Category Archives: Mosaic Warfare

Chinese Military Exercises Focused on Taiwan Conclude Signaling Joint Containment Strategy

中國軍事演習的重點是台灣結束信號的聯合遏制策略

現代英語:

The Chinese Communist Party announced the “Strait Thunder-2025A” exercise on the 2nd. The Ministry of National Defense detected 13 Chinese warships, 10 Coast Guard ships, and 8 ships from the Shandong aircraft carrier formation.

(Central News Agency reporter Wu Shuwei, Taipei, 2nd) The two-day Chinese Communist Party military exercise has concluded. Military scholars analyzed that the Chinese Communist Party’s military exercise is still led by politics, using a 70% political and 30% military approach to put pressure on Taiwan, raising the strategic level of “joint blockade” and enhancing the mission role of the Chinese Coast Guard.

The Eastern Theater Command of the People’s Liberation Army of China announced yesterday that it would organize the army, navy, air force, and rocket force to conduct joint exercises around Taiwan. Today, it said that the army will conduct long-range live-fire exercises in relevant waters of the East China Sea in accordance with the “Strait Thunder-2025A” exercise plan.

Regarding the characteristics of the CCP’s military exercise that are worthy of Taiwan’s attention, Chen Wenjia, a senior consultant at the National Policy Research Institute, told a Central News Agency reporter that the PLA’s exercise mobilized the army, navy, air force and rocket force to conduct joint combat drills to test the PLA’s coordinated combat capabilities and enhance the overall effectiveness of operations against Taiwan. Secondly, it is an operational practice exercise, including precision strikes on key infrastructure, blockades of ports and other practical subjects, and simulates scenarios of actual military operations against Taiwan, showing that the PLA’s combat preparations against Taiwan are becoming increasingly mature.

Chen Wenjia said that the Chinese Coast Guard also participated in the military exercise and carried out law enforcement patrols and other operations. The purpose was to exert pressure on Taiwan through gray zone harassment and increase the effectiveness of the “three warfares” of public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, and legal warfare against Taiwan.

Su Ziyun, director of the Institute of Defense Strategy and Resources at the National Defense Security Research Institute, said that the CCP’s military exercise this time is still 70% political and 30% military. Compared with the past “Joint Sword” military exercises against Taiwan, this time the CCP has raised the status of the coast guard and the implementation of “joint blockade” to a strategic level, and announced today that the exercises will practice verification and identification, warning and expulsion, and interception and detention. It is to think about non-war military actions with strategic thinking, and when necessary, cut off Taiwan’s sea transportation lines through isolation to force Taiwan to surrender.

Regarding the warning that the CCP’s military exercises send to Taiwan, Chen Wenjia said that as the PLA continues to conduct high-intensity military exercises around Taiwan, it shows that the military threat to Taiwan is escalating, and Taiwan needs to strengthen its own defense capabilities to ensure the security of the Taiwan Strait; secondly, the pressure in the gray zone is increasing, especially the participation of the coast guard force, which means that China is exerting more pressure in the gray zone. Taiwan needs to increase its vigilance against this non-traditional security threat and should formulate corresponding strategies as soon as possible.

Su Ziyun stated that the Chinese Communist Party’s military exercises highlight the importance of “air defense being the most urgent of all.” Whether the CCP intends to attack Taiwan’s ports or energy facilities, it will need to resort to air strikes, such as missile attacks. This means Taiwan’s air defense capabilities need to be strengthened. In response to Chinese Communist Party gray zone harassment, the Navy currently relies on destroyers and frigates as its main combat vessels. The Navy should emulate the British Navy’s deployment of surveillance vessels, such as River-class patrol vessels, to counter gray zone harassment and preserve the availability and capacity of its main combat vessels. (Editor: Yang Lanxuan) 1140402

現代國語:

中共2日宣布「海峽雷霆-2025A」演練,國防部偵獲共艦13艘、海警船10艘及山東號航艦編隊8艘。 (中央社製圖)

(中央社記者吳書緯台北2日電)中共兩天軍演落幕,軍事學者分析,中共此次軍演仍以政治掛帥,採7分政治、3分軍事的方式對台施壓,拉高「聯合封控」的戰略位階,提升中國海警的任務角色。

中國人民解放軍東部戰區昨天稱組織陸海空軍與火箭軍等兵力,在台灣週邊展開聯合演訓,今天則是稱陸軍部隊按「海峽雷霆-2025A」演練計畫,在東海相關海域實施遠程火力實彈射擊演練。

針對中共此次軍演值得台灣關注的特點,國策研究院資深顧問陳文甲告訴中央社記者,共軍此次演習動用了陸海空軍與火箭軍進行聯合作戰演練,測試共軍的協同作戰能力,提升對台作戰的整體效能,其次是操作實戰化科目演練,包括對關鍵基礎設施的精確打擊、封鎖港口等實戰化科目,並模擬對台灣進行實際軍事行動的場景,顯示共軍針對台灣的作戰整備日益成熟。

陳文甲表示,中國海警也參與此次軍演,並進行執法巡查等行動,目的在透過灰色地帶襲擾施加對台灣的壓力,增加對台灣進行輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰的「三戰」效果。

國防安全研究院國防戰略與資源研究所長蘇紫雲說,中共此次軍演仍是7分政治、3分軍事,和過去對台「聯合利劍」軍演相比,這次中共將海警與執行「聯合封控」的位階提高至戰略位階,並在今天宣稱演習演練查證識別、警告驅離及攔截扣押等課目,就是以戰略思維來思考非戰爭的軍事行動,在必要的時候透過隔離手段,切斷台灣的海上運輸線,來逼迫台灣投降。

對於中共此次軍演對台灣的警訊,陳文甲表示,隨著共軍持續在台灣週邊進行高強度軍事演習,顯示對台灣的軍事威脅不斷升級,台灣需強化自身防衛能力確保台海安全;其次是灰色地帶壓力增加,尤其是海警力量的參與,意味著中國在灰色地帶施加更多壓力,台灣需提高對此非傳統安全威脅的警覺,應盡速制定相應的策略。

蘇紫雲表示,中共軍演凸顯「萬事莫如防空急」,無論是中共要攻擊台灣港口或能源設施,都需要透過飛彈攻擊等空襲手段,代表台灣的防空能力還需加強,而在應對中共灰色地帶襲擾活動,海軍目前仍是以驅逐艦、巡防艦等主戰艦艇應對,應仿效英國海軍建置河級巡邏艦(River-class patrol vessel)等監視性質的艦艇,來應對共軍灰色地帶襲擾,保存主戰艦艇的妥善率和能量。 (編輯:楊蘭軒)1140402

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/202504020405.aspx

Implementation of the “Outline of Joint Cooperation” Within the People’s Liberation Army of China

中國人民解放軍內部實施《聯合合作綱要》

現代英語:

With the approval of Xi Jinping, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, the Central Military Commission issued the “Outline of Joint Cooperation between the People’s Liberation Army of China (Trial Implementation)”, which will come into effect on November 7, 2020.

The Outline focuses on building a legal system for joint operations and strengthening the clear orientation of preparing for war. It is of great significance to consolidate and deepen the results of the reform of the leadership and command system, scale structure and force composition, and to promote the liberation and development of our military’s joint operations capabilities.

The Outline is the top-level regulation of our military’s new-era combat doctrine system. It focuses on clarifying the basic issues of joint combat organization and implementation, unifying combat thinking, clarifying responsibilities and procedures, and guiding combat operations. It also clarifies major principles, requirements, and basic procedures for joint combat command, combat operations, combat support, national defense mobilization, and political work.

The Central Military Commission requires that all levels should earnestly study and implement the “Outline”, adhere to combat effectiveness as the only fundamental standard, use the “Outline” as the basic basis for organizing and implementing joint operations and joint training, and comprehensively improve the ability to win in the new era.

The battle flag hunt, the military parade ground was full of ups and downs, and the climaxes continued——

From north to south, the surging iron torrents train elite soldiers; in the deep blue ocean, soldiers step on the waves to forge sharp swords; above the vast sky, eagles fly thousands of miles towards the blue sky; deep in the dense forests, the east wind roars to the sky; the skynet controls power, and the invisible war defeats the visible… One after another joint combat exercises are gradually unfolding in multiple domains and all dimensions, presenting a picture of a strong army that trains together to plan for war, uses training to promote war, and wins war through strong training, sounding the strong note of a new era in the history of our army’s training and preparation.

Over the past year, the world has been undergoing unprecedented changes unseen in a century, intertwined with the global COVID-19 pandemic. Under the sky shrouded by the epidemic, the international situation has been in constant turmoil and confrontation. The drone warfare that has shined in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has shown the world the unique characteristics of modern warfare.

“When times change, things change. When things change, we must be prepared for change.” In the future, “what kind of war to fight and how to fight it” carries the heavy mission, and the entire military is surging with enthusiasm for researching and winning wars.

Faced with new changes in the national security situation, new threats from powerful enemies and adversaries, and new developments in the form of warfare, we urgently need to provide answers to strengthening the military, winning battles, and meeting the needs of the times.

“Overall, modern warfare has indeed undergone profound changes. These changes may seem dazzling, but there are regularities behind them. The fundamental thing is that the winning mechanism of war has changed.” Faced with the rapid development of the new world military revolution and changes in the war situation, under the guidance of the commander-in-chief and in accordance with the unified deployment of the CMC’s policy and system reforms, the CMC Joint Staff Department organized experts from the Academy of Military Sciences and capable personnel from relevant departments of the CMC, various theater commands, various military services and armed police forces to form a joint research group to pool wisdom and strength to tackle key problems and advance the formulation of new-era combat regulations.

On November 7, 2020, the “Outline of the Joint Cooperation Warfare of the People’s Liberation Army of China (Trial Implementation)” was implemented throughout the army, marking a new coordinate system for our army’s joint cooperation war in the new era.

Since the issuance of the Outline, commanders have taken the lead in learning it, agencies have taken the lead in studying it, and troops have practiced learning it. The officers and soldiers of the whole army have been enthusiastic about learning and publicizing the Outline. A great discussion on joint operations in the new era, a great liberation of thoughts, and a great practice of preparation for war have been vigorously carried out in the whole army.

Pointing to victory, leading the new practice of preparing for war in the new era

“Following the main road, who would you follow to seek a shortcut?” In the world of soldiers, there is no such thing as “easy”. The only way to win a battle is to be prepared.

What kind of war we will fight in the future will require innovative tactics; if we cannot innovate tactics, it will be difficult to win future wars.

In essence, combat regulations are about solving the problem of how to fight and how to win, and are the refinement, deepening and concretization of military strategic policies. The Outline of Joint Cooperation of the People’s Liberation Army of China (Trial) (hereinafter referred to as the Outline) deeply studies the characteristics and laws of future wars, accurately grasps the era characteristics of the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligentization of our army, and through the forward-looking and concrete design of future operations, implements the spiritual essence and content requirements of the new era’s military strategic policy into the troops’ preparation for war.

The Outline is not only a guideline for preparing for war, but also a guideline for winning joint operations.

At the beginning of the new year of 2021, a certain area of the Eastern Theater Command is organizing a multi-service, multi-directional, systematic combat training. Under the guidance of the newly issued “Outline”, this exercise involves the full-domain linkage of land, sea, air, space, network and electric power, close coordination of political and public opinion, and information-led throughout the entire process from combat preparation to situation shaping to mission implementation. All units work closely together, demonstrating the firm determination and strong ability to maintain national unity with a thunderous momentum, and also witnessing the transformation of our military joint cooperation from “formal linkage” to “spiritual linkage”.

In the west, at midnight in mid-spring 2021, a series of urgent alarm bells rang. According to the level transfer order of a certain base of the Western Theater Air Force, the officers and soldiers of a certain air defense battalion of the Army quickly rushed to their positions, and the level transfer time was further shortened. According to the unified deployment, more than 10 Army air defense forces in the theater air force responsibility area entered the Air Force command chain in an organized manner, breaking the information barrier of the services, sharing early warning information, and jointly taking on combat readiness duty, and initially forming a joint air defense combat system. “You lend me the ‘eye in the sky’, and I will help you with the ‘iron fist'”, the integrated joint air defense combat across the services has taken a new step and entered a new stage.

In the north, at the beginning of the summer of 2021, war eagles soared and iron currents rolled, and an exercise with the theme of air-ground joint operations was in full swing. According to the plan, a certain command post of the Air Force of the Northern Theater Command and a certain group army of the Army jointly organized a brigade-level command post exercise to study and explore the composition of joint command institutions and test the integrated joint combat command capabilities of the command post personnel. Intelligence analysis and processing, joint firepower strikes, and integrated rear-end support were coordinated and planned and carried out in an integrated manner, and the command institutions were organized in an integrated manner with all elements. Through repeated joint combat and training, the policy of leading training through combat and carrying out combat through training has been further implemented, and the joint combat and command capabilities of commanders of all services and arms have been significantly improved.

In the direction of the South China Sea, war eagles roared and attacked fiercely, dragons took off and stepped on the sea and waves, radars flew and missiles raised their heads… Under the unified command of the theater joint command, all mission forces worked as a whole and coordinated closely to quickly build a battlefield layout that was multi-domain joint, both offensive and defensive, and deployed in echelons. They adopted a combination of centralized command and decentralized command, and flexibly carried out sea and air escort and deterrence and expulsion in a reasonable, forceful and restrained manner, effectively maintaining peace and tranquility in the South China Sea.

In the past year since the implementation of the Outline, the orientation of preparing for war has become clearer and firmer, the sole fundamental standard of combat effectiveness has been more firmly established, training and preparation for war as the main responsibility of the troops has become more prominent, researching and planning war as the primary responsibility of officers and soldiers has become clearer, the ideas and measures for joint operations and victory have become increasingly effective, and the entire army has continued to set off a new upsurge in training and preparation for war.

Keep pace with the times and clarify the new mechanism of joint cooperation in the new era

“All beneficial ways go with the times.”

Military theorist Douhet once said: “Victory smiles only on those who can foresee the changes in the character of war, not on those who wait for the changes to happen and then adapt to them.”

Looking around the world, the game and struggle among major powers are intensifying, the threat of war exists, the war situation continues to evolve, new military reforms are booming, stealth, unmanned and intelligent weapons and equipment have become the mainstream trend, the battlefield space has expanded to all domains and dimensions, the integrated linkage of combat forces has become the norm, combat command, action and support have become more sophisticated, and winning future wars requires the support of more advanced combat theories.

The gap in combat concepts is the fundamental gap, and the backwardness of combat theory is the biggest backwardness. When modern wars are surging in the world, what is most needed is newer and braver minds.

The new-era combat regulations, led by the Outline, adhere to Xi Jinping’s military strategic thinking and the new-era military strategic policy as the soul and outline, deeply grasp the new changes in national security, new adjustments in combat opponents, new designs in strategic layout, new connotations of active defense, and new developments in combat guidance, and materialize the principles and methods of commanders’ understanding and guidance of war into norms and standards for the specific implementation of the troops, so as to promote our military-joint cooperation war to a higher level.

——It comprehensively expounds the contemporary connotation of war guidance under information conditions.

The Outline aims to win future high-end wars, accurately grasps the characteristics of lowered thresholds for future armed conflicts, blurred boundaries of war, and increasingly prominent mutual influence and efficiency between the war field and other fields, strengthens the political and social attributes of combat operations, innovatively develops military struggle paradigms, emphasizes relying on the country’s integrated strategic system and capabilities, emphasizes the integration of war and non-war domains, emphasizes the comprehensive implementation of military and political, diplomatic, economic, cultural and other means, and gives full play to the overall advantages of the party, government, military, police and people. It reflects the modern war concept and the war guidance for winning the people’s war and total war in the new era.

——All elements standardize the style and methods of our joint military operations.

The Outline is based on the tasks and development of our army, and systematically expounds on the possible joint operations in the future, covering the core missions of various strategic directions, covering land, sea, air, space, network and electromagnetic multi-dimensional space. At the same time, it also creatively summarizes the basic types of joint operations, highlights the basic actions that run through the joint operations and have common characteristics, and forms a closed-loop chain of joint operations with all elements and in all fields.

——The joint combat command system and organizational operation mode were designed throughout the entire process.

The implementation of joint operations organizations is extremely complex and difficult. Whether they can be “coordinated” in terms of strength, “joined” in operations, and “excellent” in effectiveness depends crucially on whether they can achieve “unification” in command. The “Outline” focuses on building a strong and efficient joint operations command structure, closely integrates the Central Military Commission and the theater joint command operation model mechanism, fully considers that it not only complies with the general direction and general requirements of the reform, but also leaves room for flexible formation in practice. It focuses on solving major issues such as the construction of a joint operations command system, the differentiation of command authority and responsibility interfaces, and the integration of services into the joint system, so as to ensure that thousands of troops and horses can jointly act under unified orders.

Taking joint training as the guideline, promoting a new leap forward in joint training in the new era

At the Central Military Commission’s military training conference, President Xi Jinping stressed the need to strengthen joint training, adhere to joint training as the key, develop a joint training system with Chinese characteristics, and accelerate the improvement of integrated joint combat capabilities. Soldiers should be trained in the way they fight, and troops should be trained in what is needed for fighting. Today’s world-class armies all regard improving joint training as the top priority for war preparation.

The Outline is the opening chapter of the new era combat doctrine and the guiding principle for the transformation of joint training in the new era. The Outline provides direction, inspires vitality, and gives birth to a new pattern of joint training in the new era.

——Incorporate combat into training to present an “integrated posture” of training.

In the Taiwan Strait, the naval and air fleets carried out joint combat readiness patrols to test and enhance the joint combat capabilities of multiple services, maintain a high state of alert at all times, and resolutely defend national sovereignty and territorial integrity. Exercise preparation is combat preparation, and the exercise state is the combat state. Joint military exercises are no longer simple training activities, but have become a preparation process to promote combat readiness and enhance capabilities. Joint training, the “source” and “main stream” full of power, is guiding and driving the in-depth advancement and vigorous development of military struggle preparations, and fully unleashing the role and effectiveness of training to carry out combat and training to promote preparations.

——Systematic training has become the “new normal” of joint training.

“East”, “South”, “West”, “North”, and “Central” are joint live-fire exercises organized by various theater commands, “Crossing”, “Mobility”, “Red Sword”, “Sky Sword”, and “Joint Logistics Mission” are series of systematic exercises organized by various services, covering all seasons, all weather, and all regions. The CMC, theater commands, and services are responsible for division of labor, overall design, and systematic organization. They are decomposed from top to bottom and integrated from bottom to top, driving the operation and inspection of the joint combat system. Joint exercises and systematic training present a new look, and new changes have taken place in the training and preparation mode. Our military’s joint training has entered a new stage of all-round transformation and overall improvement.

——Joint training between China and foreign countries highlights the “integration” of joint exercises.

At the foot of the Helan Mountains and in the heart of the Bronze Gorge Desert, the “Western Joint-2021” China-Russia joint exercise was booming. In this joint exercise, the Chinese and Russian militaries were mixed and planned together. The two sides shared their positions, coordinated closely, and acted together. They practiced more than 20 subjects such as joint air defense, joint obstacle removal, and joint three-dimensional seizure. With the support of the deeply integrated combat system between China and Russia, new breakthroughs in joint exercises and training were achieved. “Maritime Joint”, “Common Destiny”, “Peace Mission”… With the joint training between China and foreign countries as a “window”, the new changes in the joint training of the Chinese military are being brilliantly presented to the world.

——Intensive training in new domains, demonstrating an “open attitude” in research and warfare.

In joint exercises, underwater unmanned “fish schools”, land unmanned “wolf packs”, and air unmanned “bee swarms” began to emerge. New domains and new types of forces such as land aviation, special operations, electric power, unmanned, network, and aerospace were deeply integrated into the joint combat system and the joint exercise process, and realistic combat scenarios were carefully constructed to accurately experiment with modern war organization and management. As the most active practice area for preparing for war, joint training, with an innovative and open attitude, boldly tried and made great strides towards the new combat areas pointed out in the Outline.

Integrating war and construction to shape a new pattern of system construction in the new era

President Xi stressed that we must adhere to the principle of building the country in accordance with war, strengthen the coordination of war and construction, speed up the promotion of major strategic, leading and fundamental projects, and accelerate the creation of a high-level strategic deterrence and joint combat system.

If the “trouble” in the construction of the joint combat system is not resolved quickly, once the “interest” of the debt accumulates, it will become a “pain” on the battlefield tomorrow. From the perspective of war, the “Outline” calibrates the “sight” of construction and firmly points to the correct direction of military construction.

——Calibrate the construction “sight” to point to the needs of joint operations.

Under the guidance of the Outline, the concept of jointness has been gradually established, and the barriers of “coordination” of military operations and “integration” of combat domain capabilities have been gradually broken down. The land, sea, air, and fire arms have been combined in the same domain, and cross-domain integration of combat domains such as space, network, and electromagnetic space has gradually become a reality. With the support of the network information system and combat data information as the link, a full-time and smooth command link has been built. The system is internally connected to each combat sub-center, and is connected to each combat group (team) command post. When necessary, it can directly reach the end of the individual platform to achieve joint command to the end. All operational forces worked together around the overall intention, realizing the transformation of the joint combat concept from focusing on the “service attributes” of combat forces to focusing on the “operational domain”, which has become the main feature of future joint combat. Studying, planning, and training for war with the “Outline” has become a trend throughout the military.

——Calibrate construction’s “sights” to point to system shortcomings and weaknesses.

Based on the Outline, our army insists on combining inheritance and innovation, theory and practice, innovatively designs strategies for winning future wars, focuses on highlighting problem orientation, takes root in training and preparation for war, promotes the construction of joint combat command system and new combat force construction, and effectively solves the outstanding shortcomings and weaknesses in military combat preparation. In mid-May 2021, the Party Committee of the Northern Theater Command held a special war meeting, and in accordance with the Outline, thoroughly identified contradictions and problems in joint combat research, command and control mode transformation, joint handling level, and efficient command capabilities. According to the Outline, it optimized system support, improved command and control methods, and improved command means, which promoted the transformation of the operation mode of the theater joint command center and the improvement of command effectiveness. Looking across the entire military, similar practices are becoming more and more common. Referring to the Outline to find gaps, ideas, and methods in the near and long term has become the new mainstream for planning and promoting construction at all levels and in all fields.

——Calibrate the construction “sight” to point to the urgent need to balance powerful enemies.

To implement the principle of building the military in accordance with war and coordinating the military construction, we must not only focus on solving current practical problems, but also pay attention to solving long-term development problems. The Outline is anchored on the future of defeating the strong and contains a far-sighted plan to build a world-class military. Guided by the Outline and focusing on changes in the war situation and changes in scientific and technological development, the construction of asymmetric means to check and balance powerful enemies has ushered in a qualitative leap. Batches of new drones, new helicopters and other advanced weapons and equipment have been tested and deployed, and a series of high-tech equipment has been deployed and developed, which has given us more confidence and stronger capabilities to win the war. The Outline condenses the “war code” of historical wisdom and also integrates the way to build first-class and win the future in the new era.

“But look at the path you have come from, and you will see verdant and green mountains.” One year after the implementation of the Outline, the new-era combat regulations are releasing capabilities and increasing efficiency in building a joint combat system with Chinese military characteristics.

In the new era and new journey, our path of joint military operations will surely become broader, our ability to defend the country’s strategic development interests will surely become stronger, our confidence in winning future informationized wars will surely become firmer, and the great goal of building a world-class military will surely be fully realized.

“We have a string that is tightly tied to us, a mission that we shoulder, and a storm that we are watching closely… We are always ready!”

