacing them. The history of military development shows that as a particular “industry” develops, it often encounters bottlenecks that are difficult to resolve with its own technological system alone. This necessitates the urgent need for innovative solutions using the technical means and development strategies of other “industries.” Currently, machinery is becoming increasingly sophisticated and complex, making its design and control increasingly difficult. Informatization has led to an “information explosion,” making it increasingly difficult to quickly translate this information into decision-making information. These problems are difficult to effectively address within the technological systems of mechanization and informatization alone. However, the application of intelligent technology can effectively overcome bottlenecks in mechanical control and information processing capabilities. Furthermore, technological breakthroughs in the first “industry” can offset the shortcomings of the second. For example, hypersonic missiles can outpace the response capabilities of networked and informationized defense systems, enabling rapid penetration, which to some extent offsets an adversary’s information advantage.

Grasp the basic principles of the integrated development of the “three transformations”

In promoting the integrated development of the “three transformations”, we should focus on the following basic principles:

The principle of mutual promotion and symbiosis. Each “transformation” differs fundamentally in its combat effectiveness generation mechanisms and development goals. The simultaneous and parallel development of the three transformations presents both favorable conditions for mutual enhancement, mutual promotion, and mutual support, but also unfavorable factors such as competition over development areas, resource allocation, and investment volume. We must ensure that the three transformations form a healthy symbiotic relationship within the overall development process, avoiding conflicts, frictions, and constraints that could lead to a situation where 1+1+1 is less than 3, and strive to achieve systemic emergence and synergistic effects.

The principle of overall coordination. The importance of the “three transformations” is not ranked in order of importance. We should not emphasize one at the expense of the others. Instead, the three transformations should be considered as a system, coordinated and advanced as a whole. While informatization and intelligentization appear more advanced and complex, we should not assume that mechanization is low-end, simple, and easy to implement, or that the importance of mechanization can be ignored with the advent of informatization and intelligentization. On the one hand, if mechanization is not fully implemented, it will hinder progress and become a bottleneck restricting overall development. Similarly, without the sufficient computing power and data provided by full informatization, the next generation of artificial intelligence cannot achieve a series of breakthroughs. On the other hand, mechanization also has high-end cutting-edge fields such as hypersonic aircraft and deep-sea submersibles that can have a disruptive effect.

The principle of prioritizing key areas. Total investment in national defense and military development is limited. Given a relatively fixed overall budget, investing more in one area will inevitably result in less investment in others. We should accurately assess the contribution of each area to combat effectiveness over the coming period, identify the area that will most significantly increase combat effectiveness as the priority for development, rationally allocate resources in a prioritized manner, and scientifically determine the direction and amount of investment. Failure to prioritize the development of the “three areas” and applying a “sprinkle pepper” approach to each area can easily result in a low input-output ratio and may even cause military development to stray from its correct trajectory.

Strengthening strategic measures for the integrated development of “three transformations”

In practice, we should strive to change the inertial thinking of relying on latecomer advantages and unconsciously falling into the habit of following development, strive to get out of the passive catch-up development model, and turn to the pursuit of concurrent advantages and first-mover advantages. We should develop intelligence on the basis of existing mechanization and informatization, and at the same time use intelligence to drive mechanization and informatization to a higher level. We should use the integrated development of the “three transformations” as a powerful engine to promote the transformation and development of the military and achieve a comprehensive leap in the overall construction level.

We must effectively strengthen top-level design and overall coordination for the integrated development of the “three transformations.” We must fully recognize the long-term, complex, and arduous nature of the integrated development of the “three transformations,” adhere to the unity of technological and conceptual integration, and avoid simply applying the existing mechanization and informatization construction model to the integrated development of the “three transformations.” We must also avoid generalization and labeling of the “three transformations.” We must strengthen top-level design and overall coordination with strong organizational leadership, streamline multiple relationships, pool the strengths of all parties, and create a positive synergy.

Proactively plan key areas for the integrated development of the three transformations. First, address areas where one transformation affects and constrains the development of others. Quickly identify technical bottlenecks within each transformation, compile a list of these bottlenecks, and increase investment in focused research to address these shortcomings as quickly as possible. Second, address areas where one transformation could potentially offset the achievements of others. During the integrated development of the three transformations, even after one has become dominant, we should still prioritize developing new operational mechanisms within the others, potentially disrupting the strategic balance and generating disruptive impacts, potentially even offsetting the achievements of the others. Third, address areas where the three transformations intersect and intersect. The “edge zones, intersections, and junctions” of the three transformations are also crucial for rapidly generating new qualitative combat capabilities. Currently, we should particularly proactively plan for areas such as “ubiquitous network plus” and “artificial intelligence plus.”

(Author’s unit: Academy of Military Science, Institute of War Studies)

中國軍網國防部網
2022年11月10日星期四

現代國語：

黨的二十大報告強調“堅持機械化信息化智能化融合發展”，把機械化信息化智能化（以下簡稱“三化”）融合發展要求提升到新的戰略高度。深入學習宣傳貫徹黨的二十大精神，奮力實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標，應著力認清把握「三化」融合發展的主要特徵、深刻機理、基本原則和戰略舉措，切實推動「三化」融合發展落地落實。

認清「三化」融合發展的主要特徵

機械化資訊化智能化逐次遞進有序依存。從時序來看，「三化」不是同時起源的，沒有前一「化」作為前提和基礎，就沒有後一「化」的發生和發展。例如，沒有機械化就沒有資訊化。資訊化建設需要機械化建設提供物理實體，沒有機械化作戰平台和彈藥作為資訊節點的載體，資訊化的「聯」就失去了物件。資訊化是智慧化的孕育母體。沒有高度資訊化提供足夠的算力和數據，新一代人工智慧也不可能產生鍊式突破。一支軍隊沒有一定的機械化基礎，就無法推進資訊化，沒有一定的機械化資訊化基礎，也無法很好地推進智慧化。

基於這個認識，我們難以跨越機械化資訊化直接擁抱智慧化。通常說來，後一「化」對前一「化」只有在個別領域可以替代，而不可能全局替代或全面跨越。如果前一「化」的核心技術、基礎領域和關鍵階段的「底子」打得不牢，出現瓶頸和短板時將無法在短時間內彌補，不但難以被後一「化」解決，反而會因基礎不牢影響後一「化」發展，進而拖累整體發展。如果跳過機械化、資訊化，把建設重點全面轉向智慧化，可能欲速則不達。

機械化資訊化智能化相互交疊長期並存。通常所說的基本實現機械化，意思是機械化發展到後期，其戰鬥力貢獻已經產生了邊際遞減效應，繼續加大機械化投入，效費比將大大降低。但這並不意味著此後就沒有任何機械化建設任務了，只是與資訊化、智慧化相比對其投入比重將逐步降低。資訊化不是機械化的終結，資訊化過程中還有一定的機械化，智能化也不是機械化、資訊化的終結，智能化過程中還有一定的資訊化、機械化。「三化」中的每一「化」都只是某一歷史時期的建設重點，不存在某一時期被某一「化」排他性獨佔的情況。

基於這個認識，我們不能搞推翻機械化資訊化，專搞智慧化的「另起爐灶」式發展。不能以割裂的觀點看待“三化”，“三化”是“三合一”式的兼容並蓄，不是“三選一”式的互斥排他。後一「化」不是對前一「化」的否定和終結，不是摒棄前一「化」所取得的發展成果推倒重來另搞一套，必須確保作戰體係由機械化到資訊化再到智能化的平滑過渡和漸進升級。以智慧化為例，智慧化絕不是顛覆性地推倒原有資訊化作戰體系，另建一個全新的獨立的智慧化作戰體系。

智慧化資訊化對機械化以虛控實、賦能增效。這裡所說的“實”主要是指以作戰平台、彈藥等物理實體為代表的“硬體”，“虛”主要是指以作戰數據、演算法等為核心的“軟體”。機械化以硬體建置為主，資訊化和智慧化則以軟體建置為主，透過軟體對硬體進行最佳化升級和賦能增效。在建置優先順序上，載重超越平台、軟體超越載重、演算法超越軟體，資訊化和智慧化建設中的軟體成本遠超硬體成本。

基於這個認識，我們不能搞「重硬輕軟」或「虛實脫節」式發展。進入智能化時代，如果作為武器裝備“大腦”的配套軟體和核心演算法落後，其硬體性能指標再高都只是“虛高”，實戰中很難發揮出作戰潛能。軍事鬥爭實踐表明，進入智慧化時代，應在一開始就注重軍事智慧技術的通用晶片和核心演算法研發，避免陷入被動。

明晰「三化」融合發展的深刻機理

「三化」融合發展，不是「三化」簡單的混合、化合或複合，而是相互包容、相互滲透、相互促進。從“你是你、我是我”變成“你中有我、我中有你”，進而變成“你就是我、我就是你”，達到水乳交融、合而為一的程度，並產生疊加效應、聚合效應和倍增效應，實現整體戰鬥力質的躍升。「三化」融合發展主要遵循以下機制：

優勢疊加機理。不管是機械化、資訊化或智慧化，每一「化」的支援技術群都會催生出一系列新型武器裝備，產生新型作戰力量，最終形成具有不同作戰機理的新質作戰能力。這些新質作戰能力與原有作戰能力綜合運用優勢疊加，能夠產生系統湧現效應，大大提升軍隊整體作戰能力；能夠豐富己方作戰手段、作戰方式和方法，使敵方陷入顧此失彼的多重困境。

升級拓展機理。資訊化透過對各類機械化作戰平台進行數位化改造和網路化鏈接，將機械化作戰體系聚合升級為資訊化作戰體系，催生戰鬥力產生質的飛躍。智慧化也可透過升級拓展方式，與機械化、資訊化融為一體。一方面，運用智慧技術升級機械化作戰平台的操控系統，不斷提升其單件武器裝備的自主作戰能力。另一方面，運用智慧技術優化升級資訊化作戰體系，使其資訊取得、傳輸、處理、共享、安全等能力均大幅增強，體係作戰能力全面提升。

補短替代機理。從軍隊建設歷史來看，某一「化」在深化發展過程中，往往會出現僅靠自身技術體系難以解決的瓶頸問題，迫切需要其他「化」的技術手段和發展思路另闢蹊徑來解決。目前，機械越來越精密複雜，設計和控制難度越來越大；資訊化導致“資訊爆炸”，快速轉化為決策資訊的難度越來越大，這些問題在機械化、資訊化自身技術體系內難以得到有效解決，而運用智慧技術可有效突破機械操控能力、資訊處理能力的瓶頸。此外，前一「化」所產生的技術突破也可能抵消後一「化」的不足。如高超音波飛彈速度可以超出網路化資訊化防禦體系的反應能力實現快速突防，這在一定程度上抵消了對手的資訊優勢。

掌握「三化」融合發展的基本原則

在推動「三化」融合發展過程中，應著重於以下基本原則：

互促共生原則。各「化」在戰鬥力生成機制、建設發展目標等方面有著本質不同，「三化」同時並行發展，既存在著相互提升、相互促進、相互支撐的有利條件，也可能存在著發展領域方向、資源投向投量之爭等不利因素。應確保「三化」在建設全局形成良性共生關係，避免相互衝突、摩擦、掣肘造成1+1+1<3的不良後果，力求產生系統湧現及協同效應。

整體協調原則。 “三化”的重要性並不分高下，不能只強調某一“化”，而忽視其他“化”，應把“三化”視為一個體系整體協調推進。雖然資訊化、智慧化似乎更為高級和複雜，但不能認為機械化就是低端、簡單和易於實現的，或者說有了資訊化和智慧化，機械化的重要性就可以忽略。一方面，如果機械化完成度不高，就會拖後腿，成為限制整體發展的瓶頸。同樣，沒有充分資訊化後提供的足夠算力和數據，新一代人工智慧也不可能產生鍊式突破。另一方面，機械化也存在高超音波速飛行器、深海潛水器等可產生顛覆性效果的高端前緣領域。

突出重點原則。國防和軍隊建設的總投入是有限的，在「大盤子」相對固定的情況下，在某一「化」上投入得多，必然在其他「化」上投入得少。應準確評估今後一段時期每一「化」對戰力的貢獻率，把最能提升戰鬥力增量的一「化」確定為建設重點，有主有次地合理分配資源，科學確定投向投量。「三化」建設重點不突出，對各「化」建設採取「撒胡椒麵」式平均用力，容易造成投入產出比不高，甚至可能導致軍隊建設偏離正確的發展方向。

強化「三化」融合發展的策略性舉措

實踐中，應努力轉變依賴後發優勢、不自覺陷入跟隨發展的慣性思維，努力走出被動追趕的發展模式，轉向追求並發優勢、先發優勢，在現有機械化和信息化基礎上來發展智能化，同時用智能化牽引機械化和信息化向更高層次發展，把“三化”集成發展作為軍隊發展的強躍水平，實現整體建設的整體水平的全面建設。

切實加強「三化」融合發展的頂層設計和統籌協調。應充分認識「三化」融合發展的長期性複雜性艱鉅性，堅持技術融合與理念融合相統一，防止簡單套用機械化資訊化原有建設模式抓「三化」融合發展，避免「三化」融合被「泛化」和「貼標籤」。應以強而有力的組織領導加強頂層設計和統籌協調，理順多重關係，匯聚各方力量，形成正向合力。

前瞻佈局「三化」融合發展重點領域。一是某一「化」影響限制其他「化」發展的短板弱項領域。盡快整理各「化」中的技術瓶頸，拉出「卡脖子」技術清單，並加大投入集中攻關，盡快補齊短板。二是某一「化」可能抵銷其他「化」建設成果的質變顛覆領域。在「三化」融合發展過程中，當某一「化」成為主導後，仍應高度注重發展其他「化」中採用新的作戰機理，可能打破戰略平衡並產生顛覆性影響，甚至可能在一定程度上抵消其他「化」建設成果的技術領域。三是「三化」相互交叉鄰接領域。「三化」的「邊緣帶、交叉點、接合部”，同樣也是快速催生新質戰鬥力的重要領域，當前尤其應前瞻佈局「泛在網路+」和「人工智慧+」等領域。

（作者單位：軍事科學學院戰爭研究院）

中國軍網國防部網
2022年11月10日星期四

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4926673.html

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Chinese Military’s Brief Analysis of Multi-dimensional Central Warfare

07/23/2025 admin Leave a comment

中國軍隊多維中心戰淺析

現代英語：

2023-09-27 11:58:xx

Source: Guangming Military

Since the 1990s, the concepts of multi-dimensional central warfare, such as network-centric warfare, personnel-centric warfare, action-centric warfare, and decision-centric warfare, have been proposed one after another. The evolution of the concept of multi-dimensional central warfare reflects the overall goal of seeking advantages such as platform effectiveness, information empowerment, and decision-making intelligence by relying on military science and technology advantages, and also reflects the contradictory and unified relationship between people and equipment, strategy and skills, and the strange and the normal. Dialectically understanding these contradictory and unified relationships with centralized structured thinking makes it easier to grasp the essential connotation of its tactics and its methodological significance.

