Category Archives: Dissipative Warfare

Chinese Military Exclusive Requirements for Strategies & Tactics of People’s War in The New Era

新時代中國軍隊對人民戰爭戰略戰術的獨特要求

現代英語:

Looking back on its glorious combat history, the People’s Army has consistently adhered to the absolute leadership of the Party, proposing and implementing a comprehensive set of strategies and tactics for people’s war. These strategies and tactics are a crucial weapon for the People’s Army to defeat the strong with the weak and to conquer the enemy. Over the past 98 years, with the changing times and evolving forms of warfare, the specific content and manifestations of the strategies and tactics for people’s war have continuously evolved. To confront the challenges of information-based and intelligent warfare, we must firmly grasp the essential requirements and value orientations of the strategies and tactics for people’s war amidst the rapidly evolving global trends and practices, unifying the inherently unchanging laws of conduct with the external realities of change, and continuously innovating and developing the strategies and tactics for people’s war in the new era.

President Xi Jinping emphasized that no matter how the situation develops, the magic weapon of people’s war must never be lost. However, we must grasp the new characteristics and new requirements of people’s war in the new era, innovate its content, methods and approaches, and unleash its overall power. Currently, facing profound challenges brought about by changes in science and technology, warfare, and our adversaries, we must not only inherit and carry forward the fine traditions of people’s war, but also be sensitive to changes, actively respond to them, and proactively seek change. We must accurately grasp the inherent requirements of the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era, consciously update our thinking and concepts, and innovate strategic guidance, so that this magic weapon of defeating the enemy can be demonstrated on future battlefields.

Adhere to relying on the people and deeply rooted

In the long practice of revolutionary war, the people are the most profound force for victory. The people are the primary force behind the strategies and tactics of people’s war, a magic weapon for victory. People’s war has its roots deeply rooted in the people, and its confidence comes from the people. Regardless of how the times change or how the war evolves, relying closely on the people and fully mobilizing them will always be the fundamental condition and the only way to carry out people’s war. Developing the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era requires adhering to the mass perspective of history and the fundamental requirement that soldiers and civilians are the foundation of victory. We must integrate the traditional strategic advantages of people’s war with the mass line, broaden the sources of vitality for the strategies and tactics of people’s war, draw strategic wisdom and tactical methods from the people, and develop an intellectual advantage for people’s war in the new era. We must solidly carry out national defense education throughout the nation, continuously foster a strong sense of patriotism, inspire patriotism, strengthen awareness of potential dangers, and enhance national defense awareness. We must guide the masses to actively care about and support national defense, thereby infusing powerful spiritual strength into people’s war in the new era. We must focus on promoting high-quality population development, comprehensively improve the cultural, scientific, and innovative qualities of the entire population, accelerate the development of a modern human resource base of high quality, sufficient in volume, optimized in structure, and rationally distributed, and promote the shift of the dominant force in people’s war from quantitative to qualitative. Further improve the national defense mobilization system and mechanism, promote the establishment of a rapid response system that is connected with the national emergency response mechanism and integrated with the joint combat system, fully tap and gather the unlimited war potential contained in the people, and give full play to the resource aggregation and value-added effect.

Focus on overall planning and full-area offense and defense

In the long-term practice of revolutionary warfare, the strategies and tactics of people’s war require the comprehensive mobilization of diverse forces and resources in the political, economic, cultural, diplomatic, and military sectors, and the integrated use of various forms of struggle and methods of operation. This holistic approach compensates for local deficiencies and disadvantages, ultimately defeating powerful adversaries. Modern warfare is not only a fierce confrontation in the military sphere, but also a comprehensive struggle in the political, economic, and diplomatic spheres, exhibiting the distinct characteristics of hybrid warfare. To develop the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era, we must establish a broad systemic mindset, relying on the national strategic system and supported by the joint operations system, explore the implementation methods of people’s war strategies and tactics, and win the total war of people’s war in the new era. We should fully leverage the advantages of the new national system, relying on the integrated national strategic system and capabilities, efficiently aggregate superior resources across the board, fully activate the country’s national defense potential, and weave various forces and resources into a network. We should integrate and plan the subsystems of people’s war, including leadership, organization, personnel, command, technology, equipment, and support, to maximize the effectiveness of holistic linkage and systemic operation, and achieve the maximum benefits of all-round effort and multiplied energy. We must strengthen comprehensive coordination across the physical, information, and social domains, focusing on seeking breakthroughs in new domains and new qualities, and making achievements in new dimensions such as unmanned warfare, human-machine collaborative warfare, network and electronic warfare, space and deep-sea warfare, and intelligent and autonomous warfare. Military and non-military means must be coordinated, integrating various forms of struggle, including political, economic, diplomatic, public opinion, and military. Comprehensive measures must be implemented to effectively wage diplomatic offensive and defensive battles, financial and trade battles, psychological defense battles, and public opinion and legal battles. We must leverage the combined effectiveness of political offensives and armed strikes to effectively fight the political and military battles.

Strengthen active defense and take the initiative

Through the long practice of revolutionary warfare, the People’s Army has developed a comprehensive strategic philosophy of active defense, emphasizing, for example, the unity of strategic defense and offensive action in campaigns and battles, the principles of defense, self-defense, and preemptive strike, and the principle of “if no one offends me, I will not offend; if someone offends me, I will certainly offend.” Active defense is fundamentally defensive, its essence lies in activeness, and its inherent characteristic is proactiveness. Currently, profound changes have taken place in the international, national, and Party, military, and political landscapes. The strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era generally adhere to the fundamental principle of defense and are not aimed at hegemony, aggression, or oppression of other countries. Consequently, they will win the support and endorsement of the vast majority of the Chinese people, as well as the understanding and assistance of peace-loving and justice-loving countries and peoples around the world. Developing the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era must adapt to the times and circumstances. We must adhere to a defensive national defense policy, implement the military strategic guidelines of the new era, excel at observing and analyzing issues from a political perspective, and be adept at considering and applying strategies from regional and global perspectives to consolidate the political foundation for victory in people’s war. We must persist in neither provoking trouble nor fearing it, strengthen the regular and diversified use of military force, firmly and flexibly carry out military struggle, and while adhering to the strategic preemptive strike, we must not give up campaign and combat offensives under favorable conditions and when necessary. We must advance steadily, make progress within stability, and be proactive within stability, effectively shape the security situation, contain crises and conflicts, and firmly grasp the initiative in the struggle.

Highlight new quality dominance and technological empowerment

In the long practice of revolutionary warfare, while emphasizing that victory in war is primarily determined by people, not objects, the People’s Army has also placed great emphasis on the research and development of advanced military technology, particularly weaponry. Comrade Mao Zedong once emphasized that without modern equipment, it would be impossible to defeat the armies of imperialism. The technological content of modern warfare has undergone a qualitative leap, with advanced technologies and new weaponry such as artificial intelligence, big data, quantum computing, unmanned aerial vehicles, and brain control being widely applied in the military. While the people remain the decisive force in determining victory in war, the manifestation of this power has undergone significant changes. Science and technology are core combat power, and People’s War will place greater emphasis on the application of scientific and technological means and rely even more heavily on the wisdom and creativity of the people. Developing the strategies and tactics of People’s War in the new era should prioritize winning information-based and intelligent warfare. We should deeply study the essential characteristics, winning mechanisms, and strategies and tactics of high-end warfare, accelerate the shift from “winning by numbers” to “winning by talent,” and from “winning by manpower” to “winning by intelligence,” effectively enhance our ability to win through scientific and technological empowerment and digital intelligence, and truly unleash the crucial role of science and technology and talent in People’s War in the new era. We will accelerate the development of high-tech industries, vigorously strengthen the construction of new forces in new domains such as ocean, space, cyberspace, artificial intelligence, and quantum technology, increase military-civilian collaboration in high-tech fields, accelerate the transformation and application of new productive forces into new combat capabilities, and promote the expansion of war potential reserves into emerging fields and the focus on new forces. We will integrate and coordinate military and civilian scientific and technological advantages, shifting the focus from traditional support and guarantee elements such as human and material resources to new support and guarantee elements such as information, technology, and intelligence. We will build information, resource, and technology pools with profound foundations and rich reserves, actively cultivate capable, strong, and professional professional support units, and continuously expand the breadth and depth of people’s participation in the war and scientific and technological support.

Emphasis on flexibility, maneuverability, innovation and checks and balances

In the long-term practice of revolutionary warfare, the strategies and tactics of People’s War are highly flexible and maneuverable. Their most essential requirement is to prioritize self-reliance, attacking the enemy without being attacked by them. Based on the actual situation of both sides, we fight the battles based on our weapons, against the enemy, and at the right time and place. We identify the enemy’s weaknesses and vulnerabilities, leverage our strengths and advantages, and defeat the enemy with our own strengths, always seizing the initiative on the battlefield. Flexible and maneuverable strategies and tactics are the magic weapon for defeating an enemy with superior equipment with inferior equipment. “You fight yours, I fight mine” is a summary and generalization of the long-term experience of China’s revolutionary war and the soul and essence of the strategies and tactics of People’s War. Developing the strategies and tactics of People’s War in the new era must grasp the methodological requirements of asymmetric checks and balances, leverage innovative operational concepts, adhere to the mechanisms of victory in modern warfare, and continuously develop practical and effective tactics to defeat the enemy. We must proceed from the actual circumstances of both sides, gaining a deep understanding of operational missions, adversaries, and the evolving operational environment. We must thoroughly grasp the concepts, elements, and methods of victory, objectively analyze and study the strengths and weaknesses, advantages and disadvantages of both sides, know the enemy and ourselves, adapt to the situation, and flexibly utilize various combat forces and methods, striving to achieve maximum results at the lowest cost. We must adhere to the principle of “attacking the enemy without being attacked by them,” capitalize on strengths and avoid weaknesses, avoid the real and attack the weak, attack where the enemy is least prepared, and attack where they must be defended. We must proactively create opportunities, flexibly maneuver the enemy, and fight wherever we are most advantageous and wherever we are most skilled. We must adhere to the principle of “using what we can to defeat what we cannot,” advancing the research and application of military theory, operational guidance, tactics, and training methods in a timely manner, innovating core operational concepts, and developing new types of combat methods. We must fight against the enemy’s tactics, targeting their weaknesses, and leveraging our military’s strengths, thus creating new winning advantages in people’s war through asymmetric checks and balances.

Emphasis on accumulating small things into big things and focusing on unity of purpose

Throughout the long practice of revolutionary warfare, our army has been at an overall disadvantage for considerable periods. Therefore, the strategies and tactics of people’s war emphasize leveraging strength against weakness locally, persisting in accumulating small victories into larger ones, and concentrating forces to wage annihilation campaigns. This has become a key strategy for the people’s army to defeat powerful foes. Compared to previous eras, modern warfare often unfolds across multiple dimensions and domains, providing greater scope for implementing this strategy of “accumulating small victories into larger ones.” Developing the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era requires strengthening the concept of “dispersed in appearance, yet focused in spirit; dispersed in form, yet united in strength.” This involves dynamically consolidating and uniting the numerous combat forces distributed across the multidimensional battlefield. Through the fusion of capabilities and immediate optimization, we can launch rapid localized focused-energy attacks, wide-area guerrilla harassment, and deliver annihilating and destructive strikes against key enemy locations. This not only creates a hammering effect, but also continuously wears down the enemy, gradually depriving them of the initiative on the battlefield. This highly integrated distributed warfare emphasizes the wide-area dispersion of troop deployment and the discrete distribution of capabilities. Based on the needs of achieving operational intent, objectives, and missions, it prioritizes the best operational elements, units, and forces. Through the integration of operational capabilities and the accumulation of operational impacts, it aggregates optimal operational effects, unleashes maximum operational potential, maximizes operational effectiveness, and achieves optimal operational results. This distributed warfare has evolved from “geographical dispersion” to “dynamic coupling across all domains and dimensions”: no longer limited to the physical dispersion of personnel and equipment, it extends to multi-dimensional battlefields such as cyber, electromagnetic, and cognitive. Relying on data links, artificial intelligence, and distributed command systems to achieve cross-domain collaboration, it significantly enhances battlefield survivability and multiplies strike effectiveness.

現代國語:

編者按

回望輝煌戰鬥歷程,人民軍隊始終堅持在黨的絕對領導下,提出並實施了一整套人民戰爭戰略戰術,這是人民軍隊以弱勝強、克敵制勝的重要法寶。 98年來,隨著時代變遷和戰爭形態演變,人民戰爭戰略戰術的具體內容和表現形式不斷發展變化。直面資訊化智慧化戰爭挑戰,我們要在快速變化發展的世界大勢和實踐樣態中,牢牢把握人民戰爭戰略戰術的本質要求和價值取向,把內在不變的規律性特徵與外在變化的現實性特徵統一起來,不斷創新發展新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術。

習主席強調指出,無論形勢如何發展,人民戰爭這個法寶永遠不能丟,但要把握新的時代條件下人民戰爭的新特點新要求,創新內容和方式方法,充分發揮人民戰爭的整體威力。當前,面對科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變帶來的深刻挑戰,我們既要繼承發揚人民戰爭優良傳統,也要敏銳識變、積極應變、主動求變,準確把握新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術內在要求,自覺更新思維理念,創新戰略指導,讓克敵制勝的法寶顯威未來戰場。

堅持依靠人民、深根基

在長期革命戰爭實踐中,人民群眾是戰爭勝利最深厚的偉力。人民戰爭戰略戰術,人民是構成這一制勝法寶的主體,人民戰爭的根基深植於人民、底氣來自於人民,無論時代如何發展、戰爭如何演進,緊緊依靠人民、充分動員群眾,永遠是開展人民戰爭的基礎條件和不二法門。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,必須堅持群眾史觀和兵民是勝利之本的根本要求,把人民戰爭的傳統謀略優勢和群眾路線結合起來,拓展人民戰爭戰略戰術的源頭活水,從人民群眾中汲取戰略智慧和策略方法,形成新時代人民戰爭的智力優勢。札實開展全民防衛教育,不斷厚植家國情懷,激發愛國動力,強化憂患意識,增強國防觀念,引導廣大群眾主動關心國防事業、支持國防建設,為新時代人民戰爭注入強大精神力量。聚力推進人口高品質發展,全面提升全民文化素質、科技素質和創新能力,加速塑造素質優良、總量充裕、結構優化、分佈合理的現代化人力資源,推動人民戰爭主體由數量優勢向質量優勢轉變。進一步完善國防動員體制機制,推動建立與國家應急響應機制相銜接、與聯合作戰體系相融合的快速響應制度,把內含於人民群眾中的無限戰爭潛力充分挖掘出來、聚攏起來,充分發揮資源集聚增值效應。

注重整體運籌、全域攻防

在長期革命戰爭實踐中,人民戰爭戰略戰術要求整體動員政治、經濟、文化、外交、軍事等多方面的力量資源,綜合運用多種鬥爭形式和作戰方式,以整體合力彌補局部的不足和劣勢,從而戰勝強大對手。現代戰爭既是軍事領域的激烈對抗,也是政治、經濟、外交等領域的全面角力,整體呈現混合戰爭的鮮明特徵。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,必須確立大體系思維模式,以國家戰略體係為依托,以聯合作戰體係為支撐,探索人民戰爭戰略戰術的實現形式,打贏新時代人民戰爭總體戰。應充分發揮新型舉國體制優勢,依託一體化國家戰略體系與能力,高效能聚合全域優勢資源,全方位激活國家國防潛力,將各種力量資源擰線成繩、結繩成網,把人民戰爭的領導要素、組織要素、人員要素、指揮要素、技術要素、裝備要素、保障要素等分系統結合起來,統合、統合方式要加強物理域、資訊域、社會域等領域全面統籌,重點在新域新質上尋求突破,在無人作戰、人機協同作戰、網電作戰、太空深海作戰、智慧自主作戰等新維度有所作為。軍事與非軍事手段相互配合,把政治、經濟、外交、輿論和軍事鬥爭等多種形式結合起來,綜合施策著力打好外交攻防戰、金融貿易戰、心理防護戰、輿論法理戰等,發揮政治攻勢和武裝打擊的綜合效能,統籌打好政治軍事仗。

強化積極防禦、主動進取

在長期革命戰爭實踐中,人民軍隊形成了一整套積極防禦戰略思想,如堅持戰略上防禦與戰役戰斗上進攻的統一,堅持防禦、自衛、後發製人的原則,堅持“人不犯我,我不犯人;人若犯我,我必犯人”,等等。積極防禦,根本在防禦、要義在積極,主動進取是其內在特質。當前,世情國情黨情軍情發生深刻變化,新時代人民戰爭的戰略戰術在總體上堅持防禦性的根本原則,不以霸道霸權和侵略欺壓他國為目的,因此也會贏得國內最廣大人民群眾擁護和支持以及世界上愛好和平與正義的國家和人民的理解和幫助。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,須應時而變、應勢而動。堅持奉行防禦性國防政策,貫徹落實新時代軍事戰略方針,善於從政治高度出發觀察和分析問題,善於從地區和全球視角來思考和運用策略,夯實人民戰爭制勝的政治基礎。堅持不惹事也不怕事,加強軍事力量常態化多樣化運用,堅定靈活開展軍事鬥爭,在堅持戰略上後發製人的同時,不放棄有利條件下和必要時的戰役戰鬥進攻,穩紮穩打、穩中有進、穩中有為,有效塑造安全態勢,遏止危機沖突,牢牢把握爭鬥主動權。

突顯新質主導、科技賦能

在長期革命戰爭實踐中,人民軍隊在強調決定戰爭勝負的主要因素是人而不是物的同時,同樣高度重視對先進軍事技術特別是武器裝備的研發。毛澤東同志就曾強調,沒有現代的裝備,要戰勝帝國主義的軍隊是不可能的。現代戰爭的科技含量發生了質的飛躍,人工智慧、大數據、量子計算、無人自主、腦控等高新技術與新型武器裝備廣泛應用於軍事領域。雖然人民群眾依然是戰爭勝負的決定性力量,但是這種力量的表現形式發生了重要變化。科技是核心戰鬥力,人民戰爭將更重視科技手段的運用,更依賴人民群眾的智慧和創造力。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,應把打贏資訊化智能化戰爭作為戰爭準備的著眼點,深研高端戰爭的本質特徵、制勝機理、戰略戰法,加速推動從「人多製勝」向「人才制勝」、從「人力製勝」向「智力製勝」轉變,切實提高新科技賦能、數智者發揮勝利能力、數智性的科技人才、新人民主義中的關鍵人民發揮作用。加速推進高新產業發展,大力加強海洋、太空、網路空間、人工智慧、量子科技等新域新質力量建設,加大高新技術領域軍地協作力度,加速新質生產力向新質戰鬥力轉化運用,推動戰爭潛力儲備向新興領域拓展、向新質力量聚焦。聚合協同軍地科技優勢,由聚焦人力物力等傳統支撐保障要素向聚焦資訊、技術、智慧等新質支撐保障要素轉變,建設底蘊深厚、儲備豐富的資訊池、資源池、技術池,積極打造精幹強能、專業性強的專業支前分隊,不斷拓展人民參戰與科技支前的廣度與深度。

講究靈活機動、創新制衡

在長期革命戰爭實踐中,人民戰爭戰略戰術是高度靈活機動的戰略戰術,最本質的要求是堅持以我為主,致人而不致於人,根據敵我雙方的實際情況,有什麼武器打什麼仗,對什麼敵人打什麼仗,在什麼時間地點打什麼時間地點的仗,找準敵之弱點和軟肋,發揚我之長主動和優勢,能永遠不能掌握戰場。靈活機動的戰略戰術是以劣勢裝備戰勝優勢裝備之敵的致勝法寶。 “你打你的、我打我的”,是中國革命戰爭長期經驗的總結和概括,是人民戰爭戰略戰術的靈魂和精髓。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,必須掌握非對稱制衡的方法論要求,以作戰概念創新為抓手,遵循現代戰爭制勝機理,不斷推出實用管用的克敵制勝招法。堅持一切從敵我雙方的實際情況出發,深刻洞悉作戰任務、作戰對手、作戰環境變化,深刻把握制勝觀念、制勝要素、制勝方式發展,客觀分析研究敵我雙方的強弱、優劣,知彼知己、因勢而變,靈活運用各種作戰力量和作戰方法,努力以最小代價取得最大戰果。堅持“致人而不致於人”,揚長避短、避實就虛,出其不趨、攻其必救,主動創造戰機,靈活調動敵人,怎麼有利就怎麼打,怎麼擅長就怎麼打。堅持“以能擊不能”,與時俱進推進軍事理論、作戰指導、戰法訓法研究運用,創新核心作戰概念,發展新質作戰手段,不按敵人套路打、盯著敵人軟肋打、發揮我軍優長打,在非對稱制衡中創造人民戰爭新的製勝優勢。

重視積小為大、神聚力合

在長期革命戰爭實踐中,我軍在相當長的時間內都是處於全局上的劣勢地位,所以人民戰爭戰略戰術重視局部上以強對弱,堅持積小勝為大勝,集中力量打殲滅戰,這成為人民軍隊戰勝強敵的關鍵一招。相較於以往,現代戰爭作戰往往在多維多域中展開,為實施「積小勝為大勝」提供了更加廣闊空間。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,要強化「貌散而神聚,形散而力合」的理念,將分佈在多維戰場的諸多作戰力量動態集中聯合起來,通過效能融合、即時聚優,實施局部快速聚能攻擊、廣域遊擊襲擾,對敵分佈的要點實施殲這種神聚力合的分散式作戰更強調兵力部署廣域分散、能力狀態離散分佈,根據實現作戰企圖、達成作戰目的、遂行作戰任務需要,優選最佳作戰要素、單元、力量,通過作戰能力融合、行動作用累積,聚合最優作戰效應,激發最大作戰潛能,實現作戰效益最大化,達成最佳作戰效果。這種分散式作戰已經從「地理空間的分散」上升為「全局全維的動態耦合」:不再局限於人員裝備在物理空間的分散,而是拓展到網絡、電磁、認知等多維戰場;依託數據鏈、人工智能和分佈式指揮系統實現跨域協同,既極大提升了戰場生存力,又倍增了打擊效能。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2025-08-01&paperNumber=07&articleid=960384888

Dissipation Conflict: The Typical Methodology of Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare

耗散衝突:中國軍事智慧化戰爭的典型方法論

現代英語:

Wang Ronghui

Introduction

With the rapid development of intelligent technology and its widespread military application, intelligent warfare is becoming a new form of warfare after information warfare, while dissipative warfare has become a typical way of intelligent warfare. The so-called “dissipative warfare” refers to the combat method in which an intelligent warfare system achieves a comprehensive combat capability that integrates material consumption, energy release and information diffusion by enriching and integrating internally and suddenly emerging externally. Strengthening research on dissipative warfare will help us deeply reveal the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare and win the initiative in future war games.