現代國語:

經中央軍委主席習近平批准,中央軍委印發《中國人民解放軍聯合作戰綱要(試行)》,於2020年11月7日起施行。

《綱要》著眼構建聯合作戰法規體系,強化備戰打仗的鮮明導向,對鞏固深化領導指揮體制、規模結構和力量編成改革成果,對推動我軍聯合作戰能力解放和發展,具有重要意義。

《綱要》是我軍新時代作戰條令體系的頂層法規,重在明確聯合作戰組織實施的基本問題,重在統一作戰思想、釐清權責程序、指導作戰行動,明確聯合作戰指揮、作戰行動、作戰保障、國防動員、政治工作等重大原則、要求和基本程序。

中央軍委要求,各級要認真抓好《綱要》的學習貫徹,堅持戰斗力這個唯一的根本的標准,將《綱要》作為組織實施聯合作戰和聯合訓練的基本依據,全面提高新時代打贏能力。

戰旗獵獵,演兵場上風起雲湧、高潮迭起——

大江南北,鐵流澎湃礪精兵;深藍大洋,蹈海踏浪鑄利劍;蒼穹之上,鵬飛萬裡向碧空;密林深處,東風浩蕩嘯九天;天網制權,無形之戰勝有形……一場場聯合作戰演練在多域全維漸次展開,鋪陳出一幅幅聯訓謀戰、以訓促戰、強訓勝戰的強軍畫卷,奏響著我軍練兵備戰史上新的時代強音。

一年來,世界百年未有之大變局交織全球新冠疫情之大流行,疫霾籠罩的天空之下,國際局勢波瀾不斷,伴隨著動蕩和對抗,納卡沖突中大放異彩的無人機作戰,向世界展現出現代戰爭獨有的特征。

“世異則事異,事異則備變。”未來“打什麼仗、怎麼打仗”承載著使命之重,全軍上下處處湧動著研戰謀勝的熱潮。

面對國家安全形勢新的變化,面對強敵對手新的威脅,面對戰爭形態新的演進,迫切需要我們給出強軍答案,給出勝戰答案,給出時代答案。

“總的看,現代戰爭確實發生了深刻變化。這些變化看上去眼花繚亂,但背後是有規律可循的,根本的是戰爭的制勝機理變了。”面對迅猛發展的世界新軍事革命和戰爭形態變化,在統帥指引下,按照軍委政策制度改革統一部署,軍委聯合參謀部組織軍事科學院專家力量和軍委機關有關部門、各戰區、各軍兵種和武警部隊精干人員成立聯合課題組,集智聚力攻關,緊前推動新時代作戰條令制定工作。

2020年11月7日,《中國人民解放軍聯合作戰綱要(試行)》在全軍施行,標定了新時代我軍聯合作戰新的坐標系。

《綱要》頒發以來,指揮員率先領學、機關帶頭熱學、部隊實際踐學,全軍官兵學習宣貫《綱要》熱潮奔湧,一場新時代聯合作戰大討論、思想大解放、備戰大實踐,在全軍部隊蓬勃開展。

劍指勝戰,引領新時代備戰打仗新實踐

“遵通衢之大道兮,求捷徑欲從誰?”軍人的世界,沒有“容易”二字。勝戰之道,唯有備戰。

未來打什麼樣的仗,就要創新什麼樣的戰法;創新不了戰法,就難以打贏未來的戰爭。

作戰條令實質上就是解決如何打仗、怎麼打贏的問題,是對軍事戰略方針的細化、深化和具體化。《中國人民解放軍聯合作戰綱要(試行)》(以下簡稱《綱要》)深入研究未來戰爭特點規律,准確把握我軍機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展的時代特征,通過對未來作戰的前瞻性具象化設計,將新時代軍事戰略方針的精神實質和內容要求具體落實到部隊備戰打仗實踐中去。

《綱要》既是備戰指導綱要,更是聯戰勝戰綱要。

2021年新春伊始,東部戰區某區域,正在組織一場多軍種多方向成體系實戰化訓練。此次演練,在新出台的《綱要》引領下,陸海空天網電全域聯動,政治輿論密切配合,從作戰准備到態勢塑造再到任務實施,全流程信息主導,各單位密切協同,以雷霆萬鈞之勢彰顯了維護國家統一的堅定決心和強大能力,也見證了我軍聯合作戰由“形聯”到“神聯”的蛻變。

西部方向,2021年仲春午夜,一陣急促的警鈴聲響起,根據西部戰區空軍某基地等級轉進指令,陸軍某防空營官兵迅速奔向戰位,等級轉進時間進一步縮短。按照統一部署,戰區空軍責任區內,10余支陸軍防空力量成建制進入空軍指揮鏈條,打破軍種信息壁壘,實現共享預警信息、共同擔負戰備值班,初步形成聯合防空作戰體系。“你借我‘天眼’,我助你‘鐵拳’”,跨軍兵種的一體化聯合防空作戰邁出了新步伐,進入了新階段。

北部方向,2021年盛夏之初,戰鷹翱翔,鐵流滾滾,一場以空地聯合為主題的演習正在火熱進行。根據計劃,北部戰區空軍某指揮所與陸軍某集團軍共同組織軍旅兩級指揮所演習,研究探索聯合指揮機構編成,檢驗指揮所人員一體化聯合作戰指揮能力。情報分析處理、聯合火力打擊、綜合後裝保障等環節協同籌劃、一體展開,指揮機構人員一體編設、要素齊全。在一次次聯戰聯訓的淬煉下,以戰領訓、以訓載戰進一步落地落實,各軍兵種指揮員的聯合作戰指揮能力得到明顯提升。

南海方向,戰鷹呼嘯、攻勢凌厲,蛟龍出動、蹈海踏浪,雷達飛轉、導彈昂首……在戰區聯指的統一指揮下,各任務部隊一體聯動、密切協同,迅速構建起多域聯合、攻防兼備、梯次部署的戰場布勢,采取集中指揮與分散指揮相結合的方式,靈活機動開展海空護航和威懾驅離,有理有力有節,有效維護了南海的和平與安寧。

《綱要》施行一年來,備戰打仗的導向更加鮮明堅定,戰斗力這個唯一的根本的標准樹得更牢,練兵備戰作為部隊主責主業更加突出,研戰謀戰作為官兵第一責任更加清晰,聯戰勝戰的思路舉措越來越見成效,全軍持續掀起練兵備戰新的熱潮。

與時俱進,釐清新時代聯合作戰新機理

“凡益之道,與時偕行。”

軍事理論家杜黑曾言:“勝利只向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑,而不是向那些等待變化發生再去適應的人微笑。”

放眼世界,大國博弈斗爭加劇,戰爭威脅現實存在,戰爭形態持續演進,新軍事變革蓬勃發展,武器裝備隱身化、無人化、智能化成為主流趨勢,戰場空間向全域全維拓展,作戰力量一體聯動成為常態,作戰指揮、行動和支援保障更趨精細,打贏未來戰爭需要更加先進的作戰理論支撐。

作戰理念的差距才是根本的差距,作戰理論的落後才是最大的落後。當現代化戰爭在世界洶湧澎湃的時候,最需要的是更新銳、更勇敢的頭腦。

以《綱要》為統領的新時代作戰條令,堅持把習近平軍事戰略思想、新時代軍事戰略方針作為魂和綱,深刻把握國家安全新變化、作戰對手新調整、戰略布局新設計、積極防御新內涵、作戰指導新發展,將統帥認知戰爭、指導戰爭的原則和方法,物化為部隊具體執行的規范標准,推進我軍聯合作戰邁向更高層次。

——全維度闡述了信息化條件下戰爭指導的時代內涵。

《綱要》瞄准打贏未來高端戰爭,准確把握未來武裝沖突門檻降低、戰爭界限模糊,戰爭領域與其他領域的斗爭相互影響增效日漸突出等特點,強化作戰行動的政治、社會屬性,創新發展軍事斗爭范式模式,強調依托國家一體化戰略體系和能力,強調戰與非戰多域融合,強調軍事與政治、外交、經濟、文化等多手段綜合施策,發揮黨政軍警民整體優勢,反映了現代戰爭理念和打贏新時代人民戰爭、總體戰的戰爭指導。

——全要素規范了我軍聯合作戰行動樣式和行動方法。

《綱要》立足我軍擔負任務和建設發展實際,對未來可能實施的聯合作戰樣式進行了系統闡述,覆蓋各戰略方向核心使命,遍及陸、海、空、天、網絡和電磁多維空間。同時,還創造性地總結歸納了聯合作戰基本行動類型,將貫穿聯合作戰始終並具有共性特征的基本行動突出出來,形成全要素全領域聯合行動的閉環鏈路。

——全流程設計了聯合作戰指揮體系及組織運行方式。

聯合作戰組織實施復雜度極高、難度極大,能否在力量上“合”、行動上“聯”、效能上“優”,關鍵要看指揮上能否實現“統”。《綱要》圍繞打造堅強高效的聯合作戰指揮機構,緊密結合軍委、戰區聯指運行模式機制,充分考慮到既順應改革大方向和總要求,又為實際中靈活編組留有余地,重點解決聯合作戰指揮體系構建、指揮權責界面區分、軍種融入聯合體系等重大問題,確保千軍萬馬在統一號令下聯合行動。

以聯為綱,推動新時代聯合訓練新躍升

一引其綱,萬目皆張。習主席在中央軍委軍事訓練會議上強調,要強化聯合訓練,堅持以聯為綱,發展我軍特色聯合訓練體系,加速提升一體化聯合作戰能力。仗怎麼打、兵就怎麼練,打仗需要什麼、部隊就應該練什麼。當今世界一流軍隊,無不把提高聯合訓練水平視為戰爭准備的第一要務。

《綱要》是新時代作戰條令的開篇之作,也是新時代聯合訓練轉型的指向遵循。《綱要》指引著方向,《綱要》激發著活力,催生了新時代聯合訓練的新格局。

——寓戰於訓,呈現訓備“一體態”。

台灣海峽,海空編隊實施聯合戰備警巡,檢驗提升多軍兵種聯合作戰能力,時刻保持高度戒備狀態,堅決捍衛國家主權和領土完整。演練准備就是作戰准備,演練狀態就是作戰狀態,聯合演兵不再是單純的訓練活動,已經成為推進備戰、提升能力的准備過程。聯合訓練這個充滿力量的“源頭”“干流”,正在牽引、帶動軍事斗爭准備深入推進、蓬勃發展,充分釋放以訓載戰、以訓促備的作用功效。

——體系實訓,成為聯訓“新常態”。

“東部”“南部”“西部”“北部”“中部”,各戰區組織的一場場聯合實兵演習,“跨越”“機動”“紅劍”“天劍”“聯勤使命”,各軍兵種組織的系列體系化演訓,覆蓋了全季節、全天候、全地域。軍委機關、戰區、軍兵種分工負責,整體化設計、體系化組織,從上到下逐級分解,從下向上逐級集成,帶動聯合作戰體系運轉檢驗。聯合演訓、體系練兵呈現新氣象,練兵備戰模式出現新變化,我軍聯合訓練進入了全方位變革、整體性提升的新階段。

——中外聯訓,突顯聯演“融合態”。

賀蘭山下,青銅峽大漠腹地,“西部·聯合-2021”中俄聯演炮聲隆隆。此次聯演,中俄兩軍混合編組、合帳籌劃,雙方態勢共享、密切協同、聯合行動,演練聯合防空、聯合破障、聯合立體奪要等20余個課目,在中俄深度融合的作戰體系支撐下,實現聯演聯訓的新突破。 “海上聯合”“共同命運”“和平使命”……以中外聯訓為“窗口”,中國軍隊聯合訓練的新變化正在向世界精彩呈現。

——新域精訓,展現研戰“開放態”。

一場場聯合演練活動中,水下無人“魚群”、陸上無人“狼群”、空中無人“蜂群”開始真正湧現,陸航、特戰、電抗、無人、網絡、空天等新域新質力量,深度融入聯合作戰體系,深度進入聯合演練流程,精細構設現實作戰場景,精准實驗現代戰爭組織管理。作為備戰打仗最活躍的實踐領域,聯合訓練以創新、開放的姿態,朝著《綱要》指出的新型作戰領域,大膽嘗試、闊步前進。

戰建一體,塑造新時代體系建設新格局

習主席強調指出,要堅持以戰領建,加強戰建統籌,抓緊推進戰略性、引領性、基礎性重大工程,加快打造高水平戰略威懾和聯合作戰體系。

聯合作戰體系建設上的“患”,如不加快解決,一旦欠賬“復息”疊加,就將成為明天戰場上的“痛”。《綱要》從戰的角度,校准建的“准星”,堅定地指向軍隊建設正確的方向。

——校准建設“准星”指向聯合作戰所需。

在《綱要》指引下,聯合理念逐步確立,軍兵種行動“配合”、作戰域能力“整合”的壁壘逐漸被打破,陸、海、空、火等軍兵種並域聯合,太空、網絡、電磁空間等作戰域跨域融合逐步成為現實。以網絡信息體系為支撐,以作戰數據信息為紐帶,構建起全時暢通的指揮鏈路。系統內聯各作戰分中心,下接各作戰群(隊)指揮所,必要時直達單兵平台末端,實現聯合指揮到底到邊。各行動力量圍繞整體意圖共同發力,實現了聯合作戰理念以作戰力量“軍種屬性”為著眼,向以“作戰域”歸屬為著眼的轉變,成為未來聯合作戰的主要特征。拿著《綱要》研打仗、謀打仗、練打仗,在全軍上下蔚然成風。

——校准建設“准星”指向體系短板弱項。

以《綱要》為依據,我軍堅持繼承與創新、理論與實踐相結合,創新設計未來戰爭制勝之策,注重突出問題導向,植苗扎根練兵備戰,推進聯合作戰指揮體系建設、新型作戰力量建設,有效解決了軍事斗爭准備的突出短板弱項。2021年5月中旬,北部戰區黨委召開專題議戰會,對照《綱要》深入查找聯合作戰研究、指控模式轉變、聯合處置層次、高效指揮能力等方面的矛盾問題,依據《綱要》優化體系支撐、改進指控方法、完善指揮手段,推動了戰區聯指中心運行模式轉變和指揮效能提升。放眼全軍,類似的做法越來越多,參照《綱要》顧近及遠找差距、找思路、找方法,成為各層級各領域謀劃推動建設的新主流。

——校准建設“准星”指向制衡強敵所急。

落實以戰領建、戰建統籌,既要立足解決當前實際問題,又要注重解決長遠發展問題。《綱要》錨定未來制強勝強,蘊含著建設世界一流軍隊的深遠謀劃。以《綱要》為引領,著眼戰爭形態之變、科技發展之變,制衡強敵非對稱手段建設迎來了質的飛越。一批批新型無人機、新式直升機等先進武器裝備試驗列裝,一系列高新技術裝備部署研發,我們勝戰的底氣更足、能力更強。《綱要》濃縮了歷史智慧的“戰爭法典”,也融匯了新時代建設一流、制勝未來的勝戰之道。

“卻顧所來徑,蒼蒼橫翠微。”《綱要》施行一年來,新時代作戰條令正在為構建我軍特色的聯合作戰體系釋能增效。

新時代新征程,我軍聯合作戰之路必將更加寬廣,捍衛國家戰略發展利益的能力必將更加強大,打贏未來信息化戰爭的信心必將更加堅定,建設世界一流軍隊的偉大目標必將全面實現。

“有一根弦我們緊繃著,有一種使命我們肩扛著,有一片風浪我們緊盯著……我們時刻准備著!”

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/qwfb/4902340888.html

Advantages, Prospects of Multi-domain Integration & Cross-domain Attack and Defense

多域融合與跨域攻防的優勢與前景

現代英語:

“Multi-domain fusion operations” and “cross-domain collaborative operations” are the latest operational ideas proposed by the US military in recent years, guiding the gradual upgrade and evolution of the US military’s combat concepts to joint concepts, and building a new war style based on this, covering all combat fields such as “land, sea, air, space, and network”, and integrating various capabilities such as space, network, deterrence, transportation, electromagnetic spectrum, and missile defense. Through this new combat idea, we can compete with competitors such as Russia in various fields, develop asymmetric advantages, and ensure the leading position of our country’s military strength. What advantages do multi-domain fusion operations and cross-domain offense and defense have in actual combat, and what are their development prospects?

The evolution of the concept of global warfare

After the mid-1970s, the U.S. Army successively proposed combat concepts such as “central combat”, “expanded battlefield” and “integrated battlefield”, forming the “air-ground integrated combat” combat theory. Air-ground integrated combat requires the coordination and unity of ground forces and the air force, and conducts deep operations on the basis of the air force’s battlefield air interdiction and offensive air support. For the first time, the combat concept of multi-service coordinated operations appeared, and this combat theory was also tested in actual combat in the Gulf War. This is the starting point for the birth of the concept of multi-domain warfare and even global warfare.

On October 3, 2016, at the annual meeting of the Association of the United States Army, General David G. Perkins, then commander of the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, delivered a public speech in which he used the word “domain” for the first time to accurately summarize the new form of international warfare, and put forward the view that “all domains of the United States are challenged” and “advantages in a single domain cannot win the war”, and then introduced the concept of “multi-domain combat”. The operational concept of “multi-domain combat” requires close cooperation between the combat forces of various services, abandoning the inertia of the service thinking of pursuing control in a single domain, and providing a “multi-domain solution” for the national command authorities.

In October 2018, the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command issued the 1.5 version of the concept of “U.S. Army Multi-Domain Operations 2028”. As the most mature version of the concept, it replaced the original word “battle” with “operation” and extended the concept of “multi-domain combat”. The concept of “multi-domain combat” is only applicable to the conflict stage, but in the case that the competition between nation states has become a new factor in the world situation, simply winning the actual conflict has very limited significance for the overall combat background, so the concept of “multi-domain” must be extended and deepened. The concept of “multi-domain combat” introduces relevant cross-government and cross-institutional elements into the “competition continuum” of “competition, armed conflict and return to competition”, and puts forward the three core concepts of “calibrating force posture, using multi-domain formations, and achieving multi-domain aggregation” in “multi-domain warfare”, clarifies the specific needs of “multi-domain formations”, and refines the corresponding combat capabilities that troops at different levels need to have in “multi-domain warfare”.

“Cross-domain coordination” refers to the mutual cooperation of various services to make up for the deficiencies of other forces in combat, thereby achieving complementary efficiency in various fields and successfully completing combat missions. Guided by the basic ideas of multi-domain integration and cross-domain coordination, the US military has formed the concept of “full-domain warfare”, that is, to develop the joint combat capabilities of various services throughout the entire process of combat and training, and realize the transformation of the army into a joint combat force.

The advantages of all-domain operations are obvious

Judging from the current international military development situation, countries will face an increasingly complex, deadly, extremely active, and urbanized battlefield. The combat environment is becoming increasingly fragile, and the combat mode of the traditional battlefield is no longer applicable to contemporary warfare. Against this background, the US military has proposed the concept of full-domain warfare in order to cope with the increasingly complex international environment. What are the advantages of multi-domain warfare and cross-domain attack and defense on the modern battlefield?

Multi-domain integration enables the advantages of different arms to overlap and their disadvantages to complement each other. The predecessor of multi-domain warfare, “Air-Land Integrated Warfare”, was a combat style of joint operations between the Air Force and the Army that the U.S. military attempted to establish in the early 1980s in response to the huge threat posed by Soviet tank clusters to NATO on the European plains. This combat mode requires a high degree of coordination between ground forces and air forces. Ground forces conduct offensive mobile defense operations on the front line, while the Air Force blocks the replenishment of front-line forces by striking the enemy’s rear, thereby providing tactical support to the front-line army. This is also the first time in the history of the U.S. military that the Air Force and the Army have conducted in-depth cooperation, which has increased the complexity and flexibility of the U.S. military’s operations, made the U.S. military’s tactical options richer and more dynamic, and posed a greater strategic deterrence to the enemy.

On the other hand, cross-domain attack and defense can expand asymmetric advantages and impose greater restrictions on the enemy’s power. Since the concept of cross-domain attack and defense emphasizes the coordination of offensive and defensive forces in different fields, during the battle, the army can exert greater pressure on the enemy through its own advantageous fields, making it difficult for the enemy’s power to be maximized, thereby expanding the asymmetric advantage, maximizing its own strength and weakening the enemy’s power. In recent years, all countries have attached great importance to the technical development and research in the field of network electromagnetics. To some extent, this is because the field of network electromagnetics is a new product that came with the information age. Emerging powers that try to catch up with old powers can establish their own advantages through the development of this field, while old powers do not want to be overtaken and have fields that can be used as weaknesses by the enemy. Therefore, all countries have unanimously regarded the research and development of the field of network electromagnetics as one of their current key areas of development, which also reflects the great power of cross-domain attack and defense in modern information-based intelligent warfare.

Global war has broad prospects for development

At present, the concept of “global warfare” only has a theoretical basis, and it still takes a lot of effort to convert theory into practice. The vice chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff clearly stated in an interview: “The seamless integration of various fields and effective command and control are still a daunting challenge. We are not sure how to do it, and no one has a ready-made answer.”

In the process of achieving true joint operations, there are obstacles in various aspects, including culture, economy, and politics. These problems will affect the establishment of truly joint combat forces and joint combat modes. First, each service has formed its own unique combat style and combat culture in the long-term development process. The differences in the culture of different services may lead to different concepts of combat focus on the construction of joint combat forces, which in turn leads to unclear directions and goals for force construction. Secondly, the budget for military construction is limited, and each service will try its best to use it for the update and research and development of its own weapons and equipment, resulting in the budget giving priority to meeting the needs of each service rather than joint combat needs. Finally, it is difficult for the Ministry of National Defense to obtain the power of integrated government and allies. “Cross-domain coordination” is a game of national comprehensive power, which includes politics, economy, diplomacy, intelligence and other aspects. It requires the coordination and coordination of government agencies in various fields of the country, and relying solely on the Ministry of National Defense does not have enough power to achieve the integration of various forces.

These issues all affect the development of “all-domain warfare”, but in any case, as a new combat concept, “all-domain warfare” will surely become an important mode of future combat. The United States released the “Joint All-Domain Combat Software” in April this year, aiming to develop theater-level joint all-domain combat software to allocate combat resources and achieve coordinated killing in the fields of land, sea, air, space, and electromagnetic fields. This action also shows the United States’ determination to achieve “all-domain warfare.” (Zhang Haoyue, Shen Qiyou, Ma Jianguang)

(Editors: Huang Zijuan, Chen Yu)

現代國語:

“多域融合作戰”與“跨域協同作戰”是美軍近年來最新提出的作戰思想,指導著美國軍種作戰概念逐步向聯合概念升級演進,並以此為基礎打造全新戰爭樣式,建設涵蓋“陸、海、空、天、網”等全部作戰領域,融合太空、網絡、威懾、運輸、電磁頻譜、導彈防禦等各種能力的聯合作戰部隊。透過這種全新的作戰思想與俄羅斯等競爭對手在各領域內角力較量,發展不對稱優勢,確保本國軍事實力的領先地位。多域融合作戰與跨域攻防在實戰中有著怎樣的優勢,發展前景又如何呢?

全局戰概念演變過程

1970年代中期後,美國陸軍先後提出了「中心戰」、「擴大的戰場」和「一體化戰場」等作戰思想,形成了「空地一體戰」作戰理論。空地一體作戰要求地面部隊與空軍協調統一,在空軍實施戰場空中遮斷和進攻性空中支援的基礎上進行縱深作戰,首次出現了多兵種協同作戰的作戰思想,這一作戰理論也在海灣戰爭中得到了實戰檢驗。這就是多域戰乃至全局戰思想誕生的起點。

2016年10月3日,美陸軍協會年會上,時任美國陸軍訓練與條令司令部司令的大衛·G·珀金斯將軍發表公開演講,首次使用“域”一詞精確概括出了國際戰爭的新形式,提出美國“所有領域均受到挑戰”、“單一領域的優勢 無法贏得戰爭”等觀點,進而推出了“多域戰鬥”的概念。 「多域戰鬥」的作戰思想要求各軍種作戰力量之間密切合作,摒棄追求各自單一領域制權的軍種思維慣性,為國家指揮當局提供一種「多域方案」。

2018年10月,美國陸軍訓練與條令司令部頒布了《美國陸軍多域作戰2028》概念1.5版本,作為目前最為成熟的一版概念,它以“作戰”一詞替換了原有的“戰鬥”,對“多域戰鬥”概念進行了延伸拓展。 「多域戰鬥」的概念僅適用於衝突階段,但在民族國家競爭成為世界局勢新要素的情況下,僅僅贏得實戰衝突的勝利對於作戰大背景的意義是非常有限的,因此必須將「多域」概念延拓深化。 「多域作戰」這個概念就是在「競爭、武裝衝突和重回競爭」這個「競爭連續體」中引入了跨政府、跨機構的相關要素,提出「多域戰」中的「校準力量態勢、運用多域編隊、達成多域聚合」三項核心理念,明確了「多域編隊」的具體需求,細化了不同層級部隊在「多域作戰」中具備的具體領域作戰能力」。

「跨域協同」指的是各軍種透過相互合作彌補其他部隊在戰鬥中存在的不足進而實現各領域的互補增效,最終成功完成戰鬥任務。在多域融合與跨域協同的基本思想指引下,美軍形成了「全域戰」的概念,即在戰訓的全過程中發展各兵種聯合作戰的能力,實現軍隊向聯合作戰部隊轉型。

全局作戰優勢顯著

就目前國際軍事發展情勢來看,各國面對的將是一個日益複雜、致命、極度活躍、都市化的戰場,作戰環境越來越脆弱,傳統戰場的作戰模式已經不再適用於當代戰爭。在這種背景下,美軍提出了全域戰的理念,以期應對日益複雜的國際環境。多域作戰與跨域攻防在現代化戰場上究竟有何優勢呢?

