Tag Archives: #Chinese military cognitive warfare

China’s first optical quantum computer shows off its computing power comparable to top “supercomputers”

我國首台光量子電腦展現媲美頂級「超級電腦」的運算能力

現代英語:

In today’s era of rapid technological development, the technological competition between China and the United States is like a war without gunpowder, especially in cutting-edge technology fields such as lithography machines and chips. The United States has relied on its technological advantages to blockade and suppress my country, trying to curb the pace of my country’s technological rise. However, things suddenly turned around, and pressure can often be transformed into motivation. my country’s technology companies did not retreat, but instead accelerated the pace of independent research and development. Recently, the first appearance of a new generation of domestic optical quantum computers is undoubtedly a shining star in my country’s science and technology field, illuminating the road to future technological development.

Stunning debut, showing strength

This device, called “TurningQ Gen2 Large-Scale Programmable Optical Quantum Computing System”, attracted countless eyes. It looks like a double-door refrigerator, seemingly ordinary, but contains huge scientific and technological energy. The device is mainly composed of three core components: quantum light source unit, quantum computing unit, and detection unit. Each component embodies the hard work and wisdom of scientific researchers.

According to relevant persons in charge of Turing Quantum, this optical quantum computer has a quantum superiority level of 56 photons. When solving certain specific problems, its computing power is almost comparable to that of the top supercomputer, Tianhe-2. As an outstanding representative of my country’s supercomputers, Tianhe-2 has been ranked among the top in the global supercomputer rankings many times. Its powerful computing power has provided strong support for many scientific research and engineering fields. Today, the computing power of domestic optical quantum computers on specific problems is comparable to that of Tianhe-2, which is undoubtedly a major breakthrough in my country’s quantum computing field.

What is even more surprising is that compared with Tianhe-2, this optical quantum computer has obvious advantages in terms of floor space and energy consumption. Supercomputers usually require huge computer rooms and a large amount of energy supply to maintain operation, while optical quantum computers are only the size of a refrigerator, which greatly saves space and energy. This not only reduces the cost of use, but also makes it possible for the widespread application of quantum computers.

Key components, simultaneously unveiled

At the exhibition, the key device for the industrialization of this quantum computer, the photonic chip based on 110 nanometer technology, was also unveiled. The photonic chip is one of the core components of the optical quantum computer. It uses photons to transmit and process information and has the advantages of high speed and low energy consumption. The emergence of the photonic chip based on 110 nanometer technology marks that my country has made important progress in photonic chip manufacturing technology.

The development and production of photonic chips require high-precision manufacturing processes and advanced equipment. Through unremitting efforts, Chinese researchers have overcome technical difficulties one after another and successfully developed photonic chips based on 110-nanometer technology. This achievement not only lays a solid foundation for the industrialization of my country’s optical quantum computers, but also wins my country an advantage in the development of photonic chips.

Future prospects, unlimited potential

With the continuous advancement of quantum computing technology, the further optimization of CPO optoelectronic co-packaging and related micro-nano processing technologies, quantum computers are expected to significantly improve computing power while reducing their size to the size of a laptop computer. This prospect is exciting and will bring revolutionary changes to the popularization and application of quantum computers.

In the field of scientific research, quantum computers will provide powerful tools for solving complex scientific problems. For example, in the fields of quantum chemistry, materials science, biomedicine, etc., quantum computers can simulate the structure and properties of molecules and accelerate the process of new drug development and material design. In the financial field, quantum computers can be used for risk assessment, portfolio optimization, etc. to improve the accuracy and efficiency of financial decision-making. In the field of artificial intelligence, quantum computers can accelerate the training of machine learning and deep learning algorithms and promote the development of artificial intelligence technology.

In addition, the widespread application of quantum computers will also drive the development of related industries. From the manufacture of photon chips to the assembly and debugging of quantum computers, to the development and application of quantum computing software, a huge industrial chain will be formed. This will inject new impetus into my country’s economic development and create a large number of employment opportunities.

Independent innovation, forging ahead

The debut of the new generation of domestic optical quantum computers is another major achievement of my country’s independent scientific and technological innovation. In the face of the blockade and suppression of the United States, my country’s technology companies did not choose to rely on imports, but firmly embarked on the path of independent research and development. This spirit of independent innovation is the core driving force of my country’s scientific and technological development.

However, we must also be aware that there is still a certain gap between my country and the world’s advanced level in the field of quantum computing. In future development, we need to continue to increase investment in scientific research, cultivate more scientific and technological talents, strengthen international cooperation and exchanges, and continuously enhance my country’s core competitiveness in the field of quantum computing.

The debut of the new generation of domestic optical quantum computers is an important milestone in the history of my country’s scientific and technological development. It allows us to see the huge potential and broad prospects of my country in the field of quantum computing. I believe that in the near future, quantum computers will enter our lives and bring more surprises and changes to the development of human society. Let us look forward to the arrival of this day and work hard for the brilliant future of my country’s science and technology!

現代國語:

在當今科技快速發展的時代,中美之間的科技競爭猶如一場沒有硝煙的戰爭,在光刻機、晶片等前沿科技領域尤為激烈。美國憑藉其技術優勢對我國進行封鎖和打壓,試圖遏制我國科技崛起的腳步。然而,事情突然反轉了,壓力往往能轉化為動力,我國科技企業並未因此退縮,反而加快了自主研發的腳步。近日,國產新一代光量子電腦首次亮相,無疑是我國科技領域的璀璨明星,照亮了未來科技發展的道路。

驚艷首秀,實力彰顯

這台名為「TurningQ Gen2大規模可程式光量子計算系統」的設備吸引了無數目光。它外觀猶如一台對開門冰箱,看似普通,卻蘊含著巨大的科技能量。該設備主要由量子光源單元、量子計算單元、探測單元三大核心組件所構成,每個組件都凝聚著科研人員的心血與智慧。

據圖靈量子相關負責人介紹,這台光量子電腦具備56光子的量子優越性等級規模。在求解某些特定問題時,其運算能力幾乎可媲美頂尖超級電腦——天河二號。天河二號作為我國超算的傑出代表,曾多次在全球超算排行榜上名列前茅,其強大的運算能力為許多科學研究和工程領域提供了有力支持。而如今,國產光量子電腦在特定議題上的運算能力與之相當,這無疑是我國在量子運算領域的重大突破。

更令人驚訝的是,與天河二號相比,這台光量子電腦在佔地面積和能耗方面具有明顯優勢。超算通常需要龐大的機房和大量的能源供應來維持運行,而光量子電腦僅相當於一台冰箱的大小,大大節省了空間和能源。這不僅降低了使用成本,也為量子電腦的廣泛應用提供了可能。

關鍵裝置,同步亮相

在展會現場,與這台量子電腦實現產業化的關鍵裝置-基於110奈米製程的光子晶片也同步亮相。光子晶片是光量子電腦的核心元件之一,它利用光子進行資訊傳輸和處理,具有高速、低能耗等優點。基於110奈米製程的光子晶片的出現,標誌著我國在光子晶片製造技術上取得了重要進展。

光子晶片的研發和生產需要高精度的製造流程和先進的設備。我國科學研究人員經過不懈努力,攻克了一個又一個技術難題,成功研發了基於110奈米製程的光子晶片。這項成果不僅為我國光量子電腦的產業化奠定了堅實基礎,也為我國在光子晶片領域的發展贏得了先機。

未來展望,潛力無限

隨著量子運算技術的不斷進步,CPO光電共封裝以及相關微納加工製程的進一步優化,量子電腦有望在大幅提升運算能力的同時,將尺寸縮小到筆記型電腦大小。這一前景令人振奮,它將為量子電腦的普及和應用帶來革命性的變化。

在科學研究領域,量子電腦將為複雜科學問題的求解提供強大的工具。例如,在量子化學、材料科學、生物醫學等領域,量子電腦可以模擬分子的結構和性質,加速新藥研發和材料設計的進程。在金融領域,量子電腦可以用於風險評估、投資組合最佳化等,提高財務決策的準確性和效率。在人工智慧領域,量子電腦可以加速機器學習和深度學習演算法的訓練,推動人工智慧技術的發展。

此外,量子電腦的廣泛應用也將帶動相關產業的發展。從光子晶片的製造到量子電腦的組裝和調試,再到量子運算軟體的開發和應用,都將形成一個龐大的產業鏈。這將為我國經濟發展注入新的動力,創造大量的就業機會。

自主創新,砥礪前行

國產新一代光量子電腦的首秀,是我國科技自主創新的另一個重大成果。在面對美國的封鎖和打壓時,我國科技企業並沒有選擇依賴進口,而是堅定地走上了自主研發的道路。這種自主創新的精神是我國科技發展的核心動力。

然而,我們也要清醒地體認到,我國在量子運算領域與世界先進水準仍有一定的差距。在未來的發展中,我們需要持續加大科研投入,培養更多的科技人才,加強國際合作與交流,不斷提升我國在量子運算領域的核心競爭力。

國產新一代光量子電腦的首秀,是我國科技發展史上的重要里程碑。它讓我們看到了我國在量子運算領域的巨大潛力和廣闊前景。相信在不久的將來,量子電腦將走進我們的生活,為人類社會的發展帶來更多的驚喜和改變。讓我們共同期待這一天的到來,為我國科技的輝煌未來而奮鬥!

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.163.com/dy/article/K2OHRN700540MBP1888.html

Chinese Military to Utilize Artificial Intelligence Empowering Cognitive Confrontation Success on the Modern Battlefield

中國軍隊將利用人工智慧增強現代戰場認知對抗的成功

現代英語:

With the advent of the “smart +” era, artificial intelligence is widely used in the military field, and conventional warfare in physical space and cognitive confrontation in virtual space are accelerating integration. Deeply tapping the potential of artificial intelligence to empower cognitive confrontation is of great significance to improving the efficiency of cross-domain resource matching and controlling the initiative in future operations.

Data mining expands the boundaries of experience and cognition

Data-driven, knowing the enemy and knowing yourself. With the advancement of big data-related technologies, data information has become cognitive offensive and defensive ammunition, and information advantage has become increasingly important on the battlefield. Empowering traditional information processing processes with artificial intelligence technology can enhance the ability to analyze related information, accelerate information integration across domains through cross-domain data collection and false information screening, and enhance dynamic perception capabilities. Artificial intelligence can also help alleviate battlefield data overload, organically integrate enemy information, our own information, and battlefield environment information, and build a holographic intelligent database to provide good support for cognitive confrontation.

Everything is connected intelligently, and humans and machines collaborate. Modern warfare is increasingly integrated between the military and civilians, and the boundaries between peace and war are blurred. Technology has redefined the way people interact with each other, people with equipment, and equipment with equipment, and battlefield data is constantly flowing. Through big data mining and cross-domain comparative analysis, unstructured data such as images, audio, and video can be refined, and the truth can be retained to expand the boundaries of experience cognition and improve the level of human-machine collaboration. The in-depth application of the Internet of Things and big data technologies has promoted the continuous improvement of the intelligent level of data acquisition, screening, circulation, and processing processes, laying a solid foundation for the implementation of cognitive domain precision attacks.

Break through barriers and achieve deep integration. Relying on battlefield big data can effectively break through the barriers of full-domain integration, help connect isolated information islands, promote cross-domain information coupling and aggregation, accelerate barrier-free information flow, and promote the transformation of data fusion and information fusion to perception fusion and cognitive fusion. The comprehensive penetration of intelligent equipment into the command system can accelerate the deep integration of situation awareness, situation prediction and situation shaping, optimize multi-dimensional information screening and cognitive confrontation layout, and promote the continuous iteration and upgrading of cognitive domain combat styles.

Intelligent algorithms enhance decision-making efficiency

Accelerate decision-making and cause confusion to the enemy. The outcome of cognitive confrontation depends to a certain extent on the game of commanders’ wisdom and strategy. Through full-dimensional cross-domain information confrontation and decision-making games, with the help of intelligent technology, we can analyze and intervene in the opponent’s cognition and behavior, and finally gain the initiative on the battlefield. At present, artificial intelligence has become a catalyst for doubling combat effectiveness. In peacetime, it can play the role of an intelligent “blue army” to simulate and deduce combat plans; in wartime, through intelligent decision-making assistance, it can improve the quality and efficiency of the “detection, control, attack, evaluation, and protection” cycle, create chaos for the enemy, and paralyze its system.

Autonomous planning and intelligent formation. In the future intelligent battlefield, “face-to-face” fighting will increasingly give way to “key-to-key” offense and defense. In cognitive domain operations, the use of intelligent algorithms to accurately identify identity information, pre-judge the opponent’s intentions, and control key points in advance can quickly transform information advantages into decision-making advantages and action advantages. Using intelligent algorithms to support cognitive domain operations can also help identify the weaknesses of the enemy’s offense and defense system, autonomously plan combat tasks according to the “enemy”, intelligently design combat formations, and provide real-time feedback on combat effects. Relying on data links and combat clouds to strengthen intelligent background support, we can strengthen combat advantages in dynamic networking and virtual-real interaction.

Make decisions before the enemy and attack with precision. Intelligent algorithms can assist commanders in predicting risks, dynamically optimizing combat plans according to the opponent’s situation, and implementing precise cognitive attacks. In future intelligent command and control, the “cloud brain” can be used to provide algorithm support, combined with intelligent push to predict the situation one step ahead of the enemy, make decisions one step faster than the enemy, and completely disrupt the opponent’s thinking and actions. We should focus on using intelligent technology to collect and organize, deeply analyze the opponent’s decision-making and behavioral preferences, and then customize plans to actively induce them to make decisions that are beneficial to us, aiming at the key points and unexpectedly delivering a fatal blow to them.

Powerful computing power improves the overall operation level

Plan for the situation and create momentum, and suppress with computing power. “He who wins before the battle has more calculations; he who loses before the battle has less calculations.” The situation of cognitive confrontation is complex and changeable, and it is difficult to deal with it only by relying on the experience and temporary judgment of commanders. Intelligent tools can be used to strengthen the penetration of enemy thinking before the battle, actively divide and disintegrate the cognitive ability of the enemy team, and improve our battlefield control ability and combat initiative. At the same time, we should use powerful intelligent computing power to improve flexible command and overall planning capabilities, take advantage of the situation, build momentum, and actively occupy the main position of cognitive confrontation.

Smart soft attack, computing power raid. The rapid development of artificial intelligence has promoted the transformation of war from “hard destruction” to “soft killing”, which is expected to completely subvert the traditional war paradigm. For example, the latest technical concepts can be used to gain in-depth insights into the operating mechanism of the enemy system, actively familiarize oneself with the opponent, and mobilize the opponent. It is also possible to use the psychological anchoring effect and the network superposition amplification effect to interfere with the opponent’s cognitive loop link, disrupt the opponent’s command decision-making, and slow down the opponent’s reaction speed.

Cross-domain coordination and computing power support. To win the proactive battle of cognitive confrontation, we must coordinate across domains, gather forces in multiple dimensions, use intelligent tools to autonomously control the flow of information, realize the integrated linkage of physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain, lead forward-looking deployment and distributed coordination, launch a comprehensive parallel offensive, and form cognitive control over the enemy. Effectively carry out joint actions of virtual and real interaction in the entire domain, intervene in the enemy’s cognition, emotions and will, and use powerful computing power to take the initiative and fight proactive battles.

China Military Network Ministry of National Defense Network

Thursday, April 20, 2023

Chen Jialin, Xu Jun, Li Shan

現代國語:

伴隨「智慧+」時代的到來,人工智慧廣泛應用於軍事領域,物理空間的常規戰爭與虛擬空間的認知對抗加速融合。深度挖掘人工智慧潛力為認知對抗賦權,對提升跨域資源匹配效率,掌控未來作戰主動權具有重要意義。

資料挖潛拓展經驗認知邊界

數據驅動,知彼知己。隨著大數據相關技術的進步,數據資訊已成為認知攻防彈藥,資訊優勢在戰場上變得越來越重要。運用人工智慧技術賦能傳統資訊加工流程,可強化關聯資訊分析能力,透過跨領域資料擷取、虛假資訊甄別,加速資訊全局融合,強化動態感知能力。人工智慧還可協助緩解戰場數據過載,有機整合敵情、我情、戰場環境訊息,建立全像智慧資料庫,為認知對抗提供良好支撐。

萬物智聯,人機協同。現代戰爭日漸軍民一體、平戰界線模糊,技術重新定義了人與人、人與裝備、裝備與裝備的互動方式,戰場資料源源不絕。透過大數據探勘與跨域比較分析,可對影像、音訊、視訊等非結構化資料去粗取精、去偽存真,拓展經驗認知邊界,提升人機協同水準。物聯網、大數據技術的深度運用,推動資料取得、篩選、流轉、加工流程的智慧化程度不斷提升,為實施認知域精準攻擊夯實基礎。

打通壁壘,深度融合。依靠戰場大數據可有效突破全域融合的壁壘,有助於聯通條塊分割的資訊孤島,促進跨域資訊耦合聚合,加速資訊無障礙流通,推動資料融合與資訊融合向感知融合與認知融合轉化。智慧裝備全面滲透進入指揮體系,能夠加速態勢感知、態勢預測與態勢塑造的深度融合,優化多維資訊篩選與認知對抗佈局,推動認知域作戰樣式不斷迭代升級。

智慧演算法強化輔助決策效能

加速決策,致敵混亂。認知對抗的勝負,某種程度上取決於指揮家智慧謀略的博弈。可透過全維度跨域資訊對抗與決策博弈,借助智慧技術分析並介入對手認知與行為,最終贏得戰場主動。目前,人工智慧已成為戰鬥力倍增的催化劑,平時可扮演智慧「藍軍」模擬推演作戰方案;戰時透過智慧輔助決策,提升「偵、控、打、評、保」循環品質效率,給敵方製造混亂,促使其體系癱瘓。

自主規劃,智能編組。未來智慧化戰場上,「面對面」的拼殺將越來越多地讓位給「鍵對鍵」的攻防。在認知域作戰中,利用智慧演算法精準甄別身分資訊、預先研判對手企圖、事先扼控關鍵要點,能夠將資訊優勢快速轉化為決策優勢與行動優勢。利用智慧演算法支撐認知域作戰,還可協助摸清敵方攻防體系弱點,因「敵」制宜自主規劃作戰任務,智慧設計作戰編組,即時回饋作戰效果,依托資料鏈、作戰雲強化智慧後台支撐,在動態組網、虛實互動中強化作戰勝勢。

先敵決策,精準攻擊。智慧演算法可輔助指揮者預判風險,根據對手狀況動態優化作戰方案,實施精準認知攻擊。在未來智慧化指揮控制中,可利用「雲端大腦」提供演算法支撐,結合智慧推送先敵一步預判態勢,快敵一招制定決策,徹底打亂對手思路和行動。應著重運用智慧科技收集整理、深度分析對手決策和行為偏好,進而專項客製化計劃,積極誘導其作出有利於我的決策,瞄準要害出其不意地對其進行致命一擊。

強大算力提升全域運籌水平

謀勢造勢,算力壓制。 「夫未戰而廟算勝者,得算多也;未戰而廟算不勝者,得算少也。」認知對抗態勢複雜多變,僅靠指揮經驗和臨時判斷難以應對,可利用智能工具在戰前即對敵思維認知加強滲透,積極分化瓦解敵方團隊認知力,提升我戰場控局能力和作戰性。同時,應藉助強大智能算力,提升靈活指揮與全局運籌能力,順勢謀勢、借勢造勢,積極佔領認知對抗主陣地。

巧打軟攻,算力突襲。人工智慧的快速發展,推動戰爭進一步從「硬摧毀」轉向「軟殺傷」,可望徹底顛覆傳統戰爭範式。如可運用最新技術理念,深入洞察敵方體系運作機理,積極熟悉對手、調動對手。還可利用心理沉錨效應和網路疊加放大效應,幹擾對手認知循環鏈路,打亂對手指揮決策,遲滯對手反應速度。

跨域統籌,算力支撐。打贏認知對抗主動仗須全域跨域統籌、多維同向聚力,利用智慧工具自主控制資訊的流量流向,實現物理域、資訊域與認知域的一體聯動,引領前瞻性布勢與分散式協同,全面展開並行攻勢,形成對敵認知控制。有效進行全域虛實相生的聯合行動,對敵認知、情緒和意志實施幹預,借助強大算力下好先手棋、打好主動仗。

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2023年4月20日 星期四

陳佳琳 徐 珺 李 山

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2023-04/20/content_338002888.htm

Chinese Military Combat Management System: Core of Modern Combat Command & Control

中國軍事作戰管理系統:現代作戰指揮控制的核心

現代英語:

Source: China Military Network-People’s Liberation Army Daily Author: Yang Lianzhen Editor-in-charge: Yang Fanfan

2022-04-22 06:42

Combat management is the foundation for winning modern wars and the core of the modern combat system. It is the planning, organization, coordination and control of personnel, equipment, information, resources, time and space and other elements during the combat process.

Combat management system refers to the command information system used to support combat management activities, including intelligence collection, information transmission, target identification, threat assessment, weapon allocation, mission planning, etc. It has gradually developed with the evolution of war and technological progress.

Combat Management System: The Core of Modern Combat System

Schematic diagram of the combat management system

Past and present life

Implementing timely and accurate command and control of combat operations and making timely and decisive combat decisions are the goals and dreams that commanders have always pursued in different war periods. Before the emergence of scientific management, there was no concept of combat management in war, and naturally there was no combat management system. However, simple combat management activities and systems have always been associated with war and developed in an integrated manner.