Dissipation warfare is the inevitable result of the development of the times

Dissipative warfare is manifested in the comprehensive confrontation of physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain in the intelligent era. It is reflected in the high degree of unity in the form of political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances, reflecting the intelligent warfare system. The openness, complexity and emergence of.

Adapting to the requirements of the security situation in the intelligent era. Entering the era of intelligence, technologies such as wide networks, big data, large models, cloud computing, and deep learning are developing rapidly, and the connections between political groups, countries, and ethnic groups are even broader. Under the influence of multiple factors such as political pluralism, economic integration, social openness, and technological revolution, non-traditional security has emerged and become intertwined with traditional threats. Intelligent war subjects and categories have continued to expand, war time and space have continued to extend, and war and peace have followed each other like a shadow. And intertwined, the war system will further transcend local geographical restrictions, move from relatively closed to more open, and form a higher-level and larger-scale confrontation. Dissipative warfare emphasizes the comprehensive efforts of intelligent warfare systems in the physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain, and highly unifies and incorporates political competitions, economic competitions, military offensive and defensive, cultural conflicts and diplomatic checks and balances into the category of confrontation between ourselves and the enemy, adapting to the world. The requirements of the times as the security situation develops.

In line with the objective laws of the evolution of the war forms. The dissipation phenomenon of the war system has always existed since the emergence of war. However, before the emergence of intelligent war forms, due to technological constraints, it was always in a relatively low-level and simple state. War confrontation can only manifest itself in material consumption and energy. A certain form of dispersion and information diffusion. During the agricultural era, the forms of warfare were mainly represented by cold weapon warfare dominated by material elements and centered on the human body. During the industrialization era, the forms of warfare were mainly represented by thermonuclear weapons and mechanized warfare dominated by energy elements and centered on platforms. In the age of informatization, the forms of warfare are mainly characterized by information warfare dominated by information elements and centered on the network information system. Entering the era of intelligence, intelligent technology highly unifies the cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages and action advantages in the confrontation between ourselves and the enemy. In essence, it highly unifies matter, energy and information. Through intelligent empowerment, intelligent energy gathering, and Intelligent energy release has formed an intelligent war form dominated by intelligent elements and centered on intelligent algorithms The main form of expression is dissipative warfare that reflects the confrontation of complex systems of intelligent warfare.

With solid support of philosophical theoretical foundation. Social form is the matrix of war form. To explore and understand intelligent war, we must comprehensively examine the evolution of war form and the social form in which intelligent war is located based on the basic principles of historical materialism and dialectical materialism, and build a new concept of war. and contextual system. From a philosophical point of view, matter, energy and information are the three elements that make up the world. Matter embodies the existence of origin, energy embodies the existence of movement, and information embodies the existence of connection. The progressive alternation of the three dominates the evolution and operation of social forms and war forms. According to the negative principle of the negation of dialectical materialism, in the intelligent era after the information age, the elements that dominate society will take the turn of matter again after matter, energy, and information. However, this matter is formed after a highly informatized spiral. The main feature of new substances is that they have intelligent technical attributes. Thus, in essence, dissipative warfare is the highly unified nature of the intelligent element in terms of the characteristic advantages of matter, energy, and information in previous low-order war forms, and the highly unified nature of forms such as material consumption, energy release, and information diffusion prevalent in warfare, reflecting the typical characteristics of intelligent warfare.

Deeply grasp the inner essence of dissipative warfare

Dissipative warfare is based on the real world and covers the virtual world. It adapts to the rapid development of intelligent technology, the rise of non-traditional security threats, and the continuous expansion of the main body and scope of warfare, and presents many new features.

Antisynthetic game. As the intelligent war form accelerates to a higher depth and breadth, and the political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other fields become more interconnected and influence more widely, the focus of war begins to shift from the military system to the social system, and the war stakeholders Confrontation will be reflected in various forms of comprehensive games such as political competition, economic competition, military offensive and defensive, cultural conflicts, and diplomatic checks and balances The war superiority pursued is no longer limited to the field of military confrontation. The winner of the war must adapt to the requirements of openness, complexity and emergence of the war system, and shift from the extensive consumption and use of a single substance, energy and information to the dissipation of the war system dominated by intelligent advantages, striving to win initiative and advantage in a multi-field comprehensive game.

Subjects cross-domain multivariate. The subjects of intelligent warfare are becoming increasingly general, and the potential forces of war that traditional warfare needs to mobilize will be in a state of normalized confrontation. Political forces, institutions and personnel of all kinds, together with troops and servicemen fighting on the battlefield in the traditional sense, constitute the main body of the war. Diversified war subjects will span the real and virtual domains and appear in multiple spatial domains such as land, sea, air, sky, electricity, and psychology, covering physical domains, information domains, cognitive domains, etc., and covering political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other social domains. For example, “civilians in society can use smartphones to collect information on the military battlefield and transmit it to war stakeholders, causing the proliferation of key information about war, thereby affecting war decisions or the victory or defeat of a battle and battle”.

Enrichment. The virtual and real forces are one. Around the purpose of war, all possible real and virtual forces will be integrated with the support of intelligent technology, performing duties and acting according to regulations on parallel battlefields; with or without force. Unmanned combat forces will achieve a high degree of autonomy after going through the stages of manual operation, manual authorization, and human supervision, and can be deployed and combined with various types of manned forces on demand, effectively synergizing and coexisting in parallel under the constraints of common war rules; multi-party forces are integrated. Based on the broad contacts in various fields and the common purpose of the war system, all parties, including the party, government, military, police and civilians, closely cooperate and act in a unified manner between military operations and political, economic, diplomatic, public opinion and legal struggles to form a comprehensive combat force. In short, under the integrated planning of countries or political groups, the diverse participating forces in intelligent warfare, although physically dispersed, can focus on common war purposes to achieve logical concentration, instant enrichment, complementary advantages, and integration.

Efficacy cumulative emergence. The high-order war forms, while having new qualitative technical characteristics, still include the characteristic advantages of the low-order war forms. Dissipation warfare emphasizes continuous comprehensive confrontation in multiple domains, which includes both the consumption of ammunition, supplies, equipment and even combatants at the material level, as well as the continuous collection and release of energy levels, including through data, knowledge, algorithms at the information level. The diffusion and fusion of etc. have an unlimited impact on people’s thinking and cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotional will, behavior patterns, etc. Under the normal deterrence of nuclear weapons, intelligent warfare has shown a downward trend of bleeding, but political isolation, economic blockade, cultural conflicts, diplomatic strangulation, etc. will become more severe and intense. When the role of various systems such as military, political, economic, cultural, and diplomatic systems continues to play, and the accumulation of effectiveness reaches a certain level, the war system will increase negative entropy, thereby achieving sudden changes in combat power and the emergence of system effectiveness, thereby gaining war advantages.

Fight a good dissipative war in the “select the right combat focus”

By enriching and integrating internally, the intelligent warfare system suddenly emerges externally, increasing efficiency across domains, and dissipating intelligence to maximize the combat effectiveness of the system. This is the winning mechanism contained in dissipative warfare. To win the victory in intelligent warfare, it is necessary to clarify the combat focus of dissipative warfare, identify the focus of war preparations based on the shortcomings and weaknesses of the opponent’s system.

Focusing on the openness of the system, closing off and isolating the opponent’s war system. To cut off the exchange of material, energy and information between the adversary’s war system and the outside battlefield environment, so that it lacks channels for the source of material, energy and information, and gradually moves towards isolation, closure and weakness. For example, “At the strategic level, political isolation is used to isolate the opponent’s war system, causing the system entropy to increase”. At the “campaign level”, methods such as cutting off data sources, destroying data backups, falsifying data, and tampering with information can be used to comprehensively use soft and hard means to force the war system to transform into a closed state, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the opponent’s system.

Focusing on the complexity of the system, it breaks down the adversary’s war system in different domains. The more and more closely connected the elements of an intelligent warfare system are, the less reliable the architecture will be. Using the principle that each layer in a complex system is relatively independent, strategic overall, campaign local and tactical action strategies can be formulated to achieve hierarchical and domain-based attack on the enemy’s war system. For example, “At the strategic level, the use of economic blockade greatly weakens the opponent’s war strength and development potential”. At the “campaign level”, we take advantage of the vulnerability of the combat system communication network, use network-to-electric composite attacks as the basic path and means, and use methods such as “destroying terminals, attacking elements, isolated groups, disconnecting networks, and breaking clouds” to break through the opponent’s combat system structure and promote The opponent’s war system “collapse”.

Focus on “system emergence and dismantle the system of evacuation of opponents”. Only when there are sudden changes and emergent effects in the intelligent warfare system can the system’s effectiveness be quickly formed and exerted, and the advantage of dissipative warfare be gained. It is not possible to form an emergence of advantages if only individual components or elements come into play. It is foreseeable that the current emerging technologies such as ChatGPT and more advanced intelligent technologies in the future will provide new ways of thinking to understand and discover the operating behaviors, states and laws of complex systems of war, as well as new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society, the superior party in war confrontation will reduce the coupling degree of the opponent’s war system through a parallel confrontation method that combines virtuality and reality Achieving the purpose of dismantling the system of evacuation of enemy warfare.

現代國語:

王榮輝

引 言

隨著智慧化技術快速發展及在軍事上的廣泛應用,智慧化戰爭正成為資訊化戰爭後的新戰爭形態,而耗散戰則成為智慧化戰爭的典型方式。所謂耗散戰,是指智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合,對外突變湧現,達成集物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散於一體的綜合戰力的作戰方式。加強耗散戰研究,有利於我們深入揭示智慧化戰爭制勝機理,贏得未來戰爭賽局主動權。

耗散戰是時代發展的必然結果

耗散戰表現在智慧化時代中物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合對抗,體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式的高度統一,反映了智能化戰爭體系所具有的開放性、複雜性和湧現性。

適應智慧化時代的安全情勢要求。進入智慧化時代,寬網路、大數據、大模型、雲端運算、深度學習等技術快速發展,各政治集團、國家、民族之間的聯繫更加廣泛。在政治多元、經濟交織、社會開放、技術革命等多重因素作用下,非傳統安全興起並與傳統威脅交織,智能化戰爭主體和範疇不斷拓展,戰爭時間與空間不斷外延,戰爭與和平如影相隨並交織一體,戰爭體系將進一步超越局部地域限制,從相對封閉走向更加開放,形成更高層次和更大範圍的對抗。耗散戰強調智慧化戰爭體系在物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合發力,把政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式高度統一併納入敵我對抗範疇,適應了世界安全形勢發展的時代要求。

符合戰爭形態演變的客觀法則。戰爭體系的耗散現象自戰爭產生以來便始終存在,只不過在智能化戰爭形態出現之前,由於技術的製約,一直處於較為低級的、簡單的狀態,戰爭對抗僅能表現為物質消耗、能量釋散和信息擴散中的某一種形式。農業時代,戰爭形態主要表現為以物質要素為主導的、以人體為中心的冷兵器戰爭。工業化時代,戰爭形態主要表現為以能量要素為主導的、以平台為中心的熱核兵器和機械化戰爭。在資訊化時代,戰爭形態主要表現為以資訊要素為主導的、以網信體系為中心的資訊化戰爭。進入智能化時代,智能化技術將敵我對抗中的認知優勢、決策優勢和行動優勢高度統一起來,實質是將物質、能量和資訊三者高度統一,透過以智賦能、以智聚能、以智釋能,形成了以智能要素為主導的、以智能算法為中心的智能化戰爭形態,主要表現為反映智能化戰爭體系即為反映智能化複雜體系的耗散戰。

具有堅實的哲學理論基礎支撐。社會形態是戰爭形態的母體,探索和認識智能化戰爭,必須基於歷史唯物主義和辯證唯物主義的基本原理,綜合考察戰爭形態的演進和智能化戰爭所處的社會形態,構建新的戰爭概念和語境體系。從哲學角度來看,物質、能量和資訊是構成世界的三大要素,物質體現本源的存在,能量體現運動的存在,訊息則體現連結的存在,三者遞進交替主導著社會形態和戰爭形態的演進和運作。依照辯證唯物論的否定之否定原理,在資訊時代之後的智慧時代,主導社會的要素將繼物質、能量、資訊後再次輪到物質,只不過這個物質是高度資訊化後螺旋式上升後形成的新型物質,其主要特徵就是具有了智慧化技術屬性。因此,從本質上講,耗散戰是智慧要素將以前低階戰爭形態中物質、能量和資訊的特性優勢高度統一起來,將戰爭中普遍存在的物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散等形式高度統一起來,反映了智能化戰爭的典型特徵。

深刻把握耗散戰的內在要義

耗散戰基於現實世界、涵蓋虛擬世界,適應了智慧化技術快速發展、非傳統安全威脅興起、戰爭主體和範疇不斷拓展的趨勢,呈現出許多新特性。

對抗綜合博弈。隨著智慧化戰爭形態加速向更高深度和廣度發展,政治、經濟、文化、外交等領域相互聯繫和影響更具廣泛性,戰爭重心開始從軍事系統向社會系統偏移,戰爭利益攸關方的對抗將體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等多種形式的綜合博弈,追求的軍事優勢不再僅限於戰爭優勢。戰爭制勝方必須適應戰爭體系的開放性、複雜性和湧現性要求,從單一物質、能量和資訊的粗放式消耗和運用轉變到以智能優勢主導戰爭體系的耗散,力爭在多領域的綜合博弈中贏得主動和優勢。

主體跨域多元。智慧化戰爭的主體日益泛化,傳統戰爭需要動員的戰爭潛在力量將處於常態化對抗狀態。政治力量、各類機構和人員與傳統意義上在戰場廝殺的部隊和軍人一起構成戰爭的主體。多元化戰爭主體將跨越現實域和虛擬域,出現在陸、海、空、天、電、心理等多個空間域,涵蓋物理域、資訊域、認知域等,涵蓋政治、經濟、文化、外交等多類社會域。如社會平民可以用智慧型手機收集軍事戰場上的信息並傳遞給戰爭利益攸關方,造成對戰爭關鍵訊息的擴散,進而影響戰爭決策或一場戰役和戰鬥的勝敗。

力量一體富聚。虛實力量一體。圍繞著戰爭目的,一切可能運用的現實力量和虛擬力量將在智能化技術支撐下實現一體化,在平行戰場上按職履責、按規行動;有無力量一體。無人作戰力量將在經歷人工操作、人工授權、人為監督階段後,實現高度的自主性,並可與各類有人力量按需部署、按需組合,在共同的戰爭規則約束下有效協同、並行共生;多方力量一體。基於各領域的廣泛聯繫和戰爭體系的共同目的,黨政軍警民等各方力量將軍事行動與政治、經濟、外交、輿論、法理鬥爭密切配合、統一行動,形成綜合戰力。總之,在國家或政治集團的一體籌劃下,智慧化戰爭的多元參戰力量雖然物理分散,但能夠圍繞共同的戰爭目的,實現邏輯集中、即時富聚,優勢互補、一體聚優。

效能累積湧現。高階戰爭形態在具有新質技術特徵的同時,仍涵括低階戰爭形態的特徵優勢。耗散戰強調在多域持續進行綜合對抗,這既包括物質層面的彈藥、物資、器材甚至作戰人員的消耗,也包括能量層面的不斷匯集和釋放,更包括透過資訊層面的數據、知識、演算法等的擴散與融合,對人的思維認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等產生不可限量的影響。在核武的常態嚇阻下,智慧化戰爭呈現出血腥味下降,但政治孤立、經濟封鎖、文化衝突、外交扼殺等將更加嚴峻激烈的局面。當軍事、政治、經濟、文化、外交等各系統角色持續發揮,效能累積達到某一程度,戰爭體係就會增加負熵,進而實現戰力突變和體系效能湧現,從而獲得戰爭優勢。

在選準作戰重心中打好耗散戰

智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合,對外突變湧現,跨域增效、以智耗散,達成體係作戰效能最大化,這是耗散戰蘊含的製勝機理。要在智慧化戰爭中贏得勝勢,必須明確耗散戰的作戰重心,針對對手體系短板弱點,找準戰爭準備的發力點。

著眼體系開放性,封閉孤立對手戰爭體系。截斷對手戰爭體系與外在戰場環境的物質、能量和資訊交流,使之缺乏物質、能量和資訊來源管道,逐漸走向孤立、封閉和虛弱狀態。如在戰略層面,採取政治孤立的方式,使對手戰爭體系處於孤立狀態,造成體系熵增。在戰役層面,可利用切斷資料來源、毀滅資料備份、資料作假、竄改資訊等方法,綜合採用軟硬手段,迫其戰爭體係向封閉狀態轉化,進而降低對方體系效能。

著眼體系複雜性,分域破擊對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體係要素間連結越多、連結程度越緊密,體系結構可靠性就越低。運用複雜系統中各分層相對獨立的原理,可製訂戰略全局、戰役局部和戰術行動策略,實現對敵戰爭體系的分層分域破擊。如在戰略層面,採用經濟封鎖的方式,大大削弱對手的戰爭實力和發展潛力。在戰役層面,利用作戰系統通訊網路的脆弱性,以網電複合攻擊為基本路徑與手段,採用「毀端、擊元、孤群、斷網、破雲」等方式,破擊對方作戰系統結構,促使對方戰爭體系「坍塌」。

著眼體系湧現性,拆解疏散對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體系只有出現突變和湧現效應,才能快速形成發揮體系效能,獲得耗散戰優勢。如果只是單一組分或要素發揮作用,不可能形成優勢湧現。可以預見,當前興起的ChatGPT等技術以及未來更高級的智能化技術,將提供理解和發現戰爭複雜體系運行行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式,以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段,戰爭對抗優勢方將透過虛實結合、平行一體的對抗方式,降低對手戰爭體系的耦合度,達成拆解敵方戰爭體系的目的。

中國原創軍事資源:

Chinese Military Dissipative Warfare : Analysis of New Changes in Intelligent Warfare Winning Methods

中國軍事耗散戰:智慧化戰爭制勝手段新變遷分析

現代英語:

●From war of attrition to war of dissipation——

An analysis of new changes in the way of winning intelligent warfare

President Xi pointed out that the core of studying combat issues is to clarify the characteristics, laws and winning mechanisms of modern warfare. From the collision of a bronze sword to the roar of a tank’s engine to the saturation attack of no one “the swarm”, every leap in the shape of war profoundly changes the way it is won. In the long era of cold, hot and mechanized warfare, attrition warfare depletes the opponent’s will to resist by offsetting the hedging of the country’s wealth and resources. However, the new military revolution, spearheaded by the information technology revolution and accelerating towards the intelligent era, is pushing the method of winning war to a whole new dimension —— dissipative warfare, that is, the traditional method of focusing on material and energy consumption is transformed into a comprehensive war method that integrates material versus consumption, energy hedging and information confrontation.