Strengthen the integration of the “human” dimension in the combination of people and equipment

The concepts of personnel-centric warfare and platform-centric warfare largely reflect the relationship between people and weapons and equipment. Some have specially formulated human dimension strategies, emphasizing continuous investment in the human dimension of combat effectiveness, which is the most reliable guarantee for dealing with an uncertain future. Since the beginning of the 21st century, with the rapid development of intelligent weapons and equipment, unmanned combat has emerged, and voices questioning the status and role of people have arisen one after another. It is imperative to strengthen the integration of the human dimension and enhance the synergy of the human dimension.

First, we need to enhance spiritual cohesion. Marxism believes that consciousness is the reflection of objective matter in the human mind. Tactics are the expression and summary of combat experience, and they themselves have spiritual or conscious forms. When studying tactics, we naturally need to put spiritual factors first. Some scholars believe that war is still fundamentally a contest of human will. In the information age, people’s spirits are richer and more complex, and enhancing the spiritual cohesion of the human dimension is more challenging and difficult. To enhance people’s spiritual cohesion, we need to coordinate the cultivation of collective spirit and individual spirit, maximize the satisfaction of individual spiritual needs in leading the collective spirit, realize individual spiritual pursuits in shaping the value of collective spirit, and empower people’s spirit with all available and useful information; we need to coordinate the cultivation of critical spirit and innovative spirit, adhere to the tactical epistemology of dialectical materialism, resolutely oppose idealism and mechanism in tactical cognition, and constantly inherit and innovate in criticism; we need to coordinate the cultivation of fighting spirit and scientific spirit, and promote the revolutionary spirit of facing death with courage and winning, and promote the spirit of winning by science and technology.

The second is to enhance the organizational structure. Organizations are the organs of the military, and people are the cells of the organization. The settings of military organizations in different countries have their own characteristics and commonalities. For example, the Ministry of National Defense is generally set up to distinguish between the structure of military branches, hierarchical structures and regional structures, and to distinguish between peacetime and wartime organizations. Although the purpose of construction and war is the same, the requirements for the unity of construction and the flexibility of war are different. To enhance the organizational structure and promote the consistency of war and construction, it is necessary to smooth the vertical command chain, reasonably define the command power and leadership power, command power and control power, so that the government and orders complement each other, and enhance the vertical structural strength of the organization; it is necessary to open up horizontal coordination channels, explore the establishment of normalized cross-domain (organizations, institutions, departments) coordination channels, change the simple task-based coordination model, and enhance the horizontal structural strength of the organization; it is necessary to improve the peace-war conversion mechanism, focus on the organization connection, adjustment and improvement in the change of leadership or command power of the troops, and maintain the stability and reliability of the organizational structure network.

The third is to enhance material support. The spiritual strength of people in combat can be transformed into material strength, but spiritual strength cannot be separated from the support of material strength. To enhance material support and thus realize the organic unity of material and spirit, it is necessary to ensure combat equipment, bedding, food, and medical care, build good learning venues, training facilities, and re-education channels, provide good technical services in combat regulations, physiological medicine, etc., help design diversified and personalized capacity improvement plans and career development plans, and provide strong material and technical support for the development of people’s physical fitness, skills, and intelligence, and thus comprehensively improve people’s adaptability and combat effectiveness in the uncertain battlefield environment of the future.

Deepen the practice of the “skill” dimension in the combination of combat and skills

The combination of combat skills is an important principle of tactical application. The technology includes not only the technology at the practical operation level (such as shooting technology), but also the technology at the theoretical application level (such as information technology). It can be said that tactics, technology, art and procedures together constitute its “combat methodology”. Scientific and technological development and scientific technology are important characteristics of scientific and technological development. To deepen the combination of combat skills, it is necessary to correctly grasp the relationship between technology and tactics, art and procedures, and continuously deepen the practice of the “skill” dimension.

First, promote the tacticalization of advanced technology. Technology determines tactics, which is the basic view of dialectical materialism’s tactical theory. The evolution of the concept of multi-dimensional central warfare is also an example of technology driving the development and change of tactics. Engels once pointed out: “The entire organization and combat methods of the army and the related victory or defeat… depend on the quality and quantity of the population and on technology.” However, technology-driven tactics have a “lag effect”, especially in the absence of actual combat traction. This requires actively promoting the military transformation of advanced civilian technologies and the tactical application of advanced military technologies. On the one hand, we must actively introduce advanced civilian technologies, especially accelerate the introduction and absorption of cutting-edge technologies such as deep neural networks and quantum communication computing; on the other hand, we must strengthen tactical training of advanced technology equipment, closely combine technical training with tactical training, and promote the formation of new tactics and new combat capabilities with new equipment as soon as possible.

Second, promote the technicalization of command art. “Art” is a highly subjective concept. Some Chinese and foreign scholars believe that “the art of command is rooted in the commander’s ability to implement leadership to maximize performance”, while others believe that “the art of command is the way and method for commanders to implement flexible, clever and creative command”. Chinese and foreign scholars generally regard command as an art. The main reason is that although command has objective basis and support such as combat regulations, superior orders and technical support, the more critical factor lies in the commander’s subjective initiative and creativity, which is difficult to quantify by technical means. With the development of disciplines and technologies such as cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience, the cognitive structure and mechanism of command will become more explicit, the mysterious veil of “command art” will gradually fade, and the technicalization of command art will become an inevitable trend. This requires continuous strengthening of technical thinking, continuous deepening of the construction of artificial intelligence-assisted command decision-making means, continuous deepening of the application of human brain decision-making mechanisms, practical use of technology to deconstruct art, and continuous promotion of the technicalization of command art.

The third is to promote the regulation of combat technology. Many scholars place technology on a position that is almost as important as tactics. This insistence on the integrated development of tactical regulation and the regulation of specialized military technology and special combat technology is an important way to promote the systematic and standardized construction of combat regulations and further achieve the integration and unification of tactics and technology at the legal level.

Seeking the advantage of the “odd” dimension in combining the odd and the regular

The odd and the even are a basic contradictory structure of tactics, with inherent identity. Without the odd, there is no even, and without the even, there is no odd; either the odd or the even, ever-changing. The choice of the odd and the even is the category of decision-centered warfare, and the application of the odd and the even is the category of action-centered warfare. In the 1990s, the theories of asymmetric warfare, non-contact warfare, and non-linear warfare were proposed. If “symmetric warfare, contact warfare, and linear warfare” are even, then “asymmetric warfare, non-contact warfare, and non-linear warfare” can be called odd. From the perspective of natural science, “symmetry, contact, and linear” are general, and “asymmetry, non-contact, and non-linear” are detailed. It is an inevitable requirement to grasp the dimension of “odd” in the combination of odd, odd, and even, and to seek the advantages of the “three nons”.

First, seek “asymmetric” advantages. “Symmetry” and “asymmetry” originally refer to the morphological characteristics of things or space. Symmetrical warfare is a battle between two troops of the same type, and asymmetric warfare is a battle between two different types of troops. The theory of asymmetric warfare requires the scientific and reasonable organization of troops, combat forces and weapon systems of different military services, deployment in a wide area, and the concentration of superior forces to deal a fatal blow to the enemy at the best combat opportunity, and then quickly redeploy the forces. Due to the limited combat power, the troops have positive asymmetric advantages and negative asymmetric disadvantages. Seeking asymmetric advantages and avoiding asymmetric disadvantages is the common expectation of the warring parties, which will lead to such a situation that the warring parties cycle back and forth between symmetry and asymmetry. Therefore, to seek “asymmetric” advantages, it is necessary to seek asymmetry in combat power, combat capability, combat command and other aspects, adhere to and carry forward “avoid the strong and attack the weak, avoid the real and attack the virtual”, “you fight yours, I fight mine”, and effectively play advantages and avoid disadvantages in asymmetry. For example, when weapons and equipment are symmetrical, strive to gain an asymmetric advantage in personnel capabilities; when forces are symmetrical, strive to gain an asymmetric advantage in command art.

The second is to seek “non-contact” advantages. “Contact” and “non-contact” are a description of the distance between different things. Contact in the military field is usually defined by the projection distance of weapons. The concept of “non-contact combat” originated from World War II and was created during the Cold War. The connotation of contact combat and non-contact combat changes with the change of the striking distance of weapons and equipment. The warring parties always seek to attack each other at a farther distance or in a wider space without being threatened. Since the 1990s, the theory of “non-contact combat” has been used in many local wars. Non-contact combat is a combat action style that implements long-range precision strikes outside the defense zone while being far away from the opponent. Non-contact combat embodies the idea of winning by technology, flexible mobility, and center of gravity strikes. With the rapid development of military science and technology, the armies of major countries in the world will have the ability to perceive and strike globally, and the connotation of “non-contact” will be further compressed to space, cognitive domain and other space fields. To this end, on the one hand, we must base ourselves on the reality of “contact combat”, learn from each other’s strengths and overcome our weaknesses in contact, and continuously accumulate advantages; on the other hand, we must expand the space for “non-contact combat”, seize the initiative and seize the opportunity in non-contact, and continuously expand our advantages.

The third is to seek “nonlinear” advantages. “Linear” and “nonlinear” usually refer to people’s thinking or behavior patterns. The movement of all things in the universe is complex and mostly nonlinear, while human cognition always tends to be simple, abstract, and linear, and has invented concepts such as logic lines, time lines, and linear mathematics. In military science, the transition from linear operations to nonlinear operations reflects the development and progress of military technology theory. Since the second half of the 20th century, nonlinear operations have been on the historical stage. Some scholars have pointed out that in linear operations, each unit mainly acts in a coordinated manner along a clear front line of its own side. The key is to maintain the relative position between its own units to enhance the safety of the units; in nonlinear operations, each unit simultaneously carries out combat operations from multiple selected bases along multiple combat lines. The key is to create specific effects at multiple decision points against the target. Linear operations mainly reflect the action-centered warfare idea, while nonlinear operations mainly reflect the target-centered warfare idea. To this end, on the one hand, we must deepen the use of linear warfare and make full use of its practical value in facilitating command, coordination and support; on the other hand, we must boldly try non-linear warfare and maximize its potential advantages of extensive mobility and full-dimensional jointness. (Yin Tao, Deng Yunsheng, Sun Dongya)

現代國語：

2023-09-27 11:58:xx

來源：光明軍事
自1990年代以來，網路中心戰、人員中心戰、行動中心戰、決策中心戰等多維度的中心戰概念先後被提出。多維度中心戰概念的演變，反映了依靠軍事科技優勢尋求平台效能、資訊賦能、決策智能等優勢的總體目標，更反映了人與裝、謀與技、奇與正等方面的對立統一關係。以中心式結構化思維辯證地認識這些對立統一關係，更便於掌握其戰術的本質內涵及其方法論意義。
強化人裝結合中「人」維度融合
人員中心戰與平台中心戰概念很大程度上反映的是人與武器裝備的關係。有的專門制定人維度策略，強調在戰鬥力的人維度進行持續投入，對於應對不確定的未來是最可靠的保障。進入21世紀以來，隨著智慧化武器裝備的快速發展，無人作戰異軍突起，對人的地位作用的質疑聲音此起彼伏，強化人維度的融合、增強人維度的合力勢在必行。
一是增強精神凝聚力。馬克思主義認為，意識是客觀物質在人腦中的反映。戰術是戰鬥經驗的表現與概括，本身俱有精神或意識上的形態，研究戰術自然要把精神因素放在第一位。有學者認為，戰爭從根本上來說仍然是人類意志的較量。在資訊化時代，人的精神更加豐富複雜，增強人維度精神上的凝聚力，挑戰和難度更高。增強人的精神凝聚力，需要統籌培養集體精神與個體精神，在引領集體精神中最大限度滿足個體精神需求，在培塑集體精神價值中實現個體精神追求，用一切可用、有用的信息賦能人的精神；需要統籌培養批判精神與創新精神，堅持辯證唯物論的戰術知識論，堅決反對戰術認識上的唯心論和機械論，不斷在批判中繼承、在繼承中創新；需要統籌培養戰鬥精神與科學精神，既要弘揚視死如歸、敢打必勝的革命精神，又要發揚科學制勝、技術制勝的精神。

二是增強組織結構力。組織是軍隊的器官，人是組織的細胞。不同國家軍事組織的設置有其特性，也有其共通性。例如普遍設有國防部，區分軍種結構、層級結構與區域結構，區分平時編制與戰時編成。儘管建與戰在目的上是一致的，但是建的統一性與戰的彈性在要求上不盡相同。增強組織結構力進而促進戰建一致，需要暢通縱向指揮鏈路，合理界定指揮權與領導權、指揮權與控制權，做到政令相長，增強組織的縱向結構力；需要打通橫向協同管道，探索建立常態化的跨領域（組織、機構、部門）協同途徑，改變單純的任務式協同模式，增強組織的橫向結構力；需要健全平戰轉換機制，重點關注部隊領導權或指揮權變更中組織銜接、調整和健全等工作，保持組織結構網絡的穩定性、可靠性。
三是增強物質保障力。戰鬥中人的精神力量可以轉化為物質力量，但精神力量也離不開物質力量的支撐。增強物質保障力進而實現物質與精神的有機統一，需要像為決策保障情報、為槍砲保障彈藥、為車輛保障油料一樣，保障好戰鬥裝具、被裝、伙食、醫療，建設好學習場地、訓練設施和再教育渠道，提供好戰條令、生理醫學等方面技術服務，幫助設計多樣化個人化的能力提升計劃、職業發展規劃，為發展人的體能、技能和智能，進而全面提高人在未來不確定性戰場環境中的適應性和戰鬥力，提供堅強的物質和技術支撐。

深化戰技結合中「技」維度實踐
戰技結合是戰術運用的重要原則。其中的技術不僅包括實務操作層面的技術（如射擊技術），也包括理論應用層面的技術（如資訊科技）。可以認為，戰術、技術、藝術和程序共同構成了其「戰鬥方法論」。科學技術化和技術科學化是科學技術發展的重要特徵。深化戰技結合，需要正確掌握技術與戰術、藝術、程序的關係，不斷深化「技」維度實踐。

一是推動先進技術戰術化。技術決定戰術，是辯證唯物論戰術論的基本觀點。多維度中心戰概念的演變，也是技術推動戰術發展變革的例子。恩格斯曾指出：“軍隊的全部組織和作戰方式以及與之有關的勝負……，取決於居民的質與量和取決於技術。”然而，技術推動戰術具有“滯後效應”，尤其在缺少實戰牽引的情況下。這就需要主動推進先進民用技術的軍事轉化和先進軍事技術的戰術應用。一方面，要積極引進民用先進技術，尤其要加速推進深度神經網路、量子通訊運算等尖端技術的引進吸收；另一方面，要加強先進技術裝備戰術訓練，把練技術與練戰術緊密結合起來，推動新裝備盡快形成新戰術和新戰力。
二是推動指揮藝術技術化。「藝術」是一個具有較強主體性的概念。中外學者有的認為“指揮藝術根植於指揮官實施領導以最大限度提高績效的能力”，有的認為“指揮藝術是指揮官實施靈活巧妙和富有創造性指揮的方式與方法”。中外學者普遍將指揮視為藝術，主要原因在於：指揮儘管有作戰條令、上級命令和技術保障等客觀方面的依據和支撐，但更關鍵的因素在於指揮員的主觀能動性和創造性，而這是比較難以用技術手段加以量化的。隨著認知心理學、認知神經科學等學科和技術的發展，指揮的認知結構和作用機制將更加顯性化，「指揮藝術」的神秘面紗將逐漸退去，指揮藝術技術化將會成為必然趨勢。這需要不斷強化技術思維，持續深化人工智慧輔助指揮決策手段建設，持續深化人類大腦決策機理運用，切實用技術解構藝術，不斷推動指揮藝術技術化。

