Category Archives: 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢

Uncertainty – Fog of War and the Way to Win in Modern Warfare for China’s Military

不確定性-戰爭迷霧與中國軍隊在現代戰爭中的勝利之道

現代英語:

Wars in different eras have different characteristics, and the “fog of war” that accompanies them is constantly changing. Often when people feel that they have basically seen the way to win through multi-faceted exploration, the next war presents new uncertainties. Local wars such as the Syrian War and the India-Azerbaijan conflict have demonstrated the multifaceted and complex nature of modern warfare from different perspectives. It can be seen that although traditional firepower warfare is still on the stage, the characteristics of intelligence have already emerged; although the combat type is still an offensive and defensive struggle, the combat guidance, environmental conditions, and specific methods of play have undergone profound changes. Wars are accelerating their evolution towards intelligence. The battlefield space has expanded from land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet to space, polar regions, deep sea, and cognitive confrontations. The game competition has changed from military confrontation to multi-dimensional competitions such as politics, economy, science and technology, and public opinion. The participating forces have developed from the two warring parties to global attention and multi-dimensional intervention. Information intelligence has moved from auxiliary support to comprehensive dominance, full penetration, and full coverage. The combat unit has evolved from scale optimization to small, micro, and sophisticated, and the form is scattered and capable. Intelligence and hybrid have become basic trends. In the face of evolving wars and new uncertainties, we need to be sensitive to change and respond proactively, accumulate momentum and forge ahead in the midst of change, so as to achieve leadership and surpass others and seize the opportunity to win.

Enhance the hybrid nature of war based on the “pan-variability”. War is the continuation of politics and has never been a simple military confrontation. In the era of intelligence, visible struggles and invisible struggles coexist, battlefields with gunpowder smoke and silent battles coexist, and gray areas, hybrid warfare, and marginal conflicts coexist. In the face of fierce and complex competitive game situations, it is necessary to accelerate the construction of a hybrid warfare system with military as the cornerstone. First, enrich strategic options. Closely follow the characteristics of the times, strengthen the exploration of the characteristics and laws of non-military confrontation and the construction of power means, implement relevant preparations, and form comprehensive advantages. Secondly, enhance invisible strength. Attach importance to geopolitical, cultural, psychological and other aspects of research, and form an effective discourse system through think tank exchanges, academic promotion, cultural integration, legal construction, media propaganda and other means to influence the other party’s cognition in a silent way. Thirdly, unite the forces of peace. Take the construction of a united front in the new era as an important means of hybrid confrontation, unite all forces that can be united, and enhance international influence and appeal.

Enhance the flexibility of tactics based on the “smart change” of the battlefield. Looking at recent local wars and conflicts, due to factors such as the regional dimension and the strength of both sides, the traces of traditional warfare are still relatively obvious, but intelligent and unmanned warfare has irreversibly come to the fore. It can be foreseen that comprehensive intelligent warfare is not far away, the extension range of weapons and equipment will be farther and wider, the combat perspectives of the opposing sides will be larger and wider, and the degree of hinge fusion between the physical domain, network domain, and cognitive domain will be deeper. The battlefield with deep “smart change” calls for concepts and tactics that are adapted to it. We should accelerate the promotion of intelligent thinking, intelligent technology, and intelligent network aggregation and empowerment to form a flexible closed link with fast perception, fast decision-making, fast judgment, fast action, and fast feedback, based on “OODA” and the kill chain to beat the slow with the fast and change with change. Relying on intelligent computing power and intelligent algorithms, we design wars in advance, build various models, and innovate tactics and training methods in peacetime. In wartime, we analyze the battle situation in real time, keenly seize opportunities, and make precise decisions and actions. We use “military + technology”, “theory + experiment”, and “algorithm + tactics” to integrate the art of strategy with intelligent technology to achieve a combination of the strange and the orthodox, take the lead in rapid changes, and win by intelligence.

Enhance the plasticity of forces based on the “micro-change” of units. One of the important characteristics of modern warfare is that large systems support elite combat, and combat units are becoming increasingly miniaturized, integrated, and modular. We must focus on the combat unit, the end of combat effectiveness, and forge a “sharp knife” and “sharp blade” that is small, fine, micro, and strong to adapt to intelligent warfare. On the one hand, strengthen its ability to integrate into the system and connect all parties, rely on ubiquitous access to information networks, and achieve decentralized combat and energy concentration through flexible matching and rapid reorganization; on the other hand, strengthen its independent decision-making and improvisation capabilities, improve robustness and self-recovery, and be able to survive, respond to emergencies, and fight in extreme situations. It is possible to explore the formation of a “micro-unit” concept force, implement a flexible organization, do not fix the number of personnel, and do not restrict the field. Advanced combat theories, new combat formations, and new weapons and equipment can be tested and verified in advance, so as to explore ways to achieve cloud combat, cloud joint, cloud energy gathering, and self-combination at the end of the strike chain.

Enhance strategic bottom line based on deterrence “evolution”. Deterrence has a long history like war. With the in-depth application of intelligent technology and weapons and equipment, the connotation and extension, force means, form and effect of deterrence are changing. Although traditional nuclear deterrence is still the cornerstone of bottom line, new deterrence capabilities have been quietly formed, requiring higher determination, strength, wisdom, and strategy. Focusing on the role of deterrence in blocking the enemy invisibly in peacetime, controlling the situation at the key in times of crisis, and winning the final victory in wartime, we should focus on strengthening the strong and making up for the weak, opening up new areas, and long-term strategy to maximize the strategic value of deterrence. First, we should give equal importance to conventional and unconventional, accelerate the development of new weapons and new forces, and achieve the predetermined deterrence intention through actual combat training and actual combat deployment, supplemented by the expression and transmission of strategic will. Secondly, we should continue to study new combat concepts and new combat theories, and promote the transformation of theories from “soft” to “hard” through academic exchanges, think tank collisions, and multi-track and multi-layer confrontations, and transform them into real deterrence. Thirdly, accelerate the transformation of science and technology into the military field, increase research efforts in cloud computing, blockchain, quantum technology, etc., and strive to form a potential deterrent to opponents.

現代國語:

郭呈淵 趙中其

不同時代的戰爭有不同的特點,而與之相伴的「戰爭迷霧」也在不斷變幻。往往當人們透過多方探索、感覺已經基本看清其中的勝利之道時,下一場戰爭又呈現出新的不確定性。敘利亞戰爭、亞阿衝突等局部戰爭,從不同側面展示了現代戰爭的多面性、複雜性。可以看到,傳統火力戰雖仍在舞台之中,但智慧化特徵已然顯現;作戰類型雖仍為攻防爭奪,但作戰指導、環境條件、具體打法已深刻變化。戰爭正加速向智慧化演進,戰場空間由陸、海、空、天、電、網向太空、極地、深海、認知等全域對抗拓展,博弈比拼由軍事對決向政治、經濟、科技、輿論等多維較量轉變,參與力量由交戰雙向全球關注、多元介入方向發展,資訊智能由輔助支撐向全面主導、全程貫穿、全域覆蓋邁進,作戰單元由規模集優向小微精尖、形散能聚演化,智能、混合成為基本趨勢。面對嬗變中的戰爭和新的不確定性,需要敏銳知變、積極應變,於變中蓄勢、變中進取,實現領先超越、搶得制勝先機。

基於戰爭「泛變」增強超限混合性。戰爭是政治的延續,從來不是單純的軍事對抗。智能化時代,看得見的爭鬥和看不見的鬥爭並存,有硝煙的戰場和無聲息的爭戰同在,灰色地帶、混合戰爭、邊緣衝突相伴而生。面對激烈複雜的競爭賽局態勢,需要加速建構以軍事為基石的混合戰爭體系。首先,豐富戰略選項。緊貼時代特點,加強非軍事抗衡特點規律探究和力量手段建設,實化相關準備,形成綜合優勢。其次,提升隱形實力。重視做好地緣、文化、心理等面向研究,透過智庫交流、學術推廣、文化交融、法律建構、媒介宣傳等方式,形成有效話語體系,在潤物無聲中影響對方認知。再次,團結和平力量。把建構新時代統一戰線作為混合對抗的重要手段,團結一切可以團結的力量,增強國際影響力和感召力。

基於戰場「智變」增強戰法彈性。縱觀近幾場局部戰爭與衝突,囿於地域維度、雙方實力等因素,傳統作戰痕跡仍較為明顯,但智能化、無人化已不可逆轉地走向前台。可以預見,全面智慧化戰爭並不遙遠,武器裝備的延伸範圍將更遠更廣,對抗雙方的交戰視角將更大更寬,物理域、網絡域、認知域鉸鏈融合程度更深。深度「智變」的戰場,呼喚與之相適應的理念、戰法,應加快推進智能化思維、智能化技術、智能化網絡聚合增能,形成快感知、快決策、快判斷、快行動、快反饋的彈性閉合鏈路,基於「OODA」和殺傷鏈以快打慢、以變制變。依托智能算力、智能演算法,平時超前設計戰爭、建構多種模型、創新戰法訓法,戰時即時研判戰情、敏銳捕捉戰機、精準決策行動,運用“軍事+科技”“理論+試驗” “演算法+打法”,融合謀略藝術與智慧技術,實現奇正結合、搶先快變、以智制勝。

基於單元「微變」增強力量可塑性。大體系支撐精兵作戰是現代戰爭的重要特色之一,作戰單元變得日益微型化、整合化、模組化。要扭住作戰單元這一戰鬥力末端,鍛造適應智慧化戰爭、小而精、微而強的「尖刀」「利刃」。一方面,強化其融入體系、連結各方的能力,依托泛在接取的資訊網絡,透過靈活搭配、快速重組,實現分散作戰、集效聚能;另一方面,強化其自主決策、臨機應變能力,提高魯棒性和自恢復性,在極端情況下能生存、能應急、能作戰。可探索組成「微單元」概念部隊,實行彈性編制,不固定員額、不限制領域,超前試驗論證先進作戰理論、新式作戰編組、新型武器裝備,為實現打擊鏈條末端雲作戰、雲聯合、雲聚能、自組合運用摸索路子。

基於威懾「衍變」增強戰略保底性。威懾與戰爭一樣歷史悠久。隨著智慧化技術和武器裝備的深入運用,威懾的內涵外延、力量手段、形式效果等都在改變。雖然傳統的核威懾仍是保底基石,但新的威懾能力已在悄悄形成,對決心、實力、智慧、謀略等要求更高。著眼發揮威懾平時阻敵於無形、危時控勢於關鍵、戰時決勝於最後的作用,應注重固強補弱、開拓新域、長期經略,實現威懾戰略價值最大化。首先,堅持常規與非常規並重,加速發展新型武器、新質力量,透過實戰化演訓、實戰化部署,輔以謀略意志表達傳遞,達成預定威懾企圖。其次,持續研究新作戰概念、新作戰理論,透過學術交流、智庫碰撞和多軌多層對抗,推動理論由“軟”變“硬”,轉化為現實威懾力。再次,加速科技向軍事領域轉化進程,在雲端運算、區塊鏈、量子科技等方面加強研究力度,努力形成對對手的潛在嚇阻。

中国军网 国防部网

2022年9月16日 星期五

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/16/content_324164888.htm

Chinese Military Combat Deception on the Intelligent Battlefield

中國軍隊在智慧戰場上進行作戰欺騙

現代英語:

It is easy to break the “fog” of the battlefield, but it is difficult to break the “obsession” in your heart——

Since ancient times, achieving surprise through combat deception has been an important way to win on the battlefield. Entering the era of intelligence, the in-depth application of artificial intelligence technology has not only clearly dispelled the original war “fog”, but also created a large amount of new war “fog”. If we only rely on improving deception techniques and means, and simply superimposing and strengthening the traditional deception paradigm, it will become increasingly difficult to achieve the deception goal. From “smart deception” to “smart victory”, there is an urgent need for an overall transformation of the objects of deception, means of deception, methods of deception, and focus of deception, so as to form a new deception paradigm that meets the requirements of the intelligent era.

The target of deception has shifted from humans to human-machine hybrid agents

Clausewitz believed that three-quarters of the factors on which war is based are more or less surrounded by the “fog” of uncertainty. Combat deception is essentially the use of uncertainty in war. The more “fog” there is in war, the more room there is for maneuvering. Traditional combat deception is carried out around the opponent’s decision-making level, and people are the only target of deception. However, with the increasingly prominent role of intelligent intelligence analysis and auxiliary decision-making systems in command activities, the use of deception to achieve strategic, campaign, and tactical surprises faces major challenges. How to deceive human-machine hybrid intelligent entities composed of humans and intelligent systems has become an important factor that needs to be considered when planning and implementing deception in the intelligent era. The competition surrounding intelligent deception and anti-deception is becoming increasingly fierce.

There is a world of difference between deceiving people and deceiving intelligent systems. In the past, the “calculations” that deceived people may be exposed when facing the “calculations” of intelligent systems. Intelligent systems can efficiently integrate and process massive amounts of sensor data and Internet open source information, making a qualitative leap in the speed, depth, breadth and accuracy of battlefield situation perception, realizing a profound transformation from “sensing” to “knowing”, from “state” to “momentum”, and playing an important role in dispelling the “fog” of war. For example, on the battlefield, although both sides try to hide the truth and cover up their intentions in various ways, they still cannot escape the “eyes” of the intelligent system: the tracks left by carefully disguised tanks and armored vehicles, after being detected by the opponent’s satellites, drones, etc., will also reveal their specific locations under the analysis of the intelligent system.

On the contrary, it is very easy to deceive intelligent systems with methods that target them, but it may not be able to deceive people. A foreign research team found that by changing a few key pixels in a picture of a cat, the intelligent system can identify the cat as a dog, while the human eye will not make any recognition errors due to this change. Similar incidents are common. Some studies have pointed out that sticking a piece of paper with a special pattern on a person’s forehead can deceive the strongest facial recognition system, and this method is highly portable and can deceive other facial recognition algorithms with a slight change.

It can be seen that deceiving people and deceiving intelligent systems are two different “deception methods”. After the deep application of artificial intelligence in the field of intelligence analysis and auxiliary decision-making, from the formulation of strategic deception plans to the design of battlefield camouflage patterns, how to deceive both the human brain and the computer and keep the human-machine hybrid intelligent body “in the dark” will be an important issue that needs to be focused on and solved in order to win the initiative in war.

The fraudulent methods have shifted from being mainly human-based to a combination of human and machine.

The organization and implementation of traditional combat deception is mainly manual, especially large-scale strategic deception, which requires a lot of manpower, material and financial resources. For example, in World War II, the Allies formulated a series of deception plans to ensure the success of the Normandy landing: setting up a fake radio network and a simulated landing fleet, and imagining that the US 1st Army Group with 50 divisions and 1 million people was actively preparing to cross the channel and land in the direction of Calais; using the air force to bomb Calais and Normandy, but the former was bombed more than 1 times more than the latter, etc. The application of artificial intelligence in deception can fundamentally change this situation. With humans as the main guide and intelligent means as the auxiliary, it can quickly generate massive amounts of false information, confusing the real with the fake, and create a thicker war “fog” for the opponent.

The use of intelligent means can improve the quality of deception. On the one hand, intelligent decision-making aids can be used to formulate deception plans, optimize the design of deception forces, deception deployment, deception processes, etc., to achieve systematic deception with the best overall effect; on the other hand, intelligent intelligence analysis systems can be used to pre-test the deception effect, “using one’s own spear to attack one’s own shield”, find out the loopholes and contradictions in the plan, and then improve the deception plan to make it logically self-consistent and seamless.

The use of intelligent means can expand the scale of deception. The increasingly mature deep fake technology can synthesize realistic fake pictures, handwriting, audio, video, etc. in large quantities, and has broad application prospects in strategic, campaign, and tactical deception. For example, in strategic campaign deception, corresponding technical means can be used to confuse opponents by forging fake radio stations and fake commanders, and even to fake an active command post in a certain battle direction; in tactical deception, battlefield camouflage can be used to attach special patterns to high-value equipment to make the opponent’s intelligent system recognize it incorrectly.

The use of intelligent means can reduce the cost of deception. With the support of technologies such as virtual reality and deep fakes, unexpected deception effects can often be achieved with the help of synthetic optics, acoustics and other means, and they are low-cost and low-investment, which is more cost-effective than traditional strategic deception methods. For example, setting up false targets such as bait unmanned combat platforms, using electronic feints and electronic camouflage to send false signals can effectively restrain the opponent’s power, produce high returns at low cost, and thus gain the upper hand.

The use of intelligent means can optimize the accuracy of deception. Traditional combat deception is usually stereotyped, with prominent characteristics of broadcast, extensive, and generalized. For this reason, in the era of intelligence, we should focus on collecting data on opponent decision makers in peacetime and use big data for precise analysis to “know the enemy” more deeply and specifically. On this basis, deep fake technology can be used in wartime to customize the content of deception, realizing precise deception from targeting groups to targeting individuals.

The method of deception has shifted from mainly deceiving to mainly confusing and seducing.

“Playing cards” and “playing chess” are two game modes with completely different battlefield transparency. In the “playing cards” mode, both sides only know the cards that the opponent has played, but do not know the cards in the opponent’s hand, let alone what cards the opponent will play next; while in the “playing chess” mode, the deployment of both sides’ forces on the chessboard is completely transparent, but the opponent’s intentions and the next move are unknown. It is not difficult to see that from cold weapon wars, hot weapon wars, mechanized wars, informationized wars, and then to intelligent wars, the form of war confrontation is increasingly changing from the “playing cards” mode to the “playing chess” mode.

In a war of “playing cards”, blind deception is very useful. Through strict disguise and strict confidentiality, the opponent’s channels of information can be blocked as much as possible, making it impossible for the opponent to detect one’s own intentions and actions, thereby achieving surprise. In the past, when the means of obtaining information were limited and information on the battlefield situation was scarce, there were many examples of wars that used “hiding the truth” and “showing falsehood” to achieve surprise. However, at present, with the help of advanced reconnaissance technology, full-dimensional and full-spectrum reconnaissance has been realized, and the battlefield is becoming more and more transparent. Complete concealment without any revealing features is difficult to achieve. Once the concealment state is switched to the action state, the probability of being discovered by the opponent will be greatly increased. Blind deception can only become an auxiliary deception method.

In the war of “chess”, the following two deception methods are usually used: one is confusing deception, that is, using intelligent means to send a large amount of true and false mixed and difficult to identify information, increasing the ambiguity of information and the difficulty of analysis, making it difficult for the opponent to judge or misjudge. The second is inducement deception, that is, by sending high-definition misleading information, the opponent is led into a preset trap. The combination of these two methods and the cooperation of blinding deception together constitute a hybrid deception that is difficult for the opponent to guard against.

The focus of deception shifts from human perception to human cognition

As the main subject of war, people are important variables that influence the war situation, which implies uncertainty and uncontrollability. From the perspective of psychology, cognitive neurology and other aspects, the “black box” of the mind still cannot be revealed. Deception by deception targets people’s eyes and ears, taking advantage of human sensory weaknesses, while deception by deception and temptation directly targets people’s minds, taking advantage of human weaknesses.

From past cases, even with the most advanced intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance technology and the most intelligent analysis methods, it is impossible to make up for and overcome human weaknesses. In many cases, it is not that the intelligence department failed to recognize the opponent’s deception, but that the decision-makers are unwilling to believe the facts. On the eve of the Soviet-German War in World War II, although more and more evidence showed that Germany was planning to invade the Soviet Union, the Soviet decision-makers believed that the war would not come for the time being. Therefore, when the war broke out, the Soviet army was not well prepared for the response, and the initial defensive actions were very passive.

War practice shows that in the era of intelligence, even if the opponent has obvious military technology advantages and can achieve one-way transparency on the battlefield through advanced intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance technology, the enemy can still take advantage of the cognitive weaknesses of the opponent’s decision-making layer to implement counter-intuitive deception and cover up the true intentions and actions. This also shows that the focus and center of deception in the era of intelligence should not be entirely on how to deliberately cover up the traces of military actions, but should focus more on targeting the opponent’s decision-making layer and inducing it to make decisions and actions that the enemy wants to see.

Yuan Yi Zhao Di

(Author’s unit: Institute of War Studies, Academy of Military Science)

現代國語:

破戰場“迷霧”易,破心中“執念”難——

袁 藝 趙 頔

自古以來,透過作戰欺騙達成突然性,是戰場制勝的重要途徑。進入智慧化時代,人工智慧技術的深度應用,在清晰撥開原有戰爭「迷霧」的同時,又製造出大量新的戰爭「迷霧」。如果只依賴改進欺騙技術和手段,在傳統欺騙範式上做簡單的疊加強化,就想達成欺騙目標的難度越來越大。由“智騙”到“智勝”,迫切需要欺騙對象、欺騙手段、欺騙方式、欺騙重心等各個方面的整體轉變,形成適應智能化時代要求的新型欺騙範式。

欺騙對象由人轉向人機混合智能體

克勞塞維茨認為,戰爭所依據的四分之三的因素或多或少被不確定性的「迷霧」包圍著。作戰欺騙本質上就是對戰爭中不確定性的利用,戰爭「迷霧」越多,施計用謀的空間就越大。傳統作戰欺騙都是圍繞著對方決策層而展開的,人是欺騙的唯一對象。但隨著智慧情報分析與輔助決策系統在指揮活動中的地位作用日益凸顯,以欺騙達成戰略、戰役、戰術突然性面臨重大挑戰。如何欺騙人與智慧系統共同組成的人機混合智能體,成為智能化時代籌劃實施欺騙需要考慮的重要因素,圍繞智能欺騙與反欺騙的較量日趨激烈。

欺騙人與欺騙智慧系統有著天壤之別,以往欺騙人的「算計」在面對智慧系統的「計算」時可能會被識破。智慧型系統可高效融合處理海量的傳感器數據和互聯網開源信息,使得戰場態勢感知的速度、深度、廣度和精度產生質的飛躍,實現由“感”到“知”、由“態”到“勢”的深刻轉變,在撥開戰爭「迷霧」方面發揮重要作用。例如,戰場上盡管交戰雙方都試圖用各種方法隱藏真相、掩蓋企圖,但仍逃不出智能係統的「慧眼」:精心偽裝的坦克、裝甲車等留下的車轍痕跡,被對方衛星、無人機等偵照後,在智慧型系統的分析下也會暴露出具體位置。

相反,針對智慧型系統的欺騙方式欺騙智慧系統非常容易,但可能又欺騙不了人。國外研究團隊發現,只要改變一隻貓的圖片中的少數幾個關鍵像素,就可以使智慧系統將貓識別為狗,而人眼則完全不會因這種變化而出現識別錯誤。類似的事件屢見不鮮,有研究指出,在人類前額上貼一張有特殊圖案的紙片,就能夠騙過最強的人臉識別系統,且這一方法具有很強的可移植性,稍加改變就可以欺騙其他的人臉識別演算法。

由此可見,欺騙人與欺騙智慧系統是兩種不同的「騙法」。人工智慧深度應用於情報分析與輔助決策領域後,大到戰略欺騙方案的製定,小到戰場迷彩圖案的設計,如何既騙過人腦又騙過電腦,把人機混合智能體「蒙在鼓裡”,將會是贏得戰爭主動權需要重點關注並加以解決的重要課題。

欺騙手段由人工為主轉向人機結合

傳統作戰欺騙的組織實施以人工為主,尤其是大規模的戰略欺騙,需要投入大量的人力物力財力。例如,二戰時盟軍為確保諾曼底登陸成功,制定了一系列疑兵計畫:建立假的無線電網和模擬登陸艦隊,虛構有50個師100萬人的美第1集團軍群,正在積極準備橫渡海峽向加萊方向登陸;使用空軍對加萊和諾曼底進行轟炸,但前者遭到的轟炸比後者多1倍以上等等。人工智慧運用於欺騙可從根本上改變這一局面,以人為主導輔以智能手段,可快速生成海量虛假信息,以假亂真,給對手製造更加濃厚的戰爭“迷霧”。

運用智慧手段可提升欺騙品質。一方面,可運用智慧輔助決策手段訂定欺騙計畫,優化設計欺騙力量、欺騙部署、欺騙流程等,實現全局效果最佳的體系化欺騙;另一方面,可運用智慧情報分析系統預先檢驗欺騙效果, “以己之矛攻己之盾”,找出計劃中的漏洞和矛盾點,進而完善欺騙計劃,使其邏輯自洽、嚴絲合縫。

運用智慧手段可擴大欺騙規模。日益成熟的深度偽造技術,可大量合成逼真的虛假圖片、筆跡、音頻、視頻等,在戰略、戰役、戰術欺騙中有著廣泛的應用前景。例如,在戰略戰役欺騙方面,可透過相應技術手段,偽造假電台、假指揮員等迷惑對手,甚至能夠在某一戰役方向偽造一個活躍的指揮所;在戰術欺騙方面,可通過戰場偽裝,給高價值裝備貼上特製圖案,使對手的智慧系統識別出錯。

運用智慧手段可降低欺騙成本。在虛擬現實、深度偽造等技術的支持下,借助合成光學、聲學等手段往往也能達到意想不到的欺騙效果,並且兼具低成本、小投入的特點,相比傳統戰略欺騙方式具有高效費比優勢。如設置誘餌無人作戰平台等假目標,運用電子佯動、電子偽裝等施放假信號,都能夠有效牽制對手力量,以低成本產出高回報,從而贏得制勝先機。