War of attrition is the iron law of traditional forms of warfare

In the industrial age and the long years before it, warfare was based mainly on the confrontation of material and energy elements, and the balance of victory and defeat tended to tilt towards the side that could withstand greater material and energy depletion.

War of attrition is the main winning method for traditional forms of warfare. In cold weapons warfare, the focus of confrontation lies in the number of soldiers, physical endurance, and the competition between metal weapons and grain reserves. The outcome of the war often depends on whose number and scale of soldiers are large and whose logistics chain is stronger. For example, “The essence of siege warfare that was relatively common in ancient times was a war of attrition between the defenders’ material reserves and the siege’s troops and equipment; in a war of hot weapons, the use of gunpowder did not weaken the war consumption, but pushed it to a new height”. The intensive charging of line infantry in the Napoleonic Wars, the brutal strangulation in the trench confrontations at Verdun and the Battle of the Somme in the First World War all reflect the nature of war of attrition “exchanging steel and flesh for space”; mechanized warfare, tanks, aircraft, aircraft carriers and other platforms have appeared, pushing the scale of material and energy consumption to its peak. In World War II, the Battle of the Kursk Tanks on the Soviet-German battlefield and the brutal Battle of Iwo Jima on the Pacific battlefield were the ultimate collision between the country’s industrial capacity and the army’s ability to bear casualties.

The essence of the war of attrition is based on the competition between material and energy elements. The war of attrition competes with volume and stock, which are static or slowly accumulating factors such as population base, resource reserves, industrial production capacity, and force size. The main goal is to destroy the enemy’s effective forces, war materials, and deprive it of its territory and resources. In essence, it is a competition between material and energy elements of both sides. Clausewitz’s “war is a violent act that forces the enemy to obey our will” assertion, the underlying logic is precisely the consumption of violence. The winning mechanism of the war of attrition is: victory belongs to the party that can convert material resources into battlefield lethality more sustainably and can withstand greater losses.

The war of attrition has revealed significant historical limitations in practice. From the long-standing practice of traditional warfare, the fundamental limitations of attrition warfare are reflected in the huge loss of life and material wealth, the unbearable high cost to society, and the large amounts of energy and resources being wasted on non-critical targets or blind shelling, large-scale but inefficient charges and other ineffective confrontations. When the opposing sides are close in strength and determined, the winner is indistinguishable, seesawing repeatedly, and can easily fall into a quagmire of long-term attrition like the battlefields of the Western Front in World War I. In the face of an increasingly networked and information-based modern combat system, relying on a consumption pattern of large-scale fire coverage, it is difficult to accurately attack the opponent’s key nodes and functional connections, achieving twice the result with half the effort.

The information technology revolution gave rise to the prototype of dissipative warfare

The information technology revolution in the second half of the 20th century injected subversive variables into the form of war. Information began to transcend matter and energy and became the core winning factor. The form of information-based war entered the stage of history.

The centre of gravity of the information war shifted. The Gulf War is regarded as a milestone in information warfare, and the Multinational Force has achieved battlefield “one-way transparency” with the help of reconnaissance aircraft, early warning aircraft, electronic warfare systems, precision-guided weapons and C4ISR systems to form an overwhelming information advantage. Instead of completely annihilating the opponent’s massive ground forces, the focus of this war shifted to the systematic destruction of its command and control systems, air defense systems, communication hubs, and logistics supply lines, resulting in the rapid disintegration of the opponent’s overall combat capabilities and a state of disorganization and command failure. This marked the beginning of the shift in the center of gravity of the war from “hard destruction” in the physical domain, to “system breaking” and functional paralysis in the information domain.

Changes in how information warfare is won. Information warfare changes the ways and objectives of the use of matter and energy through information superiority. The way to win is no longer to simply pursue “consume” the opponent’s materials and energy, but to guide the material flow and energy flow through efficient information flow, accurately acting on the “key chain” of the enemy’s combat system, and with minimal material and energy investment, Achieve the greatest degree of chaos and disorder, functional disintegration and overall effectiveness collapse of the enemy system. Thus, it can be seen that information warfare begins to pursue the “entropy increase” of the enemy’s combat system, that is, the increase of chaos, which moves it from order to disorder, indicating that dissipative warfare reflecting the confrontation of complex systems of intelligent warfare has begun to take shape.

Dissipation warfare is a typical way of intelligent warfare

With the rapid development of intelligent technology and its widespread military application, intelligent warfare is becoming a new form of warfare after information warfare, while dissipative warfare has become a typical way of intelligent warfare.

Dissipation warfare has adapted to the requirements of the times of the world security situation. Entering the era of intelligence, intelligent technologies and their applications such as wide networks, big data, cloud computing, brain-computer connections, smart chips, and deep learning are developing rapidly, and the connections between countries and ethnic groups are becoming more extensive. Non-traditional security threats are emerging and Intertwined with traditional security threats, the main body and scope of intelligent warfare continue to expand, war time and space continue to extend, and the war system moves from relatively closed to more open Forming higher-level and larger-scale confrontations, dissipative warfare, the winning method of warfare in the intelligent era, has become increasingly prominent.

Dissipation warfare reflects the historical development of the way in which war was won. Dissipative warfare actually always exists, but before the emergence of intelligent warfare forms, due to technological constraints, it was always in a relatively low-level form and simple state. War confrontation can only be highlighted as a confrontation between certain elements of matter, energy and information. Cold weapon warfare is mainly manifested as human body-centered confrontation led by material elements, hot weapon and mechanized warfare is mainly manifested as platform-centered confrontation led by energy elements, and information warfare is mainly manifested as information element-led confrontation. Network information system-centered confrontation. Entering the intelligent era, intelligent technology highly unifies the cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages and action advantages in the confrontation between ourselves and the enemy. In essence, it highly unifies matter, energy and information. Through intelligent empowerment, intelligent energy gathering, Intelligent energy is driven by intelligence and released by intelligence, forming an intelligent war form dominated by intelligent elements and centered on intelligent algorithms Its typical method is dissipative warfare that reflects the confrontation of complex systems of intelligent warfare.

Dissipative warfare exemplifies the resilience competition of the complex systems of warfare. From the perspective of the “winning mechanism”, in order to obtain a confrontation advantage, we must use “negative entropy perfusion, threshold determination, phase change triggering, victory control” as the basic principle to build our own fast “perception, decision-making, action, evaluation” dissipative warfare closed loop, in the dynamic hybrid game Continuously increase the enemy’s entropy value, causing the enemy to lose its overall combat capability. From the perspective of “winning path”, dissipation warfare emphasizes the comprehensive use of material consumption, energy hedging, information confrontation and other forms, internally “sequence”, to achieve logical concentration, instant enrichment, complementary advantages, integration and excellence, and form comprehensive combat capabilities; externally “To entropy”, it continues to play a role through military, political, economic, scientific and technological, cultural, diplomatic and other component systems, until the accumulation of efficiency reaches a certain level “up and down” Achieve sudden change in combat power and emergence of system effectiveness. From the perspective of basic characteristics, dissipative warfare manifests itself as a comprehensive game of confrontation, diverse subjects across domains, complex and diverse forms, rich integration of forces, and cumulative emergence of performance. The core of confrontation jumps from the destruction of the physical domain and the control of the information domain to the control of intelligence. A game of destruction and maintenance of the inherent “orderliness” of a complex system of warfare.

Dissipation warfare encompasses many forms of intelligent warfare. In addition to the war and confrontation between the two sides in traditional land, sea, air, space, Internet, electricity and other spaces, dissipative warfare also includes the political isolation and siege adopted by one country or multiple countries against combat opponents in various social areas, economic, trade and financial blockade, technology industry chain interruption, cultural strategy export, authoritative media building momentum to seize discourse initiative, creating hot events to guide public awareness, AI helps social media weave information cocoons and use agents to open multilateral battlefields and other forms of struggle. The diverse presentation forms of dissipative warfare make it possible to conduct it in wartime and peacetime. What “Sun Tzu’s Art of War” talks about “the victorious soldier wins first and then seeks war” has been given a new meaning in war preparation in the intelligent era.

The change in winning methods from attrition to dissipation

Dissipative warfare is manifested in the comprehensive confrontation of multiple domains such as physical domain and information domain in the intelligent era. It reflects the high degree of unity in the form of political competition, economic competition, military attack and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances, and reflects the characteristics of intelligent warfare systems. Openness, complexity and emergence.

The evolution from war of attrition to war of dissipation is an all-round and deep-seated transformation. The basis for winning has shifted from relying on the competition of resource stocks such as population, mineral deposits, and industrial base to relying on information advantages, intelligent algorithm advantages, network structure advantages, and the ability to dynamically regulate energy flow and information flow; the target of action has shifted from focusing on destroying soldiers, tanks, Factories and other material entities have shifted to focus on the “function” and “orderliness” of disintegrating the war system; the pursuit of effectiveness has shifted from the absolute destruction and annihilation of living forces Shift to the pursuit of high-efficiency “asymmetric paralysis”, that is, to trigger the greatest chaos and incapacitation of the enemy’s combat system at one’s own minimum cost, and pursue “paralysis” rather than “messing”; the focus of the war has shifted from the main focus on land, sea, The confrontation in physical domains such as the sky has shifted to a comprehensive game in multiple domains such as the physical domain and the information domain. Confrontations of physical domains, though still present, are often dictated by the advantages of higher-dimensional domains.

The evolution from attrition to dissipation warfare reflects the changing advantage of winning. In the era of intelligent warfare, victory will no longer simply belong to the party with the largest torrent of steel, but will inevitably belong to the party that can “order” and “entropy” more efficiently ——that is, it can maintain the highly orderly and efficient operation of its own war system, while accurately and intelligently disintegrating the orderliness of the enemy’s system The party that forces it into irreversibility “entropy increase” and chaos. To win the advantage of winning a war, we must adapt to the openness, complexity and emergence requirements of an intelligent war system, transform from the extensive consumption and use of a single substance, energy and information to the dissipation of a war system dominated by intelligent advantages, and strive to win the initiative and advantage in a comprehensive game in multiple fields.

The evolution from a war of attrition to a war of dissipation is an inevitable trend under the influence of the torrent of the technological revolution. Science and technology are the core combat force and the most active and revolutionary factor in military development. At present, intelligent technology is developing rapidly. Only by actively embracing the wave of intelligence and firmly grasping the key to victory in the precise knowledge, intelligent regulation and efficient dissipation of the orderliness of complex war systems can we achieve the future world game. We are invincible in the ever-changing situation and profound changes in the way of war.

現代國語:

●從消耗戰到耗散戰——

試析智慧化戰爭制勝方式新變革

■王榮輝

閱讀提示

習主席指出,研究作戰問題,核心是要把現代戰爭的特徵法則和致勝機理搞清楚。從青銅劍的碰撞到戰車引擎的轟鳴再到無人「蜂群」的飽和攻擊,戰爭形態的每一次躍遷都深刻改變著戰爭制勝方式。在漫長的冷兵器、熱兵器和機械化戰爭時代,消耗戰以國家財富資源的對沖抵消來耗盡對手的抵抗意志。然而,以資訊科技革命為先導,並加速向智慧化時代邁進的新軍事革命,正將戰爭制勝方式推向全新的維度——耗散戰,即將傳統的以物質、能量消耗為主,轉變為集物質對耗、能量對沖和信息對抗綜合一體的戰爭方式。

消耗戰是傳統戰爭型態的鐵律

在工業時代及其之前的漫長歲月裡,戰爭主要是基於物質與能量要素的對抗,勝負的天平往往向能夠承受更大物質與能量損耗的一方傾斜。

消耗戰是傳統戰爭形態的主要勝利方式。冷兵器戰爭,對抗重心在於兵員數量、體能耐力、金屬兵器與糧秣儲備的比拼,戰爭勝負往往取決於誰的兵員數量規模大,誰的後勤鏈條更牢固。如古代比較多見的圍城戰本質就是守城方物資儲備與攻城方兵力器械的消耗戰;熱兵器戰爭,火藥的運用並未削弱戰爭消耗,反而將其推至新高度。拿破崙戰爭線列步兵的密集衝鋒,第一次世界大戰的凡爾登、索姆河戰役戰壕對峙的殘酷絞殺,無不體現著「以鋼鐵和血肉換取空間」的消耗戰本質;機械化戰爭,坦克、飛機、航母等平台的登場,將物質與能量的消耗規模推向巔峰。第二次世界大戰中,蘇德戰場的庫爾斯克坦克大會戰、太平洋戰場慘烈的硫磺島爭奪戰,都是國家工業產能與軍隊承受傷亡能力的終極對撞。

消耗戰實質是基於物質與能量要素的比拼。消耗戰比拼的是體量和存量,是人口基數、資源儲備、工業產能、兵力規模等靜態或可緩慢累積的要素,主要目標是摧毀敵方有生力量、戰爭物資、剝奪其領土和資源,實質上是對抗雙方物質與能量要素的比拼。克勞塞維茨「戰爭是一種迫使敵人服從我們意志的一種暴力行為」的論斷,底層邏輯正是暴力消耗。消耗戰的致勝機制是:勝利屬於能更持久地將物質資源轉化為戰場殺傷力,並能承受更大損失的一方。

消耗戰在實踐中暴露出重大歷史限制。從傳統戰爭的長期實踐來看,消耗戰的根本限制體現為巨大的生命、物質財富損失,社會難以承受的高昂成本,以及大量能量與資源被浪費在非關鍵目標或盲目砲擊、大規模但低效的衝鋒等無效對抗上。當對抗雙方實力接近且意志堅定時,勝負難分,反覆拉鋸,極易陷入如第一次世界大戰西線戰場般的長期消耗泥潭。面對日益網路化、資訊化的現代作戰體系,依賴大規模火力覆蓋的消耗模式,難以精準打擊對手關鍵節點與功能連接,效果事倍功半。

資訊科技革命催生耗散戰雛形

20世紀下半葉的資訊科技革命,為戰爭形態注入了顛覆性變量,訊息開始超越物質與能量,成為核心製勝要素,資訊化戰爭形態登上歷史舞台。

資訊化戰爭的重心發生轉移。海灣戰爭被視為資訊化戰爭的里程碑,多國部隊憑藉偵察機、預警機、電子戰系統、精確制導武器和C4ISR系統,形成壓倒性資訊優勢,實現了戰場「單向透明」。這場戰爭的重點不再是徹底殲滅對手龐大的地面部隊,而是轉向系統性地摧毀其指揮控制系統、防空體系、通訊樞紐和後勤補給線,導致對手整體作戰能力迅速瓦解,陷入各自為戰、指揮失靈的混亂狀態。這標誌著戰爭重心開始從物理域的“硬摧毀”,向資訊域的“系統破擊”和功能癱瘓轉移。

資訊化戰爭的勝利方式改變。資訊化戰爭透過資訊優勢改變物質、能量運用的方式與目標。制勝方式不再是單純追求“消耗”對手的物質與能量,而是透過高效的信息流引導物質流與能量流,精確作用於敵作戰體系的“關鍵鏈”,以最小的物質與能量投入,達成敵方體系最大程度的混亂失序、功能瓦解和整體效能塌縮。由此可見,資訊化戰爭開始追求敵方作戰體系的「熵增」即混亂度增加,使其從有序走向無序,顯示反映智慧化戰爭複雜體系對抗的耗散戰已經初露端倪。

耗散戰是智慧化戰爭的典型方式

隨著智慧化技術快速發展及其在軍事上的廣泛應用,智慧化戰爭正成為資訊化戰爭後的新戰爭形態,而耗散戰則成為智慧化戰爭的典型方式。

耗散戰適應了世界安全情勢的時代要求。進入智慧化時代,寬網路、大數據、雲端運算、腦機連接、智慧晶片、深度學習等智慧科技及其應用快速發展,各國家、民族之間的連結更為廣泛,非傳統安全威脅興起並與傳統安全威脅交織,智慧化戰爭主體和範疇不斷拓展,戰爭時間與空間不斷外延,戰爭體系從相對封閉層次走向更大空間

耗散戰反映了戰爭制勝方式的歷史發展。耗散戰其實始終存在,只不過在智慧化戰爭形態出現之前,由於技術的製約,一直處於較為低級的形式和簡單狀態,戰爭對抗只能突出體現為物質、能量和資訊某一種要素間的對抗。冷兵器戰爭主要表現為以物質要素為主導的以人體為中心的對抗,熱兵器和機械化戰爭主要表現為以能量要素為主導的以平台為中心的對抗,資訊化戰爭主要表現為以資訊要素為主導的以網路資訊體系為中心的對抗。進入智慧時代,智慧化科技將敵我對抗中的認知優勢、決策優勢和行動優勢高度統一起來,實質是將物質、能量和資訊三者高度統一,透過以智賦能、以智聚能、以智驅能、以智釋能,形成了以智能要素為主導的、以智能要素為中心的智能化戰爭形態,其典型方式為反映智能化戰爭體系即為反映智能化戰爭體系的複雜方式。

耗散戰體現了戰爭複雜體系的韌性比拼。從制勝機理來看,要取得對抗優勢,必須以「負熵灌注、閾值認定、相變觸發、勝勢控制」為基本原理,建構自身快速「感知、決策、行動、評估」耗散戰閉環,在動態混合賽局中持續增加敵方熵值,致敵喪失整體作戰能力。從制勝路徑看,耗散戰強調綜合運用物質對耗、能量對沖、信息對抗等形式,對內“制序”,達成邏輯集中、即時富聚,優勢互補、一體聚優,形成綜合戰力;對外“致熵”,透過軍事、政治、經濟、科技、文化、外交等組分系統發揮作用,至效能累積達到某程度突變體現在達到某程度一體不正常」。從基本特徵來看,耗散戰表現為對抗綜合博弈、主體跨域多元、形式複雜多樣、力量一體富聚、效能累積湧現,對抗的核心從物理域的摧毀、資訊域的掌控,躍升為對智能化戰爭複雜體系內在「有序性」的破壞與維持的博弈。

耗散戰涵蓋了智慧化戰爭的多種形式。除了戰爭對抗雙方在傳統的陸、海、空、天、網、電等空間的消耗對抗,耗散戰更包括了一國或者多國對作戰對手在多類社會域所採取的政治孤立圍困、經貿金融封鎖、科技產業鎖鏈、文化戰略輸出、權威媒體造勢搶繭主動、製造熱點事件導控大眾認知、科技產業助力、社交戰略輸出、權威媒體造勢搶地論者主動、製造熱點等運動導控大眾認知、AI企業、文化戰略輸出、權威媒體造勢搶地論者主動、製造熱點等運動導控大眾認知、AI企業、文化戰略輸出、權威媒體造勢搶地論者主動、製造熱點等方體控制大眾認知、AI企業、社會化資訊。耗散戰的多樣化呈現形式使其在戰時和平時均可進行,《孫子兵法》講的“勝兵先勝而後求戰”,在智能化時代的戰爭準備中被賦予新的涵義。

從消耗戰到耗散戰的致勝方式變化

耗散戰表現在智慧時代中物理域、資訊域等多域的綜合對抗,體現出政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式的高度統一,反映了智慧化戰爭體系所具有的開放性、複雜性和湧現性。

從消耗戰到耗散戰的演進是全方位深層的變革。制勝基礎從依賴人口、礦藏、工業基礎等資源存量的比拼,轉向依賴資訊優勢、智慧演算法優勢、網路結構優勢以及對能量流、資訊流的動態調控能力;作用對象從聚焦摧毀士兵、戰車、工廠等物質實體,轉向聚焦瓦解戰爭體系的「功能」與「有序性」;效能追求從對有生力量的絕對摧毀與殲滅,轉向追求高效的“非對稱癱瘓”,即以己方最小代價,引發敵方作戰體系的最大混亂與失能,追求“打癱”而非“打爛”;戰爭重心從主要在陸地、海洋、天空等物理域的對抗,轉向物理域、信息域等多域的綜合博弈。物理域的對抗雖然依舊存在,但往往由更高維域的優勢決定。

從消耗戰到耗散戰的演進反映了致勝優勢的變化。智慧化戰爭時代,勝利將不再簡單歸屬於擁有最龐大鋼鐵洪流的一方,而必然歸屬於能更有效率地「制序」與「致熵」的一方──即能夠維繫己方戰爭體系高度有序、高效運轉,同時精準智能地瓦解敵方體係有序性,迫使其陷入不可逆「熵增」且混亂的一方。要贏得戰爭制勝優勢,必須適應智慧化戰爭體系的開放性、複雜性和湧現性要求,從單一物質、能量和資訊的粗放式消耗和運用轉變到以智慧優勢主導戰爭體系的耗散,力爭在多領域的綜合博弈中贏得主動和優勢。

從消耗戰向耗散戰的演進是科技革命洪流裹挾下的必然趨勢。科技是核心戰鬥力,是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。目前,智慧化科技快速發展,只有主動擁抱智慧化浪潮,將制勝之鑰牢牢掌握在對戰爭複雜體係有序性的精確認知、智慧調控與高效耗散之中,才能在未來世界博弈的風雲變幻與戰爭方式的深刻變革中立於不敗之地。

来源:解放军报 作者:王荣辉 责任编辑:王韵 2025-09-10 06:30

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/16408721.html

Future Proofing China’s National Defense & Military An Important Aspect of Chinese-style Modernization

面向未來的中國國防和軍隊是中國式現代化的重要面向

現代英語:

Soldiers are a major event for the country. In the great journey of “building a powerful country and rejuvenating the nation, and against the background of the accelerated evolution of major changes unseen in the world in a century, building and consolidating national defense and a strong people’s army are directly related to the future and destiny of the country and the nation”. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China pointed out that “national defense and military modernization are important components of Chinese-style modernization”, which fully reflects the great importance that the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core attaches to national defense and military construction, and provides guidance for national defense and military modernization on the new journey. Modernization points out the direction.