三是推動戰鬥技術條令化。不少學者把技術置於與戰術近乎同等重要的地位。這種堅持戰術條令化與兵種專業技術和專門戰鬥技術條令化的融合發展，是推動戰鬥條令體系化規範化建設，進而實現戰術與技術在法規層面融合統一的重要途徑。

謀求奇正結合中「奇」維度優勢
奇與正是戰術的一種基本矛盾結構，具有內在同一性。無奇便無正，無正也無奇；或奇或正，千變萬化。奇與正的選擇是決策中心戰的範疇，奇與正的運用是行動中心戰的範疇。 1990年代，非對稱作戰、非接觸作戰、非線式作戰理論被提出。若稱「對稱作戰、接觸作戰、線式作戰」為正，則可稱「非對稱作戰、非接觸作戰、非線式作戰」為奇。從自然科學角度來看，「對稱、接觸、線式」是概述的，「非對稱、非接觸、非線式」是詳實的。把握好奇正結合中「奇」的維度，謀取「三非」優勢是必然要求。
一是謀取「非對稱」優勢。「對稱」與「非對稱」本來是對事物或空間的形態特徵的指稱。對稱作戰是兩種相同類型部隊之間的交戰，非對稱作戰是兩種不同類型部隊之間的交戰。非對稱作戰理論要求對不同軍兵種部隊、作戰力量和武器系統進行科學合理編組，在寬廣的地域展開部署，在最佳的作戰時機集中優勢力量給敵人以致命的打擊，然後迅速重新部署力量。由於作戰力量的有限性，部隊有正面的非對稱優勢，就有負面的非對稱劣勢。謀取非對稱優勢、規避非對稱劣勢是交戰雙方的共同期望，進而造成這樣一種局面──交戰雙方在對稱與非對稱之間往復循環。因此，謀取“非對稱”優勢，要謀取作戰力量、作戰能力、作戰指揮等多方面上的非對稱，堅持和發揚“避強擊弱、避實擊虛”“你打你的，我打我的”，在非對稱中有效發揮優勢、規避劣勢。例如，在武器裝備對稱時爭取佔據人員能力上的非對稱優勢，在力量對稱時爭取佔據指揮藝術上的非對稱優勢。
二是謀取「非接觸」優勢。「接觸」與「非接觸」是對不同事物之間距離狀態的一種描述。軍事領域的接觸通常是以武器的投射距離來界定的。「非接觸作戰」的概念起源於二戰，產生於冷戰時期。接觸作戰與非接觸作戰的內涵是隨著武器裝備打擊距離的改變而改變的。交戰雙方也總是謀求在免受威脅的更遠距離或更廣空間攻擊對方。自1990年代以來，「非接觸作戰」理論在多場局部戰爭中被運用。非接觸作戰是在遠離對方的情況下實施防區外遠程精確打擊的作戰行動樣式。非接觸作戰體現了技術制勝、靈活機動、重心打擊的思想。隨著軍事科技的快速發展，世界主要國家軍隊將具備全球感知和全球打擊的能力，「非接觸」的內涵將進一步壓縮至太空、認知域等太空領域。為此，一方面要立足「接觸作戰」實際，在接觸中取長補短、固強補弱，不斷積蓄勝勢；另一方面要拓展「非接觸作戰」空間，在非接觸中搶抓先手、搶佔先機，不斷拓展優勢。
三是謀取「非線式」優勢。「線式」與「非線式」通常是指人的思維或行為模式。宇宙萬物運動是複雜的，大抵是非線式的，而人類的認知總是傾向於簡單的、抽象的、線式的，並發明了邏輯線、時間線以及線性數學等概念。軍事學中，從線式作戰到非線式作戰，反映了軍事技術理論的發展進步。 20世紀下半葉起，非線作戰就登上歷史舞台。有學者指出，線式作戰中各部隊主要沿著明確的己方前沿協調一致行動，關鍵是保持己方部隊之間的相對位置，以增強部隊的安全性；非線式作戰中各部隊從選定的多個基地沿多條作戰線同時實施作戰行動，關鍵是針對目標在多個決定點製造特定效果。線式作戰體現的主要是行動中心戰思想，非線式作戰體現的主要是目標中心戰思想。為此，一方面要深化運用線式作戰，充分利用其便於指揮、協同和保障的實用價值；另一方面要大膽嘗試非線式作戰，最大限度地發揮其廣泛機動、全維聯合的潛在優勢。（殷濤、鄧雲生、孫東亞）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81it.com/2023/0927/14581888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #中國軍事人工智慧武器化, #新興戰爭技術, #智慧化戰爭, #軍事資訊化與智慧化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, 中國軍事智能化, 認知域戰

Chinese Military Comprehensive Observations of Intelligent Warfare: Focus on Anti-AI Operations During Intelligent Warfare

06/13/2025 admin Leave a comment

中國軍隊智慧化戰爭綜合觀察：聚焦智慧化戰爭中的反人工智慧作戰

現代英語：

Focus on anti-AI operations in intelligent warfare

■ Kang Ruizhi and Li Shengjie

introduction

The extensive application of science and technology in the military field has caused profound changes in the form and mode of warfare. The military game between major powers is increasingly manifested in technological subversion and counter-subversion, surprise and counter-surprise, offset and counter-offset. To win the future intelligent war, we must not only continue to promote the deep transformation and application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field, but also strengthen dialectical thinking, adhere to asymmetric thinking, innovate and develop anti-artificial intelligence combat theories and tactics, and proactively plan anti-artificial intelligence technology research and weapons and equipment research and development to achieve “breaking intelligence” and win, and strive to seize the initiative in future wars.

Fully understand the inevitability of anti-AI operations

Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out in “On Contradiction”: “The law of contradiction of things, that is, the law of the unity of opposites, is the most fundamental law of dialectical materialism.” Looking at the history of the development of military technology and its combat application, it has always been full of the dialectical relationship between attack and defense. The phenomenon of mutual game and alternating suppression between the “spear” of technology and the “shield” of corresponding counter-technology is common.

In the era of cold weapons, people not only invented eighteen kinds of weapons such as “knives, guns, swords, and halberds”, but also created corresponding “helmets, armor, and shields”. In the era of hot weapons, the use of gunpowder greatly increased the attack distance and lethality, but also gave rise to technical and tactical innovations represented by defensive fortifications such as “trench” and “bastion”. In the mechanized era, tanks shined in World War II, and people’s development of technical and tactical related to “tank armor” and “anti-tank weapons” continues to this day. In the information age, “electronic attack” and “electronic protection” around information control have set off a new wave of enthusiasm, and electronic countermeasures forces have emerged. In addition, there are countless opposing concepts in the military field such as “missiles” and “anti-missiles”, “unmanned combat” and “anti-unmanned combat”.

It should be noted that “anti-AI warfare”, as the opposing concept of “intelligent warfare”, will also gradually emerge with the extensive and in-depth application of intelligent technology in the military field. Prospective research on the concepts, principles and technical and tactical implementation paths of anti-AI warfare is not only a need of the times for a comprehensive and dialectical understanding of intelligent warfare, but also an inevitable move to seize the high ground of future military competition and implement asymmetric warfare.

Scientific analysis of anti-AI combat methods and paths

At present, artificial intelligence technology is undergoing a leapfrog development stage from weak to strong, and from special to general. From the perspective of its underlying support, data, algorithms, and computing power are still its three key elements. Among them, data is the basic raw material for training and optimizing models, algorithms determine the strategic mechanism of data processing and problem solving, and computing power provides hardware support for complex calculations. Seeking ways to “break intelligence” from the perspective of the three elements of data, algorithms, and computing power is an important method and path for implementing anti-artificial intelligence operations.

Anti-data operations. Data is the raw material for artificial intelligence to achieve learning and reasoning. The quality and diversity of data have an important impact on the accuracy and generalization ability of the model. There are many examples in life where artificial intelligence models fail due to minor data changes. For example, the face recognition model in the mobile phone may not be able to accurately identify the identity of the person because of wearing glasses, changing hairstyle or changes in the brightness of the environment; the autonomous driving model may also misjudge the road conditions due to factors such as road conditions, road signs and weather. The basic principle of implementing anti-data operations is to mislead the training and learning process or judgment process of the military intelligent model by creating “polluted” data or changing the distribution characteristics of the data, and use the “difference” of the data to cause the “error” of the model, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the military intelligent model. Since artificial intelligence models can conduct comprehensive analysis and cross-verification of multi-source data, anti-data operations should pay more attention to packaging false data information from multi-dimensional features to enhance its “authenticity”. In recent years, foreign militaries have conducted relevant experimental verifications in this regard. For example, special materials coating, infrared transmitting device camouflage and other methods are used to simulate the optical and infrared characteristics of real weapon platforms and even the engine vibration effects to deceive intelligent intelligence processing models; in cyberspace, traffic data camouflage is implemented to enhance the silent operation capability of network attacks and reduce the effectiveness of network attack detection models.

Anti-algorithm warfare. The essence of an algorithm is to describe a strategy mechanism for solving a problem in computer language. Since this strategy mechanism has a limited scope of adaptation, it may fail when faced with a wide variety of real-world problems. A typical example is Lee Sedol’s “God’s Move” in the 2016 man-machine Go match. After reviewing and analyzing the game, many professional Go players said that the “God’s Move” was not actually valid, but it worked for AlphaGo. Silva, the developer of AlphaGo, explained that Lee Sedol had hit an unknown loophole in the computer; there are also analyses that it may be that “this move” contradicts the Go logic of AlphaGo or is beyond its strategy learning range, making it unable to cope. The basic principle of implementing anti-algorithm warfare is to conduct logical attacks or logical deceptions against loopholes in the algorithm strategy mechanism and weaknesses in the model architecture to reduce the effectiveness of the algorithm. Anti-algorithm warfare should be combined with specific combat actions to achieve “misleading deception” against the algorithm. For example, drone swarm reconnaissance operations often use reinforcement learning algorithm models to plan reconnaissance routes. To address this situation, irregular or abnormal actions can be created to make the reward mechanism in the reinforcement learning algorithm model less effective or invalid, thereby achieving the goal of reducing its reconnaissance and search efficiency.

Anti-computing power operations. The strength of computing power represents the speed of converting data processing into information advantage and decision-making advantage. Unlike anti-data operations and anti-algorithm operations, which are mainly based on soft confrontation, the confrontation method of anti-computing power operations is a combination of soft and hard. Hard destruction mainly refers to the attack on the enemy’s computing power center, computing network facilities, etc., by cutting off its computing power to make it difficult for its artificial intelligence model to function; soft confrontation focuses on increasing the enemy’s computing power cost, mainly by creating a “fog” of war and data noise. For example, during combat, a large number of meaningless data such as images, audio, video, and electromagnetic are generated to contain and consume the enemy’s computing power resources, reducing the effective effect rate of its computing power. In addition, attacks can also be carried out on weak links in defense such as the support environment and supporting construction of computing power. The computing power center consumes huge amounts of electricity, and attacking and destroying its power support system can also achieve the effect of anti-computing power operations.

Proactively plan the construction of anti-AI combat capabilities

In any war, the right tactics are used to win. In the face of intelligent warfare, while continuing to promote and improve intelligent combat capabilities, it is also necessary to strengthen preparations for anti-AI operations, proactively plan theoretical innovations, supporting technology development, and equipment platform construction related to anti-AI operations, and ensure the establishment of an intelligent combat system that is both offensive and defensive, and integrated with defense and counterattack.

Strengthen the innovation of anti-AI combat theory. Scientific military theory is combat effectiveness. Whether it is military strategic innovation, military scientific and technological innovation, or other military innovations, they are inseparable from theoretical guidance. We must persist in emancipating our minds, broadening our horizons, strengthening dialectical thinking, and using the innovation of anti-AI combat theory as a supplement and breakthrough to build a theoretical system of intelligent combat that supports and serves to win the battle. We must insist on you fight yours and I fight mine, strengthen asymmetric thinking, and provide scientific theoretical support for seizing battlefield control through in-depth research on anti-AI combat concepts, strategies and tactics, and effectively play the leading role of military theory. We must persist in the integration of theory and technology, enhance scientific and technological cognition, innovation, and application, open up the closed loop between anti-AI combat theory and technology, let the two complement and support each other, and achieve deep integration and benign interaction between theory and technology.

Focus on the accumulation of anti-AI military technology. Science and technology are important foundations for generating and improving combat effectiveness. Once some technologies achieve breakthroughs, the impact will be subversive, and may even fundamentally change the traditional war offense and defense pattern. At present, major countries in the world regard artificial intelligence as a subversive technology and have elevated the development of military intelligence to a national strategy. At the same time, some countries are actively conducting research on technologies related to anti-AI operations and exploring methods of AI confrontation, with the intention of reducing the effectiveness of the opponent’s military intelligence system. To this end, we must explore and follow up, strengthen the tracking and research of cutting-edge technologies, actively discover, promote, and stimulate the development of technologies such as intelligent confrontation that have anti-subversive effects, seize the technological advantage at the beginning of anti-AI operations, and prevent enemy technological raids; we must also carefully select, focus on maintaining sufficient scientific rationality and accurate judgment, break through the technical “fog”, and avoid falling into the opponent’s technical trap.

Research and develop weapons and equipment for anti-AI operations. Designing weapons and equipment is designing future wars. What kind of wars will be fought in the future will determine what kind of weapons and equipment will be developed. Anti-AI operations are an important part of intelligent warfare, and anti-AI weapons and equipment will also play an important role on future battlefields. When developing anti-AI weapons and equipment, we must first keep close to battlefield needs. Closely combine combat opponents, combat tasks, and combat environments, strengthen anti-AI combat research, accurately describe anti-AI combat scenarios, and ensure that the demand for anti-AI combat weapons and equipment is scientific, accurate, and reasonable. Secondly, we must establish a cost mindset. The latest local war practices show that combat cost control is an important factor affecting the outcome of future wars. Anti-AI operations focus on interfering with and confusing the enemy’s military intelligence system. Increasing the development of decoy weapon platforms is an effective way to reduce costs and increase efficiency. By using low-cost simulations to show false targets to deceive the enemy’s intelligent reconnaissance system, the “brain-breaking” effect can be extended and amplified, and efforts can be made to consume its high-value strike weapons such as precision-guided missiles. Finally, we must focus on upgrading while building, using, and upgrading. Intelligent technology is developing rapidly and is updated and iterated quickly. We must closely track the opponent’s cutting-edge military intelligent technology applications, understand their intelligent model algorithm architecture, and continuously promote the application and upgrading of the latest anti-artificial intelligence technology in weapon platforms to ensure its efficient use on the battlefield.