運用智慧手段可優化欺騙精度。傳統作戰欺騙通常千篇一律,廣播式、粗放式、概略化特點比較突出。為此,智能化時代,平時就應注重廣泛收集對手決策者數據,並運用大數據進行精確分析,以更加深刻更加具體地「知彼」。在此基礎上,戰時就可運用深度偽造技術個性化客製化欺騙內容,實現由針對群體到瞄準個體的精準欺騙。

欺騙方式由以蒙蔽為主轉向以迷惑、誘導為主

「打牌」和「下棋」是戰場透明度截然不同的兩種賽局模式。 「打牌」模式中,雙方都只知道對手已出的牌,但不知道對手手中的牌,更不知道下一步對手會出什麼牌;而「下棋」模式中,棋盤上雙方兵力部署完全透明,但不知道對手企圖和下一步棋怎麼走。不難看出,從冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭到資訊化戰爭,再到智慧化戰爭,戰爭對抗形式日益由「打牌」模式轉變為「下棋」模式。

在「打牌」模式的戰爭中,蒙蔽式欺騙非常管用,可通過嚴密偽裝和嚴格保密,盡可能地封鎖對手的獲情渠道,使其無法察覺己方企圖和行動,進而達成突然性。在過去資訊獲取手段有限、戰場態勢資訊匱乏的年代,主用「隱真」輔以「示假」達成突然性的戰例很多。但當前,憑借先進偵察技術,已經實現了全維全譜偵察,戰場透明化程度越來越高,無任何暴露特徵的完全隱蔽已難以實現,而一旦由隱蔽狀態轉入行動狀態,更會大大增加被對手發現的機率,蒙蔽式欺騙只能成為輔助欺騙手段。

在「下棋」模式的戰爭中,通常採用以下兩種欺騙方式:一是迷惑式欺騙,即藉助智能手段,發出大量真假混雜、難以辨認的信息,增大信息模糊度和分析難度,使對手難以判斷或判斷失誤。二是誘導式欺騙,即透過發出高清晰誤導訊息,將對手引入預設陷阱。兩種方式結合再加上蒙蔽式欺騙的配合,共同構成了對手難以防範的混合式欺騙。

欺騙重心由人的感知轉向人的認知

作為戰爭的主體,人是左右戰局的重要變量,蘊含著不確定性和不可控性。從心理學、認知神經學等層面來看,心智的「黑箱」仍然無法揭開。蒙蔽式欺騙針對的是人的耳目,利用的是人類感官弱點,而迷惑式和誘導式欺騙直指人的心智,利用的是人性弱點。

從以往案例來看,即使擁有最先進的情報監視偵察技術和最聰明化的分析手段,也無法彌補和克服人性弱點。很多情況下,不是情報部門沒有辨識出對手的欺騙,而是決策層不願意相信事實。在第二次世界大戰蘇德戰爭前夕,盡管當時越來越多的證據表明,德國正計劃入侵蘇聯,但蘇聯決策層認為戰爭暫時不會來臨,所以當戰爭爆發時,沒有做好應對準備的蘇軍,前期的防禦行動非常被動。

戰爭實踐表明,進入智能化時代,即使對手擁有明顯的軍事技術優勢,能夠通過先進的情報監視偵察技術達成戰場單向透明,但己方仍可利用對手決策層的認知弱點,實施反直覺欺騙,掩蓋真實意圖和行動。這也表明,智能化時代欺騙的發力點和重心,不應全部放在如何刻意掩蓋軍事行動痕跡上,而應更加註重針對對手決策層,誘導其作出己方希望看到的決策行動。

(作者單位:軍事科學院戰爭研究院)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2024-08-13&paperNumber=07&articleid=937433

China’s Military Era of Intelligence Calls for Training to Transform into “Smart Warfare”

中國軍事智能化時代呼喚訓練向「智慧戰爭」轉型

現代英語:

Zeng Haiqing

introduction

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution is developing rapidly. Disruptive technologies represented by artificial intelligence are accelerating the evolution of war to intelligent warfare. Winning intelligent warfare has gradually become the focus of military competition among powerful countries. As a pre-practice of war, military training should take a new step towards intelligence in a timely manner, realize the transformation to “intelligence”, train soldiers with “intelligence”, continuously improve the scientific and technological level and “intelligence content” of military training, and help accelerate the generation of intelligent combat capabilities.

Keeping up with the changes in the war situation, upgrading the concept of intelligent training

With the acceleration of the intelligent era, high-tech has been widely used in the military field, which is causing major changes in the concept, elements and methods of winning wars. The size of the army and the number of equipment are no longer the key to winning a war. It is imperative to upgrade the war thinking and training concepts. We should follow the development trend of intelligence with a more proactive attitude and a more open vision, and advocate new thinking in intelligent military training.

Grasp the internal mechanism of intelligent victory. The winning mechanism is the manifestation of the internal laws of war. Driven by the intelligent revolution, driven by strategic competition, and guided by war practice, the advantages of information-generated intelligence and intelligence-enabled capabilities are becoming increasingly apparent, reflected in actuarial science, jointness, systems, and other aspects. To a certain extent, it can be said that the higher the “intelligence”, the higher the quality level of combat and training can be. Therefore, an army whose training thinking remains at the mechanized level will never be able to keep up with the pace of intelligent warfare no matter how it is trained. We should have a “brain storm” with the courage of self-revolution, upgrade the concept of intelligent warfare, strengthen the theoretical research of intelligent training, deal with the problems of mechanized, informationized, and intelligent warfare with the thinking of training troops with “intelligence”, organically connect training and fighting, design wars with advanced technology, and rehearse wars with intelligent means, so as to clear up the fog of intelligent warfare.

Establish the goal of “strengthening the strong”. At present, the military of developed countries is implementing a training transformation with an emphasis on intelligence, trying to further widen the gap in combat power with the military of other countries. Once the military gap is widened, it will be difficult to make up. If you can’t keep up, you may be completely controlled by others. Only by keeping a close eye on the opponent can you surpass the opponent. We must highlight the goal of “strengthening the strong” in military training, and improve the level of military intelligence and asymmetric combat capabilities in training.

Strengthen the goal positioning of science and technology empowerment. Science and technology are the core combat power. Driven by science and technology, the combat power form has leaped from mechanical energy type and information energy type to intelligent type. Traditional siege-style large-scale troop operations are gradually withdrawing from the historical stage, and cutting-edge competition in high-tech and emerging fields is becoming increasingly fierce. If military training does not improve its scientific and technological content, it will only be able to linger at a low level and it will be difficult to open the door to intelligent warfare. To this end, we should firmly establish the concept of winning through science and technology, firmly grasp scientific and technological innovation, the “life gate” and “key point” to winning future wars, greatly improve the scientific and technological content of military training, and increase the practical application of new technologies and new means such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and big data, so as to unveil the mystery of intelligent warfare and control the initiative in future wars.

Keep up with the changes in technological development and strengthen intelligent training conditions

Intelligent training conditions are the basic support for organizing and implementing intelligent military training, and are directly related to the quality and effectiveness of intelligent training. To build an intelligent training environment, we need to keep a close eye on the development of intelligent concepts, intelligent technology, and intelligent warfare, and continue to work hard in building a training environment, innovating training methods, and cultivating new talents.

Construct a realistic battlefield environment. Intelligent warfare has a wider space, a wider range of fields, and more diverse methods. The battlefield environment construction under the conditions of simple mechanization and informatization can no longer support the needs of intelligent training. We should highlight the elite confrontation, rapid confrontation, and joint confrontation under the support of intelligent conditions, fully tap the potential of existing training methods and training venues, strengthen the application of technologies such as big data analysis, smart wearable devices, and machine “deep learning”, and effectively integrate various fields such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. For example, use digital maps, virtual reality and other technologies to simulate and display intuitive three-dimensional terrain, weather and complex combat situations, and construct vivid and realistic intelligent actual combat scenes.

Develop advanced training methods. Advanced training methods are helpful to improve training effectiveness. Intelligent military training should grasp the key factor of intelligent “data-centricity” and transform the latest scientific and technological achievements into training conditions. We should focus on strengthening data linkage and integration, creating a “data pool” covering strategy, campaign, and tactics, and connecting command organizations to end-users; developing data intelligent analysis tools, integrating and mining combat data with the help of advanced technologies such as cloud computing and artificial intelligence; developing intelligent training systems, increasing the construction of simulation training methods such as simulation, war game confrontation, network confrontation, and intelligent decision-making, and overall promoting the transformation and upgrading of military training methods to “technology +” and “intelligence +”.

Cultivate new military talents. No matter how the war situation evolves, people are always the real controllers and final decision-makers of war. The quality of military personnel’s intelligence level determines the quality and effect of intelligent training to a certain extent. To win the information-based local war with intelligent characteristics, we should accurately match future military needs, strengthen the intelligent training of traditional combat force talents, make good use of “technology +”, “maker +”, “think tank +” power resources, promote the integrated development of “commanders”, “combatants” and “scientists” and “technicians”, and forge a new type of professional and intelligent military talent group to achieve intelligent interaction between people and equipment, deep integration between people and systems, and extensive adaptation between people and the environment.

Strengthen support for intelligent equipment. At present, the world’s major military powers attach great importance to the development of intelligent equipment. New equipment such as unmanned “swarms” and unmanned submarines are emerging in an endless stream, supporting intelligent military training while constantly testing and improving them in training practice. To this end, we should make full use of the overall coordination mechanism of war construction, vigorously promote the “+ intelligence” of existing equipment and the “intelligent +” construction of a new generation of equipment, insist on researching, building, using and improving, and improve the intelligence level of weapons and equipment through breakthroughs in training practice. We should work on both ends to achieve a multiplier effect, shorten the timeline of weapons and equipment from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence”, and better support intelligent military training.

Keeping up with the changes in war practices, innovating intelligent training models

The combat style determines the training mode. After years of development, military intelligence has moved from theoretical exploration to battlefield practice. In recent local wars, intelligent warfare has begun to show its edge and has shown the potential to change the “rules of the game” of war. As the combat style changes, the training mode must also change and change proactively. We must keep a close eye on the characteristics of intelligent warfare, innovate intelligent military training models, and fully rehearse the next war in military training.

Highlight high-end warfare research and training. We should focus on cracking the essence of high-end warfare by strengthening the enemy, continue to deepen research on strengthening the enemy, and use the development of new combat concepts and training theories as a starting point to understand the development laws and winning mechanisms of high-end warfare. We should predict future wars and design combat styles from a high-end perspective, and pool wisdom and innovation to research unique, clever, and high-level strategies to defeat the enemy. We must emphasize key actions such as joint missile defense, target strategic campaign and tactical training to force strong organizations to defeat the strong with the weak, target practical training for asymmetric checks and balances to win decisive battles in high-end organizations, target extended training in new domains such as the far sea and far domain for all-domain confrontation organizations, seize high positions in future wars through innovative training, and develop combat capabilities that are “one step ahead in intelligence” and “one step ahead in skills” against powerful enemies.

Emphasize the training of new-type forces. The transformation of war from winning by force and equipment to winning by wisdom has made new-type combat forces a new growth pole of combat power. According to information, the US military plans to achieve intelligentization of 60% of ground combat platforms by 2030, and the Russian military expects that the proportion of intelligent weapons and equipment will exceed 30% by 2025. As the army has more and more new equipment with intelligent attributes, it should move away from the actual combat training path with new-type combat forces as the dominant element, highlight the formation and combat use of new-type combat forces, carry out training methods and tactics that are compatible with the new domain combat concept and winning mechanism, increase new types of training such as unmanned combat, promote the integration of new-type forces into the combat system, and make new-type combat power resources move and come alive.

Emphasize intelligent command training. No matter how the war situation evolves, command capability is always the key to winning the war. As the intelligence level of war continues to increase, planning and command based solely on experience and personal wisdom can no longer adapt to the ever-changing battlefield situation. Artificial intelligence decision-making training has become an inevitable trend to improve the efficiency of combat mission planning, combat planning, and command and control. We should focus on commanders and command organizations, which are the key to the system’s operations, seek breakthroughs in the scientific nature, accuracy, and timeliness of command planning, and rely on new technologies such as “big data” and “AI algorithms” and new methods such as “engineering” and “one network” to promote the upgrading of command planning from “human intelligence” training to “human intelligence + intelligence” training. We should judge the enemy’s situation, formulate plans, and determine actions through actuarial and detailed calculations, so as to achieve the goal of defeating the slow with the fast and getting the upper hand over the enemy.

(Author’s unit: Central Theater Command)

現代國語:

■曾海清

引言

當前,新一輪科技革命和軍事革命快速發展,以人工智慧為代表的顛覆性技術,正加速推動戰爭形態向智慧化戰爭演變,打贏智能化戰爭逐漸成為強國軍事競爭的焦點。軍訓作為戰爭的預實踐,應該及時邁開智能化新步伐,實現向“智”轉型、以“智”練兵,不斷提高軍事訓練科技度和“含智量”,助力智能化作戰能力加快生成。

緊跟戰爭形態之變,升級智慧化訓練概念

隨著智慧化時代的加速到來,高新技術在軍事領域廣泛應用,正引發戰爭制勝理念、制勝要素、制勝方式發生重大變化。軍隊規模、裝備數量已不再是決定戰爭勝負的關鍵,升級戰爭思想和訓練理念勢在必行。我們當以更主動的姿態、更加開放的視野,緊跟智慧化發展趨勢,倡導智慧化軍事訓練新思維。

把握智能製勝的內在機理。制勝機理是戰爭內在規律的表現。在智慧革命驅動下、戰略競爭推動下、戰爭實踐牽引下,資訊生智、以智賦能的優勢愈發顯現,體現在精算、聯合、體係等各個面向。在某種程度上,可以說「智」有多高,戰與訓的品質水準就能夠達到多高。所以,一支訓練思維停留在機械化層面的軍隊,如何訓練都不可能跟上智慧化戰爭的腳步。應該以自我革命的勇氣來一場“頭腦風暴”,升級智能化作戰理念,加強智能化訓練理論研究,以以“智”練兵思維處理機械化、信息化、智能化作戰問題,把訓練和打仗有機銜接起來,用先進技術設計戰爭,用智慧手段演練戰爭,從而廓清智能化戰爭的迷霧。

立起向強制強的標靶指向。目前,發達國家軍隊正實施以智慧化為重點的訓練轉型,試圖進一步拉大與其他國家軍隊的戰力代差。軍事上的代差一旦拉開將很難追回,一步跟不上就可能徹底受制於人,只有盯緊對手才可能超越對手。要把向強制強在軍訓中突出出來,在練兵中提高軍事智慧化水準和非對稱作戰能力。

強化科技賦能的目標定位。科技是核心戰鬥力。在科技驅動下,戰鬥力形態已經從機械能型、資訊能型向智能型躍升,傳統攻城略地式大兵團作戰正逐步退出歷史舞台,高科技、新興領域的尖端較量日趨激烈。軍事訓練若不提高科技含量,將只能在低層次徘徊,很難叩開智能化戰爭的大門。為此,應該樹牢科技制勝理念,緊緊抓住科技創新這一制勝未來戰爭的“命門”和“要穴”,大幅提高軍事訓練科技含量,加大人工智能、雲計算、大數據等新科技新手段的實踐運用,從而揭開智慧化戰爭的神秘面紗,掌控未來戰爭主動權。

緊跟科技發展之變,建強智能化訓練條件

智慧化訓練條件是組織實施智慧化軍事訓練的基礎支撐,直接關乎智慧化訓練質效。建構智慧化的訓練條件環境,需要我們緊盯智慧理念、智慧科技和智慧化作戰的發展,在構設訓練環境、創新訓練手段、培育新型人才等方面持續用力。

構設逼真戰場環境。智慧化作戰,空間更加廣闊、領域更廣泛、方式更加多元,單純機械化資訊化條件下的戰場環境構設已無法支撐智慧化訓練需求。應突顯智慧化條件支撐下的精兵對抗、快速對抗、聯動對抗,充分挖潛現有訓練手段及訓練場地功能,加強大數據分析、智慧穿戴設備、機器「深度學習」等技術應用,把陸、海、空、天、電、網等各個領域有效融合起來,例如利用數字地圖、虛擬現實等技術模擬顯示形象直觀的三維地貌、天候氣象和復雜交戰態勢,構建生動、逼真的智能化實戰場景。

發展先進訓練手段。先進的訓練手段,有助於提升訓練成效。智慧化軍事訓練應掌握智慧化「以數據為中心」這個關鍵因素,把最新科技成果轉化為訓練條件。應著重加強數據連結融合,打造覆蓋戰略、戰役、戰術,貫通指揮機構到末端單兵的「數據池」;開發數據智慧分析工具,借助雲計算、人工智慧等先進技術,整合挖掘作戰數據;開發智慧演訓系統,加大模擬模擬、兵棋對抗、網絡對抗、智慧裁決等模擬訓練手段建設,整體推動軍事訓練手段向「科技+」「智慧+」轉型升級。

培養新型軍事人才。無論戰爭形態如何演變,人始終是戰爭的真正控制者和最終決策者。軍事人員智能化程度的優劣,某種程度上決定了智慧化訓練的品質效果。要打贏具有智慧化特徵的資訊化局部戰爭,應該精準對接未來軍事需求,加強傳統作戰力量人才智能化培育,用好“科技+”“創客+”“智庫+”力量資源,推動“指揮員」「戰鬥員」與「科學家」「技術家」融合發展,鍛造專業化、智慧化的新型軍事人才群體,實現人與裝備智慧互動、人與體系深度融合、人與環境廣泛適應。

強化智能裝備支撐。目前,世界主要軍事強國都高度重視智慧裝備發展,無人「蜂群」、無人潛航器等新裝備層出不窮,一邊支撐智慧化軍事訓練,一邊又在訓練實踐中不斷檢驗完善。為此,應充分以好戰建備統籌機制,大力推進現有裝備「+智慧」與新一代裝備「智慧+」建設,堅持邊研邊建邊用邊改,以訓練實踐突破提升武器裝備智慧化水平,兩端發力實現倍增效應,縮短武器裝備從“弱智”到“強智”再到“超智”的時間軸,更好地支撐智能化軍事訓練。

緊跟戰爭實踐之變,創新智能化訓練模式

作戰樣式決定訓練模式。軍事智能化經過多年發展,已經從理論探索走向戰場實踐。近年來的局部戰爭中,智慧化作戰已經初露鋒芒,並顯現出改變戰爭「遊戲規則」的潛力。作戰樣式變了,訓練模式也要跟著變、主動變。要緊盯智慧化戰爭特點,創新智慧化軍事訓練模式,在軍事訓練中充分預演下一場戰爭。

突顯高端戰爭研練。要立足強敵打高端戰爭這個基點,突顯破解高端戰爭本質,持續深化強敵研究,以開發新型作戰概念和訓練理論為抓手,搞清高端戰爭發展規律和製勝機理。從高端的視角預判未來戰爭、設計作戰樣式,集智創新研究克敵制勝的奇招、妙招、高招。要突顯聯合反導等關鍵行動,瞄準向強制強組織以劣勝優的戰略戰役戰術訓練,瞄準決勝高端組織非對稱制衡實戰訓練,瞄準全局對抗組織遠海遠域等新域延伸訓練,在創新訓練中搶佔未來戰爭高位,形成對強敵「智高一籌」「技高一籌」的作戰能力。

突顯新質力量研練。戰爭從力勝、器勝到智勝的轉變,使得新型作戰力量成為戰鬥力新的成長極。據資料介紹,美軍計畫在2030年實現60%地面作戰平台智能化,俄軍預計2025年智慧化武器裝備佔比將超過30%。隨著軍隊具有智慧屬性的新裝備越來越多,應走開以新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化練兵路子,突顯新質作戰力量編成、作戰運用,開展與新域作戰概念、制勝機理相適應的訓法戰法,加大無人作戰等新樣式訓練,推動新質力量融入作戰體系,讓新質戰鬥力資源動起來、活起來。

突出智能指揮研練。無論戰爭形態如何演變,指揮能力始終是能打勝仗的關鍵能力。隨著戰爭智能化程度不斷提高,僅憑經驗和個人智慧進行籌劃和指揮已不能適應瞬息萬變的戰場局勢,人工智慧決策訓練已成為提升作戰任務規劃、作戰籌劃、指揮控制效率的必然趨勢。應該扭住指揮員和指揮機構這個體係作戰關鍵,在指揮籌劃科學性、精確性、時效性上求突破,依托「大數據」「AI演算法」新技術和「工程化」「一張網」新手段,推動指揮謀劃由「人智」訓練向「人智+機智」訓練升級,在精算深算細算中判敵情、立方案、定行動,達到以快吃慢、先敵一手。

(作者單位:中部戰區)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4916122888.html

The rationale, theory and philosophy of Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening China’s military


習近平強軍思想的理論基礎與哲學思想 

現代英語:

Liu GuangmingDecember 06, 2023 08:21 | Source: 

2023 Issue 12 of “Party Building” Magazine

Among the innovative theories of the Party in the new era, the most brilliant chapter guiding the cause of strengthening the military is Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military. The principles, theories and philosophy of this important thought are an organic and unified whole. Among them, principles are the cornerstone, supporting the basic theoretical framework of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military; theories are the concentrated embodiment of principles in academic theories, supporting the discipline system of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military; philosophy is the sublimation of principles at the philosophical level, supporting the contemporary Chinese Marxist military outlook and methodology contained in Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military.

The main content and basic principles of Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military

In early March 2023, an article signed by “Jun Zheng” entitled “Advancing Victoriously under the Guidance of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military” was published in Qiushi and the Liberation Army Daily, which for the first time publicly disclosed the new summary of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military as “eleven clarifications” and defined it as the main content of this important thought, namely: (1) Clarifying that the absolute leadership of the Party over the military is the foundation of the people’s army and the soul of strengthening the army; We must comprehensively strengthen the Party’s leadership and Party building in the military, implement a series of fundamental principles and systems for the Party’s leadership of the military, and ensure that the troops are absolutely loyal, absolutely pure, and absolutely reliable; (2) We must make it clear that a strong country must have a strong military, and that strengthening national defense and a strong people’s army are strategic supports for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in the new era. The people’s army must be effective. Fulfill the mission and tasks of the new era; (3) Make it clear that the Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era is to build a people’s army that obeys the Party’s command, can win battles, and has a good style of work, to achieve the goal of the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the army by 2027, to basically realize the modernization of national defense and the army by 2035, and to build the people’s army into a world-class army by the middle of this century; (4) Make it clear that the army is prepared to fight , we must focus on being able to fight and win battles, focus on strong enemies, innovate military strategic guidance, develop people’s war strategy and tactics, comprehensively strengthen military training and preparation, firmly and flexibly carry out military struggle, effectively shape the situation, manage crises, contain war, and win wars; (5) Clearly promote the cause of strengthening the military and adhere to the political construction of the army, reform and strengthening the army, science and technology strengthening the army, talent strengthening the army, and rule of law in the army , adhere to the principle of fighting, preparing for war, and building at the same time, pay more attention to focusing on actual combat, innovation-driven, system-building, intensive and efficient, and military-civilian integration, strengthen military governance, promote high-quality development, and comprehensively improve the level of revolutionization, modernization, and regularization; (6) Make it clear that reform is the only way to strengthen the military, and it is necessary to promote the modernization of the military organization and build a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. Improve the socialist military system with Chinese characteristics; (7) Make it clear that science and technology are the core combat power, we must adhere to the strategic basis of independent innovation, promote high-level scientific and technological self-reliance, coordinate and promote innovation in military theory, technology, organization, management, culture and other aspects, and build an innovative people’s army; (8) Make it clear that the way to strengthen the army is to get people, we must implement the military education policy of the new era and promote the military (9) Make it clear that ruling the military by law is the basic way for our Party to build and govern the military. We must build a military legal system with Chinese characteristics, promote fundamental changes in the way the military is governed, and improve the level of legalization in national defense and military construction. (10) Make it clear that the development of military-civilian integration is the core of the development of the military. It is a move to rejuvenate the country and a strategy to strengthen the military. We must consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities. (11) We must make it clear that good work style is the distinctive feature and political advantage of our military. We must strictly govern the Party and the military in an all-round way, train a strong grassroots in an all-round way, unswervingly rectify work styles, discipline and fight corruption, vigorously promote the glorious traditions and good work style of our Party and our military, and forever maintain the nature, purpose and character of the people’s army.

Deeply understand that “the fundamental focus is to support the great cause of rejuvenation with a strong military.” Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military is fundamentally focused on supporting the great cause of rejuvenation with a strong military. This important proposition is a scientific conclusion drawn by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, which has placed national defense and military construction under the great goal of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Only by deeply studying and understanding this “fundamental focus” and comprehensively and accurately grasping the far-sighted considerations of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi to support the great cause of rejuvenation with a strong military can we understand Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military from the political and strategic levels. The “second clarification” is an important statement that directly reflects the fundamental focus of “supporting the great cause of rejuvenation with a strong military.” Whether this “support” is effective or not depends on whether we have real world-class military strength. Now, although there are more means and options for maintaining national security, we can use them flexibly and maneuver them in all directions, but we must never forget that military struggle is a strong backing for national political and diplomatic struggles, and military means are always the last resort. We must take the initiative in national rejuvenation into our own hands. While striving for strategic mutual trust, we must work hard to build a world-class military that can compete with powerful enemies. We must then insist on conducting strategic operations based on strong military strength, so that the comprehensive spillover effects of a strong military can be truly brought into play, ensuring that we can achieve national rejuvenation regardless of whether the enemy forces are willing or not and whether the international environment is relaxed or not.

