Category Archives: #智慧化戰爭

Chinese Military Review: Intelligent Warfare is coming to us (China)

現代英語:

2001年3月7日 09:06 解放军报

Liu Aimin

  Intelligent warfare makes its debut

  The organic combination of modern combat requirements of “fast, accurate and efficient” and electronic information technology has given birth to a new generation of combat weapons – intelligent weapons. The continuous emergence and frequent use of high-tech weapons with considerable intelligence on the battlefield will inevitably result in the emergence of intelligent combat styles. In the Gulf War, the US military used a large number of drones with intelligent control devices to conduct aerial reconnaissance, with a total of 522 sorties. The 282 “Tomahawk” cruise missiles launched by the US military attacked targets within 450-2600 kilometers, with a hit rate of more than 90%. The Kosovo War was even more of a “demonstration of results” of weapons with intelligent characteristics. Although precision-guided munitions only accounted for 35% of ground attack munitions in combat, the number of targets destroyed accounted for 74% of the total.

  Intelligent technology is a marginal discipline that studies the relationship between electronic computers, human brains and intelligence. Intelligent weapons refer to high-tech weapons and equipment that have some (specific) functions of the human brain, such as reconnaissance, search, identification, aiming, and attacking targets, without manual operation and control, and can be independently completed without manual operation and control. Compared with precision-guided weapons, intelligent weapons can “consciously” find and identify targets to be attacked, and some of them have the ability to distinguish natural language. They are a “thinking” weapon system. In future combat, whoever masters advanced intelligent weapons and means will have stronger combat effectiveness and more initiative.

  In terms of weapon intelligence, the key technologies currently under development include: robots; expert systems; intelligent machines and intelligent interfaces; machine vision and image understanding; speech recognition and natural language theory; weapon precision control and smart weapons; automatic target recognition; unmanned vehicles; neural networks and their applications, etc. According to scientific predictions, these technologies will have major breakthroughs in the 21st century and bring about a revolution in intelligent technology.

  Scientists predict that intelligent weapons, military expert systems and military robot forces will occupy an important position in the future military field.

  Characteristics of Intelligent Warfare

  Intelligent warfare is a high-tech warfare form that uses intelligent weapons and means under information warfare conditions to achieve efficient command and control and implement precise and smart strikes. In essence, it is the radiation and extension of human “intelligence” to the information battlefield and weapon systems. From the perspective of combat procedures and means, intelligent warfare includes two major aspects: one is intelligent command and control warfare; the other is the offensive and defensive confrontation of intelligent weapons. The main signs of intelligent warfare are the emergence of intelligent weapon groups and intelligent means and their use on future battlefields. Future intelligent warfare has four significant characteristics.

  ———Command efficiency. During the Kosovo War, NATO commanded more than 38,000 flight missions to coordinate attacks on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from different airports, directions, altitudes, and times. Without the support of the C4I system, it would be impossible to rely on manual command. The amount of information on future battlefields will expand unprecedentedly, and it will be necessary to coordinate the combat forces of multiple services and complex weapon systems in full-dimensional space, which is even more inseparable from the support of advanced intelligent computers. In the future, four changes will be achieved in intelligent command and control: computers will shift from calculation, storage, transmission, and execution of commands to thinking and reasoning; information processing will shift to knowledge processing; the extension of hand functions will shift to the extension of brain functions; electronic warfare, psychological warfare, entity destruction, information deception, and military confidentiality in command and control operations will mainly shift to network operations, ultimately achieving a high degree of intelligence in command and control operations.

  ———Strike precision. In precision-guided weapons, no matter which guidance method is used, it is inseparable from the key control device with high-speed signal processing and feedback capabilities. It is mainly used to process a large amount of information in real time at high speed, determine the flight direction of the weapon, and control the tracking actuator to guide the weapon to the target. After adopting microcomputer control, each combat vehicle and weapon platform can be connected to the battlefield C4I system, which will further improve the accuracy of missile hits and combat performance. Precision warfare has become an important combat idea and principle of the 21st century military.

  ———Automated operation. Looking forward to the development of the 21st century, various advanced weapons will be equipped with various types of micro-intelligent computers in the future, various aircraft and ships will be equipped with machine (ship) intelligent computers, tanks will be equipped with vehicle-mounted intelligent computers, artillery systems will be equipped with fire control intelligent computers, anti-missile weapon systems will be equipped with large weapon control intelligent computers, unmanned aircraft known as the “air suicide squad” and unmanned autonomous tanks, tanks and other intelligent weapons will be fully implemented with computer intelligent control, achieving a high degree of automation and intelligence.