The core of combat management is to ensure that commanders and troops can exchange information and instructions smoothly. In the ancient combat command system, gongs, drums, and flags were called the “three officials”. “When words cannot be heard, gongs and drums are used; when sight cannot be seen, flags are used.” Sight and hearing are the primitive means of command and control.

After the invention of the telegraph, telephone, and radio, long-distance and rapid transmission of combat orders and combat information became a reality, and the scope of combat management shifted from two-dimensional to three-dimensional. The war decision-making of “planning and winning thousands of miles away” is no longer a myth. Of course, traditional battlefield management methods are not completely ineffective. For example, in the Korean War, due to limited communication conditions, our army still used bugles to transmit combat orders to the company and below, and there were more than 20 types of bugle calls related to combat. “The sound of bugles from all sides rose up,” and the bugles on the Korean battlefield once frightened the US military. Ridgway wrote in his memoirs: “As soon as it sounded, the Chinese Communist Army would rush towards the coalition forces as if it were under a spell. At this time, the coalition forces were always beaten back like a tide.”

At the beginning of the 20th century, the concept of scientific management gradually gained popularity, and the military quickly applied it to combat. The term “combat management” first appeared in the US Air Force, where combat managers provided long-range target indication and voice guidance to fighters based on radar detection. The core combat organization is called the BM/C3 system, namely Battle Management and Command, Control, and Communication. In 1946, the first electronic computer “ENIAC” was successfully developed, and the military began to use computers to store and process various data related to combat. In 1958, the US military built the world’s first semi-automated combat management system-the “Seqi” air defense command and control system, which used computers to realize the automation of part of the information collection, processing, transmission and command decision-making process for the first time. In the same year, the Soviet Army built the “Sky No. 1” semi-automated air defense command and control system. Combat management systems began to appear on the war stage, and human-machine collaborative decision-making gradually became the main form of combat decision-making for commanders. During the “Rolling Thunder” campaign of the Vietnam War, the U.S. military commanded more than 5,000 aircraft to dispatch 1.29 million sorties and dropped 7.75 million tons of bombs, which would have been impossible to achieve by manual command alone.

The combat management system has gone through weapon-centered, platform-centered, network-centered, and system-centered construction stages, and has gradually been able to receive and process information from sensors and other sources in multiple domains, perceive and generate combat situation maps in real time, automatically implement command and control of troops and equipment, and intelligently assist commanders in making decisions, involving the army, navy, air force and other military services.

For example, the Israeli Army’s “Ruler” combat management system uses a single-soldier digital device to connect to a channel state information device to provide real-time situational awareness and command and control information for troops performing tactical operations and fire support. The U.S. Navy’s “Aegis” combat system uses a multi-task signal processor to integrate air defense and anti-missile capabilities, and realizes the integration of shipborne phased array radars, command decisions, and weapon control. The NATO Air Force’s ACCSLOC1 system, based on network distributed deployment, integrates 40 types of radars and more than 3,000 physical interfaces, and undertakes air operations such as mission planning, combat command, and combat supervision. From the launch of the first Gulf War to the Libyan War, the time from sensor information acquisition to firing by the U.S. military has been shortened from 24 hours to 2.5 minutes.

Features

The combat management system is a rapidly developing and constantly improving distributed operating system. It mainly collects and processes sensor data, facilitates the transmission and integration of various types of information, conducts situation identification and prediction, generates combat plans, completes action evaluation and selection, and issues combat orders to weapon platforms and shooters. Its essence is to achieve an efficient combat “observation-judgment-decision-action” cycle (OODA loop).

The combat management system widely uses situation assessment and prediction, combat space-time analysis, online real-time planning, combat resource management and control, and combat management engine technologies, and adopts a “cloud + network + terminal” technical architecture based on information technology.

For example, the U.S. military took the lead in using information technology to build a C4ISR system that integrates command, control, computers, communications, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, laying the foundation for the combat management system. In the Afghanistan War, the C4ISR system achieved near-real-time transmission of combat information to combat platforms for the first time. With the continuous maturity of sensors, networks and artificial intelligence, technologies such as intelligent situation understanding and prediction, intelligent information push, intelligent task planning, intelligent collaborative control, intelligent rapid reconstruction and intelligent parallel command and control are having an increasingly significant impact on combat management systems.

Combat management systems usually support functions such as situational awareness, mission planning, engagement management, communications, modeling, simulation and analysis, and test training. For example, a missile defense combat management system mainly includes command and control, engagement management, and communications. The command and control function enables pre-battle combat planning and battlefield situation awareness; the engagement management function enables auxiliary combat decision-making, allocation of anti-missile weapons, and completion of strike missions; and the communication function enables the transmission and sharing of intelligence and data among the anti-missile units in the system.

The combat management system is an open and complex system. The structure determines the function. Different system structures determine the functional expansion of different systems: the ship’s self-defense combat management system enables the ship to have a strong self-defense capability through automated weapon control regulations, collaborative engagement management systems and tactical data links; the electromagnetic combat management system improves the planning, sharing and mobility of the electromagnetic spectrum by integrating and displaying battlefield electromagnetic spectrum data; the individual combat system enhances the soldier’s mobility, support, lethality and survivability by integrating individual protection, individual combat weapons and individual communication equipment.

Combat management systems generally have the characteristics of integration, automation, optimization, and real-time. The combat mode of modern warfare is complex and the battlefield scale is expanding. The requirements for force control, resource integration, and task scheduling have increased, and system integration must be achieved. The French Army’s “Scorpion” system fully integrates tanks, armored vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles, unmanned ground vehicles, drones, and attack helicopters into the same combat group, and links all platforms and combat units in the task group.

With the increase of combat elements in modern warfare and the expansion of battlefield perception space, the command automation system that relies heavily on people can no longer fully adapt, and the system must be automated. All operating functions of Pakistan’s combat management artillery control system are fully automated, “providing an automated solution for preparing, coordinating, transmitting, executing and modifying fire support plans and firing plans.”

The pace of modern warfare is accelerating and battlefield data is massive. It is necessary to quickly grasp the situation and make decisions efficiently, and it is necessary to achieve system optimization decision-making. Military powers are combining artificial intelligence, cloud computing, the Internet of Things and big data technologies to facilitate faster decision-making in multi-domain operations.

Future Development

Traditional combat management systems place more emphasis on pre-established engagement sequences and combat rules. However, future wars will emphasize the confrontation between systems, and it is impossible to exhaust all situations in advance. The battlefield information that needs to be mastered is also becoming more complex and massive. For this reason, the armies of various countries have begun to abandon the traditional method of developing combat management systems for each combat domain separately, and are network-centric and supported by artificial intelligence, trying to help commanders make combat decisions more quickly and realize real-time connection between sensors in each combat domain and any shooter.

The combat management system will promote the implementation of combat concepts. The “Advanced Combat Management System” developed by the US Air Force plans to connect all military services and their weapon platforms in real time in a military Internet of Things. Its core is to seamlessly link various intelligence reconnaissance platforms, command and control platforms, strike platforms and combat management platforms with various cross-domain capabilities, convert intelligence and target indication data into timely and usable information, shorten the “discovery-positioning-tracking-targeting-strike-assessment” cycle, and execute combat operations at a speed that opponents cannot keep up. The Russian military proposed the “military unified information space” theory and organized the development of the “automatic control system” for integrated joint operations of land, sea and air networks. By establishing a network-centric command model, it attempts to integrate the command, communication, reconnaissance, firepower, and support of the entire army, realize cross-domain operations in the true sense, and improve battlefield situation awareness and combat command efficiency.

The combat management system will rely on artificial intelligence technology. The application of artificial intelligence will not only multiply the capabilities of weapon systems, but will also fundamentally change the implementation of the OODA loop. In future combat management systems, artificial intelligence technology will become the core support and driving engine, and the key factor is the quality of the algorithm. The system will have built-in upgradeable artificial intelligence, and people will be in a supervisory or collaborative state to minimize manual input, spontaneously identify and classify threat targets in the combat environment, autonomously evaluate and weigh, and automatically allocate weapons, thereby providing adaptive combat advantages and decision-making options.

For example, the “Intelligent Autonomous Systems Strategy” released by the US Navy in July 2021 aims to accelerate the development and deployment of intelligent platforms through a highly distributed command and control architecture, integrate unmanned systems, artificial intelligence, and autonomous driving technologies, and realize future combat decisions facilitated by intelligent autonomous systems. The Russian military has more than 150 artificial intelligence projects under development, one of the focuses of which is to introduce artificial intelligence into command and control systems, adapt intelligent software to different weapon platforms, achieve the unification of physical and cognitive domains, and double combat effectiveness through intelligent empowerment.

The combat management system will achieve a breakthrough in cross-domain capabilities. The military’s combat management capabilities are shifting towards full-domain coordination, including land, sea, air, space, electricity, network, cognitive domain, and social domain. To adapt to the full-domain environment, the combat management system needs to have the following functions: a resilient and redundant communication system, flexible and secure data operation; artificial intelligence and machine learning directly extract and process data from sensors, and conduct decentralized integration and sharing; segmented access based on confidentiality levels to meet perception, understanding, and action needs. On this basis, it is also necessary to provide troops with reconnaissance and surveillance, tactical communications, data processing, network command and control, and other capabilities.

The future combat management system will focus on security processing, connectivity, data management, application, sensor integration and effect integration, optimize data sharing, collaborative operations and command and control in the entire combat domain, and support decision-making advantages from the tactical level to the strategic level. Its purpose is only one: to give commanders the ability to surpass their opponents.

(The author is the deputy director and professor of the Training Management Department of the Armed Police Command Academy)

現代國語:

作戰管理,是打贏現代化戰爭的基礎,是現代化作戰體系的核心,也是作戰過程中對人員、裝備、資訊、資源和時空等要素進行的規劃、組織、協調與控制活動。

作戰管理系統,指用來支撐作戰管理活動的指揮資訊系統,包括情報採集、資訊傳輸、目標識別、威脅判斷、分配武器、任務規劃等。其隨戰爭演化、技術進步而逐步發展。

作戰管理系統:現代化作戰體系核心

■楊蓮珍

作戰管理系統示意圖

前世今生

對作戰行動實施適時精確的指揮控制和作出及時果斷的作戰決策,是不同戰爭時期指揮員始終追求的目標與夢想。在科學管理產生前,戰爭中並無作戰管理這一概念,自然談不上作戰管理系統。但樸素的作戰管理活動和系統一直與戰爭相伴、融合發展。

作戰管理的核心是保證指揮員與部隊能順暢地交換資訊和指示。在古代作戰指揮號令系統中,金、鼓、旗號稱為“三官”,“言不相聞,故為之金鼓;視不相見,故為之旌旗”,目視耳聽是原始的指揮控製手段。

電報、電話、無線電發明後,作戰命令和戰鬥訊息的遠距離快速傳輸成為現實,作戰管理範圍由平面走向立體,「運籌帷幄、決勝千裡」的戰爭決策不再是神話。當然,傳統的戰場管理手段並非完全失去作用,例如在抗美援朝戰場上,我軍因通信條件受限,連以下分隊仍在通過軍號傳遞作戰命令,與作戰相關的號聲就有20餘種。 “四面邊聲連角起”,朝鮮戰場上的軍號曾讓美軍聞風喪膽。李奇微在回憶錄裡寫道:“只要它一響,中共軍隊就如著了魔法一般,全部不要命地撲向聯軍。這時,聯軍總被打得如潮水般潰退。”

20世紀初,科學管理的概念逐漸升溫,軍隊迅速將其應用於作戰。 「作戰管理」一詞,最早出現在美國空軍,其編成內的作戰管理員,基於雷達探測情況向戰機進行遠程目標指示和話音引導。作戰核心組織則稱為BM/C3系統,即作戰管理(Battle Management)和指揮、控制、通訊(Command,Control,Communication)。 1946年,第一台電子計算機「埃尼阿克」研製成功,軍隊開始使用計算機存儲和處理有關作戰的各種數據。 1958年,美軍建成世界上第一個半自動化作戰管理系統-「賽其」防空指揮控制系統,使用電腦首次實現了資訊擷取、處理、傳輸和指揮決策過程部分作業的自動化。同年,蘇軍建成「天空1號」半自動化防空指揮控制系統。作戰管理系統開始登上戰爭舞台,人機協作決策逐漸成為指揮主要的作戰決策形式。越戰中的「滾雷」戰役,美軍指揮5,000多架飛機出動129萬架次,投彈775萬噸,如果單靠人工指揮是不可能實現的。

作戰管理系統經歷了以武器為中心、以平台為中心、以網絡為中心和以體係為中心的建設階段,逐步能夠接收、處理來自多域的傳感器和其他來源信息,實時感知並生成作戰態勢圖,自動對兵力及裝備實施指揮控制,智能輔助指揮員決策,涉及陸、海、空等軍兵種。

如以色列陸軍的「統治者」作戰管理系統,單兵數字化裝置連接通道狀態資訊設備,用於為執行戰術作戰、火力支援等部隊提供即時態勢感知和指揮控制資訊。美國海軍的「宙斯盾」作戰系統,採用多任務訊號處理器整合防空與反導能力,實現艦載相控陣雷達、指揮決策、武器控制等一體化整合。北約空軍的ACCSLOC1系統,基於網路分散部署,整合40種型號的雷達和3000多個物理接口,承擔任務規劃、作戰指揮和戰鬥監督等空中行動。從發動第一次海灣戰爭到利比亞戰爭,美軍從傳感器獲取資訊到開火,時間由24小時縮短至2.5分鐘。

功能特徵

作戰管理系統是一個迅速發展並不斷完善的分散式操作系統,主要通過收集、處理傳感器數據,暢通各類信息傳輸和融合,進行態勢識別和預測,生成作戰方案,完成行動評估與選擇,下發作戰指令給武器平台和射手。其本質是實現高效率的作戰「觀察-判斷-決策-行動」循環(OODA環)。

作戰管理系統廣泛使用態勢評估與預測、作戰時空分析、線上即時規劃、作戰資源管控和作戰管理引擎技術等,採用基於資訊技術的「雲+網+端」的技術架構。

如美軍率先運用資訊技術,建構了集指揮、控制、計算機、通訊、情報、監視和偵察於一體的C4ISR系統,為作戰管理系統打下了基礎。阿富汗戰爭中,C4ISR系統首次實現作戰資訊近實時傳輸到作戰平台。隨著傳感器、網絡和人工智慧的不斷成熟,智能態勢理解和預測、智慧資訊推送、智慧任務規劃、智慧協同控制、智慧快速重構和智慧平行指控等技術,正在對作戰管理系統產生越來越重大的影響。

作戰管理系統通常支援態勢感知、任務規劃、交戰管理、通訊、建模及模擬與分析、試驗訓練等功能。如導彈防禦作戰管理系統,主要包括指揮控制、交戰管理及通訊等功能構成。指揮控制功能,實現對戰前的作戰規劃及對戰場態勢的感知;交戰管理功能,實現輔助作戰決策和分配反導武器並完成打擊任務;通信功能,實現系統各反導單元情報、數據的傳輸和共享。

作戰管理系統是一個開放的複雜系統。結構決定功能,不同的系統結構,決定不同系統的功能拓展:艦艇自防禦作戰管理系統通過自動化武器控制條令、協同交戰管理系統和戰術數據鍊等,使艦艇具備了強大的自防禦能力;電磁作戰管理系統通過融合並顯示戰場電磁頻譜數據,提高電磁戰兵器規劃能力、共享電磁力和單兵作戰力量;

作戰管理系統普遍具有一體化、自動化、最優化、即時化等特徵。現代戰爭作戰模式複雜、戰場規模擴大,對力量管控、資源整合和任務調度要求的提高,必須實現系統一體化整合。法國陸軍的「蝎子」系統,就將坦克、裝甲車、步兵戰車、無人地面車輛、無人機與攻擊直升機完整整合到同一個作戰群,並連結任務群中的所有平台和作戰單元。

現代戰爭作戰要素增加、戰場感知空間擴大,對人依賴較高的指揮自動化系統已無法完全適應,必須實現系統自動化運作。巴基斯坦作戰管理火砲控制系統所有操作功能全部自動化,「為準備、協調、傳遞、執行和修改火力支援計畫與射擊方案提供了自動化解決方案」。

現代戰爭作戰節奏加快、戰場數據海量,需要快速掌握狀況、有效率定下決心,必須實現系統最優化決策。各軍事強國正將人工智慧、雲端運算、物聯網與大數據技術結合起來,以利在多域作戰中更快決策。

未來發展

傳統作戰管理系統,更強調基於事先制定的交戰序列、作戰規則。但未來戰爭更突出體係與體系之間的對抗,不可能預先窮盡各種情況,需要掌握的戰場資訊也更趨複雜、海量。為此,各國軍隊開始摒棄傳統上為各作戰域單獨開發作戰管理系統的方法,以網絡為中心、以人工智能為支撐,力圖幫助指揮員更迅速作出作戰決策,實現各作戰域的傳感器與任意射手的實時連接。

作戰管理系統將推動作戰概念落地。美國空軍開發的“先進作戰管理系統”,規劃將各軍種及其武器平台實時連接在一個軍事物聯網中,其核心是將各類情報偵察平台、指揮控制平台、打擊平台和作戰管理平台與各種跨域能力無縫鏈接,把情報和目標指示數據轉化為及時、可用的信息,縮短“發現-定位-跟踪-瞄準-打擊-評估”速度,以執行對手的速度執行。俄羅斯軍隊提出“軍隊統一資訊空間”理論,組織開發陸海空網絡一體化聯合作戰“自動控制系統”,通過建立網絡中心指揮模式,試圖將全軍指揮、通信、偵察、火力、保障等進行融合,實現真正意義上的跨域作戰,提升戰場態勢感知能力與作戰指揮效率。

作戰管理系統將依賴人工智慧技術。人工智慧的應用不僅引起武器系統能力的倍增,也將從根本上改變OODA環的實現。未來的作戰管理系統,人工智慧技術將成為核心支撐和驅動引擎,關鍵因素是演算法的品質。系統將內置可升級的人工智慧,人們將處於監督或協同狀態的位置,最大限度地減少人工輸入,對作戰環境中的威脅目標進行自發識別分類、自主評估權衡和自動分配武器,從而提供自適應的作戰優勢和決策可選性。

如2021年7月美海軍發布的“智能自主系統戰略”,旨在通過高度分佈式的指揮和控制架構,加速智能平台的開發和部署,綜合無人系統、人工智能和自動駕駛等技術,實現由智能自主系統促成的未來作戰決策。俄軍在研的人工智慧項目超過150個,其重點之一是將人工智慧引入指揮控制系統,為不同武器平台適配智慧軟件,實現物理域與認知域的統一,以智慧賦能的方式實現戰鬥力倍增。

作戰管理系統將實現跨域能力突破。軍隊作戰管理能力正向陸、海、空、天、電、網和認知域、社會域等全域協同轉變。適應全局環境,作戰管理系統需要具備以下功能:有彈性和冗餘的通信系統,靈活安全的數據運行;人工智能和機器學習直接從傳感器中提取、處理數據,並進行去中心化集成、共享;根據保密級別分段訪問,滿足感知、理解和行動需要。在此基礎上,還需具備向部隊提供偵察監視、戰術通訊、數據處理、網路指控等能力。

未來的作戰管理系統,將聚焦安全處理、連通性、數據管理、應用、傳感器整合和效果整合等能力,優化全作戰域的數據共享、協同作戰和指揮控制,支援從戰術級到戰略級的決策優勢。其目的只有一個:賦予指揮員超越對手的能力。

(作者係武警指揮學院訓練管理系副主任、教授)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/10149663888.html

Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare Imminent

中國軍事智慧化戰爭迫在眉睫

現代英語:

At present, accelerating the development of military intelligence is becoming a consensus among the world’s superpowers. Artificial intelligence technology is accelerating its penetration into the military field and has become an important driving force for military reform. It will inevitably give rise to new combat styles and change the internal mechanism of war. We should firmly grasp the new quality growth point of military intelligence to enhance the combat effectiveness of the army, organically integrate military theory, science and technology, and military applications, intelligently upgrade traditional combat fields, and innovate combat concepts, so that the “intelligent factor” radiates from weapons and equipment to all aspects of military construction, and focus on breakthroughs in key areas such as military theory systems, command information systems, unmanned combat systems, comprehensive support systems, and new combat forces, and promote the reshaping, reconstruction, transformation and upgrading of combat systems.

Artificial intelligence stimulates new developments in theory

When new military technologies, operational concepts, and organizational structures interact to significantly enhance military operational capabilities, they will promote new military changes. The increasingly widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field is becoming an important driver of military change, thereby giving rise to new operational styles and changing the internal mechanism of winning wars.

Innovative combat theory. New disruptive technologies in the field of intelligence have opened up new space for innovation in military theory. Integrating precision strike ammunition and unmanned equipment into the network information system will give rise to new intelligent combat theories such as “distributed killing”, “multi-domain warfare”, “combat cloud”, “swarm tactics”, and “intelligent security warfare”; combining intelligent technology with information dominance theory, relying on one’s own information advantages and decision-making advantages, cutting off and delaying the opponent’s information and decision-making loops in the decentralized battlefield network will become the key to winning intelligent warfare. Enrich combat styles. With the development and maturity of intelligent technology and the large-scale deployment of unmanned autonomous combat platforms, unmanned combat will become a disruptive new combat style that dominates future battlefields. Infiltrate the entire process of warfare with intelligent elements, use intelligent perception, intelligent decision-making, intelligent control, and unmanned platforms to innovate the combat process. Use unmanned systems and manned systems in coordination, cluster and plan the use of unmanned combat platforms to enrich combat styles. Expand combat forces. The widespread application of intelligent systems and unmanned combat platforms will further enrich the connotation of new combat forces, and various “mixed” new combat forces will be applied on the battlefield. With the construction and application of the Internet of Things, big data, and cloud computing technologies in the military field, new combat forces such as space and networks will play an increasingly important role in future wars.