Deeply realize that “the core requirement is to realize the party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era”. Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military, the core requirement is to realize the party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era. This is a major conclusion based on “building a strong national defense and a strong people’s army that is commensurate with our country’s international status and consistent with national security and development interests”. The “third clarification” comprehensively explains the goal of strengthening the military. The goal of strengthening the military is the general strategy of our party in building and governing the military in the new era, and provides fundamental guidance for promoting national defense and military construction from a new starting point. Obeying the Party’s command is the soul, determining the political direction of the army’s construction, and is embodied in the “first clarification”; being able to win battles is the core, reflecting the army’s fundamental functions and the fundamental direction of the army’s construction, and is embodied in the “fourth clarification”; having a good work style is the guarantee, related to the nature, purpose, and character of the army, and is embodied in the “eleventh clarification”. These three points embody the guiding ideology and principles of our party’s consistent construction and management of the army, embody the idea of ​​comprehensive construction that unifies revolutionization, modernization, and regularization, and clarifies the focus and emphasis of strengthening the army’s construction. Grasping these three points in building and managing the army is to grasp the key points and play a leading role. The goal of strengthening the military is implemented in the process of national defense and military modernization, and is reflected in the new “three-step” strategic arrangement of successively connecting short-term, medium-term and long-term goals by 2027, 2035 and the middle of this century.

Deeply understand that “practical requirements are to follow the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics”. To successfully advance the cause of strengthening the military in the new era, it is not enough to have the Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era. There must also be a correct path to match it, which is the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics. Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military, practical requirements are to follow the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics. This is a scientific conclusion reached by the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi through arduous exploration. From a vertical perspective, the path to a strong military with Chinese characteristics is not only a glorious path full of historical experience and wisdom, but also a path of exploration that is constantly being explored in the process of advancing the practice of a strong military, and a bright path that faces the future and realizes the dream of a strong military; from a horizontal perspective, it is a military development path in the overall layout of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and it is parallel, mutually reinforcing, and organically unified with the development paths of our country in the fields of economy, politics, culture, society, and ecological civilization. The “fifth clarification” directly reflects the path to a strong military with Chinese characteristics, and at the same time, the other “clarifications” are also closely related to the path to a strong military with Chinese characteristics. In particular, building the army politically was developed as the “first clarification” and the “eleventh clarification”, strengthening the army through reform was developed as the “sixth clarification”, strengthening the army through science and technology was developed as the “seventh clarification”, strengthening the army through talents was developed as the “eighth clarification”, governing the army according to law was developed as the “ninth clarification”, focusing on actual combat was developed as the “fourth clarification”, and military-civilian integration was developed as the “tenth clarification”.

Learn the profound theoretical content of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military from the dialectical unity of a series of major strategic ideas in the field of national defense and military construction in the new era

Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military did not come out of thin air, but was built on a solid theoretical foundation, embodying the unity of politics and theory. Its correctness lies not only in the correctness of its political direction, but also in the scientific and thorough nature of its theory.

Comprehend the theory in the process of sublimating the practical experience of strengthening the army into ideological theory. The times are the mother of thought, practice is the source of theory, and theory is also constantly clarified and close to the truth under the catalysis of practice. In December 2012, when President Xi visited the Guangzhou Theater, he emphasized that “realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is the greatest dream of the Chinese nation since modern times. It can be said that this dream is a dream of a strong country, and for the military, it is also a dream of a strong army.” With this as the ideological starting point and logical starting point, President Xi proposed a series of original and major strategic ideas in leading the practice of strengthening the People’s Army, opening up the historical process of the formation and development of Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the army. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi have firmly grasped the strategic needs of national security and development in the new era and the objective basis for the development of a strong military. With a strong sense of worry and crisis, they have examined the historical, contemporary and practical issues of China’s military, adhered to a problem-oriented approach, and focused on building a strong people’s army in the new era. How to build a strong people’s army has profoundly answered the basic questions of the new era, such as “who should command the people’s army and how to forge a strong military spirit”, “why to strengthen the army and how to strengthen the army”, “what kind of war to fight and how to win the war”, etc., so that Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the army has been enriched and improved with the continuous development of China’s military practice in the new era, and the theoretical support of this important thought has been made more solid. Generally speaking, this important thought originated from the profound pursuit of realizing the rejuvenation of a strong country, was formed by providing scientific guidance and fundamental principles for the cause of strengthening the army in the new era, developed from the vigorous practice of solving a series of prominent contradictions and problems, and improved from the systematic and physical construction of its theoretical innovation.

Comprehend the theory through the mutual support and integration of ideological theories in various fields. The “eleven clarifications” of Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military, from the first “clear” emphasis on the absolute leadership of the Party over the military to the last “clear” emphasis on strict governance of the Party and the military, fully demonstrate our Party’s major strategy of strengthening the military and demonstrating the great ambition and strategy of comprehensively strengthening the Party’s leadership and Party building in the military to lead the modernization of national defense and the military in the new era. Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military covers the party’s absolute leadership over the military, military strategy, war and combat guidance, military modernization, national defense construction and other disciplines. It is a scientific military theory system with rich content, profound thoughts and keeping pace with the times. Regarding the modernization of the military, it is proposed to comprehensively promote the modernization of military theory, military organizational structure, military personnel, and weapons and equipment, accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence, comprehensively strengthen military governance, and promote the high-quality development of our military; regarding national defense construction, it is proposed to implement the overall national security concept, consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities, strengthen the integrated integration of strategic layout in various fields, the integrated integration of strategic resources, and the integrated use of strategic forces, and build a strong and stable modern border, sea, and air defense; and so on. These new ideas, new viewpoints and new conclusions on related fields have deepened the understanding of the laws of national defense and military construction, the laws of military struggle preparation and the laws of war guidance with a new perspective, and have become the “four pillars” supporting Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military.

Comprehend the theory from the comprehensive penetration and guidance of the distinctive theme of strengthening the army. To construct a scientific theoretical system, we must focus on the theme to plan the layout. Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army takes strengthening the army as its theme, which is a natural manifestation of the inherent theoretical logic of this thought in the process of formation and development. The chapters of the main part of the “Outline for Studying Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army (2023 Edition)” are closely related to the theme of strengthening the army, and the subtitle of each chapter begins with “On Strengthening the Army”. Grasping the theme of strengthening the army is mastering the “golden key” to learning and understanding Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army. The main contents of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military, which are “eleven clarifications”, profoundly answer major questions such as the fundamental guarantee, requirements of the times, goals, fundamental orientation, strategic layout, the only way, a powerful engine, fundamental plan, legal guarantee, important support, and unique advantages of strengthening and rejuvenating the military. Each “clarification” is closely linked to strengthening and rejuvenating the military, covering all areas and aspects of military construction, reform and military struggle preparation in the new era, running through the entire process of military force construction and use, and enriching and developing the party’s military guidance theory with systematic innovation and creative sublimation. Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military, with the theme of “strengthening and rejuvenating the military”, runs through and guides the construction of the discipline system of the party’s military thought in the new era.

Comprehend the profound philosophy of Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military from the military outlook and methodology of the “Five Persistences”

Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military insists on using Marxism to examine contemporary Chinese military issues, profoundly expounds on a series of major relationships, and creatively puts forward the contemporary Chinese Marxist military outlook and methodology of “five insistences”: insist on political leadership, insist on stopping war with force, insist on being proactive and enterprising, insist on overall planning and balancing all aspects, and insist on daring to fight and win. It is a vivid manifestation of the world outlook and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in the military field, and has opened up a new realm of Marxist military dialectics and contemporary Chinese military philosophy.

Understand the relationship between the military and politics from “upholding political guidance”. “Upholding political guidance” emphasizes that the military should obey politics, and that political nature is the essential attribute of the military, which profoundly explains the political nature of military power. In the relationship between the military and politics, the first thing to grasp is that politics determines the military, and political strategy determines strategy. We must unswervingly uphold the party’s absolute leadership over the military, serve the people wholeheartedly, always think about and handle military issues from a political perspective, faithfully perform the mission and tasks entrusted by the party and the people, always listen to the party, follow the party, and always be the people’s soldiers. At the same time, the importance of the military cannot be ignored. Politics determines and leads the military, and the military serves and supports politics. These two aspects complement each other and are organically unified.

Understand the relationship between war and peace from “insisting on stopping war with force”. President Xi pointed out: “Only by being able to fight can we stop war, and only by being prepared to fight can we avoid fighting. The less able we are to fight, the more likely we are to be beaten. This is the dialectic between war and peace.” This important statement scientifically reveals the contradictory characteristics of the mutual connection and mutual transformation between war and peace, and points out that the premise and key to achieving peace is “being able to fight”, and the ultimate way to win peace is “stopping war with war and stopping war with force”. Therefore, we must build military struggle preparations on the basis of coping with the most complex and difficult situations, not fight unprepared battles, grasp strategic initiative, effectively formulate strategies and tactics, and ensure that we can effectively stop war and resolutely win the war.

From “persisting in positive progress”, we can understand the relationship between stability and shaping. First, stability and shaping are mutually conditional: stability is the premise and foundation of shaping. Without stability, shaping is impossible; without positive and enterprising shaping, stability is impossible. Second, stability and shaping promote each other: stability can prevent shaping from “going astray”; shaping can enhance the “new quality” of stability. Therefore, we must insist on putting ourselves first, proceed from reality, give full play to our conscious initiative, be good at taking the initiative, fight proactively, find opportunities in crises and turn crises into opportunities, strive to be proactive and avoid being passive, and strive for all possible victories on a stable and reliable basis.

Understand the relationship between system and efficiency from “adhering to overall planning and balancing considerations”. Dialectical materialism believes that everything is interconnected and interdependent, and the entire world is an interconnected whole and an interactive system. Within the system, the various components coordinate and interact with each other to achieve optimized efficiency. Military practice is full of various complex contradictory movements. Grasping the relevance and mastering the complexity are the basic requirements for promoting military development. The cause of strengthening the military in the new era must be planned and operated as a systematic project. We must implement the overall national security concept, coordinate economic construction and national defense construction, coordinate military struggle and other aspects of the struggle, coordinate major tasks of war preparation, use key breakthroughs to drive overall progress, and improve overall effectiveness through coordination and linkage.

Understand the relationship between people and weapons from “insisting on daring to fight and winning”. In today’s era, with the rapid development of high-tech and the widespread use of new weapons and equipment, the human factor and the weapon factor are becoming more and more closely integrated. Faced with the new changes in the relationship between people and weapons in modern warfare, President Xi Jinping clearly pointed out that “people are the decisive factor in winning wars”, and emphasized that “with the continuous development of military technology, the importance of equipment factors is increasing”. If there is a generation gap in weapons and equipment, it will be difficult to fight. We must attach importance to the factor of weapons. It is not enough to talk about the human factor without weapons and equipment, the basic components of war. Attaching importance to the equipment factor is to attach importance to the human factor. We must carry forward the fighting spirit of not fearing hardship and not fearing death, dare to overcome all difficulties, and dare to overwhelm all enemies.

(Author’s unit: National Defense University’s Research Center for Xi Jinping’s Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era)

(Editors: Wang Zifeng, Wang Keyuan)

現代國語:

在新時代黨的創新理論中,用來指導強軍事業的精彩篇章是習近平強軍思想。這一重要思想的道理學理哲理是有機統一的整體。其中,道理是基石,支撐起習近平強軍思想的基本理論架構﹔學理是道理在學術理論上的集中體現,支撐起習近平強軍思想的學科體系﹔哲理是道理在哲學層面的升華,支撐起習近平強軍思想蘊含的當代中國馬克思主義軍事觀與方法論。

習近平強軍思想的主要內容與基本道理

2023年3月初,「鈞政」署名文章《在習近平強軍思想引領下勝利前進》在《求是》和《解放軍報》發表,首次公開了習近平強軍思想「十一個明確」的新概括,並將其界定為這一重要思想的主要內容,即:(1)明確黨對軍隊絕對領導是人民軍隊建軍之本、強軍之魂,必須全面加強軍隊黨的領導和黨的建設,貫徹黨領導軍隊的一系列根本原則和製度,確保部隊絕對忠誠、絕對純潔、絕對可靠﹔(2)明確強國必須強軍,鞏固國防和強大人民軍隊是新時代堅持發展中國特色社會主義、實現中華民族偉大復興的戰略支撐,人民軍隊必須有效履行新時代使命任務﹔(3)明確黨在新時代的強軍目標是建設一支聽黨指揮、能打勝仗、作風優良的人民軍隊,到2027年實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標,到2035年基本實現國防和軍隊現代化,到本世紀中葉把人民軍隊建成世界一流軍隊﹔(4)明確軍隊是要準備打仗的,必須聚焦能打仗、打勝仗,扭住強敵對手,創新軍事戰略指導,發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,全面加強練兵備戰,堅定靈活開展軍事鬥爭,有效塑造態勢、管控危機、遏制戰爭、打贏戰爭﹔ (5)明確推進強軍事業必須堅持政治建軍、改革強軍、科技強軍、人才強軍、依法治軍,堅持邊鬥爭、邊備戰、邊建設,更加重視聚焦實戰、創新驅動、體系建設、集約高效、軍民融合,加強軍事治理,推動高質量發展,全面提高革命化現代化正規化水平﹔(6)明確改革是強軍的必經之路,必須推進軍隊組織形態現代化,建立中國特色現代軍事力量體系,完善中國特色社會主義軍事制度﹔(7)明確科技是核心戰鬥力,必須堅持自主創新戰略基點,推進高水準科技自立自強,統籌推進軍事理論、技術、組織、管理、文化等各方面創新,建設創新型人民軍隊﹔(8)明確強軍之道要在得人,必須貫徹新時代軍事教育方針,推動軍事人員能力素質、結構佈局、開發管理全面轉型升級,鍛造德才兼備的高素質、專業化新型軍事人才﹔(9)明確依法治軍是我們黨建軍治軍基本方式,必須構建中國特色軍事法治體系,推動治軍方式根本轉變,提高國防及軍隊建設法治化水準﹔(10)明確軍民融合發展是興國之舉、強軍之策,必須鞏固提高一體化國家戰略體系與能力﹔(11)明確作風優良是我軍鮮明特色和政治優勢,必須全面從嚴治黨、全面從嚴治軍,全面鍛造過硬基層,堅定不移正風肅紀反腐,大力弘揚我黨我軍光榮傳統和優良作風,永葆人民軍隊性質、宗旨、本色。

深刻體悟「根本著眼是以強軍支撐強國復興偉業」。習近平強軍思想,根本著眼是以強軍支撐強國復興偉業。這一重大論斷,是以習近平同志為核心的黨中央,把國防和軍隊建設放在實現中華民族偉大復興的大目標下,思考謀劃而得出的科學結論。深入學習領悟這個“根本著眼”,全面準確把握黨中央、中央軍委和習主席以強軍支撐強國復興偉業的深遠考量,才能從政略和戰略層面讀懂習近平強軍思想。 「第二個明確」是直接體現「以強軍支撐強國復興偉業」根本著眼的重要論述。這個「支撐」是否管用頂用,關鍵在於看有沒有實打實的世界級的軍事實力。現在,雖然維護國家安全的手段和選擇增多了,我們可以靈活運用、縱橫捭閔,但千萬不能忘記,軍事鬥爭是國家政治和外交鬥爭的堅強後盾,軍事手段始終是保底的手段。我們必須把強國復興的主動權掌握在自己手中,在爭取戰略互信的同時,努力建設能與強敵相抗衡的世界一流軍隊,進而堅持以強大軍事實力為托底進行戰略運籌,使強軍的綜合性溢出效應真正發揮出來,確保無論敵對勢力是否樂意、國際環境是否寬鬆,我們都能實現強國復興。

深刻體悟「核心要求是實現黨在新時代的強軍目標」。習近平強軍思想,核心要求是實現黨在新時代的強軍目標。這是從「建設同我國國際地位相稱、同國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大人民軍隊」出發作出的重大論斷。 「第三個明確」全面闡釋了強軍目標。強軍目標是新時代我們黨建軍治軍的總方略,為在新的起點上推進國防和軍隊建設提供了根本指引。聽黨指揮是靈魂,決定軍隊建設的政治方向,集中體現為“第一個明確”﹔能打勝仗是核心,反映軍隊的根本職能和軍隊建設的根本指向,集中體現為“第四個明確” ﹔作風優良是保証,關系軍隊的性質、宗旨、本色,集中體現為「第十一個明確」。這三條體現了我們黨一以貫之的建軍治軍指導思想和方針原則,體現了革命化現代化正規化建設相統一的全面建設思想,明確了加強軍隊建設的聚焦點和著力點。建軍治軍抓住這三條,就抓住了要害,就能起到綱舉目張的作用。強軍目標落實到國防和軍隊現代化進程中,體現為到2027年、2035年、本世紀中葉,近、中、遠目標梯次銜接的新「三步走」戰略安排。

深刻體悟「實踐要求是走中國特色強軍之路」。要勝利推進新時代強軍事業,僅有黨在新時代的強軍目標是不夠的,還必須有與之相匹配的正確道路,這就是中國特色強軍之路。習近平強軍思想,實踐要求是走中國特色強軍之路。這是黨中央、中央軍委和習主席領導全軍經過艱辛探索的科學結論。中國特色強軍之路,從縱向看,既是飽含歷史經驗和智慧的光榮之路,又是在推進強軍實踐中不斷開拓的求索之路,也是面向未來、實現強軍夢的光明之路﹔從橫向來看,是中國特色社會主義事業總體佈局中的軍事發展道路,與我國在經濟、政治、文化、社會、生態文明等領域的發展道路並行展開、交相輝映、有機統一。直接體現中國特色強軍之路的,是“第五個明確”,同時,其他各個“明確”也都與中國特色強軍之路緊密相關。特別是其中的政治建軍展開為“第一個明確”和“第十一個明確”,改革強軍展開為“第六個明確”,科技強軍展開為“第七個明確”,人才強軍展開為“第八個明確”,依法治軍展開為“第九個明確”,聚焦實戰展開為“第四個明確”,軍民融合展開為“第十個明確”。

從新時代國防與軍隊建設領域一系列重大戰略思想的辯証統一中領悟習近平強軍思想的厚實學理

習近平強軍思想,不是憑空冒出來的,而是建立在堅實的學理基礎之上,體現了政治性與學理性的統一,其正確性,既在於政治方向的正確性,也在於學理的科學性、徹底性。

在強軍實踐經驗向思想理論升華的進程中領悟學理。時代是思想之母,實踐是理論之源,學理也是在實踐的催化下不斷明晰並貼近真理。 2012年12月,習主席在廣州戰區考察時強調,“實現中華民族偉大復興,是中華民族近代以來最偉大的夢想。可以說,這個夢想是強國夢,對軍隊來說,也是強軍夢” 。以此為思想發端和邏輯起點,習主席在領航人民軍隊的強軍實踐中提出一系列原創性重大戰略思想,開啟了習近平強軍思想形成和發展的歷史進程。黨的十八大以來,黨中央、中央軍委和習主席牢牢把握新時代國家安全與發展的戰略需求和強軍事業發展的客觀基點,以強烈的憂患意識和危機意識審視中國軍事的歷史之問、時代之問、實踐之問,堅持問題導向,圍繞新時代建立一支什麼樣的強大人民軍隊、怎樣建設強大人民軍隊,深刻回答了新時代「人民軍隊聽誰指揮、怎樣鑄牢軍魂」「為什麼強軍、怎樣強軍」「打什麼仗、怎樣打勝仗」等基本問題,使習近平強軍思想隨著新時代中國軍事實踐的不斷發展而豐富完善,也使這一重要思想的學理支撐更加堅實。整體來看,這一重要思想發軔於對實現強國復興的深沉追求,形成於為新時代強軍事業提供科學指引和根本遵循,發展於破解一系列突出矛盾問題的壯闊實踐,完善於其理論創新的體系化學理化構建。

在各領域思想理論的相互支撐與契合融通中領悟學理。習近平強軍思想的“十一個明確”,從第一個“明確”強調黨對軍隊絕對領導,到最後一個“明確”強調全面從嚴治黨、全面從嚴治軍,全面展現了我們黨強軍興軍的重大方略,彰顯了以全面加強軍隊黨的領導和黨的建設統領新時代國防和軍隊現代化建設的大氣魄大戰略。習近平強軍思想涵括了黨對軍隊絕對領導、軍事戰略、戰爭和作戰指導、軍隊現代化、國防建設等學科內容,是內涵豐富、思想深邃、與時俱進的科學軍事理論體系。關於軍隊現代化,提出全面推進軍事理論、軍隊組織形態、軍事人員、武器裝備現代化,加速機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,全面加強軍事治理,推動我軍高質量發展﹔關於國防建設,提出貫徹總體國家安全觀,鞏固提高一體化國家戰略體系與能力,加強各領域戰略佈局一體融合、戰略資源一體整合、戰略力量一體運用,建設強大穩固的現代邊海空防﹔等等。這些對相關領域提出的一系列新思想新觀點新論斷,以全新視野深化了對國防和軍隊建設規律、軍事鬥爭準備規律、戰爭指導規律的認識,成為支撐習近平強軍思想的「四樑八柱」。

從強軍興軍這個鮮明主題的全面貫通引領中領悟學理。建構一個科學的理論體系,必須著眼主題來謀篇佈局。習近平強軍思想以強軍興軍為主題,是這一思想在形成與發展過程中內在理論邏輯的自然體現。 《習近平強軍思想學習綱要(2023年版)》主體部分的各章節緊扣強軍興軍這個主題,其中每一章的副標題都是以「關於強軍興軍的」打頭。掌握住強軍興軍這個主題,就掌握了學習理解習近平強軍思想的「金鑰匙」。習近平強軍思想「十一個明確」的主要內容,深刻回答了強軍興軍的根本保証、時代要求、奮鬥目標、根本指向、戰略佈局、必由之路、強大引擎、根本大計、法治保障、重要依托、特有優勢等重大問題,每一個「明確」都緊扣強軍興軍來展開,涵蓋新時代軍隊建設、改革和軍事鬥爭準備各領域各方面,貫通軍事力量建設和運用全過程,以體系性創新、創造性升華豐富發展了黨的軍事指導理論。習近平強軍思想以「強軍興軍」這個主題貫通引領新時代黨的軍事思想的學科體系建設。

從「五個堅持」的軍事觀和方法論中領悟習近平強軍思想的精深哲理

習近平強軍思想,堅持用馬克思主義審視當代中國軍事問題,深刻闡述一系列重大關系,創造性提出「五個堅持」的當代中國馬克思主義軍事觀和方法論:堅持政治引領、堅持以武止戈、堅持積極進取、堅持統籌兼顧、堅持敢打必勝,是習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想的世界觀和方法論在軍事領域的生動體現,開拓了馬克思主義軍事辯証法和當代中國軍事哲學新境界。

從「堅持政治引領」中領悟軍事與政治的相互關系。 “堅持政治引領”,強調軍事服從政治,政治性是軍隊的本質屬性,深刻闡明了軍事力量的政治本質。在軍事與政治的相互關系中,首先要把握的是政治決定軍事、政略決定戰略,必須毫不動搖堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導,全心全意為人民服務,始終從政治高度思考和處理軍事問題,忠實履行黨和人民賦予的使命任務,永遠聽黨話、跟黨走,永遠做人民子弟兵。同時,也不能忽視軍事的重要性。政治決定軍事、引領軍事,軍事服務政治、支撐政治,這兩個面向相輔相成、有機統一。

從「堅持以武止戈」領悟戰爭與和平的相互關系。習主席指出:「能戰方能止戰,準備打才可能不必打,越不能打越可能挨打,這就是戰爭與和平的辯証法。」這一重要論述,科學揭示了戰爭與和平相互聯繫、相互轉化的矛盾特徵,指明了實現和平的前提和關鍵是“能戰”,贏得和平的最後途徑是“以戰止戰、以武止戈”。因此,要把軍事鬥爭準備建立在應對最復雜最困難的基礎上,不打無準備之仗,掌握戰略主動、有效制定戰略戰術,確保有力懾止戰爭、堅決打贏戰爭。

從「堅持積極進取」領悟穩局與塑勢的相互關系。一是穩局和塑勢互為條件:穩局是塑勢的前提和基礎,立足未穩就不可能塑勢﹔離開了積極進取的塑勢,想穩也穩不住。二是穩局和塑勢互相促進:穩局可以防止塑勢「劍走偏鋒」﹔塑勢可以提升穩局的「新質」。因此,要堅持以我為主,從實際出發,充分發揮自覺能動性,善於下先手棋、打主動仗,善於危中尋機、化危為機,力爭主動、力避被動,在穩當可靠基礎上爭取一切可能的勝利。

從「堅持統籌兼顧」領悟系統與效能的相互關系。唯物辯証法認為,萬事萬物是相互聯繫、相互依存的,整個世界是相互聯繫的整體,也是相互作用的系統。在系統內部,各組成部分之間相互協調、相互作用,實現效能優化。軍事實踐充滿各種複雜矛盾運動,把握關聯性、駕馭複雜性是推動軍事發展的基本要求,必須把新時代強軍事業作為系統工程來謀劃和運籌。要貫徹總體國家安全觀,統籌經濟建設和國防建設,統籌軍事鬥爭和其他方面鬥爭,統籌戰建備重大任務,以重點突破帶動整體推進,以協調聯動提高綜合效能。

從「堅持敢打必勝」領悟人與武器的相互關系。在當今時代,隨著高新技術的快速發展以及新式武器裝備的廣泛使用,人的因素和武器因素結合得越來越緊密。面對現代戰爭中人與武器關系的新變化,習主席明確指出,“在戰爭制勝問題上,人是決定因素”,同時強調“隨著軍事技術不斷發展,裝備因素的重要性在上升”。如果武器裝備上有代差,仗就很難打了。要重視武器的因素,脫離了武器裝備這個戰爭的基本構件來講人的因素是不行的。重視裝備因素也就是重視人的因素。要發揚一不怕苦、二不怕死的戰鬥精神,敢於戰勝一切困難,敢於壓倒一切敵人。

(作者單位:國防大學習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想研究中心)

(責編:王珂園)

中國原創軍事資源:http://ztjy.people.cn/BIG5/n1/2023/1206/c457340-40132768.html

China’s Military Accelerating Integrated Development of Mechanization, Informatization and Intelligentization

我軍加速機械化、資訊化、智慧化融合發展

中国军网 国防部网

2020年11月25日 星期三

現代英語:

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee made new and comprehensive arrangements for national defense and military construction, aimed at achieving the goal of the centenary of the founding of the army, and clearly put forward the contemporary requirements and strategic measures for accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence. Forging ahead on a new journey, focusing on accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, seizing opportunities, responding to challenges, and taking advantage of the situation are of great significance for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the army and comprehensively improving the ability to prepare for war in the new era.