現代國語：

關注智慧化戰爭中的反人工智慧作戰

■康睿智李聖傑

引言

科學技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用，引起戰爭形態和作戰方式的深刻變化，大國軍事博弈越來越表現為技術上的顛覆與反顛覆、突襲與反突襲、抵消與反抵消。打贏未來智慧化戰爭，既要不斷推進人工智慧技術在軍事領域的深度轉化應用，還應加強辯證思維、堅持非對稱思想，創新發展反人工智慧作戰理論和戰法，前瞻佈局反人工智慧技術研究和武器裝備研發，實現「破智」制勝，努力把握未來戰爭主動權。

充分認識反人工智慧作戰必然性

毛澤東同志在《矛盾論》中指出：「事物的矛盾法則，即對立統一的法則，是唯物辯證法的最根本的法則。」縱觀軍事技術發展及其作戰運用歷史，從來都充滿了攻與防的辯證關系，技術之「矛」與相應反制技術之「盾」之間相互博弈、交替壓制的現象屢見不鮮壓制的現象屢見不鮮。

在冷兵器時代，人們不僅發明出「刀、槍、劍、戟」等十八般兵器，與之相應的「盔、甲、盾」等也被創造出來。熱兵器時代，火藥的使用大幅提升了攻擊距離和殺傷力，但同時也催生了以「塹壕」「棱堡」等防禦工事為代表的技術戰術創新。機械化時代，坦克在二戰中大放異彩，人們對「坦克裝甲」與「反戰車武器」相關技戰術的開發延續至今。資訊時代，圍繞制資訊權的「電子攻擊」與「電子防護」又掀起一陣新的熱潮，電子對抗部隊應運而生。此外，「導彈」與「反導」、「無人作戰」與「反無人作戰」等軍事領域的對立概念不勝枚舉。

應當看到，「反人工智慧作戰」作為「智慧化作戰」的對立概念，也必將隨著智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛深度運用而逐漸顯現。前瞻性研究反人工智慧作戰相關概念、原則及其技戰術實現路徑，既是全面辯證認識智慧化戰爭的時代需要，也是搶佔未來軍事競爭高地、實施非對稱作戰的必然之舉。

科學分析反人工智慧作戰方法路徑

目前，人工智慧技術正經歷由弱向強、由專用向通用的跨越式發展階段。從其底層支撐來看，數據、演算法、算力依舊是其三大關鍵要素。其中，數據是訓練和優化模型的基礎原料，演算法決定了數據處理與問題解決的策略機制，算力則為復雜計算提供硬體支撐。從數據、演算法、算力三個要素的角度尋求「破智」之道，是實施反人工智慧作戰的重要方法路徑。

反數據作戰。數據是人工智慧實現學習和推理的原始素材，數據的品質和多樣性對模型的準確度和泛化能力有重要影響。生活中因為微小數據變化而導致人工智慧模型失效的例子比比皆是。例如，手機中的人臉識別模型，可能會因人戴上眼鏡、改變發型或環境明暗變化等原因，而無法準確識別身份；自動駕駛模型也會因路況、路標及天氣等因素，產生對道路情況的誤判。實施反數據作戰，其基本原理是通過製造“污染”數據或改變數據的分佈特徵，來誤導軍事智能模型的訓練學習過程或判斷過程，用數據之“差”引發模型之“謬”，從而降低軍事智能模型的有效性。由於人工智慧模型能夠對多源數據進行綜合分析、交叉印證，反數據作戰應更加註重從多維特徵出發，包裝虛假數據信息，提升其「真實性」。近年來，外軍在這方面已經有相關實驗驗證。例如，利用特殊材料塗裝、紅外線發射裝置偽裝等方式，模擬真實武器平台光學、紅外特徵甚至是發動機震動效果，用以欺騙智能情報處理模型；在網絡空間，實施流量數據偽裝，以提升網絡攻擊靜默運行能力，降低網絡攻擊檢測模型的效果。

反演算法作戰。演算法的本質，是用計算機語言描述解決問題的策略機制。由於這種策略機制的適應範圍有限，在面對千差萬別的現實問題時可能會失效，一個典型例子就是2016年人機圍棋大戰中李世石的「神之一手」。不少職業圍棋選手復盤分析後表示，「神之一手」其實並不成立，但卻對「阿爾法狗」發揮了作用。「阿爾法狗」開發者席爾瓦對此的解釋是，李世石點中了電腦不為人知的漏洞；還有分析稱，可能是「這一手」與「阿爾法狗」的圍棋邏輯相悖或不在其策略學習範圍內，導致其無法應對。實施反演算法作戰，其基本原理是針對演算法策略機制漏洞和模型架構弱點，進行邏輯攻擊或邏輯欺騙，以降低演算法有效性。反演算法作戰應與具體作戰行動結合，達成針對演算法的「誤導欺騙」。例如，無人機群偵察行動常採用強化學習演算法模型規劃偵察路徑，針對此情況，可透過製造無規則行動或反常行動，致使強化學習演算法模型中的獎勵機制降效或失效，從而達成降低其偵察搜尋效率的目的。

反算力作戰。算力的強弱代表著將資料處理轉換為資訊優勢和決策優勢的速度。不同於反數據作戰和反演算法作戰以軟對抗為主，反算力作戰的對抗方式是軟硬結合的。硬摧毀主要指對敵算力中心、計算網絡設施等實施的打擊，通過斷其算力的方式使其人工智能模型難以發揮作用；軟對抗著眼加大敵算力成本，主要以製造戰爭“迷霧”和數據噪聲為主。例如，作戰時大批量產生影像、音訊、影片、電磁等多類型的無意義數據，對敵算力資源進行牽制消耗，降低其算力的有效作用率。此外，也可對算力的支撐環境和配套建設等防備薄弱環節實施攻擊，算力中心電能消耗巨大，對其電力支援系統進行攻擊和摧毀，也可達到反算力作戰的效果。

前瞻佈局反人工智慧作戰能力建構

凡戰者，以正合，以奇勝。面對智慧化戰爭，持續推進提升智慧化作戰能力的同時，也需強化對反人工智慧作戰的未雨綢繆，前瞻佈局反人工智慧作戰相關理論創新、配套技術發展和裝備平台建設，確保建立攻防兼備、防反一體的智慧化作戰體系。

加強反人工智慧作戰理論創新。科學的軍事理論就是戰鬥力，軍事戰略創新也好，軍事科技創新也好，其他方面軍事創新也好，都離不開理論指導。要堅持解放思想、開闊視野，強化辯證思維，以反人工智慧作戰理論創新為補充和突破，建構支撐和服務打贏制勝的智慧化作戰理論體系。要堅持你打你的、我打我的，強化非對稱思想，通過對反人工智慧作戰概念、策略戰法等問題的深化研究，為奪取戰場制智權提供科學理論支撐，切實發揮軍事理論的先導作用。要堅持理技融合，增強科技認知力、創新力、運用力，打通反人工智慧作戰理論與技術之間的閉環迴路，讓兩者互相補充、互為支撐，實現理論與技術的深度融合和良性互動。

注重反人工智慧軍事技術累積。科學技術是產生和提高戰鬥力的重要基礎，有些技術一旦取得突破，影響將是顛覆性的，甚至可能從根本上改變傳統的戰爭攻防格局。當前，世界各主要國家將人工智慧視為顛覆性技術，並將發展軍事智慧化上升為國家戰略。與此同時，也有國家積極進行反人工智慧作戰相關技術研究，探索人工智慧對抗方法，意圖降低對手軍事智慧系統效能。為此，既要探索跟進，加強對前沿技術的跟踪研究，積極發現、推動、催生智能對抗這類具有反顛覆作用的技術發展，在反人工智能作戰起步階段就搶佔技術先機，防敵技術突襲；還要精挑細選，注重保持足夠科學理性和準確判斷，破除技術“迷霧”，避免陷入對手技術陷阱。

研發反人工智慧作戰武器裝備。設計武器裝備就是設計未來戰爭，未來打什麼仗就發展什麼武器裝備。反人工智慧作戰是智慧化戰爭的重要組成部分，反人工智慧武器裝備也將在未來戰場上發揮重要作用。在研發反人工智慧作戰武器裝備時，首先要緊貼戰場需求。緊密結合作戰對手、作戰任務和作戰環境等，加強反人工智慧作戰研究，把反人工智慧作戰場景描述準確，確保反人工智慧作戰武器裝備需求論證科學、準確、合理。其次要樹立成本思維。最新局部戰爭實踐表明，作戰成本控制是影響未來戰爭勝負的重要因素。反人工智慧作戰重在對敵軍事智慧系統的干擾與迷惑，加大誘耗型武器平台研發是一種有效的降本增效方法。通過低成本模擬示假目標欺騙敵智能偵察系統，可將「破智」效應延伸放大，力爭消耗其精確制導導彈等高價值打擊武器。最後要注重邊建邊用邊升級。智慧技術發展速度快、更新迭代快，要緊密追蹤對手前沿軍事智慧技術應用，摸準其智慧模型演算法架構，不斷推動最新反人工智慧技術在武器平台中的運用升級，確保其戰場運用的高效能。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16387159888.html

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Satellite Navigation for the Chinese Military’s Intelligent Battlefield

05/05/2025 admin Leave a comment

中國軍隊智慧戰場的衛星導航

現代英語：

The satellite navigation system, also known as the global satellite navigation system, is an air-based radio navigation and positioning system that can provide users with all-weather three-dimensional coordinates, speed and time information at any location on the earth’s surface or in near-Earth space.

The satellite navigation system is an important space infrastructure for mankind. It is an indispensable tool for a country’s national security and economic and social development. It has a profound impact on the form of war, combat style, and people’s production and lifestyle.

At present, there are four major global satellite navigation systems in the world, namely, the United States’ GPS, Russia’s GLONASS, Europe’s Galileo and China’s Beidou. Global competition in satellite navigation technology is becoming increasingly fierce.

Standing at a new starting point of profound changes in the world’s military, and looking at the future battlefield with a high degree of integration of informatization and intelligence, intelligent navigation systems will come into being and play an important role.

Satellite navigation becomes a “standard” element of the intelligent battlefield

The future intelligent battlefield will present the characteristics of high-tech warfare, which will comprehensively use intelligent weapons and means under information conditions, realize efficient command and control, and implement precise and flexible strikes. Satellite navigation technology can provide high-precision, all-weather, large-scale and multi-purpose positioning, navigation and timing services for various objects on land, sea, air and space.

Provide a unified time and space benchmark for systematic operations. For the intelligent battlefield, there are many linked elements and the situation changes rapidly, which requires accurate positioning of combat units to achieve intelligence reconnaissance, command and control, battlefield maneuvers, offensive and defensive operations, and support and guarantee under a unified time and space benchmark, ensuring that all elements of the entire battlefield form a coordinated organic whole.

The basic function of satellite navigation is to provide accurate time and space references for various combat elements. Without an accurate and unified time and space reference, the precise command of joint operations may be out of balance, combat operations may be out of control, and intelligence fusion and target identification cannot be achieved. If the time error is one hundredth of a second, a target locked by more than a dozen radars will become more than a dozen targets, and accurate defense and counterattack will not be possible.

Under a unified standard time and geographic coordinate system, satellite navigation provides precision guidance for various weapon platforms, fine frequency calibration for electronic warfare weapons, and all-weather positioning and navigation for individual combatants, significantly improving the coordination and strike effectiveness of joint firepower strikes.

Provide synchronous situation cognition for combat command and control. Accurately grasping the battlefield situation is the premise and basis for commanders to flexibly and accurately implement command and control. The satellite navigation system provides strong support for battlefield situation awareness.

Since the 1990s, the U.S. military has developed a “Blue Force Tracking” system based on GPS and satellite communications to build a precise command and control system. The “Blue Force Tracking” system has effectively supported the U.S. military in forming a networked information advantage on the ground battlefield and effectively solved the problem of “where are we, our friends, and our enemies?”

Relying on the two major services of navigation positioning and position reporting of the global satellite network, the military has realized battlefield situation monitoring and sharing, which has become an important means for the military to “know itself”. At the same time, it has optimized the combat operation process, realized the issuance of combat orders at the minute level, and accelerated the development of the military’s command and control mode towards “integration” and “flattening”.

Providing a tool to enhance the precision strike of weapons and ammunition. In the intelligent battlefield, precision-guided weapons have become the “trump card” that determines victory or defeat. Using the satellite navigation system, the flight process of the missile can be corrected throughout to ensure the accuracy of the hit. It can be said that the satellite navigation system is a tool to enhance the precision strike of weapon platforms.

In recent local wars, the proportion of GPS precision-guided weapons of the US military has continued to rise: 7.6% in the Gulf War in 1991, 35% in the Kosovo War in 1999, 60% in the Afghanistan War in 2001, 68.3% in the Iraq War in 2003, and 100% in the Syrian War in 2018.

Intelligent battlefield requires satellite navigation to have new “responsibilities”

As the core and cornerstone of the precise and unified space-time system, the modern satellite navigation system must take on new responsibilities in response to the development needs of future intelligent battlefields.

In the era of intelligence, new combat elements represented by “AI, cloud, network, group, and terminal” will reconstruct the battlefield ecology and completely change the winning mechanism of war. Satellite navigation services need to adapt to the characteristics of the intelligent battlefield with wider dimensions, higher precision, and stronger system.

Navigation positioning and timing have a wider range and higher accuracy. The current satellite navigation system has achieved coverage of the earth’s surface. However, on the intelligent battlefield, it needs to extend to deep space and under the sea. The combat time domain and air domain are wider, requiring the construction of a comprehensive service system covering land, sea, air and space, with unified standards, high efficiency and intelligence, to form time and space information coverage at all times and everywhere, and to achieve more powerful, safer and more reliable time and space service capabilities.

For example, in the intelligent battlefield, unmanned combat has become the basic form. Autonomous driving of unmanned vehicles, precision approach of drones, and measurement of intelligent missile positions all urgently need to be improved by an order of magnitude on the basis of existing navigation accuracy to ensure higher navigation integrity, faster first positioning time, and stronger cross-domain capabilities of land, sea, air, and space.

The military navigation confrontation system is more complete and more powerful. The means of navigation confrontation in the information age is a simple confrontation form based on signal energy enhancement and interference attack. Navigation in the intelligent era is intertwined with detection, perception, communication, command, and decision-making. It requires a navigation capability level with higher power and faster effectiveness in any region of the world, the ability to intelligently adjust navigation signals, and the development of multiple navigation means such as quantum navigation, pulsar navigation, and deep-sea navigation. It is necessary to integrate navigation methods with different principles, methods, and carriers to achieve navigation confrontation capabilities at the system level and system level.

The bandwidth of navigation information interaction is larger and the access is wider. In the intelligent era, the role of cyberspace in the combat system is gradually increasing, and it is integrated with the navigation space-time system. The navigation information and cyberspace system that provide space-time position will connect the scattered combat forces and combat elements into a whole, forming a networked and systematic combat capability. This requires support for ubiquitous perception, left-right collaboration, and reliable and reconfigurable navigation capabilities, support for highly reliable, highly anti-interference, and readily accessible signaling channels, and timely acquisition of required navigation auxiliary information such as geography, maps, and images. On this basis, the real integration of communication and navigation is realized, achieving the effect of “one domain combat, multi-domain support”.