Accelerate the intelligent upgrade of command systems

The intelligence of command information systems is the key to achieving a leap forward in combat command means and forming decision-making advantages. In future wars, the battlefield space will be unprecedentedly expanded, the elements of war will be extremely rich, the tempo of confrontation will be significantly accelerated, and the combat system will change dynamically. There is an urgent need for the in-depth application of intelligent technology in battlefield perception, command decision-making, and human-computer interaction.

In terms of intelligent perception, intelligent sensing and networking technologies are adopted to widely and rapidly deploy various intelligent perception nodes, conduct active collaborative detection for tasks, and build a transparent and visible digital combat environment. Relying on technologies such as data mining and knowledge graphs, intelligent processing in aspects such as multi-source intelligence fusion and battlefield situation analysis is carried out to dispel the fog of war, analyze the enemy’s combat intentions, and predict the development of the battle situation. In terms of intelligent decision-making, by constructing combat model rules, using actuarial, detailed, deep and expert reasoning methods, commanders are assisted in making quick decisions in multi-level planning and ad hoc handling of strategies, campaigns, tactics, etc.; using machine learning, neural network and other technologies to create a “command brain” to learn and apply the laws of war and the art of command in terms of planning, strategy planning, and battle situation control, and expand the wisdom of commanders with machine intelligence. In terms of intelligent interaction, we comprehensively utilize intelligent interaction technologies such as feature recognition, semantic understanding, virtual augmented reality, holographic touch, and brain-computer interface to summarize and analyze the behavioral characteristics of commanders, build new human-computer interaction environments such as holographic projection digital sandbox, immersive battlefield perception command, and wearable smart devices, and provide intelligent means to support commanders in perceiving the battlefield and controlling the battle situation.

Build an intelligent unmanned combat system

Intelligent unmanned combat systems are a new trend in the development of future war equipment. The core is to aim at the requirements of “zero casualties”, “full coverage” and “quick response” in future wars, make full use of the development results of new theories, new materials, new processes, new energy and new technologies, and continuously make breakthroughs in human-machine collaboration and autonomous action, build a new type of intelligent unmanned army on a large scale, and realize the systematic collaborative combat of unmanned combat systems.

In terms of human-machine collaboration, relying on the integrated space-ground information network, self-organizing network and collaborative interaction technology, we will open up the human-machine interaction link and establish a manned-unmanned collaboration system of “human-led, machine-assisted, mixed formation, and joint action”. Facing complex combat missions and the global battlefield environment, we will strengthen the research on mechanisms and technologies such as safe and reliable information transmission, precise and efficient behavior control, and highly coordinated human-machine mixing to achieve highly compatible human-machine collaborative combat. In terms of autonomous action, relying on mission planning, distributed computing and intelligent networking technologies, research and develop unmanned combat systems and cluster formation technologies with fast response speed, strong adaptability, high reliability, flexible organization plan and reasonable action planning. They can fully respond to various changes in terrain, weather, disasters, damage, etc., and intelligently and dynamically adjust movement posture, travel route, firepower use, energy distribution, self-healing and self-destruction strategies to realize the replacement of humans by intelligent machines, expand the combat space, and avoid casualties.

Strengthening intelligent comprehensive security measures

Before troops move, support comes first. On the intelligent battlefield, the realization of comprehensive support for joint operations is an important factor that directly affects the combat effectiveness of troops. The development of intelligent technology will inevitably trigger revolutionary changes in the construction of the joint combat support system and realize intelligent comprehensive support.

In terms of political work, we will make full use of technologies such as social networks, personnel profiling, public opinion monitoring, sentiment analysis, and behavior prediction to build an intelligent political work system covering battlefield control, public opinion and legal struggle, social situation monitoring, personnel relationship analysis, personnel ideological trends, human resource management and other businesses, to provide support for exploring new approaches, new carriers, and new models for ideological and political work. In terms of after-sales support, by using technologies such as the Internet of Things, drones, smart cars, remote surgery, and 3D printing, we have upgraded and built an intelligent after-sales support system covering intelligent warehousing, intelligent delivery, intelligent maintenance, and intelligent medical care, to achieve automatic, rapid, and accurate supply of battlefield after-sales materials, rapid diagnosis and repair of equipment failures, and timely rescue of battlefield personnel, turning passive support into active services, and improving the overall efficiency and effectiveness of after-sales support. In terms of combat training, by comprehensively using technologies such as cloud computing, virtual reality, simulated confrontation, and adjudication and evaluation, we have created an integrated training platform for “guidance, control, adjudication, evaluation, and management”, an intelligent virtual blue army, and an immersive training environment to support tactics and strategy training, equipment skills training, and joint confrontation exercises.

Exploring the intelligent combat force system

The new intelligent combat force system is a comprehensive product of the development of artificial intelligence technology, the formation of new-quality combat power and the evolution of war forms. It is the “killer hand” for seizing the initiative in the future global combat space, the key to forming an integrated joint combat system, and a new growth point for our military’s combat power.

Focus on new battlefields. The combat space of the new era has expanded from the traditional battlefield space to new battlefields such as space, the Internet, and spiritual will, and gradually extended to various fields of human activities and ideology. New combat forces such as rapid response satellites, network autonomous security, brain-controlled weapons, and genetic weapons are being integrated into the combat system. Military intelligence plays an increasingly important role in new combat styles such as space warfare, network warfare, mind warfare, and biological warfare. Pay attention to new technologies. Intelligent space-based weapon systems, with outer space as the battlefield, will help achieve the struggle for control of the sky; based on autonomous network intelligent security technology, it will help achieve a network security confrontation with integrated offense and defense and dynamic defense; brain control technology will help to attack the enemy’s spirit, nerves and mind; intelligent means may also accelerate the development of genetic weapons in some countries. Military intelligence is integrating into all aspects of the military field at an unprecedented speed, breadth and depth, deconstructing and reshaping the traditional appearance of war presented to the world. We must plan ahead to be invincible.

Laying a solid foundation for the development of intelligent military

The construction of military intelligence is a large and complex systematic project. Accelerating the development of military intelligence requires advanced theories as support, institutional mechanism construction as guarantee, technological breakthroughs as the starting point, and talent team building as the source of motivation.

Establish a collaborative innovation mechanism for military-civilian integration. The rapid development of intelligent technology has become an accelerator for military intelligence. In the information age, the boundaries between military and civilian technologies are becoming increasingly blurred, and their convertibility is becoming increasingly stronger. Actively establish a collaborative innovation mechanism for military-civilian integration, continuously strengthen the driving force of military core technologies, build an open industry-university-research collaborative innovation system for the whole society, make forward-looking arrangements for core cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, support investment, give full play to the innovation power of the entire society, and promote the rapid and sustainable development of military intelligence. Accelerate the advancement of technological breakthroughs in key areas. We must focus on relevant key technology areas and break the technical bottlenecks that restrict the development of military intelligence. On the one hand, we should strengthen research in the basic support areas of military intelligence, such as military big data and military Internet of Things; on the other hand, based on battlefield needs, we should strengthen research on intelligent application technologies in various combat elements, especially intelligent command decision-making, intelligent weapon platforms, and intelligent battlefield perception. We should vigorously build a team of high-quality talents. Military intelligence places higher demands on the quality of people. Only the effective combination of high-quality personnel and intelligent weapons can maximize combat effectiveness. To accelerate the development of military intelligence, we should explore the training rules of relevant talents, make full use of military and local education resources, increase the training of relevant talents, and provide solid intellectual support and talent guarantee for promoting the construction of military intelligence.

(Yin Junsong, Cheng Gang)

現代國語:

當前,加速軍事智能化發展正成為世界強國的共識。人工智慧技術加速向軍事領域滲透,已成為軍事變革的重要推手,必將催生新的作戰樣式,改變戰爭的內在機理。應緊緊抓住軍事智能化這個提升軍隊戰鬥力的新質增長點,有機融合軍事理論、科學技術和軍事應用,智能升級傳統作戰領域、創新作戰概念,使「智能因子」由武器裝備輻射至軍隊建設的各個方面,在軍事理論體系、指揮資訊系統、無人作戰系統、綜合保障體系、新型作戰力量等重點領域聚力轉型,在軍事理論體系、指揮資訊系統、無人作戰系統、綜合保障體系、新型作戰力量等重點領域聚力轉型,推動戰力領域的重塑突破與再造和再造一個關鍵領域的重塑。

人工智慧催生理論新發展

當新的軍事技術、作戰理念和組織編成相互作用顯著提升軍事作戰能力時,將促進新的軍事變革。人工智慧在軍事領域越來越廣泛的應用,正成為軍事變革的重要推手,由此催生新的作戰樣式,改變戰爭制勝的內在機理。

創新作戰理論。智慧領域新的顛覆性技術,為軍事理論創新開啟了新的空間。將精確打擊彈藥、無人裝備融入網絡資訊體系,催生「分散式殺傷」「多域戰」「作戰雲」「蜂群戰術」「智慧安全戰」等新的智能化作戰理論;將智能化技術與資訊主導理論相結合,憑借己方的資訊優勢與決策優勢,在去中心化的戰場網絡中切斷關鍵與遲滯對手的資訊與決策迴路,成為智能化的戰場網絡中與決策迴路的資訊與決策迴滯。豐富作戰樣式。伴隨著智慧技術的發展成熟以及無人自主作戰平台的規模列裝,無人作戰將成為一種顛覆性的新型作戰樣式主導未來戰場。將智慧化要素滲透於戰爭的整個流程,運用智慧感知、智慧決策、智慧控制、無人平台,創新作戰流程。協同運用無人系統與有人系統,集群、規劃運用無人作戰平台,豐富作戰樣式。拓展作戰力量。智慧系統與無人作戰平台的廣泛應用,將進一步豐富新型作戰力量的內涵,各類「混搭式」新型作戰力量將邁向戰場應用。隨著物聯網、大數據、雲端運算技術在軍事領域的建設運用,太空、網路等新型作戰力量將在未來戰爭中發揮越來越重要的作用。

加速指揮系統智慧化升級

指揮資訊系統的智慧化是作戰指揮手段實現躍升、形成決策優勢的關鍵。未來戰爭,戰場空間空前擴展、戰爭要素極大豐富、對抗節奏明顯加快、作戰體系動態變化,迫切需要智慧技術在戰場感知、指揮決策和人機互動等方面深度運用。

在智能感知方面,採用智慧傳感與組網技術,廣泛快速部署各類智能感知節點,面向任務主動協同探測,構建透明可見的數字化作戰環境;依托數據挖掘、知識圖譜等技術,開展多源情報融合、戰場情況研判等方面的智能化處理,撥開戰爭迷霧,透析敵作戰意圖,預測戰局發展。在智能決策方面,通過構建作戰模型規則,以精算、細算、深算和專家推理方式,輔助指揮員在戰略、戰役、戰術等多級籌劃規劃和臨機處置中實現快速決策;運用機器學習、神經網絡等技術打造“指揮大腦”,從謀局布勢、方略籌劃、戰局控制等方面學習戰爭規律和拓展藝術員,以掌控機器和拓展藝術員。在智慧互動方面,綜合利用特徵識別、語義理解、虛擬增強現實、全像觸摸、腦機介面等智慧互動技術,歸納分析指揮人員行為特徵,建構全像投影數字沙盤、沉浸式戰場感知指揮、穿戴式智慧型裝置等新型人機互動環境,為指揮者感知戰場、掌控戰局提供智慧化手段支撐。

構建智慧化無人作戰系統

智慧化無人作戰系統是未來戰爭裝備發展新趨勢。其核心在於瞄準未來戰爭「零傷亡」「全覆蓋」「快響應」等要求,充分運用新理論、新材料、新工藝、新能源、新技術發展成果,在人機協同和自主行動兩個方面不斷取得突破,規模化打造新型智能無人之師,實現無人作戰系統的體系化協同作戰。

在人機協同方面,依托天地一體資訊網絡、自組網和協同交互技術,打通人機交互鏈路,建立“人為主導、機器協助、混合編組、聯合行動”的有人-無人協作體系,面向復雜作戰任務、全局戰場環境,加強安全可靠的信息傳輸、精準高效的行為控制、高度協同的人機組合作等機制和技術研究,實現高可靠的信息傳輸。在自主行動方面,依托任務規劃、分佈計算和智能組網技術,研究發展反應速度快、適應能力強、可靠程度高、編組計劃靈活、行動規劃合理的無人作戰系統及集群編隊技術,充分應對地形、天氣、災害、毀傷等各種變化,智能動態調整運動姿態、行動規劃、火力運用、能源分配和自傷自毀自毀等策略,實現智能機器等策略,以避免

建強智慧化綜合保障手段

兵馬未動,保障先行。智慧化戰場,聯合作戰綜合保障實現度是直接影響部隊戰鬥力生成的重要因素。智慧化技術的發展必將觸發聯合作戰保障體系建設的革命性變化,實現智慧化綜合保障。

在政治工作方面,充分運用社會網絡、人員畫像、輿情監控、情感分析、行為預測等技術,建構覆蓋戰場管控、輿論法理鬥爭、社情監控、人員關系分析、人員思想動態、人力資源管理等業務的智能政工體系,為探索思想政治工作的新途徑、新載體、新模式提供支撐。在後裝保障方面,透過運用物聯網、無人機、智慧車、遠端手術、3D列印等技術,升級打造涵蓋智慧倉儲、智慧投送、智慧維修、智慧醫療等智慧後裝保障體系,實現戰場後裝物資自動快速精準補給、裝備故障快速診斷與維修、戰場人員及時救護,變被動保障為整體主動保障。在作戰訓練方面,通過綜合運用雲計算、虛擬現實、模擬對抗、裁決評估等技術,打造「導、控、裁、評、管」一體化演訓平台、智慧化虛擬藍軍、沉浸式訓練環境,支撐戰法謀略研練、裝備技能訓練、聯合對抗演練。

探索智慧化作戰力量體系

智慧化新型作戰力量體係是人工智慧技術發展、新質戰鬥力形成與戰爭形態演變的綜合產物,是奪取未來全局作戰空間主動權的“殺手鐧”,是構成一體化聯合作戰體系的關鍵,是我軍戰鬥力新的增長點。

著眼新戰場。新時代的作戰空間由傳統戰場空間向太空、互聯網、精神意誌等新型戰場拓展,逐漸延伸至人類活動和意識形態各領域,快速響應衛星、網絡自主安防、大腦控制武器、基因武器等新質作戰力量正在融入作戰體系,軍事智能化在太空戰、網絡戰、意念戰、生物戰等新型作戰力量中扮演越來越重要的角色。關注新技術。智能化的天基武器系統,以外層空間為戰場,有助於實現對製天權的爭奪;基於自主網絡智能安全技術,有助於實現攻防一體、動態防禦的網絡安全對抗;控腦技術,有助於實現對敵方人員精神、神經和心靈進行攻擊;智能化手段還可能加速某些國家基因武器研製。軍事智能化正在以前所未有的速度、廣度和深度融入軍事領域的各個層面,解構重塑著戰爭呈現給世人的傳統面貌,我們必須未雨綢繆,方可立於不敗之地。

夯實軍事智能化發展基礎

軍事智能化建設是一個龐大復雜的系統工程,加快推進軍事智能化發展需要以先進的理論作為支撐,以體制機制建設作為保障,以技術突破為抓手,以人才隊伍建設為動力源泉。

建立軍民融合協同創新機制。智慧技術的快速發展,已成為軍事智能化的加速器。資訊時代軍用技術和民用技術的界線越來越模糊,可轉換性越來越強。積極建立軍民融合協同創新機制,不斷強化軍用核心技術原動力,建構全社會開放的產學研協同創新體系,對人工智慧等核心前沿技術前瞻佈局、扶持投資,充分發揮整個社會的創新力量,促進軍事智能化快速可持續發展。加速推進重點領域技術突破。要聚焦相關重點技術領域,打破限制軍事智慧化發展的技術瓶頸。一方面,加強軍事智慧化基礎支撐領域的研究,例如,軍事大數據、軍事物聯網等;另一方面,從戰場需求出發,加強各個作戰要素方面的智慧化應用技術研究,尤其是智慧化指揮決策、智慧化武器平台、智慧化戰場感知等方面的研究。大力建設高素質人才隊伍。軍事智能化對人的素質提出了更高要求,高素質人員和智慧化武器的有效結合,才能最大程度地發揮作戰效能。加速軍事智慧化發展,應抓緊探索相關人才的培養規律,充分利用軍地教育資源,加大相關人才培養力度,為推進軍事智慧化建設提供堅實的智力支持與人才保障。 (

尹峻松、程鋼)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4810306888.html?

Chinese Military Analysis Development Trends of Combat Coordination During Era of Intelligence

中國軍事分析智能化時代作戰協同發展趨勢

現代英語:

Operational coordination is a key element in achieving systemic operations, releasing overall effectiveness, and achieving operational objectives in modern warfare. In recent years, with the breakthrough progress of military science and technology represented by artificial intelligence, the enabling and efficiency-enhancing role of science and technology has become more prominent. While profoundly changing the form of war and combat style, it has also spawned a new mode of operational coordination – autonomous coordination. At present, we should scientifically grasp the opportunities and challenges of the new military revolution, dynamically coordinate the development trend of autonomous coordination, and thus promote the accelerated transformation and upgrading of combat methods.

Transforming towards intelligent empowerment and autonomous collaboration

Future wars will be all-round confrontations between the two sides using “people + intelligent equipment”. Limited by military technology, system platforms, combat capabilities, etc., traditional combat coordination has been difficult to adapt to the modern battlefield where opportunities are fleeting due to limitations such as periodic solidification and low fault tolerance. With the strong support of advanced technical means such as artificial intelligence and big data, the autonomy and automation level of combat coordination will be greatly improved, and autonomous coordination under intelligent empowerment will also become the key to defeating the enemy.

Wide-area ubiquitous collaboration. In recent years, the in-depth development of communication technology and intelligent technology, the accumulation of data, algorithms, and computing power have promoted the interconnection and aggregation of people, machines, objects, and energy, and extended the military Internet of Things to many fields such as situational awareness, command and control, information and fire strikes, and after-sales support. While promoting the iterative upgrade of combat capabilities, it also provides more options for modern combat collaboration. It can be foreseen that the military Internet of Things will shine on future battlefields. It is not only a key infrastructure to support combat operations, but also a joint hub to maintain combat collaboration. With this as a basis, it will give rise to ubiquitous operations with wide-area dispersion of forces, organizational modules, and highly coordinated actions, which are omnipresent, ubiquitous, and uncontrolled and autonomous.

Deep collaboration between humans and machines. In the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, the Azerbaijani army built a strong battlefield advantage with the advantage of drones, and to some extent, it also announced the debut of “robot war”. In future wars, unmanned combat forces such as drones, unmanned vehicles, and unmanned ships are accelerating from backstage support and guarantee to front-line combat, and are beginning to play the “protagonist” of the battlefield. Compared with traditional combat coordination, manned and unmanned intelligent coordination presents the characteristics of “decentralization” of combat command, “de-division of labor” in the combat process, high-end skill operation, and fuzzification of the front and rear, and emphasizes human-machine collaboration and algorithm victory. Especially in recent years, intelligent unmanned clusters have emerged and begun to strongly impact the modern battlefield. In the face of these new situations and changes, cluster formation algorithms, formation control algorithms, and complex scene optimization algorithms should be used in a coordinated manner to promote unmanned and manned networking communications and intelligent coordination, promote the integrated operation of intelligence chain, command chain, mobility chain, strike chain, and support chain, and accelerate the generation of precise enemy comprehensive combat capabilities.

Digital intelligence drives collaboration. The traditional combat coordination model under progressive command is no longer able to adapt to the multi-dimensional fast pace of modern warfare. In future wars, intelligence is the key and data is king. The deep integration of big data, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence has realized the storage, analysis, integration, and application of massive battlefield data, making command and control more scientific and combat coordination more efficient. With powerful resource integration, computing processing, and data analysis capabilities, battlefield intelligence can be quickly integrated, battlefield situation can be perceived in real time, coordination plans can be efficiently formulated, and threat levels can be instantly assessed. The prediction of combat operations, the dissection of typical scenarios, the deployment of combat forces, and the allocation of combat resources can be coordinated as a whole, thereby comprehensively improving the comprehensive quality and efficiency of command and control, firepower strikes, and comprehensive support, and promoting revolutionary changes in combat coordination.

Evolving towards multi-domain linkage and autonomous collaboration

In future wars, the participating forces will be complex and diverse, weapons and equipment will be matched at different levels, and combat methods will be used in a mixed manner, showing distinct characteristics such as intelligent dynamic dispersion of combat command, intelligent wide-area deployment of combat forces, and intelligent dynamic differentiation of combat tasks. It can be foreseen that multi-domain linkage and autonomous coordination will become an important component of combat coordination.

System self-reshapes coordination. In future wars, the multi-domain battlefield space will be a combination of virtual and real, various military operations will interact, and constraints and collaboration will be randomly transformed. Only by adopting an engineered and systematic organizational model can we adapt to the complex multi-domain coordination needs. The essence of this coordination model is to form a wide-area holographic support framework for system self-reshape coordination. Specifically, it is to highlight the concept of system combat, and to solve the practical contradictions such as organizational system construction, institutional mechanism establishment, and coordination rule formulation from an overall perspective; to pay more attention to the system integration effect, and to achieve beyond-visual-range combat and cross-domain coordinated combat of combat units from a wide area; to emphasize efficient and flexible command, to refine the command relationship from various dimensions, and to clarify the command responsibilities; to pay more attention to data precision drive, to integrate network system platforms at all levels, and to establish a dynamic optimization network for detection, control, attack, evaluation and protection tasks. Once this coordination model is formed, it will undoubtedly be able to study and predict typical confrontation scenarios, dynamically select action coordination links, and plan combat operations in various fields in an integrated manner according to the combat environment, combat opponents, and combat tasks.