  ———Behavior intelligence. The behavior intelligence of weapons and equipment mainly refers to their “intelligence” such as self-memory, self-searching, self-selection, self-tracking, and self-identification, which greatly improves the combat performance and combat effectiveness of weapons and equipment. In the future, there will be many types of intelligent weapons, which can be divided into lethal intelligent weapons and non-lethal intelligent weapons. Among them, lethal intelligent weapons include soft kill and hard kill. At present and in the future, military intelligent weapons and equipment mainly include intelligent missiles, intelligent ground (water) mines, intelligent combat vehicles, intelligent aircraft, intelligent ships, intelligent C4I systems and intelligent robots, etc. Military robots will play an important role in future high-tech wars. The United States has included more than 100 types of military robots in its development plan. Some US military units have begun to equip application-oriented robots. For example, the 7 mine-sweeping robots of the US First Armored Division have cleared more than 1,000 mines without any casualties.

  It can be foreseen that in addition to robot warfare, the 21st century will see the emergence of intelligent missile warfare, intelligent command and control warfare, intelligent network warfare, intelligent drone warfare, intelligent tank warfare, intelligent mine warfare, and so on.

  The impact of intelligent warfare

  This has led to a qualitative change in the form of war. With reference to the “heat energy” form of energy release in the industrial era, the energy release form of intelligent warfare in the information era is prominently manifested in the following ways: targeted energy release, or the controlled release of energy to make it more consistent with the purpose of war; intelligent energy release forms that combine man and machine, such as weapons that can automatically search, robot soldiers, and intelligent combat vehicles; and systematic energy release forms, which solve the technical problems of intelligent command and control, ensure the integration of joint combat command, and give full play to the overall combat effectiveness of various forces.

  Changing the traditional principles of “concentration” and “mobility”. In the future, intelligent warfare will be able to achieve the effects of “point-to-point” and “1+1”, that is, a weapon platform launches a bomb to accurately destroy a target. Intelligent command and control will be able to concentrate various combat forces at the most favorable time and place, and strike the enemy reasonably and effectively. Therefore, intelligent warfare will make the connotation of “concentration” and “mobility” new. Concentration of troops and firepower will be changed to concentration of combat effectiveness; troop mobility will be changed to firepower mobility, so that future combat will develop in the direction of precision, dexterity, and economy.

  Give new content to the relationship between people and weapons. No matter how “brave” intelligent weapons are, they cannot change the fundamental fact that people are the main body of war. Intelligent weapons and means are ultimately the extension and development of human capabilities. Compared with other weapons, intelligent weapons are also subject to various human and natural factors. The higher the degree of intelligence, the more it depends on system work. However, we cannot ignore the important role of intelligent weapons in future wars.

  Meeting the Challenges of Intelligent Warfare

  Develop 21st century combat theory. Our army has always had traditional advantages in military theory, but in the face of future operations, we still have shortcomings in combining combat guidance theory with practice. At present, the primary issue is to further break the old framework, change old concepts, enhance information combat awareness, intelligent combat awareness, strengthen the research of new combat theories in the future, and innovate military theories at all levels of strategy, campaign and tactics.

  Develop intelligent technology and weapon systems. To win future wars, we must develop weapons that can win in the future, strive to be the vanguard in key technologies, use intelligent technology as a breakthrough, focus on solving the problems of “sharp eyes, smart brains, long legs, and accurate shooting” in weapon systems, highlight the construction of command automation systems, especially military expert systems, and strengthen the intelligent transformation of existing weapons.

  Develop the organization and high-quality talent team of our army. Future intelligent warfare can be said to be a war of knowledge, strategy, technology, and talent. Intelligence will inevitably promote the leanness of the army and put forward higher requirements for the quality of talents. Abstract intelligent weapons are useless. Only by effectively combining well-trained personnel and intelligent weapons can we defeat the enemy. In terms of organizational structure, we should adapt to the needs of future operations, increase the proportion of information technology talents, command and control talents, and new combat forces (military robots, computer protection soldiers, etc.), optimize the combination, and obtain the maximum combat organization function. In terms of talent development, we should update the talent quality structure and knowledge structure, advance the cultivation of talents urgently needed for future operations, and comprehensively improve our army’s ability to win.