Adapting to the needs of military intelligence development and promoting the construction of intelligent navigation system

Judging from the development trend of the world’s military powers, facing the future intelligent battlefield, intelligent navigation systems are gradually building a space-time reference network and navigation information service network that integrates the earth and the sky, with space-based, systematized, on-demand and cloud-based as the main characteristics, forming a comprehensive navigation, positioning and timing system with unified reference, seamless coverage, security and reliability, high efficiency and convenience, and strong practicality.

The core of the transformation from a basic navigation system to an intelligent navigation system is to upgrade from “positioning navigation service” to “intelligent navigation service”, and the focus is on achieving the following four aspects of transformation:

The space-time benchmark is shifting from relying on ground systems to autonomous space-time benchmark maintenance. The space-time benchmark maintenance equipment of the ground system will gradually be transferred to the satellite, and the satellite will be equipped with higher-precision optical clocks and astronomical measurement equipment to form a more stable and reliable space-based space benchmark through high-precision anchoring and laser intersatellite measurement. The use of intelligent navigation systems can make ordinary navigation positioning accuracy reach sub-meter level, the timing accuracy will be increased by about 5 times, and the precision positioning service can achieve fast convergence of centimeter-level accuracy. Intelligent navigation can fully support the cross-domain integration of combat platforms, the doubling of the effectiveness of distributed lethal weapons, and the precise navigation of the entire process of air-space integrated drones from cruising to precision approach.

The satellite power confrontation mode is transformed into a navigation system confrontation. In terms of navigation confrontation services, the traditional satellite power confrontation mode will no longer meet the needs of the intelligent battlefield. Navigation system confrontation is the only way for the development of intelligent equipment in order to enhance the ability of troops to quickly adapt to the battlefield environment. Specifically, it includes precise release of navigation performance, heterogeneous backup of constellations, and global hotspot mobility. The main features are intelligent navigation signals and flexible theater reinforcements. Based on controllable point beam energy enhancement technology, energy delivery in hotspot areas, enhanced area expansion, deception or blocking interference, and digital transmission service guarantee are realized. In a high-interference and blocking environment, ensure service continuity and accuracy, and gradually release strength as the war progresses.

The simple integration of communication and navigation will be transformed into integrated on-demand services. It will provide deeper and broader navigation information services, deeply integrate into the military information network, and provide high, medium and low-speed classified and hierarchical navigation information services to users on land, sea, air and space. Reuse the favorable conditions of global multiple continuous coverage of navigation satellites to meet users’ communication and navigation needs in a global range and in any posture, and realize high reliability and strong interference-resistant search and rescue, position reporting, and signaling transmission. The navigation satellite space-based network interacts with the ground network information to build inter-satellite and satellite-to-ground high-speed backbone networks. Through miniaturized laser terminals and enhanced space routers, a stable and reliable space network is formed, equipped with a complete and standardized protocol system to support the autonomous and intelligent operation of hybrid constellation networks.

The computing resources of payload modules are separated and transformed into cloud computing resources of constellation. It will provide more intelligent space-based cloud computing services and reliable space-based intelligent support for intelligent weapon platforms. The main features are virtualization of onboard hardware resources and balancing of task loads. Through the configuration of public onboard computing modules, large-capacity storage units, and high-speed bus networks on navigation satellites, a ubiquitous space network shared resource pool is formed. The powerful data processing capability can support the autonomous establishment and maintenance of space-based space-time benchmarks, intelligent maintenance of navigation signal quality, and autonomous management of space networks. At the same time, it can provide computing, push, and storage services for complex information such as spatial position for various high-end users in the sky, air, land, and sea.

(The author is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering)

Above: Schematic diagram of satellite navigation system supporting operations.

現代國語：谭述森

中國軍網國防部網

2021年11月12日星期五

衛星導航系統，即全球衛星導航系統，是能在地球表面或近地空間任何地點，為使用者提供全天候三維座標和速度以及時間資訊的空基無線電導航定位系統。

衛星導航系統是人類重要的太空基礎設施，堪稱一個國家安全和經濟社會發展不可或缺的重器，對戰爭形態、作戰樣式和人們生產生活方式有深遠影響。

目前，全球有四大全球衛星導航系統，分別是美國的GPS、俄羅斯的格洛納斯、歐洲的伽利略和中國的北斗，衛星導航技術全球競爭日益激烈。

站在世界軍事深刻變革的新起點，瞭望資訊化智能化高度融合的未來戰場，智慧導航體系將應運而生，並發揮重要作用。

衛星導航成為智慧化戰場的「標配」要素

未來智慧化戰場，將呈現資訊化條件下綜合運用智慧化武器和手段、實現高效指揮控制及實施精確靈巧打擊的高技術作戰特性。衛星導航技術，能高精度、全天候、大範圍、多用途地為陸、海、空、天各種物件提供定位、導航、授時服務。

為體系化作戰提供統一時空基準。對於智慧化戰場來說，連結要素多、情況瞬息萬變，要求對作戰單元進行準確定位，實現統一時空基準下的情報偵察、指揮控制、戰場機動、攻防行動、支援保障，確保整個戰場各類要素形成統籌協調的有機整體。

衛星導航的基本功能是，為各個作戰要素提供精確的時空基準。如果沒有精確統一的時空基準，聯合作戰精準指揮可能失調，作戰行動就可能失控，情報融合、目標辨識就無法實現。時間誤差百分之一秒，十幾部雷達鎖定的一個目標就會變成十幾個目標，精準防禦反擊將無法實現。

在統一標準時間與地理座標系下，衛星導航提供各類武器平台精確導引，給予電子戰武器精細校頻，給予作戰單兵全天候定位導航，顯著提升聯合火力打擊的協同程度、打擊效能。

為作戰指揮控制提供態勢同步認知。準確掌握戰場態勢，是指揮官靈活準確實施指揮控制的前提與基礎。衛星導航系統為戰場態勢感知提供了強大支撐。

美軍從1990年代開始，研發以GPS和衛星通訊為基礎的「藍軍追蹤」系統，用來建構精確化指揮控制系統。「藍軍追蹤」系統有力支撐著美軍形成地面戰場網路化資訊優勢，有效解決了「我、友、敵在哪裡」的難題。

軍隊依托全球衛星網路的導航定位和位置報告兩大服務，實現了戰場態勢監視共享，成為軍隊「知己」的重要手段。同時，優化了作戰行動流程，實現了作戰指令分秒下達，加速了軍隊指揮控制方式向「一體化」「扁平化」方向發展。

為武器彈藥精確打擊提供增效利器。在智慧化戰場上，精確導引武器已成為關乎勝負的「撒手鐧」。使用衛星導航系統，能對飛彈的飛行過程進行全程修正，確保命中精度。可以說，衛星導航系統是武器平台精準打擊的增效利器。

在近幾場局部戰爭中，美軍GPS精確導引武器比例不斷攀升：1991年海灣戰爭為7.6％，1999年科索沃戰爭為35%，2001年阿富汗戰爭為60％，2003年伊拉克戰爭為68.3％，2018年敘利亞戰爭達100%。

智慧化戰場需要衛星導航有新的“擔當”

現代衛星導航系統作為精確統一時空體系的核心與基石，面向未來智慧化戰場的發展需求，要有新的「擔當」。

智能化時代，以「AI、雲、網、群、端」為代表的全新作戰要素，將重建戰場生態，完全改變戰爭的勝利機制。衛星導航服務，需要適應智慧化戰場維度更廣、精準度更高、系統更強的特性。

導航定位授時範圍更廣精度更高。目前的衛星導航系統，實現了地球表面覆蓋。但在智慧化戰場上，需要向深空、海下延伸。作戰時域空域更廣，要求建構覆蓋陸海空天、基準統一、高效智慧的綜合服務體系，形成無時不有、無所不在的時空資訊覆蓋，實現更強大、更安全、更可靠的時空服務能力。

如智慧化戰場上，無人化作戰成為基本形態。無人車自動駕駛、無人機精密進場、智慧飛彈陣地測量等，都迫切需要在現有導航精度基礎上再提升一個量級，確保導航完好性更高、首次定位時間更快、陸海空天跨域能力更強。

軍事導航對抗體系更全更給力。資訊時代的導航對抗手段，是以訊號能量增強與幹擾攻擊為主的簡單對抗形態。智慧時代的導航與探測、感知、通訊、指揮、決策相互交織影響，需要全球任意區域、功率更高、生效更快的導航能力水平，需要導航訊號智慧調整能力，需要發展量子導航、脈衝星導航、深海導航等多元導航手段，把不同原理、不同方式、不同載體的導航方法融合在一起，實現體系級、系統級的導航對抗能力。

導航資訊互動頻寬更大存取更廣。智慧時代的網路空間，在作戰體系中地位作用逐步上升，並與導航時空體系合為一體。提供時空位置的導航資訊與網路空間系統，將把分散的作戰力量、作戰要素連結為一個整體，形成網路化體系化作戰能力。這就需要支援泛在感知、左右協作、可信賴的導航能力，支援高可靠、強抗干擾、隨遇接取的訊號通道，及時取得所需的地理、地圖和影像等導航輔助資訊。在此基礎上，實現真正意義上的通訊導航一體化，達到「一域作戰、多域支援」效果。

適應軍事智慧化發展需要推動智慧導航體系建設

從世界軍事強國發展趨勢來看，面向未來智慧化戰場，智慧導航系統在逐步建構天地一體化的時空基準網和導航資訊服務網，以天基化、體系化、按需化、雲端化為主要特徵，形成基準統一、覆蓋無縫、安全可信、高效便捷、實戰性強的綜合導航定位授時體系。

從基本導航系統轉變為智慧導航系統，其核心是從“定位導航服務”升級為“智慧導航服務”，並專注於以下4個面向轉變：

時空基準依賴地面系統維持轉變為時空基準天基自主維持。地面系統時空基準維持設備將逐步向星上轉移，衛星將配置更高精度的光鐘、天文測量設備，透過高精度錨固和雷射星間測量，形成更穩定可靠的天基空間基準。智慧導航系統的使用，可使一般導航定位精度達到亞米級，授時精度將提升5倍左右，精密定位服務達到快速收斂的公分精度。智慧導航可完整支撐作戰平台跨域融合、分散式殺傷武器效能倍增、空天一體無人機從巡航到精密進場的全過程精準導航。

衛星功率對抗模式向導航體系化對抗轉變。在導航對抗服務方面，傳統的衛星功率對抗模式將不再滿足智慧化戰場需求，導航體系化對抗是智慧裝備發展的必經之路，以便提升部隊快速適應戰場環境能力。具體包括導航性能精準釋放、星座異構備份、全球熱點機動，主要特徵是導航訊號智能化、戰區增援靈活化。基於可控制點波束能量增強技術，實現熱點區域能量傳遞、增強區域擴展、欺騙或阻塞幹擾、數傳服務保障。在高幹擾阻塞環境下，確保服務連續性和精確度，並隨著戰事進程逐步釋放實力。

通訊導航簡單整合向通導一體按需服務轉變。將提供更深更廣的導航資訊服務，深度融入軍事資訊網絡，向陸、海、空、天用戶的高、中、低速分類分層次導航資訊服務。重複利用導航衛星全球多重連續覆蓋的有利條件，滿足用戶在全球範圍、任意姿態的通導需求，實現高可靠性、抗強幹擾的搜救、位置報告、信令傳輸。導航衛星天基網路與地面網路資訊交互，建構星間、星地高速骨幹網路。透過小型化雷射終端和增強型空間路由器，形成穩定可靠的空間網絡，裝載完備、標準統一的協議體系，支援混合星座網絡自主智慧運作。

載重模組運算資源分離向星座運算資源雲端化轉變。將提供更智慧的天基雲端運算服務，為智慧武器平台提供可信賴的天基智慧支撐。主要特徵是，星載硬體資源虛擬化、任務負載平衡化。透過導航衛星配置公用的星載運算模組、大容量儲存單元、高速匯流排網絡，形成泛在的空間網路共享資源池。強大的資料處理能力，在支撐天基時空基準自主建立與維持、導航訊號品質智慧維持、空間網路自主管理等任務功能的同時，可為天、空、地、海各類高階用戶，提供空間位置等複雜資訊的運算、推播與儲存服務。

（作者係中國工程院院士）

上圖：衛星導航系統支援作戰示意圖。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-11/12/content_30291788.htm

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Create a New Situation for China’s National Defense and Chinese Military Modernization

02/01/2025 admin Leave a comment

開創中國國防與軍隊現代化建設新局面

現代英語：

National Defense University Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee is a very important meeting held at a critical period of comprehensively promoting the great cause of building a strong country and national rejuvenation with Chinese-style modernization. It focuses on studying and deploying the issues of further comprehensively deepening reform and promoting Chinese-style modernization, and makes strategic deployments for continuously deepening national defense and military reforms, drawing a blueprint for the new journey of relaying reforms to strengthen the military and constantly creating a new situation in national defense and military modernization. All levels of the military should earnestly study and implement the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, unify their thoughts, wills and actions, and thoroughly implement the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military, so as to provide strong guarantees for achieving the goal of building the army for 100 years as scheduled and basically realizing national defense and military modernization.

Reform is a key move in designing and shaping the future of the military

Reform and opening up are the most prominent features and the most magnificent aura of contemporary China. The military field is the field with the most intense competition and confrontation, and it is also the field with the most innovative vitality and the most need for reform and innovation. Whether a military can possess an unremitting spirit of reform and a pioneering and enterprising spirit of innovation is an important indicator of its ability to win. Deepening the reform of national defense and the military is the only way to strengthen the military. The driving force for strengthening the military lies in reform, the way out lies in reform, and the future also lies in reform.

The strength of the People’s Army comes from reform and innovation, and the victory of the People’s Army comes from reform and innovation. The history of the growth and development of the People’s Army is a history of reform and innovation. From the establishment of a complete set of principles and systems for building the army under the absolute leadership of the Party during the Agrarian Revolution, to the implementation of the policy of streamlining the military during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression; from the establishment of five major field armies during the War of Liberation, to the repeated adjustments to the system and organization after the founding of New China, to the massive reduction of millions of troops in the new era of reform and opening up and socialist modernization… The People’s Army has been fighting and reforming, building and reforming, and has become stronger and stronger. From the “Sixteen-Character Formula” of the Red Army period, to the “Protracted War” of the Anti-Japanese War, from the “Ten Military Principles” of the Liberation War, to the “piecemeal” of the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, to the continuous adjustment of military strategic policies after the founding of New China… The People’s Army learned war from war, explored laws from practice, and wrote a vivid chapter of continuous innovation in the art of war leadership in the history of world military. Along the way, reform and innovation have always been an important magic weapon for our army to grow from small to large, from weak to strong, and continuously from victory to victory. Deepening the reform of national defense and the military is the requirement of the times to realize the Chinese Dream and the dream of a strong military, the only way to strengthen the military, and a key move to determine the future of the military. At present, it is a period of hard struggle to achieve the goal of building the army for 100 years. In order to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests with stronger capabilities and more reliable means, and to provide strategic support for comprehensively promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese-style modernization, it is necessary to continue to deepen the reform of national defense and the military.