Tactical adaptive coordination. Local wars and conflicts in recent years have repeatedly shown that the complexity and systemicity of combat coordination have increased exponentially due to the extension of combat data information to the tactical level. Only by achieving efficient processing, integration and sharing of combat data information can adaptive and autonomous coordination between combat users be guaranteed. This coordination model pays more attention to scientific planning and innovative means to form a universal battlefield situation map with full-dimensional coverage, support hierarchical, leapfrog and cross-domain sharing and collaboration among users of all levels and types deployed in a wide area, realize the common perception of battlefield situation by command elements and combat units, and ensure self-synchronous operations within the framework of unified strategic intent, campaign guidance and coordination plan. This coordination model emphasizes the vertical integration of strategy, campaign and tactics, and the horizontal integration of land, sea, air, space and electricity, provides strong information sharing services in detection, early warning and surveillance, and relies on information media to promote the extension of campaign-level joint to tactical-level joint. This coordination model highlights the standardized operation of command operation and force application, and promotes the connection of combat command levels, cross-domain linkage, element interaction and situation sharing with the help of cutting-edge technologies such as big data and cloud computing, realizes intelligent coordination between command systems, weapon platforms and sensors, and implements the key to winning by defeating slowness with speed.

Advantages and intelligence complement and synergy. In future wars, combat operations in space, network and other fields will be deeply integrated into the traditional battlefield space, requiring higher standards and higher requirements for planning and design of the overall combat situation. Only by clarifying the complementary relationship of advantages in various combat domains and the proportion of input and effectiveness, and then sorting out the operational relationship of cross-domain coordination, can we bridge the gap in field operations and achieve complementary advantages on the multi-dimensional battlefield. In essence, this is also a concentrated reflection of the view of war efficiency. From another perspective, in a war, when the local advantage of the battlefield is not obvious or there is a hidden crisis, by gaining local advantages in other fields to make up for it and achieve comprehensive advantages, the overall goal of winning can also be achieved. In the future information-based and intelligent wars, this point will be more prominent and more complex, requiring comprehensive measures in the fields of military, politics, public opinion, legal theory, psychology, diplomacy, etc., and leveraging each other to fully release the maximum combat effectiveness; requiring traditional forces and new forces to work closely together, relying on the network information system to build an integrated combat system, and maximizing overall effectiveness through advantage synergy.

Transition to Dynamically Coupled Autonomous Collaboration

In the era of artificial intelligence, along with the profound changes in information technology and weapons and equipment, combat operations place more emphasis on breaking up traditional force groupings, connecting traditional platform functions, breaking traditional offensive and defensive boundaries, and achieving full-time dynamic control of combat operations through dynamic coupling and autonomous coordination.

Dynamic focal point coordination. In future wars, the enemy-to-enemy confrontation will be more intense, and the battlefield situation will be more changeable. The previous static, extensive, and step-by-step coordination methods will be difficult to adapt. It is necessary to pay close attention to the key nodes of the operation. On the basis of keeping a close eye on the overall situation, anchoring the combat mission, and focusing on the combat objectives, we must assess the situation and seize the opportunity. According to the predetermined coordination rules, we can flexibly change the coordination objects, flexibly adjust the coordination strategies, and autonomously negotiate and coordinate actions. It should be noted that this coordination method based on key combat nodes particularly emphasizes that combat forces transcend structural barriers and organically aggregate combat effectiveness. Through the flexible structure of the collaborative organization, self-coupling and autonomous elimination of contradictions and conflicts, bridging combat gaps, and promoting the precise release of the combined forces of the combat system.

Dynamic control and coordination. The battlefield situation in future wars is changing rapidly, and the combat process is often difficult to advance according to the predetermined combat plan, and combat operations have great uncertainty. Invisibly, this also requires us to break through traditional combat thinking, keep a close eye on the changes in the battlefield situation, and implement immediate, flexible and autonomous coordination of the combat process. This collaborative method, through real-time assessment of battlefield situation changes, the degree of damage to enemy targets, and the scale and efficiency of combat operations, can achieve rapid command and control, precise coordination in force projection, fire support, and comprehensive support, and always grasp the initiative on the battlefield. This collaborative method requires relying on advanced intelligent auxiliary means to quickly divide the combat phase, predict the duration of combat operations, analyze the overall deployment of combat forces, calculate the allocation of combat operation resources, and accurately control the decision-making cycle and combat rhythm, and accurately coordinate the actions of troops and the combat process to ensure that various randomness and uncertainties in combat can be effectively dealt with.

Dynamic response coordination. The operational mechanism of future wars is unpredictable. The deep effects of asymmetric operations, hybrid games, and system emergence will inevitably lead to various emergencies in the implementation of the planned operational plans. To this end, dynamic coordination for emergencies is an effective strategy to resolve the above-mentioned contradictions. This coordination method emphasizes the dynamic adjustment of coordinated actions according to different situations. When an emergency occurs on a local battlefield or in a local action, which has little impact on the overall operation and has sufficient time, the combat system automatically responds, partially adjusts the combat deployment and combat operations, and ensures the achievement of the expected combat objectives. When multiple urgent and slow situations coexist on the battlefield and partially affect the battlefield situation, the combat actions are dynamically and immediately coordinated according to the principle of first urgent and then slow according to the specific situation, so as to promote the development of the war in a direction that is beneficial to me. When there are multiple major unexpected situations or unexpected changes in the overall development of the war situation, coordination is carried out according to the principle of first major direction and then minor direction, and new coordinated disposal measures are quickly generated to effectively respond to various emergencies on the battlefield.

現代國語:

■吳思亮 賈春傑 侯永紅

引言

作戰協同是現代戰爭中實現體係作戰、釋放整體效能、達成作戰目標的關鍵要素。近年來,隨著以人工智慧為代表的軍事科學技術取得突破性進展,科技的賦能增效作用進一步凸顯,在深刻改變戰爭形態、作戰樣式的同時,也催生出一種新的作戰協同模式——自主協同。當前,應科學掌握新軍事革命的機會挑戰,動態統籌好自主協同發展走向,從而推動作戰方式加速轉型升級。

向智能賦能自主協同蛻變

未來戰爭將是對抗雙方採用「人+智慧裝備」展開的全方位對抗。受軍事技術、系統平台、作戰能力等限制,傳統作戰協同因為存在周期固化、容錯率低等局限,已難以適應戰機轉瞬即逝的現代戰場。在人工智慧、大數據等先進技術手段的強力支撐下,作戰協同的自主性、自動化水準將極大提升,智慧賦能下的自主協同也將成為克敵制勝的關鍵。

廣域泛在協同。近年來,通訊技術、智慧技術的深度發展,數據、演算法、算力的累積疊加,促進了人、機、物、能的互聯聚合,將軍事物聯網延伸擴展至態勢感知、指揮控制、信火打擊、後裝保障等諸多領域,在促進作戰能力迭代升級的同時,也為現代作戰協同提供了更多選項。可以預見,軍事物聯網將在未來戰場上大放異彩,不僅是支撐作戰行動的關鍵性基礎設施,也是維繫作戰協同的關節樞紐。以此為依托,將催生出力量廣域分散、組織模塊構成、行動高度協同的泛在式作戰,無時不在、無處不在、無控自主。

人機深度協同。在納卡沖突中,阿塞拜疆軍隊憑借無人機優勢構建起強大戰場優勢,某種程度上也宣告「機器人戰爭」登場。未來戰爭,無人機、無人車、無人艦等無人作戰力量,正加速從後台支援保障走向一線作戰前台,開始擔當戰場「主角」。較之傳統作戰協同,有人無人智能協同呈現出作戰指揮「去中心化」、作戰過程「去分工化」、技能操作高端化、前沿與後方模糊化等特點,更加強調人機協同、演算法取勝。尤其是近年來,智慧無人集群異軍突起,開始強烈沖擊現代戰場。面對這些新情況新變化,應統籌運用集群編隊演算法、隊形控制演算法以及復雜場景優化演算法等,推動無人與有人組網通訊、智慧協同,促進情報鏈、指揮鏈、機動鏈、打擊鍊和保障鏈一體運轉,加快生成精確制敵綜合作戰能力。

數智驅動協同。逐層遞進指揮下的傳統作戰協同模式,已難以適應現代戰爭的多維度快節奏。未來戰爭,智能為要,數據為王。大數據、雲計算、人工智慧等深度融合,實現了對海量戰場數據的儲存、分析、融合和運用,從而使得指揮控制更加科學、作戰協同更有效率。透過強大的資源整合、計算處理和數據分析能力,可以快速融合戰場情報、實時感知戰場態勢、高效製定協同計劃、瞬時評估威脅等級,將預測作戰行動、解剖典型場景、布勢作戰力量和配置作戰資源一體統籌,從而全面提升指揮控制、火力打擊、綜合保障等方面的綜合質效,推動作戰協同革命性變革。

向多域聯動自主協同演進

未來戰爭,參戰力量複雜多元、武器裝備高低搭配、作戰方法混合運用,呈現作戰指揮智能動態分散、作戰力量智聯廣域部署、作戰任務智配動態區分等鮮明特徵。可以預見,多域聯動自主協同將成為作戰協同的重要組成。

體係自重塑協同。未來戰爭多域戰場空間虛實結合、多樣軍事行動交互作用,約束與協作隨機轉化,只有採取工程化、系統化的組織模式,才能適應龐雜的多域協同需求。這種協同模式,其實質是要形成體係自重塑協同的廣域全像支撐架構。具體來看,就是更突顯體係作戰理念,從整體上破解組織體系建構、制度機制設立、協同規則制訂等現實矛盾;更重視體系融合效應,從廣域上實現作戰單元超視距作戰、跨域協同作戰;更強調高效率靈活指揮,從諸維度細化指揮指揮、釐清指揮權責優化;這種協同模式一旦形成,無疑能夠針對作戰環境、作戰對手和作戰任務等,研判預測典型對抗態勢場景,動態選擇行動協同鏈路,一體規劃各領域作戰行動。

戰術自適應協同。近年來的局部戰爭沖突一再表明,由於作戰數據資訊向戰術層共享應用延伸,作戰協同的複雜性系統性呈指數級躍升。只有實現作戰數據資訊的高效處理、融合共享,才能保證作戰用戶間自適應、自主化協同。這種協同模式,更重視科學規劃、創新手段,形成全維覆蓋的通用戰場態勢圖,支持廣域分散部署的各級各類用戶間按級、越級、跨域共享協作,實現指揮要素、作戰單元共同感知戰場態勢,確保在統一的戰略意圖、戰役指導、協同計劃框架內自同步作戰。這種協同模式,更強調縱向貫通戰略、戰役、戰術,橫向融匯陸海空天電,在探測、預警、監視等方面提供強力資訊共享服務,依托資訊介質推動戰役級聯合向戰術級聯合延伸。這種協同模式,更加突出指揮運行、力量運用等的標準化運行,借助大數據、雲計算等前沿技術推動作戰指揮層級銜接、跨域聯動、要素交互、態勢共享,實現指揮系統、武器平台、傳感器間的智能化協同,落地落實以快製慢制勝關鍵。

優勢智互補協同。未來戰爭,太空、網路等領域作戰行動深度融入傳統戰場空間,要求對作戰全局實施更高標準更高要求的規劃設計。只有搞清各作戰域優勢互補關聯、投入成效比重,進而梳理出跨領域協同的運行關系,才能彌合領域作戰縫隙,實現多維戰場優勢互補。從本質上看,這也是戰爭效益觀的集中反映。從另一個視角來看,一場戰爭,當戰場局部優勢不明顯或暗藏危機時,透過在其他領域取得局部優勢予以彌補並達成綜合優勢,同樣可以實現整體制勝目的。未來資訊化智能化戰爭,這一點將體現得更為突出也更為復雜,要求針對軍事、政治、輿論、法理、心理、外交等領域綜合施策,相互借力充分釋放最大作戰效能;要求傳統力量、新質力量密切配合,依托網絡信息體系打造一體化作戰體系,通過優勢協同實現整體效能最大化。

向動態耦合自主協同變遷

人工智慧時代,伴隨資訊科技與武器裝備的深度變革,作戰行動更強調打散傳統力量編組、打通傳統平台功能、打破傳統攻防界限,透過動態耦合自主協同實現對作戰行動的全時動態可控。

動態聚點協同。未來戰爭敵我對抗更加激烈、戰場態勢更為多變,以往那種靜態粗放、按部就班的協同方式將難以適應。必須對作戰的關鍵節點給予高度關注,在緊盯整體態勢、錨定作戰任務、聚焦作戰目標的基礎上,審時度勢把握戰機,依據預定的協同規則,敏捷變換協同對象、靈活調整協同策略、自主協商協同行動。需要注意的是,這種基於關鍵作戰節點的協同方式,特別強調作戰力量跨越結構壁壘、有機聚合作戰效能,透過協同組織的彈性結構,自耦合自主化消解矛盾沖突、彌合作戰縫隙,促進作戰體系合力精準釋放。

動態調控協同。未來戰爭戰場態勢瞬息萬變,作戰進程往往難以依照預定作戰計畫推進,作戰行動有著極大的不確定性。在無形中,這也要求我們突破傳統作戰思維,緊盯戰場態勢變化對作戰進程實施即時靈活自主協同。這種協同方式,透過即時評估戰場態勢變化、敵方目標毀傷程度、作戰行動規模效益等,從而在力量投送、火力支援、綜合保障等方面實現快速指控、精準協同,始終把握戰場主動權。這種協同方式,要求依托智能輔助先進手段,快速切分作戰階段,預測作戰行動持續時間,研判作戰力量整體布勢,計算作戰行動資源分配,據此精準控制決策週期和作戰節奏,精準協調部隊行動和作戰進程,確保能夠有效應對作戰中的各種隨機性、不確定性。

動態響應協同。未來戰爭作戰機理變化莫測,非對稱作戰、混合賽局、體制湧現等的深層作用,使得預定作戰方案計劃在執行中必然遇到各類突發情況。為此,針對突發情況動態協同是解決上述矛盾問題的有效策略。這種協同方式,更強調依據不同情況動態調整協同行動。當局部戰場或局部行動出現突發情況,對作戰全局影響不大且時間充裕時,作戰體係自動響應,部分調整作戰部署和作戰行動,確保實現預期作戰目標。當戰場出現多個急緩並存情況且部分影響戰場態勢時,根據具體情況按照先急後緩原則動態即時協調作戰行動,推動戰局向著有利於我的方向發展。當戰局整體發展出現多個重大意外情況或出現未曾預想的變化時,按先主要方向、後次要方向的原則展開協同,快速生成新的協同處置措施,有效應對戰場各類突發情況。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16378145888.html

Exploring the Laws of Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare Design

探索中國軍事智慧戰爭設計規律

現代英語:

At present, with the widespread application of disruptive technology groups represented by artificial intelligence technology, the form of warfare is accelerating its evolution towards intelligence. Scientific planning and proactive design of intelligent warfare has become an issue of the times facing war preparation. To truly organize intelligent warfare design well, we must accurately grasp the characteristics and laws of intelligent warfare design, clarify its position and role in war planning and preparation, so as to better serve winning the war.

Focus on development and make reasonable foresight

Correct decisions come from correct judgments, and correct judgments come from scientific foresight for the future. Scientific prediction is the prerequisite for operational design, and operational design is the application of prediction results. Tomorrow’s war will not be a replica of today’s war, but its shadow can be found in today’s war. Therefore, the design of intelligent warfare should be based on a full assessment and scientific prediction of future war forms and ways to win, and the forms, styles, methods, and means of intelligent warfare should be predicted through today’s wars.

In a battlefield full of uncertainty and ambiguity, in order to make war design more realistic, we must focus on the development and changes of intelligent weapons and equipment of both sides in the future, the updating of combat theories, the development of combat capabilities, and the innovation of winning methods. We must make scientific and reasonable predictions, estimates, and analyses of the timing of launching intelligent warfare, scale and level, style and intensity, development process, outcome of war, and other various complex situations that may arise, and on this basis, make systematic concepts and advance plans.

Be proactive and prioritize shaping

Sun Tzu said, “Victorious troops first win and then seek battle.” Intelligent warfare design focuses on grasping the characteristics, laws, and development trends of war. Based on possible enemy situations, our own situations, and battlefield environment, it prioritizes creating a favorable situation, and strives to lead and control wars by studying, designing, and planning wars, so as to achieve the goal of deterring war and defeating the enemy without fighting.

The battlefield space of intelligent warfare is a multi-dimensional and multi-domain space that combines reality and virtuality, providing war designers with a stage to give full play to their intelligence, implement autonomy and creativity. As the initiative in initiating wars increases, the initiative and creativity in war design also increase accordingly. War designers can proactively design intelligent warfare based on future war forms. When designing it, we focus on both responding to current urgent threats and targeting future operations. To this end, we should firmly grasp the characteristics of the era of intelligent warfare design, take proactive actions, enhance the ability of active design and dynamic design in various links such as concepts, plans, and construction, take the initiative, fight proactively, ensure that we can always adapt to the rapid changes in the situation, make the war develop in the designed direction as much as possible, and strive for the initiative in war preparation.

Based on the existing situation, innovate and change

Intelligent warfare design is an original combination of the war designer’s cognitive concepts, cognitive levels, guiding ideas, and operational strategies. The courage to innovate is the soul of intelligent warfare design. To this end, the entire process, all fields, and aspects of intelligent warfare design should focus on innovation-led design.

Intelligent warfare design is a research based on the development predictions of intelligent warfare military theories, weapons and equipment, battlefield construction, etc. It is an expansion and innovation based on the existing situation. Due to the development and evolution of war forms, some combat methods that have been successful in history may become ineffective in intelligent warfare; and some unprecedented combat rules that are adapted to the combat theories and weapons and equipment of intelligent warfare need to be created. Intelligent warfare design understands, conceives and describes complex problems through critical and creative thinking, so as to help war designers more deeply understand and grasp the winning rules and guiding rules of intelligent warfare operations, discover the key points and deep-seated reasons that restrict the combat progress, and thus creatively propose solutions to the problems.

Various forms, eclectic

Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out in “On Protracted War”: “The ancients said that ‘the secret of applying the strategy lies in one’s heart’. We call this ‘secret’ flexibility, which is the product of a smart commander.”

The flexibility of intelligent warfare design is determined by the differences in combat operations and the variability, uncertainty and contingency of situations and tasks. Appropriate reasoning and decisions must be made based on different situations. War design methods are quite diverse and eclectic. Traditional research and prediction methods include Markov method, Delphi method, brainstorming method, scenario analysis method, etc. When designing intelligent warfare, we should combine it with actual combat research and flexibly adopt different methods. At present, with the widespread application of cloud computing, big data and other technologies in the military field, computer simulation, modeling and simulation, war game confrontation and other methods are increasingly becoming important forms of combat exercises and confrontation simulation training, and are also commonly used methods in intelligent warfare design.

Reverse thinking, strategic confrontation

War is a confrontation between the comprehensive strength of two hostile parties, but also a confrontation between the strategies and wisdom of the commanders of both sides. Antagonism is one of the basic characteristics of intelligent warfare design, and it is also the main feature that distinguishes warfare design from design activities in other fields.

The main object of intelligent warfare design is the combat activities carried out by the hostile parties on the battlefield. These activities are “live” confrontation actions between people, supported by information-based intelligent weapons and equipment and technical means. They are inseparable from the battle of wits and courage between the war designers of the hostile parties. Therefore, designers of intelligent warfare must not only be familiar with their own situation, but also stand in the opponent’s position and think from the opponent’s perspective about how the intelligent warfare will start, control, and end, and what specific combat actions will be taken to organize and implement it. Before the war, they must conduct a comprehensive analysis and prediction of various situations that may arise during the implementation of the combat, and then propose effective countermeasures. Only in this way can the designed war be targeted and can they take the initiative in confrontational combat activities.

Multi-domain linkage, comprehensive system

Intelligent warfare design is a complex systematic project involving various fields such as military, politics, diplomacy, and economy. The specific methods involve knowledge from many disciplines such as military science, political science, and operations research. The battlefield involves multi-dimensional spaces such as land, sea, air, space, and power grids.

Intelligent warfare design is neither a simple listing of all war-related content nor specific planning and preparation for an impending war. Rather, it is an all-round, full-system, and full-element conception and design of the content covered by intelligent warfare in a certain period of time in the future. In terms of content, it includes the combat scenarios, combat objectives, combat scale, combat direction, battlefield environment, possible combat styles, combat methods, etc. of intelligent warfare; in terms of time, it is the whole process from the time when the war designers conceive or plan the operation to the planning, preparation, implementation, and end of the operation. To design intelligent warfare, we must not only conduct in-depth research on the characteristics, laws and winning mechanisms of intelligent warfare, study the situation of combat opponents, the war environment, and weapons and equipment; we must also study many scientific fields such as war science, system science, and modern engineering science, and predict the impact of scientific and technological development on future wars and operations, so that we can scientifically design the combat theories and processes of intelligent warfare.

Overall planning, multiple case selection

Clausewitz said: “War is the kingdom of uncertainty, and three-quarters of the factors on which war depends are more or less surrounded by a fog of uncertainty.”