Recognize the necessity of accelerating the integration of mechanization, informatization and intelligence

Those who follow the trend will win, and those who control the trend will prevail. At present, the new round of scientific and technological revolution is showing a strong trend of intelligent technology leading the way, pushing the world’s new military revolution to develop in depth. The trend of intelligent weapons and equipment is obvious, and the superposition and aggregation effect with mechanization and informatization is prominent. The war form is accelerating from mechanization to informatization, entering the stage of giving birth to intelligent warfare. It is the development and change of the times that has made the acceleration of the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence become the general trend and powerful driving force for promoting the in-depth development of military transformation, and the inevitable choice to ensure winning the initiative, winning advantages and winning the future.

Comply with the trend of the world’s military revolution. At present, the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology is increasingly having a subversive impact on the field of war and combat. Seizing the strategic commanding heights of artificial intelligence and accelerating the development of artificial intelligence militarization and practical combat have become the strategic frontiers of military competition among major countries in the world. Increasing the intensity of military application of artificial intelligence technology, realizing the deep transformation and comprehensive upgrading of mechanized and informationized combat equipment, embedding artificial intelligence systems into the informationized combat command chain and action chain, and making the combat force organization more modular and integrated through intelligent transformation are the common practices of the world’s military powers in seeking new military advantages. Whether it is possible to accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, especially to fully release the efficiency expansion of intelligence on mechanization and informatization, so that platform operations, system operations and precision operations can obtain higher quality and efficient intelligent support, is undoubtedly a key to whether the strategic initiative of military competition can be firmly grasped.

The need to comprehensively improve the level of modernization. Modernization has a distinct timeliness, and the requirements of the times are the key measure to measure the degree of modernization of a country and an army. Today, we are entering a stage where intelligence is the core driving force of change. The integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence is not only an important symbol of the level of modernization of the country and the army, but also a fundamental measure to promote the modernization of national defense and the army. To accelerate the modernization of military theory, military organizational form, military personnel and weapons and equipment, we need to obtain a powerful engine and support for reform and innovation, transformation and upgrading, quality improvement and efficiency increase from the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, and in a certain sense, it plays an important role in determining the direction, mode and path of modernization. Only by accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, and making it run through all aspects of the whole process of promoting modernization, and promoting quality change, efficiency change and power change from a high starting point, can we comprehensively improve the level of national defense and military modernization.

The need to accelerate the transformation of combat effectiveness generation mode. The generation of combat effectiveness, from the combination of people and weapons to the element structure and the way of force release, has its mandatory era orientation and positioning. With the advent of the era of intelligent warfare, unmanned intelligent warfare has become a key factor affecting the direction of the war and even the outcome of the war. Intelligent technology and equipment have become a multiplier of mechanized and informationized combat effectiveness. Accelerating the development of military intelligence has become the strategic focus of improving the combat capability of the system and building new domains and new qualities of combat forces, making the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness increasingly dependent on the level of integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence. Only by incorporating the transformation of combat effectiveness generation mode into the track of integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, building an intelligent and networked combat command platform, forming a human-machine efficient collaborative combat force use method, and making “smart victory” the core direction of combat theory innovation and combat method transformation, can combat effectiveness construction achieve substantial breakthroughs and overall leaps.

Grasp the requirements of the times to accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence

Accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence is a new proposition of the times. Grasping its requirements of the times from the perspective of its essential connotation, mode of action and basic laws is an important prerequisite for ensuring that the integrated development has a clear direction, accurate positioning, clear ideas and practical measures.

Grasp the essential connotation of integrated development. Mechanization, informatization and intelligentization are integrated and developed, with mechanization as the foundation, informatization as the leading factor and intelligence as the direction. The so-called integrated development is to form an integrated and unified promotion pattern, build an integrated design, and gather the best and release the energy operation mode, and produce an overall effect of superposition aggregation and quality and efficiency doubling. This deep integrated development is mainly reflected in: taking cognitive integration as the guide, having a scientific understanding of the advantages of firepower, mobility, information power and intellectual value, and establishing the operational concept of comprehensive control, comprehensive integration and comprehensive victory; relying on platform integration, building a combat platform integrating main combat equipment, information network and artificial intelligence, and improving the comprehensive combat capability of full-domain, precise and unmanned; taking system integration as the core, through the embedded transformation of weapon equipment system and information network system by artificial intelligence system, the overall potential of combat force and combat elements is demonstrated with higher quality and level of system integration; with system integration as the support, coordinating the construction of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, coordinating the construction of combat force and support guarantee force, and creating an integrated joint combat system that adapts to the needs of actual combat.

Grasp the role of integrated development. The integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence is a process of showing their strengths, interacting with each other and promoting each other. It is a process of aggregating equipment advantages, information advantages and intelligence advantages. Its role is mainly reflected in: strengthening the leading role of intelligence, focusing on accelerating the development of military intelligence, insisting on using intelligence to drive the leapfrog development of mechanization and informatization, taking intelligence as the core direction of the development of weapons and equipment and information network construction, increasing the research and development of unmanned and autonomous weapons and equipment, and improving the intelligent application, intelligent management and control, and intelligent operation level of information networks, and giving full play to the maximum effect of controlling energy with intelligence, gathering excellence with intelligence, and winning with intelligence; strengthening the leading role of informatization, grasping the information network system as a handle, accelerating the construction of command information systems and information combat systems, using the advantages of information technology to upgrade and transform existing weapons and equipment, and developing precise, intelligent, integrated, and efficient informationized weapons and equipment, and maximizing the adhesion and integration of information networks on combat systems and effectiveness; strengthening the basic role of mechanization, insisting on taking the mechanization of weapons and equipment as the material basis and carrier for the development of intelligence and informatization, strengthening the construction of weapons and equipment systems, and working hard to fill the gaps in the system and make up for the shortcomings and weaknesses, greatly improving the application level of information technology and intelligent technology in weapons and equipment, and enhancing the scientificity, pertinence, and cutting-edge nature of equipment construction and development.

Grasp the basic laws of integrated development. Mechanization, informatization and intelligence are inevitably closely linked, and together they constitute the key support for the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness. The basic laws of integrated development are mainly manifested in: the progressive nature of development and change, which reflects the different historical stages of the evolution of war forms, changes in combat methods, and the development of weapons and equipment in the time sequence; in terms of interaction, the former is the premise and foundation of the latter (for example, mechanization is the foundation and premise of informatization, and informatization is the foundation and premise of intelligence), and the latter is the development trend and higher potential of the former. With the long-term nature of overlapping and coexisting, the former will produce a marginal diminishing effect when it develops to a certain stage, and the latter needs to inject new momentum and vitality into it, but the latter is not a negation or end of the former, but a repositioning and orientation of the former. What needs to be achieved is the “three-in-one” inclusiveness, rather than the “three-choice” mutual exclusion. It has inclusive complementarity. Mechanization focuses on entities, informatization focuses on data, and intelligence focuses on algorithms. The stronger the foundation of the former, the greater the degree of realization of the latter; the stronger the traction of the latter, the faster the upgrading of the former. It has the empowerment of improving quality and efficiency. Weapon platforms need information networks to empower them, and weapon platforms and information networks need artificial intelligence to empower them. This is a process of optimization and upgrading, improving quality and efficiency, and achieving a new leap in combat effectiveness, quality and efficiency.

Tighten the strategic grasp to accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence

To accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, we should plan, act and follow the trend, focus on combat effectiveness as the only fundamental standard, continuously promote the modernization of national defense and the armed forces, and realize the party’s goal of building a strong military in the new era.

We should focus on preparing for war. Wars change with the times, and victory changes with the times. We should take accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence as an important mission topic to comprehensively improve the ability to prepare for war in the new era. Focus on mission tasks, focus on the new requirements for winning modern wars, conduct in-depth research on the winning mechanism and changes in combat methods brought about by the evolution of war forms, grasp the new characteristics of the informationized and intelligent battlefield, actively explore new tactics for using and responding to intelligent weapons, and improve the informationized and intelligent combat capabilities; focus on transformation and construction, accelerate the transformation of combat effectiveness generation to informatization and intelligence, take military intelligent construction and combat as the main line, accelerate the construction of new domains and new types of combat forces, increase the training of informationized and intelligent talents, and strive to achieve the overall reshaping of combat forces and combat systems; focus on training with war, actively explore new ways of informationized and intelligent training, examine future battlefields and combat opponents from the perspective of “smart war” and “smart victory”, enhance the pertinence of mission topics and emergency response training, use intelligent technology to improve the level of science and technology training, and promote practical training to a higher quality level.

We must focus on deepening reform. Reform is a key move to strengthen the army and win the future. We must accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informationization, and intelligence as an important focus of deepening national defense and military reform. We must insist on seeking combat effectiveness from reform, focus on the prominent characteristics of the army’s lean, integrated, miniaturized, modular, and multi-functional nature in the intelligent era, design reforms with a forward-looking, innovative, and open mind, establish a smooth and efficient leadership, command, and support mechanism, further integrate force resources, streamline the construction and management mechanism, and optimize the organizational structure. Adapting to the requirements of being able to fight and win battles, we must build a strategic and campaign command system that is integrated in peacetime and wartime, operates normally, specializes in the main business, is lean and efficient, and build a joint combat force system with elite combat forces as the main body, promote the development of the force organization in the direction of enrichment, synthesis, multi-functionality, and flexibility, implement modular organization, building block combination, and task-based joint, build a force with multiple capabilities and broad adaptability, and promote the overall leap in combat effectiveness through system structure optimization and reconstruction.

We should stick to the support point of innovation-driven development. Innovation is the core support for the development of combat effectiveness. We should accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence as the focus of implementing the innovation-driven development strategy. We should seek breakthroughs in the innovation of combat theory, closely follow the development trend of military revolution and the recent wars in the world, study the development and application of high-tech, especially intelligent technology and its impact on war, study the new characteristics, new styles and new mechanisms of intelligent warfare, study the winning strategies of intelligent warfare and combat, and accelerate the construction of a combat theory system with the characteristics of our army and in line with the laws of modern warfare. We should seek breakthroughs in scientific and technological innovation, focus on independent innovation and original innovation in national defense science and technology, take the military application of high-tech, especially artificial intelligence technology, as the main direction, accelerate the implementation of major strategic projects in national defense science and technology and weapons and equipment, accelerate the development of strategic, cutting-edge and disruptive technologies, accelerate the upgrading and replacement of weapons and equipment and the development of intelligent weapons and equipment, strive to achieve the transformation from following and running side by side to running side by side and leading, and provide stronger scientific and technological support for the transformation and construction of our army’s combat effectiveness.

(Author’s unit: Joint Operations College of National Defense University)

現代國語:

黨的十九屆五中全會對國防和軍隊建設作出新的全面部署,著眼實現建軍百年奮鬥目標,明確提出加快機械化資訊化智能化融合發展的時代要求和戰略舉措。奮進新征程,聚力加快機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,搶抓機遇,應對挑戰,乘勢而上,對於加速國防和軍隊現代化、全面提高新時代備戰打仗能力具有極其重要的意義。

認清加速機械化資訊化智能化融合發展的時代必然性

順勢者贏,駕馭者勝。目前,新一輪科技革命呈現智慧化技術強勁引領的態勢,推動世界新軍事革命向縱深發展,武器裝備智慧化趨勢明顯、與機械化資訊化的疊加聚合效應凸顯,戰爭形態在加速由機械化向訊息化演變中,進入到催生智慧化戰爭階段。正是時代發展與變革,使加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,成為推動軍事變革深入發展的大勢所趨和強大動力,成為確保贏得主動、贏得優勢、贏得未來的必然選擇。

順應世界軍事革命潮流之需。目前,人工智慧技術正在高速發展,正日益對戰爭和作戰領域產生顛覆性影響。搶佔人工智慧戰略制高點,加速人工智慧軍事化實戰化發展,成為世界主要國家軍事競爭的戰略前線。加大人工智慧技術軍事應用的力度,實現對機械化、資訊化作戰裝備的深度改造、全面升級,把人工智慧系統嵌入資訊化作戰指揮鏈、行動鏈,透過智慧化改造使作戰力量編成更加模組化、一體化,是世界軍事大國謀求新的軍事優勢的通行做法。能否加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,特別是充分釋放智慧化對機械化、資訊化的效能拓展,讓平台作戰、體係作戰、精準作戰獲得更高質高效的智慧化支撐,無疑是能否牢牢把握軍事競爭戰略主動權的一個關鍵。

全面提升現代化建設水準之需。現代化有著鮮明的時代性,時代要求是衡量一個國家、一支軍隊現代化程度的關鍵尺度。當今時代,正進入到以智慧化為核心變革動力的階段,機械化資訊化智能化的融合發展,既是國家和軍隊現代化水平的重要標誌,也是推進國防和軍隊現代化的根本性舉措。加速軍事理論、軍隊組織形態、軍事人員和武器裝備現代化,都需從機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展中,獲得變革創新、轉型升級、提質增效的強力引擎和支撐,並在一定意義上起著決定現代化建設發展方向、發展方式、發展路徑的重要角色。只有加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,使之貫穿到推動現代化建設的全過程各環節,在高起點上推動品質變革、效率變革、動力變革,才能全面提升國防與軍事現代化建設水準。

加快轉變戰鬥力生成模式之需。戰鬥力的生成,從人與武器的結合到要素結構、力量釋放方式,都有其強制性的時代定向、定位。智慧化戰爭時代的到來,無人智慧化作戰成為影響戰局走向乃至戰爭勝負的關鍵要素,智慧化技術裝備成為機械化、資訊化作戰效能的倍增器,加速軍事智慧化發展成為提升體係作戰能力、打造新域新質作戰力量的戰略重心,使戰鬥力的生成與提升愈來愈取決於機械化資訊化智慧化的融合發展水準。只有把轉變戰鬥力生成模式納入機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展的軌道,建構智慧化網路化的作戰指揮平台,形成人機高效協同的作戰力量運用方式,讓「智勝」成為作戰理論創新、作戰方式變革的核心指向,才能使戰鬥力建設取得實質突破、實現整體性躍升。

掌握加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展的時代要求

加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展是一個全新的時代命題,從本質內涵、作用方式、基本規律上把握其時代要求,是確保融合發展方向明、定位準、思路清、舉措實的重要前提。

掌握融合發展本質內涵。機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,機械化是基礎,資訊化是主導,智能化是方向。所謂融合發展,就是形成融為一體、合而為一的推進格局,建構一體設計、聚優釋能的運作模式,產生疊加聚合、質效倍增的整體效應。這種深度融合發展主要體現在:以認知融合為先導,具有對火力、機動力、資訊力和智力價值優勢的科學認知,確立綜合製權、綜合整合、綜合製勝的作戰理念;以平台融合為依托,建構主戰裝備、資訊網路、人工智慧融為一體的作戰平台,提升全域化、精確化、無人化的綜合作戰能力;以系統融合為內核,透過人工智慧系統對武器裝備系統、資訊網路系統的嵌入式改造,以更高品質和水平的系統整合展現作戰力量、作戰要素的整體勢能;以體系融合為支撐,統籌機械化資訊化智能化建設,統籌作戰力量、支援保障力量建設,打造適應實戰需求的一體化聯合作戰體系。

把握融合發展作用方式。機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,是各展其長、互為作用、相互促進的過程,是聚合裝備優勢、資訊優勢、智能優勢的過程。其作用方式集中體現在:強化智能化的引領作用,聚焦加速軍事智能化發展,堅持以智能化牽引機械化、信息化跨越式發展,把智能化作為武器裝備和信息網絡建設發展的核心指向,加大研發無人化、自主化武器裝備的力度,提升資訊網路的智慧應用、智慧管控、智慧運作水平,發揮以智駕馭能、以智聚優、以智取勝的最大效應;強化資訊化的主導作用,扭住資訊網路體系這個抓手,加快指揮資訊系統、資訊作戰系統建設,運用資訊科技優勢升級改造現有武器裝備,開發精確、智慧、融通、高效的資訊化武器裝備,最大限度地發揮資訊網路對作戰體系與效能的黏合力、整合力;強化機械化的基礎作用,堅持將武器裝備機械化作為智慧化、資訊化發展的物質基礎與載體,加強武器裝備體系建設,在填補體系空白、補齊短板弱項上下功夫,大幅提升武器裝備的資訊科技、智慧技術應用水平,增強裝備建設發展的科學性、針對性、前沿性。

把握融合發展基本法則。機械化資訊化智能化之間有著必然的內在的緊密聯繫,共同構成戰鬥力生成和提升的關鍵支撐。其融合發展的基本法則主要表現在:具有發展變革的遞進性,在展開時序上,反映了戰爭形態演進、作戰方式變革、武器裝備發展的不同歷史階段;在相互作用上,前者是後者的前提和基礎(例如機械化是資訊化的基礎和前提,資訊化是智慧化的基礎和前提),後者是前者的發展趨向和更高位能。具有交疊並存的長期性,前者發展到某一階段會產生邊際遞減效應,需要後者為其註入新動能、新活力,但後者不是對前者的否定和終結,而是對前者的重新定位和定向,所要達成的是「三合一」式的兼容並蓄,而不是「三選一」式的互斥排他。具有相容且蓄的互補性,機械化以實體為重心,資訊化以數據為重心,智能化以演算法為重心,前者的基礎越牢,後者的實現程度就越大;後者的牽引作用越強,前者的升級換代就越快。具有提質增效的賦能性,武器平台需要資訊網路為其賦能,武器平台、資訊網路需要人工智慧為其賦能,這是優化升級、提質增效的過程,是實現戰鬥力品質效能新躍升的過程。

緊扭加快機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展的策略性抓手

加速機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,應因勢而謀、應勢而動、順勢而為,緊緊圍繞以戰鬥力這個唯一的根本標準,不斷推進國防和軍隊現代化建設,實現黨在新時代的強軍目標。

扭住備戰打仗這個聚焦點。戰爭因時而化,勝戰據時而變。要把加速機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,作為全面提升新時代備戰打仗能力的重要使命課題。聚焦使命任務,著眼打贏現代化戰爭的新要求,深入研究戰爭形態演變帶來的致勝機理、作戰方式之變,掌握資訊化智能化戰場的新特點,積極探索運用與應對智慧武器的新戰法,提升資訊化智慧化作戰能力;聚焦轉型建設,加速推進戰鬥力生成向資訊化、智慧化轉型,以軍事智慧化建設與作戰為主線,加速新域新質作戰力量建設,加大資訊化智慧化人才的培養力度,著力實現作戰力量、作戰體系的整體重塑;聚焦以戰領訓,積極探索資訊化智慧化訓練的新路子,從「智戰」「智勝」視角審視未來戰場、作戰對手,增強使命課題、應急應戰訓練的針對性,運用智能技術提昇科技興訓水平,推動實戰化訓練向更高質量水平發展。

扭住深化改革這個著力點。改革是強軍興軍、制勝未來的關鍵一招。要把加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,作為深化國防和軍事改革的重要著力點。堅持向改革要戰力,著眼智慧時代軍隊精幹化、一體化、小型化、模組化、多能化的突出特徵,以前瞻、創新、開放的思路設計改革,建立順暢高效的領導、指揮、保障機制,進一步整合力量資源、理順建管機制、優化編成結構。適應能打仗、打勝仗的要求,建構平戰一體、常態運作、專司主營、精幹高效的戰略戰役指揮體系,建構以精銳作戰力量為主體的聯合作戰力量體系,推動部隊編成向充實、合成、多能、靈活方向發展,實行模組化編組、積木式組合、任務式聯合,打造具備多種能力和廣泛適應性的部隊,透過體系結構優化再造促進戰鬥力整體躍升。

扭住創新驅動這個支撐點。創新是戰鬥力建設發展的核心支撐力。要把加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,作為實施創新驅動發展策略的重心。在作戰理論創新上求突破,密切追蹤軍事革命發展趨勢和近期世界發生的戰爭,研究高新技術特別是智慧化技術發展運用及對戰爭的影響,研究智能化作戰的新特徵、新樣式、新機理,研究智慧化戰爭與作戰的致勝方略,加速建構具有我軍特色、符合現代戰爭規律的作戰理論體系。在科技創新上求突破,聚力國防科技自主創新、原始創新,把高新技術特別是人工智慧技術的軍事應用作為主攻方向,加速實施國防科技與武器裝備重大戰略工程,加速戰略性前沿性顛覆性技術發展,加速武器裝備升級換代和智慧化武器裝備發展,奮力實現由跟跑並跑向並跑領跑的轉變,為我軍戰鬥力轉型建設提供更強勁的科技支撐。

(作者單位:國防大學聯合作戰學院)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/gfbmap/content/2020-11/25/content_276619888.htm

Comprehensive Review of Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare: Intelligent Combat Command

中國軍事智慧戰爭全面回顧:智慧作戰指揮

現代英語:

Liu Kui, Qin Fangfei

Tips

● Modern artificial intelligence is essentially like a “brain in a vat”. If it is allowed to carry out combat command, it will always face the problem of subjectivity loss, that is, “self” loss. This makes artificial intelligence have natural and fundamental defects. It must be based on human subjectivity and improve the effectiveness and level of combat command through human-machine hybrid.

● In intelligent combat command, the commander is mainly responsible for planning what to do and how to do it, while the intelligent model is responsible for planning how to do it specifically.

“Brain in a vat” is a famous scientific hypothesis. It means that if a person’s brain is taken out and placed in a nutrient solution, the nerve endings are connected to a computer, and the computer simulates various sensory signals. At this time, can the “brain in a vat” realize that “I am a brain in a vat”? The answer is no, because as a closed system, when a person lacks real interactive experience with the outside world, he cannot jump out of himself, observe himself from outside himself, and form self-awareness. Modern artificial intelligence is essentially like a “brain in a vat”. If it is allowed to implement combat command, it will always face the problem of subject loss, that is, “self” loss. This makes artificial intelligence have natural and fundamental defects, and it must be based on human subjectivity and improve the effectiveness and level of combat command through human-machine hybrid.

Based on “free choice”, build a “man-planned” command model

On the battlefield, the commander can choose which target to attack, and can choose to attack from the front, from the flank, from the back, or from the air; he can isolate but not attack, surround but not attack, talk but not attack… This is human autonomy, and he can freely choose what to do and how to do it. But machines can’t do that. The combat plans they give can only be the plans implied in the intelligent model. As far as the specific plan given each time is concerned, it is also the most likely plan in the sense of probability statistics. This makes the plans generated by artificial intelligence tend to be “templated”, which is equivalent to a “replica machine”. It gives similar answers to the same questions and similar combat plans for the same combat scenarios.

Compared with artificial intelligence, different commanders design completely different combat plans for the same combat scenario; the same commander designs different combat plans when facing similar combat scenarios at different times. “Attack when the enemy is unprepared and take them by surprise”, the most effective plan may seem to be the most dangerous and impossible plan. For commanders, facing combat scenarios, there are infinite possibilities in an instant, while for artificial intelligence, there is only the best-looking certainty in an instant, lacking creativity and strategy, and it is easy for the opponent to predict it. Therefore, in intelligent combat command, based on human autonomy, the commander is responsible for planning and calculation, innovating tactics and tactics, and designing basic strategies, and the machine is responsible for converting basic strategies into executable and operational combat plans, forming a “man-planned” command mode. More importantly, autonomy is the unique mark of human existence as human being. This power of free decision-making cannot and is not allowed to be transferred to machines, making people become vassals of machines.

Based on “self-criticism”, build a command model of “people against machine”

Human growth and progress are usually based on the real self, focus on the ideal self, and criticize the historical self in a negation-negation style. Artificial intelligence has no “self” and has lost its self-critical ability. This makes it only able to solve problems within the original cognitive framework. The combat ideas, combat principles, and tactics of the model are given when the training is completed. If you want to update and improve your knowledge and ideas, you must continuously train the model from the outside. Mapped to a specific combat scenario, the intelligent model can only provide the commander with a pre-given problem solution. It is impossible to dynamically adjust and update it continuously during a battle.