Only reformers can make progress, and only innovators can become strong. President Xi Jinping stressed that “the new military revolution has provided us with a golden opportunity. We must seize the opportunity and work hard to not only keep up with the trend and the times, but also strive to be at the forefront of the times.” In today’s world, the new military revolution is surging, the intelligent warfare form is gradually showing its true face in the practice of war, and the new military technology and weapons and equipment system are further affecting the rules of war. All these require us to maintain a keen sense of reform and cutting-edge innovative thinking, base ourselves on the actual development of our army, focus on the needs of preparing for war, think deeply about the new force structure and winning logic necessary to win modern wars, rely on reform to continuously optimize the military system, improve the effectiveness of military governance in line with actual combat requirements, and go all out to fight a tough battle to achieve the goal of building the army for the centenary.

Comprehensively deepening reform has achieved great changes in the People’s Army in the new era

Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as its core has, with great political courage and wisdom, pushed forward the theory and practice of reform of socialism with Chinese characteristics to a new breadth and depth. In the new era and new journey, we must insist on deepening reform to gain creativity, cohesion and combat effectiveness, and insist on the unchanged direction, unswerving path and unreduced efforts, and continuously push forward the modernization of national defense and the army with better strategies, higher efficiency and faster speed, and resolutely complete the mission and tasks of the new era entrusted by the Party and the people.

Grasp the overall changes in deepening national defense and military reforms. Since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, the People’s Army has adhered to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, thoroughly implemented Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army, and taken the Party’s goal of strengthening the army in the new era as its guide. It has comprehensively implemented the strategy of reform and strengthening the army, and has thoroughly resolved the institutional obstacles, structural contradictions, and policy issues that have long constrained national defense and army building, promoted the reform of the leadership and command system, the reform of the scale structure and force composition, and the reform of military policies and systems, and achieved historic achievements in deepening the reform of national defense and the army. The People’s Army has achieved an overall revolutionary reshaping; the new system, structure, pattern, and appearance have made our army’s winning advantage more prominent, its innovative vitality continuously released, and its morale more uplifting. Practice has fully proved that as long as we unswervingly continue to deepen the reform of national defense and the military, we will be able to create a new situation in the modernization of national defense and the military.

Adhere to the ideological guidance of deepening the reform of national defense and the military. President Xi’s series of important strategic thoughts on deepening the reform of national defense and the military, which are directional, fundamental, and overall, have profoundly clarified the contemporary significance, essential attributes, fundamental guidance, goals and tasks, core requirements, important directions, strategic measures, and scientific methods of deepening the reform of national defense and the military. To carry out the reform of national defense and the military to the end, we must adhere to Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military as the general guidance and general compliance, and consistently use Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military to arm the minds of officers and soldiers, further unify thoughts, deepen understanding, and use it to guide reform practice, further work on resolving deep-seated contradictions and problems, promote the implementation of reform arrangements, and realize the determination and intentions of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission, and President Xi at a high standard.

Advancing national defense and military modernization requires continued reform

President Xi stressed: “On the road ahead, the People’s Army must be brave in reform and good at innovation, and never become rigid or stagnant at any time or under any circumstances.” The People’s Army is a strong backing for national security. The deeper the reform goes, the more it must take responsibility, move forward steadily and courageously, and there must be no slackness or rest. It is necessary to continue to deepen the reform of national defense and the army to provide security guarantees and strategic support for comprehensively promoting the construction of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation with Chinese-style modernization.

The cause of strengthening the military is inspiring, and the goal of strengthening the military inspires fighting spirit. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee made strategic arrangements for deepening the implementation of the strategy of reform and strengthening the military. This is not only a call to action for continued reform and attack, but also a drumbeat for determination to strengthen the military. We must focus our efforts on implementing the strategy of reform and strengthening the military, and continuously push forward the cause of strengthening the military in the new era. The mission is imminent, and the goal calls. The goal of strengthening the military depicts the goal map, roadmap and development map for strengthening and revitalizing the military. It is the soul and main line that runs through the deepening of national defense and military reform. The promotion of reform must not deviate from the goal of strengthening the military for a moment or a single moment. The goal of strengthening the military must always be used to measure, regulate and correct, providing a strong impetus for advancing the modernization of national defense and the military.

A strong country must have a strong military, and a strong military must reform. National defense and military modernization are important components of China’s modernization. Further deepening reform and promoting China’s modernization will inevitably put forward new and higher requirements for deepening national defense and military reform. On the one hand, with the increase in the breadth and depth of the practice of China’s modernization, the new progress of comprehensively deepening reform requires our military construction to accelerate and build high quality in improving quality and efficiency. We must uphold the core position of innovation in our military construction and promote national defense and military modernization through reform and innovation. On the other hand, with the practice of modern warfare, especially the militarization of artificial intelligence, the profound changes in the internal mechanism of war and the mode of winning, etc., all require national defense and military reform to seize the opportunity and act in response to the times, and make greater efforts to enhance our military’s joint combat capability based on the network information system and the all-domain combat capability. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee made major strategic arrangements around the continued deepening of national defense and military reforms, and proposed a number of important reform measures involving the optimization and adjustment of systems, mechanisms, and institutions, which are highly contemporary, forward-looking, and targeted. All levels of the military must earnestly study and implement the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, focus on improving the leadership and management system and mechanism of the People’s Army, deepen the reform of the joint combat system, deepen cross-military and local reforms, and constantly create a new situation in strengthening and revitalizing the army.

We should follow the general trend of reform and gather strong forces. To thoroughly implement the strategy of reform and strengthening the military, we need unity of purpose and unity of purpose. We should persist in using the Party’s innovative theories to unite our hearts and minds and strengthen our foundations, arm our heads with Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military, unify our thoughts and actions with the decisions of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi, and take on the responsibility of thoroughly implementing the strategy of reform and strengthening the military with a high degree of historical consciousness and a strong sense of mission, further consolidate the consensus on reform, strengthen the will to reform, and enhance the confidence in reform. We should focus on summarizing and applying the successful experience of national defense and military reform, deeply grasp the characteristics and laws of reform and strengthening the military, use reform to solve the problems encountered in development, and continuously promote the modernization of national defense and the military to break through obstacles. Party members and cadres in the military, especially leading cadres, must be good promoters and doers of reform, take the lead in tackling tough problems with practical actions, work hard and fast, and make great strides forward in the journey of building a world-class military in an all-round way.

(Written by: Tang Junfeng)

現代國語：

國防大學習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想研究中心

黨的二十屆三中全會是在以中國式現代化全面推進強國建設、民族復興偉業的關鍵時期召開的一次十分重要的會議，重點研究部署進一步全面深化改革、推進中國式現代化問題，對持續深化國防和軍隊改革作出戰略部署，為新征程接力推進改革強軍、不斷開創國防和軍隊現代化新局面繪就了藍圖。全軍各級要認真學習貫徹黨的二十屆三中全會精神，統一思想、統一意志、統一行動，深入實施改革強軍戰略，為如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標、基本實現國防和軍隊現代化提供有力保障。

改革是設計和塑造軍隊未來的關鍵一招

改革開放性是當代中國最顯著的特徵、最壯麗的氣象。軍事領域是競爭和對抗最激烈的領域，也是最具創新活力、最需改革創新的領域。能否具備永不停頓的改革精神和開拓進取的創新精神，是衡量一支軍隊打贏能力的重要標志。深化國防和軍隊改革是強軍興軍必由之路，強軍興軍動力在改革，出路在改革，前途也在改革。

人民軍隊的力量來自改革創新，人民軍隊的勝利來自改革創新。人民軍隊成長發展史，就是一部改革創新史。從土地革命戰爭時期創立黨對軍隊絕對領導一整套建軍原則制度，到抗日戰爭時期實行精兵簡政；從解放戰爭時期組建五大野戰軍，到新中國成立後多次調整體制編制，再到改革開放和社會主義現代化建設新時期百萬大裁軍……人民軍隊邊戰邊改，邊建邊改，愈改愈強。從紅軍時期的“十六字訣”，到抗日戰爭時期的“持久戰”，從解放戰爭時期的“十大軍事原則”，到抗美援朝戰爭時期的“零敲牛皮糖”，再到新中國成立後軍事戰略方針的不斷調整……人民軍隊從戰爭中學習戰爭，從實踐中探索規律，在世界軍事史上書寫了戰爭指導藝術不斷創新的生動篇章。一路走來，改革創新始終是我軍從小到大、由弱到強，不斷從勝利走向勝利的重要法寶。深化國防與軍隊改革，是實現中國夢、強軍夢的時代要求，是強軍興軍的必經之路，也是決定軍隊未來的關鍵一招。當前，實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標到了吃勁奮鬥的攻堅期，以更強大的能力、更可靠的手段捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益，為以中國式現代化全面推進中華民族偉大復興提供戰略支撐，必須持續深化防衛和軍隊改革。

惟改革者進，惟創新者強。習主席強調指出：「新軍事革命為我們提供了千載難逢的機遇，我們要抓住機遇、奮發有為，不僅要趕上潮流、趕上時代，還要力爭走在時代前列。」當今世界，新軍事革命風起雲湧，智慧化戰爭形態在戰爭實踐中漸顯真容，新的軍事技術和武器裝備體系進一步影響戰爭規則，這些都要求我們必須保持敏銳的改革意識、前沿的創新思維，立足我軍發展實際，聚焦備戰打仗需求，深入思考打贏現代戰爭所必需的全新力量結構、制勝邏輯，依靠改革持續優化軍事體系，對標實戰化要求提高軍事治理效能，全力以赴打好實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標攻堅戰。

全面深化改革成就新時代人民軍隊偉大變革

黨的十八大以來，以習近平同志為核心的黨中央以巨大的政治勇氣和智慧，把中國特色社會主義改革理論和改革實踐推進到新的廣度和深度。新時代新征程，必須堅持向深化改革要創造力、凝聚力、戰鬥力，堅持方向不變、道路不偏、力度不減，以更優策略、更高效益、更快速度把國防和軍隊現代化不斷推向前進，堅決完成黨和人民賦予的新時代使命任務。

把握深化國防和軍隊改革的整體性變革。黨的十八屆三中全會以來，人民軍隊堅持以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想為指導，深入貫徹習近平強軍思想，以黨在新時代的強軍目標為引領，全面實施改革強軍戰略，深入破解長期制約國防和軍隊建設的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題，推進領導指揮體制改革、規模結構和力量編成改革、軍事政策制度改革，深化國防和軍隊改革取得歷史性成就，人民軍隊實現整體性革命性重塑；體制一新、結構一新、格局一新、面貌一新，使我軍制勝優勢更加彰顯、創新活力不斷釋放、精神面貌更為昂揚。實踐充分證明，只要堅定不移持續深化國防和軍隊改革，就一定能開創國防和軍隊現代化新局面。

堅持深化國防和軍隊改革的思想引領。習主席關於深化國防和軍隊改革的一系列方向性、根本性、全局性的重要戰略思想，深刻闡明了深化國防和軍隊改革的時代意義、本質屬性、根本引領、目標任務、核心要求、重要指向、戰略舉措和科學方法。把國防和軍隊改革進行到底，必須堅持習近平強軍思想這個總指導總遵循，一以貫之地用習近平強軍思想武裝官兵頭腦，進一步統一思想、深化認識，用以指導改革實踐，進一步向破解深層次矛盾問題發力，推動改革部署落實，高標準實現黨中央、中央軍委會和習主席的決心意圖。

推進國防和軍隊現代化需要持續深化改革

習主席強調：「前進道路上，人民軍隊必須勇於改革、善於創新，任何時候任何情況下都永不僵化、永不停滯。」人民軍隊是國家安全的堅強後盾，改革越到深處，就越要擔當作為、蹄疾步穩、奮勇前進，不能有任何停一停、歇一歇的懈怠。必須持續深化國防和軍隊改革，為以中國式現代化全面推進強國建設、民族復興偉業提供安全保障和戰略支撐。

強軍事業催人奮進，強軍目標激勵鬥志。黨的二十屆三中全會對深入實施改革強軍戰略作出戰略部署，這既是繼續改革攻堅的動員號令，也是矢志強軍的催徵戰鼓。凝心聚力實施改革強軍戰略，把新時代強軍事業不斷推向前進。使命在即，目標召喚。強軍目標描繪了強軍興軍的目標圖、路線圖和展開圖，是貫穿深化國防和軍隊改革的靈魂和主線，推進改革一時一刻、一絲一毫都不能偏離強軍目標，必須始終用強軍目標來衡量、規範和校正，為推進國防和軍隊現代化提供強大動力。

強國必強軍，強軍必改革。國防和軍隊現代化是中國式現代化的重要組成部分。進一步全面深化改革、推進中國式現代化，必然對深化國防和軍隊改革提出新的更高要求。一方面，隨著中國式現代化的實踐廣度和深度的增加，全面深化改革的新進展需要我軍建設在提質增效中跑出加速度、建出高質量。要堅持創新在我軍建設中的核心地位，以改革創新推進國防和軍隊現代化。另一方面，隨著現代戰爭實踐特別是人工智慧的軍事化運用，戰爭內在機理、制勝模式的深刻轉變等，都要求國防和軍隊改革乘勢而為、應時而動，在提升我軍基於網絡資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力等方面下更大功夫。黨的二十屆三中全會圍繞持續深化國防和軍隊改革作出重大戰略部署，提出多項重要改革舉措，涉及體制、機制、制度等方面的優化調整，具有很強的時代性、前瞻性、針對性。全軍各級要認真學習貫徹黨的二十屆三中全會精神，著力完善人民軍隊領導管理體制機制、深化聯合作戰體系改革、深化跨軍地改革，不斷開創強軍興軍新局面。

順應改革大勢，匯聚強大合力。深入實施改革強軍戰略，需要上下齊心、眾志成城。要堅持用黨的創新理論凝心鑄魂、強基固本，用習近平強軍思想武裝頭腦，把思想和行動統一到黨中央、中央軍委和習主席的決策上來，以高度的歷史自覺和強烈的使命擔當深入實施改革強軍戰略，進一步凝聚改革共識、堅定改革意志、增強改革信心。要注重總結運用國防和軍隊改革成功經驗，深入把握改革強軍的特點規律，用改革解決發展中遇到的問題，不斷推動國防和軍隊現代化破障前行。軍隊黨員幹部尤其領導幹部要當好改革的促進派和實干家，以實際行動帶頭攻堅、真抓實幹、緊張快幹，在全面建成世界一流軍隊的征程上闊步前行。

（執筆：湯俊峰）

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報作者：湯俊峰責任編輯：張碩發布：2024-07-29 06:00

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16327611888.html

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The rationale, theory and philosophy of Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening China’s military

01/31/2025 admin Leave a comment

習近平強軍思想的理論基礎與哲學思想

現代英語：

Liu GuangmingDecember 06, 2023 08:21 | Source:

2023 Issue 12 of “Party Building” Magazine

Among the innovative theories of the Party in the new era, the most brilliant chapter guiding the cause of strengthening the military is Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military. The principles, theories and philosophy of this important thought are an organic and unified whole. Among them, principles are the cornerstone, supporting the basic theoretical framework of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military; theories are the concentrated embodiment of principles in academic theories, supporting the discipline system of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military; philosophy is the sublimation of principles at the philosophical level, supporting the contemporary Chinese Marxist military outlook and methodology contained in Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military.