多域融合能使不同兵種力量優勢疊加,劣勢互補。多域戰的前身「空地一體戰」就是20世紀80年代初,美軍為應對蘇聯坦克集群在歐洲平原對北約造成的巨大威脅而試圖建立的空軍與陸軍協同作戰的作戰樣式。這種作戰模式要求地面部隊與空中力量高度協同,地面部隊進行前線進攻性機動防禦作戰,空軍則透過打擊敵軍後方阻滯其對前線兵力的充實,進而為前線陸軍提供戰術支援。這也是美軍歷史上 首次進行空軍與陸軍的深度協作,提高了美軍軍隊作戰的複雜度與靈活性,使美軍戰術選擇更加豐富且具有活力,對敵人造成更大了戰略威懾。

另一方面,跨域攻防能擴大不對稱優勢,對敵軍力量發揮產生更大限制。由於跨域攻防的概念強調不同領域攻防力量相互配合,因此,在戰鬥過程中,軍隊可以透過自己的優勢領域向敵軍施加更大壓力,使敵人的力量難以得到最大程度的發揮,進而擴大不對稱優勢,最大程度展現自身實力而削弱敵軍力量。各國近年都來非常重視網路電磁領域的技術開發研究,某種程度上就是因為網路電磁領域是隨著資訊時代而來的新產物,試圖趕超老牌強國的新興大國能夠透過這個領域的發展建立自身優勢,而老牌強國不希望被追趕,出現能夠被敵軍當作弱點打擊的領域。因此各國都不約而同地將網路電磁領域的研究發展作為了自己目前發展的重點領域之一,這也體現了跨域攻防在現代資訊化智慧戰爭中的巨大力量。

全局戰發展前景廣闊

目前,「全局戰」這一理念只是擁有了理論基礎,要將理論轉換為實踐仍需許多努力,美軍參聯會副主席在接受采訪時明確表示:“各領域的無縫融合和有效 指揮控制仍是一項艱鉅的挑戰,我們還不清楚究竟要如何做到,沒人有現成的答案。”

在實現真正的聯合作戰過程中,存在著包括文化、經濟、政治等各方面的阻礙,這些問題都會影響真正意義上的聯合作戰部隊、聯合作戰模式的建立。首先,各軍種在長期發展過程中都形成了本軍種特有的作戰樣式與戰鬥文化,不同軍種文化的分歧可能導致對聯合作戰部隊建設的作戰重點觀念不同,進而造成部隊建設的方向模糊,目標不明確。其次,軍隊建設預算有限,各軍種都會盡力爭取用於自身武器裝備更新研發,導致預算優先滿足各軍種需求而非聯合作戰需求。最後,國防部難以獲取整合政府與盟國力量,「跨域協同」是國家綜合力量的博弈,包含了政治、經濟、外交、情報等各個方面,需要國家各領域政府機構力量的配合協同,而僅依靠國防部是沒有足夠的權力實現各力量的整合。

這些問題都影響著“全局戰”的發展進程,但無論如何,作為新型作戰理念的“全局戰”都必將成為未來作戰的重要模式,美國更是在今年4月發布了“聯合全局作戰軟體”,旨在開發戰區級聯合全局作戰軟體,以編配作戰資源,實現陸、海、空、天、電磁等領域的協同殺傷。這項行動也昭示了美國實現「全域戰」的決心。 (張顴月、申起有、馬建光)

(編按:黃子娟、陳羽)

中國原創軍事資源:https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2020/0817/c1011-31824792888.html

Chinese Military’s Brief Analysis of Multi-dimensional Central Warfare

中國軍隊多維中心戰淺析

現代英語:

2023-09-27 11:58:xx

Source: Guangming Military

Since the 1990s, the concepts of multi-dimensional central warfare, such as network-centric warfare, personnel-centric warfare, action-centric warfare, and decision-centric warfare, have been proposed one after another. The evolution of the concept of multi-dimensional central warfare reflects the overall goal of seeking advantages such as platform effectiveness, information empowerment, and decision-making intelligence by relying on military science and technology advantages, and also reflects the contradictory and unified relationship between people and equipment, strategy and skills, and the strange and the normal. Dialectically understanding these contradictory and unified relationships with centralized structured thinking makes it easier to grasp the essential connotation of its tactics and its methodological significance.

Strengthen the integration of the “human” dimension in the combination of people and equipment

The concepts of personnel-centric warfare and platform-centric warfare largely reflect the relationship between people and weapons and equipment. Some have specially formulated human dimension strategies, emphasizing continuous investment in the human dimension of combat effectiveness, which is the most reliable guarantee for dealing with an uncertain future. Since the beginning of the 21st century, with the rapid development of intelligent weapons and equipment, unmanned combat has emerged, and voices questioning the status and role of people have arisen one after another. It is imperative to strengthen the integration of the human dimension and enhance the synergy of the human dimension.

First, we need to enhance spiritual cohesion. Marxism believes that consciousness is the reflection of objective matter in the human mind. Tactics are the expression and summary of combat experience, and they themselves have spiritual or conscious forms. When studying tactics, we naturally need to put spiritual factors first. Some scholars believe that war is still fundamentally a contest of human will. In the information age, people’s spirits are richer and more complex, and enhancing the spiritual cohesion of the human dimension is more challenging and difficult. To enhance people’s spiritual cohesion, we need to coordinate the cultivation of collective spirit and individual spirit, maximize the satisfaction of individual spiritual needs in leading the collective spirit, realize individual spiritual pursuits in shaping the value of collective spirit, and empower people’s spirit with all available and useful information; we need to coordinate the cultivation of critical spirit and innovative spirit, adhere to the tactical epistemology of dialectical materialism, resolutely oppose idealism and mechanism in tactical cognition, and constantly inherit and innovate in criticism; we need to coordinate the cultivation of fighting spirit and scientific spirit, and promote the revolutionary spirit of facing death with courage and winning, and promote the spirit of winning by science and technology.

The second is to enhance the organizational structure. Organizations are the organs of the military, and people are the cells of the organization. The settings of military organizations in different countries have their own characteristics and commonalities. For example, the Ministry of National Defense is generally set up to distinguish between the structure of military branches, hierarchical structures and regional structures, and to distinguish between peacetime and wartime organizations. Although the purpose of construction and war is the same, the requirements for the unity of construction and the flexibility of war are different. To enhance the organizational structure and promote the consistency of war and construction, it is necessary to smooth the vertical command chain, reasonably define the command power and leadership power, command power and control power, so that the government and orders complement each other, and enhance the vertical structural strength of the organization; it is necessary to open up horizontal coordination channels, explore the establishment of normalized cross-domain (organizations, institutions, departments) coordination channels, change the simple task-based coordination model, and enhance the horizontal structural strength of the organization; it is necessary to improve the peace-war conversion mechanism, focus on the organization connection, adjustment and improvement in the change of leadership or command power of the troops, and maintain the stability and reliability of the organizational structure network.

The third is to enhance material support. The spiritual strength of people in combat can be transformed into material strength, but spiritual strength cannot be separated from the support of material strength. To enhance material support and thus realize the organic unity of material and spirit, it is necessary to ensure combat equipment, bedding, food, and medical care, build good learning venues, training facilities, and re-education channels, provide good technical services in combat regulations, physiological medicine, etc., help design diversified and personalized capacity improvement plans and career development plans, and provide strong material and technical support for the development of people’s physical fitness, skills, and intelligence, and thus comprehensively improve people’s adaptability and combat effectiveness in the uncertain battlefield environment of the future.
             

Deepen the practice of the “skill” dimension in the combination of combat and skills

The combination of combat skills is an important principle of tactical application. The technology includes not only the technology at the practical operation level (such as shooting technology), but also the technology at the theoretical application level (such as information technology). It can be said that tactics, technology, art and procedures together constitute its “combat methodology”. Scientific and technological development and scientific technology are important characteristics of scientific and technological development. To deepen the combination of combat skills, it is necessary to correctly grasp the relationship between technology and tactics, art and procedures, and continuously deepen the practice of the “skill” dimension.

First, promote the tacticalization of advanced technology. Technology determines tactics, which is the basic view of dialectical materialism’s tactical theory. The evolution of the concept of multi-dimensional central warfare is also an example of technology driving the development and change of tactics. Engels once pointed out: “The entire organization and combat methods of the army and the related victory or defeat… depend on the quality and quantity of the population and on technology.” However, technology-driven tactics have a “lag effect”, especially in the absence of actual combat traction. This requires actively promoting the military transformation of advanced civilian technologies and the tactical application of advanced military technologies. On the one hand, we must actively introduce advanced civilian technologies, especially accelerate the introduction and absorption of cutting-edge technologies such as deep neural networks and quantum communication computing; on the other hand, we must strengthen tactical training of advanced technology equipment, closely combine technical training with tactical training, and promote the formation of new tactics and new combat capabilities with new equipment as soon as possible.

Second, promote the technicalization of command art. “Art” is a highly subjective concept. Some Chinese and foreign scholars believe that “the art of command is rooted in the commander’s ability to implement leadership to maximize performance”, while others believe that “the art of command is the way and method for commanders to implement flexible, clever and creative command”. Chinese and foreign scholars generally regard command as an art. The main reason is that although command has objective basis and support such as combat regulations, superior orders and technical support, the more critical factor lies in the commander’s subjective initiative and creativity, which is difficult to quantify by technical means. With the development of disciplines and technologies such as cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience, the cognitive structure and mechanism of command will become more explicit, the mysterious veil of “command art” will gradually fade, and the technicalization of command art will become an inevitable trend. This requires continuous strengthening of technical thinking, continuous deepening of the construction of artificial intelligence-assisted command decision-making means, continuous deepening of the application of human brain decision-making mechanisms, practical use of technology to deconstruct art, and continuous promotion of the technicalization of command art.

The third is to promote the regulation of combat technology. Many scholars place technology on a position that is almost as important as tactics. This insistence on the integrated development of tactical regulation and the regulation of specialized military technology and special combat technology is an important way to promote the systematic and standardized construction of combat regulations and further achieve the integration and unification of tactics and technology at the legal level.
              

Seeking the advantage of the “odd” dimension in combining the odd and the regular

The odd and the even are a basic contradictory structure of tactics, with inherent identity. Without the odd, there is no even, and without the even, there is no odd; either the odd or the even, ever-changing. The choice of the odd and the even is the category of decision-centered warfare, and the application of the odd and the even is the category of action-centered warfare. In the 1990s, the theories of asymmetric warfare, non-contact warfare, and non-linear warfare were proposed. If “symmetric warfare, contact warfare, and linear warfare” are even, then “asymmetric warfare, non-contact warfare, and non-linear warfare” can be called odd. From the perspective of natural science, “symmetry, contact, and linear” are general, and “asymmetry, non-contact, and non-linear” are detailed. It is an inevitable requirement to grasp the dimension of “odd” in the combination of odd, odd, and even, and to seek the advantages of the “three nons”.

First, seek “asymmetric” advantages. “Symmetry” and “asymmetry” originally refer to the morphological characteristics of things or space. Symmetrical warfare is a battle between two troops of the same type, and asymmetric warfare is a battle between two different types of troops. The theory of asymmetric warfare requires the scientific and reasonable organization of troops, combat forces and weapon systems of different military services, deployment in a wide area, and the concentration of superior forces to deal a fatal blow to the enemy at the best combat opportunity, and then quickly redeploy the forces. Due to the limited combat power, the troops have positive asymmetric advantages and negative asymmetric disadvantages. Seeking asymmetric advantages and avoiding asymmetric disadvantages is the common expectation of the warring parties, which will lead to such a situation that the warring parties cycle back and forth between symmetry and asymmetry. Therefore, to seek “asymmetric” advantages, it is necessary to seek asymmetry in combat power, combat capability, combat command and other aspects, adhere to and carry forward “avoid the strong and attack the weak, avoid the real and attack the virtual”, “you fight yours, I fight mine”, and effectively play advantages and avoid disadvantages in asymmetry. For example, when weapons and equipment are symmetrical, strive to gain an asymmetric advantage in personnel capabilities; when forces are symmetrical, strive to gain an asymmetric advantage in command art.

The second is to seek “non-contact” advantages. “Contact” and “non-contact” are a description of the distance between different things. Contact in the military field is usually defined by the projection distance of weapons. The concept of “non-contact combat” originated from World War II and was created during the Cold War. The connotation of contact combat and non-contact combat changes with the change of the striking distance of weapons and equipment. The warring parties always seek to attack each other at a farther distance or in a wider space without being threatened. Since the 1990s, the theory of “non-contact combat” has been used in many local wars. Non-contact combat is a combat action style that implements long-range precision strikes outside the defense zone while being far away from the opponent. Non-contact combat embodies the idea of winning by technology, flexible mobility, and center of gravity strikes. With the rapid development of military science and technology, the armies of major countries in the world will have the ability to perceive and strike globally, and the connotation of “non-contact” will be further compressed to space, cognitive domain and other space fields. To this end, on the one hand, we must base ourselves on the reality of “contact combat”, learn from each other’s strengths and overcome our weaknesses in contact, and continuously accumulate advantages; on the other hand, we must expand the space for “non-contact combat”, seize the initiative and seize the opportunity in non-contact, and continuously expand our advantages.

The third is to seek “nonlinear” advantages. “Linear” and “nonlinear” usually refer to people’s thinking or behavior patterns. The movement of all things in the universe is complex and mostly nonlinear, while human cognition always tends to be simple, abstract, and linear, and has invented concepts such as logic lines, time lines, and linear mathematics. In military science, the transition from linear operations to nonlinear operations reflects the development and progress of military technology theory. Since the second half of the 20th century, nonlinear operations have been on the historical stage. Some scholars have pointed out that in linear operations, each unit mainly acts in a coordinated manner along a clear front line of its own side. The key is to maintain the relative position between its own units to enhance the safety of the units; in nonlinear operations, each unit simultaneously carries out combat operations from multiple selected bases along multiple combat lines. The key is to create specific effects at multiple decision points against the target. Linear operations mainly reflect the action-centered warfare idea, while nonlinear operations mainly reflect the target-centered warfare idea. To this end, on the one hand, we must deepen the use of linear warfare and make full use of its practical value in facilitating command, coordination and support; on the other hand, we must boldly try non-linear warfare and maximize its potential advantages of extensive mobility and full-dimensional jointness. (Yin Tao, Deng Yunsheng, Sun Dongya)

現代國語:

2023-09-27 11:58:xx

來源:光明軍事
自1990年代以來,網路中心戰、人員中心戰、行動中心戰、決策中心戰等多維度的中心戰概念先後被提出。多維度中心戰概念的演變,反映了依靠軍事科技優勢尋求平台效能、資訊賦能、決策智能等優勢的總體目標,更反映了人與裝、謀與技、奇與正等方面的對立統一關係。以中心式結構化思維辯證地認識這些對立統一關係,更便於掌握其戰術的本質內涵及其方法論意義。
強化人裝結合中「人」維度融合
人員中心戰與平台中心戰概念很大程度上反映的是人與武器裝備的關係。有的專門制定人維度策略,強調在戰鬥力的人維度進行持續投入,對於應對不確定的未來是最可靠的保障。進入21世紀以來,隨著智慧化武器裝備的快速發展,無人作戰異軍突起,對人的地位作用的質疑聲音此起彼伏,強化人維度的融合、增強人維度的合力勢在必行。
一是增強精神凝聚力。馬克思主義認為,意識是客觀物質在人腦中的反映。戰術是戰鬥經驗的表現與概括,本身俱有精神或意識上的形態,研究戰術自然要把精神因素放在第一位。有學者認為,戰爭從根本上來說仍然是人類意志的較量。在資訊化時代,人的精神更加豐富複雜,增強人維度精神上的凝聚力,挑戰和難度更高。增強人的精神凝聚力,需要統籌培養集體精神與個體精神,在引領集體精神中最大限度滿足個體精神需求,在培塑集體精神價值中實現個體精神追求,用一切可用、有用的信息賦能人的精神;需要統籌培養批判精神與創新精神,堅持辯證唯物論的戰術知識論,堅決反對戰術認識上的唯心論和機械論,不斷在批判中繼承、在繼承中創新;需要統籌培養戰鬥精神與科學精神,既要弘揚視死如歸、敢打必勝的革命精神,又要發揚科學制勝、技術制勝的精神。


二是增強組織結構力。組織是軍隊的器官,人是組織的細胞。不同國家軍事組織的設置有其特性,也有其共通性。例如普遍設有國防部,區分軍種結構、層級結構與區域結構,區分平時編制與戰時編成。儘管建與戰在目的上是一致的,但是建的統一性與戰的彈性在要求上不盡相同。增強組織結構力進而促進戰建一致,需要暢通縱向指揮鏈路,合理界定指揮權與領導權、指揮權與控制權,做到政令相長,增強組織的縱向結構力;需要打通橫向協同管道,探索建立常態化的跨領域(組織、機構、部門)協同途徑,改變單純的任務式協同模式,增強組織的橫向結構力;需要健全平戰轉換機制,重點關注部隊領導權或指揮權變更中組織銜接、調整和健全等工作,保持組織結構網絡的穩定性、可靠性。
三是增強物質保障力。戰鬥中人的精神力量可以轉化為物質力量,但精神力量也離不開物質力量的支撐。增強物質保障力進而實現物質與精神的有機統一,需要像為決策保障情報、為槍砲保障彈藥、為車輛保障油料一樣,保障好戰鬥裝具、被裝、伙食、醫療,建設好學習場地、訓練設施和再教育渠道,提供好戰條令、生理醫學等方面技術服務,幫助設計多樣化個人化的能力提升計劃、職業發展規劃,為發展人的體能、技能和智能,進而全面提高人在未來不確定性戰場環境中的適應性和戰鬥力,提供堅強的物質和技術支撐。

深化戰技結合中「技」維度實踐
戰技結合是戰術運用的重要原則。其中的技術不僅包括實務操作層面的技術(如射擊技術),也包括理論應用層面的技術(如資訊科技)。可以認為,戰術、技術、藝術和程序共同構成了其「戰鬥方法論」。科學技術化和技術科學化是科學技術發展的重要特徵。深化戰技結合,需要正確掌握技術與戰術、藝術、程序的關係,不斷深化「技」維度實踐。


一是推動先進技術戰術化。技術決定戰術,是辯證唯物論戰術論的基本觀點。多維度中心戰概念的演變,也是技術推動戰術發展變革的例子。恩格斯曾指出:“軍隊的全部組織和作戰方式以及與之有關的勝負……,取決於居民的質與量和取決於技術。”然而,技術推動戰術具有“滯後效應”,尤其在缺少實戰牽引的情況下。這就需要主動推進先進民用技術的軍事轉化和先進軍事技術的戰術應用。一方面,要積極引進民用先進技術,尤其要加速推進深度神經網路、量子通訊運算等尖端技術的引進吸收;另一方面,要加強先進技術裝備戰術訓練,把練技術與練戰術緊密結合起來,推動新裝備盡快形成新戰術和新戰力。
二是推動指揮藝術技術化。 「藝術」是一個具有較強主體性的概念。中外學者有的認為“指揮藝術根植於指揮官實施領導以最大限度提高績效的能力”,有的認為“指揮藝術是指揮官實施靈活巧妙和富有創造性指揮的方式與方法”。中外學者普遍將指揮視為藝術,主要原因在於:指揮儘管有作戰條令、上級命令和技術保障等客觀方面的依據和支撐,但更關鍵的因素在於指揮員的主觀能動性和創造性,而這是比較難以用技術手段加以量化的。隨著認知心理學、認知神經科學等學科和技術的發展,指揮的認知結構和作用機制將更加顯性化,「指揮藝術」的神秘面紗將逐漸退去,指揮藝術技術化將會成為必然趨勢。這需要不斷強化技術思維,持續深化人工智慧輔助指揮決策手段建設,持續深化人類大腦決策機理運用,切實用技術解構藝術,不斷推動指揮藝術技術化。


三是推動戰鬥技術條令化。不少學者把技術置於與戰術近乎同等重要的地位。這種堅持戰術條令化與兵種專業技術和專門戰鬥技術條令化的融合發展,是推動戰鬥條令體系化規範化建設,進而實現戰術與技術在法規層面融合統一的重要途徑。

謀求奇正結合中「奇」維度優勢
奇與正是戰術的一種基本矛盾結構,具有內在同一性。無奇便無正,無正也無奇;或奇或正,千變萬化。奇與正的選擇是決策中心戰的範疇,奇與正的運用是行動中心戰的範疇。 1990年代,非對稱作戰、非接觸作戰、非線式作戰理論被提出。若稱「對稱作戰、接觸作戰、線式作戰」為正,則可稱「非對稱作戰、非接觸作戰、非線式作戰」為奇。從自然科學角度來看,「對稱、接觸、線式」是概述的,「非對稱、非接觸、非線式」是詳實的。把握好奇正結合中「奇」的維度,謀取「三非」優勢是必然要求。
一是謀取「非對稱」優勢。 「對稱」與「非對稱」本來是對事物或空間的形態特徵的指稱。對稱作戰是兩種相同類型部隊之間的交戰,非對稱作戰是兩種不同類型部隊之間的交戰。非對稱作戰理論要求對不同軍兵種部隊、作戰力量和武器系統進行科學合理編組,在寬廣的地域展開部署,在最佳的作戰時機集中優勢力量給敵人以致命的打擊,然後迅速重新部署力量。由於作戰力量的有限性,部隊有正面的非對稱優勢,就有負面的非對稱劣勢。謀取非對稱優勢、規避非對稱劣勢是交戰雙方的共同期望,進而造成這樣一種局面──交戰雙方在對稱與非對稱之間往復循環。因此,謀取“非對稱”優勢,要謀取作戰力量、作戰能力、作戰指揮等多方面上的非對稱,堅持和發揚“避強擊弱、避實擊虛”“你打你的,我打我的”,在非對稱中有效發揮優勢、規避劣勢。例如,在武器裝備對稱時爭取佔據人員能力上的非對稱優勢,在力量對稱時爭取佔據指揮藝術上的非對稱優勢。
二是謀取「非接觸」優勢。 「接觸」與「非接觸」是對不同事物之間距離狀態的一種描述。軍事領域的接觸通常是以武器的投射距離來界定的。 「非接觸作戰」的概念起源於二戰,產生於冷戰時期。接觸作戰與非接觸作戰的內涵是隨著武器裝備打擊距離的改變而改變的。交戰雙方也總是謀求在免受威脅的更遠距離或更廣空間攻擊對方。自1990年代以來,「非接觸作戰」理論在多場局部戰爭中被運用。非接觸作戰是在遠離對方的情況下實施防區外遠程精確打擊的作戰行動樣式。非接觸作戰體現了技術制勝、靈活機動、重心打擊的思想。隨著軍事科技的快速發展,世界主要國家軍隊將具備全球感知和全球打擊的能力,「非接觸」的內涵將進一步壓縮至太空、認知域等太空領域。為此,一方面要立足「接觸作戰」實際,在接觸中取長補短、固強補弱,不斷積蓄勝勢;另一方面要拓展「非接觸作戰」空間,在非接觸中搶抓先手、搶佔先機,不斷拓展優勢。
三是謀取「非線式」優勢。 「線式」與「非線式」通常是指人的思維或行為模式。宇宙萬物運動是複雜的,大抵是非線式的,而人類的認知總是傾向於簡單的、抽象的、線式的,並發明了邏輯線、時間線以及線性數學等概念。軍事學中,從線式作戰到非線式作戰,反映了軍事技術理論的發展進步。 20世紀下半葉起,非線作戰就登上歷史舞台。有學者指出,線式作戰中各部隊主要沿著明確的己方前沿協調一致行動,關鍵是保持己方部隊之間的相對位置,以增強部隊的安全性;非線式作戰中各部隊從選定的多個基地沿多條作戰線同時實施作戰行動,關鍵是針對目標在多個決定點製造特定效果。線式作戰體現的主要是行動中心戰思想,非線式作戰體現的主要是目標中心戰思想。為此,一方面要深化運用線式作戰,充分利用其便於指揮、協同和保障的實用價值;另一方面要大膽嘗試非線式作戰,最大限度地發揮其廣泛機動、全維聯合的潛在優勢。 (殷濤、鄧雲生、孫東亞)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81it.com/2023/0927/14581888.html

Operational Concepts for Chinese Military’s Domination & Winning Intelligent Warfare

中國軍隊制勝智慧化戰爭的作戰概念

現代英語:

The winning mechanism of war refers to the main factors for winning a war, the way they play a role, and the internal mechanisms, laws and principles of their mutual connection and interaction. With the advent of the intelligent era, the increasingly widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field has promoted the transformation of the war form to intelligent warfare, and the winning mechanism of war has also changed accordingly.

Having data advantage is the basis for success

In the era of intelligence, the core foundation of many “disruptive technologies” is data, and war will also be “no data, no war”. In intelligent warfare, both sides will fight a “data war” around understanding data, relying on data, competing for data, and using data. Whoever owns the “data right” will have the initiative in the war. Fighting for data, mastering data, analyzing data, and applying data in war are the keys to winning intelligent warfare.