  The modernization of the national defense and military is the security guarantee and strategic support for Chinese-style modernization

  ”If you fall behind, you will be beaten. Only when the army is strong can the country be safe”. Without a strong army, there can be no strong state. After the Opium War in 1840, modern China was repeatedly defeated in its battles with Western powers. The vast country gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, with the country humiliated, the people in trouble, and civilization in dust. History has inspired us that the Chinese nation’s emergence from suffering and the liberation of the Chinese people depend on a heroic people’s army; to comprehensively promote the great cause of building a powerful country and national rejuvenation with Chinese-style modernization, we must place national defense and military modernization as a barrier to national security, plan and deploy in strategic positions based on career development, and accelerate the construction and consolidation of national defense and a strong people’s army.

  The modernization of the national defense and military is closely linked and internally unified with Chinese-style modernization. Without the modernization of national defense and the military, there would be no Chinese-style modernization. Comrade Mao Zedong once profoundly pointed out “the original requirements for building socialism were industrial modernization, agricultural modernization, scientific and cultural modernization, and now we must add national defense modernization”; Comrade Deng Xiaoping also emphasized “four modernizations, one of which is national defense modernization”, these all reflect the great importance our party attaches to national defense and military construction.

  Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi has always adhered to the integrated operation of strengthening the country and the military, put national defense and military modernization in the chess game of Chinese-style modernization, and opened up the road to strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics, forming a new strategy for national defense and military modernization by 2027, 2035, and the middle of this century, a new “three-step” strategy for national defense and military modernization that connects near, medium and long-term goals Created a new situation in the cause of strengthening the military. Guided by the party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era, we will comprehensively implement the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military, promote the reform of the leadership and command system, the reform of scale structure and force organization, and the reform of military policies and systems. Our military’s organizational structure will achieve historic changes, and the force system will achieve revolutionary changes. Reshaping, the basic framework of the socialist military policy system with Chinese characteristics has been constructed and formed. Our military system has been completely new, its structure has been completely new, its pattern has been completely new, and its appearance has been completely new It has laid a solid foundation for the modernization of national defence and the army.

  Military means, as a means of guaranteeing the realization of great dreams, can only stop a war if it can be fought. The current and future periods are critical periods for comprehensively promoting the great cause of building a powerful country and rejuvenating the nation through Chinese-style modernization, and will inevitably encounter various risks, challenges and even turbulent waves. We must comprehensively modernize our national defense and military, build the People’s Army into a world-class military, effectively guarantee Chinese-style modernization, and safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

   Comprehensive and accurate grasp of the scientific connotation of national defense and military modernization

  Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi has issued a series of important expositions around “Chinese-style modernization”, summarizing the Chinese characteristics, essential requirements and major principles for the formation of Chinese-style modernization, building a theoretical system for Chinese-style modernization, and promoting the new era and new journey. Chinese-style modernization provides scientific guidance and also carries out strategic design and scientific deployment for national defense and military modernization.

  The most fundamental thing about modernizing the national defense and military is to uphold the absolute leadership of the party over the military. The leadership of the Party is the fundamental guarantee of Chinese-style modernization, which determines the fundamental nature of Chinese-style modernization, and it must also determine the fundamental nature of national defense and military modernization. To promote the modernization of national defense and the military on the new journey, we must fully implement a series of fundamental principles and systems for the party to lead the people’s army, comprehensively and thoroughly implement the chairman’s responsibility system of the Military Commission, and effectively unify thoughts and actions into the decisions and arrangements of the Party Central Committee and President Xi; Adhere to the party’s management of cadres and talents, and highlight political standards and combat capabilities Ensure that the barrel of the gun is always in the hands of those who are loyal and reliable to the party; improve the comprehensive and strict governance of the party system, enhance the political and organizational functions of party organizations at all levels, and integrate the party’s leadership throughout the entire process of continuing to deepen national defense and military reforms in all aspects.

  To modernize national defense and the military is to modernize military doctrine, military organization, military personnel, and weapons and equipment. This reflects the inherent requirements for the construction of military forces resulting from changes in the concept of victory in modern warfare, elements of victory and methods of victory, and clarifies the main signs of the basic realization of national defence and military modernization. To realize the modernization of military theory is to keep pace with the times, innovate war and strategic guidance, and form a military theoretical system that is contemporary, leading, and unique; to realize the modernization of organizational form is to deepen the reform of national defense and the military, and the military force structure layout is scientific and reasonable, strategic deterrence capabilities are consolidated and improved, new areas and new quality combat forces continue to grow, and elite operations, system support, and joint victory have become the basic application models; To realize the modernization of military personnel is to deeply implement the strategy of strengthening the military with talents in the new era, promote the comprehensive transformation and upgrading of military personnel’s capabilities, structural layout, and development management, and forge high-quality, professional new military talents with both ability and political integrity; to realize the modernization of weapons and equipment, It is necessary to focus on strengthening national defense scientific and technological innovation and accelerating the development of strategic, cutting-edge and disruptive technologies Accelerate the upgrading of weapons and equipment and the development of intelligent weapons and equipment.

  For the modernization of national defence and the military, we must adhere to the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence. The military conflicts and local wars that have taken place in recent years have shown that new qualitative combat capabilities generated based on intelligent combat systems are increasingly becoming core military capabilities. Based on mechanization, dominated by informatization, and oriented by intelligence, the three superimpose, penetrate, and support each other, jointly giving rise to new forms of warfare and methods of warfare. Only by accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence and keeping up with the new military revolutionary trends in the world can we seize the opportunity and take the initiative in seizing the commanding heights of the military struggle.

  The modernization of national defence and the army is a guarantee of security for insisting on the path of peaceful development. Since ancient times, soldiers have not been warlike. Chinese-style modernization is modernization on the path of peaceful development. Building a consolidated national defense and a strong military commensurate with international status and national security and development interests is a strategic task of China’s socialist modernization drive and an insistence on taking the path of peaceful development. Safety guarantee is an inevitable choice for summarizing historical experience. China has always pursued a defensive defence policy and adhered to the strategic idea of active defence, and no matter how far it develops, China will never seek hegemony or engage in expansion. To promote the modernization of national defense and the military on the “new journey”, we must faithfully implement the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind, resolutely oppose all forms of hegemony and bullying, and contribute China’s strength to building a beautiful world of lasting peace and universal security.

   Advancing the modernization of national defence and the military at a new historical starting point

  The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China included “continuous deepening of national defense and military reforms into the overall plan for further comprehensive deepening of reforms, and made a series of major strategic arrangements for improving the leadership and management system and mechanism of the people’s army, deepening the reform of the joint operations system, and deepening cross-military and civilian reforms”. On the new journey, we must deeply understand and grasp the themes, major principles, major measures, and fundamental guarantees for further comprehensively deepening reforms, resolutely implement the new “three-step” strategy for national defense and military modernization, and accelerate the modernization of military theory, military organizational form, and military personnel. Modernize and modernize weapons and equipment, and lead the modernization of national defense and the military to move forward with better strategies, higher efficiency, and faster speed.

  Strengthening the Party’s theoretical and scientific leadership in military guidance. Our party insists on combining the basic principles of Marxism with the practice of building the people’s army, absorbing the essence of China’s excellent traditional military culture, and constantly exploring new realms in the development of contemporary Chinese Marxist military theory and military practice. As an important part of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military has achieved a new leap forward in the Sinicization and modernization of Marxist military theory. It is the fundamental guiding ideology of our party building and military governance in the new era. We must unremittingly arm our minds with Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, further firmly establish the guiding position of Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military in national defense and military construction, and build and consolidate national defense and a strong people’s army under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military. Take new and greater steps on the road to strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics.

  Efforts should be made to make the main responsibility and business of war preparation more solid and effective. The People’s Army is an armed group that performs the party’s political tasks. It must be both politically strong and capable. In the final analysis, this ability can win wars. To accelerate the modernization of national defense and the military, we must firmly grasp the fundamental direction of winning wars, establish the only fundamental standard of combat effectiveness, focus all our energy on fighting wars, and work hard on fighting wars. Conscientiously implement the military strategic policy for the new era, operate war preparation and cessation, deterrence and actual combat, war operations and the use of military forces in peacetime as a whole, innovate strategies, tactics and tactics, effectively shape the situation, manage crises, contain wars, and win wars. Adhere to the principle of “training troops as they fight, and comprehensively improve the actual combat level of military training and the ability to perform missions and tasks”.

  Promote high-quality development of national defense and military construction through “reform and innovation”. Reform is a key move that will determine the growth of our army and its future. On the new journey, we must put innovation at the core of the overall military construction and development, transform development concepts, innovate development models, enhance development momentum, and promote the transformation of national defense and military modernization from quantitative growth to qualitative improvement. Focus on integrating national defense and military construction into the national economic and social development system on a wider scale, at a higher level, and to a deeper extent, continuously improve the quality and efficiency of national defense and military modernization, promote the simultaneous improvement of national defense strength and economic strength, and consolidate and improve the integration National strategic system and capabilities, and constantly write a new chapter of strengthening the country and the military.

現代國語:

時間:2024年11月15日 08:20 來源:解放軍報
兵者,國之大事。在強國建設、民族復興偉大征程中,在世界百年未有之大變局加速演進的背景下,建構鞏固國防和強大人民軍隊直接關係國家和民族的前途命運。黨的二十屆三中全會指出,“國防和軍隊現代化是中國式現代化的重要組成部分”,充分體現了以習近平同志為核心的黨中央對國防和軍隊建設的高度重視,為新征程上國防和軍隊現代化建設指明了方向。

國防與軍隊現代化是中國式現代化的安全保障與戰略支撐

落後就要挨打,軍強才能國安。沒有一支強大的軍隊,就不可能有強大的國家。 1840年鴉片戰爭以後,近代中國在與西方列強的較量中屢屢戰敗,泱泱大國逐步淪為半殖民地半封建社會,國家蒙辱、人民蒙難、文明蒙塵。歷史啟示我們,中華民族走出苦難、中國人民實現解放,有賴於一支英雄的人民軍隊;以中國式現代化全面推進強國建設、民族復興偉業,必須把國防和軍隊現代化擺在國家安全之屏障、事業發展之依託的戰略位置來策劃和部署,加快建設鞏固國防和強大人民軍隊。

國防與軍隊現代化與中國式現代化緊密聯繫、內在統一。沒有國防和軍隊的現代化,就沒有中國式現代化。毛澤東同誌曾深刻指出“建設社會主義,原來要求是工業現代化,農業現代化,科學文化現代化,現在要加上國防現代化”;鄧小平同志也曾強調“四個現代化,其中就有一個國防現代化”,這些都體現了我們黨對國防和軍隊建設的高度重視。

黨的十八大以來,習主席始終堅持強國強軍一體運籌,把國防和軍隊現代化放在中國式現代化大棋局中謀劃推進,開闢出中國特色強軍之路,形成了到2027年、2035年、本世紀中葉,近、中、遠目標梯次行動」,開創三步和現代化軍階的國防和軍事戰略。以黨在新時代的強軍目標為引領,全面實施改革強軍戰略,推進領導指揮體制改革、規模結構和力量編成改革、軍事政策制度改革,我軍組織架構實現歷史性變革,力量體系實現革命性重塑,中國特色社會主義軍事政策制度體系基本框架構建形成,我軍體制一新、結構一新、一新、一現代化新格局新化,為國防和軍事基礎一化。

軍事手段作為實現偉大夢想的保底手段,能戰方能止戰。當前和今後一個時期,是以中國式現代化全面推進強國建設、民族復興偉業的關鍵時期,必然會遇到各種風險挑戰甚至驚濤駭浪。我們必須全面推動國防和軍隊現代化,把人民軍隊建設成為世界一流軍隊,有力保障中國式現代化建設,保障國家主權、安全、發展利益。

全面準確掌握國防與軍隊現代化的科學內涵

黨的十八大以來,習主席圍繞中國式現代化發表一系列重要論述,概括形成中國式現代化的中國特色、本質要求和重大原則,構建起中國式現代化的理論體系,為新時代新征程推進中國式現代化提供了科學指引,也為國防和軍隊現代化進行了戰略設計和科學部署。

國防與軍事現代化,最根本的是堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導。黨的領導是中國式現代化的根本保證,決定了中國式現代化的根本性質,也必然決定了國防和軍隊現代化的根本性質。新征程上推動國防和軍隊現代化,必須全面貫徹黨領導人民軍隊的一系列根本原則和製度,全面深入貫徹軍委主席負責制,切實把思想和行動統一到黨中央、習主席決策部署上來;堅持黨管幹部、黨管人才,突顯政治標準和打仗能力,確保槍桿子始終掌握在對黨忠誠可靠的人手中;健全全面從嚴治黨體系,增強各級黨組織政治功能和組織功能,把黨的領導貫穿持續深化國防和軍事改革各方面全過程。

國防與軍隊現代化,就是要實現軍事理論、軍隊組織形態、軍事人員、武器裝備的現代化。這反映了現代戰爭制勝觀念、制勝要素、制勝方式變化對軍事力量建設的內在要求,明確了基本實現國防和軍隊現代化的主要標誌。實現軍事理論現代化,就是要與時俱進創新戰爭和戰略指導,形成具有時代性、引領性、獨特性的軍事理論體系;實現組織形態現代化,就是要深化國防和軍事改革,軍隊力量結構佈局科學合理,戰略威懾能力鞏固提高,新域新質作戰力量不斷壯大,精製作戰、體系支撐、聯合戰略威懾成為基本運作模式;實現軍事人員現代化,就是要深入實施新時代人才強軍戰略,推動軍事人員能力素質、結構佈局、開發管理全面轉型升級,鍛造德才兼備的高素質、專業化新型軍事人才;實現武器裝備現代化,就是要聚力加強國防科技創新,加速戰略性、前沿性、顛覆性技術發展,加速武器裝備升級和智能化武器裝備升級。

國防與軍隊現代化,必須堅持機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展。近年來發生的軍事衝突和局部戰爭表明,基於智慧化作戰體系所產生的新質作戰能力越來越成為核心軍事能力。以機械化為基礎,以資訊化為主導,以智慧化為方向,三者相互疊加、相互滲透、相互支撐,共同催生新的戰爭形態和作戰方式。只有加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,跟上世界新軍事革命潮流,才能在搶佔軍事鬥爭制高點中占得先機、贏得主動。

國防與軍隊現代化,是堅持走和平發展道路的安全保障。自古知兵非好戰。中國式現代化是走和平發展道路的現代化,建立同國際地位相稱、同國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大軍隊,是中國社會主義現代化建設的戰略任務,是堅持走和平發展道路的安全保障,是總結歷史經驗的必然選擇。中國始終奉行防禦性國防政策,堅持積極防禦戰略思想,無論發展到什麼程度,中國永遠不稱霸、永遠不搞擴張。在新征程上推動國防和軍隊現代化,必須忠實踐行人類命運共同體理念,堅決反對一切形式的霸權霸道欺凌,為建設持久和平、普遍安全的美好世界貢獻中國力量。

在新的歷史起點上推進國防和軍隊現代化

黨的二十屆三中全會將持續深化國防和軍事改革納入進一步全面深化改革的大盤子,對完善人民軍隊領導管理體制機制、深化聯合作戰體系改革、深化跨軍地改革作出一系列重大戰略部署。新旅程上,要深刻領會和把握進一步全面深化改革的主題、重大原則、重大舉措、根本保證,堅決貫徹國防和軍隊現代化新「三步走」戰略,加快軍事理論現代化、軍隊組織形態現代化、軍事人員現代化、武器裝備現代化,引領國防和軍事現代化以更優策略、更高效益、更快速度向前推進。

強化黨的軍事指導理論科學領導。我們黨堅持把馬克思主義基本原理同人民軍隊建設實踐結合,汲取中華優秀傳統軍事文化精華,不斷拓拓當代中國馬克思主義軍事理論和軍事實踐發展新境界。習近平強軍思想作為習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想的重要組成部分,實現了馬克思主義軍事理論中國化時代化的新飛躍,是新時代我們黨建軍治軍強軍的根本指導思想。我們必須堅持不懈用習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想武裝頭腦,進一步牢固確立習近平強軍思想在國防和軍隊建設中的指導地位,在習近平強軍思想引領下建設鞏固國防和強大人民軍隊,在中國特色強軍之路上邁出新的更大步伐。

著力把備戰打仗的主責主業抓得更加紮實有效。人民軍隊是執行黨的政治任務的武裝集團,既要政治過硬,也要本領高強,這個本領說到底就是能打勝仗。加快推進國防和軍隊現代化,必須緊緊扭住能打勝仗的根本指向,樹牢戰鬥力這個唯一的根本的標準,全部精力向打仗聚焦,全部工作向打仗用勁。認真貫徹新時代軍事戰略方針,把備戰與止戰、威懾與實戰、戰爭行動與和平時期軍事力量運用作為一個整體加以運籌,創新戰略戰術與戰法打法,有效塑造態勢、管控危機、遏制戰爭、打贏戰爭。堅持仗怎麼打兵就怎麼練,全面提升部隊軍事訓練實戰化水準和履行使命任務的能力。

以改革創新推動國防和軍隊建設高品質發展。改革是決定我軍發展壯大、制勝未來的關鍵一招。新征程上,要把創新擺在軍隊建設發展全局的核心位置,轉變發展理念、創新發展模式、增強發展動能,推動國防和軍隊現代化由量的成長轉向質的提升。著力在更廣範圍、更高層次、更深程度上將國防和軍隊建設融入國家經濟社會發展體系之中,不斷提高國防和軍隊現代化質量效益,促進國防實力和經濟實力同步提升,鞏固提高一體化國家戰略體系和能力,不斷書寫強國強軍新篇章。

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.mva.gov.cn/sy/zt/zt1/xxgcddsjdjs/qwjd/202411/t20241120_453942888.html

[Chinese National Defense] Establishing Correct Awareness to Contain China and Conduct Cognitive Warfare Operations

[中國國防]建立正確的意識,以遏制中國並進行認知戰爭行動

現代英語:

As the world continued to actively combat the COVID-19 pandemic, the British newspaper The Guardian reported in late May 2021 that Fazze, a public relations and marketing agency with close ties to Russian officials, was accused of providing funding to influential YouTubers, bloggers, and other opinion leaders in France, Germany, and other European countries to spread false information claiming that vaccines like Pfizer (BNT) and AstraZeneca (AZ) had caused hundreds of deaths. The false information also criticized the EU vaccine procurement system for harming public health in European countries, with the goal of sowing public distrust of Western vaccines and shifting public acceptance toward Russia’s Sputnik V vaccine. This is the most significant example of “perception warfare” in recent international history.

 In fact, human society has always adhered to the principle of “conquering the enemy without fighting” as the guiding principle for optimal military operations. While traditional warfare still primarily takes place in physical space, victory requires the physical capture of cities and territories, as well as the destruction of enemy forces. However, as humanity’s understanding of the nature of war deepens, the use of information technology has become a new trend in warfare, enabling the achievement of traditional combat effectiveness without the need for physical engagement. Given the increasing attention paid to “information warfare” and “hybrid warfare,” this article discusses the closely related concept of “cognitive warfare,” exploring the emerging threats facing our country and our national defense response strategy.

 Whether it’s what the US calls “hybrid warfare” or what Russia calls “information warfare,” the implications are quite similar: centered on the cognitive realm, the use of information to influence and manipulate targets, encompassing both peacetime public opinion and wartime decision-making. The rise of Nazi Germany after World War I was arguably the first modern regime to master the use of information to shape perceptions within its own country and even abroad. Its successful use of propaganda and lies, delivered through various communication technologies, was highly successful. Principles such as “repetition is power” and “negative information is more easily accepted and remembered than positive information” would later profoundly influence authoritarian governments, including Russia.