The main content and basic principles of Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military

In early March 2023, an article signed by “Jun Zheng” entitled “Advancing Victoriously under the Guidance of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military” was published in Qiushi and the Liberation Army Daily, which for the first time publicly disclosed the new summary of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military as “eleven clarifications” and defined it as the main content of this important thought, namely: (1) Clarifying that the absolute leadership of the Party over the military is the foundation of the people’s army and the soul of strengthening the army; We must comprehensively strengthen the Party’s leadership and Party building in the military, implement a series of fundamental principles and systems for the Party’s leadership of the military, and ensure that the troops are absolutely loyal, absolutely pure, and absolutely reliable; (2) We must make it clear that a strong country must have a strong military, and that strengthening national defense and a strong people’s army are strategic supports for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in the new era. The people’s army must be effective. Fulfill the mission and tasks of the new era; (3) Make it clear that the Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era is to build a people’s army that obeys the Party’s command, can win battles, and has a good style of work, to achieve the goal of the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the army by 2027, to basically realize the modernization of national defense and the army by 2035, and to build the people’s army into a world-class army by the middle of this century; (4) Make it clear that the army is prepared to fight , we must focus on being able to fight and win battles, focus on strong enemies, innovate military strategic guidance, develop people’s war strategy and tactics, comprehensively strengthen military training and preparation, firmly and flexibly carry out military struggle, effectively shape the situation, manage crises, contain war, and win wars; (5) Clearly promote the cause of strengthening the military and adhere to the political construction of the army, reform and strengthening the army, science and technology strengthening the army, talent strengthening the army, and rule of law in the army , adhere to the principle of fighting, preparing for war, and building at the same time, pay more attention to focusing on actual combat, innovation-driven, system-building, intensive and efficient, and military-civilian integration, strengthen military governance, promote high-quality development, and comprehensively improve the level of revolutionization, modernization, and regularization; (6) Make it clear that reform is the only way to strengthen the military, and it is necessary to promote the modernization of the military organization and build a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. Improve the socialist military system with Chinese characteristics; (7) Make it clear that science and technology are the core combat power, we must adhere to the strategic basis of independent innovation, promote high-level scientific and technological self-reliance, coordinate and promote innovation in military theory, technology, organization, management, culture and other aspects, and build an innovative people’s army; (8) Make it clear that the way to strengthen the army is to get people, we must implement the military education policy of the new era and promote the military (9) Make it clear that ruling the military by law is the basic way for our Party to build and govern the military. We must build a military legal system with Chinese characteristics, promote fundamental changes in the way the military is governed, and improve the level of legalization in national defense and military construction. (10) Make it clear that the development of military-civilian integration is the core of the development of the military. It is a move to rejuvenate the country and a strategy to strengthen the military. We must consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities. (11) We must make it clear that good work style is the distinctive feature and political advantage of our military. We must strictly govern the Party and the military in an all-round way, train a strong grassroots in an all-round way, unswervingly rectify work styles, discipline and fight corruption, vigorously promote the glorious traditions and good work style of our Party and our military, and forever maintain the nature, purpose and character of the people’s army.

Deeply understand that “the fundamental focus is to support the great cause of rejuvenation with a strong military.” Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military is fundamentally focused on supporting the great cause of rejuvenation with a strong military. This important proposition is a scientific conclusion drawn by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, which has placed national defense and military construction under the great goal of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Only by deeply studying and understanding this “fundamental focus” and comprehensively and accurately grasping the far-sighted considerations of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi to support the great cause of rejuvenation with a strong military can we understand Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military from the political and strategic levels. The “second clarification” is an important statement that directly reflects the fundamental focus of “supporting the great cause of rejuvenation with a strong military.” Whether this “support” is effective or not depends on whether we have real world-class military strength. Now, although there are more means and options for maintaining national security, we can use them flexibly and maneuver them in all directions, but we must never forget that military struggle is a strong backing for national political and diplomatic struggles, and military means are always the last resort. We must take the initiative in national rejuvenation into our own hands. While striving for strategic mutual trust, we must work hard to build a world-class military that can compete with powerful enemies. We must then insist on conducting strategic operations based on strong military strength, so that the comprehensive spillover effects of a strong military can be truly brought into play, ensuring that we can achieve national rejuvenation regardless of whether the enemy forces are willing or not and whether the international environment is relaxed or not.

Deeply realize that “the core requirement is to realize the party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era”. Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military, the core requirement is to realize the party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era. This is a major conclusion based on “building a strong national defense and a strong people’s army that is commensurate with our country’s international status and consistent with national security and development interests”. The “third clarification” comprehensively explains the goal of strengthening the military. The goal of strengthening the military is the general strategy of our party in building and governing the military in the new era, and provides fundamental guidance for promoting national defense and military construction from a new starting point. Obeying the Party’s command is the soul, determining the political direction of the army’s construction, and is embodied in the “first clarification”; being able to win battles is the core, reflecting the army’s fundamental functions and the fundamental direction of the army’s construction, and is embodied in the “fourth clarification”; having a good work style is the guarantee, related to the nature, purpose, and character of the army, and is embodied in the “eleventh clarification”. These three points embody the guiding ideology and principles of our party’s consistent construction and management of the army, embody the idea of comprehensive construction that unifies revolutionization, modernization, and regularization, and clarifies the focus and emphasis of strengthening the army’s construction. Grasping these three points in building and managing the army is to grasp the key points and play a leading role. The goal of strengthening the military is implemented in the process of national defense and military modernization, and is reflected in the new “three-step” strategic arrangement of successively connecting short-term, medium-term and long-term goals by 2027, 2035 and the middle of this century.

Deeply understand that “practical requirements are to follow the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics”. To successfully advance the cause of strengthening the military in the new era, it is not enough to have the Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era. There must also be a correct path to match it, which is the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics. Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military, practical requirements are to follow the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics. This is a scientific conclusion reached by the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi through arduous exploration. From a vertical perspective, the path to a strong military with Chinese characteristics is not only a glorious path full of historical experience and wisdom, but also a path of exploration that is constantly being explored in the process of advancing the practice of a strong military, and a bright path that faces the future and realizes the dream of a strong military; from a horizontal perspective, it is a military development path in the overall layout of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and it is parallel, mutually reinforcing, and organically unified with the development paths of our country in the fields of economy, politics, culture, society, and ecological civilization. The “fifth clarification” directly reflects the path to a strong military with Chinese characteristics, and at the same time, the other “clarifications” are also closely related to the path to a strong military with Chinese characteristics. In particular, building the army politically was developed as the “first clarification” and the “eleventh clarification”, strengthening the army through reform was developed as the “sixth clarification”, strengthening the army through science and technology was developed as the “seventh clarification”, strengthening the army through talents was developed as the “eighth clarification”, governing the army according to law was developed as the “ninth clarification”, focusing on actual combat was developed as the “fourth clarification”, and military-civilian integration was developed as the “tenth clarification”.

Learn the profound theoretical content of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military from the dialectical unity of a series of major strategic ideas in the field of national defense and military construction in the new era

Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military did not come out of thin air, but was built on a solid theoretical foundation, embodying the unity of politics and theory. Its correctness lies not only in the correctness of its political direction, but also in the scientific and thorough nature of its theory.

Comprehend the theory in the process of sublimating the practical experience of strengthening the army into ideological theory. The times are the mother of thought, practice is the source of theory, and theory is also constantly clarified and close to the truth under the catalysis of practice. In December 2012, when President Xi visited the Guangzhou Theater, he emphasized that “realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is the greatest dream of the Chinese nation since modern times. It can be said that this dream is a dream of a strong country, and for the military, it is also a dream of a strong army.” With this as the ideological starting point and logical starting point, President Xi proposed a series of original and major strategic ideas in leading the practice of strengthening the People’s Army, opening up the historical process of the formation and development of Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the army. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi have firmly grasped the strategic needs of national security and development in the new era and the objective basis for the development of a strong military. With a strong sense of worry and crisis, they have examined the historical, contemporary and practical issues of China’s military, adhered to a problem-oriented approach, and focused on building a strong people’s army in the new era. How to build a strong people’s army has profoundly answered the basic questions of the new era, such as “who should command the people’s army and how to forge a strong military spirit”, “why to strengthen the army and how to strengthen the army”, “what kind of war to fight and how to win the war”, etc., so that Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the army has been enriched and improved with the continuous development of China’s military practice in the new era, and the theoretical support of this important thought has been made more solid. Generally speaking, this important thought originated from the profound pursuit of realizing the rejuvenation of a strong country, was formed by providing scientific guidance and fundamental principles for the cause of strengthening the army in the new era, developed from the vigorous practice of solving a series of prominent contradictions and problems, and improved from the systematic and physical construction of its theoretical innovation.

Comprehend the theory through the mutual support and integration of ideological theories in various fields. The “eleven clarifications” of Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military, from the first “clear” emphasis on the absolute leadership of the Party over the military to the last “clear” emphasis on strict governance of the Party and the military, fully demonstrate our Party’s major strategy of strengthening the military and demonstrating the great ambition and strategy of comprehensively strengthening the Party’s leadership and Party building in the military to lead the modernization of national defense and the military in the new era. Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military covers the party’s absolute leadership over the military, military strategy, war and combat guidance, military modernization, national defense construction and other disciplines. It is a scientific military theory system with rich content, profound thoughts and keeping pace with the times. Regarding the modernization of the military, it is proposed to comprehensively promote the modernization of military theory, military organizational structure, military personnel, and weapons and equipment, accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence, comprehensively strengthen military governance, and promote the high-quality development of our military; regarding national defense construction, it is proposed to implement the overall national security concept, consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities, strengthen the integrated integration of strategic layout in various fields, the integrated integration of strategic resources, and the integrated use of strategic forces, and build a strong and stable modern border, sea, and air defense; and so on. These new ideas, new viewpoints and new conclusions on related fields have deepened the understanding of the laws of national defense and military construction, the laws of military struggle preparation and the laws of war guidance with a new perspective, and have become the “four pillars” supporting Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military.

Comprehend the theory from the comprehensive penetration and guidance of the distinctive theme of strengthening the army. To construct a scientific theoretical system, we must focus on the theme to plan the layout. Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army takes strengthening the army as its theme, which is a natural manifestation of the inherent theoretical logic of this thought in the process of formation and development. The chapters of the main part of the “Outline for Studying Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army (2023 Edition)” are closely related to the theme of strengthening the army, and the subtitle of each chapter begins with “On Strengthening the Army”. Grasping the theme of strengthening the army is mastering the “golden key” to learning and understanding Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army. The main contents of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military, which are “eleven clarifications”, profoundly answer major questions such as the fundamental guarantee, requirements of the times, goals, fundamental orientation, strategic layout, the only way, a powerful engine, fundamental plan, legal guarantee, important support, and unique advantages of strengthening and rejuvenating the military. Each “clarification” is closely linked to strengthening and rejuvenating the military, covering all areas and aspects of military construction, reform and military struggle preparation in the new era, running through the entire process of military force construction and use, and enriching and developing the party’s military guidance theory with systematic innovation and creative sublimation. Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military, with the theme of “strengthening and rejuvenating the military”, runs through and guides the construction of the discipline system of the party’s military thought in the new era.

Comprehend the profound philosophy of Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military from the military outlook and methodology of the “Five Persistences”

Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military insists on using Marxism to examine contemporary Chinese military issues, profoundly expounds on a series of major relationships, and creatively puts forward the contemporary Chinese Marxist military outlook and methodology of “five insistences”: insist on political leadership, insist on stopping war with force, insist on being proactive and enterprising, insist on overall planning and balancing all aspects, and insist on daring to fight and win. It is a vivid manifestation of the world outlook and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in the military field, and has opened up a new realm of Marxist military dialectics and contemporary Chinese military philosophy.

Understand the relationship between the military and politics from “upholding political guidance”. “Upholding political guidance” emphasizes that the military should obey politics, and that political nature is the essential attribute of the military, which profoundly explains the political nature of military power. In the relationship between the military and politics, the first thing to grasp is that politics determines the military, and political strategy determines strategy. We must unswervingly uphold the party’s absolute leadership over the military, serve the people wholeheartedly, always think about and handle military issues from a political perspective, faithfully perform the mission and tasks entrusted by the party and the people, always listen to the party, follow the party, and always be the people’s soldiers. At the same time, the importance of the military cannot be ignored. Politics determines and leads the military, and the military serves and supports politics. These two aspects complement each other and are organically unified.

Understand the relationship between war and peace from “insisting on stopping war with force”. President Xi pointed out: “Only by being able to fight can we stop war, and only by being prepared to fight can we avoid fighting. The less able we are to fight, the more likely we are to be beaten. This is the dialectic between war and peace.” This important statement scientifically reveals the contradictory characteristics of the mutual connection and mutual transformation between war and peace, and points out that the premise and key to achieving peace is “being able to fight”, and the ultimate way to win peace is “stopping war with war and stopping war with force”. Therefore, we must build military struggle preparations on the basis of coping with the most complex and difficult situations, not fight unprepared battles, grasp strategic initiative, effectively formulate strategies and tactics, and ensure that we can effectively stop war and resolutely win the war.

From “persisting in positive progress”, we can understand the relationship between stability and shaping. First, stability and shaping are mutually conditional: stability is the premise and foundation of shaping. Without stability, shaping is impossible; without positive and enterprising shaping, stability is impossible. Second, stability and shaping promote each other: stability can prevent shaping from “going astray”; shaping can enhance the “new quality” of stability. Therefore, we must insist on putting ourselves first, proceed from reality, give full play to our conscious initiative, be good at taking the initiative, fight proactively, find opportunities in crises and turn crises into opportunities, strive to be proactive and avoid being passive, and strive for all possible victories on a stable and reliable basis.

Understand the relationship between system and efficiency from “adhering to overall planning and balancing considerations”. Dialectical materialism believes that everything is interconnected and interdependent, and the entire world is an interconnected whole and an interactive system. Within the system, the various components coordinate and interact with each other to achieve optimized efficiency. Military practice is full of various complex contradictory movements. Grasping the relevance and mastering the complexity are the basic requirements for promoting military development. The cause of strengthening the military in the new era must be planned and operated as a systematic project. We must implement the overall national security concept, coordinate economic construction and national defense construction, coordinate military struggle and other aspects of the struggle, coordinate major tasks of war preparation, use key breakthroughs to drive overall progress, and improve overall effectiveness through coordination and linkage.

Understand the relationship between people and weapons from “insisting on daring to fight and winning”. In today’s era, with the rapid development of high-tech and the widespread use of new weapons and equipment, the human factor and the weapon factor are becoming more and more closely integrated. Faced with the new changes in the relationship between people and weapons in modern warfare, President Xi Jinping clearly pointed out that “people are the decisive factor in winning wars”, and emphasized that “with the continuous development of military technology, the importance of equipment factors is increasing”. If there is a generation gap in weapons and equipment, it will be difficult to fight. We must attach importance to the factor of weapons. It is not enough to talk about the human factor without weapons and equipment, the basic components of war. Attaching importance to the equipment factor is to attach importance to the human factor. We must carry forward the fighting spirit of not fearing hardship and not fearing death, dare to overcome all difficulties, and dare to overwhelm all enemies.