People with a self-critical spirit can jump out of the command decision-making thinking process and review, evaluate, and criticize the command decision. In the continuous self-criticism, the combat plan is constantly adjusted, and even the original plan is overturned to form a new plan. In the command organization group, other commanders may also express different opinions on the combat plan. The commander adjusts and improves the original plan on the basis of fully absorbing these opinions, and realizes the dynamic evolution of the combat plan. Therefore, combat command is essentially a dynamic process of continuous forward exploration, not a static process given in advance by the combat plan. When the machine generates a combat plan, the commander cannot accept it blindly without thinking, but should act as an “opponent” or “fault finder”, reflect on and criticize the combat plan, and raise objections. Based on the human’s objections, the machine assists the commander to continuously adjust and optimize the combat plan, forming a command mode of “human opposing and machine correcting”.

Based on “self-awareness and initiative”, we build a command model of “people lead and machines follow”

Comrade Mao Zedong once said that what we call “conscious initiative” is the characteristic that distinguishes humans from objects. Any complex practical activity to transform the world starts with a rough and abstract idea. To transform abstract concepts into concrete actions, it is necessary to overcome various risks and challenges, give full play to conscious initiative, and take the initiative to set goals, make suggestions, and think of ways. Artificial intelligence without conscious initiative, when people ask it questions, it only gives the answers implied in the model, without caring whether the answer can be used, targeted, or practical. In other words, when an abstract and empty question is raised, it gives an abstract and empty answer. This is also why the current popular large model unified operation mode is “people ask questions and machines answer”, rather than “machines ask questions”.

Relying on conscious initiative, even the most abstract and empty problems can be transformed step by step into specific action plans and specific action practices. Therefore, in intelligent combat command, the commander is mainly responsible for planning what to do and what ideas to follow, while the intelligent model is responsible for planning how to do it specifically. If the combat mission is too abstract and general, the commander should first break down the problem into details, and then the intelligent model should solve the detailed problem. Under the guidance of the commander, the problem is gradually solved in stages and fields, and the combat goal is finally achieved, forming a command mode of “people lead and machines follow”. It’s like writing a paper. First you make an outline and then you start writing. People are responsible for making the outline, and the specific writing is done by the machine. If the first-level outline is not specific enough, people can break it down into a second-level or even a third-level outline.

Based on “self-responsibility”, build a command model of “human decision-making and machine calculation”

Modern advanced ship-borne air defense and anti-missile systems usually have four operational modes: manual, semi-automatic, standard automatic, and special automatic. Once the special automatic mode is activated, the system will no longer require human authorization to launch missiles. However, this mode is rarely activated in actual combat or training. The reason is that humans, as the responsible subject, must be responsible for all their actions, while the behavior of machines is the absence of the responsible subject. When it comes to holding people accountable for major mistakes, machines cannot be held accountable. Therefore, life-and-death matters must not be decided by a machine without autonomous responsibility. Moreover, modern artificial intelligence is a “black box”. The intelligent behavior it exhibits is inexplicable, and the reasons for right and wrong are unknown, making it impossible for people to easily hand over important decision-making power to machines.

Because AI lacks “autonomous responsibility”, all problems in its eyes are “domesticated problems”, that is, the consequences of such problems have nothing to do with the respondent, and the success or failure of the problem solving is irrelevant to the respondent. Corresponding to this are “wild problems”, that is, the consequences of such problems are closely related to the respondent, and the respondent must be involved. Therefore, in the eyes of AI without self, there are no “wild problems”, all are “domesticated problems”, and it stays out of any problem. Therefore, in intelligent combat command, machines cannot replace commanders in making judgments and decisions. It can provide commanders with key knowledge, identify battlefield targets, organize battlefield intelligence, analyze battlefield conditions, predict battlefield situations, and even form combat plans, formulate combat plans, and draft combat orders. However, the plans, plans, and orders it gives can only be used as drafts and references. As for whether to adopt them and to what extent, it is up to the commander to decide. In short, both parties make decisions together, with artificial intelligence responsible for prediction and humans responsible for judgment, forming a command mode of “human decision-making and machine calculation”.

現代國語:

從「缸中之腦」看智慧化作戰指揮

■劉 奎 秦芳菲

要點提示

●現代人工智慧,本質上就如同“缸中之腦”,如果讓它實施作戰指揮,始終會面臨主體缺失即“自我”缺失的問題。這使得人工智慧存在天然的、根本的缺陷,必須基於人的主體性,透過人機混合來提升作戰指揮效能和水平

●智能化作戰指揮中,指揮員主要負責規劃做什麼、依什麼思路做,智能模型則負責規劃具體怎麼做

「缸中之腦」是一項著名科學假設。意思是,假如人的大腦被取出放在營養液中,神經末梢接上計算機,由計算機模擬出各種感知信號。這時候,「缸中之腦」能不能意識到「我是缸中之腦」?答案是不能,因為人作為一個封閉的系統,當與外界缺乏真實的互動體驗時,人是無法跳出自身、從自身之外觀察自身並形成自我意識的。而現代人工智慧,本質上就如同“缸中之腦”,如果讓它實施作戰指揮,始終會面臨主體缺失即“自我”缺失的問題。這使得人工智慧存在天然的、根本的缺陷,必須基於人的主體性,透過人機混合來提升作戰指揮效能和水準。

基於“自由選擇”,建構“人謀機劃”的指揮模式

戰場上,指揮員可以選擇打哪一個目標,可以選擇從正面打、從翼側打、從背後打、從空中打;可以隔而不打、圍而不打、談而不打……這就是人的自主性,可以自由選擇做什麼、怎麼做。但機器不行,它給出的作戰方案,只能是智慧模型中蘊含的方案。就每次給出的特定方案而言,也是機率統計意義上可能性最大的方案。這使得人工智慧生成的方案呈現“模板化”傾向,相當於一個“復刻機”,同樣的問題,它給出的是相似的回答,同樣的作戰場景,它給出的就是相似的作戰方案。

與人工智慧相比,同樣的作戰場景,不同的指揮員設計的作戰方案完全不同;同一指揮員在不同的時間面對相似的作戰場景,設計的作戰方案也不相同。 “攻其無備,出其不意”,最有效的方案很可能看上去是最危險、最不可能的方案。對於指揮員,面對作戰場景,一瞬間有無限可能,而對於人工智慧,一瞬間卻只有看上去最好的確定,缺乏創意、缺少謀略,很容易為對方所預料。所以,在智慧化作戰指揮中,要基於人的自主性,由指揮員負責籌謀算計、創新戰法打法、設計基本策略,由機器負責將基本策略轉化為可執行可操作的作戰方案,形成「人謀機劃」的指揮模式。更重要的是,自主性是人作為人而存在的獨特標志,這種自由作決定的權力不可能也不允許讓渡給機器,使人淪為機器的附庸。

基於“自我批判”,建構“人反機正”的指揮模式

人類的成長進步,通常是立足現實自我,著眼理想自我,對歷史自我進行否定之否定式的批判。人工智慧沒有“自我”,同時也喪失了自我批判能力。這使得它只能停留在原有認知框架內解決問題,模型擁有的作戰思想、作戰原則、戰法打法,是在訓練完成時所給予的。如果想獲得知識和想法的更新提升,就必須從外部對模型進行持續訓練。映射到特定作戰場景,智慧模型給指揮員提供的只能是事先給定的問題解決方案,要想在一次作戰中不斷地動態調整更新是做不到的。

具有自我批判精神的人類,可以跳脫指揮決策思考過程,對指揮決策進行審視、評價、批判。在持續地自我批判中不斷對作戰方案進行調整,甚至推翻原有方案,形成新的方案。在指揮機構群體中,其他指揮人員也可能對作戰方案提出不同意見,指揮員在充分吸納這些意見的基礎上,調整改進原有方案,實現作戰方案的動態進化。所以,作戰指揮本質上是一個不斷向前探索的動態過程,不是作戰方案事先給定的靜態過程。當機器生成作戰方案時,指揮員不能不加思考地盲目接受,而應充當“反對者”“找茬人”,對作戰方案展開反思批判,提出反對意見,機器根據人的反對意見,輔助指揮員不斷調整、優化作戰方案,形成「人反機正」的指揮模式。

基於“自覺能動”,建立“人引機隨”的指揮模式

毛澤東同志說過,我們名之曰“自覺的能動性”,是人之所以區別於物的特點。任何一項改造世界的複雜實踐活動,都是從粗糙的、抽象的想法開始的,要將抽象觀念轉化為具體行動,需要克服各種風險和挑戰,充分發揮自覺能動性,主動定目標、出主意、想辦法。沒有自覺能動性的人工智慧,人們向它提出問題,它給出的只是模型中蘊含的答案,而不會管這個答案能不能用、有沒有針對性、可不可以實際操作,即提出抽象、空洞的問題,它給出的就是抽象、空洞的回答。這也是為什麼時下流行的大模型統一的運行模式是“人問機答”,而不是“機器提出問題”。

依賴自覺能動性,再抽象、空洞的問題都能由人一步一步轉化為具體的行動方案、具體的行動實踐。因此,在智慧化作戰指揮中,指揮員主要負責規劃做什麼、依什麼思路做,智慧模型則負責規劃具體怎麼做。若作戰任務太過抽象籠統,應先由指揮員對問題進行分解細化,再由智慧模型對細化後的問題進行解算。在指揮引導下,分階段、分領域逐步解決問題,最終達成作戰目標,形成「人引機隨」的指揮模式。這就像寫一篇論文,先列出提綱,再進行寫作,列提綱由人負責,具體寫作由機器完成,如果感覺一級綱目不夠具體,可由人細化為二級乃至三級綱目。

基於“自主負責”,建立“人斷機算”的指揮模式

現代先進的艦載防空反導系統,通常有手動、半自動、標準自動、特殊自動四種作戰模式,一旦啟用特殊自動模式,系統發射導彈將不再需要人的授權幹預。但該模式無論在實戰還是在訓練中都很少啟用。究其原因,人作為責任主體要對自己的所有行為負責,而機器行為背後卻是責任主體的缺失,當要為重大失誤追責時,機器是無法負責的。所以,生死攸關的大事決不能讓一個沒有自主責任的機器決定。況且,現代人工智慧是一個“黑箱”,它所展現的智能行為具有不可解釋性,對與錯的原因無從知曉,讓人無法輕易將重大決定權完全交給機器。

由於人工智慧缺乏“自主責任”,會使它眼中的問題全是“馴化問題”,也就是該類問題產生的後果與回答者沒有關系,問題解決的成功也罷、失敗也罷,對回答者來說無所謂。與之相應的是“野生問題”,也就是該類問題產生的後果與回答者息息相關,回答者必須置身其中。所以,在缺失自我的人工智慧眼中沒有“野生問題”,都是“馴化問題”,它對任何問題都置身事外。因此,在智慧化作戰指揮中,機器不能取代指揮員做出判斷和決策。它可以為指揮員提供關鍵知識、識別戰場目標、整編戰場情報、分析戰場情況、預測戰場態勢,甚至可以形成作戰方案、制定作戰計劃、擬製作戰命令,但它給出的方案計劃命令,只能作為草稿和參考,至於採不採用、在多大程度上採用,還得指揮員說了算。簡單來說,就是雙方共同做出決策,人工智慧負責預測,人負責判斷,形成「人斷機算」的指揮模式。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16361814.html

Chinese Weaponization of Digitalization, Networking, Intelligence, Grasping the Focus New Chinese Generation of Information Technology

數位化、網路化、智慧化的中國武器化,抓住中國新一代資訊科技的焦點

現代英語:

Digitalization, networking, and intelligence are the prominent features of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, and are also the core of the new generation of information technology. Digitalization lays the foundation for social informatization, and its development trend is the comprehensive dataization of society. Dataization emphasizes the collection, aggregation, analysis and application of data. Networking provides a physical carrier for information dissemination, and its development trend is the widespread adoption of information-physical systems (CPS). Information-physical systems will not only give birth to new industries, but will even reshape the existing industrial layout. Intelligence reflects the level and level of information application, and its development trend is the new generation of artificial intelligence. At present, the upsurge of the new generation of artificial intelligence has arrived.

  In his important speech at the 2018 General Assembly of Academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out: “The world is entering a period of economic development dominated by the information industry. We must seize the opportunity of the integrated development of digitalization, networking, and intelligence, and use informatization and intelligence as leverage to cultivate new momentum.” This important statement is an accurate grasp of the dominant role and development trend of information technology in today’s world, and an important deployment for using information technology to promote national innovation and development.

  Human society, the physical world, and information space constitute the three elements of today’s world. The connection and interaction between these three worlds determine the characteristics and degree of social informatization. The basic way to perceive human society and the physical world is digitization, the basic way to connect human society and the physical world (through information space) is networking, and the way information space acts on the physical world and human society is intelligence. Digitalization, networking, and intelligence are the prominent features of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, and are also the focus of the new generation of information technology. Digitalization lays the foundation for social informatization, and its development trend is the comprehensive dataization of society; networking provides a physical carrier for information dissemination, and its development trend is the widespread adoption of information-physical systems (CPS); intelligence reflects the level and level of information application, and its development trend is the new generation of artificial intelligence.

  Digitalization: From computerization to dataization

  Digitalization refers to the technical approach of storing, transmitting, processing, handling and applying information carriers (text, pictures, images, signals, etc.) in digital coding form (usually binary). Digitalization itself refers to the way of representing and processing information, but in essence it emphasizes the computerization and automation of information application. In addition to digitalization, dataization (data is an information carrier in coded form, and all data is digital) emphasizes the collection, aggregation, analysis and application of data, and strengthens the production factors and productivity functions of data. Digitalization is developing from computerization to dataization, which is one of the most important trends in the current social informatization.

  The core connotation of dataization is the deep understanding and deep use of big data generated by the integration of information technology revolution and economic and social activities. Big data is a fragmentary record of social economy, real world, management decision-making, etc., containing fragmented information. With the breakthrough of analytical technology and computing technology, it is possible to interpret this fragmented information, which makes big data a new high-tech, a new scientific research paradigm, and a new way of decision-making. Big data has profoundly changed the way people think and live and work, bringing unprecedented opportunities to management innovation, industrial development, scientific discovery and other fields.

  The value generation of big data has its inherent laws (obeying the big data principle). Only by deeply understanding and mastering these laws can we improve the awareness and ability to consciously and scientifically use big data (big data thinking). The value of big data is mainly realized through big data technology. Big data technology is an extension and development of statistical methods, computer technology, and artificial intelligence technology. It is a developing technology. The current hot directions include: blockchain technology, interoperability technology, storage and management technology of integrated storage and computing, big data operating system, big data programming language and execution environment, big data foundation and core algorithm, big data machine learning technology, big data intelligent technology, visualization and human-computer interaction analysis technology, authenticity judgment and security technology, etc. The development of big data technology depends on the solution of some major basic problems, including: the statistical basis and computational theoretical basis of big data, the hardware and software basis and computational methods of big data computing, and the authenticity judgment of big data inference.

  Implementing the national big data strategy is an important way to promote the digital revolution. Since my country proposed the implementation of the national big data strategy in 2015, the pattern of rapid development of big data in my country has been initially formed, but there are also some problems that need to be solved: data openness and sharing are lagging, and the dividends of data resources have not been fully released; the profit model of enterprises is unstable, and the integrity of the industrial chain is insufficient; core technologies have not yet made major breakthroughs, and the technical level of related applications is not high; there are still loopholes in security management and privacy protection, and the construction of relevant systems is still not perfect; etc. At present, effective measures should be taken to solve the bottleneck problems that restrict the development of big data in my country.

  Networking: From the Internet to Cyber-Physical Systems

  As an information-based public infrastructure, the Internet has become the main way for people to obtain, exchange and consume information. However, the Internet only focuses on the interconnection between people and the resulting interconnection between services.

  The Internet of Things is a natural extension and expansion of the Internet. It connects various objects to the Internet through information technology, helping people obtain relevant information about the objects they need. The Internet of Things uses information collection equipment such as radio frequency identification, sensors, infrared sensors, video surveillance, global positioning systems, laser scanners, etc., and connects objects to the Internet through wireless sensor networks and wireless communication networks, so as to achieve real-time information exchange and communication between objects and between people and objects, so as to achieve the purpose of intelligent identification, positioning, tracking, monitoring and management. The Internet realizes the interconnection between people and services, while the Internet of Things realizes the cross-connection between people, objects and services. The core technologies of the Internet of Things include: sensor technology, wireless transmission technology, massive data analysis and processing technology, upper-level business solutions, security technology, etc. The development of the Internet of Things will go through a relatively long period, but it may take the lead in achieving breakthroughs in applications in specific fields. Internet of Vehicles, Industrial Internet, unmanned systems, smart homes, etc. are all areas where the Internet of Things is currently showing its prowess.

  The Internet of Things mainly solves the problem of people’s perception of the physical world, while to solve the problem of manipulating physical objects, it is necessary to further develop the cyber-physical system (CPS). The cyber-physical system is a multi-dimensional complex system that integrates computing, networking and physical environment. It realizes real-time perception, dynamic control and information services of large engineering systems through the organic integration and deep collaboration of 3C (Computer, Communication, Control) technologies. Through the human-computer interaction interface, the cyber-physical system realizes the interaction between the computing process and the physical process, and uses the networked space to control a physical entity in a remote, reliable, real-time, secure and collaborative manner. In essence, the cyber-physical system is a network with control attributes.

  Unlike public infrastructure that provides information interaction and application, the focus of the development of cyber-physical systems is on the research and development of networked physical equipment systems that deeply integrate perception, computing, communication and control capabilities. From an industrial perspective, cyber-physical systems cover a range of applications from smart home networks to industrial control systems and even intelligent transportation systems, which are national and even world-class applications. More importantly, this coverage is not just about simply connecting existing devices together, but will give rise to a large number of devices with computing, communication, control, collaboration and autonomous capabilities. The next generation of industry will be built on cyber-physical systems. With the development and popularization of cyber-physical system technology, physical devices that use computers and networks to achieve functional expansion will be ubiquitous, and will promote the upgrading of industrial products and technologies, greatly improving the competitiveness of major industrial fields such as automobiles, aerospace, national defense, industrial automation, health and medical equipment, and major infrastructure. Cyber-physical systems will not only give birth to new industries, but will even reshape the existing industrial layout.

  Intelligence: From Expert Systems to Meta-Learning

  Intelligence reflects the quality attributes of information products. When we say that an information product is intelligent, we usually mean that the product can accomplish things that only intelligent people can accomplish, or has reached a level that only humans can achieve. Intelligence generally includes perception, memory and thinking, learning and adaptive, behavioral decision-making, etc. Therefore, intelligence can also be generally defined as: enabling an object to have sensitive and accurate perception functions, correct thinking and judgment functions, adaptive learning functions, and effective execution functions.

  Intelligence is the eternal pursuit of the development of information technology, and the main way to achieve this pursuit is to develop artificial intelligence technology. In the more than 60 years since the birth of artificial intelligence technology, although it has experienced three ups and two downs, it has still made great achievements. From 1959 to 1976, it was a stage based on artificial representation of knowledge and symbol processing, which produced expert systems with important application value in some fields; from 1976 to 2007, it was a stage based on statistical learning and knowledge self-representation, which produced various neural network systems; in recent years, research based on environmental adaptation, self-game, self-evolution, and self-learning is forming a new stage of artificial intelligence development – meta-learning or methodological learning stage, which constitutes a new generation of artificial intelligence. The new generation of artificial intelligence mainly includes big data intelligence, group intelligence, cross-media intelligence, human-machine hybrid enhanced intelligence, and brain-like intelligence.

  Deep learning is an outstanding representative of the new generation of artificial intelligence technology. Due to its performance that surpasses that of humans in many fields such as face recognition, machine translation, and chess competitions, deep learning has almost become synonymous with artificial intelligence today. However, deep learning has major challenges in terms of topological design, effect prediction, and mechanism explanation. There is no solid mathematical theory to support the solution of these three major problems. Solving these problems is the main focus of future research on deep learning. In addition, deep learning is a typical big data intelligence, and its applicability is based on the existence of a large number of training samples. Small sample learning will be the development trend of deep learning.

  Meta-learning is expected to become the next breakthrough in the development of artificial intelligence. Recently developed meta-learning methods such as learning to learn, learning to teach, learning to optimize, learning to search, and learning to reason, as well as the outstanding performance of “AlphaGo Zero” in Go, have demonstrated the attractive prospects of such new technologies. However, meta-learning research is only just beginning, and its development still faces a series of challenges.

  The new generation of artificial intelligence is already here, and the foreseeable development trend is based on big data, centered on model and algorithm innovation, and supported by powerful computing power. The breakthrough of the new generation of artificial intelligence technology depends on the comprehensive development of other types of information technology, as well as the substantial progress and development of brain science and cognitive science. (Xu Zongben, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and professor of Xi’an Jiaotong University)

現代國語:

數位化、網路化、智慧化是新一輪科技革命的突出特徵,也是新一代資訊科技的核心。數位化為社會資訊化奠定基礎,其發展趨勢是社會的全面數據化。資料化強調對資料的收集、聚合、分析與應用。網路化為資訊傳播提供實體載體,其發展趨勢是資訊物理系統(CPS)的廣泛採用。資訊物理系統不僅會催生出新的工業,甚至會重塑現有產業佈局。智慧化體現資訊應用的層次與水平,其發展趨勢為新一代人工智慧。目前,新一代人工智慧的熱潮已經來臨。

習近平同志在2018年兩院院士大會上的重要演講指出:「世界正進入以資訊產業為主導的經濟發展時期。我們要把握數位化、網路化、智慧化融合發展的契機,以資訊化、智慧化為槓桿培育新動能。

人類社會、物理世界、資訊空間構成了當今世界的三元。這三元世界之間的關聯與交互,決定了社會資訊化的特徵與程度。感知人類社會和物理世界的基本方式是數位化,連結人類社會與物理世界(透過資訊空間)的基本方式是網路化,資訊空間作用於物理世界與人類社會的方式是智慧化。數位化、網路化、智慧化是新一輪科技革命的突出特徵,也是新一代資訊科技的聚焦點。數位化為社會資訊化奠定基礎,其發展趨勢是社會的全面資料化;網路化為資訊傳播提供物理載體,其發展趨勢是資訊物理系統(CPS)的廣泛採用;智慧化體現資訊應用的層次與水平,其發展趨勢是新一代人工智慧。

數位化:從電腦化到資料化

數位化是指將資訊載體(文字、圖片、影像、訊號等)以數位編碼形式(通常是二進位)進行儲存、傳輸、加工、處理和應用的技術途徑。數位化本身指的是資訊表示方式與處理方式,但本質上強調的是資訊應用的電腦化和自動化。資料化(資料是以編碼形式存在的資訊載體,所有資料都是數位化的)除包括數位化外,更強調對資料的收集、聚合、分析與應用,強化資料的生產要素與生產力功能。數位化正從電腦化朝向資料化發展,這是當前社會資訊化最重要的趨勢之一。

資料化的核心內涵是對資訊科技革命與經濟社會活動交融生成的大數據的深刻認識與深層利用。大數據是社會經濟、現實世界、管理決策等的片段記錄,蘊含著片段化資訊。隨著分析技術與運算技術的突破,解讀這些片段化資訊成為可能,這使得大數據成為一項新的高新技術、一類新的科學研究範式、一種新的決策方式。大數據深刻改變了人類的思考方式和生產生活方式,為管理創新、產業發展、科學發現等多個領域帶來前所未有的機會。

大數據的價值生成有其內在規律(服從大數據原理)。只有深刻認識並掌握這些規律,才能提高自覺運用、科學運用大數據的意識與能力(大數據思維)。大數據的價值主要透過大數據技術來實現。大數據技術是統計學方法、電腦技術、人工智慧技術的延伸與發展,是正在發展中的技術,目前的熱點方向包括:區塊鏈技術、互通技術、存算一體化儲存與管理技術、大數據作業系統、大數據程式語言與執行環境、大數據基礎與核心演算法、大數據機器學習技術、大數據智慧技術、視覺化與人機互動分析技術、真偽判定與安全技術等。大數據技術的發展依賴一些重大基礎問題的解決,這些重大基礎問題包括:大數據的統計基礎與計算理論基礎、大數據計算的軟硬體基礎與計算方法、大數據推斷的真偽性判定等。

實施國家大數據戰略是推動資料化革命的重要途徑。自2015年我國提出實施國家大數據戰略以來,我國大數據快速發展的格局已初步形成,但也存在一些亟待解決的問題:數據開放共享滯後,數據資源紅利仍未得到充分釋放;企業贏利模式不穩定,產業鏈完整性不足;核心技術尚未取得重大突破,相關應用的技術水準不高;安全管理與隱私保護還存在漏洞,相關制度建設仍不夠完善;等等。目前,應採取有效措施解決制約我國大數據發展的瓶頸問題。

網路化:從網際網路到資訊物理系統

作為資訊化的公共基礎設施,網路已成為人們獲取資訊、交換資訊、消費資訊的主要方式。但是,網路關注的只是人與人之間的互聯互通以及由此帶來的服務與服務的互聯。

物聯網是互聯網的自然延伸和拓展,它透過資訊科技將各種物體與網路相連,幫助人們獲取所需物體的相關資訊。物聯網透過使用射頻識別、感測器、紅外線感應器、視訊監控、全球定位系統、雷射掃描器等資訊擷取設備,透過無線感測網路、無線通訊網路把物體與網路連接起來,實現物與物、人與物之間的即時資訊交換和通信,以達到智慧化識別、定位、追蹤、監控和管理的目的。互聯網實現了人與人、服務與服務之間的互聯, 而物聯網實現了人、物、服務之間的交叉互聯。物聯網的核心技術包括:感測器技術、無線傳輸技術、大量資料分析處理技術、上層業務解決方案、安全技術等。物聯網的發展將經歷相對漫長的時期,但可能會在特定領域的應用中率先取得突破,車聯網、工業互聯網、無人系統、智慧家庭等都是當前物聯網大顯身手的領域。