現代國語:

劉愛民

智能化作戰粉墨登場

「快速、精確、高效」的現代作戰需求和電子資訊技術的有機結合,催生了新一代作戰兵器———智能化武器,具有相當智能的高技術武器的不斷出現和頻繁運用於戰場,其結果必然是智慧化作戰樣式的產生。在海灣戰爭中,美軍大量使用有智慧控制裝置的無人機實施空中偵察,共出動522架次。美軍發射的282枚「戰斧」巡弋飛彈攻擊450-2600公里內的目標,命中率達90%以上。科索沃戰爭更是具有智慧特性武器的“成果演示”,作戰中雖然精確導引彈藥只佔對地攻擊彈藥的35%,但其摧毀的目標數量卻佔總數的74%。

智能技術是研究電子計算機、人腦和智能三者之間關係的一門邊緣學科。智慧化武器是指不用人工操作和控制,以人工智慧技術的“物化”實現武器裝備的“智化”,自主完成偵察、搜索、識別、瞄準、攻擊目標等具有人腦部分(特定)功能的高技術武器裝備。與精確導引武器相比,智慧武器可以「有意識」地尋找、辨別需要打擊的目標,​​有的還具有辨別自然語言的能力,是一種「會思考」的武器系統。未來作戰,誰掌握先進的智慧化武器及手段,誰將擁有更強的戰鬥力和更多的主動權。

在武器智慧方面,目前主要發展的關鍵技術有:機器人;專家系統;智慧型機及智慧型介面;機器視覺與影像理解;語音辨識與自然語言理論;武器精密控制與靈巧武器;目標自動辨識;無人駕駛載體;神經網路及其應用等。根據科學預測,這些技術在21世紀必將有重大突破,並帶來一場智慧科技革命。

科學家預測,智慧化武器、軍事專家系統和軍用機器人部隊,將在未來軍事領域佔有重要地位。

智能化作戰的特徵

智能化作戰,就是在資訊作戰條件下,運用智慧化武器和手段,以實現高效指揮控制和實施精確與靈巧打擊為主旨的高技術作戰形式。從本質上講,它是人的「智慧」向資訊戰場和武器系統的輻射和延伸。從作戰程序和手段來看,智慧化作戰包括兩大面向:一是智慧化的指揮控制戰;二是智慧化武器的攻防對抗。智慧化作戰的主要標誌是智慧化武器群體、智慧化手段的出現並使用於未來戰場。未來的智能化作戰有四個顯著特徵。

———指揮高效化。科索沃戰爭中北約指揮3.8萬多架次飛行任務,從不同機場、不同方向、不同高度、不同時間對南聯盟進行協調一致的打擊,沒有C4I系統的支持,靠人工指揮是根本不可能的。未來戰場資訊量空前擴大,需要在全維度空間協調多軍(兵)種作戰力量和複雜的武器系統,更離不開先進智慧電腦的支援。在未來智慧化指揮控制方面將實現四個轉變:電腦將由運算、儲存、傳遞、執行命令轉向思維、推理;資訊處理將轉向知識處理;手功能的延伸將轉向腦功能的延伸;指揮控製作戰的電子戰、心理戰、實體摧毀、資訊欺騙和軍事保密將主要轉向網路作戰,最終實現指揮控製作戰的高度智慧化。

———打擊精確化。在精確制導武器中,無論採用哪種制導方式,都離不開關鍵的具有高速信號處理和反饋能力的控制裝置,它主要用以高速實時處理大量信息,確定武器飛行方向,並控制跟踪執行機構,把武器引向目標。採用微電腦控制後,可使每個戰鬥車輛、武器平台與戰場C4I系統聯網,也將進一步提升飛彈命中的精度與戰鬥性能。精確戰已成為21世紀軍隊的重要作戰思想與原則。

———操作自動化。展望21世紀的發展,未來各種先進武器上都將裝載各種類型的微型智能計算機,各類飛機、艦艇上將裝有有機(艦)載智能計算機,戰車上將裝有車載智能計算機,火砲系統將裝有火控智慧型計算機,反導武器系統中將裝有大型武器控制智能計算機,被稱為“空中敢死隊”的無人駕駛飛機以及無人駕駛自主式坦克、戰車等智能武器,將全面實行電腦智慧控制,實現其高度自動化、智慧化。