Intelligent warfare design is a general plan and conception of intelligent warfare operations. It is a creative thinking activity based on the wisdom and strategy of the designer, and is imaginative and challenging. The design of intelligent warfare only knows the approximate area and method of launching an operation, but there is no specific clarification on the scale and action style of the participating forces. The combat objectives and combat indicators are not specific. It is necessary to make rough plans and bold assumptions about the combat objectives, scale, action style, etc. of intelligent warfare based on the tasks undertaken and the threats faced in peacetime, and on the basis of comprehensive analysis and prediction, without sticking to the existing stereotyped thinking. The objectives and scale of intelligent warfare operations can be large or small, and the action composition can be flexible and diverse. The design results of intelligent warfare should include multiple cases coexisting, multiple cases being compared, and multiple methods being demonstrated to enhance the pertinence and reliability of the results.

Iterative development, rolling improvement

Intelligent warfare design is a long-term and complex system engineering project, which cannot be achieved overnight or once and for all. The probability of war itself, the uncertainty of factors affecting victory or defeat, and the complexity of confrontation in intelligent warfare combat systems all determine the complexity and variability of intelligent warfare design. At the same time, when designing the opponent, one is also being designed by the opponent. Any negligence or carelessness may lead to a complete loss in one wrong move. It is not easy to carry out accurate war design.

With the continuous development of science and technology, the continuous evolution of war forms, and the ever-changing strategic threats and security environment faced in the future, intelligent warfare design should also keep pace with the development of the situation and tasks, and pay more attention to iterative development and design. In line with this, various operational concepts, operational plans, operational regulations, etc. should also be revised in a timely manner, continuously updated, and improved to adapt to the ever-changing new situations.

現代國語:

探尋智慧化戰爭設計規律

■陳建社

引言

當前,隨著以人工智慧技術為代表的顛覆性技術群的廣泛運用,戰爭形態加速向智能化演進,科學籌劃並主動設計智能化戰爭成為戰爭準備面臨的時代課題。要真正組織好智慧化戰爭設計,就要準確把握智慧化戰爭設計的特點規律,弄清楚其在戰爭籌劃和準備中的地位作用,從而更好地為打贏戰爭服務。

著眼發展,合理預見

正確的決策來源於正確的判斷,而正確的判斷來源於對未來所做的科學預見。科學預測是作戰設計的前提,作戰設計是預測結果的運用。明天的戰爭,不會是今天戰爭的翻版,卻可以在今天的戰爭中找到影子。因此,進行智慧化戰爭設計,應以對未來戰爭形態和製勝方式的充分研判和科學預測為前提,通過今天的戰爭預測智能化戰爭的形態、樣式、方法、手段等。

在充滿不確定性和模糊性的戰場上,要使戰爭設計更加符合實際,就要著眼未來一個時期敵我雙方智能化武器裝備的發展變化、作戰理論的更新、作戰能力的發展、制勝途徑的創新等因素,對智能化戰爭的發起時機、規模層次、樣式烈度、發展進程、戰爭結局和其他可能出現的各種復雜情況,進行科學合理預測、此構想等,

積極主動,優先塑造

孫子曰:「勝兵先勝而後求戰。」智能化戰爭設計著眼於把握戰爭的特點、規律和發展趨勢,基於可能的敵情、我情和戰場環境,優先塑造有利態勢,力爭通過研究戰爭、設計戰爭、謀劃戰爭,從而主導和控制戰爭,達到以止止戰、不戰而屈懾人之兵的目的。

智慧化戰爭的戰場空間是現實和虛擬結合的多維多域空間,為戰爭設計者提供了一個充分發揮聰明才智、實施自主與創造的舞台。戰爭發起的主動性增強,戰爭設計的主動性、創造性也隨之提升,戰爭設計者可根據未來的戰爭形態,主動對智慧化戰爭進行超前設計。設計時,既注重應對當前緊迫威脅,也著重於瞄準未來作戰。為此,應緊緊把準智慧化戰爭設計的時代特徵,積極主動作為,在概念、預案、建設等各個環節,增強主動設計、動態設計能力,下好先手棋,打好主動仗,確保始終適應情況的快速變化,盡可能使戰爭按照所設計的方向發展,爭取戰爭準備的主動。

立足現有,創新求變

智慧化戰爭設計是對戰爭設計者認識理念、認知層次、指導思想、運籌謀略等的原創性組合,勇於創新是智慧化戰爭設計的靈魂。為此,智慧化戰爭設計全過程、諸領域、各方面都應著重以創新引領設計。

智慧化戰爭設計是建立在對智慧化戰爭軍事理論、武器裝備、戰場建設等發展預測基礎上的研究,是在立足現有情況基礎之上的拓展創新。由於戰爭形態的發展演進,一些歷史上曾經成功的作戰方法,在智能化戰爭中可能會失效;而一些前所未有,適應智能化戰爭作戰理論和武器裝備的戰法則需要被創造出來。智慧化戰爭設計透過批判性和創造性思維,理解、構想和描述復雜問題,以幫助戰爭設計者更深入地理解把握智能化戰爭作戰的製勝規律和指導規律,發現制約作戰進程的關鍵點及深層原因,從而創造性地提出解決問題的辦法。

形式多樣,不拘一格

毛澤東同志在《論持久戰》中指出:“古人所謂‘運用之妙,存乎一心’,這個‘妙’,我們叫做靈活性,這是聰明的指揮員的出產品。”

智慧化戰爭設計的靈活性,是由作戰行動的差異性以及形勢任務的變化性、不確定性和偶然性決定的,要根據不同的情況進行相應的推理和決斷。戰爭設計方法比較多樣,不拘一格,傳統的研究預測方法有馬爾可夫法、德爾菲法、頭腦​​風暴法、情境分析法等。進行智慧化戰爭設計時,應結合作戰研究實際,靈活採用不同的方法。當前,隨著雲計算、大數據等技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用,計算機模擬、建模模擬、兵棋對抗等方法,正日益成為作戰演習及對抗模擬訓練的重要形式,也是智能化戰爭設計普遍採用的方法。

逆向思維,謀略對抗

戰爭是敵對雙方綜合實力的對抗,更是雙方指揮員謀略和智慧的對抗。對抗性是智慧化戰爭設計的基本特點之一,也是戰爭設計區別於其他領域設計活動的主要特徵。

智慧化戰爭設計的主要對象,是敵對雙方在戰場上進行的作戰活動,這些活動是人與人之間,在資訊化智慧化武器裝備及技術手段支撐下「活」的對抗行動,是與敵對雙方戰爭設計者的鬥智鬥勇分不開的。因此,智慧化戰爭設計者不僅要熟悉掌握己方情況,還要站在對手的立場,從對手的角度來思考智能化戰爭會以什麼樣的方式開局、控局、收局,會具體採取什麼樣式的作戰行動來組織實施,要在戰前對作戰實施過程中可能出現的各種情況進行全面分析預測,進而提出有效的對策措施,這樣主動設計的戰爭才有針對性,也能在戰鬥中掌握戰爭的活動中才有針對性。

多域聯動,系統全面

智慧化戰爭設計是一項複雜的系統性工程,涉及軍事、政治、外交、經濟等各個領域,具體方法涉及軍事學、政治學、運籌學等諸多學科領域知識,戰場涉及陸海空天電網等多維空間。

智慧化戰爭設計既不是簡單羅列與戰爭相關的所有內容,也不是對即將發生的戰爭進行具體籌劃和準備,而是對未來一定時期智能化戰爭所涵蓋內容的全方位、全系統、全要素構想和設計。從內容上講,包括智慧化戰爭的作戰場景、作戰目的、作戰規模、作戰方向、戰場環境、可能採取的作戰樣式、作戰方法等;從時間上講,是從戰爭設計者構思或謀劃作戰開始,一直到作戰籌劃、作戰準備、作戰實施、作戰結束的全過程。進行智慧化戰爭設計,不僅要深入研究智能化戰爭的特點、規律和製勝機理,研究作戰對手情況、戰爭環境情況、武器裝備情況;而且要研究戰爭科學、系統科學和現代工程科學等眾多科學領域,並要預測科學技術發展對未來戰爭和作戰的影響,進而對智能化戰爭的作戰理論、作戰進程等進行科學設計。

概略謀劃,多案優選

克勞塞維茨說:“戰爭是不確定性的王國,戰爭所依據的四分之三的因素或多或少地被不確定性的迷霧包圍著。”

智慧化戰爭設計是對智慧化戰爭作戰的概略性籌劃與設想,是建立在設計者智慧與謀略基礎之上的一種創造性思維活動,富有想像力與挑戰力。智慧化戰爭設計只知道作戰發起的概略區域和方式,但對參戰力量的規模、行動樣式等沒有具體明確,作戰目標和作戰指標都不具體,需要根據平時所擔負的任務和麵臨的威脅,在綜合分析預測的基礎上,對智能化戰爭的作戰目的、作戰規模、行動樣式等進行略籌和設想,不拘化和設想,不拘化思維,不拘化思維。智能化戰爭作戰目的和規模可大可小,行動構成靈活多樣,智能化戰爭設計結果應多案並存、多案對比、多法論證,增強結果的針對性和可靠性。

迭代開發,滾動完善

智慧化戰爭設計是一項長期的複雜系統工程,不是一蹴可幾、一勞永逸的事。戰爭本身的蓋然性和勝負影響因素的不確定性以及智能化戰爭作戰體系對抗的複雜性等,都決定了智能化戰爭設計的復雜多變。與此同時,己方在設計對手時,也在被對手設計,任何疏忽或大意都可能導致一著不慎,滿盤皆輸,進行準確的戰爭設計絕非易事。

隨著科學技術的不斷發展、戰爭形態的不斷演變,以及未來面臨的戰略威脅和安全環境的不斷變化,智慧化戰爭設計也應隨著形勢任務的發展而與時俱進,更加註重迭代開發設計。與之相適應,各種作戰構想、作戰概念、作戰預案、作戰條令等也應適時修訂,不斷更新、滾動完善,以適應不斷發展變化的新情況。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/1634673288.html

Chinese Military Era of Intelligent Integration Calls for Smart Transformation Training

中国军事智能化时代呼唤智能转型训练

現代英語:

At present, the new military is exciting the rapid development of scientific and technological revolution and revolution. Revolutionary technologies represented by artificial intelligence promote the transformation of war forms to intelligent warfare with artificial intelligence. Winning intelligent warfare has gradually become the focus of military competition among powerful countries. Military training, as a pre-practice of military warfare, should promptly mark new goals, realize the transformation to “intelligence”, accelerate “intelligence” training, continuously improve the military science and technology level and “intelligence content”, and comprehensively upgrade combat capabilities to accelerate generation.

Keep up with the changes in the form of war and upgrade the concept of transformation

As the scale of the military and the number of equipment are no longer the key to victory in war, upgrading war thinking and training concepts is imperative. We should take a more proactive attitude and a more open vision, keep up with the trend of focus development, and strive to create a new thinking for military victory.

Grasp the inherent cause and effect of intelligent manufacturing victory. The winning chart is a manifestation of the inherent laws of war. Driven by the intelligent revolution, driven by strategic competition, and driven by war practice, the advantages of information-generated intelligence and intelligence-enabled are increasingly evident, reflected in various links such as actuarial and joint systems. A certain flow chart, it can be said that the higher the “intelligence”, the higher the quality level of combat and training can be. Therefore, further training thinking remains at the mechanization level. We should use the courage of self-revolution to trigger a “headache storm”, upgrade standardized combat, strengthen the theoretical research of standardized training, and use “intelligence” soldiers to deal with mechanized, informationized, and standardized combat issues, organically connect with fighting, design wars with technology, and practice wars with intelligent means, so as to clarify the fog of war.

At present, the military implements training mobilization with a focus on transformation, trying to further widen the generation gap in combat power with other countries’ armies. Once the generation gap in the military is widened, it will be difficult to recover. If you can’t keep up with it, you may be completely controlled by others. Only by keeping an eye on the opponent can you surpass the opponent. We must stand out in military training, and improve the level of military transformation and non-target combat capabilities in training.

Strengthen the target positioning of science and technology empowerment. Science and technology are the core combat power. Driven by science and technology, the combat effectiveness has leaped from mechanical energy type and information energy type to type. Traditional siege-style large-scale troop operations are gradually withdrawing from the historical stage, and the cutting-edge competition in high-end and emerging fields is becoming increasingly fierce. If military training does not improve its scientific and technological armament, it will only be at the forefront of low-level intelligence. Therefore, we should firmly establish the goal of winning by science and technology, firmly grasp the “life gate” and “key point” of winning future wars, greatly improve the connotation of military science and technology, increase the practical application of new means such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and big data, unveil the mysterious veil of focusing on war, and control the initiative of future wars.

Keep up with the changes in scientific and technological development and build strong conditions for automation transformation

Automation training conditions are the basic training support for organizing and implementing automation training, and are directly related to the quality and effectiveness of automation training. To build an automated training environment, we need to focus on the development of intelligent concepts, intelligent technology, and automated operations, and continue to work hard in building environments, innovating training methods, and cultivating new talents.

Construct a battlefield environment. Modified operations, training space is more convenient, the field is wider, and the methods are more diverse. The battlefield environment construction under easy mechanization and information conditions can no longer support the needs of modified training. We should highlight the elite confrontation, rapid confrontation, and linkage confrontation supported by the modification conditions, tap into the existing existing training equipment and field functions, strengthen the application of technologies such as big data analysis, smart wearable devices, and machine “deep learning”, and effectively integrate various fields such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and network. For example, digital maps, virtual reality and other technologies are used to simulate and display visualized three-dimensional landforms, weather and complex combat scenes, and build rich and rich combat scenes.

Develop advanced training methods. Advanced training methods help improve training results. Transformation of military training should transform the key factor of “data-centric” and transform the latest scientific and technological achievements into training conditions. We should focus on strengthening data linkage and integration to form a “pool” covering strategy, campaign, and tactics, and immediately command organizations to end individual soldiers; develop data intelligent analysis tools, use training cloud computing, artificial intelligence and other advanced technologies to integrate and mine data operations; develop intelligent training systems, increase the construction of simulation methods such as simulation, war game confrontation, network confrontation, and intelligent judgment, and overall promote the transformation and upgrading of military methods to “technology +” and “intelligence +”.

Cultivate new military talents. No matter how the war evolves, people are always the real controllers and final decision-makers of war. The quality of the standardization level of military personnel must determine the quality of customized training. To win the information-based local war with standardized characteristics, we should accurately meet the future military needs, strengthen the transformation of traditional combat talents, make good use of the power resources of “technology +”, “maker +” and “think tank +”, promote the integrated development of “commanders”, “combatants” and “scientists” and “technologists”, form a professional and standardized new military talent group, and realize the intelligent interaction between people and equipment, the deep integration of people and environment, and the extensive adaptation of people and environment.

At present, the world’s major military powers attach great importance to the development of intelligent equipment. New equipment such as unmanned “swarms” and unmanned submarines are emerging in an endless stream. On the one hand, they support standardized military training, and on the other hand, they are constantly tested and improved. To this end, we should make full use of the war-building and preparation strengthening mechanism, vigorously promote the “+ intelligence” of existing equipment and the “intelligence +” construction of the new generation of equipment, adhere to the research, construction, use and modification, break through the customization level of weapon upgrades and equipment through training practice, and finally make efforts to achieve a multiplier effect. The entire weapon equipment goes from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence” to better support standardized military training.

Keep up with the changes in war practice and innovate customized training models

The military style training model has been developed many times and has moved from theoretical exploration to battlefield practice. In recent local wars, standardized operations have begun to show their edge, and thus have shown the potential to change the “rules of the game” of war. The combat style has changed, and the training model must also change accordingly and actively change. We must keep a close eye on the characteristics of war, innovate military training models, and fully rehearse the next war in military training.

We must base ourselves on the basic point of fighting high-end wars with strong enemies, highlight the essence of breaking high-end wars, continue to deepen research on strong enemies, and use the development of new combat concepts and training theories as a starting point to clarify the laws of war development and key points for winning. Predict future wars and design combat styles from the perspective of intelligence and innovation to study the unique and wonderful ways to defeat the enemy. Emphasize key actions such as joint anti-missile defense, organize strategic and campaign training tactics to defeat the enemy with disadvantages, organize non-combat training to win, and organize training to fight against new domains such as the far sea and the far domain. Seize the high position of future wars in innovative training and form a combat capability of “superior intelligence” and “superior skills” against powerful enemies.

Emphasize the research and training of new quality forces. The transformation of war from winning by force and equipment to winning by intelligence has made new combat forces a new growth pole of combat effectiveness. According to information, the US military plans to standardize 60% of ground combat platforms by 2030, and the Russian army expects that more than 30% of key weapons and equipment will be used in the battlefield by 2025. As the army’s new equipment with intelligent attributes increases, it is necessary to take the path of actual combat training with new combat forces as the leading element, highlight the formation and combat use of new combat forces, carry out training methods and tactics that are compatible with the new domain combat concept and victory, strengthen new styles of training such as unmanned combat, promote the combat system of new combat forces, and make new combat power resources move and come alive.

Highlight intelligent command research and training. How to change the form of war and command, ability is always the key ability to win the battle. As the degree of war continues to increase, planning and commanding based on experience and personal wisdom alone can no longer adapt to any rapidly changing battlefield situation. Artificial intelligence decision-making training has become an inevitable trend to improve the efficiency of combat mission planning, planning, command and control. Commanders and command organizations are the key to the system of operations. We need to make breakthroughs in the scientificity, accuracy and timeliness of command planning. We rely on new technologies such as “big data” and “artificial intelligence algorithms” and new means such as “engineering” and “one network” to promote the upgrade of command planning from “human intelligence” training to “human intelligence + intelligence” training. We can judge the enemy situation, establish plans and determine actions in the process of actuarial calculations, so as to achieve the goal of defeating the slow with the fast and taking the lead.

(Author’s unit: Central Theater Command)

現代國語:

曾海清

引言

目前,新軍事激動科技革命和革命快速發展,以人工智慧為代表的革命性技術,以人工智慧推動戰爭形態向智慧化戰爭轉型,打贏智慧化戰爭逐漸成為強國軍事競爭的焦點。軍事訓練作為軍事戰爭的預實踐,應及時邁開標記新目標,實現向“智”轉型、正加速“智”練兵,不斷提高軍事科技度和“含智量”,全面升級作戰能力加速生成。

緊跟形態戰爭之變,升級改造概念

隨著軍事規模、裝備數量已不再是戰爭決定制勝的關鍵,升級戰爭思想和訓練理念勢必行。我們當以更主動的姿態、更開放的視野,緊跟著焦點發展趨勢,全力打造軍事制勝新思維。

把握智能製造勝的內在因果關係。制勝圖表是戰爭內在規律的表現。在智慧革命驅動下、戰略競爭推動下、戰爭實踐牽引下,資訊生智、以智賦能的優勢日益顯現,體現在精算、聯合體係等各個環節。一定的流程圖,可以說「智」有多高,戰與訓的品質水準就能夠達到多高。所以,進一步訓練思維停留在機械化層面應該以自我革命的勇氣來引發“頭痛風暴”,升級標準化作戰,加強標準化訓練理論研究,以“智”兵練處理機械化、信息化、標準化作戰問題,把和打仗有機銜接起來,用技術設計戰爭,用智能手段演練戰爭,從而輪廓清晰化戰爭的迷霧。

目前,軍事實施以轉型為重點的訓練動員,試圖進一步拉大與其他國家軍隊的戰力代差。軍事上的代差一旦拉開將很難追回,一步跟不上就可能徹底受制於人,只有盯緊對手才可能超越對手。要向強在軍事訓練中突出出來,在練兵中提高軍事轉型水準和非目標作戰能力。

強化科技賦能的目標定位。科技是核心戰鬥力。在科技驅動下,戰鬥力形態已從機械能型、資訊能型向型躍升,傳統攻城略地式大兵團作戰正逐步退出歷史舞台,高端、新興領域的尖端量日益激烈。軍事訓練若不提高科技武裝,將只能在低層次智能外圍前沿,很為此,應樹牢科技制勝目標,緊緊抓住科技創新這一制勝未來戰爭的“命門”和“要穴”,大幅提高軍事科技內涵,加大人工智能、雲計算、大數據等新手段的實踐運用,揭開聚焦戰爭的神秘面紗,加大人工智能、雲計算、大數據等新手段的實踐運用,揭開聚焦戰爭的神秘面紗,掌控未來行動權。

緊跟科技發展之變,建強自動化改造條件

自動化訓練條件是組織實施自動化訓練的基礎訓練支撐,直接關係自動化訓練品質。建構自動化訓練條件環境,需要我們緊緊圍繞智慧理念、智慧科技和自動化作戰的發展,在建構環境、創新訓練手段、培育新型人才等方面持續發力。

構設戰場環境。 改裝作戰,訓練空間更加便利、領域更廣泛、方式更加多元,易機械化資訊化條件下的戰場環境構設已無法支撐改裝訓練需求。應突顯改裝條件支撐下的精兵對抗、快速對抗、連動對抗,挖掘充分現有的訓練裝置和現場功能,加強大數據分析、智慧穿戴裝置、機器「深度學習」等技術應用,把陸、海、空、天、電、網等各領域有效融合起來,例如利用數位地圖、虛擬實境等技術模擬顯示可視化的內涵地貌、天誌場景,建構內