 Using information capabilities to subvert national regimes

 At the beginning of the 21st century, Russia began to pay attention to the situation where international discourse power was completely controlled by Western countries. It successively put forward theories such as “Information Warfare Theory” and “Sixth Generation Warfare Theory”, arguing that the sixth generation of warfare is a non-contact war that uses precision weapons and information warfare to traverse the battlefield. The purpose of war is no longer a devastating global war, but to achieve effects that cannot be achieved through traditional warfare by exploiting the enemy’s information capabilities to exploit its weaknesses, including changing social and cultural orientations and values, and thus subverting national regimes.

 In 2005, Russia established the international news channel “Russia Today.” Initially focused on soft power propaganda, it shifted its focus after the 2008 Georgian War to attacking negative aspects of Western society and fostering conspiracy theories. The 2014 Ukraine crisis became a training ground for Russian information warfare forces. Using electronic jamming and cyber theft, they intercepted Ukrainian communications, inferring subsequent Ukrainian actions and releasing damaging information at critical moments. They also targeted sensitive issues in eastern Ukraine, including the status of ethnic Russians and economic downturn, distributing a large amount of carefully selected, targeted information to resonate with the public, influencing their perceptions and behavior and gaining control of media opinion. In terms of “cognitive warfare,” Russia’s approach has been successful, and has become a model for the Chinese Communist Party.

 Manipulating “brain control” to control the public

 In 2014, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) proposed the cognitive operational concept of “brain control,” building on its past “three warfares” of psychological warfare, legal warfare, and public opinion warfare, as well as Russia’s theoretical framework of “information warfare.” It states that a nation’s cognitive space is composed of the superposition of countless individuals, and that “brain control” uses national languages, propaganda media, and cultural products as weapons to comprehensively infiltrate and control the cognition, emotions, and consciousness of the general public and national elites, ultimately distorting, disintegrating, and reshaping their national spirit, values, ideology, history, and culture, thereby achieving the strategic goal of winning without fighting.

 Therefore, the CCP’s “cognitive operations” fall under the broad category of psychological warfare. In the era of information globalization, it integrates information warfare, psychological warfare, and public opinion warfare, becoming the core of the CCP’s overall strategy. Since the 2016 military reform, it has been led by the newly formed “Strategic Support Force” and implemented at all political and military levels. On the one hand, the PLA has adopted American operational thinking in the field of “cognitive operations,” using units such as the 311 Base, the National University of Defense Technology, and the Academy of Military Sciences to develop tactics such as “psychological operations,” “ideological operations,” “consciousness manipulation,” and “strategic communication” to strengthen the “cognitive operations” capabilities jointly constructed by military-civilian integration and joint combat systems. On the other hand, it uses professional personnel to operate media platforms, shape the public opinion environment, and introduce “cognitive operations” into the actual combat application stage.

 The CCP’s recent “cognitive warfare” offensive against Taiwan reveals its methods and tactics. First, the CCP primarily uses the internet to collect personal data from Taiwanese citizens, using big data databases to categorize information by target group, based on political leanings, age, occupation, and other factors. Second, it leverages intelligence gathering to launch targeted cognitive attacks on specific social media platforms, influencing the psychology of the targeted groups, particularly by releasing disinformation to weaken and distract Taiwanese society. Third, it employs online virtual organizations to set up fake social media accounts, infiltrate online communities, and disguise themselves as whistleblowers, deliberately spreading fabricated information to create confusion. Cybertroopers then massively repost and discuss this information, manipulating audience perceptions and creating a cycle of disrupting information retention, manipulating cognitive psychology, and altering thinking patterns.

 Identify fake news and fight back together

 At this stage, the CCP’s campaign for “brain control” over Taiwan aims to influence Taiwanese society’s cognition, distorting public opinion, devaluing democratic values, intensifying opposition, disrupting political conditions, and undermining public trust in the government. The following preventive measures can be taken within the national defense system:

 1. Strengthening educational functions

 Through national defense education in schools, institutions, and society, we will raise the public’s awareness of the threat posed by the CCP’s “cognitive warfare” and their ability to identify false information, and cultivate the habit of rationality, verification, and calmness.

 2. Follow the constraints

 Although there are currently no internationally accepted legal rules that can clearly define the extent to which cognitive warfare constitutes an act of war, making it even more difficult to hold people accountable, media platforms can still strengthen the review of their own reporting content in accordance with existing regulations, and the public can also refrain from spreading suspicious information and following the trend of tennis melee, so as to facilitate the establishment of information verification measures and mechanisms.

 3. Combining Military and Civilian Strength

 Incorporate information and communication-related institutions and industries into the national defense mobilization mechanism, coordinate in peacetime the review, analysis, and disposal of fake news, strengthen talent training and research cooperation, and enhance the capabilities of professional units of the government and the national army; in wartime, cooperate with the overall national actions and carry out countermeasures.

 Currently, Taiwan already has the National Security Bureau’s National Security Operations Center responsible for responding to controversial information from hostile foreign forces. There’s also the non-profit Taiwan Fact-Checking Center. Facing the challenges of cognitive warfare, we must continue to integrate various sectors, strive for international intelligence exchange and experience sharing, optimize the media environment, collaborate across multiple channels, and instantly identify the authenticity and source of information, jointly building our offensive capacity to respond to cognitive warfare.

 Conclusion

 In reality, all countries around the world face threats related to cognitive warfare and information-based psychological warfare. However, democratic and free societies are by no means vulnerable to cognitive warfare attacks and must instead rely on diverse strategies and methods to protect them. We aim to establish a more comprehensive and substantive framework, build a powerful counterforce, and enhance the quality and discernment of our citizens, thereby gaining immunity from the CCP’s cognitive warfare campaign to seize control of our minds.

(The author is a PhD candidate at the Institute of Strategic Studies, Tamkang University)

現代國語:

在全球持續積極對抗新冠疫情之際,英國《衛報》2021年5月下旬報道,與俄羅斯官員關係密切的公關和營銷機構Fazze被指控向法國、德國和其他歐洲國家頗具影響力的YouTube用戶、博主和其他意見領袖提供資金,用於傳播虛假信息,聲稱輝瑞(BNTAZ)和阿斯特利康(BNTAZ)和阿斯特疫苗已導致數百人死亡。這些假訊息也批評歐盟疫苗採購體系損害了歐洲國家的公共衛生,目的是挑起大眾對西方疫苗的不信任,並促使大眾接受俄羅斯的Sputnik V疫苗。這是近代國際史上最顯著的「感知戰」案例。

事實上,人類社會自古以來,均以「不戰而屈人之兵」作為最佳軍事行動指導原則,儘管傳統戰爭主要仍在物理空間進行,需透過實際攻城掠地、消滅敵有生力量,才能獲得勝利。然隨人類對戰爭本質認知深化,利用資訊科技,於不需實體短兵相接的情況下,卻能達到傳統戰爭效果,已成為新型態戰爭趨勢。鑑於「資訊戰」、「混合戰」日益受重視,謹就與其密切相關的「認知作戰」概念進行論述,並探討我國所面臨的新型威脅及全民國防因應策略。

無論是美國所稱的「混合戰」,或俄國所說的「資訊戰」,其實指涉意涵很相似,即以認知領域為核心,利用訊息影響、操控對象目標涵蓋承平時期輿論及戰時決策的認知功能。一戰後,逐漸興起的納粹德國,可謂當代首個擅長運用資訊形塑本國,甚至外國民眾認知的政權,其透過各種傳播技術的政治宣傳與謊言包裝,相當成功;而所謂「重複是一種力量」、「負面訊息總是比正面訊息,更容易讓人接受和印象深刻」等實踐原則,日後更深刻影響專制極權政府與現在的俄羅斯。

藉資訊能力 顛覆國家政權

俄國於進入21世紀初,開始注意國際話語權遭西方國家完全掌控的情形,陸續提出「資訊戰理論」、「第6代戰爭理論」等論述,主張第6代戰爭是以精確武器及資訊戰,縱橫戰場的非接觸式戰爭,戰爭目的不再是毀滅性的全球大戰,而是藉利用敵方弱點的資訊能力,達成傳統戰爭無法實現的效果,包括改變社會文化取向、價值觀,進而顛覆國家政權等。

2005年,俄國成立國際新聞頻道「Russia Today」,起初主要是軟實力宣傳,2008年「喬治亞戰爭」後,轉為攻擊西方社會負面問題與製造陰謀論;2014年「烏克蘭危機」,成為俄軍資訊戰部隊的練兵場,透過電子干擾、網路竊密等手段,截收烏國對外通聯訊息,依此推判烏方後續舉動,並選擇在關鍵時機,釋放對烏國政府不利消息;另選定烏東地區敏感議題,包括俄裔民族地位、經濟不振等,投放大量經篩選的特定資訊,引發民眾共鳴,從而影響烏東人民認知與行為,取得媒體輿論主動權。就「認知作戰」言,俄國作法是成功的,更成為中共的效法對象。

操弄「制腦權」 控制社會大眾

中共2014年於過去心理戰、法律戰、輿論戰等「三戰」基礎,以及俄國「資訊戰」理論架構上,提出「制腦權」認知操作概念,指國家認知空間係由無數個體疊加而成,「制腦」是以民族語言、宣傳媒體、文化產品為武器,全面滲透、控制社會大眾與國家精英之認知、情感與意識,最終扭曲、瓦解、重塑其民族精神、價值觀念、意識形態、歷史文化等,達致不戰而勝的戰略目標。

是以,中共「認知作戰」屬於廣義心理戰範疇,是資訊全球化時代,融合資訊戰、心理戰及輿論戰的戰法,成為中共整體戰略主軸,並自2016年「軍改」後,由新組建的「戰略支援部隊」操盤,在各政略、軍事層次開展執行。一方面,共軍擷取美國在「認知作戰」領域的操作思維,以311基地、國防科技大學、軍事科學院等單位研提「心理作戰」、「思想作戰」、「意識操縱」、「戰略傳播」等戰法,以加強軍民融合及聯戰體系共同建構的「認知作戰」能力;另一方面,則以專業人員操作媒體平臺,形塑輿論環境,將「認知作戰」導入實戰運用階段。

從近年中共對臺進行的「認知作戰」攻勢,可拆解其途徑與手段。首先,中共主要係以網路蒐集國人個資,透過大數據資料庫,劃分政治傾向、年齡、職業等不同目標族群資訊;其次,配合情報偵蒐,針對個別社群媒體展開認知精準打擊,影響目標群眾心理,尤其釋放假訊息,以削弱、分散臺灣社會注意力;再次,則運用網路虛擬組織設置社群媒體假帳號,打入網路族群,偽裝成揭密者、吹哨者,刻意傳散變造資訊,製造混亂,再由網軍大量轉傳、討論,操弄受眾認知,進入阻斷資訊記憶、操縱認知心理、改變思考模式的運作循環。

識別假訊息 全民齊反制

基於現階段,中共對臺「制腦權」作戰,影響臺灣社會認知的目的,在於扭曲輿論、貶低民主價值、激化對立、擾亂政情、減損民眾對政府信任等,於全民國防體系可採取的防制辦法包括:

一、強化教育功能

分別透過全民國防之學校教育、機關教育、社會教育途徑,提高公眾對中共「認知作戰」威脅的認識,與對假訊息識別能力,養成理性、查證、冷靜習慣。

二、遵循約束規範

儘管目前尚無國際通用的法律規則,可明確定義何種程度的認知作戰已構成戰爭行為,更難以究責;然各媒體平臺仍可按既有規範,對自身報導內容加強審查,民眾也可做到不傳播可疑訊息、不跟風網壇混戰,俾利訊息查證措施與機制建立。

三、結合軍民力量

將資訊與傳播相關機構、產業,納入全民防衛動員機制,平時協調因應假訊息審查、分析、處置,加強人才培訓、研究合作,提升政府、國軍專業單位能力;戰時則配合國家整體作為,執行反制任務。

目前我國已有國安局「國家安全作業中心」執行對境外敵對勢力爭議訊息應處有關工作,民間亦有非營利組織成立的「臺灣事實查核中心」。面對「認知作戰」挑戰,仍應持續整合各界力量,爭取國際情報交流與經驗共享,優化媒體環境,多管道合作,即時辨識訊息真偽與來源,共同建設應處「認知作戰」攻勢能量。

結語

事實上,世界各國都同樣面臨「認知作戰」、「資訊心理戰」等相關威脅,然民主自由的社會環境,絕非易受「認知作戰」攻擊的溫床,更需仰賴多元策略與方式守護。期以更完善周全的實質架構,建構強而有力的反制力量,並提升我國公民素質及識別能力,於中共奪取「制腦權」的認知作戰中,獲得免疫。

(作者為淡江大學戰略研究所博士)

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.ydn.com.tw/news/newsInsidePage?chapterID=1431550

Chinese Military Exercises Focused on Taiwan Conclude Signaling Joint Containment Strategy

中國軍事演習的重點是台灣結束信號的聯合遏制策略

現代英語:

The Chinese Communist Party announced the “Strait Thunder-2025A” exercise on the 2nd. The Ministry of National Defense detected 13 Chinese warships, 10 Coast Guard ships, and 8 ships from the Shandong aircraft carrier formation.

(Central News Agency reporter Wu Shuwei, Taipei, 2nd) The two-day Chinese Communist Party military exercise has concluded. Military scholars analyzed that the Chinese Communist Party’s military exercise is still led by politics, using a 70% political and 30% military approach to put pressure on Taiwan, raising the strategic level of “joint blockade” and enhancing the mission role of the Chinese Coast Guard.

The Eastern Theater Command of the People’s Liberation Army of China announced yesterday that it would organize the army, navy, air force, and rocket force to conduct joint exercises around Taiwan. Today, it said that the army will conduct long-range live-fire exercises in relevant waters of the East China Sea in accordance with the “Strait Thunder-2025A” exercise plan.

Regarding the characteristics of the CCP’s military exercise that are worthy of Taiwan’s attention, Chen Wenjia, a senior consultant at the National Policy Research Institute, told a Central News Agency reporter that the PLA’s exercise mobilized the army, navy, air force and rocket force to conduct joint combat drills to test the PLA’s coordinated combat capabilities and enhance the overall effectiveness of operations against Taiwan. Secondly, it is an operational practice exercise, including precision strikes on key infrastructure, blockades of ports and other practical subjects, and simulates scenarios of actual military operations against Taiwan, showing that the PLA’s combat preparations against Taiwan are becoming increasingly mature.

Chen Wenjia said that the Chinese Coast Guard also participated in the military exercise and carried out law enforcement patrols and other operations. The purpose was to exert pressure on Taiwan through gray zone harassment and increase the effectiveness of the “three warfares” of public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, and legal warfare against Taiwan.

Su Ziyun, director of the Institute of Defense Strategy and Resources at the National Defense Security Research Institute, said that the CCP’s military exercise this time is still 70% political and 30% military. Compared with the past “Joint Sword” military exercises against Taiwan, this time the CCP has raised the status of the coast guard and the implementation of “joint blockade” to a strategic level, and announced today that the exercises will practice verification and identification, warning and expulsion, and interception and detention. It is to think about non-war military actions with strategic thinking, and when necessary, cut off Taiwan’s sea transportation lines through isolation to force Taiwan to surrender.

Regarding the warning that the CCP’s military exercises send to Taiwan, Chen Wenjia said that as the PLA continues to conduct high-intensity military exercises around Taiwan, it shows that the military threat to Taiwan is escalating, and Taiwan needs to strengthen its own defense capabilities to ensure the security of the Taiwan Strait; secondly, the pressure in the gray zone is increasing, especially the participation of the coast guard force, which means that China is exerting more pressure in the gray zone. Taiwan needs to increase its vigilance against this non-traditional security threat and should formulate corresponding strategies as soon as possible.

Su Ziyun stated that the Chinese Communist Party’s military exercises highlight the importance of “air defense being the most urgent of all.” Whether the CCP intends to attack Taiwan’s ports or energy facilities, it will need to resort to air strikes, such as missile attacks. This means Taiwan’s air defense capabilities need to be strengthened. In response to Chinese Communist Party gray zone harassment, the Navy currently relies on destroyers and frigates as its main combat vessels. The Navy should emulate the British Navy’s deployment of surveillance vessels, such as River-class patrol vessels, to counter gray zone harassment and preserve the availability and capacity of its main combat vessels. (Editor: Yang Lanxuan) 1140402

現代國語:

中共2日宣布「海峽雷霆-2025A」演練,國防部偵獲共艦13艘、海警船10艘及山東號航艦編隊8艘。 (中央社製圖)

(中央社記者吳書緯台北2日電)中共兩天軍演落幕,軍事學者分析,中共此次軍演仍以政治掛帥,採7分政治、3分軍事的方式對台施壓,拉高「聯合封控」的戰略位階,提升中國海警的任務角色。

中國人民解放軍東部戰區昨天稱組織陸海空軍與火箭軍等兵力,在台灣週邊展開聯合演訓,今天則是稱陸軍部隊按「海峽雷霆-2025A」演練計畫,在東海相關海域實施遠程火力實彈射擊演練。

針對中共此次軍演值得台灣關注的特點,國策研究院資深顧問陳文甲告訴中央社記者,共軍此次演習動用了陸海空軍與火箭軍進行聯合作戰演練,測試共軍的協同作戰能力,提升對台作戰的整體效能,其次是操作實戰化科目演練,包括對關鍵基礎設施的精確打擊、封鎖港口等實戰化科目,並模擬對台灣進行實際軍事行動的場景,顯示共軍針對台灣的作戰整備日益成熟。

陳文甲表示,中國海警也參與此次軍演,並進行執法巡查等行動,目的在透過灰色地帶襲擾施加對台灣的壓力,增加對台灣進行輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰的「三戰」效果。

國防安全研究院國防戰略與資源研究所長蘇紫雲說,中共此次軍演仍是7分政治、3分軍事,和過去對台「聯合利劍」軍演相比,這次中共將海警與執行「聯合封控」的位階提高至戰略位階,並在今天宣稱演習演練查證識別、警告驅離及攔截扣押等課目,就是以戰略思維來思考非戰爭的軍事行動,在必要的時候透過隔離手段,切斷台灣的海上運輸線,來逼迫台灣投降。

對於中共此次軍演對台灣的警訊,陳文甲表示,隨著共軍持續在台灣週邊進行高強度軍事演習,顯示對台灣的軍事威脅不斷升級,台灣需強化自身防衛能力確保台海安全;其次是灰色地帶壓力增加,尤其是海警力量的參與,意味著中國在灰色地帶施加更多壓力,台灣需提高對此非傳統安全威脅的警覺,應盡速制定相應的策略。

蘇紫雲表示,中共軍演凸顯「萬事莫如防空急」,無論是中共要攻擊台灣港口或能源設施,都需要透過飛彈攻擊等空襲手段,代表台灣的防空能力還需加強,而在應對中共灰色地帶襲擾活動,海軍目前仍是以驅逐艦、巡防艦等主戰艦艇應對,應仿效英國海軍建置河級巡邏艦(River-class patrol vessel)等監視性質的艦艇,來應對共軍灰色地帶襲擾,保存主戰艦艇的妥善率和能量。 (編輯:楊蘭軒)1140402

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/202504020405.aspx

Implementation of the “Outline of Joint Cooperation” Within the People’s Liberation Army of China

中國人民解放軍內部實施《聯合合作綱要》

現代英語:

With the approval of Xi Jinping, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, the Central Military Commission issued the “Outline of Joint Cooperation between the People’s Liberation Army of China (Trial Implementation)”, which will come into effect on November 7, 2020.

The Outline focuses on building a legal system for joint operations and strengthening the clear orientation of preparing for war. It is of great significance to consolidate and deepen the results of the reform of the leadership and command system, scale structure and force composition, and to promote the liberation and development of our military’s joint operations capabilities.

The Outline is the top-level regulation of our military’s new-era combat doctrine system. It focuses on clarifying the basic issues of joint combat organization and implementation, unifying combat thinking, clarifying responsibilities and procedures, and guiding combat operations. It also clarifies major principles, requirements, and basic procedures for joint combat command, combat operations, combat support, national defense mobilization, and political work.

The Central Military Commission requires that all levels should earnestly study and implement the “Outline”, adhere to combat effectiveness as the only fundamental standard, use the “Outline” as the basic basis for organizing and implementing joint operations and joint training, and comprehensively improve the ability to win in the new era.

The battle flag hunt, the military parade ground was full of ups and downs, and the climaxes continued——

From north to south, the surging iron torrents train elite soldiers; in the deep blue ocean, soldiers step on the waves to forge sharp swords; above the vast sky, eagles fly thousands of miles towards the blue sky; deep in the dense forests, the east wind roars to the sky; the skynet controls power, and the invisible war defeats the visible… One after another joint combat exercises are gradually unfolding in multiple domains and all dimensions, presenting a picture of a strong army that trains together to plan for war, uses training to promote war, and wins war through strong training, sounding the strong note of a new era in the history of our army’s training and preparation.