———行為智能化。武器裝備行為智能化,主要是指其具有自記憶、自尋找、自選擇、自跟踪、自識別等“智能”,從而極大地提高武器裝備的戰鬥性能和戰鬥力。未來智慧化武器將有多種類型,可分為殺傷性智慧化武器和非殺傷性智慧化武器,其中殺傷性智慧化武器又包括軟殺傷和硬殺傷兩個面向。在當前和未來一個時期,軍用智慧化武器裝備主要有智慧飛彈、智慧地(水)雷、智慧戰車、智慧飛機、智慧艦艇、智慧C4I系統和智慧機器人等等。軍用機器人將在未來高技術戰爭中發揮重要作用。美國列入研發計畫的軍用機器人達100多種,美軍一些部隊已經開始裝備應用型機器人,如美第一裝甲師7台掃雷機器人,已排除引爆地雷1000餘枚而無一傷亡。

可以預見,除機器人戰爭外,21世紀將會出現智慧飛彈戰、智慧指揮控制戰、智慧網路戰、智慧無人機戰、智慧坦克戰、智慧地雷戰等等。

智能化作戰的影響

導致戰爭形態發生質的變化。以工業時代戰爭能量釋放形態「熱能」為參照,資訊時代智能化作戰的能量釋放形態,突出地表現為:有針對性地能量釋放形態,或者說使能量有控制地釋放,使之與戰爭的目的更符合;人機結合的智慧的能量釋放形態,如可以自動尋的武器、機器人士兵、智慧戰車等;系統化的能量釋放形態,即解決了智慧指揮控制的技術問題,保證聯合作戰指揮的一體化,使各種力量整體作戰效能得以充分發揮。

改變傳統的「集中」、「機動」原則。未來智慧化作戰將能達成「點對點」、「1+1」的效果,即一個武器平台發射一枚炸彈準確擊毀一個目標。智慧化指揮控制將能夠實現在最有利的時間、地點集中各種作戰力量,合理有效地打擊敵方。因此,智慧化作戰將使「集中」、「機動」的內涵變新。變集中兵力、火力為集中戰力效能;變兵力機動為火力機動,使未來作戰朝向精確化、靈巧化、節約化方向發展。

賦予人與武器關係新的內容。不論智能化武器如何“神勇”,都不能改變人是戰爭主體這一根本,智能化武器和手段歸根到底是人的能力的延伸和發展。智慧化武器與其他兵器比較,同樣要受到人和自然各種因素的限制。智能化程度越高越依賴系統工作。但是,我們不能因此忽略智慧化武器在未來戰爭中的重要角色。

迎接智慧化作戰挑戰

發展21世紀作戰理論。我軍歷來有軍事理論上的傳統優勢,但面對未來作戰,我們在作戰指導理論與實踐的結合上仍有不足。目前,首要的問題是進一步打破舊框框、改變舊觀念,增強資訊作戰意識、智慧化作戰意識,加強未來新型作戰理論的研究,從戰略、戰役和戰術各個層次創新軍事理論。

發展智慧化技術與武器系統。要贏得未來戰爭,必須發展未來能夠制勝的武器,力爭在關鍵技術上當排頭兵,以智能技術為突破,著重解決武器系統的“眼明、腦靈、腿長、打準”的問題,突出指揮自動化系統特別是軍事專家系統建設,加強現有武器的智慧化改造。

發展我軍的組織編制和高素質人才隊伍。未來智能化作戰,可以說是知識戰、謀略戰、科技戰、人才戰。智能化必然促進軍隊編成的精乾化,對人才素質也提出了更高的要求。抽象的智慧武器毫無作用,只有把訓練有素的人員和智慧化武器有效地結合起來,才能克敵制勝。在組織架構上,應該適應未來作戰的需要,加大資訊科技人才、指揮控制人才、新型作戰力量(軍用機器人、電腦防護兵等)的編配比例,優化組合,取得最大的戰鬥組織功能。在人才建構上,應更新人才素質結構、知識結構,超前培養未來作戰急需人才,全面提升我軍的打贏能力。

中國原創軍事資源:https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2001-03-07/14708888.html

#智慧化戰爭