物聯網主要解決人對物理世界的感知問題,而要解決對物理對象的操控問題則必須進一步發展資訊物理系統(CPS)。資訊物理系統是一個綜合運算、網路和物理環境的多維複雜系統,它透過3C(Computer、Communication、Control)技術的有機融合與深度協作,實現對大型工程系統的即時感知、動態控制和資訊服務。透過人機交互接口,資訊物理系統實現計算進程與實體進程的交互,利用網路化空間以遠端、可靠、即時、安全、協作的方式操控一個實體實體。從本質上來說,資訊物理系統是一個具有控制屬性的網路。

不同於提供資訊互動與應用的公用基礎設施,資訊物理系統發展的聚焦點在於研發深度融合感知、運算、通訊與控制能力的網路化實體設備系統。從產業角度來看,資訊物理系統的涵蓋範圍小到智慧家庭網路、大到工業控制系統乃至智慧交通系統等國家級甚至世界級的應用。更重要的是,這種涵蓋並不僅僅是將現有的設備簡單地連在一起,而是會催生出眾多具有計算、通訊、控制、協同和自治性能的設備,下一代工業將建立在在資訊物理系統之上。隨著資訊物理系統技術的發展和普及,使用電腦和網路實現功能擴展的實體設備將無所不在,並推動工業產品和技術的升級換代,大大提高汽車、航空航太、國防、工業自動化、健康醫療設備、重大基礎設施等主要工業領域的競爭力。資訊物理系統不僅會催生出新的工業,甚至會重塑現有產業佈局。

智能化:從專家系統到元學習

智能化反映資訊產品的品質屬性。我們說一個資訊產品是智慧的,通常是指這個產品能完成有智慧的人才能完成的事情,或是已經達到人類才能達到的程度。智能一般包括知覺能力、記憶與思考能力、學習與適應力、行為決策能力等。所以,智能化通常也可定義為:使對象具備靈敏準確的感知功能、正確的思考與判斷功能、自適應的學習功能、行之有效的執行功能等。

智能化是資訊科技發展的永恆追求,實現這項追求的主要途徑是發展人工智慧技術。人工智慧技術誕生60多年來,雖歷經三起兩落,但還是取得了巨大成就。 1959—1976年是基於人工表示知識和符號處理的階段,產生了在一些領域具有重要應用價值的專家系統;1976—2007年是基於統計學習和知識自表示的階段,產生了各種各樣的神經網路系統;近幾年開始的基於環境自適應、自博弈、自進化、自學習的研究,正在形成一個人工智慧發展的新階段——元學習或方法論學習階段,這構成新一代人工智慧。新一代人工智慧主要包括大數據智慧、群體智慧、跨媒體智慧、人機混合增強智慧和類腦智慧等。

深度學習是新一代人工智慧技術的卓越代表。由於在人臉辨識、機器翻譯、棋類競賽等眾多領域超越人類的表現,深度學習在今天幾乎已成為人工智慧的代名詞。然而,深度學習拓樸設計難、效果預期難、機理解釋難是重大挑戰,還沒有一套堅實的數學理論來支持解決這三大難題。解決這些難題是深度學習未來研究的主要關注點。此外,深度學習是典型的大數據智能,它的可應用性是以存在大量訓練樣本為基礎的。小樣本學習將是深度學習的發展趨勢。

元學習有望成為人工智慧發展的下一個突破口。學會學習、學會教學、學會優化、學會搜尋、學會推理等新近發展的元學習方法以及「AlphaGo Zero」在圍棋方面的出色表現,展現了這類新技術的誘人前景。然而,元學習研究僅是開始,其發展還面臨一系列挑戰。

新一代人工智慧的熱潮已經來臨,可以預見的發展趨勢是以大數據為基礎、以模型與演算法創新為核心、以強大的運算能力為支撐。新一代人工智慧技術的突破依賴其他各類資訊技術的綜合發展,也依賴腦科學與認知科學的實質進步與發展。 (中國科學院院士、西安交通大學教授 徐宗本)

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.cac.gov.cn/2019-03/01/c_1124178478.htm

Accelerate Development of Chinese National Defense Science and Technology Innovation to Help Modernization of China’s Military

加速發展國防科技創新 協助軍隊現代化

現代英語:

President Xi Jinping stressed that military scientific research is highly exploratory, and innovation should be placed in a more prominent position, strategic planning and top-level design should be done well, military theory innovation, national defense science and technology innovation, and innovation in the organizational model of military scientific research should be strengthened, and the engine of military scientific research innovation should be started at full speed. This important statement by President Xi profoundly reveals the importance of national defense science and technology innovation, and is the fundamental principle for promoting the development of national defense science and technology innovation under the new situation. We must start the engine of national defense science and technology innovation at full speed, promote the high-quality development of national defense science and technology, and provide strong material and technical support for achieving the goal of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the army and building a world-class army in an all-round way.

Strengthen basic research towards the forefront of development

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is emerging, and the world’s new military revolution is accelerating, opening the curtain of the era from informatization to intelligence, which will inevitably bring about a major evolution of war forms, major adjustments in military strategy, major changes in combat methods, and major transformation of combat forces. To promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation, we must adhere to the forefront of world military science and technology development, face the major needs of strengthening the military practice, face the future battlefield, earnestly explore the winning mechanism of future wars, and continuously improve the contribution rate of national defense science and technology to preparing for war, deterring war and winning war, and inject strong momentum into seizing the strategic commanding heights of future military competition.

We should aim at the forefront of world military science and technology, keep up with the direction of the world’s new military revolution, especially the development of military science and technology, firmly grasp the opportunities of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, strive to narrow the gap in key areas, take comparative advantage as the fundamental standard for measuring innovation and development, select the breakthrough and focus of scientific and technological innovation, strengthen forward-looking planning and design, allocate limited resources to major technical breakthroughs, concentrate superior forces, vigorously overcome key technologies in the military field, and master a number of core technologies with independent intellectual property rights. From structural design to force allocation to scientific research projects, we should seize the main research areas, reflect the development frontier, form overall advantages, and actively seek strategic initiative and military advantages.

With the continuous development of science and technology, the characteristics of multi-disciplinary professional cross-clustering and multi-field technology integration are becoming increasingly prominent. Great cross-integration, great integration and great breakthroughs have become the basic laws of the development of modern military science. To promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation, we must strive to improve our technical cognition ability, dare to blaze new trails in construction ideas and technical paths, open up the channel for the transformation of technology chain into industrial chain, and enhance the national strategic capabilities and weapons and equipment development strength. We must follow the essential requirements and inherent laws of national defense science and technology, stand against the backdrop of the national innovation system and military-civilian integrated collaborative innovation, accelerate the establishment of strategic, basic, cutting-edge and open scientific research and innovation platforms, and promote the transformation of national defense science and technology to the close integration of military theory and military technology, the mutual promotion of basic research and applied research, and the equal emphasis on independent innovation and absorption and reference. Adapt to the requirements of national defense science and technology innovation and development, do a good job in basic management, and establish a supporting basic support management mechanism to ensure the development of national defense science and technology innovation; strengthen project management, and strive to form a classified, efficient, flexible, adaptive and sustainable management mechanism and work process; broaden the channels for technology transformation, establish and improve the policy and institutional mechanisms for the transformation and application of national defense science and technology achievements, and promote the rapid transformation and application of national defense science and technology innovation achievements.

Practice has proved that basic research is the key to how high and how far national defense science and technology innovation can “jump”. Therefore, we must focus on innovative basic and applied basic research, make good scientific reserves, correctly grasp the relationship between basic research and technological application, and provide strong support for promoting the development of national defense science and technology innovation. First, we must take basic research as a leading project to promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation, put it in a strategic position of priority development, maintain sufficient and stable funding, make early arrangements and give priority support in several major fields, explore new concepts, new principles, and new methods, and strive to make major breakthroughs in basic, cutting-edge, and strategic fields. Second, we must persist in using the thinking and methods of systems engineering, correctly understand and scientifically guide basic research and technology application practices, promote the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements, and cultivate new technological growth points to form a closed link of “basic research, development and application, transformation of achievements, and integrated application and re-innovation”. Third, we must open up channels for the transformation of national defense science and technology achievements as soon as possible, and promote scientific research achievements to take root in building a world-class military and serving and preparing for war. Actively explore scientific research collaboration in the form of technology groups and project groups, strengthen communication and cooperation between the military and local governments, open up channels for technological needs, and promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements as soon as possible.

Establish a scientific research orientation and win the future with innovation

Focusing on actual combat is the core goal of military construction. We must adhere to the fundamental guidance of combat needs as an important guiding principle for the development of national defense science and technology innovation. We must always aim at tomorrow’s wars to innovate and develop military theories and military technology, and explore and form a national defense science and technology innovation system that keeps pace with the development of the times, adapts to national security needs, and meets future combat requirements.

To promote the innovation and development of national defense science and technology, we must firmly establish the fundamental orientation of scientific research for warfare, conduct in-depth research on combat characteristics, combat styles, combat focus and winning mechanisms under information conditions, insist on using combat needs to guide basic research and strategic frontier technology exploration, and further improve the institutional mechanisms for scientific research projects to focus on preparing for war. At the same time, we must keep a close eye on future combat opponents, accurately grasp the evolution trends of war forms and the development trends of world military science and technology, constantly update our ideas, scientifically plan today’s preparations, design tomorrow’s wars, and win future battlefields.

Combat effectiveness has always been the decisive factor in the success or failure of the military, and the combat effectiveness standard is the only fundamental standard for military construction. With the rapid development of high-tech with information technology as the core, the complexity of the offensive and defensive combat mechanism of war has undergone unprecedented profound changes, which has had an unprecedented profound impact on the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness. Therefore, it is necessary to take independent innovation as an important factor, component and implementation method for the transformation of combat effectiveness generation mode, be good at discovering the potential driving force of new technologies on combat effectiveness development, and promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation in the great practice of fully realizing the goal of strengthening the military.

In order to adapt to the requirements of winning information and intelligent wars and effectively fulfill the mission, we must adhere to the strategic basis of independent innovation, improve the mechanism of scientific research collaborative innovation, build a fusion innovation platform, and comprehensively promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation. First, we must take the weak links of national defense science and technology as the main direction of promoting independent innovation, and at the same time increase the original innovation efforts, focus on mastering key core technologies in some important fields and scientific and technological frontiers, and strive to build a national defense science and technology innovation system that can not only increase the national defense science and technology reserves, but also enable them to be rapidly transformed. Correctly handle the relationship between key technologies and general technologies, general technologies and special technologies, traditional technologies and high-tech technologies, and achieve overall planning and reasonable layout to achieve mutual support and coordinated development of various technologies and disciplines. Second, we must grasp the needs of national defense science and technology innovation and development, focus on solving problems in the science and technology management system, demand generation mechanism, scientific research plan system, etc., improve the overall benefits of scientific research, and form a strong vitality to promote independent innovation. Vigorously promote the sharing of technical basic resources between the military and civilians, and establish and improve the military-civilian standardization coordination mechanism and technical service mechanism. Third, we must improve the science and technology collaborative innovation policy system of universities, research institutes, enterprises, and governments, maximize the advantages of all aspects, focus on building a fusion innovation platform, and form an overall synergy to promote national defense science and technology collaborative innovation.

Implementing the strategy of strengthening the military with talents in the new era to unleash creative vitality

To promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation, it is ultimately necessary to rely on high-level talents. Without a strong team of national defense science and technology talents, independent innovation is like water without a source and a tree without roots. Therefore, it is necessary to actively adapt to the requirements of national defense science and technology innovation and development, vigorously build a systematic and high-level talent training platform, and allow more high-quality and professional talents to emerge.

We should firmly establish the concept that “talent is the first resource”, insist on cultivating talents as a major political task, and boldly use strategic scientists with the wisdom to identify talents, the sincerity to love talents, the methods to gather talents, the courage to use talents, and the mind to tolerate talents, support young scientific and technological talents to take the lead and shoulder important responsibilities, and continuously expand the ranks of leading scientific and technological talents and first-class innovation teams. We should adhere to the major national defense science and technology construction projects and talent construction projects together, boldly select, use, and temper various talents in the practice of major projects and major tasks, cultivate and bring up a new generation of scientific and technological leaders and leading talents, and build the field of national defense science and technology and equipment into a highland for national innovative talents and a fertile ground for talent growth and development, forming a vivid situation in which the creative vitality of national defense science and technology talents competes. We should clarify the evaluation methods and standards for national defense science and technology talents, improve the differentiated evaluation and policy support mechanism for national defense science and technology talents, and build an evaluation system that conforms to the laws of national defense science and technology and the laws of talent growth. Reform the science and technology management and personnel systems, let scientific research management keep pace with scientific and technological innovation, truly free up time for scientific researchers, build platforms, and hand over the stage for scientific research and innovation to them with confidence, allowing them to play the leading role and play a big role in scientific research and innovation.

A scientific and fair evaluation mechanism plays a fundamental role in stimulating innovation. Practice has proved that any major breakthrough in the field of basic research is inseparable from long-term accumulation and repeated failures, which is an inevitable law of scientific development. Therefore, in the process of national defense science and technology and weapon equipment research and production, we should encourage researchers to have wonderful ideas and tolerate their failures in exploration and practice. It is advocated that the implementation of various scientific research plans should not be based on the number of papers and patents as project goals, but should focus on the achievement of original results and allow a certain proportion of failures. Peer evaluation should be implemented for basic and cutting-edge technology research, highlighting the medium- and long-term goal orientation and original value, focusing on creating a fair competition environment that encourages innovation, and making great efforts to activate the “spring water” of national defense science and technology innovation and development.

We will fully implement the strategy of strengthening the military with talents in the new era, further enhance the vitality of talent team building, maximize the innovative power of national defense science and technology talents, and fully mobilize their enthusiasm, initiative and creativity. We will follow the growth rules of high-quality and professional military talents, create an environment for identifying, loving, respecting and using talents, formulate policies and systems that combine competitive incentives with advocating cooperation, promote the orderly flow and reasonable layout of talent resources, build a good platform for local talents to serve national defense science and technology construction, and strive to create a good situation in which people can use their talents to the fullest, display their talents to the fullest, and use their talents to the fullest.

(The author is a researcher and doctoral supervisor at the Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Sciences)

(Editors: Wang Zifeng, Song Meiqi)

現代國語:

習近平主席強調指出,軍事科學研究具有很強的探索性,要把創新擺在更加突出的位置,做好戰略規劃和頂層設計,加強軍事理論創新、國防科技創新、軍事科研工作組織模式創新,把軍事科研創新的引擎全速發動。習主席的這一重要論述,深刻揭示了國防科技創新的重要性,是新形勢下推動國防科技創新發展的根本遵循。我們要全速發動國防科技創新發展的引擎,促進國防科技高品質發展,為實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標、全面建成世界級軍隊提供強而有力的物質技術支撐。

面向發展前沿 加強基礎研究

目前,新一輪科技革命與產業變革正孕育興起,世界新軍事革命加速推進,拉開了從資訊化邁向智慧化的時代大幕,必將帶來戰爭形態大演進、軍事戰略大調整、作戰方式大嬗變、作戰力量大轉型。推動國防科技創新發展,必須堅持面向世界軍事科技發展前沿,面向強軍實踐重大需求,面向未來戰場,認真探索未來戰爭制勝機理,不斷提高國防科技對備戰懾戰勝戰的貢獻率,為搶佔未來軍事競爭策略制高點注入強勁動能。

瞄準世界軍事科技前沿,緊跟世界新軍事革命特別是軍事科技發展方向,緊緊抓住新一輪科技革命和產業革命正在興起的機遇,努力縮小關鍵領域的差距,以取得比較優勢作為衡量創新發展的根本標準,選準科技創新的突破口和著力點,加強前瞻謀劃設計,把有限的資源配置到重大技術攻關上,集中優勢力量,大力攻克軍事領域的關鍵技術,掌握一批擁有自主智慧財產權的核心技術。從結構設計到力量配比再到科研項目,都應抓住主要研究領域,體現發展前沿,形成整體優勢,積極謀求戰略主動與軍事優勢。

隨著科學技術不斷發展,多學科專業交叉群集、多領域技術融合整合的特徵日益凸顯,大交叉、大融合、大突破已成為現代軍事科學發展的基本法則。推動國防科技創新發展,要努力提陞技術認知能力,在建立想法、技術路徑上敢於蹚新路,打通技術鏈轉化為產業鏈的通道,提升國家戰略能力與武器裝備發展實力。要遵循國防科技的本質要求和內在規律,站在國家創新大體系、軍民一體化協同創新的大背景下,加速建立戰略性、基礎性、前沿性、開放性的科學研究創新平台,推動國防科技向軍事理論與軍事技術緊密結合、基礎研究與應用研究相互促進、自主創新與吸收借鏡並重視並舉轉變。適應國防科技創新發展要求,搞好基礎管理,配套建立確保國防科技創新發展的基礎支撐性管理機制;加強專案管理,努力形成分類分級、高效靈活、自適應、可持續的管理機制和工作流程;拓寬技術轉化管道,建立並改善國防科技成果轉化應用政策制度機制,推動國防科技創新成果快速轉化應用。

實務證明,國防科技創新能「跳」多高、「跑」多遠,基礎研究是關鍵。因此,要著力抓好創新性基礎與應用基礎研究,搞好豐厚的科學儲備,正確掌握基礎研究與技術應用的關係,為推動國防科技創新發展提供強力支撐。一要把基礎研究作為推動國防科技創新發展的先導工程,放在優先發展的戰略位置來抓,保持足夠、穩定的經費投入,在若干重大領域提前佈局與優先支持,探索新概念、新原理、新方法,力爭在基礎、前衛、策略領域取得重大突破。二要堅持運用系統工程的思維和方法,正確認識和科學指導基礎研究與技術應用實踐,既要促進科技成果轉化運用,又要培育新的技術增長點,形成“基礎研究、開發應用、成果轉化,到整合應用再創新」的閉合鏈路。三要盡快打通國防科技成果轉化的管道,促進科研成果在建設世界一流軍隊和服務備戰打仗中落地生根。積極探索以技術群、專案群等形式進行科研協作攻關,加強軍地溝通協作,暢通技術需求通道,促進科技成果盡快轉換。

樹立科研為戰導向 以創新制勝未來

聚焦實戰是軍隊建設的核心目標,必須把堅持作戰需求的根本牽引作為國防科技創新發展的重要指導原則,始終瞄準明天的戰爭創新發展軍事理論和軍事科技,探索形成與時代發展同步伐、與國家安全需求相適應、滿足未來作戰需求的國防科技創新體系。

推動國防科技創新發展,必須穩固確立科研為戰的根本導向,深入研究資訊化條件下的作戰特徵、作戰樣式、作戰重心和製勝機理,堅持以作戰需求牽引基礎研究和戰略前沿技術探索,進一步完善科學研究計畫聚焦於備戰打仗等製度機制,同時要緊盯未來作戰對手,準確掌握戰爭形態演變趨勢、世界軍事科技發展趨勢,不斷更新思想觀念,科學籌劃今天的備戰、設計明天的戰爭、制勝未來的戰場。

戰鬥力始終是軍隊興衰成敗的決定性因素,戰鬥力標準是軍隊建立唯一的根本的標準。以資訊科技為核心的高新科技快速發展,戰爭攻防作戰機理的複雜程度發生了前所未有的深刻變化,對於戰鬥力的生成與提升產生了前所未有的深刻影響。因此,必須把自主創新視為戰鬥力生成模式轉變的重要因素、構成要素和實現途徑,善於發現新技術對戰鬥力發展的潛在推動力,在全面實現強軍目標的偉大實踐中促進國防科技創新發展。

為適應打贏資訊化與智慧化戰爭要求,著眼有效履行使命任務,就要堅持自主創新的戰略基點,完善科學研究協同創新機制,打造融合創新平台,全面推進國防科技創新發展。一要把國防科技的薄弱環節作為推進自主創新的主攻方向,同時加大原始性創新力度,著力在一些重要領域和科技前沿掌握關鍵核心技術,努力建構既能使國防科學技術儲備不斷增加、又能使之快速轉化的國防科技創新體系。正確處理重點技術與一般技術、一般技術與專用技術、傳統技術與高新技術的關係,做到統籌兼顧、合理佈局,實現各類技術、各類學科相互支撐、協調發展。二要掌握國防科技創新發展的需求,重點在於解決科技管理體制、需求生成機制、科學研究計畫體係等面向問題,提昇科研整體效益,形成推動自主創新的強大活力。大力推動技術基礎資源軍民共用分享,建立完善軍民標準化協調機制與技術服務機制。三要健全大學、科研院所、企業、政府的科技協同創新政策制度,最大限度發揮各方面的優勢,著力打造融合創新平台,形成推動國防科技協同創新的整體合力。

實施新時代人才強軍策略 讓創造活力競相迸發

推動國防科技創新發展,歸根究底要靠高水準人才,如果沒有強大的國防科技人才隊伍,自主創新就是無源之水、無本之木。因此,必須積極適應國防科技創新發展要求,大力打造體系化、高階的人才培育平台,讓更多高素質、專業化人才競相湧現。

牢固樹立「人才是第一資源」的觀念,堅持把培養人才作為一項重大的政治任務,以識才的慧眼、愛才的真情、聚才的方法、用才的膽略、容才的胸懷,大膽運用戰略科學家,支持青年科技人才挑起大樑、擔重任,不斷壯大科技領軍人才隊伍和一流創新團隊。堅持國防科技重大建設工程和人才建設工程一起抓,在重大工程和重大任務實踐中大膽選拔、使用、錘煉各種人才,培養造就新一代科技帥才和領軍人才,把國防科技和裝備領域打造成國家創新人才的高地、人才成長興業的沃土,形成國防科技人才創造活力競相迸發的鮮明局面。明確國防科技人才的評估方式與標準,完善國防科技人才差異化評估與政策支援機制,建構符合國防科技規律與人才成長規律的評估體系。改革科技管理與人事制度,讓科學研究管理跟上科技創新的步伐,真正為科研人員放開手腳、騰出時間、搭建平台,把科研創新的舞台放心交給他們,讓他們在科研創新中當主角、唱大戲。

科學公平的評估機制對於激勵創新具有根本性的作用。實務證明,任何一個基礎研究領域的重大突破都離不開長期的累積和多次的失敗,這是科學發展的必然規律。因此,在國防科技和武器裝備科學研究生產過程中,既要鼓勵科學研究人員有奇思妙想,也要寬容其在探索實踐中的失敗。提倡各類科學研究計畫的實施不以論文、專利數量為專案目標,著重原創成果的取得,允許一定的失敗比例。對基礎和前沿技術研究實行同行評價,突顯中長期目標導向和原創價值,著力營造激勵創新的公平競爭環境,下大力氣激活國防科技創新發展的「一池春水」。

全面貫徹實施新時代人才強軍戰略,進一步增強人才隊伍建設活力,最大限度激發國防科技人才的創新動力、充分調動他們的積極性、主動性和創造性。遵循高素質、專業化軍事人才成長規律,營造識才愛才敬才用才的環境,制定競爭激勵和崇尚合作相結合的政策制度,促進人才資源有序流動、合理佈局,為地方人才服務國防科技建設搭建好平台,著力形成人盡其才、盡展其才、才盡其用的良好局面。

(作者係軍事科學院系統工程研究院研究員、博士生導師)

(編按:王之鋒、宋美琪)

中國原創軍事資源:

How Can Chinese Military Research Institutes Achieve “accelerated” Innovation in National Defense Science and Technology?

中國軍事科學研究院所如何實現國防科技創新「加速」?

現代英語:

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution and military revolution is accelerating, and emerging fields such as space and the Internet will become the focus of future competition. The rapid development of science and technology, the ever-changing weapons and equipment and combat methods have put forward new requirements for military research institutes to conduct full-domain battlefield research.

Standing at the forefront of the times, how can military research institutes promote the implementation of the national defense science and technology innovation strategy and transform scientific research results into real combat effectiveness? How can we achieve the transition from “squatting to running” to “jumping” in scientific and technological innovation and achieve “acceleration” in scientific and technological innovation? Please read the news investigation brought by the PLA Daily reporter from the National Defense Engineering Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences.

Defense Science and Technology Innovation: Forging a Powerful Engine to Enhance National Defense Strength

■China National Defense News reporter Pan Di and special correspondent Zhao Jie

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution and military revolution is accelerating, and emerging fields such as space and the Internet will become the focus of future competition. The rapid development of science and technology, the ever-changing weapons and equipment and combat methods have put forward new requirements for military research institutes to conduct full-domain battlefield research.

President Xi Jinping stressed the need to strengthen national defense science and technology innovation and vigorously improve the ability of independent innovation in national defense science and technology when attending the plenary meeting of the PLA and armed police delegation at the first session of the 13th National People’s Congress. Standing at the forefront of the times, how can military research institutes promote the implementation of national defense science and technology innovation strategies and transform scientific research results into real combat effectiveness? How can we achieve the transition from “squatting to running” to “jumping” in scientific and technological innovation and achieve “acceleration” in scientific and technological innovation? Please see the news investigation brought by reporters from the National Defense Engineering Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences.

Research direction——

We must work hard to study and strive for the future, and never lose our ambition

In late March, at a research institute of the National Defense Engineering Research Institute, researchers who had completed the experimental content of a project were busy collecting, organizing and analyzing data, which also meant that a forward-looking topic they had been studying had entered the finalization stage.