Data resources are combat effectiveness. In intelligent warfare, data comes first before troops move. Whoever controls the data controls the resources to win the war, and controls the initiative and the chips for victory. The ability to understand and use data is an important indicator for measuring combat capability and directly affects the outcome of the war. Obtaining data, analyzing data, and using data are not only the yardsticks for measuring the combat capability of troops, but also the new engine for improving the combat effectiveness of troops. Data is the most direct record of the objective world. It appears in the form of numbers and is raw data, such as the performance parameters of weapons and equipment, the size of troops, the number of guarantees, target parameters, etc. These data can be processed to become the information and intelligence needed for combat. In the information age led by data, data has become the blood of intelligent warfare.

Big data has given rise to a data-based battlefield. To some extent, whoever controls the data resources controls the “winning space” of the war. Data has changed the logical cognition of war. In the past, people inferred the whole from the individual and inferred the inevitability from the small probability events, but now they deduce individual characteristics from the high probability and find the internal laws of specific things from the correlation. Only by understanding the relevant data can we grasp the overall situation, only by gathering similar data can we grasp the trend, and only by integrating all-source data can we understand the connection. All of this is attributed to the control of the data-based battlefield.

Big data changes the way of fighting. As the most important strategic resource, how to distinguish the authenticity and quality of data, how to fight and counter-fight, deceive and counter-deceive, attack and counter-attack around massive data, has become a key issue in winning intelligent wars. When data becomes the focus of war, it will inevitably lead to competition and gaming around data, thereby promoting changes in the style of fighting. At present, the competition for data collection is intensifying, and major countries have launched research on national defense big data projects to provide more intelligence with practical value for military decision-making. The “asymmetry” of data forms the “asymmetry” of algorithms, and then achieves the “asymmetry” of tactics.

Data has given rise to intelligent equipment systems. Data technology has upgraded combat platforms to highly intelligent and autonomous systems. Data has enabled command and control systems, air combat platforms, precision-guided munitions, etc. to complete the transition from informatization to intelligence. For example, modern “swarm technology” is the application of artificial intelligence supported by big data. Data has become a “telescope”, “microscope” and “perspective lens” for analyzing wars. To win intelligent wars, one must have a data mind, data awareness and data thinking.

Mastering algorithm advantages is the key to success

One of the characteristics of intelligent warfare is that all battle plans, campaign plans and war plans need to be generated by computers, and its essence is algorithm-generated tactics. Having an algorithm advantage means having an intelligent advantage, which can achieve a high degree of unity of information advantage, cognitive advantage, decision-making advantage and action advantage.

Algorithm advantage dominates information advantage. Algorithm is a systematic method to describe the strategic mechanism for solving problems, and is the key and prerequisite for improving intelligence advantage. Algorithm technology mainly includes deep learning, supercomputing, brain-like intelligence and other technologies. The use of intelligent sensing and networking technology can widely and quickly deploy various types of intelligent perception nodes, and can implement active collaborative detection for tasks, thereby building a transparent and visible digital combat environment. Judging from the current development trend, the advantage of war algorithms dominates information advantage, which contains great potential to rewrite the rules of the modern war game. This pair of “invisible hands” will shape the new landscape of future intelligent warfare.

Algorithmic advantage dominates cognitive advantage. In intelligent warfare, big data can quickly convert massive amounts of data into useful intelligence after being processed by high-performance and efficient algorithms, thereby gaining cognitive advantage. Algorithms, as the “brain” of artificial intelligence, have become the key to intelligently sensing the battlefield and using it for decision-making, command, and coordination. The party with algorithmic advantage can dispel the “battlefield fog” and “information fog” caused by the failure to process data in a timely manner, making cognition more profound and thus seizing the initiative in the war. In the future, whoever has algorithmic advantage will have stronger cognitive ability, faster learning speed, and better quality results.

Algorithm advantage dominates decision-making advantage. With its high-speed and precise calculation, the algorithm can replace people’s hard thinking and repeated exploration, thereby accelerating knowledge iteration. With the support of massive data and supercomputing capabilities, the judgment and prediction results of artificial intelligence will be more accurate. By constructing combat model rules through algorithms, commanders can be assisted in making rapid decisions in multi-level planning and ad hoc handling of strategies, campaigns, tactics, etc. through actuarial, detailed, deep and expert reasoning. With the development of disruptive technologies such as big data, cloud computing, and quantum computing and their application in the military field, the future combat decision-making cycle will become near real-time. In intelligent warfare, the party that masters super algorithms can quickly propose flexible and diverse combat plans and countermeasures in response to changes in combat opponents, constantly disrupting the opponent’s established intentions and deployments, and thus seize the dominance of the war.

Algorithmic advantage leads to operational advantage. In the era of intelligent warfare, algorithms determine tactics, and algorithmic advantage leads to war advantage. Supported by superior algorithms, the reaction speed of artificial intelligence is thousands of times that of humans. “Algorithmic warfare” foreshadows the transformation of future wars. Whoever can seize the commanding heights of intelligent algorithms can seize the initiative and win before the battle. On the intelligent battlefield, algorithms are far more important than artillery shells. War algorithms have become the key factor in winning intelligent warfare and are the strategic commanding heights that future intelligent armies must seize. Intelligent warfare calculations are ubiquitous. The party that has the algorithmic advantage can quickly and accurately predict the battlefield situation, innovate combat methods, and achieve the advantage of “winning before the battle.”

Multi-domain integration is the key to success

Multi-domain integration is based on the cloud-based combat system. With the support of the cloud-based battlefield situation, various combat personnel, equipment, facilities, and environmental elements have expanded the battlefield space from the traditional three-dimensional space to the polar regions, deep sea, space, and cyberspace, and even to multi-dimensional domains such as cognitive domain and information domain. Multi-domain integration has formed a giant, complex, and adaptive confrontation system. The integration of “cloud gathering” and “network gathering” has become a new mechanism for intelligent combat.

Cross-domain integration and integrated energy release. Under the conditions of intelligent warfare, the emergence of a large number of new long-range combat platforms and intelligent new concept weapons has made the future combat landscape present the characteristics of air-ground-sea-sky integration, global instant strikes, and cross-domain strategic deterrence and control. Supported by the cross-domain, distributed, and networked “cloud killing” collaborative combat system, through the cross-domain aggregation of multiple combat capabilities, cross-domain interoperability of combat command, cross-domain sharing of combat information, cross-domain movement of combat weapons, cross-domain response of combat actions, and cross-domain complementarity of combat functions are achieved. Cross-domain integration is the close coordination of main domain control and cross-domain support to implement cross-domain collaborative support. Integrated energy release is the transition of joint operations from integrated joint operations to cross-domain joint operations, realizing the cross-domain aggregation and overall energy release of multiple combat capabilities.

Human-machine integration, using speed to defeat slowness. If weapons are an extension of the human body, intelligence is an extension of the human brain. In the era of intelligent warfare, there will be a mode of giving human intelligence to machines to implement combat. People will further withdraw from the front-line confrontation and combat, and the combination of people and weapons will appear in a new form. Unmanned combat weapons and human intelligence are deeply integrated into an organic symbiosis, perfectly combining human creativity, thinking and the precision and speed of machines. Therefore, in future intelligent warfare, the mode of engagement will gradually change from the mutual killing of “human-machine integration” to the unmanned system cluster confrontation of “human-machine integration”. Relying on the intelligent combat system, commanders adaptively adjust and select the mode of action according to changes in the battlefield environment. Unmanned combat develops from single-platform remote control combat to multi-platform cluster autonomy, forming a simple command chain of “commander-combat cluster”, highlighting the rapid, flexible and autonomous characteristics of human-machine collaboration.

Brain-intelligence fusion and efficient control. The combat system of intelligent warfare will be characterized by a highly intelligent “human + network + machine”. The intelligent command and control system will operate in a collaborative manner of “human brain + intelligent system”. The intelligent system will assist or even partially replace the role of humans in command and control. The intelligent command and control system will have relatively strong autonomous command and control capabilities, and can relatively independently obtain information, judge situations, make decisions, and deal with situations. Relying on the battlefield situation awareness system, with the help of big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and modeling and simulation technology, it is possible to accurately analyze and judge massive battlefield information, realize the transformation of combat command from “human experience-centered” to “data and model-centered” intelligent decision-making methods, and make combat planning more scientific and efficient. In the future, the super self-evolution and strategic decision-making capabilities of deep neural networks will realize the combat cycle of “human out of the loop”.

Integration of intelligence and mind, attacking the mind and winning the will. With the development of artificial intelligence technology, the boundaries between the biologicalization and humanization of intelligent weapons will be blurred in the future, and the control of people themselves will become the focus. “Attacking the mind and winning the will” is still the highest combat purpose of intelligent warfare. “Cognitive control warfare” based on the control of human brain and consciousness cognition may evolve into an important combat style. With human cognitive thinking as the target, various means are used to stimulate, influence and control the cognitive system to achieve the effect of disrupting the enemy’s command and decision-making system, inducing the enemy’s combat power, and disintegrating the enemy’s morale. For example, based on brain reading and brain control technology, using mental guidance and control means, the strategic intentions, combat intentions, and combat methods of the enemy commander can be grasped in real time, and even directly act on the brain of the enemy personnel, or the consciousness of the party can be “injected” in the form of EEG coding to interfere with or control their consciousness, thinking and psychology, and finally seize the “right to control intelligence” and achieve deep control over combat personnel. With the large-scale application of intelligent combat platforms on the battlefield, information systems assisting humans will gradually transform into intelligent systems partially replacing humans. The focus of the power struggle will shift from “information rights” to “intelligence rights”, and using elite troops to gain control of key domains will become the dominant approach.

現代國語:

薛紫阳 杨燕南

来源:解放军报作者:薛紫阳 杨燕南责任编辑:于雅倩

2020-12-31 09:xx

戰爭制勝機理,指贏得戰爭勝利的主要因素、發揮作用的方式及其相互聯繫、相互作用的內在機制、規律和原理。隨著智慧時代的到來,人工智慧在軍事領域越來越廣泛的應用,推動戰爭形態轉向智慧戰爭,戰爭制勝機制也隨之改變。

擁有數據優勢是致勝基礎

在智慧化時代,眾多「顛覆性科技」的核心根基就是數據,戰爭也將是「無數據不戰爭」。在智慧化戰爭中,雙方圍繞著認識數據、依靠數據、爭奪數據和運用數據開打“數據戰”,誰擁有“數據權”,誰就掌握了戰爭的主動權。爭奪數據、掌握數據、分析數據,並將數據運用於戰爭之中,是智慧化戰爭的勝利之要。

數據資源就是戰鬥力。在智慧化戰爭中,兵馬未動,資料先行。誰掌握了數據誰就掌握了取得戰爭勝利的資源,也就掌控了戰爭的主動和勝利的籌碼。認識和運用數據的能力,是衡量作戰能力的重要指標,直接影響戰爭的勝負。取得數據、分析數據和運用數據既是衡量部隊作戰能力的標尺,也是提升部隊戰鬥力的新引擎。數據是客觀世界最直接的記載,以數字的形式出現,是原始資料,如武器裝備的性能參數、兵力規模、保障數量、目標參量等,這些數據經過處理能夠成為作戰所需的資訊和情報。在數據引領的資訊時代,數據已成為智慧化戰爭的血液。

大數據催生數據化戰場。某種程度上講誰把控了資料資源,就把握了戰爭的「勝利空間」。數據改變了對戰爭的邏輯認知,過去是從個別推論整體、從小機率事件中推理必然性,而現在是從大概率中推導個別特徵、從相關性中找出具體事物的內在規律。只有洞察相關數據才能掌握全局,只有聚集同類數據才能掌握趨勢,只有融合全源數據才能洞悉關聯。而這一切都歸於對資料化戰場的把控。

大數據改變作戰樣式。數據作為最重要的戰略資源,如何辨別數據的真假優劣,如何圍繞海量數據開展爭奪與反爭奪、欺騙與反欺騙、攻擊與反攻擊,成為打贏智能化戰爭的關鍵問題。當數據成為戰爭爭奪的焦點,必然帶來圍繞數據的競賽和博弈,從而推動作戰樣式改變。目前,資料收集之爭愈演愈烈,大國紛紛進行國防大數據計畫研究,以便為軍事決策提供更多具有實際價值的情報。以資料的“非對稱”,形成演算法的“非對稱”,進而實現戰法的“非對稱”。

數據催生智慧化裝備系統。數據技術使作戰平台升級為高度智慧化和自主化的系統,數據使指揮控制系統、空中作戰平台、精確導引彈藥等完成由資訊化向智慧化過渡。例如,現代「蜂群技術」就是大數據支撐下的人工智慧運用。數據已經成為解析戰爭的“望遠鏡”“顯微鏡”“透鏡”,打贏智能化戰爭必須具備數據頭腦、數據意識、數據思維。

掌握演算法優勢是致勝關鍵

智慧化戰爭的特徵之一就是一切戰鬥計畫、戰役計畫和戰爭計畫都需轉向電腦生成上來,其本質就是演算法生成戰法。擁有演算法優勢就擁有智慧化優勢,就可以實現資訊優勢、認知優勢、決策優勢和行動優勢的高度統一性。

演算法優勢主導資訊優勢。演算法是用系統化的方法描述解決問題的策略機制,是提高智慧優勢的關鍵和前提。演算法技術主要包括深度學習、超級運算、類腦智慧等技術。採用智慧感測與網路技術,可廣泛快速部署各類智慧感知節點,可面向任務實施主動協同探測,進而建構透明可見的數位化作戰環境。從當前的發展趨勢來看,戰爭演算法優勢主導資訊優勢,蘊含著改寫現代戰爭遊戲規則的巨大潛力,這雙「無形之手」將塑造未來智慧化戰爭新圖景。

演算法優勢主導認知優勢。在智慧化戰爭中,大數據經過高效能、高效率的演算法處理後,能夠將大量資料快速轉換為有用的情報,從而獲得認知優勢。演算法作為人工智慧的“大腦”,成為智慧感知戰場並由此用於決策、指揮和協同的關鍵。佔有演算法優勢的一方,能驅散因資料得不到及時處理而產生的“戰場迷霧”和“資訊迷霧”,使得認知更為深刻,從而奪取戰爭主動權。未來誰擁有演算法優勢,誰的認知能力就強,學習速度就快,品質效果就優。

演算法優勢主導決策優勢。演算法以其高速、精確的計算,能夠取代人的苦思冥想和反覆探索,加速知識迭代。在海量數據和超算能力支援下,人工智慧的判斷和預測結果將更加準確。透過演算法建構作戰模型規則,以精算、細算、深算和專家推理方式,可輔助指揮官在戰略、戰役、戰術等多層規劃規劃和臨機處置中實現快速決策。隨著大數據、雲端運算、量子運算等顛覆性技術的發展及其在軍事領域的應用,未來作戰決策週期將變成近實時。在智慧化戰爭中,掌握超強演算法的一方能夠針對作戰對手變化,快速提出靈活多樣的作戰方案與應對之策,不斷打亂對手既定企圖與部署,從而奪取戰爭主導權。

演算法優勢主導行動優勢。在智慧化戰爭時代,演算法決定戰法,演算法優勢主導戰爭優勢。在優勢演算法的支撐下,人工智慧的反應速度是人類的千百倍。 「演算法戰」預示著未來戰爭的變革,誰能搶佔智慧演算法制高點,誰就能搶得先機,未戰先勝。在智慧化戰場上,演算法遠比砲彈重要,戰爭演算法成為致勝智能化戰爭的關鍵因素,是未來智慧型軍隊必須搶佔的戰略高點。智慧化戰爭運算無所不在,掌握演算法優勢的一方,能夠快速且準確預測戰場態勢,創新作戰方法,達成「未戰而先勝」之利。

搞好多域融合是製勝樞紐

多域融合是以作戰體系的雲態化為基礎,各類作戰人員、裝備、設施、環境要素在雲態化的戰場態勢支撐下,戰場空間從傳統的三維空間,向極地、深海、太空和網電空間,乃至認知域、資訊域等多維域拓展,多域融合形成巨型自適應體系,「巨聚化」。

跨域融合、整合釋能。在智慧化戰爭條件下,多種新型遠戰平台、智慧化新概念武器的大量湧現,使未來作戰面貌呈現出空地海天一體、全球即時性打擊、跨域戰略懾控等特徵。以跨領域、分散式、網路化的「雲殺傷」協同作戰系統為支撐,透過多種作戰能力跨域聚合,實現作戰指揮跨域貫通,作戰資訊跨域共享,作戰兵器跨域穿行,作戰行動跨域響應,作戰功能跨域互補。跨域融合是主域主控與跨域支援的緊密配合,實施跨域協同支援。整合釋能是聯合作戰由一體化聯合作戰過渡到跨域聯合作戰,實現多種作戰能力的跨域聚合、整體釋能。

人機融合、以快製慢。如果說武器是人身體延伸的話,智慧則是人腦的延伸。智能化戰爭時代,將出現把人的智慧賦予機器進而實施作戰的模式,人將更進一步退出一線對抗作戰,人與武器結合方式將以嶄新形態出現。無人作戰武器與人類智慧深度融合為有機共生體,把人的創造性、思想性和機器的精準性、快速性完美結合。因此,在未來智慧化戰爭中,交戰方式將由「人機結合」的相互殺傷逐漸轉向「人機融合」的無人系統集群對抗。依托智慧化作戰系統,指揮員針對戰場環境變化自適應調整選擇行動方式,無人作戰由單平台遙控作戰向多平台集群自主方向發展,形成「指揮官—作戰集群」的簡易指揮鏈,彰顯人機協同的快速靈活自主特徵。

腦智融合、高效控制。智慧化戰爭的作戰體系將表現為高度智慧化的“人+網路+機器”,智慧化指揮控制系統將以“人腦+智慧系統”的協作方式運行,智慧系統將輔助甚至部分替代人在指揮控制中的作用。智慧化指揮控制系統將具備較強的自主指揮、自主控制能力,可相對獨立自主地獲取資訊、判斷態勢、做出決策、處置狀況。依托戰場態勢感知系統,借助大數據、雲端運算、人工智慧和建模模擬技術,能夠對海量戰場資訊進行精準分析研判,實現作戰指揮由「以人的經驗為中心」向「以數據和模型為中心」的智能化決策方式轉變,作戰籌劃更加科學高效。未來深度神經網路的超強自我進化和戰略決策能力,將實現「人在迴路外」的作戰循環。

智心融合,攻心奪志。隨著人工智慧技術的發展,未來智慧化武器的生物化和人的武器化將界線模糊,針對人本身的控制將成為焦點,「攻心奪志」仍是智慧化戰爭最高作戰目的,基於以人腦和意識認知實施控制為目標的「認知控制戰」可能演化為重要作戰樣式。以人的認知思維為目標,運用多種手段對認知體系施加刺激、影響與控制,達成擾亂敵指揮決策系統、誘導敵作戰力量、瓦解敵軍心士氣的效果。如基於讀腦、腦控技術,運用心智導控手段,實時掌握對方指揮官戰略意圖、作戰企圖、作戰方法等,甚至直接作用於對方人員大腦,或將己方意識以腦電編碼形式“注入”,幹擾或控制其意識、思維和心理,最終奪取“制智權”,實現對作戰人員的深度控制。隨著智慧化作戰平台大量應用於戰場,資訊系統輔助人類將逐漸轉向智慧系統部分取代人類。制權爭奪的重心將由“資訊權”轉向“智能權”,以精兵點殺謀取關鍵維域控制權將成為主導方式。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll/2020-12/31/content_9961074.htm

Concept of Future Human-machine Integrated Forces in the Chinese People’s Liberation Army

中國人民解放軍未來人機一體化部隊構想

現代英語:

At present, judging from the reform and development of the establishment system in major countries in the world, the military is developing towards a lean, small, efficient, intelligent, and integrated “man-machine (robot-drone)” direction, seeking to coordinate and fight together with robot soldiers, drones and human soldiers. According to statistics, the armies of more than 60 countries in the world are currently equipped with military robots, with more than 150 types. It is estimated that by 2040, half of the members of the world’s military powers may be robots. In addition to the United States, Russia, Britain, France, Japan, Israel, Turkey, Iran and other countries that have successively launched their own robot warriors, other countries have also invested in the research and development of unmanned weapons.

The world’s military powers will set off a wave of forming unmanned combat forces to compete. The so-called unmanned combat forces are a general term for combat robots or battlefield killing robot systems. With the development of various types of information-based, precise, and data-based weapons and equipment, intelligent platforms have become the driving force for pre-designed battlefields, combat robots have become the main force on the battlefield, and the combination of man and machine has become the key to defeating the enemy. In the future, battlefield space forces will highlight the three-dimensional unmanned development trend of land, sea, and air.

USA Today once published an article titled “New Robots Take War to the Next Level: Unmanned Warfare,” which described unmanned warfare like this: drone fleets swarm in, using sophisticated instruments for detection, reconnaissance, and counter-reconnaissance; after locking onto a target, they calmly launch missiles; automatically programmed unmanned submarines perform a variety of tasks including underwater search, reconnaissance, and mine clearance; on the ground battlefield, robots are responsible for the delivery of ammunition, medical supplies, and food… In future wars, these may become a reality.

On land, various robots that can perform specific tasks are highly integrated mobile strike platforms with mechanization, informatization, and intelligence. For example, unmanned tanks are unmanned tracked armored platforms that are mainly controlled by their own programs. They can be remotely controlled by soldiers, and are dominated by long-range attack intelligent weapons and informationized weapons. They can automatically load ammunition and launch autonomously, and carry out long-range indirect precision strikes, effectively reducing the casualties of soldiers. In the ocean, various unmanned submarines, unmanned warships, etc. can sail thousands of miles and perform various maritime combat missions without the need for onboard personnel to operate. In the air, the human-controlled drone system deployed in actual combat is a drone system platform with its own reconnaissance and judgment, human control, integrated reconnaissance and attack, autonomous attack, and human-machine collaboration.

The use of drone weapons in wars highlights their combat capabilities, which will inevitably lead the armies of countries around the world to form unmanned combat units in full swing. In the Iraq War, the United States began to test the actual combat capabilities of unmanned combat vehicles. In March 2013, the United States released a new version of the “Robotics Technology Roadmap: From the Internet to Robots”, which elaborated on the development roadmap of robots, including military robots, and decided to invest huge military research funds in the development of military robots, so that the proportion of unmanned combat equipment of the US military will increase to 30% of the total number of weapons. It is planned that one-third of ground combat operations in the future will be undertaken by military robots. It is reported that the US military deployed the first future robot combat brigade (including at least 151 robot warriors) before 2015. In 2016, the US military conducted another experimental simulation test of the “modular unmanned combat vehicle” in a multinational joint military exercise. In 2020, the US Pentagon issued a contract with a price tag of 11 million US dollars to form a “combined arms squad” with the ability to cooperate with humans and robots, and plans to complete the construction of 15 future combat brigades by 2030. All squad members have human-like vision, hearing, touch and smell, can send information and attack targets in a timely manner, and can even undertake tasks such as self-repair and vehicle maintenance, transportation, minesweeping, reconnaissance, and patrolling. The US Daily Science website reported that the US Army has developed a new technology that can quickly teach robots to complete new crossing actions with minimal human intervention. The report said that the technology can enable mobile robot platforms to navigate autonomously in combat environments, while allowing robots to complete combat operations that humans expect them to perform under certain circumstances. Currently, US Army scientists hope to cultivate muscle cells and tissues for robots for biological hybridization rather than directly extracting them from living organisms. Therefore, this combination of muscle and robot reminds me of the half-cyborg Grace in the movie “Terminator: Dark Fate”.

On April 21, 2018, the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) special forces launched a raid against extremist terrorists in Derbent, Dagestan, and for the first time publicly dispatched armed unmanned combat vehicles equipped with machine guns as pioneers. During the 2018 Russian Red Square military parade, the United States discovered a large number of Russian “Uranus-9” robots and other combat systems that had exchanged fire with Syrian anti-government forces in southern Syria, and showed their appearance characteristics to the audience. In August 2015, the Russian army used combat robot combat companies to carry out position assaults on the Syrian battlefield. The tracked robots charged, attacked, attracted the militants to open fire, and guided the self-propelled artillery group to destroy the exposed fire points one by one. In the end, the robot combat company took down the high ground that is now difficult for Russian soldiers to capture in one fell swoop in just 20 minutes, achieving a record of zero casualties and killing 77 enemies.

According to the British Daily Star website, after the British Army conducted a large-scale combat robot test at an event called “Autonomous Warrior 2018”, it unified drones, unmanned vehicles and combat personnel into a world-class army for decades to come. Future British Army autonomous military equipment, whether tanks, robots or drones, may have legs instead of tracks or wheels. In early 2021, after the UK held the “Future Maritime Air Force Acceleration Day” event, it continued to develop a “plug-and-play” maritime autonomous platform development system, which, after being connected to the Royal Navy’s ships, can simplify the acquisition and use of automation and unmanned operation technologies.