開發先進訓練手段。先進的訓練手段,有助於提升訓練成果。轉型軍事訓練應轉變「以數據為中心」這一關鍵因素,將最新科技成果轉化為訓練條件。應著重加強資料連動融合,形成覆蓋戰略、戰役、戰術,立即指揮機構走向終結單兵的「池」;開發資料智慧分析工具,藉助訓練雲運算、人工智慧等先進技術,整合挖掘資料作戰;開發智慧演訓系統,加大模擬模擬、兵棋對抗、網路對抗、智慧判決等模擬手段,整體軍事模擬向「科技+升級」「智慧手段」。

培養新型軍事人才。無論戰爭形態如何演變,人始終是戰爭的真正控制者和最終決策者。軍事人員標準化水準的優劣,一定編程了客製化訓練的品質效果。要打贏具有標準化特徵的資訊化局部戰爭,應精準對接未來軍事需求,加強傳統作戰力人才轉型,用好「科技+」「創客+」「智庫+」力量資源,推動「指揮官」「戰鬥員」與「科學家」「技術家」融合發展,形成專業化、標準化的新型軍事人才群體,實現人與裝備智能、人與深度融合。

目前,世界主要軍事強國都高度重視智慧裝備發展,無人「蜂群」、無人潛航器等新裝備層出不窮,一方面支撐標準化軍事訓練,一方面又在不斷檢驗完善。為此,應充分用好戰建備強化機制,大力推進現有裝備“+智能”和新一代裝備“智能+”建設,堅持邊研邊建邊用邊改,以訓練實踐突破武器升級裝備定制水平,最終發力實現倍增效應,整個武器裝備從“弱智”到“強智”再到“超智”的時間軸,更好地支撐標準化軍事訓練。

緊跟戰爭實踐之變,創新客製化訓練模式

軍事樣式訓練模式經過多次發展,從理論探索走向戰場實踐。近年來的局部戰爭中,標準化作戰已初露鋒芒,並由此顯現出改變戰爭「遊戲規則」決定的潛力。作戰樣式變了,訓練模式也要隨之變、主動變。要盯緊戰爭特點,創新軍事訓練模式,在軍事訓練中充分預演下一場戰爭。

要立強敵打高端戰爭這個基點,突顯破解高端戰爭本質,持續深化強敵研究,以開發新型作戰概念和訓練理論為抓手,搞清戰爭發展規律和製勝要點。從的視角預判未來戰爭、設計作戰風格,智創新研究克敵制勝的奇招、妙招要突出聯合反導等關鍵行動,瞄準強敵組織以劣勢勝優的戰略戰役訓練戰術,瞄準勝勝組織非謀求制衡實戰訓練,瞄準全域組織對抗遠海域等新域延伸訓練,在創新運動中搶奪制衡實戰訓練,瞄準全球組織對抗遠海域等新域延伸訓練,在創新訓練中佔高優勢訓練中佔未來的高超能力。

突顯新質力量研練。戰爭從力勝、器勝到智勝的轉變,使得新型作戰力量成為戰鬥力新的成長極。根據資料介紹,美軍計畫在2030年達到60%地面作戰平台標準化,俄軍預計2025年重點武器裝備戰場將超過30%。隨著軍隊具有智慧屬性的新裝備增多,要走開以新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化練兵路子,突顯新質作戰力量編成、作戰運用,開展與新域作戰理念、制勝相適應的訓法戰法,加強無人作戰等新樣式訓練,推動新質作戰力量作戰體系,讓新質戰鬥力資源動起來、活起來。

突顯智能指揮研練。戰爭形態如何轉變指揮,能力始終是能打勝仗的關鍵能力。隨著戰爭程度不斷提高,僅憑經驗和個人智慧進行規劃和指揮已不能適應任何瞬息萬變的戰場局勢,人工智慧決策訓練已成為提升作戰任務規劃、規劃、指揮控制效率的必然趨勢。指揮員和指揮機構這一體係作戰關鍵,在指揮謀劃科學性、精確性、時效性上求突破,依托「大數據」「人工智慧演算法」新技術和「工程化」「一張網」新手段,推動指揮謀劃由「人智」訓練向「人智+機智」訓練升級,在精算學、先定階段中求敵情、先定階段。

(作者單位:中部戰區)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/xxqj_207719/xxjt/ll/1017241088.html?

China’s Military Meeting Challenges of Intelligent Warfare with New Concepts

中國軍隊以新概念應對智慧化戰爭挑戰

現代英語:

Preface

The breakthrough achievements of artificial intelligence technology marked by deep learning and its application in various fields have pushed intelligence to a new high in the global wave and become the focus of attention from all parties. In the military field, which has never been willing to lag behind in technological innovation and application, a new revolution is also being actively nurtured. We must accurately grasp the evolution of intelligent warfare and analyze the inner essence of intelligent warfare in order to welcome and control intelligent warfare with a brand new look.

How far are we from intelligent warfare?

Intelligent warfare is a war that is mainly supported by artificial intelligence technology. It has been the dream of people for thousands of years to endow weapon platforms with human intelligence and replace humans in the battlefield. With the powerful impact brought to the world by artificial intelligence systems represented by AlphaGo and Atlas, and the emergence of new combat concepts and new platforms such as swarm warfare and flying aircraft carriers, the door to intelligent warfare seems to be quietly opening.

The law of historical development indicates that intelligent warfare will inevitably enter the battlefield. The progress of science and technology promotes the evolution of weapons and equipment, triggers fundamental changes in military organization, combat methods and military theories, and ultimately forcibly promotes historical changes in the form of war. The arrival of intelligent warfare also conforms to this inevitable law of historical development. Looking back at the evolution of human warfare, every major progress in science and technology has promoted major changes in the military. The invention of black powder has made human warfare evolve to the era of hot weapons. Infantry and cavalry formations were completely wiped out under the line-of-gun warfare. The use of steam engines in the military has made human warfare evolve to the mechanized era, and has further given rise to large-scale mechanized warfare led by armored ships, tanks, and airplanes. The emergence and application of intelligent technology will profoundly change human cognition, war thinking, and combat methods, and once again set off major changes in the military. Intelligent warfare will inevitably enter the war stage.

The development of artificial intelligence technology determines the pace of intelligent warfare. The continuous development and widespread application of artificial intelligence technology have pushed intelligent warfare from chaos to reality. It has begun to sprout, grow gradually, and come to us step by step. To truly enter intelligent warfare, artificial intelligence technology needs to reach four levels. The first level is computational intelligence, which means breaking through the limitations of computing power and storage space to achieve near-real-time computing power and storage capacity, which is far beyond the reach of large computers and huge servers. The widespread application of cloud computing has steadily brought humans to the first level. The second level is perceptual intelligence, which means that the machine can understand what it hears, see what it sees, distinguish what is true, and recognize what it knows clearly, and can communicate directly with people. Natural language understanding, image and graphic recognition, and biometric recognition technologies based on big data have allowed humans to reach the second level. The third level is cognitive intelligence, which means that the machine can understand human thinking, think and reason like humans, and make judgments and decisions like humans. Knowledge mining, knowledge graphs, artificial neural networks, and decision tree technologies driven by deep learning algorithms have allowed humans to strive to move towards the third level. The fourth stage is human-machine fusion enhanced intelligence, which is to combine the perception, reasoning, induction, and learning that humans are good at with the search, calculation, storage, and optimization that machines are good at, to complement each other’s advantages and interact in a two-way closed loop. Virtual reality enhancement technology, brain-like cognitive technology, and brain-like neural network technology are exploring how humans can move towards the fourth stage. When humans stepped onto the second stage, intelligent warfare began to approach us; when we step onto the fourth stage, the era of intelligent warfare will be fully opened.

Self-learning growth accelerates the sudden arrival of intelligent warfare changes. The ability to “learn” is the core ability of artificial intelligence. Once a machine can learn by itself, its learning speed is amazing. Once a machine has the ability to self-learn, it will enter a rapid growth track of “improving intelligence and accelerating evolution” repeatedly. All technical difficulties in the direction of intelligent warfare will be solved as “learning” deepens. The era of intelligent warfare is likely to arrive suddenly in a way that people can’t imagine!

What will intelligent warfare change?

Intelligent warfare will break through the limits of traditional time and space cognition. In intelligent warfare, artificial intelligence technology can collect, calculate, and push all kinds of action information of all forces in combat in real time and in all domains, enabling humans to break through the logical limits of thinking, the physiological limits of senses, and the physical limits of existence, greatly improving the scope of cognition of time and space, and being able to accurately control all actions of all forces in real time, and to achieve rapid jump, gathering, and attack of superior combat resources in multi-dimensional space and multi-dimensional domains. Any space at any time may become a time and space point for winning the war.

Intelligent warfare will reconstruct the relationship between humans and weapons and equipment. With the rapid advancement of intelligent technology and the continuous improvement of the level of intelligence, weapon platforms and combat systems can not only passively and mechanically execute human instructions, but also can, based on deep understanding and deep prediction, super-amplify through the calculation, storage, and query that machines are good at, so as to autonomously and actively perform specific tasks in a certain sense. It can be said that weapon platforms and combat systems can also actively exert human consciousness to a certain extent, even beyond the scope of human cognition, and complete combat tasks autonomously and even creatively according to specific procedures. The distinction between humans and weapons and equipment in the traditional sense has become blurred, and it is even difficult to distinguish whether it is humans or machines that are playing a role. People exclaimed that “humans and weapons and equipment will become a partnership.” Therefore, in intelligent warfare, although humans are still the most important factor in combat effectiveness, the change in the way humans and weapons and equipment are combined has enriched the connotation of combat effectiveness, and the traditional relationship between humans and weapons and equipment will also be reconstructed on this basis.

Intelligent warfare will give rise to the emergence of new combat methods. The epoch-making progress of science and technology will inevitably bring about revolutionary changes in combat methods; major progress in intelligent technology will inevitably bring about an active period of change in combat methods. On the one hand, the continuous emergence of new technologies in the fields of deep cognition, deep learning, deep neural network, etc. driven by computing, data, algorithms, and biology, as well as the cross-integration of achievements in the fields of information, biology, medicine, engineering, manufacturing, etc., will inevitably promote the emergence of new combat methods. On the other hand, the fierce confrontation between intelligent weapon platforms and combat systems will inevitably become the goal and driving force of innovative combat methods. In war, the more intelligent the parts are, the more they become the focus of confrontation. The differences in advantages in terms of space-time cognitive limits, massive information storage and computing capabilities, and neural network organization generation capabilities will bring about new areas of “blinding”, “deafening”, and “paralyzing” combat methods.

Intelligent warfare will incubate a completely new command and control method. The advantages of command and control are the focus of attention in the field of warfare, and intelligent warfare calls for a completely new command and control method. First, human-machine collaborative decision-making has become the main command and decision-making method in intelligent warfare. In previous wars, command and decision-making were all led by commanders, with technical means as auxiliary decision-making. In intelligent warfare, intelligent auxiliary decision-making systems will actively urge or urge commanders to make decisions based on new battlefield situation changes. This is because in the face of massive and rapidly changing battlefield situation information data, the human brain can no longer quickly accommodate and efficiently process it, and human senses can no longer withstand the extraordinary speed of change. In this case, decisions made solely by commanders are likely to be late and useless. Only human-machine collaborative decision-making driven by intelligent decision-making assistance systems can make up for the time and space differences and the machine-computer differences and ensure the command decision-making advantage. Second, brain neural control has become the main command control method in intelligent warfare. In previous wars, commanders issued commands to command and control troops step by step through documents, radios, and telephones in the form of documents or voice. In intelligent warfare, commanders use intelligent brain-like neurons to issue commands to troops through the neural network combat system platform, which reduces the conversion process of command expression forms, shortens the conversion time of commands across media, and is faster and more efficient. When the combat system platform is partially damaged by an attack, this command and control method can autonomously repair or reconstruct the neural network, quickly restore the main function or even all functions, and have stronger anti-attack capabilities.

How should we prepare for intelligent warfare?

In the research and exploration of intelligent warfare, we must not be content to lag behind, but must aim to win future wars and meet the challenges of intelligent warfare with a more proactive attitude, advanced concepts, and positive actions.

Use breakthroughs in intelligent technology to promote the leap in the effectiveness of intelligent combat systems. Although the development of intelligent technology has made great progress in neural network algorithms, intelligent sensing and networking technology, data mining technology, knowledge graph technology, etc., it is still in the weak intelligence stage overall and is far from reaching the advanced stage of strong intelligence. There is still broad room for development in the future. We must strengthen basic research on artificial intelligence, follow the laws of scientific and technological development, scientifically plan the direction of intelligent technology development, select technical breakthroughs, and strengthen key core technologies of artificial intelligence, especially basic research that plays a supporting role. Highlight research on key military technologies. Guided by military needs, we will develop intelligent reconnaissance and perception systems, command and control systems, weapon equipment systems, combat support systems and other weapons and equipment around key military technologies such as intelligent perception, intelligent decision-making, intelligent control, intelligent strike, and intelligent support. We will focus on military-civilian scientific and technological collaborative innovation, give full play to the advantages of civilian intelligent technology development, rely on the superior resources of the military and the local area, strengthen military-civilian strategic cooperation, build a service platform for the joint research and sharing of artificial intelligence scientific and technological achievements, the joint construction and sharing of conditions and facilities, and the joint connection of general standards between the military and the local area, and form a new situation of open, integrated, innovative and development of intelligent combat technology.

Leading innovation in combat methods with the concept of intelligent warfare. To meet the arrival of intelligent warfare, changing concepts is a prerequisite. Concepts are the forerunner of action. If our concepts remain at the traditional level, it will be difficult to adapt to the needs of intelligent warfare. Intelligent warfare has undergone profound changes in technical support, combat power, and winning mechanisms. We must first establish the concept of intelligent warfare and use it to lead the innovation of our army’s future combat methods. First, we must strengthen the competition for “intellectual property rights.” Artificial intelligence is the foundation of intelligent warfare. Depriving and weakening the opponent’s ability to use intelligence in combat and maintaining the freedom of one’s own intelligence use are the basis for ensuring the smooth implementation of intelligent warfare. The armies of developed Western countries are exploring various means such as electromagnetic interference, electronic suppression, high-power microwave penetration and takeover control to block the opponent’s intelligent application capabilities, seize “intelligence control”, and thus seize battlefield advantages. Second, innovate intelligent combat methods. We must focus on giving full play to the overall effectiveness of the intelligent combat system, strengthen the research on new intelligent combat methods such as human-machine collaborative intelligent combat, intelligent robot combat, and intelligent unmanned swarm combat, as well as the processes and methods of intelligent combat command and intelligent combat support. Focus on effectively responding to the enemy’s intelligent combat threats and study strategies to defeat the enemy, such as intelligent blocking warfare and intelligent disruption warfare.

Use intelligent training innovation to promote the transformation of combat power generation mode. Intelligent warfare will be a war jointly implemented by humans and machines, and combat forces with intelligent unmanned combat systems as the main body will play an increasingly important role. It is necessary to adapt to the new characteristics of the intelligent warfare force system, innovate and develop intelligent training concepts, and explore new models for the generation of intelligent warfare combat power. On the one hand, it is necessary to strengthen the training of “people” driving intelligent systems. Relying on big data, cloud computing, VR technology, etc., create a new training environment, continuously improve people’s intelligent literacy, improve the quality of human-machine cognition, understanding, and interaction, and enhance the ability of people to drive intelligent combat systems. On the other hand, it is necessary to explore a new training model with “machines” as the main object. In the past, training was basically human-centered, focusing on people’s proficiency in mastering and using weapons and equipment in a specific environment to improve combat effectiveness. In order to adapt to the new characteristics of the intelligent warfare force system, the training object should change the traditional human-centered training organization concept and model, focus on improving the self-command, self-control, and self-combat capabilities of the intelligent combat system, make full use of the characteristics of the intelligent system’s ability to self-game and self-grow, and form a training system, training environment, and training mechanism specifically for the intelligent combat system, so that the intelligent combat system can obtain a geometric leap in combat capability after a short period of autonomous reinforcement training.

現代國語:

來源:解放軍報 作者:李始江 楊子明 陳分友 責任編輯:喬楠楠 2018-07-26 08:23:16
前言

以深度學習為標志的人工智慧技術突破性成果及其在各領域的應用,將智慧化推上了全球浪潮的新高,也成為各方關注的焦點。在科技創新與應用從未甘落後的軍事領域,也正在積極孕育一場新的變革。我們必須準確把握智能化戰爭的演進脈搏,透析智能化戰爭的內在本質,才能以嶄新的面貌迎接和駕馭智能化戰爭。

智慧化戰爭究竟離我們有多遠?

智能化戰爭,是以人工智慧技術為主要支撐的戰爭。賦予武器平台以人的智慧並取代人在戰場上廝殺,是千百年來人們夢寐以求的願望。隨著AlphaGo和Atlas為代表的人工智慧系統帶給世人的強大沖擊,蜂群作戰、飛行航空母艦等作戰新概念、新平台的初露端倪,智慧化戰爭大門彷彿正在悄然打開。

歷史發展規律預示著智慧化戰爭必將走上戰爭舞台。科學技術的進步推動武器裝備的演進,引發軍隊編成、作戰方式和軍事理論的根本性變化,並最終強制推動戰爭形態的歷史性變革。智能化戰爭的到來也符合這個歷史發展的必然規律。回顧人類戰爭的演變歷程,每一次科學技術的重大進步,都推動著軍事上的重大變革。黑火藥的發明使人類戰爭進化到熱兵器時代,步兵方陣、騎兵方陣在火槍線式作戰方式下被消滅的蕩然無存;蒸汽機在軍事上的運用使人類戰爭進化到機械化時代,並進而催生了以裝甲艦、坦克、飛機引領的大規模機械化戰爭。智慧化技術的出現與應用,必將深刻改變人類認知、戰爭思維與作戰方式,再一次掀起軍事上的重大變革,智慧化戰爭必將走上戰爭舞台。

人工智慧技術的發展進程決定著智慧化戰爭邁進的腳步。人工智慧技術的不斷發展與廣泛應用,推動智慧化戰爭從混沌走向現實,開始萌芽、逐漸成長,一步一步向我們走來。真正進入到智慧化戰爭,人工智慧技術需要邁上四階。第一級台階是計算智能,即突破計算能力的限制、突破存儲空間的限制,實現近乎實時的計算能力和存儲能力,這種能力是大型計算機和龐大服務器遠遠不可比擬的。雲計算的廣泛應用已經將人類穩穩地送上了第一級台階。第二級台階是感知智能,即機器能夠聽得懂、看得懂、辨得真、識得清,能夠與人進行直接交流對話。以大數據為基礎的自然語言理解、圖像圖形認知、生物特徵識別技術,讓人類走上了第二級台階。第三級台階是認知智能,即機器能夠理解人類的思維,能夠像人類一樣進行思考與推理,像人類一樣進行判斷和決策。以深度學習演算法為驅動的知識挖掘、知識圖譜、人工神經網絡、決策樹技術,讓人類努力邁向第三級台階。第四級台階是人機融合式增強型智能,即將人類擅長的感知、推理、歸納、學習,與機器擅長的搜尋、計算、儲存、優化,進行優勢互補、雙向閉環互動。虛擬現實增強技術、類腦認知技術、類腦神經網絡技術,正在探索人類如何邁向第四級。當人類走上第二級台階,智慧化戰爭開始向我們走來;當我們踏上第四級台階時,智慧化戰爭的時代就將全面開啟。

自我學習成長加速著智慧化戰爭變革的突然降臨。 「學習」能力是人工智慧最核心的能力,一旦機器能夠自我學習,其學習速度是驚人的。機器一旦具備自我學習的能力,就會進入一個不斷反復的「提升智慧、加快進化」的快速成長軌道,邁向智慧化戰爭的所有技術困難將隨著「學習」的深入迎刃而解,智能化戰爭時代很可能會以人們意想不到的方式突然降臨!

智能化戰爭究竟會改變什麼?

智能化戰爭將突破傳統時空認知的極限。在智慧化戰爭中,人工智慧技術能夠全時、全局對作戰中全部力量的各種行動信息,進行實時收集、實時計算、實時推送,使人類能夠突破思維的邏輯極限、感官的生理極限和存在的物理極限,大大提高對時間空間的認知範疇,能夠實時精準地掌控所有力量的所有行動,能夠在多維空間、多維空間、多維領域的優勢

智慧化戰爭將重構人與武器裝備的關系。隨著智慧化技術的快速進步,智慧化程度的不斷提升,武器平台和作戰體係不僅能夠被動、機械地執行人的指令,而且能夠在深度理解和深度預測的基礎上,通過機器擅長的算、存、查進行超級放大,從而在一定意義上自主、能動地執行特定任務。可以說,武器平台和作戰體係也可以在某種程度上主動地發揮出人的意識,甚至是超出人類的認識範疇,根據特定程序自主地、甚至是創造性地完成作戰任務,傳統意義上人與武器裝備的區別變得模糊,甚至難以區分是人在發揮作用還是機器在發揮作用,人們驚呼“人與武器裝備將成為夥伴關系”。因此,在智慧化戰爭中,人雖然仍是戰鬥力中最主要的因素,但人與武器裝備結合方式的改變豐富了戰鬥力的內涵,人與武器裝備的傳統關係也將在此基礎上進行重構。

智慧化戰爭將催生新型作戰方式的湧現。科學技術劃時代的進步,必然使作戰方式發生革命性的變化;智慧化技術的重大進步,必然帶來作戰方式變革的活躍期。一方面,以計算、數據、演算法、生物為驅動力的深度認知、深度學習、深度神經等領域不斷湧現的新技術,以及與資訊、生物、醫學、工程、製造等領域成果的交叉融合,必然推動新型作戰方式井噴式的湧現。另一方面,智慧化武器平台與作戰體系的激烈對抗,必然成為創新作戰方式的目標與動力。戰爭中智慧化技術程度越高的部位,越成為對抗中的焦點,時空認知極限、海量資訊存儲計算能力、神經網絡組織生成能力等方面的優勢差,將會帶來新領域的「致盲」「致聾」「致癱」作戰方式。

智慧化戰爭將孵化全新的指揮控制方式。指揮控制的優勢是戰爭領域的關注焦點,智慧化戰爭呼喚全新的指揮控制方式。一是人機協同決策成為智慧化戰爭中主要的指揮決策方式。以往戰爭中的指揮決策,都是以指揮為主導,牽引技術手段的輔助決策。在智慧化戰爭中,智慧輔助決策系統將根據新的戰場態勢變化,主動督促或催促指揮員做出決策。這是因為面對海量的、瞬息萬變的戰場態勢資訊數據,人的大腦已經無法快速容納和高效處理、人的感官已經無法承受超常規的變化速度。在這種情況下,單純依靠指揮員形成的決策很可能是遲到的、無用的決策。只有在智慧化輔助決策系統推動下的人機協同決策,才能夠彌補時空差和機腦差,確保指揮決策優勢。二是腦神經控製成為智慧化戰爭中主要的指令控制方式。以往戰爭中,指揮員透過文件、電台、電話,以文書或語音的形式,逐級下達指令指揮控制部隊。在智慧化戰爭中,指揮員用智慧化類腦神經元,透過神經網絡作戰體系平台向部隊下達指令,減少了指令表現形式的轉換過程,縮短了指令跨媒體的轉換時間,節奏更快、效率更高。當作戰體系平台遭到攻擊部分破壞時,這種指揮控制方式能夠自主修復或自主重構神經網絡,迅速恢復主體功能甚至全部功能,抗打擊能力更強。

我們應該如何迎接智能化戰爭?