Over the past year, the world has been undergoing unprecedented changes unseen in a century, intertwined with the global COVID-19 pandemic. Under the sky shrouded by the epidemic, the international situation has been in constant turmoil and confrontation. The drone warfare that has shined in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has shown the world the unique characteristics of modern warfare.

“When times change, things change. When things change, we must be prepared for change.” In the future, “what kind of war to fight and how to fight it” carries the heavy mission, and the entire military is surging with enthusiasm for researching and winning wars.

Faced with new changes in the national security situation, new threats from powerful enemies and adversaries, and new developments in the form of warfare, we urgently need to provide answers to strengthening the military, winning battles, and meeting the needs of the times.

“Overall, modern warfare has indeed undergone profound changes. These changes may seem dazzling, but there are regularities behind them. The fundamental thing is that the winning mechanism of war has changed.” Faced with the rapid development of the new world military revolution and changes in the war situation, under the guidance of the commander-in-chief and in accordance with the unified deployment of the CMC’s policy and system reforms, the CMC Joint Staff Department organized experts from the Academy of Military Sciences and capable personnel from relevant departments of the CMC, various theater commands, various military services and armed police forces to form a joint research group to pool wisdom and strength to tackle key problems and advance the formulation of new-era combat regulations.

On November 7, 2020, the “Outline of the Joint Cooperation Warfare of the People’s Liberation Army of China (Trial Implementation)” was implemented throughout the army, marking a new coordinate system for our army’s joint cooperation war in the new era.

Since the issuance of the Outline, commanders have taken the lead in learning it, agencies have taken the lead in studying it, and troops have practiced learning it. The officers and soldiers of the whole army have been enthusiastic about learning and publicizing the Outline. A great discussion on joint operations in the new era, a great liberation of thoughts, and a great practice of preparation for war have been vigorously carried out in the whole army.

Pointing to victory, leading the new practice of preparing for war in the new era

“Following the main road, who would you follow to seek a shortcut?” In the world of soldiers, there is no such thing as “easy”. The only way to win a battle is to be prepared.

What kind of war we will fight in the future will require innovative tactics; if we cannot innovate tactics, it will be difficult to win future wars.

In essence, combat regulations are about solving the problem of how to fight and how to win, and are the refinement, deepening and concretization of military strategic policies. The Outline of Joint Cooperation of the People’s Liberation Army of China (Trial) (hereinafter referred to as the Outline) deeply studies the characteristics and laws of future wars, accurately grasps the era characteristics of the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligentization of our army, and through the forward-looking and concrete design of future operations, implements the spiritual essence and content requirements of the new era’s military strategic policy into the troops’ preparation for war.

The Outline is not only a guideline for preparing for war, but also a guideline for winning joint operations.

At the beginning of the new year of 2021, a certain area of the Eastern Theater Command is organizing a multi-service, multi-directional, systematic combat training. Under the guidance of the newly issued “Outline”, this exercise involves the full-domain linkage of land, sea, air, space, network and electric power, close coordination of political and public opinion, and information-led throughout the entire process from combat preparation to situation shaping to mission implementation. All units work closely together, demonstrating the firm determination and strong ability to maintain national unity with a thunderous momentum, and also witnessing the transformation of our military joint cooperation from “formal linkage” to “spiritual linkage”.

In the west, at midnight in mid-spring 2021, a series of urgent alarm bells rang. According to the level transfer order of a certain base of the Western Theater Air Force, the officers and soldiers of a certain air defense battalion of the Army quickly rushed to their positions, and the level transfer time was further shortened. According to the unified deployment, more than 10 Army air defense forces in the theater air force responsibility area entered the Air Force command chain in an organized manner, breaking the information barrier of the services, sharing early warning information, and jointly taking on combat readiness duty, and initially forming a joint air defense combat system. “You lend me the ‘eye in the sky’, and I will help you with the ‘iron fist'”, the integrated joint air defense combat across the services has taken a new step and entered a new stage.

In the north, at the beginning of the summer of 2021, war eagles soared and iron currents rolled, and an exercise with the theme of air-ground joint operations was in full swing. According to the plan, a certain command post of the Air Force of the Northern Theater Command and a certain group army of the Army jointly organized a brigade-level command post exercise to study and explore the composition of joint command institutions and test the integrated joint combat command capabilities of the command post personnel. Intelligence analysis and processing, joint firepower strikes, and integrated rear-end support were coordinated and planned and carried out in an integrated manner, and the command institutions were organized in an integrated manner with all elements. Through repeated joint combat and training, the policy of leading training through combat and carrying out combat through training has been further implemented, and the joint combat and command capabilities of commanders of all services and arms have been significantly improved.

In the direction of the South China Sea, war eagles roared and attacked fiercely, dragons took off and stepped on the sea and waves, radars flew and missiles raised their heads… Under the unified command of the theater joint command, all mission forces worked as a whole and coordinated closely to quickly build a battlefield layout that was multi-domain joint, both offensive and defensive, and deployed in echelons. They adopted a combination of centralized command and decentralized command, and flexibly carried out sea and air escort and deterrence and expulsion in a reasonable, forceful and restrained manner, effectively maintaining peace and tranquility in the South China Sea.

In the past year since the implementation of the Outline, the orientation of preparing for war has become clearer and firmer, the sole fundamental standard of combat effectiveness has been more firmly established, training and preparation for war as the main responsibility of the troops has become more prominent, researching and planning war as the primary responsibility of officers and soldiers has become clearer, the ideas and measures for joint operations and victory have become increasingly effective, and the entire army has continued to set off a new upsurge in training and preparation for war.

Keep pace with the times and clarify the new mechanism of joint cooperation in the new era

“All beneficial ways go with the times.”

Military theorist Douhet once said: “Victory smiles only on those who can foresee the changes in the character of war, not on those who wait for the changes to happen and then adapt to them.”

Looking around the world, the game and struggle among major powers are intensifying, the threat of war exists, the war situation continues to evolve, new military reforms are booming, stealth, unmanned and intelligent weapons and equipment have become the mainstream trend, the battlefield space has expanded to all domains and dimensions, the integrated linkage of combat forces has become the norm, combat command, action and support have become more sophisticated, and winning future wars requires the support of more advanced combat theories.

The gap in combat concepts is the fundamental gap, and the backwardness of combat theory is the biggest backwardness. When modern wars are surging in the world, what is most needed is newer and braver minds.

The new-era combat regulations, led by the Outline, adhere to Xi Jinping’s military strategic thinking and the new-era military strategic policy as the soul and outline, deeply grasp the new changes in national security, new adjustments in combat opponents, new designs in strategic layout, new connotations of active defense, and new developments in combat guidance, and materialize the principles and methods of commanders’ understanding and guidance of war into norms and standards for the specific implementation of the troops, so as to promote our military-joint cooperation war to a higher level.

——It comprehensively expounds the contemporary connotation of war guidance under information conditions.

The Outline aims to win future high-end wars, accurately grasps the characteristics of lowered thresholds for future armed conflicts, blurred boundaries of war, and increasingly prominent mutual influence and efficiency between the war field and other fields, strengthens the political and social attributes of combat operations, innovatively develops military struggle paradigms, emphasizes relying on the country’s integrated strategic system and capabilities, emphasizes the integration of war and non-war domains, emphasizes the comprehensive implementation of military and political, diplomatic, economic, cultural and other means, and gives full play to the overall advantages of the party, government, military, police and people. It reflects the modern war concept and the war guidance for winning the people’s war and total war in the new era.

——All elements standardize the style and methods of our joint military operations.

The Outline is based on the tasks and development of our army, and systematically expounds on the possible joint operations in the future, covering the core missions of various strategic directions, covering land, sea, air, space, network and electromagnetic multi-dimensional space. At the same time, it also creatively summarizes the basic types of joint operations, highlights the basic actions that run through the joint operations and have common characteristics, and forms a closed-loop chain of joint operations with all elements and in all fields.

——The joint combat command system and organizational operation mode were designed throughout the entire process.

The implementation of joint operations organizations is extremely complex and difficult. Whether they can be “coordinated” in terms of strength, “joined” in operations, and “excellent” in effectiveness depends crucially on whether they can achieve “unification” in command. The “Outline” focuses on building a strong and efficient joint operations command structure, closely integrates the Central Military Commission and the theater joint command operation model mechanism, fully considers that it not only complies with the general direction and general requirements of the reform, but also leaves room for flexible formation in practice. It focuses on solving major issues such as the construction of a joint operations command system, the differentiation of command authority and responsibility interfaces, and the integration of services into the joint system, so as to ensure that thousands of troops and horses can jointly act under unified orders.

Taking joint training as the guideline, promoting a new leap forward in joint training in the new era

At the Central Military Commission’s military training conference, President Xi Jinping stressed the need to strengthen joint training, adhere to joint training as the key, develop a joint training system with Chinese characteristics, and accelerate the improvement of integrated joint combat capabilities. Soldiers should be trained in the way they fight, and troops should be trained in what is needed for fighting. Today’s world-class armies all regard improving joint training as the top priority for war preparation.

The Outline is the opening chapter of the new era combat doctrine and the guiding principle for the transformation of joint training in the new era. The Outline provides direction, inspires vitality, and gives birth to a new pattern of joint training in the new era.

——Incorporate combat into training to present an “integrated posture” of training.

In the Taiwan Strait, the naval and air fleets carried out joint combat readiness patrols to test and enhance the joint combat capabilities of multiple services, maintain a high state of alert at all times, and resolutely defend national sovereignty and territorial integrity. Exercise preparation is combat preparation, and the exercise state is the combat state. Joint military exercises are no longer simple training activities, but have become a preparation process to promote combat readiness and enhance capabilities. Joint training, the “source” and “main stream” full of power, is guiding and driving the in-depth advancement and vigorous development of military struggle preparations, and fully unleashing the role and effectiveness of training to carry out combat and training to promote preparations.

——Systematic training has become the “new normal” of joint training.

“East”, “South”, “West”, “North”, and “Central” are joint live-fire exercises organized by various theater commands, “Crossing”, “Mobility”, “Red Sword”, “Sky Sword”, and “Joint Logistics Mission” are series of systematic exercises organized by various services, covering all seasons, all weather, and all regions. The CMC, theater commands, and services are responsible for division of labor, overall design, and systematic organization. They are decomposed from top to bottom and integrated from bottom to top, driving the operation and inspection of the joint combat system. Joint exercises and systematic training present a new look, and new changes have taken place in the training and preparation mode. Our military’s joint training has entered a new stage of all-round transformation and overall improvement.

——Joint training between China and foreign countries highlights the “integration” of joint exercises.

At the foot of the Helan Mountains and in the heart of the Bronze Gorge Desert, the “Western Joint-2021” China-Russia joint exercise was booming. In this joint exercise, the Chinese and Russian militaries were mixed and planned together. The two sides shared their positions, coordinated closely, and acted together. They practiced more than 20 subjects such as joint air defense, joint obstacle removal, and joint three-dimensional seizure. With the support of the deeply integrated combat system between China and Russia, new breakthroughs in joint exercises and training were achieved. “Maritime Joint”, “Common Destiny”, “Peace Mission”… With the joint training between China and foreign countries as a “window”, the new changes in the joint training of the Chinese military are being brilliantly presented to the world.

——Intensive training in new domains, demonstrating an “open attitude” in research and warfare.

In joint exercises, underwater unmanned “fish schools”, land unmanned “wolf packs”, and air unmanned “bee swarms” began to emerge. New domains and new types of forces such as land aviation, special operations, electric power, unmanned, network, and aerospace were deeply integrated into the joint combat system and the joint exercise process, and realistic combat scenarios were carefully constructed to accurately experiment with modern war organization and management. As the most active practice area for preparing for war, joint training, with an innovative and open attitude, boldly tried and made great strides towards the new combat areas pointed out in the Outline.

Integrating war and construction to shape a new pattern of system construction in the new era

President Xi stressed that we must adhere to the principle of building the country in accordance with war, strengthen the coordination of war and construction, speed up the promotion of major strategic, leading and fundamental projects, and accelerate the creation of a high-level strategic deterrence and joint combat system.

If the “trouble” in the construction of the joint combat system is not resolved quickly, once the “interest” of the debt accumulates, it will become a “pain” on the battlefield tomorrow. From the perspective of war, the “Outline” calibrates the “sight” of construction and firmly points to the correct direction of military construction.

——Calibrate the construction “sight” to point to the needs of joint operations.

Under the guidance of the Outline, the concept of jointness has been gradually established, and the barriers of “coordination” of military operations and “integration” of combat domain capabilities have been gradually broken down. The land, sea, air, and fire arms have been combined in the same domain, and cross-domain integration of combat domains such as space, network, and electromagnetic space has gradually become a reality. With the support of the network information system and combat data information as the link, a full-time and smooth command link has been built. The system is internally connected to each combat sub-center, and is connected to each combat group (team) command post. When necessary, it can directly reach the end of the individual platform to achieve joint command to the end. All operational forces worked together around the overall intention, realizing the transformation of the joint combat concept from focusing on the “service attributes” of combat forces to focusing on the “operational domain”, which has become the main feature of future joint combat. Studying, planning, and training for war with the “Outline” has become a trend throughout the military.

——Calibrate construction’s “sights” to point to system shortcomings and weaknesses.

Based on the Outline, our army insists on combining inheritance and innovation, theory and practice, innovatively designs strategies for winning future wars, focuses on highlighting problem orientation, takes root in training and preparation for war, promotes the construction of joint combat command system and new combat force construction, and effectively solves the outstanding shortcomings and weaknesses in military combat preparation. In mid-May 2021, the Party Committee of the Northern Theater Command held a special war meeting, and in accordance with the Outline, thoroughly identified contradictions and problems in joint combat research, command and control mode transformation, joint handling level, and efficient command capabilities. According to the Outline, it optimized system support, improved command and control methods, and improved command means, which promoted the transformation of the operation mode of the theater joint command center and the improvement of command effectiveness. Looking across the entire military, similar practices are becoming more and more common. Referring to the Outline to find gaps, ideas, and methods in the near and long term has become the new mainstream for planning and promoting construction at all levels and in all fields.

——Calibrate the construction “sight” to point to the urgent need to balance powerful enemies.

To implement the principle of building the military in accordance with war and coordinating the military construction, we must not only focus on solving current practical problems, but also pay attention to solving long-term development problems. The Outline is anchored on the future of defeating the strong and contains a far-sighted plan to build a world-class military. Guided by the Outline and focusing on changes in the war situation and changes in scientific and technological development, the construction of asymmetric means to check and balance powerful enemies has ushered in a qualitative leap. Batches of new drones, new helicopters and other advanced weapons and equipment have been tested and deployed, and a series of high-tech equipment has been deployed and developed, which has given us more confidence and stronger capabilities to win the war. The Outline condenses the “war code” of historical wisdom and also integrates the way to build first-class and win the future in the new era.

“But look at the path you have come from, and you will see verdant and green mountains.” One year after the implementation of the Outline, the new-era combat regulations are releasing capabilities and increasing efficiency in building a joint combat system with Chinese military characteristics.

In the new era and new journey, our path of joint military operations will surely become broader, our ability to defend the country’s strategic development interests will surely become stronger, our confidence in winning future informationized wars will surely become firmer, and the great goal of building a world-class military will surely be fully realized.

“We have a string that is tightly tied to us, a mission that we shoulder, and a storm that we are watching closely… We are always ready!”

現代國語:

經中央軍委主席習近平批准,中央軍委印發《中國人民解放軍聯合作戰綱要(試行)》,於2020年11月7日起施行。

《綱要》著眼構建聯合作戰法規體系,強化備戰打仗的鮮明導向,對鞏固深化領導指揮體制、規模結構和力量編成改革成果,對推動我軍聯合作戰能力解放和發展,具有重要意義。

《綱要》是我軍新時代作戰條令體系的頂層法規,重在明確聯合作戰組織實施的基本問題,重在統一作戰思想、釐清權責程序、指導作戰行動,明確聯合作戰指揮、作戰行動、作戰保障、國防動員、政治工作等重大原則、要求和基本程序。

中央軍委要求,各級要認真抓好《綱要》的學習貫徹,堅持戰斗力這個唯一的根本的標准,將《綱要》作為組織實施聯合作戰和聯合訓練的基本依據,全面提高新時代打贏能力。

戰旗獵獵,演兵場上風起雲湧、高潮迭起——

大江南北,鐵流澎湃礪精兵;深藍大洋,蹈海踏浪鑄利劍;蒼穹之上,鵬飛萬裡向碧空;密林深處,東風浩蕩嘯九天;天網制權,無形之戰勝有形……一場場聯合作戰演練在多域全維漸次展開,鋪陳出一幅幅聯訓謀戰、以訓促戰、強訓勝戰的強軍畫卷,奏響著我軍練兵備戰史上新的時代強音。

一年來,世界百年未有之大變局交織全球新冠疫情之大流行,疫霾籠罩的天空之下,國際局勢波瀾不斷,伴隨著動蕩和對抗,納卡沖突中大放異彩的無人機作戰,向世界展現出現代戰爭獨有的特征。

“世異則事異,事異則備變。”未來“打什麼仗、怎麼打仗”承載著使命之重,全軍上下處處湧動著研戰謀勝的熱潮。

面對國家安全形勢新的變化,面對強敵對手新的威脅,面對戰爭形態新的演進,迫切需要我們給出強軍答案,給出勝戰答案,給出時代答案。

“總的看,現代戰爭確實發生了深刻變化。這些變化看上去眼花繚亂,但背後是有規律可循的,根本的是戰爭的制勝機理變了。”面對迅猛發展的世界新軍事革命和戰爭形態變化,在統帥指引下,按照軍委政策制度改革統一部署,軍委聯合參謀部組織軍事科學院專家力量和軍委機關有關部門、各戰區、各軍兵種和武警部隊精干人員成立聯合課題組,集智聚力攻關,緊前推動新時代作戰條令制定工作。

2020年11月7日,《中國人民解放軍聯合作戰綱要(試行)》在全軍施行,標定了新時代我軍聯合作戰新的坐標系。

《綱要》頒發以來,指揮員率先領學、機關帶頭熱學、部隊實際踐學,全軍官兵學習宣貫《綱要》熱潮奔湧,一場新時代聯合作戰大討論、思想大解放、備戰大實踐,在全軍部隊蓬勃開展。

劍指勝戰,引領新時代備戰打仗新實踐

“遵通衢之大道兮,求捷徑欲從誰?”軍人的世界,沒有“容易”二字。勝戰之道,唯有備戰。

未來打什麼樣的仗,就要創新什麼樣的戰法;創新不了戰法,就難以打贏未來的戰爭。

作戰條令實質上就是解決如何打仗、怎麼打贏的問題,是對軍事戰略方針的細化、深化和具體化。《中國人民解放軍聯合作戰綱要(試行)》(以下簡稱《綱要》)深入研究未來戰爭特點規律,准確把握我軍機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展的時代特征,通過對未來作戰的前瞻性具象化設計,將新時代軍事戰略方針的精神實質和內容要求具體落實到部隊備戰打仗實踐中去。

《綱要》既是備戰指導綱要,更是聯戰勝戰綱要。

2021年新春伊始,東部戰區某區域,正在組織一場多軍種多方向成體系實戰化訓練。此次演練,在新出台的《綱要》引領下,陸海空天網電全域聯動,政治輿論密切配合,從作戰准備到態勢塑造再到任務實施,全流程信息主導,各單位密切協同,以雷霆萬鈞之勢彰顯了維護國家統一的堅定決心和強大能力,也見證了我軍聯合作戰由“形聯”到“神聯”的蛻變。

西部方向,2021年仲春午夜,一陣急促的警鈴聲響起,根據西部戰區空軍某基地等級轉進指令,陸軍某防空營官兵迅速奔向戰位,等級轉進時間進一步縮短。按照統一部署,戰區空軍責任區內,10余支陸軍防空力量成建制進入空軍指揮鏈條,打破軍種信息壁壘,實現共享預警信息、共同擔負戰備值班,初步形成聯合防空作戰體系。“你借我‘天眼’,我助你‘鐵拳’”,跨軍兵種的一體化聯合防空作戰邁出了新步伐,進入了新階段。

北部方向,2021年盛夏之初,戰鷹翱翔,鐵流滾滾,一場以空地聯合為主題的演習正在火熱進行。根據計劃,北部戰區空軍某指揮所與陸軍某集團軍共同組織軍旅兩級指揮所演習,研究探索聯合指揮機構編成,檢驗指揮所人員一體化聯合作戰指揮能力。情報分析處理、聯合火力打擊、綜合後裝保障等環節協同籌劃、一體展開,指揮機構人員一體編設、要素齊全。在一次次聯戰聯訓的淬煉下,以戰領訓、以訓載戰進一步落地落實,各軍兵種指揮員的聯合作戰指揮能力得到明顯提升。