In addition to the development of robots by Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom, other powerful countries have also successively launched their own robot warriors. It is expected that in the next 20 years, the world will usher in robots on land, sea, and air to replace soldiers to perform high-risk tasks. The future battlefield will inevitably be unmanned or man-machine integrated joint combat operations. The world’s military powers will launch a human-machine (drone) integrated combat experiment

The style of air combat is always evolving with the advancement of aviation technology. Since 1917, with the successful development of the world’s first unmanned remote-controlled aircraft by the United Kingdom, the family of unmanned equipment has continued to grow and develop, and various drones are increasingly active in the arena of modern warfare.

Since the 21st century, with the large number of drones being used on the battlefield, the combat style has been constantly updated. In the Gulf War, drones were limited to reconnaissance, surveillance and target guidance, but in the Afghanistan War, Iraq War and the War on Terrorism, the combat capabilities of drones have become increasingly prominent, and the combat style and methods have shown new characteristics, allowing countries around the world to see drones as a sharp sword in the air, thus opening the prelude to the integrated combat test of man-machine (drone).

It is reported that the total number of drones in NATO countries increased by 1.7 times between 1993 and 2005, reaching 110,000 by 2006. The United States, other NATO countries, Israel, and South Africa all attach great importance to the development and production of unmanned reconnaissance aircraft and multi-purpose drones.

In 2019, more than 30 countries in the world have developed more than 50 types of drones, and more than 50 countries are equipped with drones. The main types are: “password” drones, multi-function drones, artificial intelligence drones, long-term airborne drones, anti-missile drones, early warning drones, stealth drones, micro drones, air combat drones, mapping drones, and aerial photography drones. The main recovery methods: automatic landing, parachute recovery, aerial recovery, and arresting recovery.

On September 14, 2019, after Saudi Aramco’s “world’s largest oil processing facility” and oil field were attacked, the Yemeni Houthi armed forces claimed “responsibility for the incident” and claimed that they used 10 drones to attack the above facilities. On January 3, 2020, Qassem Soleimani, commander of the “Quds Force” under the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, was “targeted and eliminated” in a drone raid launched by the United States at Baghdad International Airport in the early morning of the Iraqi capital. At the end of 2020, in the battle between Armenia and Azerbaijan in Nagorno-Karabakh (Nagorno-Karabakh region), it was obvious that drones played an important role in the conflict between the two sides. In particular, many military experts were shocked by the videos that the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defense kept releasing of the TB-2 “Flagship” and Israeli “Harop” suicide drones just purchased from Turkey attacking Armenian armored vehicles, artillery, cars and even infantry positions and S-300 air defense missiles. In December 2020, local conflicts in the Middle East and Transcaucasus showed that drones are playing an increasingly important role. Based on this, some military experts even predicted that the 21st century will be the “golden age” for the development of drones. Drones are bound to completely replace manned aircraft and become the “battlefield protagonist” of the 21st century.

Currently, the US Air Force plans to expand the teaming of manned and unmanned platforms between drones and manned aircraft, and by 2025, 90% of fighters will be drones. In other words, larger aircraft (F-35 fighters or F-22 fighters) can control a nearby drone fleet. For example, the F-35 fighter is like a flying sensor computer, which can obtain a large amount of data, and communicate, analyze and judge on its own, and finally upload the conclusion to the pilot’s helmet display. The pilot analyzes and processes the information obtained, formulates a combat plan based on the combat plan, battlefield situation, and weapons equipped by the formation, and then issues it to the drone… to achieve the purpose of manned aircraft commanding drones to cooperate in combat. In other words, the mixed formation of manned and unmanned aircraft will change the previous ground control to air control of drones, and the pilot will directly command the combat operations of drones. The US military envisions a modular design so that soldiers can assemble drones after taking out the parts of drones from their backpacks when needed in future battlefield operations, and can also use 3D printing drones. In August 2020, the U.S. Air Force defeated top F-16 fighter pilots in a simulated air battle with AI, which also proved that AI pilots can “think” creatively and quickly, and it may not be long before they surpass the skills of human pilots. The U.S. Navy’s new MQ-25 “Stingray” carrier-based unmanned tanker will be tested in 2021 and have initial operational capability in 2024, which will help expand the combat radius of aircraft carriers.

Since 2013, Russia has been equipped with a large number of drones, of which unmanned reconnaissance aircraft alone exceeded 2,000 by the end of 2019, most of which are light drones, such as the Kalashnikov drones that participated in the military operations in Syria. In the next step, each brigade or division-level unit of the Russian Army will have a drone company, and the airborne troops will also be equipped with a large number of drones. The Russian Northern Fleet will have a drone regiment, and some modern Russian warships will also be equipped with drones. In addition, from 2021, the “Orion” reconnaissance and strike drone developed by the Kronstadt Group will be equipped with the Russian army. This heavy drone can carry a variety of guided ammunition to perform combat missions. In addition, the Russian army is also testing two heavy drones, the “Altair” and the C-70 “Hunter”. These are enough to show that Russia has made significant progress in the field of drone research and development.

Israel is a true pioneer in the field of drones. The drones it develops are not only advanced, but also exported to other countries. It has equipped its troops with hundreds of drones, including the “Bird’s Eye” series of single-soldier drones, the “Firefly” drone, the light “Skylark-I” drone, the light “Hero” drone, the medium “Skylark-II/III” drone, the “Heron” drone, etc. In the mid-1980s, Israel had developed a land-based launch and patrol drone named “Harpy” or “Harpy”. The Harpy is a “suicide drone” capable of autonomous anti-radar attacks. It weighs 135 kg, can carry 32 kg of high explosives, and has a range of 500 km. Due to confidentiality reasons, the specific number and type of drones equipped by the Israel Defense Forces are not yet known. In order to deal with threatening targets such as enemy ground-to-ground missiles, Israel Aircraft Industries is developing a high-altitude, long-flight stealth unmanned fighter. The aircraft combines stealth technology with long-range air-to-air missiles, can carry Moab missiles, penetrate into the rear of the enemy’s battle zone, and intercept and attack ground-to-ground missiles in the boost phase.

On February 5, 2013, the British army stationed in Afghanistan used a micro unmanned helicopter for the first time to carry out front-line work of spying on military intelligence. This unmanned helicopter is equipped with a micro camera, which can transmit the captured images to a handheld control terminal in real time; it can fly around corners and avoid obstacles to identify potential dangers. Next, the UK plans to enable one manned aircraft to command five unmanned aircraft at the same time. According to a report on the website of the British “Times” on January 26, 2021, the British Ministry of Defense invested 30 million pounds to develop the first unmanned aerial vehicle force in Northern Ireland. According to reports, the contract for the design and manufacture of the prototype has been given to the American “Spirit” Aerospace Systems. The company has a branch in Belfast, and the contract is expected to provide 100 jobs. The British Ministry of Defense plans to start manufacturing the first prototype of this new type of unmanned aerial vehicle by 2025. It will be equipped with missiles, reconnaissance and electronic warfare technology equipment, becoming the British Army’s first unmanned aerial vehicle capable of targeting and shooting down enemy aircraft and avoiding surface-to-air missile attacks. Its partner manned fighters will be able to focus on missions such as electronic warfare, reconnaissance and bombing, thereby reducing costs and the high risks faced by British aircrews.

The French Navy will form its first carrier-based drone squadron at a base near Toulon, the 36F carrier-based aircraft squadron of the French Naval Aviation. The squadron will be equipped with S-100 drones and carried on the Navy’s Mistral-class amphibious landing ship. The formation of this carrier-based drone squadron reflects the French Navy’s desire to integrate drone expertise into a single professional team. Previously, the French Navy discussed the establishment of a dedicated drone squadron and the option of equipping the 31F, 35F or 36F squadrons with drones.

At the Paris Air Show in June 2004, the full-scale model of the NX70 Neuron unmanned combat aircraft displayed by the French Dassault Aviation Company rekindled people’s interest in the development of European drones. Iran, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates…some new countries have disrupted the geopolitical landscape of drones and are writing a new page.

It can be predicted that drones will become the biggest highlight in the development of weapons and equipment in various countries around the world, and become the “trump card” of land warfare, naval warfare, air warfare, and space warfare in the 21st century. It will become a new combat force in offensive and defensive operations. It can not only use the various ground attack weapons it carries to strike enemy ground military targets in frontline and deep areas, but also use air-to-ground missiles or bombs to suppress enemy air defense weapons; it can not only use weapons such as anti-tank missiles to attack enemy tanks or tank groups, but also use weapons such as cluster bombs to bomb enemy ground forces; it can not only detect targets and judge the value of targets and then launch missiles autonomously, but also deceive and interfere with enemy command and control systems, etc. The world’s military powers will set off a battle to form a “man-machine (robot drone)” integrated force

With the deepening of military-civilian integration, the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, and the rapid development of big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things, not only will the development of unmanned weapons and equipment bring about tremendous changes, but it will also subvert the existing military force formation form. The “human-machine (robot-drone)” integrated intelligent army is bound to come.

In December 2015, in addition to sending traditional combat forces to the Syrian battlefield, the Russian army also sent a robot combat company mainly composed of unmanned combat platforms to participate in the battle for the first time. The company adopted a new combat mode of mixed manned and unmanned formations, built an intelligent combat system with the “Andromeda-D” automated command system as the core, and launched an attack on Hill 754.5 using a combination of full-dimensional reconnaissance and saturation attack, successfully seizing the hill. A few years ago, U.S. Navy officials in charge of expeditionary operations mentioned the vision of building a thousand man-machine combined warships, that is, a larger fleet of unmanned ships controlled by humans and coordinated with each other. The U.S. Navy announced that it plans to build an unmanned fleet of 10 large unmanned surface ships in the next five years for independent operations or joint operations with surface forces. According to the conceptual plan currently disclosed by the U.S. Navy, the unmanned fleet composed of large unmanned surface ships will mainly assist the Navy in completing highly dangerous combat missions. By combining with the Aegis combat system and other sensors, the coordinated combat capabilities of manned and unmanned systems will be enhanced. Its deployment will help reduce the demand for the number of large manned warships and reduce casualties in combat. According to the National Interest Network on January 20, 2021, the U.S. Navy Chief of Operations Michael Gilday released the “Navigation Plan of the Chief of Naval Operations” document on January 11, calling for the establishment of a mixed fleet of man-machine ships including large warships, various types of unmanned ships, submersibles and air strike equipment to prepare for all-domain operations in the new threat environment in the next few decades. The document states: “It is necessary to establish a larger fleet of underwater, surface and water platforms that meet the strategic and campaign needs of the troops, and a mixture of manned and unmanned platforms.”

In the “man-machine (robot-drone)” integrated forces, artificial intelligence technology is used to achieve an organic combination of “man-machine”, and cloud computing, new algorithms, and big data are used to formulate “man-machine” collaborative combat plans. Artificial intelligence is like an engine, big data + cloud computing is like a spaceship, and intelligent robots are astronauts. The organic combination of the three will surely add wings to the tiger and integrate man and machine. The future army is a human-machine integrated army. The squad and platoon commanders are gradually replaced by robots. Robots are gradually transformed from human control to autonomous decision-making or mind control through human brain cells. There may also be canteen-free barracks in the military camps. The military management may also be led by one or several military personnel to lead multiple or even dozens of intelligent robot teams with different division of labor tasks to complete the combat training management tasks that were previously completed by squads, platoons, and companies. Or there may be only one military commander in the command and control center for military training, and all intelligent robots in the training grounds may be controlled through video command and control for confrontation training, or remote control robot commanders may issue new training instructions, adjust task deployment, and change training grounds in real time.

The urgent need for the intelligent quality of military talents will also force the readjustment of the setting of the first-level military disciplines in the field of artificial intelligence. In the future, military academies will also open intelligent robot control disciplines, establish relevant human-machine integration laboratories and training bases, and focus on training intelligent professional military talents who understand computer control programs, intelligent design and management, image cognition, data mining, knowledge graphs, and can systematically master intelligent science and technology and have innovative consciousness. Future military talents must be proficient in intelligent technology, big data applications, and cloud computing, especially in the use of 3D or 4D printing technology to make various military equipment at any time, proficient in the control procedures, command methods, command issuance, and adjustment of tasks of intelligent robots, and proficient in the essentials of human-machine integrated autonomous combat coordination, so as to achieve the best combination of human information technology quality and efficient operation of intelligent robots. In addition, it is not ruled out that human-machine integration squads, combat simulation centers, imaginary enemy forces, combat units, intelligent headquarters, unmanned brigades, divisions, etc. will be established. By then, the military chief may also have one human and one machine, or the robot may serve as a hand or deputy.

現代國語:

資料來源:中國航空報作者:魏岳江責任編輯:伍行健
2021-03-26 08:OO

目前,從世界上主要國家編制體制改革發展情況看,軍隊正向精幹、小型、高效、智能、「人機(機器人無人機)」一體方向發展,謀求機器人士兵、無人機與人類戰士一起並肩協同、聯合作戰。根據統計,目前全球超過60個國家的軍隊已裝備了軍用機器人,種類超過150種。預計到2040年,世界軍事強國可能會有一半的成員是機器人。除美、俄、英、法、日、以色列、土耳其、伊朗等國已相繼推出各自的機器人戰士外,其他國家也投入這場無人化武器的研製與開發中去。

世界軍事強國將掀起組成無人作戰部隊爭鋒熱潮所謂無人作戰部隊,就是作戰機器人或戰場殺人機器人系統的統稱。隨著各類資訊化、精準化、資料化武器裝備的發展,智慧化平台成為預先設計戰場的推手,作戰機器人成為戰場的主力軍,人機結合對抗成為克敵制勝的關鍵,未來戰場空間力量將凸顯陸海空三維無人發展趨勢。

《今日美國報》曾發表的《新型機器人把戰爭帶入下一個層次:無人戰爭》一文中,這樣描述無人化戰爭:無人機編隊蜂擁而來,用精密的儀器探測、偵察與反偵察,它們鎖定目標後,從容地發射飛彈;自動編程的無人駕駛潛水艇,執行水下搜索、偵察、排除水雷等多種任務;或許給未來的食物中活動,執行水雷銀行等多種任務。

在陸地,能執行特定任務的各種機器人,就是機械化、資訊化、智慧化高度融合的機動打擊平台。如:無人坦克,就是以自身程序控制為主的無人化履帶式裝甲平台,可讓士兵們遠程控制,以遠距離攻擊型智能化武器、資訊化武器為主導,能自動裝載彈藥和自主發射,實施遠程間接精確打擊,有效降​​低士兵傷亡率。在海洋,各種無人潛水艇、無人戰艦等,可航行數千英里,無需船上人員操控就能執行各種海上作戰任務。在空中,實戰部署的人為控制操作的無人機系統,就是一種具有自己偵察判斷、人為控制、察打一體、自主攻擊、人機協同的無人機系統平台。

無人機武器在戰爭中的運用凸顯其作戰能力,必然牽引世界各國軍隊緊鑼密鼓組成無人作戰部隊。在伊拉克戰爭中,美國就開始對無人戰車的實戰能力進行測試。 2013年3月,美國發布新版《機器人技術路線圖:從互聯網到機器人》,闡述了包括軍用機器人在內的機器人發展路線圖,決定將巨額軍備研究費投向軍用機器人研製,使美軍無人作戰裝備的比例增加至武器總數的30%,計劃未來三分之一的地面作戰行動將由軍用機器人承擔行動將由軍用機器人承擔。據悉,美軍在2015年前部署第一支未來機器人戰鬥旅(至少包括151個機器人戰士)。 2016年,美軍在一次多國聯合軍事演習中,對「模組化無人戰車」再次進行了試驗模擬測試。 2020年,美國五角大廈發出一項標價1100萬美元的合同,以組建具有人類和機器人協同作戰能力的“聯合兵種班”,計劃2030年前完成15個未來作戰旅的全部建設工作。所有班級成員,具有類似人一樣的視、聽、觸和嗅覺,能適時發出訊息並對目標發動攻擊,甚至可以擔負自我維修與車輛維修及運輸、掃雷、偵察、巡邏等任務。美國每日科學網站報道稱,美陸軍研發了一種新技術,可迅速教導機器人在最低限度人為幹預情況下完成新的穿越動作。報導稱,該技術可使移動機器人平台在作戰環境中自主導航,同時在特定情況下讓機器人完成人類期望執行的作戰行動。目前,美陸軍科學家希望為機器人培育肌肉細胞和組織,進行生物雜交,而不是直接從活的有機體中提取,由此這種採取肌肉與機器人的組合,讓筆者聯想到電影《魔鬼終結者:黑暗命運》中的半生​​化人葛蕾絲。

2018年4月21日,俄聯邦安全局(FSB)特戰隊在達吉斯坦傑爾賓特市,發動了一次針對極端組織恐怖分子的突襲行動,首次公開出動了配備機槍的武裝無人戰車打先鋒。美國在2018年俄羅斯紅場閱兵中發現了大批俄軍曾經在敘利亞南部與敘利亞反政府武裝交火的「天王星-9」機器人等作戰系統,向觀眾展示其外形特徵。俄軍在2015年8月敘利亞戰場上使用戰鬥機器人作戰連實施陣地攻堅戰,履帶式機器人衝鋒、打擊、吸引武裝份子開火,並引導自行火砲群將暴露火力點逐個摧毀,最後機器人作戰連僅用20分鐘就一舉攻下俄軍士兵難以攻下的高地,取得零傷者戰績7777人。

據英國《明星日報》網站報道稱,英國陸軍在一場名為「自主戰士2018」的活動中進行了大規模作戰機器人測試後,把無人機、無人駕駛汽車和戰鬥人員統一到未來數十年穩居世界一流的軍隊中。未來的英軍自主軍用裝備,無論是坦克車、機器人或無人機,都可能有腿而不是履帶或輪子。 2021年年初,英國舉辦「未來海上航空力量加速日」活動後,繼續開發「即插即用」的海上自主平台開發系統,該系統連接到皇家海軍的船艦後,可以簡化自動化和無人操作技術的獲取和使用過程。

除了俄羅斯、美國、英國研發裝備機器人外,其他有實力的國家也相續推出各自研發的機器人戰士,預計在未來20年內世界必將迎來陸海空機器人代替士兵執行高風險任務,未來戰場必將是無人化或人機結合一體化聯合作戰行動。世界軍事強國將掀起人機(無人機)一體化作戰試驗

空戰的樣式總是隨著航空科技的進步而不斷發展。自1917年至今,隨著英國成功研發出世界第一架無人駕駛遙控飛機,無人裝備大家庭也不斷發展壯大,各種無人機日益活躍在現代戰爭的舞台上。

自21世紀以來,隨著大量無人機應用於戰場,作戰樣式不斷翻修。在海灣戰爭中,無人機也僅限定於偵察監視、目標引導,可是到了阿富汗戰爭、伊拉克戰爭和反恐戰爭,無人機作戰能力日益凸顯,作戰樣式和方法呈現出新特點,讓世界各國看到無人機這把空中利劍,從此拉開人機(無人機)一體化作戰測試序幕。

據報道,1993~2005年間,北約國家無人機總數增加了1.7倍,2006年前,這數量達到11萬架。美國、北約其他國家、以色列、南非都非常重視無人偵察機和多用途無人機的研發和生產。

2019年,全球大約有30多個國家已開發了50多種類型無人機,有50多個國家裝備了無人機。主要種類:「密碼」無人機、多功能無人機、人工智慧無人機、長時留空無人機、反導無人機、預警無人機、隱身無人機、微型無人機、空戰無人機、測繪無人機、空拍無人機。主要回收方式:自動降落、降落傘回收、空中回收、攔阻回收。

2019年9月14日,沙特阿美石油公司的一處“世界最大石油加工設施”和油田遭襲擊後,也門胡塞武裝宣布“對此事負責”,並宣稱其使用了10架無人機對上述設施進行了攻擊。 2020年1月3日,伊朗伊斯蘭革命衛隊下屬「聖城旅」指揮官卡西姆·蘇萊馬尼在美國對伊拉克首都巴格達國際機場凌晨發起的一場無人機突襲中被「定點清除」。 2020年底,亞美尼亞和阿塞拜疆在納戈爾諾-卡拉巴赫(納卡地區)的戰鬥中,無人機在雙方衝突中扮演重要角色顯而易見。尤其是許多軍事專家對阿塞拜疆國防部不斷發布剛從土耳其購買的TB-2「旗手」和以色列「哈羅普」自殺式無人機打擊亞方裝甲車輛、火砲、汽車甚至步兵陣地、S-300防空飛彈畫面的影片感到十分震撼。 2020年12月,中東和外高加索地區所發生的局部衝突表明,無人機的角色正日益增大。基於此,有軍事家甚至預言,21世紀將是無人機發展的“黃金時期”,無人機勢必全面取代有人戰機,並成為21世紀的“戰場主角”。

目前,美國空軍計劃擴大無人機與有人機之間的有人與無人平台組隊,2025年90%戰機將是無人機。也就是說,較大型飛機(F-35戰機或F-22戰機)能夠控制一支附近的無人機隊。如F-35戰鬥機像一種飛行感測計算機,能夠獲得大量數據,並自行聯繫、分析和判斷,最後向飛行員的頭盔顯示屏上傳結論後,由飛行員對獲取的信息進行分析和處理,根據作戰計劃、戰場態勢、編隊配備的武器等製訂作戰方案後,再下達給無人機……實現有人機指揮無人機協同作戰的目的。也就是說,有人機與無人機混合編隊,把以往由地面控制改為空中控制無人機,由飛行員直接指揮無人機作戰行動。美軍設想採用模組化設計,以便在未來戰場作戰需要時士兵從背包中取出無人機的零件後組裝無人機,還可利用3D列印無人機。 2020年8月,美國空軍在模擬空戰中AI擊敗了頂尖的F-16戰鬥機飛行員,也有力證明AI飛行員能創造性地快速“思考”,將來可能超過人類飛行員技能為時不遠。美海軍新型MQ-25「魟魚」艦載無人加油機將於2021年試飛,2024年具備初始作戰能力,有利於航母艦載機擴大作戰半徑。

俄羅斯從2013年起,配備了大量無人機,其中僅無人偵察機到2019年年底已超過2000架,其中大多數是輕型無人機,如參與敘利亞的軍事行動的卡拉什尼科夫無人機。下一步,俄陸軍部隊每個旅或師級單位將分別編有無人機連,空降兵部隊也將裝備大量無人機。俄北方艦隊將編有無人機團,在俄軍一些現代化軍艦上也將配備了無人機。另外,從2021年起,由喀琅施塔得集團研發的「獵戶座」察打一體無人機裝備俄軍。這種重型無人機可搭載多種導引彈藥,執行作戰任務。此外,俄軍也正在試驗「牽牛星」和C-70「獵人」兩款重型無人機。這些足以顯示俄羅斯在無人機研發領域取得重大進展。

以色列是無人機領域真正的先驅,開發的無人機不僅先進,而且還出口其他國家,已經裝備部隊包括「鳥眼」系列單兵無人機、「螢火蟲」無人機、輕型「雲雀-I」無人機、輕型「英雄」無人機、中型「雲雀-II/III」無人機、「蒼鷺」無人機等型號數百架無人機。 1980年代中期,以色列已研發出名為「哈比」又稱「鷹身女妖」的陸基發射巡飛無人機。 「哈比」是一種能夠自主進行反雷達攻擊的「自殺式無人機,重量為135公斤,可攜帶32公斤的高爆炸藥,航程為500千米。由於保密原因,目前尚不知以色列國防軍裝備無人機的具體數量和型號。為了對付敵方的地地飛彈等威脅性目標,以色列飛機工業公司正在研發一種高空長航時隱身無人駕駛戰鬥機。

2013年2月5日,駐紮在阿富汗的英國軍隊首次採用微型無人直升機執行刺探軍情的前線工作。這種無人直升機安裝了微型攝影機,可以將拍攝到的畫面即時傳送到手持式控制終端機;可以繞角落飛行,會規避障礙物,以辨別潛在危險。下一步,英國計畫實現一架有人機能夠同時指揮5架無人機。根據英國《泰晤士報》網站2021年1月26日報道,英國國防部投資3,000萬英鎊,將在北愛爾蘭研發首支無人機部隊。報道稱,設計和製造原型機的合約已交給美國「勢必銳」航空系統公司。該公司在貝爾法斯特設有分部,合約預計將提供100個工作機會。英國國防部計畫在2025年開始製造首架這種新型無人機原型機。它將配備飛彈、偵察和電子戰技術裝備,成為英軍首款能夠瞄準並擊落敵方戰機、並能規避地對空飛彈攻擊的無人機。與其搭檔的有人戰機將能夠專注於電子戰、偵察及轟炸等任務,從而以較低的成本和降低英軍機組人員面臨的高風險。

法國海軍將在土倫附近的某個基地組成首個艦載無人機中隊,為法國海軍航空兵第36F艦載機中隊。中隊將裝備S-100無人機,搭載海軍西北風級兩棲登陸艦上。這次艦載無人機中隊的組建,反映了法國海軍希望將無人機專業融入單一專業團隊的願望。先前,法國海軍內部討論了建立專屬無人機中隊,以及在31F、35F或36F中隊中配備無人機的方案。