A few years ago, when the concept of a certain type of weapon was just proposed, researchers were keenly aware that with the continuous development of science and technology, once this type of weapon breaks through the technical barriers and is successfully developed, it will bring new challenges to the construction of national defense projects. Time waits for no one, and they have planned in detail the research direction of the subject and the key issues that need to be solved in combination with the current status of my country’s national defense projects. Today, the project team has basically mastered the damage effect of a certain new type of weapon on the target, and has proposed a new protection concept accordingly.

The successful completion of the project stems from the accurate aiming of the scientific research target, and the establishment of the scientific research direction is due to the keen insight and foresight of the scientific research team. This kind of forward-looking research is not an isolated case in the institute.

Engineer Han Yu recalled that as early as the 1980s, the research staff of the institute proposed the research direction of information warfare in the future war based on the development trend of warfare. After extensive data collection, investigation and understanding of the situation, and analysis of research rules, they outlined a forward-looking development blueprint for this research direction.

Thanks to the long-term research accumulation on informationized combat styles, after the institute formally established the relevant protection research laboratory last year, the laboratory’s researchers have been advancing related scientific research topics in an orderly and intensive manner.

The application and research cycle of a project is long, ranging from a few years to more than ten years, or even longer. If the research topic lacks foresight, the scientific research direction is not closely connected to the battlefield, and the results are difficult to help improve the combat effectiveness of the troops, it will inevitably cause a waste of manpower and material resources. In response to this situation, the institute clearly requires: “For research topics related to national defense projects, if they are not practical and forward-looking, they will not be allowed to be established.”

“Our research results usually have to be tested in the training ground, and the opinions and suggestions from the troops are summarized and collected on the feedback form, which provides an important reference basis for the next step of scientific research.” Wang Mingzhe, an engineer who is about to visit a certain test site, told reporters that in order to make the research topics stand the test of future wars, the researchers of the institute often go to plateaus and islands, and travel all over the country to investigate, inspect and demonstrate.

A few years ago, when conducting research in the army, researchers discovered that the camouflage cloth used by a brigade during a live-fire exercise was not conducive to camouflage and cover in special terrain. In response to the problem, researchers quickly organized a research project and designed a new information-based shielding system and cloth, making battlefield laying more convenient, faster, more confusing and concealed.

“When attending the plenary meeting of the People’s Liberation Army and the Armed Police Force delegation at the first session of the 13th National People’s Congress, President Xi stressed the need to pay close attention to the development trends of world military technology and weaponry. Indeed, conducting scientific research is like fighting a war. Only with a forward-looking vision can we win the commanding heights in overcoming difficult problems and seize the initiative for victory.” Speaking of the institute’s project approval standards, researcher Liu Ruichao said with emotion that scientific research in the field of national defense engineering must conform to the latest trends in combat styles and weapon development, and take one step ahead while being down-to-earth.

Scientific research talents——

How can the water be so clear? Because it comes from a source of fresh water.

“Look, these are the cracks that appeared after treatment…” On the afternoon of March 13, a laboratory of the institute was occasionally filled with the sound of machines roaring and explanations of experimental content.

In the laboratory, the reporter saw a soldier with gray hair in military uniform. Researcher Chen Anmin told the reporter that the old man was Gu Jincai, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and the voice just heard outside the door was Academician Gu explaining the experiment content to the young backbone.

As an academician, the scientific research tasks are already very busy and there is no need for him to always be on the front line. However, Academician Gu, who is already 80 years old, still insists on patiently and meticulously teaching his apprentices and leading the team.

“Academician Gu and his group of veteran comrades have been working on the front line since the establishment of the unit, providing hands-on training and guidance to scientific researchers. I am especially grateful to the predecessors for their guidance and support in getting to where I am today.” Engineer Ma Dongliang is deeply impressed by the good atmosphere of the institute.

In 2009, Ma Dongliang was assigned to a research institute in the Central Plains. As a new employee, Ma Dongliang, who had not yet understood the content of his job, thought he would be assigned to do some “odd jobs” such as organizing documents. What he did not expect was that he was entrusted with an important task as soon as he arrived at the unit and participated in a major protection research project throughout the process.

“The project team is full of teachers with many books, and I, a ‘rookie’, can complete the project tasks?” Ma Dongliang recalled that he was both excited and terrified at the time. After working in the institute for a long time, he learned that the institute would formulate a capacity improvement plan for each key talent, formulate a targeted training plan for those with development potential, and cultivate a team of key talents through job training, sending students to study, cooperation and exchange, etc.

At the 2017 National Science and Technology Awards Commendation Conference, the project in which Ma Dongliang participated won the second prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award. What surprised him was that the project leader put him in the position of the seventh author after considering everyone’s contribution, which is not only an honor but also a spur and encouragement for young researchers.

“My contribution to scientific research has not been ignored just because I am young. This is also an important reason why our young backbones stay here to concentrate on scientific research. The evaluation of awards focuses on professional ability and contribution. When evaluating and adjusting positions, it is not based on awards or achievements, but on comprehensive evaluation.” Ma Dongliang told reporters that he is currently working on four projects at the same time, working more than 10 hours a day, and working overtime on weekends is the norm. As he said, this fair competition method and evaluation mechanism make them “excited” and “energized” to do scientific research here.

Like Ma Dongliang, there are many young backbones born in the 1980s who like the talent training atmosphere of the institute and engage in scientific research and have achieved success and development. Some have become senior engineers, and some have served as laboratory leaders. A large number of scientific research backbones have grown rapidly here.

Research conditions——

The phoenix will come to roost when the phoenix tree is lush and leafy.

If information technology is the “multiplier” of combat effectiveness, then scientific research conditions are the “incubator” that gives birth to innovative results.

During the interview at the research institute, the reporter found that the place where the researchers spent the longest time was the test site.

At a test site of the institute, the reporter met Associate Researcher Xu Xiangyun who was preparing the test content. He told the reporter that each research room has several laboratories or test sites built according to the needs of scientific research projects. In addition to purchasing local mature technology products, most of the equipment is independently developed. A new type of test equipment next to him was developed and put into use last year.

At the end of 2012, a new type of weapon was released abroad. According to information obtained by scientific and technological personnel, its attack performance and its destructiveness to protective projects are astonishing, and it is likely to cause many protective projects to lose their due effectiveness.

As it concerns the safety of national defense projects, researchers need to find out the relevant performance of this type of weapon as soon as possible, and to obtain the most accurate information, they need to conduct relevant tests. Because it is a new type of weapon, there is no alternative test method in China, and it often takes 3 years or even longer to apply for the development of test equipment. This practical problem made the researchers of the institute frown. What should they do?

“A special research team composed of academicians and experts will be established to work together to overcome difficulties.” After the researchers reported the situation, the institute also invited experts in related fields from all over the country to discuss the matter. After multiple scientific discussions, they immediately decided to start the development of the test equipment as soon as possible.

In 2015, the Institute developed a certain type of test equipment when most similar test equipment in China could only be used in a fixed manner. With the test equipment, the research team quickly began to apply for a certain evaluation test project. Today, the research team has successfully conducted tests such as weapon power research and target damage, and has proposed new protection concepts and structures accordingly.

“Today, a big challenge facing military research institutions is how to fully mobilize the enthusiasm, initiative and innovation of researchers. We must try our best to provide researchers with advanced research conditions in a timely manner to ensure innovative research.” said the leader of the institute. In recent years, they have successively built an engineering comprehensive demonstration environment laboratory with an area of ​​more than 1,000 square meters and more than 200 sets of equipment and software, as well as dynamic and static load test platforms.

If you want to do your work well, you must first sharpen your tools. At present, while continuing to implement the tasks of scientific research conditions construction, the institute focuses on the current situation at home and abroad and the development trend of related majors, actively plans new scientific research conditions construction projects, and promotes the application of the “Major Underground Engineering Safety” National Key Laboratory. A project aimed at the protection technology research of the world’s cutting-edge weapons will be carried out in the newly built simulation test center…

Accelerate national defense science and technology innovation

■Weidong

At the plenary meeting of the PLA and Armed Police Force delegation at the first session of the 13th National People’s Congress, President Xi Jinping stressed the need to strengthen national defense science and technology innovation, accelerate the construction of a military-civilian integration innovation system, and vigorously improve the independent innovation capabilities of national defense science and technology. This important thought profoundly reveals the objective laws of national defense science and technology development and points out the direction for the prosperity and development of modern military science.

In recent years, as the strategic commanding heights of science and technology have accelerated their development to the deep earth, deep sea and deep space, the forms of war and combat styles have undergone profound changes, and the process of transforming combat theories into battlefield actions and technology into equipment has continued to accelerate, and the cycle has been further shortened. Many military powers have seen the dawn of intelligent military transformation and have launched a new round of military technology innovation.

In the face of the ever-changing technological development, military research institutes must take the lead in the national defense science and technology game, take the opportunity of reshaping the military research system, stand at the overall height of ensuring victory in the informationized war, step up the strategic transformation, and firmly grasp the “bull’s nose” of independent innovation, so as to take the initiative in the grand journey of becoming world-class.

Qian Xuesen once said that national defense science and technology innovation must not be satisfied with “chasing tail” or “looking in the mirror”. Military research institutes should be bold in their ideas, have the courage to emancipate their minds, break the mindset, make macro plans for their long-term development, and optimize the top-level design. At the same time, they should also carry out forward-looking demonstrations of the needs for the development of national defense science and technology innovation, independently and proactively carry out basic, leading, and disruptive innovative technology research, keenly discover new directions and new fields for the generation of new quality combat effectiveness, and strive to stand at the forefront and be at the forefront of the world’s military science and technology competition.

It is the duty of the general to not forget to fight while defending; it is the duty of the soldiers to be well-prepared for training. Focusing on actual combat is both a goal and a guide. Military research institutes should firmly establish the idea of ​​research for combat, implement President Xi’s instructions and requirements of “facing the battlefield, facing the troops, and facing the future”, and follow the requirements of “improving joint combat capabilities and all-domain combat capabilities based on network information systems”. We should strive to conduct research in the way the war is fought and what is needed for the war, focus on improving the contribution rate of military research and innovation to the combat effectiveness of the troops, and continuously provide strong scientific and technological support for strengthening the army.

A first-class army needs first-class scientific research units, and first-class scientific research units need first-class talents. Only when talents emerge in competition can there be a burst of innovative vitality. Military scientific research institutes should always adhere to the awareness of talent cultivation as the main battlefield, highlight the cultivation of creative thinking and innovative capabilities of military scientific researchers, rely on first-class military talents to create first-class military theories and first-class military technology, and implant the winning genes for decoding future wars into the body of the army.

President Xi stressed that we should focus on the coordinated innovation of military and civilian science and technology in key areas. The fields of national defense science and technology and weapons and equipment are the focus of military-civilian integration. As military research institutes, we should focus on meeting national strategic needs, integrating into the national scientific research system, strengthening the coordinated research of major projects, and strengthening the deep integration of industry, academia and research. Relying on the superior resources of the military and the local government, we should strengthen the strategic cooperation between the military and the local government, build a service platform for the joint research and sharing of national defense science and technology achievements, the joint construction and sharing of conditions and facilities, and the connection of common standards between the military and the local government, and form a new situation of open, integrated and innovative development of national defense science and technology.

Stride forward, reshape and reconstruct is not a minor repair, and must not be a small fight. We must seize the opportunity of the start, release the starting momentum, take steps and speed up in key areas, important directions and major tasks, and create new models and set new benchmarks as soon as possible, so as to take the lead in achieving leading results in the world military science and technology competition, occupy a number of strategic commanding heights and winning points, use first-class military technology to create a first-class combat offense and defense system, and gradually achieve the goal of building a first-class army.

(Author’s unit: National Defense Engineering Research Institute, Academy of Military Sciences)

Military scientific and technological innovation should focus on basic scientific research, improve basic scientific research support capabilities, and lay a solid foundation for national defense scientific and technological innovation.

In recent years, we have made great progress in the field of national defense science and technology, but there is still a gap with foreign countries in some key technologies, mainly because the basic research is not solid enough, and there is still room for improvement in professional basic theoretical research, digital military simulation platform development, large-scale distributed numerical computing technology, etc. These factors have restricted the scientific research progress and development in the military field to a certain extent, affecting the emergence and breakthroughs of cutting-edge leading technologies, modern engineering technologies, and disruptive technological innovations.

Basic key technologies cannot be bought, and you will not get far if you rely on buying second-hand technologies from abroad. We should start from the aspects of top-level planning design, scientific research management system, and incentive mechanism for scientific researchers, attach importance to and support basic research work, carry out basic research work in depth, and enhance original innovation capabilities.

Military research institutions must break down the “barriers” between the military and civilian science and technology systems, and focus on collaborative innovation in military and civilian science and technology in key areas.

With the rapid development of high-tech weapons and equipment, the styles and forms of warfare are constantly changing, which puts higher requirements on battlefield construction. We must actively explore many disciplines such as earth sciences, high-tech equipment manufacturing, and automatic control, and study the construction of a full-domain intelligent battlefield.

Based on this, military research units need to cooperate with local governments to jointly carry out in-depth engineering research, integrate high-quality local military resources in the fields of electronic information, drones, artificial intelligence and bionics, and use the best scientific and technological resources in the country to build a modern military force system. For our national defense engineering field, we must attach importance to promoting the application of building information modeling (BIM) in military engineering and realize the informationization and refined management of engineering construction and operation and maintenance.

Innovation-driven development is essentially talent-driven. Whoever possesses first-class innovative talents will have the advantage and dominance in scientific and technological innovation.

At present, the most urgent need for strengthening national defense and military construction is talent; looking to the future, the core of achieving leapfrog development in military construction is still talent. Only by fully driving the talent training engine can we strongly promote independent innovation in national defense science and technology.

Many years of experience in scientific research have made me feel that talent cultivation is a systematic project and strategic task. We need to focus on the overall situation, strengthen top-level design, scientifically set up echelons, and strive to create a vivid situation where outstanding talents emerge and everyone competes to be a “maker” in the military camp. Talent cultivation has its inherent characteristics and laws. It cannot be achieved overnight or in a short period of time. We need to firmly establish a scientific concept of talent cultivation, with the ideological realm and confidence and courage of “success does not have to be mine, but the effort will not be in vain”, and work hard for a long time and continue to relay, so as to turn the talent cultivation blueprint into reality and provide solid talent support for the development of the military through science and technology.

Conducting military scientific research is like fighting a war. Only with a forward-looking vision can you gain the commanding heights in overcoming difficult problems and seize the initiative for victory.

In recent years, national defense science and technology at home and abroad has developed rapidly, the all-round reconnaissance technology integrating land, sea, air and space has been continuously improved, the use of troops and weapons supported by highly information technology on the battlefield and the emergence of new weapons have greatly changed the combat style and characteristics of future wars. Scientific researchers must deeply grasp and base themselves on the characteristics of future wars and carry out innovative scientific research in a targeted manner.

Specifically in the field of national defense engineering research, military researchers must keep up with the forefront of the development of world weapons and equipment and protection technology, and focus on preventing both “hard kill” and “soft kill”; they must pay attention to the protection of key parts as well as the protection of the overall system; they must do a good job in passive protection, and also track and study active protection and new weapon protection technologies, promote disruptive technological innovation, and strive to improve the battlefield survivability and combat support capabilities of national defense engineering.

現代國語:

目前,新一輪科技革命、工業革命、軍事革命正加速推進,太空、網路等新興領域將成為未來競爭的焦點。科學技術日新月異,武器裝備和作戰方式日新月異,對軍事科學研究院所進行全域戰場研究提出了新的要求。

站在時代前沿,軍隊科學研究院所如何推動國防科技創新戰略實施,將科學研究成果轉化為現實戰力?如何實現科技創新從“蹲著跑”到“跳起來”,實現科技創新“加速”?請閱讀解放軍報記者軍事科學院國防工程研究所帶來的新聞調查。

國防科技創新:為提升國防實力鍛造強大引擎

■中國國防報記者 潘娣 特約記者 趙傑

目前,新一輪科技革命、產業革命、軍事革命加速推進,太空、網路等新興領域將成為未來的爭奪焦點。快速發展的科學技術、日新月異的武器裝備及作戰方式,給軍科研院所提出了全域戰場研究的新要求。

習主席出席十三屆全國人大一次會議解放軍和武警部隊代表團全體會議時強調,加強國防科技創新,並大力提升國防科技自主創新能力。挺立時代潮頭,軍事科研院所如何推進國防科技創新戰略落地生根,把科學研究成果轉化為實實在在的戰鬥力?如何實現科技創新“深蹲助跑”到“起跳跨越”,跑出科技創新“加速度”?請看記者從軍事科學院國防工程研究院帶來的新聞調查。

科學研究方向——

躬身必以研為戰,望遠不墜鯤鵬志

3月下旬,在國防工程研究院某研究所,已經完成某專案試驗內容的科研人員正在緊張地進行資料的蒐集、整理與分析,這也意味著他們潛心鑽研的某前瞻性課題進入結題階段。

幾年前,某型武器的概念剛被提出時,科研人員就敏銳地認識到:隨著科學技術不斷發展,該型武器一旦突破技術壁壘研製成功,將會對國防工程建設帶來新的挑戰。時間不等人,他們結合我國國防工程現狀,詳細規劃了主題的研究方向和需要重點解決的關鍵問題。現今,本計畫組基本上掌握某新型武器對目標的毀傷效果,並相應提出新的防護理念。

專案成功結題的背後,源自於科研標靶的準確瞄準,而科研方向的確立得益於科研團隊敏銳的洞察力與前瞻性。這種具有前瞻性的研究在該研究院並非個案。

根據工程師韓彧回憶,早在1980年代,該研究院科研人員根據作戰發展趨勢,預見未來戰爭資訊化作戰的研究方向。經過廣泛收集資料、調查了解情況、剖析研究規律,他們為研究方向勾勒出前瞻性的發展藍圖。

得益於長期資訊化作戰樣式的研究積累,去年研究院正式組成相關防護研究室之後,研究室科研人員便有條不紊、緊鑼密鼓地推進相關科研課題。

課題申請立項與研究週期長,短則幾年多則十幾年,甚至會更長。如果研究主題缺乏前瞻性,科學研究方向對接戰場不緊密,出了成果也難以助力部隊戰鬥力的提升,勢必會造成人力物力的浪費。針對這種情況,該研究院明確要求:“事關國防工程的研究主題,不具備實用性前瞻性決不允許立項。”

「我們的研究成果通常要經過演練場檢驗,匯總收集部隊反饋的意見建議到意見反饋表上,為下一步科研攻關提供重要參考依據。」即將赴某試驗場考察的工程師王明哲告訴記者,為了讓研究主題經得起未來戰爭的檢驗,研究院的科研人員常上高原、下海島,走南闖北去研究、考察與論證。

幾年前,科學研究人員在部隊調查時發現,某旅在實兵演練過程中使用的迷彩遮蔽佈在特殊地形下不利於偽裝掩護。針對發現的問題,科學研究人員快速組織主題立項研究,設計出新型資訊遮蔽系統與遮蔽布,使戰場鋪設更加方便快捷,更具迷惑性和隱蔽性。

「習主席在出席十三屆全國人大一次會議解放軍和武警部隊代表團全體會議時強調,要密切關注世界軍事科技和武器裝備發展動向。的確,搞科研如同打仗,有前瞻性視野才能贏得攻克難題的製高點,把握勝利的主動權。 。

科學研究人才—

問渠哪得清如許,為有源頭活水來

「你們觀察一下,這是處理後顯現的裂縫…」3月13日下午,研究院某實驗室不時傳出陣陣機器轟鳴與講解試驗內容的聲音。

在實驗室裡,記者看到一位穿著軍服、頭髮花白的軍人。研究員陳安敏告訴記者,這位老者是中國工程院院士顧金才,剛在門外聽到的聲音就是顧院士在為年輕骨幹講解試驗內容。

身為院士,科學研究任務本就十分繁忙,完全不需要一直盯在一線,但已經80歲高齡的顧院士卻仍堅持耐心細緻地教徒弟、帶團隊。

「顧院士那一批老同志自單位成立以來就一直奮戰在一線,手把手地對科研人員進行傳幫帶。我能走到今天特別感謝前輩們的教導和扶持。」工程師馬棟良對研究院良好的氛圍感受頗深。

2009年,馬棟良被分配到地處中原地的某研究所。新到工作單位,還沒了解工作內容的馬棟良以為會被派去幹一些整理文檔的“雜活兒”,讓他沒想到的是,剛到單位就被委以重任,全程參與某重大防護研究課題。

「專案組裡都是著作等身的老師,而我一個『菜鳥』能把專案任務完成好嗎?」馬棟良回想當時的心情既激動又惶恐。他在研究院待久了才知道,原來研究院對每位骨幹人才都會製訂能力提升計劃,對有發展潛力的針對性製訂培養方案,透過崗位鍛鍊、送學培養、合作交流等方式,培養骨幹人才方隊。

在2017年度國家科學技術獎勵表揚大會上,馬棟良參與的這個計畫獲得國家科學技術進步獎二等獎。讓他既驚訝又意外的是,專案組組長綜合考慮每個人的貢獻後,將他放在了第七作者的位置,這對年輕科研人員來說既是榮譽,更是鞭策和激勵。

「並沒有因為年輕就忽略我在科研中的貢獻,這也是我們年輕骨幹留在這裡潛心搞科研的重要原因。評獎看重專業能力與所作所為,在評職調級時不唯獎不唯成果,而是依據綜合性評估。如他所說,這種公平的競爭方式與評價機制,讓他們在這裡搞科研「得勁兒」「有勁兒」。

而和馬棟良一樣,喜歡研究院人才培養氛圍而深耕科研,並取得成就與發展的「80後」年輕骨幹不在少數,有的成為了高級工程師,有的擔任了研究室領導,一大批科研骨幹在這裡快速成長起來。

科學研究條件——

梧桐枝繁葉茂,自有鳳凰來棲

如果資訊科技是戰鬥力的“倍增器”,那麼科研條件就是催生創新成果的“孵化器”。

在研究院採訪的日子裡,記者發現科學研究人員待得最久的地方就是試驗場。

在研究院某試驗場地,記者見到正在準備試驗內容的副研究員徐翔雲,他告訴記者,每個研究室都有幾處根據科研項目需求建造的實驗室或試驗場,除了購置地方技術成熟的產品,大部分是自主研發的設備,他身旁的某新型試驗設備就是去年研發投入使用的。

2012年年底,國外發布了一款新型武器,根據科技人員掌握到的情況,其攻擊性能及其對防護工程的破壞性令人吃驚,很可能會導致許多防護工程失去其應有的效用。

關乎國防工程的安全問題,科學研究人員要盡快摸清該型武器的相關性能,而要掌握到最準確的資料,需要進行相關試驗。由於是新型武器,國內尚未有可以作為替代的試驗手段,而要報項申請研發試驗裝備,往往需要3年甚至更長的時間。這個現實難題讓研究院科研人員皺緊了眉頭,怎麼辦?