南海方向,戰鷹呼嘯、攻勢凌厲,蛟龍出動、蹈海踏浪,雷達飛轉、導彈昂首……在戰區聯指的統一指揮下,各任務部隊一體聯動、密切協同,迅速構建起多域聯合、攻防兼備、梯次部署的戰場布勢,采取集中指揮與分散指揮相結合的方式,靈活機動開展海空護航和威懾驅離,有理有力有節,有效維護了南海的和平與安寧。

《綱要》施行一年來,備戰打仗的導向更加鮮明堅定,戰斗力這個唯一的根本的標准樹得更牢,練兵備戰作為部隊主責主業更加突出,研戰謀戰作為官兵第一責任更加清晰,聯戰勝戰的思路舉措越來越見成效,全軍持續掀起練兵備戰新的熱潮。

與時俱進,釐清新時代聯合作戰新機理

“凡益之道,與時偕行。”

軍事理論家杜黑曾言:“勝利只向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑,而不是向那些等待變化發生再去適應的人微笑。”

放眼世界,大國博弈斗爭加劇,戰爭威脅現實存在,戰爭形態持續演進,新軍事變革蓬勃發展,武器裝備隱身化、無人化、智能化成為主流趨勢,戰場空間向全域全維拓展,作戰力量一體聯動成為常態,作戰指揮、行動和支援保障更趨精細,打贏未來戰爭需要更加先進的作戰理論支撐。

作戰理念的差距才是根本的差距,作戰理論的落後才是最大的落後。當現代化戰爭在世界洶湧澎湃的時候,最需要的是更新銳、更勇敢的頭腦。

以《綱要》為統領的新時代作戰條令,堅持把習近平軍事戰略思想、新時代軍事戰略方針作為魂和綱,深刻把握國家安全新變化、作戰對手新調整、戰略布局新設計、積極防御新內涵、作戰指導新發展,將統帥認知戰爭、指導戰爭的原則和方法,物化為部隊具體執行的規范標准,推進我軍聯合作戰邁向更高層次。

——全維度闡述了信息化條件下戰爭指導的時代內涵。

《綱要》瞄准打贏未來高端戰爭,准確把握未來武裝沖突門檻降低、戰爭界限模糊,戰爭領域與其他領域的斗爭相互影響增效日漸突出等特點,強化作戰行動的政治、社會屬性,創新發展軍事斗爭范式模式,強調依托國家一體化戰略體系和能力,強調戰與非戰多域融合,強調軍事與政治、外交、經濟、文化等多手段綜合施策,發揮黨政軍警民整體優勢,反映了現代戰爭理念和打贏新時代人民戰爭、總體戰的戰爭指導。

——全要素規范了我軍聯合作戰行動樣式和行動方法。

《綱要》立足我軍擔負任務和建設發展實際,對未來可能實施的聯合作戰樣式進行了系統闡述,覆蓋各戰略方向核心使命,遍及陸、海、空、天、網絡和電磁多維空間。同時,還創造性地總結歸納了聯合作戰基本行動類型,將貫穿聯合作戰始終並具有共性特征的基本行動突出出來,形成全要素全領域聯合行動的閉環鏈路。

——全流程設計了聯合作戰指揮體系及組織運行方式。

聯合作戰組織實施復雜度極高、難度極大,能否在力量上“合”、行動上“聯”、效能上“優”,關鍵要看指揮上能否實現“統”。《綱要》圍繞打造堅強高效的聯合作戰指揮機構,緊密結合軍委、戰區聯指運行模式機制,充分考慮到既順應改革大方向和總要求,又為實際中靈活編組留有余地,重點解決聯合作戰指揮體系構建、指揮權責界面區分、軍種融入聯合體系等重大問題,確保千軍萬馬在統一號令下聯合行動。

以聯為綱,推動新時代聯合訓練新躍升

一引其綱,萬目皆張。習主席在中央軍委軍事訓練會議上強調,要強化聯合訓練,堅持以聯為綱,發展我軍特色聯合訓練體系,加速提升一體化聯合作戰能力。仗怎麼打、兵就怎麼練,打仗需要什麼、部隊就應該練什麼。當今世界一流軍隊,無不把提高聯合訓練水平視為戰爭准備的第一要務。

《綱要》是新時代作戰條令的開篇之作,也是新時代聯合訓練轉型的指向遵循。《綱要》指引著方向,《綱要》激發著活力,催生了新時代聯合訓練的新格局。

——寓戰於訓,呈現訓備“一體態”。

台灣海峽,海空編隊實施聯合戰備警巡,檢驗提升多軍兵種聯合作戰能力,時刻保持高度戒備狀態,堅決捍衛國家主權和領土完整。演練准備就是作戰准備,演練狀態就是作戰狀態,聯合演兵不再是單純的訓練活動,已經成為推進備戰、提升能力的准備過程。聯合訓練這個充滿力量的“源頭”“干流”,正在牽引、帶動軍事斗爭准備深入推進、蓬勃發展,充分釋放以訓載戰、以訓促備的作用功效。

——體系實訓,成為聯訓“新常態”。

“東部”“南部”“西部”“北部”“中部”,各戰區組織的一場場聯合實兵演習,“跨越”“機動”“紅劍”“天劍”“聯勤使命”,各軍兵種組織的系列體系化演訓,覆蓋了全季節、全天候、全地域。軍委機關、戰區、軍兵種分工負責,整體化設計、體系化組織,從上到下逐級分解,從下向上逐級集成,帶動聯合作戰體系運轉檢驗。聯合演訓、體系練兵呈現新氣象,練兵備戰模式出現新變化,我軍聯合訓練進入了全方位變革、整體性提升的新階段。

——中外聯訓,突顯聯演“融合態”。

賀蘭山下,青銅峽大漠腹地,“西部·聯合-2021”中俄聯演炮聲隆隆。此次聯演,中俄兩軍混合編組、合帳籌劃,雙方態勢共享、密切協同、聯合行動,演練聯合防空、聯合破障、聯合立體奪要等20余個課目,在中俄深度融合的作戰體系支撐下,實現聯演聯訓的新突破。 “海上聯合”“共同命運”“和平使命”……以中外聯訓為“窗口”,中國軍隊聯合訓練的新變化正在向世界精彩呈現。

——新域精訓,展現研戰“開放態”。

一場場聯合演練活動中,水下無人“魚群”、陸上無人“狼群”、空中無人“蜂群”開始真正湧現,陸航、特戰、電抗、無人、網絡、空天等新域新質力量,深度融入聯合作戰體系,深度進入聯合演練流程,精細構設現實作戰場景,精准實驗現代戰爭組織管理。作為備戰打仗最活躍的實踐領域,聯合訓練以創新、開放的姿態,朝著《綱要》指出的新型作戰領域,大膽嘗試、闊步前進。

戰建一體,塑造新時代體系建設新格局

習主席強調指出,要堅持以戰領建,加強戰建統籌,抓緊推進戰略性、引領性、基礎性重大工程,加快打造高水平戰略威懾和聯合作戰體系。

聯合作戰體系建設上的“患”,如不加快解決,一旦欠賬“復息”疊加,就將成為明天戰場上的“痛”。《綱要》從戰的角度,校准建的“准星”,堅定地指向軍隊建設正確的方向。

——校准建設“准星”指向聯合作戰所需。

在《綱要》指引下,聯合理念逐步確立,軍兵種行動“配合”、作戰域能力“整合”的壁壘逐漸被打破,陸、海、空、火等軍兵種並域聯合,太空、網絡、電磁空間等作戰域跨域融合逐步成為現實。以網絡信息體系為支撐,以作戰數據信息為紐帶,構建起全時暢通的指揮鏈路。系統內聯各作戰分中心,下接各作戰群(隊)指揮所,必要時直達單兵平台末端,實現聯合指揮到底到邊。各行動力量圍繞整體意圖共同發力,實現了聯合作戰理念以作戰力量“軍種屬性”為著眼,向以“作戰域”歸屬為著眼的轉變,成為未來聯合作戰的主要特征。拿著《綱要》研打仗、謀打仗、練打仗,在全軍上下蔚然成風。

——校准建設“准星”指向體系短板弱項。

以《綱要》為依據,我軍堅持繼承與創新、理論與實踐相結合,創新設計未來戰爭制勝之策,注重突出問題導向,植苗扎根練兵備戰,推進聯合作戰指揮體系建設、新型作戰力量建設,有效解決了軍事斗爭准備的突出短板弱項。2021年5月中旬,北部戰區黨委召開專題議戰會,對照《綱要》深入查找聯合作戰研究、指控模式轉變、聯合處置層次、高效指揮能力等方面的矛盾問題,依據《綱要》優化體系支撐、改進指控方法、完善指揮手段,推動了戰區聯指中心運行模式轉變和指揮效能提升。放眼全軍,類似的做法越來越多,參照《綱要》顧近及遠找差距、找思路、找方法,成為各層級各領域謀劃推動建設的新主流。

——校准建設“准星”指向制衡強敵所急。

落實以戰領建、戰建統籌,既要立足解決當前實際問題,又要注重解決長遠發展問題。《綱要》錨定未來制強勝強,蘊含著建設世界一流軍隊的深遠謀劃。以《綱要》為引領,著眼戰爭形態之變、科技發展之變,制衡強敵非對稱手段建設迎來了質的飛越。一批批新型無人機、新式直升機等先進武器裝備試驗列裝,一系列高新技術裝備部署研發,我們勝戰的底氣更足、能力更強。《綱要》濃縮了歷史智慧的“戰爭法典”,也融匯了新時代建設一流、制勝未來的勝戰之道。

“卻顧所來徑,蒼蒼橫翠微。”《綱要》施行一年來,新時代作戰條令正在為構建我軍特色的聯合作戰體系釋能增效。

新時代新征程,我軍聯合作戰之路必將更加寬廣,捍衛國家戰略發展利益的能力必將更加強大,打贏未來信息化戰爭的信心必將更加堅定,建設世界一流軍隊的偉大目標必將全面實現。

“有一根弦我們緊繃著,有一種使命我們肩扛著,有一片風浪我們緊盯著……我們時刻准備著!”

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/qwfb/4902340888.html

Chinese Military’s Brief Analysis of Multi-dimensional Central Warfare

中國軍隊多維中心戰淺析

現代英語:

2023-09-27 11:58:xx

Source: Guangming Military

Since the 1990s, the concepts of multi-dimensional central warfare, such as network-centric warfare, personnel-centric warfare, action-centric warfare, and decision-centric warfare, have been proposed one after another. The evolution of the concept of multi-dimensional central warfare reflects the overall goal of seeking advantages such as platform effectiveness, information empowerment, and decision-making intelligence by relying on military science and technology advantages, and also reflects the contradictory and unified relationship between people and equipment, strategy and skills, and the strange and the normal. Dialectically understanding these contradictory and unified relationships with centralized structured thinking makes it easier to grasp the essential connotation of its tactics and its methodological significance.

Strengthen the integration of the “human” dimension in the combination of people and equipment

The concepts of personnel-centric warfare and platform-centric warfare largely reflect the relationship between people and weapons and equipment. Some have specially formulated human dimension strategies, emphasizing continuous investment in the human dimension of combat effectiveness, which is the most reliable guarantee for dealing with an uncertain future. Since the beginning of the 21st century, with the rapid development of intelligent weapons and equipment, unmanned combat has emerged, and voices questioning the status and role of people have arisen one after another. It is imperative to strengthen the integration of the human dimension and enhance the synergy of the human dimension.

First, we need to enhance spiritual cohesion. Marxism believes that consciousness is the reflection of objective matter in the human mind. Tactics are the expression and summary of combat experience, and they themselves have spiritual or conscious forms. When studying tactics, we naturally need to put spiritual factors first. Some scholars believe that war is still fundamentally a contest of human will. In the information age, people’s spirits are richer and more complex, and enhancing the spiritual cohesion of the human dimension is more challenging and difficult. To enhance people’s spiritual cohesion, we need to coordinate the cultivation of collective spirit and individual spirit, maximize the satisfaction of individual spiritual needs in leading the collective spirit, realize individual spiritual pursuits in shaping the value of collective spirit, and empower people’s spirit with all available and useful information; we need to coordinate the cultivation of critical spirit and innovative spirit, adhere to the tactical epistemology of dialectical materialism, resolutely oppose idealism and mechanism in tactical cognition, and constantly inherit and innovate in criticism; we need to coordinate the cultivation of fighting spirit and scientific spirit, and promote the revolutionary spirit of facing death with courage and winning, and promote the spirit of winning by science and technology.

The second is to enhance the organizational structure. Organizations are the organs of the military, and people are the cells of the organization. The settings of military organizations in different countries have their own characteristics and commonalities. For example, the Ministry of National Defense is generally set up to distinguish between the structure of military branches, hierarchical structures and regional structures, and to distinguish between peacetime and wartime organizations. Although the purpose of construction and war is the same, the requirements for the unity of construction and the flexibility of war are different. To enhance the organizational structure and promote the consistency of war and construction, it is necessary to smooth the vertical command chain, reasonably define the command power and leadership power, command power and control power, so that the government and orders complement each other, and enhance the vertical structural strength of the organization; it is necessary to open up horizontal coordination channels, explore the establishment of normalized cross-domain (organizations, institutions, departments) coordination channels, change the simple task-based coordination model, and enhance the horizontal structural strength of the organization; it is necessary to improve the peace-war conversion mechanism, focus on the organization connection, adjustment and improvement in the change of leadership or command power of the troops, and maintain the stability and reliability of the organizational structure network.

The third is to enhance material support. The spiritual strength of people in combat can be transformed into material strength, but spiritual strength cannot be separated from the support of material strength. To enhance material support and thus realize the organic unity of material and spirit, it is necessary to ensure combat equipment, bedding, food, and medical care, build good learning venues, training facilities, and re-education channels, provide good technical services in combat regulations, physiological medicine, etc., help design diversified and personalized capacity improvement plans and career development plans, and provide strong material and technical support for the development of people’s physical fitness, skills, and intelligence, and thus comprehensively improve people’s adaptability and combat effectiveness in the uncertain battlefield environment of the future.
             

Deepen the practice of the “skill” dimension in the combination of combat and skills

The combination of combat skills is an important principle of tactical application. The technology includes not only the technology at the practical operation level (such as shooting technology), but also the technology at the theoretical application level (such as information technology). It can be said that tactics, technology, art and procedures together constitute its “combat methodology”. Scientific and technological development and scientific technology are important characteristics of scientific and technological development. To deepen the combination of combat skills, it is necessary to correctly grasp the relationship between technology and tactics, art and procedures, and continuously deepen the practice of the “skill” dimension.

First, promote the tacticalization of advanced technology. Technology determines tactics, which is the basic view of dialectical materialism’s tactical theory. The evolution of the concept of multi-dimensional central warfare is also an example of technology driving the development and change of tactics. Engels once pointed out: “The entire organization and combat methods of the army and the related victory or defeat… depend on the quality and quantity of the population and on technology.” However, technology-driven tactics have a “lag effect”, especially in the absence of actual combat traction. This requires actively promoting the military transformation of advanced civilian technologies and the tactical application of advanced military technologies. On the one hand, we must actively introduce advanced civilian technologies, especially accelerate the introduction and absorption of cutting-edge technologies such as deep neural networks and quantum communication computing; on the other hand, we must strengthen tactical training of advanced technology equipment, closely combine technical training with tactical training, and promote the formation of new tactics and new combat capabilities with new equipment as soon as possible.

Second, promote the technicalization of command art. “Art” is a highly subjective concept. Some Chinese and foreign scholars believe that “the art of command is rooted in the commander’s ability to implement leadership to maximize performance”, while others believe that “the art of command is the way and method for commanders to implement flexible, clever and creative command”. Chinese and foreign scholars generally regard command as an art. The main reason is that although command has objective basis and support such as combat regulations, superior orders and technical support, the more critical factor lies in the commander’s subjective initiative and creativity, which is difficult to quantify by technical means. With the development of disciplines and technologies such as cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience, the cognitive structure and mechanism of command will become more explicit, the mysterious veil of “command art” will gradually fade, and the technicalization of command art will become an inevitable trend. This requires continuous strengthening of technical thinking, continuous deepening of the construction of artificial intelligence-assisted command decision-making means, continuous deepening of the application of human brain decision-making mechanisms, practical use of technology to deconstruct art, and continuous promotion of the technicalization of command art.

The third is to promote the regulation of combat technology. Many scholars place technology on a position that is almost as important as tactics. This insistence on the integrated development of tactical regulation and the regulation of specialized military technology and special combat technology is an important way to promote the systematic and standardized construction of combat regulations and further achieve the integration and unification of tactics and technology at the legal level.
              

Seeking the advantage of the “odd” dimension in combining the odd and the regular

The odd and the even are a basic contradictory structure of tactics, with inherent identity. Without the odd, there is no even, and without the even, there is no odd; either the odd or the even, ever-changing. The choice of the odd and the even is the category of decision-centered warfare, and the application of the odd and the even is the category of action-centered warfare. In the 1990s, the theories of asymmetric warfare, non-contact warfare, and non-linear warfare were proposed. If “symmetric warfare, contact warfare, and linear warfare” are even, then “asymmetric warfare, non-contact warfare, and non-linear warfare” can be called odd. From the perspective of natural science, “symmetry, contact, and linear” are general, and “asymmetry, non-contact, and non-linear” are detailed. It is an inevitable requirement to grasp the dimension of “odd” in the combination of odd, odd, and even, and to seek the advantages of the “three nons”.

First, seek “asymmetric” advantages. “Symmetry” and “asymmetry” originally refer to the morphological characteristics of things or space. Symmetrical warfare is a battle between two troops of the same type, and asymmetric warfare is a battle between two different types of troops. The theory of asymmetric warfare requires the scientific and reasonable organization of troops, combat forces and weapon systems of different military services, deployment in a wide area, and the concentration of superior forces to deal a fatal blow to the enemy at the best combat opportunity, and then quickly redeploy the forces. Due to the limited combat power, the troops have positive asymmetric advantages and negative asymmetric disadvantages. Seeking asymmetric advantages and avoiding asymmetric disadvantages is the common expectation of the warring parties, which will lead to such a situation that the warring parties cycle back and forth between symmetry and asymmetry. Therefore, to seek “asymmetric” advantages, it is necessary to seek asymmetry in combat power, combat capability, combat command and other aspects, adhere to and carry forward “avoid the strong and attack the weak, avoid the real and attack the virtual”, “you fight yours, I fight mine”, and effectively play advantages and avoid disadvantages in asymmetry. For example, when weapons and equipment are symmetrical, strive to gain an asymmetric advantage in personnel capabilities; when forces are symmetrical, strive to gain an asymmetric advantage in command art.

The second is to seek “non-contact” advantages. “Contact” and “non-contact” are a description of the distance between different things. Contact in the military field is usually defined by the projection distance of weapons. The concept of “non-contact combat” originated from World War II and was created during the Cold War. The connotation of contact combat and non-contact combat changes with the change of the striking distance of weapons and equipment. The warring parties always seek to attack each other at a farther distance or in a wider space without being threatened. Since the 1990s, the theory of “non-contact combat” has been used in many local wars. Non-contact combat is a combat action style that implements long-range precision strikes outside the defense zone while being far away from the opponent. Non-contact combat embodies the idea of winning by technology, flexible mobility, and center of gravity strikes. With the rapid development of military science and technology, the armies of major countries in the world will have the ability to perceive and strike globally, and the connotation of “non-contact” will be further compressed to space, cognitive domain and other space fields. To this end, on the one hand, we must base ourselves on the reality of “contact combat”, learn from each other’s strengths and overcome our weaknesses in contact, and continuously accumulate advantages; on the other hand, we must expand the space for “non-contact combat”, seize the initiative and seize the opportunity in non-contact, and continuously expand our advantages.