在2004年6月舉行的巴黎航空展上,法國達梭飛機製造公司展示的NX70神經元無人作戰飛機的全尺寸模型,讓人們對歐洲無人機的發展重新產生了興趣。伊朗、土耳其、阿聯酋……一些新的國家打亂了無人機地緣政治格局,正在書寫新的一頁。

可以預測,無人機必將成為世界各國武器裝備發展中的最大亮點,成為21世紀陸戰、海戰、空戰、天戰的“撒手鐧”,成為攻防作戰中一種新生作戰力量,既能使用自身攜帶的多種對地攻擊武器對敵前沿和縱深地區地面軍事目標進行打擊,也能使用空對地飛彈或炸彈對敵防空武器實施壓制;既能使用反坦克飛彈等武器對敵坦克或坦克群進行攻擊,也能使用集束炸彈等武器對敵地面部隊進行轟炸;既能發現目標、判斷目標價值後就可自主發射飛彈,也能對敵方指揮控制系統進行欺騙幹擾,等等。世界軍事強國將掀起組成「人機(機器人無人機)」一體部隊爭鋒

隨著軍民融合的深度推進,人工智慧技術的突飛猛進,大數據、雲端運算、物聯網的日新月異,不僅為無人化武器裝備發展帶來巨大變革,也將顛覆現有軍隊力量組成形態,「人機(機器人無人機)」一體化智慧型軍隊必將到來。

2015年12月,俄軍在敘利亞戰場上除派出傳統作戰部隊外,還首次成建制派出一個以無人作戰平台為主的機器人作戰連參加戰鬥。該連採取有人無人混合編組的新型作戰模式,建構起以「仙女座-D」自動化指揮系統為核心的智能化作戰體系,採用全維偵察和飽和攻擊相結合的作戰方式對754.5高地發起進攻,順利奪佔高地。幾年前,負責遠徵作戰的美國海軍官員就提到打造千隻人機結合戰艦的願景,即由人類控制的,由相互協同的無人艦組成的更大艦隊。美國海軍宣布,計畫未來5年打造一支由10艘大型無人水面艦艇組成的無人艦隊,用於獨立作戰或與水面部隊聯合作戰。根據美國海軍目前披露的構想方案,由大型無人水面艦艇組成的無人艦隊將主要協助海軍完成高度危險的作戰任務,透過與「宙斯盾」作戰系統以及其他感測器相結合,提升有人及無人系統的協同作戰能力,其部署將有助於減少大型有人戰艦的數量需求,減少作戰中的人員傷亡。國家利益網2021年1月20日消息,美國海軍作戰部長邁克爾·吉爾戴在1月11日發布《海軍作戰部長導航計畫》文件,呼籲建立包括大型戰艦、各型無人艦、潛航器和空襲裝備的人機混合艦隊,為未來幾十年的新威脅環境做好全局作戰準備。文件中寫道:“要建立滿足部隊戰略和戰役需求的,水下、水面和水上平台,有人與無人平台混合的更大艦隊。”

在「人機(機器人無人機)」一體部隊中,靠著人工智慧技術達到「人機」有機結合,靠著雲端運算、新演算法、大數據擬制「人機」協同作戰計畫。人工智慧就像一台發動機,大數據+雲端運算就如太空船,智慧機器人就是太空人,三者有機結合定能如虎添翼、人機一體。未來軍隊就是人機結合軍隊,班排連長由人擔任逐步被機器人所取代,機器人由人為控制逐步轉變為機器人自主決策或機器人透過人的腦細泡進行意念控制,軍營也可能出現無食堂軍營,部隊管理也可能出現由一名或幾名軍事人員率領多分工台甚至數十台具有不同分工任務的智慧機器人團隊,去完成以往班排連共同完成的戰訓管理任務,亦或是軍事訓練只有一名軍事指揮人員在指揮控制中心,透過視訊指揮控制訓練場所有智慧機器人進行對抗訓練,或是遠程遙控機器人指揮部即時下達新的訓練指令、調整任務部署、變換訓練場。

對軍事人才智慧素質的迫切需求,也會倒逼人工智慧領域一級軍事學科的設置重新調整,未來軍學院也將開設智慧機器人控制學科,建立有關人機結合實驗室與訓練基地,重點訓練既懂電腦控製程式、智慧設計與管理、影像認知、資料探勘、知識圖譜,又能係統掌握智慧科學與科技、具有創新意識的智慧型職業化人才。未來軍事人才必須熟練智慧技術、大數據應用、雲端運算,尤其是能隨時利用3D或4D列印技術製作各種軍事裝備,精通智慧機器人的控製程式、指揮方式、指令下達、調整任務,熟練人機一體化自主作戰協同的要領,達到人的資訊化科技素質與智慧機器人的高效運作的最佳結合。此外,也不排除成立人機結合班排連、作戰模擬中心、假想敵部隊、作戰分隊、智慧司令部、無人化旅、師等。屆時,軍事主官也可能人機各一或機器人給人當下手或副手。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/bq/2021-03/26/content_9991323888.htm

Chinese Military Laws Necessary for Winning Intelligent Warfare

中國軍事法規是贏得智慧化戰爭的必要條件

現代英語:

●To understand the laws of intelligent warfare, we must grasp the foundation of intelligence and autonomy, the key of building a war knowledge and action system, and the essence of the changes in the connotation of war power.

●War leaders must examine intelligent warfare dynamically, keenly capture the new elements spawned by intelligent warfare, correctly analyze the changes in the relationship between the new elements, and constantly re-understand intelligent warfare.

President Xi pointed out that we should seriously study the military, war, and how to fight, and grasp the laws of modern warfare and the laws governing war. Today, the intelligent characteristics of war are becoming increasingly prominent, and intelligent warfare has already shown its early form. In order to seize the initiative in future intelligent warfare, we should actively follow the development of modern warfare, keep close to the actual military struggle preparations, proactively understand the laws of intelligent warfare, deeply grasp its guiding laws, focus on answering questions such as “what is it” and “how to do it”, and constantly innovate war and strategic guidance.

Answering the question “What is it?” and understanding the laws of intelligent warfare

Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: “The laws of war are a problem that anyone who directs a war must study and must solve.” Today, as intelligent warfare begins to emerge, we should proactively understand “what” intelligent warfare is. Otherwise, we will not be able to solve “how to do it,” let alone control future wars.

The laws of intelligent warfare are the reconstruction of the war knowledge and action system. The laws of intelligent warfare, like the laws of cold weapon warfare, hot weapon warfare, mechanized warfare, and information warfare, are the inherent and essential connections between the elements of war. The difference is that it has new elements and new modes of composition between elements. It is essentially the reconstruction of the war knowledge and action system caused by the intelligent revolution. Today, to understand the laws of intelligent warfare, we must grasp the foundation of intelligence and autonomy, grasp the key to building a war knowledge and action system, and grasp the essence of the change in the connotation of war power. Mastering these laws can overcome the chaos and uncertainty in future wars and find order and certainty from them. This is the objective requirement for dealing with intelligent warfare.

The laws of intelligent warfare are the basis of the laws of war guidance. In “Problems of Strategy in China’s Revolutionary War”, Mao Zedong first analyzed the characteristics of China’s revolutionary war and revealed the laws of war, and then “derived our strategies and tactics from this”, that is, the laws of war guidance; in “On Protracted War”, he first explained “what it is”, and then turned to the question of “how to do it”, reflecting a logical order of the cognitive process. Today, the study of intelligent warfare should still follow this order, and neither put the cart before the horse, nor reverse the order; nor add, reduce or replace links. On the basis of mastering the fundamental law of intelligent autonomy, we must reveal the laws of war guidance such as autonomous perception, autonomous planning, autonomous implementation, autonomous linkage, and autonomous evaluation.

If you don’t understand the laws of intelligent warfare, you can’t guide the war. “Sun Bin’s Art of War” points out: “Know, win” and “Don’t know, don’t win.” Tao is the law of war. If you master it and act in accordance with it, you can win; otherwise, you will lose. Mao Zedong also emphasized: “If you don’t know the laws of war, you don’t know how to guide the war, and you can’t win the war.” Similarly, mastering the laws of intelligent warfare is the premise for correctly guiding intelligent warfare. Otherwise, it is inevitable to be confused by the superficial phenomena of intelligent warfare. Today, we need to analyze the basic, long-term and subversive impact of intelligent technology groups on war, and study what intelligent warfare looks like? What are the laws? How should it be fought? These are all major issues that must be answered in the guidance of intelligent warfare.

Solve the “how to do it” problem and reveal the guiding principles of intelligent warfare

The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the medium for guiding practice by using the laws of intelligent warfare, playing the role of “bridge” and “boat”. We should solve the problem of “how to do it” on the basis of answering “what is it” and propose the “swimming skills” of intelligent warfare.

The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of applying the laws of war. The purpose of understanding the laws of war is to apply them. Marx pointed out: “Philosophers only interpret the world in different ways, but the problem is to change the world.” Similarly, intelligent warfare itself forces commanders to discover the laws. Once discovered, they will combine initiative and use the laws to serve winning the war, which will inevitably lead to the emergence of guiding laws for intelligent warfare. Today, war is the continuation of politics, which is still the law of intelligent warfare. From this, it can be concluded that intelligent warfare must obey the guiding laws that serve politics; soldiers and civilians are the basis of victory, which is still the law of intelligent warfare. From this, it can be concluded that the guiding laws of mobilizing the people in the broadest possible way are derived, and so on. These guiding laws for intelligent warfare are derived from the laws of war and are “swimming skills in the sea of ​​intelligent warfare.”

Give full play to the active role of people in intelligent warfare. Engels said: “It is people, not guns, who win the battle.” The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of practice and use. It is not a simple “transfer” or “copying” of the laws of intelligent warfare, but it can be transformed into the guiding laws of war with the addition of people’s subjective initiative. Today, military talents who master artificial intelligence are not only the operators of intelligent weapons, but also the creators of artificial intelligence. People still occupy a dominant position in the intelligent human-machine system and are the decisive factor in the victory or defeat of intelligent warfare. Commanders should give full play to their initiative on the basis of mastering the laws of intelligent warfare and adhere to the “technology + strategy” combat theory generation model, so as to change from answering “what is” to solving “how to do”.

The laws governing intelligent warfare are constantly evolving. War is a “chameleon”. Intelligent warfare itself will also go through different stages such as germination, development, and maturity, which will inevitably lead to the development of laws governing intelligent warfare. War leaders must dynamically examine intelligent warfare, keenly capture the new elements of intelligent warfare, correctly analyze the changes in the relationship between the new elements, and constantly re-recognize intelligent warfare. We must keep up with the historical process of the accelerated advancement of war forms towards intelligence, grasp the direction of development of intelligent warfare and the pulse of the times, push the research on the laws governing intelligent warfare to a new level, and seize strategic initiative and opportunities on future battlefields.

Keep a close eye on the “initiative” and continue to innovate intelligent warfare and strategic guidance

As the military is ever-changing, water is ever-changing. As intelligent warfare has already arrived, we must follow the laws and guidance of intelligent warfare, keep close to the actual military struggle preparations, strengthen research on opponents and enemy situations, take the initiative to design “when”, “where” and “who to fight”, innovate war and strategic guidance, and firmly grasp the strategic initiative of future wars.

You fight yours, I fight mine. The highest realm of the art of war guidance is that you fight yours, I fight mine. “Each fights his own” requires commanders to use their own forces independently and autonomously in future intelligent wars, no matter how complex and difficult the environment is. In particular, enemies with high-tech equipment may cause a temporary local situation where the enemy is active and we are passive. At this time, we must use comprehensive means such as politics, economy, and diplomacy to make up for the disadvantages in weapons with an overall favorable situation, quickly reverse this situation, and restore the active position. If you are led by the nose by your strategic opponent, you may suffer a great loss.

Seize the opportunity and use the troops according to the time. The Six Secret Teachings pointed out: “The use depends on the opportunity.” Jomini emphasized: “The whole art of war lies in being good at waiting for the opportunity to act.” On the one hand, if the time is not right, do not force it. Be cautious about the opportunity, and have great patience before the opportunity comes to prevent strategic blind action. On the other hand, the time will not come again, so don’t miss the opportunity. Be good at seizing the opportunity, and once you encounter a favorable opportunity, you must resolutely use it and avoid being timid. It should be pointed out that we should look at the issue of the maturity of the opportunity dialectically. The future intelligent war is changing rapidly, requiring quick decision-making, but in the face of uncertain factors, we must make careful decisions. Sometimes making a decision early may be more effective than making a more perfect decision tomorrow. Therefore, we must dare to take a little risk, otherwise we will sit back and watch the loss of the opportunity for success.

Different domains are different, and operations are based on the local conditions. Clausewitz pointed out: “War is not like a field full of crops, but like a field full of trees. When harvesting crops, you don’t need to consider the shape of each crop, and the quality of the harvest depends on the quality of the sickle; when chopping down trees with an axe, you must pay attention to the shape and direction of each tree.” Different strategic spaces lead to different wars, and war guidance is also different. At present, the battlefield space is constantly expanding from traditional spaces such as land, sea and air to new spaces such as space and the Internet. War leaders should explore new intelligent war laws and guidance laws based on the characteristics of multi-domain, three-dimensional, and networked.

Aim at the opponent and win by taking advantage of the enemy. The Art of War by Sun Tzu states: “Follow the enemy and decide the battle.” Jomini also said: “No matter who you are, if you don’t understand the enemy, how can you know how to act?” Looking to the future, smart strategists should classify combat targets into primary combat targets and general combat targets, actual combat targets and potential combat targets according to their importance and urgency, and comprehensively and objectively understand the strategic intentions, force deployment, combat concepts, etc. of different combat targets, propose new intelligent war guidance laws that can give full play to the advantages of their own combat power, and implement correct war actions.

In short, the laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of the cognitive process, solving the problem of “what”; the guiding laws are the laws of the practical process, solving the problem of “how”. The two are dialectically unified and inseparable, forming a complete chain of understanding and guiding intelligent warfare. “Victory is not repeated, but should be formed in infinity.” Today, war and strategic leaders should, based on objective conditions, deeply explore and flexibly apply the laws of intelligent warfare and the laws of war guidance, and innovate war and strategic guidance in line with the times.

(Author’s unit: Academy of Military Science, Institute of War Studies)

Source: Liberation Army DailyAuthor: Hao Jingdong Niu Yujun Duan FeiyiEditor-in-charge: Wang Feng2021-03-16 10:12

現代國語:

认识智能化战争规律,要抓住智能化和自主化这个基础,抓住构建战争知行体系这个关键,抓住战争力量内涵发生改变这个实质。

●战争指导者须动态地考察智能化战争,敏锐捕捉智能化战争孕育的新质要素,正确分析新质要素之间关系的变化,不断对智能化战争进行再认识。

习主席指出,要认真研究军事、研究战争、研究打仗,把握现代战争规律和战争指导规律。今天,战争的智能化特征日益凸显,智能化战争已经展现出早期形态的样貌。要想掌握未来智能化战争主动权,就应积极跟踪现代战争发展,紧贴现实军事斗争准备,前瞻认识智能化战争规律,深刻把握其指导规律,着力回答“是什么”、解决 “怎么做”等问题,不断创新战争和战略指导。

回答“是什么”,前瞻认识智能化战争规律

毛泽东同志指出:“战争的规律——这是任何指导战争的人不能不研究和不能不解决的问题。”今天,在智能化战争初显端倪之际,应前瞻认识智能化战争“是什么”,否则就不能解决“怎么做”,更不可能驾驭未来战争。

智能化战争规律是战争知行体系的重建。智能化战争规律,和冷兵器战争、热兵器战争、机械化战争、信息化战争的规律一样,是战争诸要素间内在的、本质的联系,不同之处在于它有新质的要素和新的要素间的构成模式,本质上是基于智能化革命所引发的战争知行体系的重建。今天,认识智能化战争规律,要抓住智能化和自主化这个基础,抓住构建战争知行体系这个关键,抓住战争力量内涵发生改变这个实质。掌握这些规律,就能克服未来战争中的纷乱和不确定性,从中找出条理和确定性,这是应对智能化战争的客观要求。

智能化战争规律是战争指导规律的依据。毛泽东在《中国革命战争的战略问题》中,首先分析了中国革命战争的特点,揭示了战争规律,然后“由此产生我们的战略战术”,即战争指导规律;在《论持久战》中,他首先说明了“是什么”,再转到研究“怎么做”的问题上,体现了一种认识过程的逻辑顺序。今天,研究智能化战争仍应遵循这一顺序,既不能本末倒置,颠倒顺序;也不能增加、减少或更换环节。要在掌握智能自主这一根本规律的基础上,揭示自主感知、自主规划、自主实施、自主联动、自主评估等战争指导规律。

不懂得智能化战争规律,就不能指导战争。《孙膑兵法》指出:“知道,胜”“不知道,不胜”。道是战争规律,掌握它、行动符合它,就能取胜;反之,则败。毛泽东也强调:“不知道战争的规律,就不知道如何指导战争,就不能打胜仗。”同样,掌握智能化战争规律,是正确指导智能化战争的前提。否则,就难免要被智能化战争的表面现象所迷惑。今天,要通过分析智能化技术群对战争的基础性、长远性和颠覆性影响,研究智能化战争是个什么样子?有哪些规律?应该怎么打?这些都是智能化战争指导必须回答的重大课题。

解决“怎么做”,揭示掌握智能化战争指导规律

智能化战争指导规律是运用智能化战争规律指导实践的中介,起到“桥”和“船”的作用。应在回答“是什么”的基础上解决“怎么做”的问题,提出智能化战争的“游泳术”。

智能化战争指导规律是运用战争规律的规律。认识战争规律的目的在于应用。马克思指出:“哲学家们只是用不同的方式解释世界,而问题在于改变世界。”同样,智能化战争本身迫使指挥员不发现规律则已,一旦发现,就会结合能动性,利用规律为打赢战争服务,这就必然导致智能化战争指导规律的产生。今天,战争是政治的继续仍是智能化战争规律,由此得出智能化战争必须服从服务于政治的指导规律;兵民是胜利之本仍是智能化战争规律,由此得出最广泛地动员民众的指导规律,等等。这些智能化战争指导规律是战争规律派生出来的,是“智能化战争大海中的游泳术”。

充分发挥人在智能化战争中的能动作用。恩格斯说过:“赢得战斗胜利的是人而不是枪。”智能化战争指导规律是实践规律、使用规律。它不是对智能化战争规律的简单“移用”“照搬”,而是加上人的主观能动性,才能转化为战争指导规律。今天,掌握人工智能的军事人才,不仅是智能化武器的操控者,更是人工智能的创造者。人在智能化人机系统中仍处于主体地位,是智能化战争胜负的决定性因素。指挥员应在掌握智能化战争规律的基础上,充分发挥能动性,坚持“技术+谋略”的作战理论生成模式,才能由回答“是什么”向解决“怎么做”转变。

智能化战争指导规律是不断发展的。战争是一条“变色龙”。智能化战争本身也会经历萌芽、发展、成熟等不同阶段,这就必然带来智能化战争指导规律的发展。战争指导者须动态地考察智能化战争,敏锐捕捉智能化战争孕育的新质要素,正确分析新质要素之间关系的变化,不断对智能化战争进行再认识。要紧跟战争形态向智能化加速迈进的历史进程,把握智能化战争发展方向和时代脉搏,把对智能化战争指导规律的研究推向新境界,在未来战场占据战略主动和先机。

紧盯“主动权”,不断创新智能化战争和战略指导

兵无常势,水无常形。在智能化战争已然来临之际,要在遵循智能化战争规律和指导规律的基础上,紧贴现实军事斗争准备,加强对手研究、敌情研究,主动设计“在什么时间”“在什么地点”“和谁打仗”,创新战争和战略指导,牢牢掌握未来战争的战略主动权。

你打你的,我打我的。战争指导艺术的最高境界,就是你打你的、我打我的。“各打各的”要求指挥员在未来智能化战争中,无论处于怎样复杂、困难的环境,首先要立足自身实际,独立自主地使用自己的力量。特别是拥有高技术装备之敌,可能造成暂时的局部的敌之主动、我之被动的局面,这时要通过政治、经济、外交等综合手段,以总体有利态势弥补武器上的劣势,迅速扭转这一局面,恢复主动地位。如果被战略对手牵着鼻子走,就可能吃大亏。

把握时机,因时用兵。《六韬》指出:“用之在于机。”若米尼强调:“全部战争艺术就在于善于待机而动。”一方面,时不至,不可强动。要持重时机,时机未到,应有极大耐心,防止战略盲动。另一方面,时不再来,机不可失。要善于把握时机,一旦遇上有利时机,就要坚决利用,防止畏首畏尾。需要指出的是,要辩证地看待时机成熟问题。未来智能化战争瞬息万变,要求快速决策,而面对不确定性因素,又必须慎重决策。有时及早定下决心,比明天下达更完善的决心也许更有效。因此,要敢于冒一点风险,不然则会坐视成功机会的丧失。

各域有别,因地运筹。克劳塞维茨指出:“战争不像长满庄稼的田地,而像长满大树的土地。收割庄稼时不需要考虑每棵庄稼的形状,收割得好坏取决于镰刀的好坏;而用斧头砍伐大树时,就必须注意到每棵大树的形状和方向。”战略空间不同,战争就不同,战争指导也不一样。当前,战场空间不断由陆海空等传统空间向太空、网络等新型空间拓展,战争指导者应根据多域性、立体性、网络性等特点,探索新的智能化战争规律和指导规律。

瞄准对手,因敌制胜。《孙子兵法》指出:“践墨随敌,以决战事。”约米尼也说过:“不管是谁,如果不了解敌人,怎能知道自己应该如何行动呢?”着眼未来,聪明的战略家应根据轻重、缓急程度,把作战对象区分为主要作战对象和一般作战对象、现实作战对象和潜在作战对象,全面客观地了解不同作战对象的战略意图、兵力部署、作战构想等,提出能充分发挥己方战力优长的新的智能化战争指导规律,实施正确的战争行动。

总之,智能化战争规律是认识过程中的规律,解决“是什么”;指导规律是实践过程中的规律,解决“怎么做”。二者辩证统一,不可分割,构成了认识和指导智能化战争的完整链条。“战胜不复,而应形于无穷。”今天,战争和战略指导者应基于客观情况,深入探索和灵活运用智能化战争规律和战争指导规律,与时俱进创新战争和战略指导。

(作者单位:军事科学院战争研究院)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/jmsd/2021-03/16/content_4880989.htm?yikikata=7593b488-bf4396b2e061d55553e340f0a68ef7f8888

Artificial Intelligence is Driving Profound Changes in Chinese Warfare

人工智慧正在推動中國戰爭發生深刻變化

現代英語:

In recent years, with the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology and its widespread application in the military field, the form of war and combat style have been constantly changing. Some foreign academic articles believe that artificial intelligence is reshaping the form of combat forces, enhancing the effectiveness of combat systems, improving the effectiveness of combat command, and improving the quality of combat coordination, promoting profound changes in combat activities.

Reshaping the combat force

These academic articles point out that combat forces are mainly composed of combat personnel, weapons and equipment, and organizational structures, and are undergoing tremendous changes under the influence of artificial intelligence technology.

From the perspective of personnel structure, with the widespread application of artificial intelligence technology and related equipment systems in the military field, the demand for professionals with the ability to develop, manage, use and maintain artificial intelligence technology has increased significantly, and the proportion of technical personnel in combat forces will continue to increase. Frontline combat personnel are no longer just direct operators of weapons, but are gradually transforming into battlefield monitors, system commanders and key decision makers in human-machine collaborative operations, and the requirements for their scientific and technological literacy and information processing capabilities have been greatly improved.

From the perspective of the equipment system, intelligent weapons and equipment such as drones, unmanned combat vehicles, and intelligent missiles will appear in large numbers and become an important part of the equipment system. These equipment are highly accurate and flexible, with stronger autonomous combat capabilities, and can independently complete tasks such as reconnaissance and strikes, greatly changing the traditional equipment structure and combat mode. In addition, traditional weapons and equipment will also accelerate intelligent transformation by adding intelligent sensors, communication modules, and automatic control systems, so as to have the ability to interconnect and cooperate with artificial intelligence systems. For example, old tanks can be upgraded and transformed to realize functions such as automatic driving, automatic aiming, and intelligent ammunition loading, thereby improving overall combat effectiveness.

From the perspective of combat unit formation, unmanned combat systems will gradually develop from auxiliary combat forces to independent combat units and organize them, relying on their unique advantages in high-risk and high-intensity combat environments. Research reports from some think tanks in Western countries believe that drone swarm combat forces and unmanned combat vehicle battalions will become common combat formations, which can complete a variety of tasks such as reconnaissance and surveillance, intelligence analysis, and firepower strikes. In order to give full play to the respective advantages of artificial intelligence and human warriors, human-machine mixed formations will also become the main form of future combat forces. In this formation, human warriors and intelligent weapons and equipment work closely together to complete combat missions.