(Author’s unit: National Defense University’s Research Center for Xi Jinping’s Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era)

(Editors: Wang Zifeng, Wang Keyuan)

現代國語：

在新時代黨的創新理論中，用來指導強軍事業的精彩篇章是習近平強軍思想。這一重要思想的道理學理哲理是有機統一的整體。其中，道理是基石，支撐起習近平強軍思想的基本理論架構﹔學理是道理在學術理論上的集中體現，支撐起習近平強軍思想的學科體系﹔哲理是道理在哲學層面的升華，支撐起習近平強軍思想蘊含的當代中國馬克思主義軍事觀與方法論。

習近平強軍思想的主要內容與基本道理

2023年3月初，「鈞政」署名文章《在習近平強軍思想引領下勝利前進》在《求是》和《解放軍報》發表，首次公開了習近平強軍思想「十一個明確」的新概括，並將其界定為這一重要思想的主要內容，即：（1）明確黨對軍隊絕對領導是人民軍隊建軍之本、強軍之魂，必須全面加強軍隊黨的領導和黨的建設，貫徹黨領導軍隊的一系列根本原則和製度，確保部隊絕對忠誠、絕對純潔、絕對可靠﹔（2）明確強國必須強軍，鞏固國防和強大人民軍隊是新時代堅持發展中國特色社會主義、實現中華民族偉大復興的戰略支撐，人民軍隊必須有效履行新時代使命任務﹔（3）明確黨在新時代的強軍目標是建設一支聽黨指揮、能打勝仗、作風優良的人民軍隊，到2027年實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標，到2035年基本實現國防和軍隊現代化，到本世紀中葉把人民軍隊建成世界一流軍隊﹔（4）明確軍隊是要準備打仗的，必須聚焦能打仗、打勝仗，扭住強敵對手，創新軍事戰略指導，發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，全面加強練兵備戰，堅定靈活開展軍事鬥爭，有效塑造態勢、管控危機、遏制戰爭、打贏戰爭﹔ （5）明確推進強軍事業必須堅持政治建軍、改革強軍、科技強軍、人才強軍、依法治軍，堅持邊鬥爭、邊備戰、邊建設，更加重視聚焦實戰、創新驅動、體系建設、集約高效、軍民融合，加強軍事治理，推動高質量發展，全面提高革命化現代化正規化水平﹔（6）明確改革是強軍的必經之路，必須推進軍隊組織形態現代化，建立中國特色現代軍事力量體系，完善中國特色社會主義軍事制度﹔（7）明確科技是核心戰鬥力，必須堅持自主創新戰略基點，推進高水準科技自立自強，統籌推進軍事理論、技術、組織、管理、文化等各方面創新，建設創新型人民軍隊﹔（8）明確強軍之道要在得人，必須貫徹新時代軍事教育方針，推動軍事人員能力素質、結構佈局、開發管理全面轉型升級，鍛造德才兼備的高素質、專業化新型軍事人才﹔（9）明確依法治軍是我們黨建軍治軍基本方式，必須構建中國特色軍事法治體系，推動治軍方式根本轉變，提高國防及軍隊建設法治化水準﹔（10）明確軍民融合發展是興國之舉、強軍之策，必須鞏固提高一體化國家戰略體系與能力﹔（11）明確作風優良是我軍鮮明特色和政治優勢，必須全面從嚴治黨、全面從嚴治軍，全面鍛造過硬基層，堅定不移正風肅紀反腐，大力弘揚我黨我軍光榮傳統和優良作風，永葆人民軍隊性質、宗旨、本色。

深刻體悟「根本著眼是以強軍支撐強國復興偉業」。習近平強軍思想，根本著眼是以強軍支撐強國復興偉業。這一重大論斷，是以習近平同志為核心的黨中央，把國防和軍隊建設放在實現中華民族偉大復興的大目標下，思考謀劃而得出的科學結論。深入學習領悟這個“根本著眼”，全面準確把握黨中央、中央軍委和習主席以強軍支撐強國復興偉業的深遠考量，才能從政略和戰略層面讀懂習近平強軍思想。「第二個明確」是直接體現「以強軍支撐強國復興偉業」根本著眼的重要論述。這個「支撐」是否管用頂用，關鍵在於看有沒有實打實的世界級的軍事實力。現在，雖然維護國家安全的手段和選擇增多了，我們可以靈活運用、縱橫捭閔，但千萬不能忘記，軍事鬥爭是國家政治和外交鬥爭的堅強後盾，軍事手段始終是保底的手段。我們必須把強國復興的主動權掌握在自己手中，在爭取戰略互信的同時，努力建設能與強敵相抗衡的世界一流軍隊，進而堅持以強大軍事實力為托底進行戰略運籌，使強軍的綜合性溢出效應真正發揮出來，確保無論敵對勢力是否樂意、國際環境是否寬鬆，我們都能實現強國復興。

深刻體悟「核心要求是實現黨在新時代的強軍目標」。習近平強軍思想，核心要求是實現黨在新時代的強軍目標。這是從「建設同我國國際地位相稱、同國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大人民軍隊」出發作出的重大論斷。「第三個明確」全面闡釋了強軍目標。強軍目標是新時代我們黨建軍治軍的總方略，為在新的起點上推進國防和軍隊建設提供了根本指引。聽黨指揮是靈魂，決定軍隊建設的政治方向，集中體現為“第一個明確”﹔能打勝仗是核心，反映軍隊的根本職能和軍隊建設的根本指向，集中體現為“第四個明確” ﹔作風優良是保証，關系軍隊的性質、宗旨、本色，集中體現為「第十一個明確」。這三條體現了我們黨一以貫之的建軍治軍指導思想和方針原則，體現了革命化現代化正規化建設相統一的全面建設思想，明確了加強軍隊建設的聚焦點和著力點。建軍治軍抓住這三條，就抓住了要害，就能起到綱舉目張的作用。強軍目標落實到國防和軍隊現代化進程中，體現為到2027年、2035年、本世紀中葉，近、中、遠目標梯次銜接的新「三步走」戰略安排。

深刻體悟「實踐要求是走中國特色強軍之路」。要勝利推進新時代強軍事業，僅有黨在新時代的強軍目標是不夠的，還必須有與之相匹配的正確道路，這就是中國特色強軍之路。習近平強軍思想，實踐要求是走中國特色強軍之路。這是黨中央、中央軍委和習主席領導全軍經過艱辛探索的科學結論。中國特色強軍之路，從縱向看，既是飽含歷史經驗和智慧的光榮之路，又是在推進強軍實踐中不斷開拓的求索之路，也是面向未來、實現強軍夢的光明之路﹔從橫向來看，是中國特色社會主義事業總體佈局中的軍事發展道路，與我國在經濟、政治、文化、社會、生態文明等領域的發展道路並行展開、交相輝映、有機統一。直接體現中國特色強軍之路的，是“第五個明確”，同時，其他各個“明確”也都與中國特色強軍之路緊密相關。特別是其中的政治建軍展開為“第一個明確”和“第十一個明確”，改革強軍展開為“第六個明確”，科技強軍展開為“第七個明確”，人才強軍展開為“第八個明確”，依法治軍展開為“第九個明確”，聚焦實戰展開為“第四個明確”，軍民融合展開為“第十個明確”。

從新時代國防與軍隊建設領域一系列重大戰略思想的辯証統一中領悟習近平強軍思想的厚實學理

習近平強軍思想，不是憑空冒出來的，而是建立在堅實的學理基礎之上，體現了政治性與學理性的統一，其正確性，既在於政治方向的正確性，也在於學理的科學性、徹底性。

在強軍實踐經驗向思想理論升華的進程中領悟學理。時代是思想之母，實踐是理論之源，學理也是在實踐的催化下不斷明晰並貼近真理。 2012年12月，習主席在廣州戰區考察時強調，“實現中華民族偉大復興，是中華民族近代以來最偉大的夢想。可以說，這個夢想是強國夢，對軍隊來說，也是強軍夢” 。以此為思想發端和邏輯起點，習主席在領航人民軍隊的強軍實踐中提出一系列原創性重大戰略思想，開啟了習近平強軍思想形成和發展的歷史進程。黨的十八大以來，黨中央、中央軍委和習主席牢牢把握新時代國家安全與發展的戰略需求和強軍事業發展的客觀基點，以強烈的憂患意識和危機意識審視中國軍事的歷史之問、時代之問、實踐之問，堅持問題導向，圍繞新時代建立一支什麼樣的強大人民軍隊、怎樣建設強大人民軍隊，深刻回答了新時代「人民軍隊聽誰指揮、怎樣鑄牢軍魂」「為什麼強軍、怎樣強軍」「打什麼仗、怎樣打勝仗」等基本問題，使習近平強軍思想隨著新時代中國軍事實踐的不斷發展而豐富完善，也使這一重要思想的學理支撐更加堅實。整體來看，這一重要思想發軔於對實現強國復興的深沉追求，形成於為新時代強軍事業提供科學指引和根本遵循，發展於破解一系列突出矛盾問題的壯闊實踐，完善於其理論創新的體系化學理化構建。

在各領域思想理論的相互支撐與契合融通中領悟學理。習近平強軍思想的“十一個明確”，從第一個“明確”強調黨對軍隊絕對領導，到最後一個“明確”強調全面從嚴治黨、全面從嚴治軍，全面展現了我們黨強軍興軍的重大方略，彰顯了以全面加強軍隊黨的領導和黨的建設統領新時代國防和軍隊現代化建設的大氣魄大戰略。習近平強軍思想涵括了黨對軍隊絕對領導、軍事戰略、戰爭和作戰指導、軍隊現代化、國防建設等學科內容，是內涵豐富、思想深邃、與時俱進的科學軍事理論體系。關於軍隊現代化，提出全面推進軍事理論、軍隊組織形態、軍事人員、武器裝備現代化，加速機械化資訊化智能化融合發展，全面加強軍事治理，推動我軍高質量發展﹔關於國防建設，提出貫徹總體國家安全觀，鞏固提高一體化國家戰略體系與能力，加強各領域戰略佈局一體融合、戰略資源一體整合、戰略力量一體運用，建設強大穩固的現代邊海空防﹔等等。這些對相關領域提出的一系列新思想新觀點新論斷，以全新視野深化了對國防和軍隊建設規律、軍事鬥爭準備規律、戰爭指導規律的認識，成為支撐習近平強軍思想的「四樑八柱」。

從強軍興軍這個鮮明主題的全面貫通引領中領悟學理。建構一個科學的理論體系，必須著眼主題來謀篇佈局。習近平強軍思想以強軍興軍為主題，是這一思想在形成與發展過程中內在理論邏輯的自然體現。《習近平強軍思想學習綱要（2023年版）》主體部分的各章節緊扣強軍興軍這個主題，其中每一章的副標題都是以「關於強軍興軍的」打頭。掌握住強軍興軍這個主題，就掌握了學習理解習近平強軍思想的「金鑰匙」。習近平強軍思想「十一個明確」的主要內容，深刻回答了強軍興軍的根本保証、時代要求、奮鬥目標、根本指向、戰略佈局、必由之路、強大引擎、根本大計、法治保障、重要依托、特有優勢等重大問題，每一個「明確」都緊扣強軍興軍來展開，涵蓋新時代軍隊建設、改革和軍事鬥爭準備各領域各方面，貫通軍事力量建設和運用全過程，以體系性創新、創造性升華豐富發展了黨的軍事指導理論。習近平強軍思想以「強軍興軍」這個主題貫通引領新時代黨的軍事思想的學科體系建設。

從「五個堅持」的軍事觀和方法論中領悟習近平強軍思想的精深哲理

習近平強軍思想，堅持用馬克思主義審視當代中國軍事問題，深刻闡述一系列重大關系，創造性提出「五個堅持」的當代中國馬克思主義軍事觀和方法論：堅持政治引領、堅持以武止戈、堅持積極進取、堅持統籌兼顧、堅持敢打必勝，是習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想的世界觀和方法論在軍事領域的生動體現，開拓了馬克思主義軍事辯証法和當代中國軍事哲學新境界。

從「堅持政治引領」中領悟軍事與政治的相互關系。 “堅持政治引領”，強調軍事服從政治，政治性是軍隊的本質屬性，深刻闡明了軍事力量的政治本質。在軍事與政治的相互關系中，首先要把握的是政治決定軍事、政略決定戰略，必須毫不動搖堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導，全心全意為人民服務，始終從政治高度思考和處理軍事問題，忠實履行黨和人民賦予的使命任務，永遠聽黨話、跟黨走，永遠做人民子弟兵。同時，也不能忽視軍事的重要性。政治決定軍事、引領軍事，軍事服務政治、支撐政治，這兩個面向相輔相成、有機統一。

從「堅持以武止戈」領悟戰爭與和平的相互關系。習主席指出：「能戰方能止戰，準備打才可能不必打，越不能打越可能挨打，這就是戰爭與和平的辯証法。」這一重要論述，科學揭示了戰爭與和平相互聯繫、相互轉化的矛盾特徵，指明了實現和平的前提和關鍵是“能戰”，贏得和平的最後途徑是“以戰止戰、以武止戈”。因此，要把軍事鬥爭準備建立在應對最復雜最困難的基礎上，不打無準備之仗，掌握戰略主動、有效制定戰略戰術,確保有力懾止戰爭、堅決打贏戰爭。

從「堅持積極進取」領悟穩局與塑勢的相互關系。一是穩局和塑勢互為條件：穩局是塑勢的前提和基礎，立足未穩就不可能塑勢﹔離開了積極進取的塑勢，想穩也穩不住。二是穩局和塑勢互相促進：穩局可以防止塑勢「劍走偏鋒」﹔塑勢可以提升穩局的「新質」。因此，要堅持以我為主，從實際出發，充分發揮自覺能動性，善於下先手棋、打主動仗，善於危中尋機、化危為機，力爭主動、力避被動，在穩當可靠基礎上爭取一切可能的勝利。

從「堅持統籌兼顧」領悟系統與效能的相互關系。唯物辯証法認為，萬事萬物是相互聯繫、相互依存的，整個世界是相互聯繫的整體，也是相互作用的系統。在系統內部，各組成部分之間相互協調、相互作用，實現效能優化。軍事實踐充滿各種複雜矛盾運動，把握關聯性、駕馭複雜性是推動軍事發展的基本要求，必須把新時代強軍事業作為系統工程來謀劃和運籌。要貫徹總體國家安全觀，統籌經濟建設和國防建設，統籌軍事鬥爭和其他方面鬥爭，統籌戰建備重大任務，以重點突破帶動整體推進，以協調聯動提高綜合效能。

從「堅持敢打必勝」領悟人與武器的相互關系。在當今時代，隨著高新技術的快速發展以及新式武器裝備的廣泛使用，人的因素和武器因素結合得越來越緊密。面對現代戰爭中人與武器關系的新變化，習主席明確指出，“在戰爭制勝問題上，人是決定因素”，同時強調“隨著軍事技術不斷發展，裝備因素的重要性在上升”。如果武器裝備上有代差，仗就很難打了。要重視武器的因素，脫離了武器裝備這個戰爭的基本構件來講人的因素是不行的。重視裝備因素也就是重視人的因素。要發揚一不怕苦、二不怕死的戰鬥精神，敢於戰勝一切困難，敢於壓倒一切敵人。

（作者單位：國防大學習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想研究中心）

(責編：王珂園)

中國原創軍事資源：http://ztjy.people.cn/BIG5/n1/2023/1206/c457340-40132768.html

Red Dragon 1949 / 紅龍1949

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