在智慧化作戰的研究與探索中,絕不能甘於落後追隨,必須瞄準打贏未來戰爭,要以更主動的姿態、先進的理念、積極的行動,迎接智慧化戰爭的挑戰。

以智慧化技術突破推動智慧化作戰體系效能躍升。智慧化技術的發展目前雖然在神經網絡演算法、智慧傳感與組網技術、數據挖掘技術、知識圖譜技術等方面有了較大進展,但總體而言仍處於弱智能階段,遠未達到強智能高級階段,未來仍有廣闊的發展空間。要強化人工智慧基礎研究,遵循科學技術發展的規律,科學規劃智慧化技術發展方向,選好技術突破口,加強人工智慧關鍵核心技術,特別是起支撐作用的基礎性研究。突出軍用關鍵技術研究。以軍事需求為牽引,圍繞智慧感知、智慧決策、智慧控制、智慧打擊、智慧保障等軍用關鍵技術,發展智慧化偵察感知系統、指揮控制系統、武器裝備系統、作戰保障系統等武器裝備。抓好軍民科技協同創新,充分發揮民用智慧技術發展優勢,依托軍地優勢資源,強化軍地戰略協作,搭建人工智慧科技成果共研共享、條件設施共建共用、通用標準軍地銜接的服務平台,形成智慧化作戰科技開放融合創新發展新局面。

以智能化作戰理念引領作戰方式創新。迎接智能化戰爭的到來,轉變觀念才是前提。觀念是行動的先導,如果我們的觀念還停留在傳統層面,就難以適應智慧化戰爭的需要。智慧化戰爭在技術支撐、作戰力量、制勝機理等方面都發生了深刻變化,要求我們必須先確立智慧化戰爭理念,並以此引領我軍未來作戰方式創新。一是要強化「制智權」爭奪。人工智慧是智慧化戰爭的基礎,作戰中剝奪和削弱對手智慧運用能力,保持己方智慧運用的自由,是確保智慧化作戰順利實施的基礎。西方發達國家軍隊正探索通過電磁幹擾、電子壓制、高功率微波穿透和接管控制等多種手段,阻斷對手的智能運用能力,奪取“制智權”,從而奪取戰場優勢。二是創新智能化作戰方式方法。要著眼於充分發揮智慧化作戰體系整體效能,加強人機協同智慧作戰、智慧化機器人作戰、智慧無人群聚作戰等的新的智慧化作戰方式方法研究,以及智慧化作戰指揮、智慧化作戰保障的流程與方式方法等。著眼有效應對敵智能化作戰威脅,研究克敵制勝之策,如智慧阻斷戰、智慧擾亂戰等。

以智慧化訓練創新催生戰鬥力生成模式轉變。智慧化戰爭將是人機結合共同實施的戰爭,以智慧化無人作戰系統為主體的作戰力量將發揮越來越重要的作用。必須適應智慧化戰爭力量體系新特點,創新發展智慧化訓練概念,探索智慧化戰爭戰鬥力生成新模式。一方面,要強化「人」駕馭智慧系統訓練。依託大數據、雲計算、VR技術等創設新型訓練環境,不斷提升人的智慧化素養,改善人機認知、理解、互動品質,提升人駕馭智慧化作戰系統的能力。另一方面,要探索以「機」為主體對象的新型訓練模式。過去的訓練基本是以人為主體對象的訓練,聚焦於人在特定環境下熟練掌握和使用武器裝備提高作戰效能。適應智慧化戰爭力量體系構成新特點,在訓練的對像上改變傳統訓練中以人為中心的訓練組織理念和模式,聚焦於智能化作戰系統自我指揮、自我控制、自我作戰能力的提升,充分利用智能化系統能夠自我博弈、自我成長的特點,形成專門針對智能化作戰系統訓練體系、訓練環境和訓練機制,從而使智能化作戰系統獲得短期的自主訓練即可升躍獲得短期能力強化的倍數。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/482056188.html?

Satellite Navigation for the Chinese Military’s Intelligent Battlefield

中國軍隊智慧戰場的衛星導航

現代英語:

The satellite navigation system, also known as the global satellite navigation system, is an air-based radio navigation and positioning system that can provide users with all-weather three-dimensional coordinates, speed and time information at any location on the earth’s surface or in near-Earth space.

The satellite navigation system is an important space infrastructure for mankind. It is an indispensable tool for a country’s national security and economic and social development. It has a profound impact on the form of war, combat style, and people’s production and lifestyle.

At present, there are four major global satellite navigation systems in the world, namely, the United States’ GPS, Russia’s GLONASS, Europe’s Galileo and China’s Beidou. Global competition in satellite navigation technology is becoming increasingly fierce.

Standing at a new starting point of profound changes in the world’s military, and looking at the future battlefield with a high degree of integration of informatization and intelligence, intelligent navigation systems will come into being and play an important role.

Satellite navigation becomes a “standard” element of the intelligent battlefield

The future intelligent battlefield will present the characteristics of high-tech warfare, which will comprehensively use intelligent weapons and means under information conditions, realize efficient command and control, and implement precise and flexible strikes. Satellite navigation technology can provide high-precision, all-weather, large-scale and multi-purpose positioning, navigation and timing services for various objects on land, sea, air and space.

Provide a unified time and space benchmark for systematic operations. For the intelligent battlefield, there are many linked elements and the situation changes rapidly, which requires accurate positioning of combat units to achieve intelligence reconnaissance, command and control, battlefield maneuvers, offensive and defensive operations, and support and guarantee under a unified time and space benchmark, ensuring that all elements of the entire battlefield form a coordinated organic whole.

The basic function of satellite navigation is to provide accurate time and space references for various combat elements. Without an accurate and unified time and space reference, the precise command of joint operations may be out of balance, combat operations may be out of control, and intelligence fusion and target identification cannot be achieved. If the time error is one hundredth of a second, a target locked by more than a dozen radars will become more than a dozen targets, and accurate defense and counterattack will not be possible.

Under a unified standard time and geographic coordinate system, satellite navigation provides precision guidance for various weapon platforms, fine frequency calibration for electronic warfare weapons, and all-weather positioning and navigation for individual combatants, significantly improving the coordination and strike effectiveness of joint firepower strikes.

Provide synchronous situation cognition for combat command and control. Accurately grasping the battlefield situation is the premise and basis for commanders to flexibly and accurately implement command and control. The satellite navigation system provides strong support for battlefield situation awareness.

Since the 1990s, the U.S. military has developed a “Blue Force Tracking” system based on GPS and satellite communications to build a precise command and control system. The “Blue Force Tracking” system has effectively supported the U.S. military in forming a networked information advantage on the ground battlefield and effectively solved the problem of “where are we, our friends, and our enemies?”

Relying on the two major services of navigation positioning and position reporting of the global satellite network, the military has realized battlefield situation monitoring and sharing, which has become an important means for the military to “know itself”. At the same time, it has optimized the combat operation process, realized the issuance of combat orders at the minute level, and accelerated the development of the military’s command and control mode towards “integration” and “flattening”.

Providing a tool to enhance the precision strike of weapons and ammunition. In the intelligent battlefield, precision-guided weapons have become the “trump card” that determines victory or defeat. Using the satellite navigation system, the flight process of the missile can be corrected throughout to ensure the accuracy of the hit. It can be said that the satellite navigation system is a tool to enhance the precision strike of weapon platforms.

In recent local wars, the proportion of GPS precision-guided weapons of the US military has continued to rise: 7.6% in the Gulf War in 1991, 35% in the Kosovo War in 1999, 60% in the Afghanistan War in 2001, 68.3% in the Iraq War in 2003, and 100% in the Syrian War in 2018.

Intelligent battlefield requires satellite navigation to have new “responsibilities”

As the core and cornerstone of the precise and unified space-time system, the modern satellite navigation system must take on new responsibilities in response to the development needs of future intelligent battlefields.

In the era of intelligence, new combat elements represented by “AI, cloud, network, group, and terminal” will reconstruct the battlefield ecology and completely change the winning mechanism of war. Satellite navigation services need to adapt to the characteristics of the intelligent battlefield with wider dimensions, higher precision, and stronger system.

Navigation positioning and timing have a wider range and higher accuracy. The current satellite navigation system has achieved coverage of the earth’s surface. However, on the intelligent battlefield, it needs to extend to deep space and under the sea. The combat time domain and air domain are wider, requiring the construction of a comprehensive service system covering land, sea, air and space, with unified standards, high efficiency and intelligence, to form time and space information coverage at all times and everywhere, and to achieve more powerful, safer and more reliable time and space service capabilities.

For example, in the intelligent battlefield, unmanned combat has become the basic form. Autonomous driving of unmanned vehicles, precision approach of drones, and measurement of intelligent missile positions all urgently need to be improved by an order of magnitude on the basis of existing navigation accuracy to ensure higher navigation integrity, faster first positioning time, and stronger cross-domain capabilities of land, sea, air, and space.

The military navigation confrontation system is more complete and more powerful. The means of navigation confrontation in the information age is a simple confrontation form based on signal energy enhancement and interference attack. Navigation in the intelligent era is intertwined with detection, perception, communication, command, and decision-making. It requires a navigation capability level with higher power and faster effectiveness in any region of the world, the ability to intelligently adjust navigation signals, and the development of multiple navigation means such as quantum navigation, pulsar navigation, and deep-sea navigation. It is necessary to integrate navigation methods with different principles, methods, and carriers to achieve navigation confrontation capabilities at the system level and system level.

The bandwidth of navigation information interaction is larger and the access is wider. In the intelligent era, the role of cyberspace in the combat system is gradually increasing, and it is integrated with the navigation space-time system. The navigation information and cyberspace system that provide space-time position will connect the scattered combat forces and combat elements into a whole, forming a networked and systematic combat capability. This requires support for ubiquitous perception, left-right collaboration, and reliable and reconfigurable navigation capabilities, support for highly reliable, highly anti-interference, and readily accessible signaling channels, and timely acquisition of required navigation auxiliary information such as geography, maps, and images. On this basis, the real integration of communication and navigation is realized, achieving the effect of “one domain combat, multi-domain support”.

Adapting to the needs of military intelligence development and promoting the construction of intelligent navigation system

Judging from the development trend of the world’s military powers, facing the future intelligent battlefield, intelligent navigation systems are gradually building a space-time reference network and navigation information service network that integrates the earth and the sky, with space-based, systematized, on-demand and cloud-based as the main characteristics, forming a comprehensive navigation, positioning and timing system with unified reference, seamless coverage, security and reliability, high efficiency and convenience, and strong practicality.

The core of the transformation from a basic navigation system to an intelligent navigation system is to upgrade from “positioning navigation service” to “intelligent navigation service”, and the focus is on achieving the following four aspects of transformation:

The space-time benchmark is shifting from relying on ground systems to autonomous space-time benchmark maintenance. The space-time benchmark maintenance equipment of the ground system will gradually be transferred to the satellite, and the satellite will be equipped with higher-precision optical clocks and astronomical measurement equipment to form a more stable and reliable space-based space benchmark through high-precision anchoring and laser intersatellite measurement. The use of intelligent navigation systems can make ordinary navigation positioning accuracy reach sub-meter level, the timing accuracy will be increased by about 5 times, and the precision positioning service can achieve fast convergence of centimeter-level accuracy. Intelligent navigation can fully support the cross-domain integration of combat platforms, the doubling of the effectiveness of distributed lethal weapons, and the precise navigation of the entire process of air-space integrated drones from cruising to precision approach.

The satellite power confrontation mode is transformed into a navigation system confrontation. In terms of navigation confrontation services, the traditional satellite power confrontation mode will no longer meet the needs of the intelligent battlefield. Navigation system confrontation is the only way for the development of intelligent equipment in order to enhance the ability of troops to quickly adapt to the battlefield environment. Specifically, it includes precise release of navigation performance, heterogeneous backup of constellations, and global hotspot mobility. The main features are intelligent navigation signals and flexible theater reinforcements. Based on controllable point beam energy enhancement technology, energy delivery in hotspot areas, enhanced area expansion, deception or blocking interference, and digital transmission service guarantee are realized. In a high-interference and blocking environment, ensure service continuity and accuracy, and gradually release strength as the war progresses.

The simple integration of communication and navigation will be transformed into integrated on-demand services. It will provide deeper and broader navigation information services, deeply integrate into the military information network, and provide high, medium and low-speed classified and hierarchical navigation information services to users on land, sea, air and space. Reuse the favorable conditions of global multiple continuous coverage of navigation satellites to meet users’ communication and navigation needs in a global range and in any posture, and realize high reliability and strong interference-resistant search and rescue, position reporting, and signaling transmission. The navigation satellite space-based network interacts with the ground network information to build inter-satellite and satellite-to-ground high-speed backbone networks. Through miniaturized laser terminals and enhanced space routers, a stable and reliable space network is formed, equipped with a complete and standardized protocol system to support the autonomous and intelligent operation of hybrid constellation networks.

The computing resources of payload modules are separated and transformed into cloud computing resources of constellation. It will provide more intelligent space-based cloud computing services and reliable space-based intelligent support for intelligent weapon platforms. The main features are virtualization of onboard hardware resources and balancing of task loads. Through the configuration of public onboard computing modules, large-capacity storage units, and high-speed bus networks on navigation satellites, a ubiquitous space network shared resource pool is formed. The powerful data processing capability can support the autonomous establishment and maintenance of space-based space-time benchmarks, intelligent maintenance of navigation signal quality, and autonomous management of space networks. At the same time, it can provide computing, push, and storage services for complex information such as spatial position for various high-end users in the sky, air, land, and sea.

(The author is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering)

Above: Schematic diagram of satellite navigation system supporting operations.

現代國語:谭述森

中國軍網 國防部網

2021年11月12日 星期五

衛星導航系統,即全球衛星導航系統,是能在地球表面或近地空間任何地點,為使用者提供全天候三維座標和速度以及時間資訊的空基無線電導航定位系統。

衛星導航系統是人類重要的太空基礎設施,堪稱一個國家安全和經濟社會發展不可或缺的重器,對戰爭形態、作戰樣式和人們生產生活方式有深遠影響。

目前,全球有四大全球衛星導航系統,分別是美國的GPS、俄羅斯的格洛納斯、歐洲的伽利略和中國的北斗,衛星導航技術全球競爭日益激烈。

站在世界軍事深刻變革的新起點,瞭望資訊化智能化高度融合的未來戰場,智慧導航體系將應運而生,並發揮重要作用。

衛星導航成為智慧化戰場的「標配」要素

未來智慧化戰場,將呈現資訊化條件下綜合運用智慧化武器和手段、實現高效指揮控制及實施精確靈巧打擊的高技術作戰特性。衛星導航技術,能高精度、全天候、大範圍、多用途地為陸、海、空、天各種物件提供定位、導航、授時服務。

為體系化作戰提供統一時空基準。對於智慧化戰場來說,連結要素多、情況瞬息萬變,要求對作戰單元進行準確定位,實現統一時空基準下的情報偵察、指揮控制、戰場機動、攻防行動、支援保障,確保整個戰場各類要素形成統籌協調的有機整體。

衛星導航的基本功能是,為各個作戰要素提供精確的時空基準。如果沒有精確統一的時空基準,聯合作戰精準指揮可能失調,作戰行動就可能失控,情報融合、目標辨識就無法實現。時間誤差百分之一秒,十幾部雷達鎖定的一個目標就會變成十幾個目標,精準防禦反擊將無法實現。

在統一標準時間與地理座標系下,衛星導航提供各類武器平台精確導引,給予電子戰武器精細校頻,給予作戰單兵全天候定位導航,顯著提升聯合火力打擊的協同程度、打擊效能。

為作戰指揮控制提供態勢同步認知。準確掌握戰場態勢,是指揮官靈活準確實施指揮控制的前提與基礎。衛星導航系統為戰場態勢感知提供了強大支撐。

美軍從1990年代開始,研發以GPS和衛星通訊為基礎的「藍軍追蹤」系統,用來建構精確化指揮控制系統。 「藍軍追蹤」系統有力支撐著美軍形成地面戰場網路化資訊優勢,有效解決了「我、友、敵在哪裡」的難題。

軍隊依托全球衛星網路的導航定位和位置報告兩大服務,實現了戰場態勢監視共享,成為軍隊「知己」的重要手段。同時,優化了作戰行動流程,實現了作戰指令分秒下達,加速了軍隊指揮控制方式向「一體化」「扁平化」方向發展。

為武器彈藥精確打擊提供增效利器。在智慧化戰場上,精確導引武器已成為關乎勝負的「撒手鐧」。使用衛星導航系統,能對飛彈的飛行過程進行全程修正,確保命中精度。可以說,衛星導航系統是武器平台精準打擊的增效利器。

在近幾場局部戰爭中,美軍GPS精確導引武器比例不斷攀升:1991年海灣戰爭為7.6%,1999年科索沃戰爭為35%,2001年阿富汗戰爭為60%,2003年伊拉克戰爭為68.3%,2018年敘利亞戰爭達100%。

智慧化戰場需要衛星導航有新的“擔當”

現代衛星導航系統作為精確統一時空體系的核心與基石,面向未來智慧化戰場的發展需求,要有新的「擔當」。

智能化時代,以「AI、雲、網、群、端」為代表的全新作戰要素,將重建戰場生態,完全改變戰爭的勝利機制。衛星導航服務,需要適應智慧化戰場維度更廣、精準度更高、系統更強的特性。

導航定位授時範圍更廣精度更高。目前的衛星導航系統,實現了地球表面覆蓋。但在智慧化戰場上,需要向深空、海下延伸。作戰時域空域更廣,要求建構覆蓋陸海空天、基準統一、高效智慧的綜合服務體系,形成無時不有、無所不在的時空資訊覆蓋,實現更強大、更安全、更可靠的時空服務能力。

如智慧化戰場上,無人化作戰成為基本形態。無人車自動駕駛、無人機精密進場、智慧飛彈陣地測量等,都迫切需要在現有導航精度基礎上再提升一個量級,確保導航完好性更高、首次定位時間更快、陸海空天跨域能力更強。

軍事導航對抗體系更全更給力。資訊時代的導航對抗手段,是以訊號能量增強與幹擾攻擊為主的簡單對抗形態。智慧時代的導航與探測、感知、通訊、指揮、決策相互交織影響,需要全球任意區域、功率更高、生效更快的導航能力水平,需要導航訊號智慧調整能力,需要發展量子導航、脈衝星導航、深海導航等多元導航手段,把不同原理、不同方式、不同載體的導航方法融合在一起,實現體系級、系統級的導航對抗能力。

導航資訊互動頻寬更大存取更廣。智慧時代的網路空間,在作戰體系中地位作用逐步上升,並與導航時空體系合為一體。提供時空位置的導航資訊與網路空間系統,將把分散的作戰力量、作戰要素連結為一個整體,形成網路化體系化作戰能力。這就需要支援泛在感知、左右協作、可信賴的導航能力,支援高可靠、強抗干擾、隨遇接取的訊號通道,及時取得所需的地理、地圖和影像等導航輔助資訊。在此基礎上,實現真正意義上的通訊導航一體化,達到「一域作戰、多域支援」效果。

適應軍事智慧化發展需要推動智慧導航體系建設

從世界軍事強國發展趨勢來看,面向未來智慧化戰場,智慧導航系統在逐步建構天地一體化的時空基準網和導航資訊服務網,以天基化、體系化、按需化、雲端化為主要特徵,形成基準統一、覆蓋無縫、安全可信、高效便捷、實戰性強的綜合導航定位授時體系。

從基本導航系統轉變為智慧導航系統,其核心是從“定位導航服務”升級為“智慧導航服務”,並專注於以下4個面向轉變:

時空基準依賴地面系統維持轉變為時空基準天基自主維持。地面系統時空基準維持設備將逐步向星上轉移,衛星將配置更高精度的光鐘、天文測量設備,透過高精度錨固和雷射星間測量,形成更穩定可靠的天基空間基準。智慧導航系統的使用,可使一般導航定位精度達到亞米級,授時精度將提升5倍左右,精密定位服務達到快速收斂的公分精度。智慧導航可完整支撐作戰平台跨域融合、分散式殺傷武器效能倍增、空天一體無人機從巡航到精密進場的全過程精準導航。

衛星功率對抗模式向導航體系化對抗轉變。在導航對抗服務方面,傳統的衛星功率對抗模式將不再滿足智慧化戰場需求,導航體系化對抗是智慧裝備發展的必經之路,以便提升部隊快速適應戰場環境能力。具體包括導航性能精準釋放、星座異構備份、全球熱點機動,主要特徵是導航訊號智能化、戰區增援靈活化。基於可控制點波束能量增強技術,實現熱點區域能量傳遞、增強區域擴展、欺騙或阻塞幹擾、數傳服務保障。在高幹擾阻塞環境下,確保服務連續性和精確度,並隨著戰事進程逐步釋放實力。

通訊導航簡單整合向通導一體按需服務轉變。將提供更深更廣的導航資訊服務,深度融入軍事資訊網絡,向陸、海、空、天用戶的高、中、低速分類分層次導航資訊服務。重複利用導航衛星全球多重連續覆蓋的有利條件,滿足用戶在全球範圍、任意姿態的通導需求,實現高可靠性、抗強幹擾的搜救、位置報告、信令傳輸。導航衛星天基網路與地面網路資訊交互,建構星間、星地高速骨幹網路。透過小型化雷射終端和增強型空間路由器,形成穩定可靠的空間網絡,裝載完備、標準統一的協議體系,支援混合星座網絡自主智慧運作。

載重模組運算資源分離向星座運算資源雲端化轉變。將提供更智慧的天基雲端運算服務,為智慧武器平台提供可信賴的天基智慧支撐。主要特徵是,星載硬體資源虛擬化、任務負載平衡化。透過導航衛星配置公用的星載運算模組、大容量儲存單元、高速匯流排網絡,形成泛在的空間網路共享資源池。強大的資料處理能力,在支撐天基時空基準自主建立與維持、導航訊號品質智慧維持、空間網路自主管理等任務功能的同時,可為天、空、地、海各類高階用戶,提供空間位置等複雜資訊的運算、推播與儲存服務。

(作者係中國工程院院士)

上圖:衛星導航系統支援作戰示意圖。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-11/12/content_30291788.htm

China’s Military Ponders Integration Concept That Will be Adopted During Information Warfare

中國軍方思考資訊戰中將採用的一體化概念

現代英語:

The basic form of information warfare is system confrontation. Different from any form of warfare in history, information warfare is not a discrete confrontation or local decentralized warfare with the simple superposition of various combat units and elements, but a holistic confrontation between systems. The system integration capability of war determines the effectiveness of combat and the achievement of war objectives; achieving effective integration of various systems is the fundamental way to win information warfare.