Enhance combat system effectiveness

Judging from the evolution trend, intelligent technology will integrate unmanned equipment across domains and empower traditional combat platforms, and will become the “enabler” of future system warfare.

At present, many military experts in Western countries believe that artificial intelligence can conduct a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of various elements of the combat system, identify weak links and optimization space in the system, and provide a scientific basis for the construction and adjustment of the combat system. By optimizing the structure and function of the combat system, the overall effectiveness and stability of the combat system can be improved, making it more competitive when facing a changing battlefield environment and a powerful combat system.

During the combat process, artificial intelligence can analyze the combat systems of both sides in real time, predict the opponent’s possible actions and weaknesses, propose targeted system confrontation strategies, and continuously adjust and optimize according to the actual situation in the combat process to achieve efficient operation of one’s own combat system and improve the quality and effectiveness of combat system confrontation.

Western militaries believe that based on the advantages of artificial intelligence empowerment, they can greatly enhance security risk defense capabilities. By automatically predicting, identifying, discovering, and handling complex security risks, they can autonomously protect personnel, equipment, and materials from various attacks, improve all-domain and all-round defense capabilities, and ensure the safety and stability of the combat system.

Improving combat command effectiveness

At present, artificial intelligence has been deeply integrated into all aspects of combat command, affecting the external manifestations and main activities of combat command. Human-machine intelligent fusion control supported by artificial intelligence technology will become the basic form of combat action control.

Some foreign research institutions have found that artificial intelligence systems can quickly analyze the situation based on real-time battlefield situations and a large amount of historical data, generate multiple combat plans, and timely deduce and evaluate plans, adjust and optimize actions, provide commanders with more scientific and reasonable decision-making suggestions, and efficiently guide the execution of plans, so that combat planning can keep up with the rapidly changing battlefield rhythm. Especially when facing rapidly changing battlefield situations, it can help commanders make accurate judgments more quickly.

With the continuous development of artificial intelligence technology, some intelligent combat systems have a certain degree of autonomous decision-making capabilities. In certain situations, such as facing sudden threats or the temporary appearance of fighter jets, combat command systems assisted by artificial intelligence can make decisions and take actions autonomously within the preset rules and authority range, shorten the decision-making chain, and improve the response speed and flexibility of combat. When the combat terminal has stronger intelligent autonomy, it can even realize the self-generation, self-evaluation, and self-adjustment of combat plans, breaking through the limitations of human reaction capabilities and forming a more adaptive combat command.

Many experiments have proved that based on the accumulation of massive combat data and the enhancement of big data analysis technology, artificial intelligence technology can accurately calculate the entire process of combat planning under simulation conditions, helping commanders to accurately analyze the situation in advance, comprehensively judge trends, and reasonably plan trends. Then, through combat simulation, simulation and deduction, etc., it can virtually carry out activities such as calculation of combat force requirements and optimization of tactics and actions. In the planning process, it can scientifically and dynamically adjust combat plan strategies to form the best option, provide more reliable reference basis for combat command, and improve the accuracy of command and control.

Improve the quality of combat coordination

As artificial intelligence technology is deeply integrated into the combat system, the responsiveness of various combat elements on the battlefield continues to improve, the response time is gradually shortened, the adaptability level is gradually enhanced, and the quality of combat coordination is continuously improved.

Some military experts in Western countries believe that the battlefield of the future will be cross-domain, networked, and nonlinear. Artificial intelligence can break the boundaries between various combat domains and combat elements through efficient algorithms, making the coordination between different combat forces closer and more efficient. Based on artificial intelligence technology, autonomous coordination and cooperation between manned and unmanned combat forces can be achieved, so that manned and unmanned combat forces can complement each other and complement each other, significantly improving combat effectiveness. Moreover, the application of unmanned combat systems is becoming more and more extensive. Artificial intelligence technology can perform cluster control and collaborative management of a large number of unmanned combat platforms, achieve efficient coordination and task allocation between them, and improve the overall effectiveness and safety of unmanned combat.

China Military Network Ministry of National Defense Network

Tuesday , February 11, 2025

現代國語:

黃永剛

近年來,隨著人工智能技術的迅猛發展及其在軍事領域的廣泛運用,戰爭形態和作戰樣式不斷發生嬗變。國外一些學術文章認為,人工智能正在重塑作戰力量形態、增強作戰體系效能、提升作戰指揮實效、提高作戰協同質量,推動作戰活動發生深刻變化。

重塑作戰力量形態

這些學術文章指出,作戰力量主要由作戰人員、武器裝備及編組方式等整體構成,受人工智能技術影響,正發生著巨大變化。

從人員結構上看,隨著人工智能技術及相關裝備系統在軍事領域的廣泛應用,對具備人工智能技術研發、管理、使用和維護能力的專業人才需求大幅上升,技術人員在作戰力量中的佔比將不斷提高。一線作戰人員不再只是武器的直接操作者,而是逐漸向戰場監控者、系統指揮員和人機協同作戰中的關鍵決策者轉變,對其科技素養和信息處理能力的要求大大提高。

從裝備體系上看,無人機、無人戰車、智能導彈等智能武器裝備將大量出現,並成為裝備體系的重要組成部分。這些裝備具有高度的精確性和靈活性,自主作戰能力更強,能夠獨立完成偵察、打擊等任務,極大地改變了傳統的裝備結構和作戰模式。此外,傳統武器裝備也將通過加裝智能傳感器、通信模塊和自動控制系統等,加速進行智能化改造,以具備與人工智能系統互聯互通和協同作戰的能力。如老式坦克通過升級改造,可以實現自動駕駛、自動瞄准和智能彈藥裝填等功能,提升整體作戰效能。

從作戰單元編成上看,無人作戰系統憑借其在高風險、高強度作戰環境中的獨特優勢,將逐漸從輔助作戰力量發展為獨立的作戰單元並進行編組。西方國家一些智庫的研究報告認為,無人機集群作戰部隊、無人戰車營等將成為常見的作戰編制,它們可以完成偵察監視、情報分析、火力打擊等多種任務。為了充分發揮人工智能與人類戰士的各自優勢,人機混合編隊也將成為未來作戰力量的主要編成形式。在這種編隊中,人類戰士與智能武器裝備緊密配合,共同完成作戰任務。

增強作戰體系效能

從演進趨勢看,智能化技術跨域集成無人裝備、賦能傳統作戰平台,將成為未來體系作戰的“賦能器”。

目前,西方國家很多軍事專家認為,人工智能可以對作戰體系的各個要素進行全面分析和評估,找出體系中的薄弱環節和優化空間,為作戰體系的建設和調整提供科學依據。通過優化作戰體系的結構和功能,可以提高作戰體系的整體效能和穩定性,使其在面對多變戰場環境和強大作戰體系時更具競爭力。

在作戰過程中,人工智能可實時分析作戰雙方的作戰體系,預測對方的可能行動和薄弱點,提出針對性的體系對抗策略,並根據作戰過程中的實際情況不斷調整和優化,以實現己方作戰體系的高效運行,提升作戰體系對抗質效。

西方國家軍隊認為,基於人工智能賦能優勢,可以大大增強安全風險防御能力,通過自動預測、識別、發現、處置復雜安全風險,自主化保護人員、裝備、物資免受各類攻擊,能夠提升全領域、全方位防衛能力,確保作戰體系的安全性和穩定性。

提升作戰指揮實效

當前,人工智能已深度融入作戰指揮的各個環節,影響著作戰指揮的外在表現形式及主要活動方式。人工智能技術支撐下的人機智聯融合控制,將成為作戰行動控制的基本形態。

國外一些研究機構發現,人工智能系統可以根據實時戰場態勢和大量歷史數據,快速分析態勢,生成多種作戰方案,並及時推演評估方案、調整優化行動,為指揮員提供更科學合理的決策建議,高效指導計劃執行,讓作戰籌劃跟上快速變化的戰場節奏。尤其是在面對瞬息萬變的戰場情況時,能夠幫助指揮員更快地作出准確判斷。

隨著人工智能技術的不斷發展,一些智能作戰系統具備了一定的自主決策能力。在特定情況下,如面對突發的威脅或臨時出現的戰機,基於人工智能輔助的作戰指揮系統可以在預設的規則和權限范圍內,自主作出決策並采取行動,縮短決策鏈路,提高作戰的反應速度和靈活性。當作戰末端具備更強智能自主能力時,甚至可以實現作戰方案自生成、自評估、自調整,突破人的反應能力局限,形成更具適應性的作戰指揮。

很多實驗證明,基於海量作戰數據的積累和大數據分析技術的增強,人工智能技術可在模擬條件下對作戰籌劃全程進行精確計算,助力指揮員預先精准分析態勢、綜合研判趨勢、合理規劃走勢,進而通過作戰仿真、模擬推演等方式,虛擬開展參戰力量需求計算、戰法行動優化優選等活動,進而在籌劃過程中科學動態調整作戰方案策略,形成最佳選項,為作戰指揮提供更可靠的參考依據,提升指揮控制精確性。

提高作戰協同質量

隨著人工智能技術深度融入作戰體系,各作戰要素在戰場上的反應能力不斷提高,響應時間逐步縮短,適應水平日漸增強,作戰協同質量不斷提升。

西方國家一些軍事專家認為,未來戰場將呈現跨域、網絡化、非線性等特點,人工智能可以通過高效的算法,打破各作戰域、各作戰要素之間的界限,使不同作戰力量之間的協同更加緊密和高效。基於人工智能技術,可實現有人無人作戰力量編組之間的自主協同配合,使得有人無人作戰力量相互補充、相得益彰,顯著提升作戰效能。而且,無人作戰系統的應用越來越廣泛,人工智能技術可以對大量無人作戰平台進行集群控制和協同管理,實現它們之間的高效配合和任務分配,提高無人作戰的整體效能和安全性。

中國軍網 國防部網

2025年2月11日,星期二

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2025-02-11&paperNumber=07&articleid=949008889

Chinese Military Combat Management System: Core of Modern Combat Command & Control

中國軍事作戰管理系統:現代作戰指揮控制的核心

現代英語:

Source: China Military Network-People’s Liberation Army Daily Author: Yang Lianzhen Editor-in-charge: Yang Fanfan

2022-04-22 06:42

Combat management is the foundation for winning modern wars and the core of the modern combat system. It is the planning, organization, coordination and control of personnel, equipment, information, resources, time and space and other elements during the combat process.

Combat management system refers to the command information system used to support combat management activities, including intelligence collection, information transmission, target identification, threat assessment, weapon allocation, mission planning, etc. It has gradually developed with the evolution of war and technological progress.

Combat Management System: The Core of Modern Combat System

Schematic diagram of the combat management system

Past and present life

Implementing timely and accurate command and control of combat operations and making timely and decisive combat decisions are the goals and dreams that commanders have always pursued in different war periods. Before the emergence of scientific management, there was no concept of combat management in war, and naturally there was no combat management system. However, simple combat management activities and systems have always been associated with war and developed in an integrated manner.

The core of combat management is to ensure that commanders and troops can exchange information and instructions smoothly. In the ancient combat command system, gongs, drums, and flags were called the “three officials”. “When words cannot be heard, gongs and drums are used; when sight cannot be seen, flags are used.” Sight and hearing are the primitive means of command and control.

After the invention of the telegraph, telephone, and radio, long-distance and rapid transmission of combat orders and combat information became a reality, and the scope of combat management shifted from two-dimensional to three-dimensional. The war decision-making of “planning and winning thousands of miles away” is no longer a myth. Of course, traditional battlefield management methods are not completely ineffective. For example, in the Korean War, due to limited communication conditions, our army still used bugles to transmit combat orders to the company and below, and there were more than 20 types of bugle calls related to combat. “The sound of bugles from all sides rose up,” and the bugles on the Korean battlefield once frightened the US military. Ridgway wrote in his memoirs: “As soon as it sounded, the Chinese Communist Army would rush towards the coalition forces as if it were under a spell. At this time, the coalition forces were always beaten back like a tide.”

At the beginning of the 20th century, the concept of scientific management gradually gained popularity, and the military quickly applied it to combat. The term “combat management” first appeared in the US Air Force, where combat managers provided long-range target indication and voice guidance to fighters based on radar detection. The core combat organization is called the BM/C3 system, namely Battle Management and Command, Control, and Communication. In 1946, the first electronic computer “ENIAC” was successfully developed, and the military began to use computers to store and process various data related to combat. In 1958, the US military built the world’s first semi-automated combat management system-the “Seqi” air defense command and control system, which used computers to realize the automation of part of the information collection, processing, transmission and command decision-making process for the first time. In the same year, the Soviet Army built the “Sky No. 1” semi-automated air defense command and control system. Combat management systems began to appear on the war stage, and human-machine collaborative decision-making gradually became the main form of combat decision-making for commanders. During the “Rolling Thunder” campaign of the Vietnam War, the U.S. military commanded more than 5,000 aircraft to dispatch 1.29 million sorties and dropped 7.75 million tons of bombs, which would have been impossible to achieve by manual command alone.

The combat management system has gone through weapon-centered, platform-centered, network-centered, and system-centered construction stages, and has gradually been able to receive and process information from sensors and other sources in multiple domains, perceive and generate combat situation maps in real time, automatically implement command and control of troops and equipment, and intelligently assist commanders in making decisions, involving the army, navy, air force and other military services.

For example, the Israeli Army’s “Ruler” combat management system uses a single-soldier digital device to connect to a channel state information device to provide real-time situational awareness and command and control information for troops performing tactical operations and fire support. The U.S. Navy’s “Aegis” combat system uses a multi-task signal processor to integrate air defense and anti-missile capabilities, and realizes the integration of shipborne phased array radars, command decisions, and weapon control. The NATO Air Force’s ACCSLOC1 system, based on network distributed deployment, integrates 40 types of radars and more than 3,000 physical interfaces, and undertakes air operations such as mission planning, combat command, and combat supervision. From the launch of the first Gulf War to the Libyan War, the time from sensor information acquisition to firing by the U.S. military has been shortened from 24 hours to 2.5 minutes.

Features

The combat management system is a rapidly developing and constantly improving distributed operating system. It mainly collects and processes sensor data, facilitates the transmission and integration of various types of information, conducts situation identification and prediction, generates combat plans, completes action evaluation and selection, and issues combat orders to weapon platforms and shooters. Its essence is to achieve an efficient combat “observation-judgment-decision-action” cycle (OODA loop).

The combat management system widely uses situation assessment and prediction, combat space-time analysis, online real-time planning, combat resource management and control, and combat management engine technologies, and adopts a “cloud + network + terminal” technical architecture based on information technology.

For example, the U.S. military took the lead in using information technology to build a C4ISR system that integrates command, control, computers, communications, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, laying the foundation for the combat management system. In the Afghanistan War, the C4ISR system achieved near-real-time transmission of combat information to combat platforms for the first time. With the continuous maturity of sensors, networks and artificial intelligence, technologies such as intelligent situation understanding and prediction, intelligent information push, intelligent task planning, intelligent collaborative control, intelligent rapid reconstruction and intelligent parallel command and control are having an increasingly significant impact on combat management systems.

Combat management systems usually support functions such as situational awareness, mission planning, engagement management, communications, modeling, simulation and analysis, and test training. For example, a missile defense combat management system mainly includes command and control, engagement management, and communications. The command and control function enables pre-battle combat planning and battlefield situation awareness; the engagement management function enables auxiliary combat decision-making, allocation of anti-missile weapons, and completion of strike missions; and the communication function enables the transmission and sharing of intelligence and data among the anti-missile units in the system.

The combat management system is an open and complex system. The structure determines the function. Different system structures determine the functional expansion of different systems: the ship’s self-defense combat management system enables the ship to have a strong self-defense capability through automated weapon control regulations, collaborative engagement management systems and tactical data links; the electromagnetic combat management system improves the planning, sharing and mobility of the electromagnetic spectrum by integrating and displaying battlefield electromagnetic spectrum data; the individual combat system enhances the soldier’s mobility, support, lethality and survivability by integrating individual protection, individual combat weapons and individual communication equipment.

Combat management systems generally have the characteristics of integration, automation, optimization, and real-time. The combat mode of modern warfare is complex and the battlefield scale is expanding. The requirements for force control, resource integration, and task scheduling have increased, and system integration must be achieved. The French Army’s “Scorpion” system fully integrates tanks, armored vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles, unmanned ground vehicles, drones, and attack helicopters into the same combat group, and links all platforms and combat units in the task group.

With the increase of combat elements in modern warfare and the expansion of battlefield perception space, the command automation system that relies heavily on people can no longer fully adapt, and the system must be automated. All operating functions of Pakistan’s combat management artillery control system are fully automated, “providing an automated solution for preparing, coordinating, transmitting, executing and modifying fire support plans and firing plans.”

The pace of modern warfare is accelerating and battlefield data is massive. It is necessary to quickly grasp the situation and make decisions efficiently, and it is necessary to achieve system optimization decision-making. Military powers are combining artificial intelligence, cloud computing, the Internet of Things and big data technologies to facilitate faster decision-making in multi-domain operations.

Future Development

Traditional combat management systems place more emphasis on pre-established engagement sequences and combat rules. However, future wars will emphasize the confrontation between systems, and it is impossible to exhaust all situations in advance. The battlefield information that needs to be mastered is also becoming more complex and massive. For this reason, the armies of various countries have begun to abandon the traditional method of developing combat management systems for each combat domain separately, and are network-centric and supported by artificial intelligence, trying to help commanders make combat decisions more quickly and realize real-time connection between sensors in each combat domain and any shooter.

The combat management system will promote the implementation of combat concepts. The “Advanced Combat Management System” developed by the US Air Force plans to connect all military services and their weapon platforms in real time in a military Internet of Things. Its core is to seamlessly link various intelligence reconnaissance platforms, command and control platforms, strike platforms and combat management platforms with various cross-domain capabilities, convert intelligence and target indication data into timely and usable information, shorten the “discovery-positioning-tracking-targeting-strike-assessment” cycle, and execute combat operations at a speed that opponents cannot keep up. The Russian military proposed the “military unified information space” theory and organized the development of the “automatic control system” for integrated joint operations of land, sea and air networks. By establishing a network-centric command model, it attempts to integrate the command, communication, reconnaissance, firepower, and support of the entire army, realize cross-domain operations in the true sense, and improve battlefield situation awareness and combat command efficiency.

The combat management system will rely on artificial intelligence technology. The application of artificial intelligence will not only multiply the capabilities of weapon systems, but will also fundamentally change the implementation of the OODA loop. In future combat management systems, artificial intelligence technology will become the core support and driving engine, and the key factor is the quality of the algorithm. The system will have built-in upgradeable artificial intelligence, and people will be in a supervisory or collaborative state to minimize manual input, spontaneously identify and classify threat targets in the combat environment, autonomously evaluate and weigh, and automatically allocate weapons, thereby providing adaptive combat advantages and decision-making options.

For example, the “Intelligent Autonomous Systems Strategy” released by the US Navy in July 2021 aims to accelerate the development and deployment of intelligent platforms through a highly distributed command and control architecture, integrate unmanned systems, artificial intelligence, and autonomous driving technologies, and realize future combat decisions facilitated by intelligent autonomous systems. The Russian military has more than 150 artificial intelligence projects under development, one of the focuses of which is to introduce artificial intelligence into command and control systems, adapt intelligent software to different weapon platforms, achieve the unification of physical and cognitive domains, and double combat effectiveness through intelligent empowerment.

The combat management system will achieve a breakthrough in cross-domain capabilities. The military’s combat management capabilities are shifting towards full-domain coordination, including land, sea, air, space, electricity, network, cognitive domain, and social domain. To adapt to the full-domain environment, the combat management system needs to have the following functions: a resilient and redundant communication system, flexible and secure data operation; artificial intelligence and machine learning directly extract and process data from sensors, and conduct decentralized integration and sharing; segmented access based on confidentiality levels to meet perception, understanding, and action needs. On this basis, it is also necessary to provide troops with reconnaissance and surveillance, tactical communications, data processing, network command and control, and other capabilities.

The future combat management system will focus on security processing, connectivity, data management, application, sensor integration and effect integration, optimize data sharing, collaborative operations and command and control in the entire combat domain, and support decision-making advantages from the tactical level to the strategic level. Its purpose is only one: to give commanders the ability to surpass their opponents.

(The author is the deputy director and professor of the Training Management Department of the Armed Police Command Academy)

現代國語:

作戰管理,是打贏現代化戰爭的基礎,是現代化作戰體系的核心,也是作戰過程中對人員、裝備、資訊、資源和時空等要素進行的規劃、組織、協調與控制活動。

作戰管理系統,指用來支撐作戰管理活動的指揮資訊系統,包括情報採集、資訊傳輸、目標識別、威脅判斷、分配武器、任務規劃等。其隨戰爭演化、技術進步而逐步發展。

作戰管理系統:現代化作戰體系核心

■楊蓮珍

作戰管理系統示意圖

前世今生

對作戰行動實施適時精確的指揮控制和作出及時果斷的作戰決策,是不同戰爭時期指揮員始終追求的目標與夢想。在科學管理產生前,戰爭中並無作戰管理這一概念,自然談不上作戰管理系統。但樸素的作戰管理活動和系統一直與戰爭相伴、融合發展。

作戰管理的核心是保證指揮員與部隊能順暢地交換資訊和指示。在古代作戰指揮號令系統中,金、鼓、旗號稱為“三官”,“言不相聞,故為之金鼓;視不相見,故為之旌旗”,目視耳聽是原始的指揮控製手段。

電報、電話、無線電發明後,作戰命令和戰鬥訊息的遠距離快速傳輸成為現實,作戰管理範圍由平面走向立體,「運籌帷幄、決勝千裡」的戰爭決策不再是神話。當然,傳統的戰場管理手段並非完全失去作用,例如在抗美援朝戰場上,我軍因通信條件受限,連以下分隊仍在通過軍號傳遞作戰命令,與作戰相關的號聲就有20餘種。 “四面邊聲連角起”,朝鮮戰場上的軍號曾讓美軍聞風喪膽。李奇微在回憶錄裡寫道:“只要它一響,中共軍隊就如著了魔法一般,全部不要命地撲向聯軍。這時,聯軍總被打得如潮水般潰退。”

20世紀初,科學管理的概念逐漸升溫,軍隊迅速將其應用於作戰。 「作戰管理」一詞,最早出現在美國空軍,其編成內的作戰管理員,基於雷達探測情況向戰機進行遠程目標指示和話音引導。作戰核心組織則稱為BM/C3系統,即作戰管理(Battle Management)和指揮、控制、通訊(Command,Control,Communication)。 1946年,第一台電子計算機「埃尼阿克」研製成功,軍隊開始使用計算機存儲和處理有關作戰的各種數據。 1958年,美軍建成世界上第一個半自動化作戰管理系統-「賽其」防空指揮控制系統,使用電腦首次實現了資訊擷取、處理、傳輸和指揮決策過程部分作業的自動化。同年,蘇軍建成「天空1號」半自動化防空指揮控制系統。作戰管理系統開始登上戰爭舞台,人機協作決策逐漸成為指揮主要的作戰決策形式。越戰中的「滾雷」戰役,美軍指揮5,000多架飛機出動129萬架次,投彈775萬噸,如果單靠人工指揮是不可能實現的。

作戰管理系統經歷了以武器為中心、以平台為中心、以網絡為中心和以體係為中心的建設階段,逐步能夠接收、處理來自多域的傳感器和其他來源信息,實時感知並生成作戰態勢圖,自動對兵力及裝備實施指揮控制,智能輔助指揮員決策,涉及陸、海、空等軍兵種。

如以色列陸軍的「統治者」作戰管理系統,單兵數字化裝置連接通道狀態資訊設備,用於為執行戰術作戰、火力支援等部隊提供即時態勢感知和指揮控制資訊。美國海軍的「宙斯盾」作戰系統,採用多任務訊號處理器整合防空與反導能力,實現艦載相控陣雷達、指揮決策、武器控制等一體化整合。北約空軍的ACCSLOC1系統,基於網路分散部署,整合40種型號的雷達和3000多個物理接口,承擔任務規劃、作戰指揮和戰鬥監督等空中行動。從發動第一次海灣戰爭到利比亞戰爭,美軍從傳感器獲取資訊到開火,時間由24小時縮短至2.5分鐘。

功能特徵

作戰管理系統是一個迅速發展並不斷完善的分散式操作系統,主要通過收集、處理傳感器數據,暢通各類信息傳輸和融合,進行態勢識別和預測,生成作戰方案,完成行動評估與選擇,下發作戰指令給武器平台和射手。其本質是實現高效率的作戰「觀察-判斷-決策-行動」循環(OODA環)。