「成立由院士專家組成的專題課題攻關小組,群策群力攻堅克難。」科研人員報告情況後,研究院還請來全國相關領域的專家探討,經過多方科學論證,他們當即拍板兒,盡快開展試驗設備的研發。

2015年,在國內大多數同類型試驗裝備只能固定使用的情況下,研究院研發出某型試驗裝備。有了試驗裝備,課題組很快就開始進行某評估試驗課題的申報工作。如今,該研究小組成功進行武器威力研究、目標毀傷情況等試驗,並相應提出新的防護理念和結構。

「如今,軍事科研機構面臨的很大一個難題,就是如何充分調動科研人員的積極性、主動性和創新性。我們要盡力為科研人員及時提供先進的科研條件,保障創新研究。」該研究院領導說。近年來,他們先後建造1000多平方公尺、200餘台(套)設備軟體的工程綜合論證環境實驗室、動載和靜載試驗平台。

工欲善其事,必先利其器。目前,該研究院在持續抓好科研條件建設任務落實的同時,著眼於國內外現狀與相關專業的發展趨勢,積極籌劃新的科研條件建設項目,推動“重大地下工程安全”國家重點試驗室等申報工作。瞄準世界前沿武器的防護技術研究的某個主題將在剛建成的模擬試驗中心開展…

跑出國防科技創新“加速”

■衛東

習主席在出席十三屆全國人大一次會議解放軍和武警部隊代表團全體會議時強調,要加強國防科技創新,加速建立軍民融合創新體系,大力提升國防科技自主創新能力。這一重要思想,深刻揭示了國防科技發展的客觀規律,為繁榮發展現代軍事科學指明了前進方向。

近年來,隨著科技戰略制高點朝向深地、深海、深空加速發展,戰爭形態和作戰樣式深刻嬗變,作戰理論轉化為戰場行動、技術物化為裝備的進程不斷加快,週期進一步縮短。不少軍事強國看到了智慧化軍事變革破曉的訊號,紛紛啟動新一輪軍事技術革新。

軍事競爭唯創新者勝。面對日新月異的科技發展態勢,軍事科研院所必須在國防科技博弈中率先投子佈勢、走開棋路,以軍事科研體系重塑為契機,站在保障打贏資訊化戰爭的全局高度,加緊推進戰略轉型,緊緊扭住自主創新這個“牛鼻子”,才能在邁進世界一流的宏闊征程中下好先手棋,掌握主動權。

錢學森曾說過,國防科技創新絕對不能滿足於「追尾巴」「照鏡子」。軍事科學研究院所應大膽構想,勇於解放思想,破除思維定式,對其長遠發展進行宏觀規劃,優化頂層設計。同時,也應進行前瞻性國防科技發展創新需求論證,自主超前展開基礎性、先導性、顛覆性創新技術研究,敏銳發現新質戰鬥力生成的新方向新領域,努力在世界軍事科技競爭中站上前沿、走在前面。

守不忘戰,將之任也;訓練有備,兵之事也。聚焦實戰是目標,也是牽引。軍事科研院所應牢固樹立研為戰思想,貫徹習主席「面向戰場、面向部隊、面向未來」的指示要求,按照「提高基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力」的要求,努力做到仗怎麼打科學研究就怎麼搞,打仗需要什麼科學研究就搞什麼,著力提升軍事科學研究創新對部隊戰鬥力的貢獻率,不斷為強軍興軍提供強而有力的科技支撐。

一流的軍隊需要一流的科學研究單位,一流的科學研究單位需要一流的人才。只有人才競相湧現,才有創新活力迸發。軍事科研院所應始終堅持人才培養的主陣地意識,突顯對軍事科研工作者創造性思維、創新型能力的培養,靠一流軍事人才創造一流軍事理論和一流軍事科技,為軍隊的肌體植入解碼未來戰爭的致勝基因。

習主席強調,要突顯抓好重點領域軍民科技協同創新。國防科技與武器裝備領域是軍民融合的重點,作為軍事科研院所,應注重對接國家戰略需求,融入國家科研體系,加強重大項目協同攻關,強化產研深度融合。依托軍地優勢資源,強化軍地戰略協作,建構國防科技成果共研共享、條件設施共建共用、通用標準軍地銜接的服務平台,形成國防科技開放融合創新發展新局面。

闊步前進,重塑重構不是小修小補,絕不能小打小鬧。必須抓住開局契機,釋放起跑動能,在重點領域、重要方向和重大任務上把步子邁起來、速度提上去,盡快打造新樣板,樹起新標桿,從而在世界軍事科技競爭中率先取得引領性成果,佔據若干戰略制高點、致勝點,以一流軍事科技打造一流作戰攻防體系,逐步實現一流軍隊的建設目標。

(作者單位:軍事科學學院國防工程研究院)

軍事科技創新要聚焦基礎科學研究,提升基礎研究支撐能力,築牢國防科技創新的根基。

近年來,我們在國防科技領域取得非常大的進展,但在一些關鍵技術上和國外仍存在差距,主要是因為基礎性研究不夠紮實,在專業基礎理論研究、數位化軍事模擬平台研發、大型分散式數值計算技術等方面仍有待提升。這些因素都在一定程度上限制了軍事領域的科研進步與發展,影響著前沿引領技術、現代工程技術、顛覆性技術創新等方面的產生與突破。

基礎性關鍵技術絕對買不來,靠從國外買二手技術是走不遠的。若要從規劃頂層設計、研究管理制度、研究人員激勵機制等面向入手,實際重視與扶持基礎研究工作,深入進行基礎研究工作,提升原始創新能力。

軍事科研機構必須破除軍民科技體系之間的“藩籬”,突顯抓好重點領域軍民科技協同創新。

隨著當前高新技術武器裝備迅速發展,戰爭樣式和形態推陳出新,對戰場建設提出了更高要求,要積極探索地球科學、高新技術裝備製造、自動控制等眾多學科,研究全局智能戰場建設。

基於此,軍事科研單位需要和地方協同合作,共同做好深部工程研究,在電子資訊、無人機、人工智慧和仿生技術等高新科技研究方向,整合軍隊地方優質資源,用全國最優質的科技資源建構現代軍事力量體系。對我們國防工程領域而言,要重視推進建築資訊模型(BIM)在軍事工程的應用,實現工程建設與運作維護的資訊化、精細化管理。

創新驅動實質上是人才驅動,誰擁有了一流的創新人才,誰就擁有了科技創新的優勢和主導權。

著眼當下,加強國防和軍隊建設最緊張的就是人才;放眼未來,實現軍隊建設跨越式發展最核心的還是人才。全力驅動人才培養引擎,才能強勢助推國防科技自主創新。

多年的科學研究工作經驗使我感到,人才培育工作是一項系統工程和策略任務,需要著眼全局,加強頂層設計,科學設置梯次,著力形成優秀人才競相湧現、人人爭當軍營「創客」的生動局面。人才培育有其固有的特點和規律,不可能一蹴而就、短期速成,需要牢固樹立科學的人才培養觀,以「功成不必在我,而功力必不唐捐」的思想境界和信心勇氣,久久為功、持續接力,才能把人才培養藍圖變成現實,為科技興軍提供堅實的人才支撐。

搞軍事科研如同打仗,有前瞻性視野才能贏得攻克難題的製高點,把握勝利的主動權。

近年來,國內外國防科技快速發展,陸海空天一體的全方位偵察技術不斷提升,戰場中以高度資訊化技術為支撐的兵力武器運用以及新式武器的問世,大大改變了未來戰爭的作戰樣式和特徵,科學研究人員要深刻掌握並立足未來戰爭特點,有針對性地進行創新性科學研究工作。

具體到國防工程研究領域,軍事科研人員要緊跟世界武器裝備和防護技術發展的前沿,既要注重防“硬殺傷”,也要注重防“軟殺傷”;既要注重對要害部位的防護,也要注重整體系統防護;既要搞好被動防護,也要追蹤研究主動防護和新型武器防護技術,推動顛覆性技術創新,努力提升國防工程戰場生存能力和作戰保障能力。

来源:中国军网综合

作者:潘娣 赵杰等责任编辑:柳晨

2018-05-02 

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.81.cn/2018zt/2018-05/02/content_8020899.htm

Accelerate Innovation & Development of Chinese National Defence Science and Technology Support Modernization of China’s Military

加速國防科技創新發展支撐軍隊現代化

2023年11月26日07:00

現代英語:

President Xi Jinping emphasized that military scientific research has a strong exploratory nature, and innovation must be placed in a more prominent position, strategic planning and top-level design must be done well, innovation in military theory, innovation in national defense science and technology, and innovation in organizational models of military scientific research must be strengthened, and The engine of military scientific research and innovation is running at full speed. This important statement by President Xi profoundly reveals the importance of national defense scientific and technological innovation and is the fundamental guideline for promoting the development of national defense scientific and technological innovation under the new situation. We must launch the engine of innovation and development of national defense science and technology at full speed, promote the high-quality development of national defense science and technology, and provide strong material and technical support to achieve the centenary goal of the founding of the army and comprehensively build a world-class army.

Strengthen basic research towards the development frontier

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation are taking place, and the world’s new military revolution is accelerating, ushering in the era of moving from informatization to intelligence, which will inevitably bring about major evolutions in the form of war, major adjustments in military strategies, The combat methods have undergone major changes and the combat forces have undergone a major transformation. To promote the innovative development of national defense science and technology, we must adhere to the forefront of the world’s military science and technology development, the major needs of building a strong military, and the future battlefield, conscientiously explore the winning mechanism of future wars, continuously increase the contribution rate of national defense science and technology to war preparation, deterrence and victory, and seize the future military Injecting strong momentum into the commanding heights of competitive strategy.

Aim at the forefront of the world’s military science and technology, keep up with the world’s new military revolution, especially the development direction of military science and technology, seize the opportunities arising from the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, strive to narrow the gap in key areas, and measure innovation by obtaining comparative advantages. The fundamental standards for development are to select the breakthrough points and focus points of scientific and technological innovation, strengthen forward-looking planning and design, allocate limited resources to major technological research, concentrate superior forces, vigorously conquer key technologies in the military field, and master a number of independent intellectual property rights. core technology. From structural design to force ratio to scientific research projects, we should seize the main research areas, reflect the development frontier, form overall advantages, and actively seek strategic initiative and military advantages.

With the continuous development of science and technology, the characteristics of multi-disciplinary professional cross-clustering and multi-field technology integration have become increasingly prominent. Big crossover, big integration, and big breakthroughs have become the basic laws of the development of modern military science. To promote the innovative development of national defense science and technology, we must strive to improve technological cognition, dare to explore new paths in construction ideas and technological paths, open up channels for transforming technological chains into industrial chains, and enhance national strategic capabilities and weapons and equipment development capabilities. It is necessary to follow the essential requirements and inherent laws of national defense science and technology, stand in the context of the national innovation system and military-civilian integrated collaborative innovation, accelerate the establishment of a strategic, basic, cutting-edge, and open scientific research and innovation platform, and promote the direction of national defense science and technology. Military theory and military technology are closely integrated, basic research and applied research promote each other, and independent innovation and absorption and reference are emphasized simultaneously. Adapt to the requirements of national defense science and technology innovation and development, do a good job in basic management, and establish a basic supporting management mechanism to ensure the development of national defense science and technology innovation; strengthen project management, and strive to form a classified, efficient, flexible, adaptive, and sustainable management mechanism and work process; Broaden technology transformation channels, establish and improve policy systems and mechanisms for the transformation and application of national defense scientific and technological achievements, and promote the rapid transformation and application of national defense scientific and technological innovation achievements.

Practice has proved that basic research is the key to how high and how far national defense science and technology innovation can “jump” and “run”. Therefore, we must focus on innovative basic and applied basic research, build a rich scientific reserve, correctly grasp the relationship between basic research and technology application, and provide strong support for promoting the innovative development of national defense science and technology. First, basic research should be regarded as the leading project to promote the innovation and development of national defense science and technology, and be placed in a strategic position of priority development. Sufficient and stable funding investment should be maintained, advance layout and priority support should be provided in several major areas, and new concepts, new principles, and New methods, striving to achieve major breakthroughs in basic, cutting-edge and strategic fields. Second, we must adhere to the use of systems engineering thinking and methods, correctly understand and scientifically guide basic research and technology application practices, not only promote the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements, but also cultivate new technological growth points to form “basic research, development and application, and achievement transformation”. , a closed link to integrated application and re-innovation. Third, we must open up channels for the transformation of national defense scientific and technological achievements as soon as possible, and promote scientific research achievements to take root in building a world-class army and serving in war preparations. Actively explore scientific research collaboration in the form of technology groups, project groups, etc., strengthen military-civilian communication and collaboration, smooth channels for technical needs, and promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements as soon as possible.

Establish scientific research as a battle orientation and win the future through innovation

Focusing on actual combat is the core goal of military construction. We must regard the fundamental traction of adhering to combat needs as an important guiding principle for the innovative development of national defense science and technology. We must always aim at the innovative development of military theory and military science and technology for tomorrow’s war, and explore the formation of military theories that keep pace with the development of the times and the country. A national defense science and technology innovation system that is adapted to security needs and meets future combat requirements.

To promote the innovative development of national defense science and technology, we must firmly establish the fundamental orientation of scientific research for warfare, conduct in-depth research on the characteristics, combat styles, operational focus and winning mechanisms under informationized conditions, persist in guiding basic research and exploration of strategic frontier technologies based on operational needs, and further improve Scientific research projects focus on systems and mechanisms such as preparation for war. At the same time, we must keep a close eye on future combat opponents, accurately grasp the evolution of war forms and the development trends of world military science and technology, constantly update ideas and concepts, and scientifically plan today’s preparations, design tomorrow’s wars, and win on future battlefields. .

Combat effectiveness has always been the decisive factor in the success or failure of the army, and combat effectiveness standards are the only fundamental standards for military construction. The rapid development of high-tech with information technology as the core has resulted in unprecedented profound changes in the complexity of offensive and defensive warfare mechanisms, and has had an unprecedented profound impact on the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness. Therefore, we must regard independent innovation as an important factor, component and way of realizing the transformation of the combat effectiveness generation model, be good at discovering the potential driving force of new technologies for the development of combat effectiveness, and promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation in the great practice of comprehensively realizing the goal of strengthening the military.

In order to adapt to the requirements of winning informationized and intelligent wars and focus on effectively fulfilling missions and tasks, it is necessary to adhere to the strategic basis of independent innovation, improve the scientific research collaborative innovation mechanism, create an integrated innovation platform, and comprehensively promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation. First, we should regard the weak links of national defense science and technology as the main direction of promoting independent innovation, and at the same time increase the intensity of original innovation, focus on mastering key core technologies in some important fields and technological frontiers, and strive to build a system that can continuously increase national defense science and technology reserves and A national defense science and technology innovation system that can enable rapid transformation. Correctly handle the relationship between key technologies and general technologies, general technologies and special technologies, traditional technologies and high and new technologies, achieve overall consideration and rational layout, and achieve mutual support and coordinated development of various technologies and disciplines. Second, we must grasp the needs for the development of national defense science and technology innovation, focus on solving problems in the science and technology management system, demand generation mechanism, scientific research planning system, etc., improve the overall effectiveness of scientific research, and create strong vitality to promote independent innovation. Vigorously promote the sharing of basic technical resources between the military and civilians, and establish and improve military-civilian standardization coordination mechanisms and technical service mechanisms. Third, we must improve the scientific and technological collaborative innovation policy and system of universities, scientific research institutes, enterprises, and governments, maximize the advantages of all aspects, strive to create an integrated innovation platform, and form an overall synergy to promote collaborative innovation of national defense science and technology.

Implement the strategy of strengthening the army with talents in the new era to unleash creative vitality

Promoting the innovation and development of national defense science and technology ultimately depends on high-level talents. Without a strong team of national defense science and technology talents, independent innovation will be water without a source and a tree without roots. Therefore, we must actively adapt to the requirements of national defense science and technology innovation and development, and vigorously build a systematic and high-level talent training platform to allow more high-quality and professional talents to emerge.

Firmly establish the concept of “talents are the first resource”, insist on cultivating talents as a major political task, and use the insight to recognize talents, the true love for talents, the methods of gathering talents, the courage to use talents, and the mind to accommodate talents, Boldly use strategic scientists to support young scientific and technological talents to take on important roles and assume important responsibilities, and continuously strengthen the team of leading scientific and technological talents and first-class innovation teams. We must adhere to the joint efforts of major national defense science and technology construction projects and talent construction projects, boldly select, use and temper various talents in the practice of major projects and major tasks, cultivate and create a new generation of scientific and technological talents and leading talents, and build the field of national defense science and technology and equipment into a national It is a highland for innovative talents and a fertile ground for talents to grow and prosper, forming a vivid situation in which the creative vitality of national defense science and technology talents bursts out. Clarify the evaluation methods and standards for national defense scientific and technological talents, improve the differentiated evaluation and policy support mechanism for national defense scientific and technological talents, and build an evaluation system that conforms to the laws of national defense science and technology and the laws of talent growth. Reform the science and technology management and personnel system, let scientific research management keep up with the pace of scientific and technological innovation, truly free up hands and feet, free up time and build a platform for scientific researchers, and hand over the stage of scientific research and innovation to them with confidence, so that they can play the leading role in scientific research and innovation. , sing a big show.

A scientific and fair evaluation mechanism plays a fundamental role in stimulating innovation. Practice has proved that any major breakthrough in the field of basic research is inseparable from long-term accumulation and repeated failures. This is an inevitable law of scientific development. Therefore, in the process of scientific research and production of national defense technology and weapons and equipment, we must not only encourage scientific researchers to have fantastic ideas, but also tolerate their failures in exploration and practice. It is advocated that the implementation of various scientific research plans should not be based on the number of papers and patents as project goals, but should focus on the acquisition of original results and allow a certain failure rate. Conduct peer evaluation of basic and cutting-edge technology research, highlight medium- and long-term goal orientation and original value, strive to create a fair competition environment that encourages innovation, and make great efforts to activate the “pool of spring water” for the innovation and development of national defense science and technology.

Comprehensively implement the strategy of strengthening the military with talents in the new era, further enhance the vitality of talent team building, maximize the innovation power of national defense science and technology talents, and fully mobilize their enthusiasm, initiative and creativity. Follow the growth rules of high-quality and professional military personnel, create an environment that recognizes, loves, respects, and utilizes talents, formulates policies and systems that combine competition incentives and advocating cooperation, promotes the orderly flow and rational distribution of human resources, and serves local talents to serve national defense Build a good platform for science and technology construction, and strive to create a good situation where people can make the best use of their talents, fully display their talents, and make full use of their talents.

(The author is a researcher and doctoral supervisor at the Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Sciences)

(Editors: Wang Zifeng, Song Meiqi)

現代國語:

習近平主席強調指出,軍事科學研究具有很強的探索性,要把創新擺在更加突出的位置,做好戰略謀劃和頂層設計,加強軍事理論創新、國防科技創新、軍事科研工作組織模式創新,把軍事科研創新的引擎全速發動。習主席的這一重要論述,深刻揭示了國防科技創新的重要性,是新形勢下推動國防科技創新發展的根本遵循。我們要全速發動國防科技創新發展的引擎,促進國防科技高品質發展,為實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標、全面建成世界一流軍隊提供強而有力的物質技術支撐。

面向發展前沿 加強基礎研究

當前,新一輪科技革命和產業變革正孕育興起,世界新軍事革命加速推進,拉開了從資訊化向智慧化邁進的時代大幕,必將帶來戰爭形態大演進、軍事戰略大調整、作戰方式大嬗變、作戰力量大轉型。推進國防科技創新發展,必須堅持面向世界軍事科技發展前沿,面向強軍實踐重大需求,面向未來戰場,認真探索未來戰爭制勝機理,不斷提高國防科技對備戰懾戰勝戰的貢獻率,為搶佔未來軍事競爭戰略制高點注入強勁動能。

瞄準世界軍事科技前沿,緊跟世界新軍事革命特別是軍事科技發展方向,緊緊抓住新一輪科技革命和產業革命正在興起的機遇,努力縮小關鍵領域的差距,以取得比較優勢作為衡量創新發展的根本標準,選準科技創新的突破口和著力點,加強前瞻謀劃設計,把有限的資源配置到重大技術攻關上,集中優勢力量,大力攻克軍事領域的關鍵技術,掌握一批擁有自主知識產權的核心技術。從結構設計到力量配比再到科研項目,都應抓住主要研究領域,體現發展前沿,形成整體優勢,積極謀求戰略主動和軍事優勢。

隨著科學技術不斷發展,多學科專業交叉群集、多領域技術融合整合的特徵日益凸顯,大交叉、大融合、大突破已成為現代軍事科學發展的基本規律。推進國防科技創新發展,要努力提陞技術認知能力,在建設思路、技術路徑上敢於蹚新路,打通技術鏈轉化為產業鏈的通道,提升國家戰略能力和武器裝備發展實力。要遵循國防科技的本質要求與內在規律,站在國家創新大體系、軍民一體化協同創新的大背景下,加速建立戰略性、基礎性、前沿性、開放性的科學研究創新平台,推動國防科技向軍事理論與軍事技術緊密結合、基礎研究與應用研究相互促進、自主創新與吸收借鑒並重舉轉變。適應國防科技創新發展要求,搞好基礎管理,配套建立確保國防科技創新發展的基礎支撐性管理機制﹔加強項目管理,努力形成分類分級、高效靈活、自適應、可持續的管理機制和工作流程﹔拓寬技術轉化管道,建立並改善國防科技成果轉化應用政策制度機制,推動國防科技創新成果快速轉化應用。

實踐証明,國防科技創新能「跳」多高、「跑」多遠,基礎研究是關鍵。因此,要著力抓好創新性基礎與應用基礎研究,搞好豐厚的科學儲備,正確掌握基礎研究與技術應用的關系,為推動國防科技創新發展提供強力支撐。一要把基礎研究作為推動國防科技創新發展的先導工程,放在優先發展的戰略位置來抓,保持足夠、穩定的經費投入,在若干重大領域提前佈局與優先支持,探索新概念、新原理、新方法,力爭在基礎性、前衛性、戰略性領域取得重大突破。二要堅持運用系統工程的思維與方法,正確認識與科學指導基礎研究與技術應用實踐,既要促進科技成果轉化運用,又要培育新的技術成長點,形成「基礎研究、開發應用、成果轉化,到整合應用再創新」的閉合鏈路。三要盡快打通國防科技成果轉化的管道,促進科學研究成果在建設世界一流軍隊和服務備戰打仗中落地生根。積極探索以技術群、項目群等形式開展科研協作攻關,加強軍地溝通協作,暢通技術需求通道,促進科技成果盡快實現轉型。

樹立科研為戰導向 以創新制勝未來

聚焦實戰是軍隊建設的核心目標,必須把堅持作戰需求的根本牽引作為國防科技創新發展的重要指導原則,始終瞄準明天的戰爭創新發展軍事理論和軍事科技,探索形成與時代發展同步伐、與國家安全需求相適應、滿足未來作戰要求的國防科技創新體系。

推進國防科技創新發展,必須穩固確立科研為戰的根本導向,深入研究資訊化條件下的作戰特點、作戰樣式、作戰重心和製勝機理,堅持以作戰需求牽引基礎研究和戰略前沿技術探索,進一步完善科學研究項目聚焦於備戰打仗等製度機制,同時要緊盯未來作戰對手,準確掌握戰爭形態演變趨勢、世界軍事科技發展趨勢,不斷更新思想觀念,科學籌劃今天的備戰、設計明天的戰爭、制勝未來的戰場。

戰鬥力始終是軍隊興衰成敗的決定性因素,戰鬥力標準是軍隊建設唯一的根本的標準。以資訊科技為核心的高新技術迅猛發展,戰爭攻防作戰機理的複雜程度發生了前所未有的深刻變化,對於戰鬥力的生成和提高產生了前所未有的深刻影響。因此,必須把自主創新作為戰鬥力生成模式轉變的重要因素、構成要素和實現途徑,善於發現新技術對戰鬥力發展的潛在推動力,在全面實現強軍目標的偉大實踐中促進國防科技創新發展。

為適應打贏資訊化與智慧化戰爭要求,著眼有效履行使命任務,就要堅持自主創新的戰略基點,完善科研協同創新機制,打造融合創新平台,全面推進國防科技創新發展。一要把國防科技的薄弱環節作為推進自主創新的主攻方向,同時加大原始性創新力度,著力在一些重要領域和科技前沿掌握關鍵核心技術,努力構建既能使國防科學技術儲備不斷增加、又能使之快速轉化的國防科技創新體系。正確處理重點技術與一般技術、一般技術與專用技術、傳統技術與高新技術的關系,做到統籌兼顧、合理佈局,實現各類技術、各類學科相互支撐、協調發展。二要掌握國防科技創新發展的需求,重點解決科技管理體制、需求生成機制、科學研究計畫體係等面向問題,提昇科研整體效益,形成推動自主創新的強大活力。大力推動技術基礎資源軍民共用分享,建立完善軍民標準化協調機制與技術服務機制。三要健全大學、科研院所、企業、政府的科技協同創新政策制度,最大限度發揮各方面的優勢,著力打造融合創新平台,形成推動國防科技協同創新的整體合力。

實施新時代人才強軍戰略 讓創造活力競相迸發

推進國防科技創新發展,歸根結底要靠高水準人才,如果沒有強大的國防科技人才隊伍,自主創新就是無源之水、無本之木。因此,必須積極適應國防科技創新發展要求,大力打造體系化、高層次的人才培養平台,讓更多高素質、專業化人才競相湧現。

穩固樹立「人才是第一資源」的觀念,堅持把培養人才作為一項重大的政治任務,以識才的慧眼、愛才的真情、聚才的方法、用才的膽略、容才的胸懷,大膽運用策略科學家,支持青年科技人才挑起大樑、擔重任,不斷壯大科技領軍人才隊伍和一流創新團隊。堅持國防科技重大建設工程和人才建設工程一起抓,在重大工程和重大任務實踐中大膽選拔、使用、錘煉各種人才,培養造就新一代科技帥才和領軍人才,把國防科技和裝備領域打造成國家創新人才的高地、人才成長興業的沃土,形成國防科技人才創造活力競相迸發的生動局面。明確國防科技人才的評價方式與標準,完善國防科技人才差異化評價與政策支援機制,建構符合國防科技規律和人才成長規律的評價體系。改革科技管理與人事制度,讓科學研究管理跟上科技創新的步伐,真正為科研人員放開手腳、騰出時間、搭建平台,把科研創新的舞台放心交給他們,讓他們在科研創新中當主角、唱大戲。

科學公平的評價機制對於激勵創新具有根本性的作用。實踐証明,任何一個基礎研究領域的重大突破都離不開長期的積累和多次的失敗,這是科學發展的必然規律。因此,在國防科技和武器裝備科學研究生產過程中,既要鼓勵科學研究人員有奇思妙想,又要寬容其在探索實踐中的失敗。提倡各類科學研究計劃的實施不以論文、專利數量為項目目標,注重原創成果的取得,允許一定的失敗比例。對基礎和前沿技術研究實行同行評價,突顯中長期目標導向和原創價值,著力營造激勵創新的公平競爭環境,下大力氣激活國防科技創新發展的「一池春水」。

全面貫徹實施新時代人才強軍戰略,進一步增強人才隊伍建設活力,最大限度激發國防科技人才的創新動力、充分調動他們的積極性、主動性和創造性。遵循高素質、專業化軍事人才成長規律,營造識才愛才敬才用才的環境,制定競爭激勵和崇尚合作相結合的政策制度,促進人才資源有序流動、合理佈局,為地方人才服務國防科技建設搭建好平台,著力形成人盡其才、盡展其才、才盡其用的良好局面。

(作者係軍事科學院系統工程研究院研究員、博士生導師)

(責編:王之鋒、宋美琪)

中國原創軍事資源:https://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2023/1126/c1011-40125888.html