Multi-space fusion

The battlefield space is the stage for the war hostile parties to compete. Due to the widespread use of high-tech weapons, the battlefield space of informationized warfare has been greatly expanded, forming a multi-dimensional battlefield space of land, sea, air, space, and information. Under the strong “bonding” of information technology, each battlefield space is integrated around a unified combat purpose. First, the three-dimensional, all-round reconnaissance and surveillance network covers the battlefield. Under the conditions of informatization, the military reconnaissance and surveillance capabilities have been unprecedentedly improved. The large-scale, three-dimensional, multi-means, and automated intelligence reconnaissance and surveillance network connects outer space, high altitude, medium altitude, low altitude, ground (sea), and underground (underwater) into one, thereby obtaining battlefield intelligence information in multiple fields. Second, long-range, high-precision informationized weapons are densely distributed and threaten the battlefield. The extraordinary combat capability of the informationized weapon system to cover and strike targets in the entire battlefield space has realized that discovery means destruction, and promoted the high integration of various battlefield spaces. In addition, the development of space and air power has made strikes more precise, means more flexible, and combat efficiency higher, and the battlefield space has become an integrated battlefield of sea, land, air, and space. This integrated battlefield structure has a high degree of integration of multiple spaces, and multiple spaces and multiple fields restrict each other. Third, the battlefield is restricted by electromagnetic and information competition in all time and space and throughout the entire process. The development of military information technology not only realizes the integration of tangible battlefields on land, sea, air and space through reconnaissance and strikes, but also opens up the competition for invisible battlefields in the electromagnetic and information fields. Electromagnetic and information are the soul of informationized warfare and the link between the battlefields on land, sea, air and space. They exist in the entire time and space of combat, act on all elements of war, run through the entire process of combat, and deeply affect the tangible battlefields on land, sea, air and space.

It can be seen that the informationized battlefield is precisely through the increasingly mature information technology, centering on the purpose of war and combat needs, closely integrating the multi-dimensional space of land, sea, air, space, information, etc., forming an inseparable and interdependent organic unity. Leaving any dimension of the battlefield space, or losing control of any dimension, will directly affect the overall combat effectiveness, thus leading to the failure of the war.

Fusion of multiple forces

War power is the protagonist of the battle between the two opposing sides of a war. The “integrated joint combat force” of system integration is a prominent feature of information warfare. Various participating forces in information warfare are highly integrated. Regardless of their affiliation and combat mission, they will be equal users and resources of the entire combat system and integrated into a unified large system. First, the participating forces are united. Information warfare is a joint operation in which the army, navy, air force, aerospace, special operations, information operations and other forces participate. Each participating force has advantages that other participating forces do not have or cannot replace. They communicate and connect through information technology to achieve “seamless connection” and form a force system that can play to its strengths and avoid its weaknesses and complement each other’s advantages, becoming an organic whole that combines “soft” strike and “hard” destruction capabilities, combat and support capabilities, mobility and assault capabilities, and attack and defense capabilities. Second, the participants are diversified. With the development of information networks, wars in the information age no longer have a distinction between the front and the rear, and the networking of combat systems can also make home a “battlefield”. In the industrial age, wars were “over, go home”; in the information age, wars can also be “go home and fight”. Participants in war are not limited to the military forces of countries and political groups. Non-governmental and group-based people can join the “battlefield” as long as they have high-tech knowledge and are proficient in computer applications. Third, the support force is socialized. With the development of science and technology, the mutual tolerance, intercommunication and compatibility of military and civilian technologies have been greatly enhanced. A large number of combat facilities and platforms will rely more on local basic resources. Not only does the material support in combat need to be socialized, but also the technical support and information support need to be socialized.

It can be seen that the victory or defeat of the informationized battlefield depends on the overall strength of the warring parties. Various combat forces are both interrelated and mutually influential, but any single force is difficult to determine the outcome of the war. Only when multiple forces work closely together and learn from each other’s strengths and weaknesses can the overall combat system benefits be brought into play and victory be ultimately achieved.

Multi-level integration

The war level is the pattern of the war between the two hostile parties. In information warfare, the distinction between strategy, campaign and battle is no longer as clear as in traditional warfare. Instead, there is a mutual integration of you and me, and the distinction between levels has become relatively vague. First, the war path is simplified. With the centralized use of a large number of informationized weapons and equipment and their information systems, the precision strike capability of the troops has been unprecedentedly improved. A small-scale combat operation and a high-efficiency information offensive operation can effectively achieve certain strategic goals. A battle, a campaign or a carefully planned information operation may be a war. The path to achieve the purpose of war is becoming simpler and the convergence of war, campaign and even battle in purpose and time and space is prominent. Second, command and control is real-time. The widespread use of automated command and control systems on the battlefield has greatly enhanced the command and control function. Campaign commanders and even the highest political and military leadership of the country can plan and command and control all participating forces and specific combat operations in a unified manner, and directly intervene in campaigns, battles and even the actions of individual soldiers or combat platforms in near real time. Combat and campaign operations are similar to strategic engagements. Third, the combat process is fast-tracked. Quick victory and quick decision are important features of information warfare. The combat time is showing a trend of shortening. There is no concept of time for all combat operations. More often, the participating forces at all levels are carried out simultaneously in different fields. The beginning and the end are closely linked. The combat operations in various battlefield spaces penetrate each other, are closely linked, and gradually merge into an integrated and coordinated system, which is difficult to distinguish at the level.

It can be seen that information warfare has a strong overall nature. Campaigns, as a bridge for achieving strategic and even war objectives, are gradually integrated into battles. Combat, as the most basic combat activity in war, is also gradually sublimated into strategies and campaigns. All levels are intertwined and serve to achieve the purpose of war. Only by comprehensively exerting the combat capabilities of all levels and achieving overall effects can we seize the initiative in the war.

Fusion of various styles

The combat style is the carrier for the war hostile parties to compete. Informationized warfare is a process of confrontation between multiple forces and multiple fields, and is manifested in multiple combat actions and confrontation styles. Various combat actions are inseparable from the overall combat situation, and various actions are closely linked, mutually conditional, coordinated, and integrated to form an overall combat power. The first is the unity of combat actions. The victory or defeat of informationized warfare is the result of the system confrontation between the two warring parties. Isolated and single combat actions are often difficult to work. This requires multiple military services to adopt a variety of combat styles in different combat spaces and combat fields, while the combat style dominated by a single military service can only “live” in the overall joint action as a sub-combat action, and all combat actions are unified in the system confrontation. The second is the integration of combat actions. Informationized warfare is a form of war that pursues high efficiency. Objectively, it requires that multiple combat styles and actions must be highly “integrated” from the perspective of system effectiveness. Comprehensively use a variety of combat styles and tactics, combine tangible combat actions with intangible combat actions, combine non-linear combat with non-contact combat and asymmetric combat, combine psychological warfare with public opinion warfare and legal warfare, combine regular combat with irregular combat, and combine soft strikes with hard destruction to form an overall advantage. The third is the mutation of combat actions. In information warfare, while integrating various combat resources and exerting overall power, both hostile parties strive to find the “center of gravity” and “joint points” of the other side. Once the enemy’s weak points are found, all combat forces and actions are linked as a whole and autonomously coordinated, and various styles and means of destruction are adopted to cause a sudden change in the enemy’s combat capability and a comprehensive “collapse” of the combat system, so as to achieve combat initiative and advantage.

It can be seen that information warfare is a practical activity in which various forces use a variety of combat styles and means to compete in multiple battlefield spaces and combat fields. Only when multiple combat styles and means cooperate, support and complement each other can a multiplier effect be produced, thereby exerting the maximum combat effectiveness of the entire system.

Multi-method integration

The means of war are methods used to achieve the purpose of war. In addition to powerful military means, information warfare must also use all available ways and means to cooperate with each other, organically integrate, and form a whole to achieve a favorable situation. First, the use of war means is comprehensive. All wars have a distinct political nature and serve certain political purposes. With the influence of factors such as the globalization of the world economy and the multipolarization of international politics, information warfare is more based on military means, and military means are used in combination with various means such as economy, diplomacy, culture, and technology. Second, the use of war means is gradient. With the development of the times, war as a means of maintaining and seeking power and interests has been increasingly restricted by international law and international public opinion. In addition, resorting to war requires a high price. Therefore, in the information age, the use of war means presents a gradual development gradient, usually starting from retaliation, display of force, and violent retaliation (strike) in the sense of international law, and finally developing into local or even large-scale wars. Third, the use of war means is systematic. Information warfare is a contest of the comprehensive national strength of the hostile parties. The victory of the war depends on the comprehensive and systematic use of various war means. In specific combat operations, various means of warfare have different functions and natures, occupying different positions and playing different roles in the war. Only by closely combining various effective means of warfare into an organic whole can we form a combat system that fully utilizes our strengths and avoids our weaknesses, and maximize the overall combat effectiveness.

It can be seen that information warfare is subject to more restrictive factors, simpler war objectives, and newer combat styles. In the process of decision-making and action, only by coordinating and integrating with struggle actions in other fields such as politics, economy, culture, and diplomacy can the overall goal of the war be achieved efficiently.

現代國語:

中國軍網 國防部網

2019年12月10日 星期二

張自廉 馬代武

資訊化戰爭的基本形式是體系對抗。與歷史上任何一種戰爭形態都不同,資訊化戰爭不是各作戰單元、要素簡單疊加的離散式對抗或局部分散式作戰,而是體系對體系的整體對抗。戰爭的體系融合能力,決定作戰效能的發揮和戰爭目的達成;實現各系統的有效融合,是打贏資訊化戰爭的根本途徑。

多空間融合

戰場空間是戰爭敵對雙方較量的舞台。由於高技術兵器的廣泛運用,資訊化戰爭戰場空間大為拓展,形成了陸、海、空、天、資訊等多維戰場空間。各戰場空間在資訊科技的強力「黏合」下,圍繞著統一的作戰目的融為一體。一是立體化、全方位的偵察與監視網覆蓋透視戰場。在資訊化條件下,軍事偵察與監視能力空前提高,大範圍、立體化、多手段、自動化的情報偵察與監視網,將外層空間、高空、中空、低空、地面(海上)、地下(水下)連為一體,進而獲取多領域的戰場情報資訊。二是遠射程、高精準度的資訊化武器密布威脅戰場。資訊化武器系統所具有的覆蓋和打擊戰場全空間目標的超常作戰能力,實現了發現即意味著摧毀,促進了各戰場空間的高度融合。加之太空和空中力量的發展,使打擊更精確,手段更靈活,作戰效益更高,戰場空間成為海陸空天一體化戰場。這種一體化的戰場結構,多空間高度融合,多空間、多領域相互制約。第三是全時空、全過程的電磁和資訊爭奪滲透制約戰場。軍事資訊科技的發展,不僅透過偵察、打擊等手段實現有形的陸海空天戰場一體化,也開闢了電磁和資訊領域無形戰場的爭奪。電磁和訊息是資訊化戰爭之魂,是連結陸海空天戰場的紐帶,存在於作戰的全時空,作用於戰爭的全要素,貫穿作戰的整個過程,深度影響著陸海空天各維有形的戰場。

可見,資訊化戰場正是透過日益成熟的資訊技術,圍繞著戰爭目的和作戰需要,把陸、海、空、天、資訊等多維空間緊密地融合在一起,形成不可分割、唇齒相依的有機統一體。離開了哪一維戰場空間,或是失去哪一維的控制權,都會直接影響全域作戰效能,進而導致戰爭失敗。

多力量融合

戰爭力量是戰爭敵對雙方較量的主角。體系融合的「一體化聯合作戰力量」是資訊化戰爭的突出特徵。資訊化戰爭各種參戰力量高度一體化,無論其隸屬關係如何、作戰任務如何,都將作為整個作戰系統的平等用戶和資源,融合成為一個統一的大系統。一是參戰部隊聯合化。資訊化戰爭是陸、海、空軍以及航太、特種作戰、資訊作戰等部隊參與的聯合作戰。各參戰部隊都具有其他參戰部隊所不具備或無法替代的優勢,它們通過信息技術溝通和聯繫,實現“無縫鏈接”,形成可以揚長避短、優勢互補的力量體系,成為具備“軟”打擊與“硬”摧毀能力、作戰與保障能力、機動與突擊能力、攻擊與防護能力相結合的有機整體。二是參加人員多元化。隨著資訊網路的發展,資訊時代的戰爭,不再有前方後方之分,作戰系統的網路化使家中也可能成為「戰場」。工業時代的戰爭,「結束了,回家去」;資訊時代的戰爭,也可以「回家,打仗去」。戰爭的參與者不僅只局限於國家和政治集團的軍事力量,非政府和團體性質的民眾,只要具有高技術知識就能投身“戰場”,只要熟練計算機應用都可能成為參與戰鬥的一員。三是保障力量社會化。科學技術的發展,軍用、民用技術的互容、互通和相容性大大增強,大量作戰設施和平台將更加依靠地方基礎資源,不僅作戰中的物資保障需要社會化,而且技術保障與資訊支援也需要社會化。

可見,資訊化戰場的勝負取決於交戰雙方整體力量的強弱,多種作戰力量既相互關聯,又相互影響,但其中任何單一的力量都難以決定戰爭的勝負。只有多種力量密切配合、取長補短,才能發揮整體作戰的系統效益,最終贏得勝利。

多層級融合

戰爭層級是戰爭敵對雙方較量的格局。在資訊化戰爭中,戰略、戰役、戰鬥之間已不再像傳統戰爭那樣涇渭分明,更多的是,你中有我,我中有你,層級區分變得相對模糊。一是戰爭途徑簡約化。大量資訊化武器裝備及其資訊系統的集中運用,部隊的精確打擊能力空前提高,一次小規模的作戰行動和高效益的資訊進攻行動,就能有效達成一定的戰略目的。一場戰鬥、一場戰役或一次周密計畫的資訊行動可能就是一場戰爭。達成戰爭目的的途徑不斷走向簡約,戰爭與戰役甚至戰鬥在目的和時空上的趨同性突出。二是指揮控制即時化。自動化指揮控制系統在戰場上的廣泛運用,指揮控制功能大大增強,戰役指揮員甚至國家最高政治、軍事領導層能夠對所有參戰力量和具體的作戰行動進行統一籌劃和指揮控制,近乎實時地直接幹預戰役、戰鬥甚至單兵或作戰平台的行動,戰鬥和戰役行動趨同於戰略交戰。三是作戰進程速決化。速戰速決是信息化戰爭的一個重要特徵,作戰時間呈現出縮短的趨勢,所有作戰行動已無時間上的概念,更多的是各層次的參戰力量在不同領域同時進行,開始與結束緊密相連,各戰場空間的作戰行動互相滲透、緊密聯繫、逐漸融合成一個整體聯動的綜合體系,難以作層級上的區分。

可見,資訊化戰爭整體性強,戰役作為戰鬥達成戰略乃至戰爭目的的橋樑,逐漸融合在戰鬥中;戰鬥作為戰爭中最基本的作戰活動,也逐漸昇華到戰略、戰役裡面,各層次之間,相互交融,共同為達成戰爭目的服務。只有綜合發揮各層級的作戰能力,達到整體效應,才能奪取戰爭的主動權。

多樣式融合

作戰樣式是戰爭敵對雙方較量的承載。資訊化戰爭是多力量、多領域實施對抗的過程,並表現為多種作戰行動和對抗樣式。各種作戰行動對於作戰全局來說都是不可分割的,各種行動之間也是緊密聯繫,互為條件,相互協調,融為一體,從而形成整體作戰威力。一是作戰行動的統一性。資訊化戰爭的勝負是交戰雙方體系對抗的結果,孤立、單一的作戰行動往往是難以發揮的。這就要求多個軍兵種在不同的作戰空間、作戰領域綜合採取多種作戰樣式,而單一軍兵種為主的作戰樣式將只能作為子作戰行動「棲身」於整體的聯合行動之中,所有的作戰行動統一於體系對抗之中。二是作戰行動的整合性。資訊化戰爭是追求高效益的戰爭形態,客觀上要求必須從系統效能出發,將多種作戰樣式和行動高度「整合」。綜合運用多種作戰樣式和戰法,把有形的作戰行動與無形的作戰行動結合起來,把非線式作戰與非接觸作戰、非對稱作戰結合起來,把心理戰與輿論戰、法律戰結合起來,把正規作戰與非正規作戰結合起來,把軟打擊與硬摧毀結合起來,形成整體優勢。三是作戰行動的突變性。在資訊戰爭中,敵對雙方在整合己方各種作戰資源、發揮整體威力的同時,都著力尋找對方“體系重心”“關節點”,一旦發現敵薄弱部位,所有作戰力量和行動通過整體聯動和自主協同,採取多樣式、多手段的破擊行動,造成敵作戰能力的突變和主動作戰體系的全面作戰,以實現“崩塌與優勢”,以崩潰與作戰能力的全面作戰。

可見,資訊化戰爭是各種力量在多個戰場空間、作戰領域中綜合運用多種戰鬥樣式和作戰手段同場競技的實踐活動。只有多種戰鬥樣式、作戰手段相互配合、相互支援、互補,才能產生倍增效應,進而發揮整個系統的最大作戰效能。

多手融合

戰爭手段是為達成戰爭目的而運用的方法。資訊化戰爭除了強大的軍事手段外,還必須動用一切可以動用的方式和手段,相互配合,有機融合,形成整體,以取得有利的態勢。一是戰爭手段運用綜合化。凡戰爭都有鮮明的政治性,都是為一定的政治目的服務的。隨著世界經濟全球化、國際政治多極化等因素的影響,資訊化戰爭更多的是以軍事手段為主,軍事手段與經濟、外交、文化、科技等多種手段的綜合運用。二是戰爭手段運用梯度化。隨著時代的發展,戰爭作為維護、謀求權力與利益的手段受到了國際法和國際輿論越來越多的限制,加上諸戰爭需付出高昂代價,所以信息化時代在戰爭手段運用上,呈現出逐步發展的梯度性,通常先由國際法意義上的報復、顯示武力、暴力性報復(打擊),最後發展至局部戰爭。三是戰爭手段運用的系統化。資訊化戰爭是敵對雙方綜合國力的較量,戰爭的取勝,有賴於各種戰爭手段綜合、系統運用。在具體的作戰行動中,各種戰爭手段因其功能、性質的不同,在戰爭中居於不同的地位,扮演不同的角色。只有把各種有效的戰爭手段緊密地結合成一個有機連結的整體,才能形成充分揚己之長、避己之短的作戰體系,最大限度地發揮整體作戰效能。

可見,資訊化戰爭受制因素增多、戰爭目的簡約、作戰樣式翻新,在決策與行動過程中,只有與政治、經濟、文化、外交等其他領域鬥爭行動互相配合,融為一體,才能高效地達成戰爭總體目標。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2019-12/10/content_24955988.htm