作戰管理系統廣泛使用態勢評估與預測、作戰時空分析、線上即時規劃、作戰資源管控和作戰管理引擎技術等,採用基於資訊技術的「雲+網+端」的技術架構。

如美軍率先運用資訊技術,建構了集指揮、控制、計算機、通訊、情報、監視和偵察於一體的C4ISR系統,為作戰管理系統打下了基礎。阿富汗戰爭中,C4ISR系統首次實現作戰資訊近實時傳輸到作戰平台。隨著傳感器、網絡和人工智慧的不斷成熟,智能態勢理解和預測、智慧資訊推送、智慧任務規劃、智慧協同控制、智慧快速重構和智慧平行指控等技術,正在對作戰管理系統產生越來越重大的影響。

作戰管理系統通常支援態勢感知、任務規劃、交戰管理、通訊、建模及模擬與分析、試驗訓練等功能。如導彈防禦作戰管理系統,主要包括指揮控制、交戰管理及通訊等功能構成。指揮控制功能,實現對戰前的作戰規劃及對戰場態勢的感知;交戰管理功能,實現輔助作戰決策和分配反導武器並完成打擊任務;通信功能,實現系統各反導單元情報、數據的傳輸和共享。

作戰管理系統是一個開放的複雜系統。結構決定功能,不同的系統結構,決定不同系統的功能拓展:艦艇自防禦作戰管理系統通過自動化武器控制條令、協同交戰管理系統和戰術數據鍊等,使艦艇具備了強大的自防禦能力;電磁作戰管理系統通過融合並顯示戰場電磁頻譜數據,提高電磁戰兵器規劃能力、共享電磁力和單兵作戰力量;

作戰管理系統普遍具有一體化、自動化、最優化、即時化等特徵。現代戰爭作戰模式複雜、戰場規模擴大,對力量管控、資源整合和任務調度要求的提高,必須實現系統一體化整合。法國陸軍的「蝎子」系統,就將坦克、裝甲車、步兵戰車、無人地面車輛、無人機與攻擊直升機完整整合到同一個作戰群,並連結任務群中的所有平台和作戰單元。

現代戰爭作戰要素增加、戰場感知空間擴大,對人依賴較高的指揮自動化系統已無法完全適應,必須實現系統自動化運作。巴基斯坦作戰管理火砲控制系統所有操作功能全部自動化,「為準備、協調、傳遞、執行和修改火力支援計畫與射擊方案提供了自動化解決方案」。

現代戰爭作戰節奏加快、戰場數據海量,需要快速掌握狀況、有效率定下決心,必須實現系統最優化決策。各軍事強國正將人工智慧、雲端運算、物聯網與大數據技術結合起來,以利在多域作戰中更快決策。

未來發展

傳統作戰管理系統,更強調基於事先制定的交戰序列、作戰規則。但未來戰爭更突出體係與體系之間的對抗,不可能預先窮盡各種情況,需要掌握的戰場資訊也更趨複雜、海量。為此,各國軍隊開始摒棄傳統上為各作戰域單獨開發作戰管理系統的方法,以網絡為中心、以人工智能為支撐,力圖幫助指揮員更迅速作出作戰決策,實現各作戰域的傳感器與任意射手的實時連接。

作戰管理系統將推動作戰概念落地。美國空軍開發的“先進作戰管理系統”,規劃將各軍種及其武器平台實時連接在一個軍事物聯網中,其核心是將各類情報偵察平台、指揮控制平台、打擊平台和作戰管理平台與各種跨域能力無縫鏈接,把情報和目標指示數據轉化為及時、可用的信息,縮短“發現-定位-跟踪-瞄準-打擊-評估”速度,以執行對手的速度執行。俄羅斯軍隊提出“軍隊統一資訊空間”理論,組織開發陸海空網絡一體化聯合作戰“自動控制系統”,通過建立網絡中心指揮模式,試圖將全軍指揮、通信、偵察、火力、保障等進行融合,實現真正意義上的跨域作戰,提升戰場態勢感知能力與作戰指揮效率。

作戰管理系統將依賴人工智慧技術。人工智慧的應用不僅引起武器系統能力的倍增,也將從根本上改變OODA環的實現。未來的作戰管理系統,人工智慧技術將成為核心支撐和驅動引擎,關鍵因素是演算法的品質。系統將內置可升級的人工智慧,人們將處於監督或協同狀態的位置,最大限度地減少人工輸入,對作戰環境中的威脅目標進行自發識別分類、自主評估權衡和自動分配武器,從而提供自適應的作戰優勢和決策可選性。

如2021年7月美海軍發布的“智能自主系統戰略”,旨在通過高度分佈式的指揮和控制架構,加速智能平台的開發和部署,綜合無人系統、人工智能和自動駕駛等技術,實現由智能自主系統促成的未來作戰決策。俄軍在研的人工智慧項目超過150個,其重點之一是將人工智慧引入指揮控制系統,為不同武器平台適配智慧軟件,實現物理域與認知域的統一,以智慧賦能的方式實現戰鬥力倍增。

作戰管理系統將實現跨域能力突破。軍隊作戰管理能力正向陸、海、空、天、電、網和認知域、社會域等全域協同轉變。適應全局環境,作戰管理系統需要具備以下功能:有彈性和冗餘的通信系統,靈活安全的數據運行;人工智能和機器學習直接從傳感器中提取、處理數據,並進行去中心化集成、共享;根據保密級別分段訪問,滿足感知、理解和行動需要。在此基礎上,還需具備向部隊提供偵察監視、戰術通訊、數據處理、網路指控等能力。

未來的作戰管理系統,將聚焦安全處理、連通性、數據管理、應用、傳感器整合和效果整合等能力,優化全作戰域的數據共享、協同作戰和指揮控制,支援從戰術級到戰略級的決策優勢。其目的只有一個:賦予指揮員超越對手的能力。

(作者係武警指揮學院訓練管理系副主任、教授)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/10149663888.html

Chinese Military Evaluation of Foreign Armed Forces Perspectives on Multi-domain Operations

中國軍方對外軍多域作戰觀點的評估

現代英語:

The opening of each combat domain will inevitably lead to a new round of changes in combat methods. Driven by the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution characterized by intelligence, ubiquity and integration, emerging combat domains such as space, cyberspace, electromagnetic spectrum, and cognitive space have an increasing impact on future operations. The concept of “multi-domain combat” has emerged through cross-domain collaboration with traditional land, sea, and air combat domains to achieve complementary advantages and system efficiency, and is becoming a new combat theory that adapts to the evolution of war forms.

The concept of “multi-domain combat” was first proposed by the US military. Subsequently, the United Kingdom, France, and other NATO member states have developed the concept of “multi-domain combat” in different forms. Israel was the first to apply the concept of “multi-domain operations” in actual combat. The Russian army innovatively proposed its own “multi-domain operations” theory from the perspective of its opponents. At present, the concept of “multi-domain operations” has become an important concept that triggers a new round of changes and transformations in foreign military operations.

The concept of “multi-domain operations” is a new operational concept first proposed by the US Army and jointly promoted by other services based on the changes in operational methods in the information age.

The US military believes that the winning mechanism of the concept of “multi-domain operations” is to form multiple advantages in a specific time window through the rapid and continuous integration of all war domains (land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace) and force the enemy into a dilemma. The U.S. Army proposed to be guided by the idea of ​​”global integrated operations” and the concept of “cross-domain collaboration”, and strive to form an asymmetric advantage in future wars through “multi-domain operations”. The multi-domain task force (brigade level) will be the core combat force of the U.S. Army to implement multi-domain operations, integrating artillery, land-based tactical missiles, land aviation, cyberspace, electromagnetic spectrum, space and air defense forces, and forming multi-domain combat capabilities through cross-domain mixed formations. The U.S. Air Force actively responded to the concept of “multi-domain operations”, focused on building a joint combat command and control system, proposed the concept of multi-domain command and control, and focused on developing advanced combat management systems, sinking multi-domain operations to the tactical level to improve the agility and cross-domain collaboration capabilities of future operations. The U.S. Navy has absorbed the core idea of ​​the “multi-domain combat” concept, proposed to build an “integrated global maritime military force”, focused on developing the “distributed lethality” combat concept, and proposed to strengthen the design and exercise of global combat.

The U.S. Department of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff have gathered the ideas and mechanisms of the new combat concept of “multi-domain combat” of the military services, and proposed the top-level concept of “global combat”, aiming to form a new round of asymmetric advantages, lead the transformation of combat methods and military transformation. The global combat concept is centered on joint global command and control, aiming to integrate traditional combat domains with space, cyberspace, electromagnetic spectrum, air defense and anti-missile and cognitive domain capabilities, and compete with global competitors in a full-spectrum environment. It is reported that the concept is still in its infancy and is undergoing theoretical deepening, experimental verification, exercise evaluation and doctrine transformation, and is constantly enriching its conceptual core through multiple work lines. Among them, the US Joint Chiefs of Staff leads the transformation of concepts into policies, doctrines and requirements; the Air Force promotes the concept to maturity by developing advanced combat management systems, the Army by implementing the “Convergence Project”, and the Navy by launching the “Transcendence Project”. The US theater supports the development of multi-domain combat concepts and multi-domain combat modes through war games, project demonstrations and joint exercises.

Based on the perspective of reference and integration, NATO countries such as the United Kingdom actively participated in the development and testing of the US military’s “multi-domain operations” concept, and revised the operational concept in combination with actual conditions.

The British Ministry of Defense proposed the concept of “multi-domain integration”, which is consistent with the concept mechanism of the US military’s “multi-domain operations”, focusing on integrating operations in different domains and at different levels, preparing for the development of a joint force and maintaining competitive advantages in 2030 and beyond. The British Ministry of Defense pointed out that “integrating capabilities in different domains and at different levels through information systems, creating and utilizing synergies to gain relative advantages is the winning mechanism of the multi-domain integration concept.” The concept emphasizes gaining information advantages, shaping strategic postures, building a multi-domain combat environment, and creating and utilizing synergies. The concept raises four specific issues: how to provide an advantage over rivals by 2030 and beyond through “multi-domain integration”; how to achieve cross-domain integration of the Ministry of Defense in cooperation with allies, governments and civilian departments; how to solve the policy issues involved in the concept of “multi-domain integration”; how to promote research on defense concepts, capabilities and war development. With this as a starting point, the British Army has launched a multi-faceted, step-by-step, and systematic military transformation.

Other NATO countries are also jointly developing and innovatively applying the concept of “multi-domain operations” to varying degrees, and promoting the transformation and implementation of the concept of “multi-domain operations” in the form of joint exercises and allied cooperation. In 2019, the US Army led the “Joint Operational Assessment (2019)” exercise, which aimed to assess the combat capabilities of the Indo-Pacific Command’s multi-domain task force. Forces from France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and other countries formed a multinational task force to participate in the exercise, which assessed the multi-domain combat concepts, formations and capabilities in the combat environment from 2025 to 2028. In October 2019, the NATO Joint Air Power Competition Center held a meeting on “Shaping NATO’s Future Multi-Domain Combat Posture”. In order to shape NATO’s future multi-domain combat posture, it explored and studied military thinking, multi-domain combat forces, multi-domain combat operations and training joint forces. In June 2020, the NATO Command and Control Center of Excellence released a white paper on the Multi-Domain Operations Command and Control Demonstration Platform, which aims to respond to threats and challenges in multiple operational domains with a decentralized, data-driven integrated environment by bridging the command and control gap between technology and operators, tactics and campaign levels, and academia and the military.

Based on the perspective of its opponents, the Russian army seeks a way to crack it on the one hand, and on the other hand, based on the winning mechanism of “cross-domain operations”, it combines its own characteristics to innovate combat theories

After the US military proposed the concept of “multi-domain operations”, the Russian army actively sought a way to crack it based on its own security interests. In December 2020, the Russian magazine “Air and Space Power Theory and Practice” published an article titled “Argument for the Use of Aviation Power to Break the Enemy’s Large-Scale Joint Air Strikes in Multi-Domain Operations”, which stated that large-scale joint air strikes are the initial stage for NATO countries to implement multi-domain operations. Large-scale coordinated operations will be carried out against Russia’s most important key facilities, creating conditions for subsequent decisive actions by NATO joint armed forces. The Russian army must comprehensively use the reconnaissance and strike system composed of the aviation forces of the theater forces to cause unbearable losses to the enemy, break its large-scale joint air strikes, and force NATO’s initial stage goals of multi-domain operations to fail to be achieved, causing NATO’s political and military leadership to abandon the attempt to continue to implement multi-domain operations.

On the other hand, the Russian army proposed the “military unified information space” theory for the new combat method of “cross-domain combat”. Its core idea is: to use modern information technology to establish a networked command and control system to achieve the deep integration of the army’s command, communication, reconnaissance, firepower, support and other elements, thereby improving the battlefield situation perception capability and combat command efficiency. The Russian military continues to promote theoretical development around the realization of cross-domain combat capabilities: first, relying on the unified information space of the army to establish a network-centric command model; second, introducing artificial intelligence into the command and control system to achieve the unification of the physical domain and the cognitive domain; third, developing network, space and underwater combat forces to gain advantages in emerging combat fields; fourth, establishing a unified military standard system to enhance the interoperability of forces and weapons. The Russian military has not completely absorbed the Western concept of “multi-domain combat”, nor has it completely denied the beneficial elements of the Western “multi-domain combat”, but has combined its own absorption of some advanced combat ideas of “multi-domain combat” to enrich its own unique combat theory.

Based on the perspective of combat needs, Israel took the lead in applying the concept of “multi-domain combat” on the Gaza battlefield, and used the multi-domain combat force “Ghost” as the main combat force.

The Israeli army believes that multi-domain joint combat is an inevitable trend in the development of future wars. For Israel, which mainly relies on ground combat, by integrating land, air, cyberspace, electromagnetic spectrum and sea elite forces, it can quickly identify, track and destroy enemy targets, and further improve the lethality of the Israeli army. This concept is in line with the concept of “multi-domain combat” proposed by the US Army. Under the guidance of this concept, the Israeli army formed the “Ghost” force and took the lead in actual combat testing on the Gaza battlefield. In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in May 2021, Israel used the “Ghost” combat battalion for the first time to implement multi-domain operations in the code-named “Wall Guardian” operation against Hamas, which was called the world’s first “artificial intelligence war”. The Israeli army mainly relied on machine learning and data collection in this war, and artificial intelligence became a key component of combat and a force multiplier for the first time. In the operation to clear the Hamas tunnel network, the Israeli army used big data fusion technology to pre-identify and target, and then dispatched 160 fighter jets to carry out precise strikes, which greatly destroyed the Hamas tunnel network and achieved air control over the ground; in the attack on Hamas rocket launchers, the Israeli fighter pilots, ground intelligence forces and naval forces used command and control systems to quickly find targets and carry out real-time precise strikes, quickly shaping a favorable battle situation.

According to the Israeli army, the “Ghost” force is very different from traditional forces in terms of combat organization, weapon configuration and combat methods. The unit is temporarily organized under the 98th Paratrooper Division of Israel, including the brigade reconnaissance battalion, the ground forces of the Paratrooper Brigade, the armored brigade, the engineering corps, the special forces, the F-16 squadron and the Apache helicopter, as well as the “Heron” drone and other multi-domain combat forces. Through the use of multi-domain sensors and precision strike weapons, cross-domain maneuvers and strikes are achieved, “changing the battlefield situation in a very short time”. The battalion was established in July 2019. Although it is a ground force, it integrates multi-domain combat forces such as air strikes, network reconnaissance, precision firepower, electronic confrontation, intelligence interconnection and maritime assault. It is a battalion-level combat unit with division-level combat capabilities. After its establishment, the unit has continuously improved its multi-domain integration and cross-domain strike capabilities through exercises, and has quickly exerted two major functions with the support of the newly developed artificial intelligence technology platform: one is to serve as an elite weapon on the battlefield and fight in an asymmetric manner; the other is to serve as a test unit to continuously innovate and develop new combat concepts, combat theories and technical equipment, and to promote successful experiences to other units at any time.

現代國語:

褚 睿 劉瑤琦

每一個作戰域的開闢,必將引發新一輪作戰方式的變革。在以智慧、泛在、融合為特點的新一輪科技革命和產業革命的加速推動下,太空、網絡空間、電磁頻譜、認知空間等新興作戰域對未來作戰影響日益增大,透過與傳統陸、海、空作戰域跨域協同實現優勢互補、體系增效的「多域作戰理論」概念應而生,正成為適應戰爭形態演進的新型作戰理論。

「多域作戰」概念最早由美軍提出。隨後,英國、法國以及其他北約成員國均以不同形式發展「多域作戰」概念。以色列率先將「多域作戰」概念運用於實戰。俄軍從對手視角創新提出了自己的「多域作戰」理論。當前,「多域作戰」概念已成為引發外軍新一輪作戰方式變革轉型的重要概念。

「多域作戰」概念是基於資訊時代作戰方式變革,由美陸軍率先提出、其他軍種協力推進的新型作戰概念

美軍認為,透過所有戰爭領域(陸、海、空、太空、網路空間)快速且持續的整合,在特定時間窗口形成多重優勢,迫使敵人陷入困境是「多域作戰」概念的製勝機理。美陸軍提出以「全球一體化作戰」思想和「跨域協同」理念為指導,力求透過「多域作戰」方式形成未來戰爭非對稱優勢。多域特遣部隊(旅級)將是美陸軍實施多域作戰的核心作戰力量,集砲兵、陸基戰術導彈、陸航、網絡空間、電磁頻譜、太空以及防空力量於一身,通過跨域混合編組形成多域作戰能力。美空軍積極響應「多域作戰」概念,著眼於建構聯合作戰指揮與控制體系,提出多域指揮與控制概念,聚力開發先進作戰管理系統,將多域作戰向戰術級下沉,以提高未來作戰的敏捷性和跨域協同能力。美國海軍吸納“多域作戰”概念的核心思想,提出打造“一體化全局海上軍事力量”,重點開發“分佈式殺傷”作戰概念,提出加強全局作戰設計和演習。

美國國防部和參聯會匯集軍種「多域作戰」新型作戰概念的思想與機理,提出了「全局作戰」頂層概念,旨在瞄準形成新一輪非對稱優勢,牽引作戰方式變革與軍事轉型。全局作戰概念以聯合全局指揮與控制為核心,旨在將傳統作戰域與太空、網絡空間、電磁頻譜、防空反導和認知領域等能力整合在一起,與全球性競爭對手在全頻譜的環境中競爭。據悉,該概念目前尚處於萌芽期,正在進行理論深化、試驗驗證、演習評估和條令轉化,並通過多條工作線,不斷豐富其概念內核。其中美軍參聯會領導概念向政策、條令和需求轉化;空軍通過開發先進作戰管理系統、陸軍通過實施“融合項目”、海軍通過啟動“超越項目”共同推動該概念走向成熟。美戰區透過兵棋推演、項目展示和聯合演習等形式支援多域作戰概念和多域作戰模式開發。

英國等北約國家基於借鑑與融入視角,積極參與美軍「多域作戰」概念的發展與試驗,並結合實際修訂作戰概念

英國國防部提出了「多域融合」概念,與美軍「多域作戰」概念機理相一致,著重於整合不同領域和不同層次的作戰,為2030年及以後發展一支聯合部隊、保持競爭優勢做準備。英國國防部指出,「透過資訊系統整合不同領域和不同層級的能力,創造和利用協同效應,以獲得相對優勢,是多域融合概念的製勝機理。」該概念強調奪取資訊優勢、塑造戰略態勢、構設多域作戰環境、創造和利用協同效應。該概念提出4個具體問題:如何透過「多域融合」為2030年及以後提供超越對手的優勢;如何實現國防部與盟友、政府和民事部門合作的跨域融合;如何解決「多域融合」概念涉及的政策問題;如何促進國防概念、能力和戰爭發展方面的研究。以此為抓手,英軍開啟了多面向、分步驟、體系化的軍事轉型。

其他北約國家也正在不同程度地聯合開發和創新運用「多域作戰」概念,並以聯合演習、盟國協作等形式推動「多域作戰」概念轉化落地。 2019年美陸軍領導開展的、旨在評估印太司令部多域特遣部隊作戰能力的「聯合作戰評估(2019)」演習中,法國、加拿大、澳大利亞、新西蘭等國部隊組成多國任務組織參與其中,評估了2025-2028年作戰環境下的多域作戰概念、編組、能力。 2019年10月,北約聯合空中力量競爭中心召開了「塑造北約未來的多域作戰態勢」會議,為塑造北約未來多域作戰態勢,從軍事思想、多域作戰力量、多域作戰行動和訓練聯合部隊等方面進行了探索和研究。 2020年6月,北約指揮控制卓越中心發布了多域作戰指揮控制演示平台白皮書,旨在通過彌合技術和作戰人員、戰術和戰役層面、學術界和軍方之間的指揮控制鴻溝,以分散、數據驅動的綜合環境來應對多個作戰域的威脅與挑戰。

俄軍基於對手視角,一方面尋求破解之道,另一方面基於「跨域作戰」制勝機理,結合自身特點創新作戰理論

美軍提出「多域作戰」概念後,俄軍基於自身安全利益考量,積極尋求破解之道。 2020年12月,俄羅斯《空天力量理論與實踐》雜志刊發《論證運用航空力量打破敵方多域作戰中大規模聯合空襲》的文章,認為大規模聯合空襲是北約國家實施多域作戰的初始階段,將對俄羅斯最為重要的關鍵設施實施大規模協同作戰,為北約聯合武裝力量後續決定性行動創造條件。俄軍必須綜合運用戰區部隊的航空力量組成的偵察打擊系統,給敵造成無法承受的損失,打破其大規模聯合空襲,迫使北約多域作戰初始階段目標無法實現,致使北約政治軍事領導層放棄繼續實施多域作戰的企圖。

另一方面,俄軍針對「跨域作戰」這種新型作戰方式,提出了「軍隊統一資訊空間」理論,其核心思想是:利用現代資訊技術建立網絡化的指揮控制系統,以實現全軍指揮、通信、偵察、火力、保障等要素的深度融合,進而提升戰場態勢感知能力與作戰指揮效率。圍繞實現跨域作戰能力,俄軍持續推進理論開發:一是依托軍隊統一資訊空間,建立網絡中心指揮模式;二是將人工智慧引入指揮控制系統,實現物理域與認知域的統一;三是發展網絡、太空和水下作戰力量,爭取新興作戰領域優勢;四是建立統一的軍事標準體系,提升兵力兵器互操作能力。俄軍沒有全盤吸收西方「多域作戰」概念,也沒有全盤否定西方「多域作戰」有益成分,而是結合自身將「多域​​作戰」的一些先進作戰思想吸收,充實自身特色的作戰理論。

以色列基於作戰需求視角,率先運用「多域作戰」概念於加薩戰場,將多域作戰力量「幽靈」部隊作為主要作戰力量

以軍認為,多域聯合作戰是未來戰爭發展的必然趨勢,對於以地面作戰為主的以色列而言,透過整合陸上、空中、網絡空間、電磁頻譜和海上精銳力量,迅速識別、追踪和摧毀敵方目標,能夠進一步提高以軍的殺傷力。這一理念與美陸軍提出的「多域作戰」概念一脈相承。在這一理念的指導下,以軍組建了「幽靈」部隊,並率先在加薩戰場上進行了實戰檢驗。在2021年5月的巴以沖突中,以色列在對哈馬斯的代號為「城牆衛士」行動中首次運用「幽靈」戰鬥營實施了多域作戰,被稱為世界上第一場「人工智慧戰爭」。以軍在這場戰爭中主要依靠機器學習和數據收集,人工智慧首次成為作戰的關鍵組成部分和力量倍增器。在對哈馬斯地道網的清除行動中,以軍通過大數據融合技術進行預先識別和瞄準,而後出動戰機160架次進行精確打擊,極大破壞了哈馬斯的地道網,實現以空制地;在對哈馬斯火箭發射裝置的打擊中,以軍戰鬥機飛行員、地面情報部隊和海軍部隊之間使用和控制系統,快速指揮目標

根據以軍的說法,「幽靈」部隊在作戰編成、武器配置和作戰方式等方面與傳統部隊迥然不同。該部隊編制暫屬以色列第98傘兵師,包括旅偵察營、傘兵旅的地面部隊,裝甲旅、工程兵、特種部隊,F-16中隊和阿帕奇直升機,以及“蒼鷺”無人機等多域作戰力量,通過使用多域傳感器和精確打擊武器,實現跨域機動與打擊,“在極短時間內改變戰場局勢”。該營成立於2019年7月,雖然是一支地面部隊,但它整合了空中打擊、網絡偵防、精確火力、電子對抗、情報互聯以及海上突擊等多域作戰力量,是具備師旅級作戰能力的營級作戰單元。該部隊組建以後,不斷通過演習提升多域融合和跨域打擊能力,並在新開發的人工智能技術平台的支撐下迅速發揮兩大功能:一是在戰場上作為精兵利器,以非對稱方式作戰;二是作為試驗部隊,不斷創新和發展新型作戰概念、作戰理論和技術裝備,隨時將成功經驗推廣到其他部隊。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/xxqj_207719/xxjt/ll/10068139888.html