The third is to seek “nonlinear” advantages. “Linear” and “nonlinear” usually refer to people’s thinking or behavior patterns. The movement of all things in the universe is complex and mostly nonlinear, while human cognition always tends to be simple, abstract, and linear, and has invented concepts such as logic lines, time lines, and linear mathematics. In military science, the transition from linear operations to nonlinear operations reflects the development and progress of military technology theory. Since the second half of the 20th century, nonlinear operations have been on the historical stage. Some scholars have pointed out that in linear operations, each unit mainly acts in a coordinated manner along a clear front line of its own side. The key is to maintain the relative position between its own units to enhance the safety of the units; in nonlinear operations, each unit simultaneously carries out combat operations from multiple selected bases along multiple combat lines. The key is to create specific effects at multiple decision points against the target. Linear operations mainly reflect the action-centered warfare idea, while nonlinear operations mainly reflect the target-centered warfare idea. To this end, on the one hand, we must deepen the use of linear warfare and make full use of its practical value in facilitating command, coordination and support; on the other hand, we must boldly try non-linear warfare and maximize its potential advantages of extensive mobility and full-dimensional jointness. (Yin Tao, Deng Yunsheng, Sun Dongya)

現代國語:

2023-09-27 11:58:xx

來源:光明軍事
自1990年代以來,網路中心戰、人員中心戰、行動中心戰、決策中心戰等多維度的中心戰概念先後被提出。多維度中心戰概念的演變,反映了依靠軍事科技優勢尋求平台效能、資訊賦能、決策智能等優勢的總體目標,更反映了人與裝、謀與技、奇與正等方面的對立統一關係。以中心式結構化思維辯證地認識這些對立統一關係,更便於掌握其戰術的本質內涵及其方法論意義。
強化人裝結合中「人」維度融合
人員中心戰與平台中心戰概念很大程度上反映的是人與武器裝備的關係。有的專門制定人維度策略,強調在戰鬥力的人維度進行持續投入,對於應對不確定的未來是最可靠的保障。進入21世紀以來,隨著智慧化武器裝備的快速發展,無人作戰異軍突起,對人的地位作用的質疑聲音此起彼伏,強化人維度的融合、增強人維度的合力勢在必行。
一是增強精神凝聚力。馬克思主義認為,意識是客觀物質在人腦中的反映。戰術是戰鬥經驗的表現與概括,本身俱有精神或意識上的形態,研究戰術自然要把精神因素放在第一位。有學者認為,戰爭從根本上來說仍然是人類意志的較量。在資訊化時代,人的精神更加豐富複雜,增強人維度精神上的凝聚力,挑戰和難度更高。增強人的精神凝聚力,需要統籌培養集體精神與個體精神,在引領集體精神中最大限度滿足個體精神需求,在培塑集體精神價值中實現個體精神追求,用一切可用、有用的信息賦能人的精神;需要統籌培養批判精神與創新精神,堅持辯證唯物論的戰術知識論,堅決反對戰術認識上的唯心論和機械論,不斷在批判中繼承、在繼承中創新;需要統籌培養戰鬥精神與科學精神,既要弘揚視死如歸、敢打必勝的革命精神,又要發揚科學制勝、技術制勝的精神。


二是增強組織結構力。組織是軍隊的器官,人是組織的細胞。不同國家軍事組織的設置有其特性,也有其共通性。例如普遍設有國防部,區分軍種結構、層級結構與區域結構,區分平時編制與戰時編成。儘管建與戰在目的上是一致的,但是建的統一性與戰的彈性在要求上不盡相同。增強組織結構力進而促進戰建一致,需要暢通縱向指揮鏈路,合理界定指揮權與領導權、指揮權與控制權,做到政令相長,增強組織的縱向結構力;需要打通橫向協同管道,探索建立常態化的跨領域(組織、機構、部門)協同途徑,改變單純的任務式協同模式,增強組織的橫向結構力;需要健全平戰轉換機制,重點關注部隊領導權或指揮權變更中組織銜接、調整和健全等工作,保持組織結構網絡的穩定性、可靠性。
三是增強物質保障力。戰鬥中人的精神力量可以轉化為物質力量,但精神力量也離不開物質力量的支撐。增強物質保障力進而實現物質與精神的有機統一,需要像為決策保障情報、為槍砲保障彈藥、為車輛保障油料一樣,保障好戰鬥裝具、被裝、伙食、醫療,建設好學習場地、訓練設施和再教育渠道,提供好戰條令、生理醫學等方面技術服務,幫助設計多樣化個人化的能力提升計劃、職業發展規劃,為發展人的體能、技能和智能,進而全面提高人在未來不確定性戰場環境中的適應性和戰鬥力,提供堅強的物質和技術支撐。

深化戰技結合中「技」維度實踐
戰技結合是戰術運用的重要原則。其中的技術不僅包括實務操作層面的技術(如射擊技術),也包括理論應用層面的技術(如資訊科技)。可以認為,戰術、技術、藝術和程序共同構成了其「戰鬥方法論」。科學技術化和技術科學化是科學技術發展的重要特徵。深化戰技結合,需要正確掌握技術與戰術、藝術、程序的關係,不斷深化「技」維度實踐。


一是推動先進技術戰術化。技術決定戰術,是辯證唯物論戰術論的基本觀點。多維度中心戰概念的演變,也是技術推動戰術發展變革的例子。恩格斯曾指出:“軍隊的全部組織和作戰方式以及與之有關的勝負……,取決於居民的質與量和取決於技術。”然而,技術推動戰術具有“滯後效應”,尤其在缺少實戰牽引的情況下。這就需要主動推進先進民用技術的軍事轉化和先進軍事技術的戰術應用。一方面,要積極引進民用先進技術,尤其要加速推進深度神經網路、量子通訊運算等尖端技術的引進吸收;另一方面,要加強先進技術裝備戰術訓練,把練技術與練戰術緊密結合起來,推動新裝備盡快形成新戰術和新戰力。
二是推動指揮藝術技術化。 「藝術」是一個具有較強主體性的概念。中外學者有的認為“指揮藝術根植於指揮官實施領導以最大限度提高績效的能力”,有的認為“指揮藝術是指揮官實施靈活巧妙和富有創造性指揮的方式與方法”。中外學者普遍將指揮視為藝術,主要原因在於:指揮儘管有作戰條令、上級命令和技術保障等客觀方面的依據和支撐,但更關鍵的因素在於指揮員的主觀能動性和創造性,而這是比較難以用技術手段加以量化的。隨著認知心理學、認知神經科學等學科和技術的發展,指揮的認知結構和作用機制將更加顯性化,「指揮藝術」的神秘面紗將逐漸退去,指揮藝術技術化將會成為必然趨勢。這需要不斷強化技術思維,持續深化人工智慧輔助指揮決策手段建設,持續深化人類大腦決策機理運用,切實用技術解構藝術,不斷推動指揮藝術技術化。


三是推動戰鬥技術條令化。不少學者把技術置於與戰術近乎同等重要的地位。這種堅持戰術條令化與兵種專業技術和專門戰鬥技術條令化的融合發展,是推動戰鬥條令體系化規範化建設,進而實現戰術與技術在法規層面融合統一的重要途徑。

謀求奇正結合中「奇」維度優勢
奇與正是戰術的一種基本矛盾結構,具有內在同一性。無奇便無正,無正也無奇;或奇或正,千變萬化。奇與正的選擇是決策中心戰的範疇,奇與正的運用是行動中心戰的範疇。 1990年代,非對稱作戰、非接觸作戰、非線式作戰理論被提出。若稱「對稱作戰、接觸作戰、線式作戰」為正,則可稱「非對稱作戰、非接觸作戰、非線式作戰」為奇。從自然科學角度來看,「對稱、接觸、線式」是概述的,「非對稱、非接觸、非線式」是詳實的。把握好奇正結合中「奇」的維度,謀取「三非」優勢是必然要求。
一是謀取「非對稱」優勢。 「對稱」與「非對稱」本來是對事物或空間的形態特徵的指稱。對稱作戰是兩種相同類型部隊之間的交戰,非對稱作戰是兩種不同類型部隊之間的交戰。非對稱作戰理論要求對不同軍兵種部隊、作戰力量和武器系統進行科學合理編組,在寬廣的地域展開部署,在最佳的作戰時機集中優勢力量給敵人以致命的打擊,然後迅速重新部署力量。由於作戰力量的有限性,部隊有正面的非對稱優勢,就有負面的非對稱劣勢。謀取非對稱優勢、規避非對稱劣勢是交戰雙方的共同期望,進而造成這樣一種局面──交戰雙方在對稱與非對稱之間往復循環。因此,謀取“非對稱”優勢,要謀取作戰力量、作戰能力、作戰指揮等多方面上的非對稱,堅持和發揚“避強擊弱、避實擊虛”“你打你的,我打我的”,在非對稱中有效發揮優勢、規避劣勢。例如,在武器裝備對稱時爭取佔據人員能力上的非對稱優勢,在力量對稱時爭取佔據指揮藝術上的非對稱優勢。
二是謀取「非接觸」優勢。 「接觸」與「非接觸」是對不同事物之間距離狀態的一種描述。軍事領域的接觸通常是以武器的投射距離來界定的。 「非接觸作戰」的概念起源於二戰,產生於冷戰時期。接觸作戰與非接觸作戰的內涵是隨著武器裝備打擊距離的改變而改變的。交戰雙方也總是謀求在免受威脅的更遠距離或更廣空間攻擊對方。自1990年代以來,「非接觸作戰」理論在多場局部戰爭中被運用。非接觸作戰是在遠離對方的情況下實施防區外遠程精確打擊的作戰行動樣式。非接觸作戰體現了技術制勝、靈活機動、重心打擊的思想。隨著軍事科技的快速發展,世界主要國家軍隊將具備全球感知和全球打擊的能力,「非接觸」的內涵將進一步壓縮至太空、認知域等太空領域。為此,一方面要立足「接觸作戰」實際,在接觸中取長補短、固強補弱,不斷積蓄勝勢;另一方面要拓展「非接觸作戰」空間,在非接觸中搶抓先手、搶佔先機,不斷拓展優勢。
三是謀取「非線式」優勢。 「線式」與「非線式」通常是指人的思維或行為模式。宇宙萬物運動是複雜的,大抵是非線式的,而人類的認知總是傾向於簡單的、抽象的、線式的,並發明了邏輯線、時間線以及線性數學等概念。軍事學中,從線式作戰到非線式作戰,反映了軍事技術理論的發展進步。 20世紀下半葉起,非線作戰就登上歷史舞台。有學者指出,線式作戰中各部隊主要沿著明確的己方前沿協調一致行動,關鍵是保持己方部隊之間的相對位置,以增強部隊的安全性;非線式作戰中各部隊從選定的多個基地沿多條作戰線同時實施作戰行動,關鍵是針對目標在多個決定點製造特定效果。線式作戰體現的主要是行動中心戰思想,非線式作戰體現的主要是目標中心戰思想。為此,一方面要深化運用線式作戰,充分利用其便於指揮、協同和保障的實用價值;另一方面要大膽嘗試非線式作戰,最大限度地發揮其廣泛機動、全維聯合的潛在優勢。 (殷濤、鄧雲生、孫東亞)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81it.com/2023/0927/14581888.html

A Comprehensive Look at Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare

全面檢視中國軍事智能化戰爭

現代英語:

Source: China Military Network-People’s Liberation Army Daily Author: Gao Kai and Chen Liang Editor-in-charge: Zhao Leixiang

2025-01-23 06:50:x

“Order dispatch”: a new style of precision strike

■Gao Kai, Chen Liang

Lenin once said, “If you don’t understand the times, you can’t understand war.” In recent years, the widespread use of information and intelligent technology in the military field has promoted the deep integration of technology and tactics, and has given birth to “order-based” precision strikes based on intelligent network information systems. Commanders and command agencies can generate strike list requirements based on combat missions. The decision-making system can intelligently match strike platforms, autonomously plan action paths, and scientifically select strike methods based on personalized needs such as strike time, combat space, and damage indicators, thereby quickly and accurately releasing strike effectiveness.

The operational characteristics of “order-to-order” precision strikes

As the informationization and intelligence of weapons and ammunition continue to improve, the cost of modern warfare is also increasing. How to use limited strike resources to achieve the best cost-effectiveness and maximize combat effectiveness has become a central issue for commanders and command agencies in combat planning. “Order-based” precision strikes can provide a “feasible solution” for this.

Instant optimization and precise energy release. Modern warfare places more emphasis on structural strikes and destruction of the enemy’s combat system, and achieves combat objectives by quickly and accurately releasing combat effectiveness. This requires commanders and command agencies to seize the fleeting “window” of opportunity and strike high-value, nodal, and key targets in the enemy’s combat system before the enemy responds. The traditional “discovery-guidance-strike-assessment” combat loop is time-consuming and has poor combat effectiveness. Therefore, “order-dispatching” precision strikes need to rely on advanced intelligent network information systems, do not pre-determine the strike platform, and publish a list of strike targets in real time. The auxiliary decision-making system quickly evaluates the strike performance of various weapon platforms and the expected damage to the target, autonomously assigns strike platform tasks, quickly links and regulates multi-domain firepower strike forces, and autonomously closes the kill chain to quickly strike key targets.

Multi-domain energy gathering and coordinated strike. The advantage of modern combat precision strikes over previous firepower strikes lies in the information-based and intelligent combat system, which does not require human intervention and relies on a closed strike chain to autonomously complete tasks such as “detection, control, attack, and evaluation”. It can not only save the cost of strikes and reduce resource waste, but also achieve adaptive coordination based on unified combat standards. Therefore, the “order-to-order” precision strike requires the firepower strike forces distributed in various combat fields to establish a unified standard grid. As long as a demand is issued at one point, multiple points can respond and the overall linkage can be achieved. Forces and firepower can be flexibly concentrated, and multiple means and rapid multi-domain energy gathering can be used to determine the strike direction, strike order, and strike method of each strike platform on the move. Through system integration, time can be effectively saved, and multi-domain precision strikes can be carried out on key node targets and key parts of core targets of the enemy, giving full play to the overall power of the superposition and integration of the combat effectiveness of each combat unit.

The attack must break the enemy’s system and be quick and decisive. Modern warfare is a “hybrid war” implemented simultaneously in multiple fields. The interweaving influence and confrontation of new domains and new qualities such as information, aerospace, and intelligence are more obvious. This requires both sides of the war to be able to discover and act one step faster than the enemy, destroy and paralyze the enemy’s combat system, and reduce the efficiency of the enemy’s system. On the one hand, it is necessary to accurately identify the nodes of the enemy system and instantly optimize and accurately strike; on the other hand, it is necessary to conceal one’s own intentions and strike forces, and strike quickly when the enemy is unprepared. “Order dispatch” type precision strikes can well meet these two requirements. With the support of network information systems, intelligent integration of firepower strike forces in various fields can be achieved, and multi-source information perception, data cross-linking, and multi-domain coordinated strikes can be achieved. The seamless and high-speed operation of “target perception-decision-making command-firepower strike-damage assessment” is realized, and information and firepower are highly integrated to quickly achieve combat objectives.

The system composition of “order dispatch” type precision strike

The “order-based dispatch” precision strike builds an efficient closed strike chain, compresses action time, improves strike effectiveness, enables various firepower strike platforms to better integrate into the joint firepower strike system, and provides fast and accurate battlefield firepower support. The key lies in the “network” and the focus is on the “four” systems.

Multi-domain platform access network. With the support of information and intelligent technology, an integrated information network system with satellite communication as the backbone will be established, and the firepower strike platforms distributed in the multi-dimensional battlefield will be integrated into the combat network to establish a battlefield “cloud”. Different combat modules will be distinguished, and “subnet clouds” such as “detection, control, attack, and evaluation” will be established. Relying on the integrated communication network chain, the “subnet cloud” will be linked to the “cloud”, which can enhance the firepower strike platform’s full-domain, full-time, on-the-go access, autonomous networking, and spectrum planning capabilities, and realize the network interconnection of firepower platforms, domain-based combat systems, and joint combat systems, as well as the interconnection of internal strike forces.

Joint reconnaissance and perception system. Relying on various reconnaissance and surveillance forces within the joint combat system, conduct all-weather, multi-directional, and high-precision battlefield perception of the combat area. This requires the construction of a full-dimensional reconnaissance and perception force system that exists in physical and logical spaces, tangible and intangible spaces, and the deployment of intelligent perception equipment over a wide area to form an intelligence data “cloud”. Through the intelligence data “cloud”, the enemy situation is analyzed, the key points of the enemy combat system and time-sensitive targets are found, and the reconnaissance information is updated in real time to show the dynamics of the target.

Intelligent command and decision-making system. Relying on a new command and control system with certain intelligent control capabilities, various planning and analysis models are constructed to expand functions such as intelligent intelligence processing, intelligent task planning, automatic command generation, and precise action control. Databases such as the target feature library, decision-making knowledge base, and action plan library are expanded and improved to strengthen the system support capabilities for task planning, action decision-making, and control in the process of combat organization and implementation, improve planning and decision-making and combat action control capabilities, clarify “how to fight, where to fight, and who will fight”, and achieve accurate “order dispatching”.

Distributed firepower strike system. Relying on the intelligent network information system, on the one hand, it integrates land, sea, air, space and other multi-dimensional firepower strike platforms, strengthens the functions of intelligent target identification and remote control strike, and realizes various combat methods such as remote control combat of combat units, manned and unmanned coordinated combat, and flexible and mobile combat; on the other hand, it can build a low-cost firepower strike platform mainly composed of low-altitude and ultra-low-altitude unmanned strike platforms such as crossing aircraft and cruise missiles. By adding different functional combat payloads, it can work closely with high-end firepower strike platforms to implement battlefield guidance, precision strikes, firepower assessment and other tasks, and efficiently complete the “order”.

Autonomous damage assessment system. Relying on the reconnaissance and surveillance forces within the joint combat system to build a damage assessment system, after the firepower platform completes the strike, it will autonomously conduct strike effect verification on the target. It mainly conducts real-time, dynamic, objective, and systematic analysis and evaluation of the target’s appearance, degree of functional loss, etc., and promptly transmits relevant information to decision-making and command centers at all levels through video images. The evaluation center will judge “how well the strike was” and whether it meets the expected damage requirements. If it does not meet the requirements, the combat operations can be adjusted in a timely manner and supplementary strikes can be carried out to provide strong support for maximizing combat effectiveness.

Planning and implementation of “order-based” precision strikes

The “order dispatch” type of precision strike is just like the way online ride-hailing services operate. Through a series of processes such as formatted “order” generation, intelligent object matching, and autonomous path planning, it independently completes the “OODA” combat cycle. Its actions are more efficient, the strikes are more precise, and the coordination is closer.

Firepower requirements are reported in real time, and combat units “submit orders” on demand. Reconnaissance elements distributed in different combat areas and multi-dimensional battlefield spaces use radar, optical, infrared and technical reconnaissance methods to form battlefield target intelligence information through wide-area multi-source detection. This information is connected to the battlefield information network through intelligence links and is transmitted to combat units anytime and anywhere. The combat units will perform correlation processing, multi-party comparison and verification, and comprehensively compile battlefield target information to generate accurate task “orders”. The combat unit analyzes the target value and connects to the decision-making platform on demand, builds an “order”-style closed strike chain, and submits task “orders” in real time to achieve in-motion optimization and precise adaptation.

Differentiate fire strike tasks, and the decision center intelligently “dispatches orders”. Through the battlefield information network and relying on the intelligent task planning system, the decision center can automatically parse the task “order” information data submitted by the combat unit, and automatically generate the task requirements such as the type and quantity of ammunition, strike method and damage index required for the fire strike action according to the nature, coordinate position, movement status, threat level, etc. of the battlefield target, and form a fire support task “order”. Through intelligent matching of the best firepower platform, link nodes are connected as needed, and intelligent command-based “dispatching” is carried out, which is immediately delivered to the firepower platform waiting for combat.

The firepower platform can “accept orders” immediately by matching the best targets at all times. The firepower platforms distributed at multiple points in the battlefield area can respond to “accept orders” immediately through the battlefield information network. The firepower platform and the combat unit can establish a chain autonomously, and directly establish a guided strike chain after mutual “identity” verification, coordinate and cooperate with the firepower strike operation, and adjust the strike method and shooting parameters in time according to the damage to the target after the strike and the dynamics of the battlefield target, and then carry out firepower strikes again until the “dispatching” task is completed. The firepower platform always follows the principle of “strike-transfer-strike-transfer”, completes the strike task, quickly moves the position, stays in a combat state at all times, and receives “orders” online in real time. After the task is completed, the guided strike chain between the firepower platform and the combat unit will be automatically cancelled.

Acquire damage information from multiple sources, and the assessment center will “evaluate” in real time. Comprehensively use long-distance information-based intelligent reconnaissance methods such as satellite reconnaissance, radar reconnaissance, and drone reconnaissance to implement multi-domain three-dimensional reconnaissance, obtain the target’s fire damage information in real time, and provide accurate assessments for precision fire strikes. Comprehensively determine the damage effect, conduct quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the strike effect, distinguish the three damage states of the target’s physical, functional, and system, and provide timely feedback to the decision-making center. According to the damage assessment results of the strike target, timely put forward control suggestions, adjust the fire strike plan, optimize combat operations, and achieve precise control of fire strikes, so that commanders can accurately control the combat process and achieve efficient command and control of the effectiveness of fire strikes.

現代國語:

「訂單派單」:精確打擊新樣式

■高 凱 陳 良

引言

列寧說過,「不理解時代,就不能理解戰爭」。近年來,資訊化智慧化技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用,促進了技術與戰術深度融合,依托智能化網絡資訊體系,催生出「訂單派單」式精確打擊。指揮員及指揮機關可依據作戰任務格式化產生打擊清單需求,決策系統依據打擊時間、作戰空間、毀傷指標等個性化需求智慧匹配打擊平台、自主規劃行動路徑、科學選擇打擊方式,進而快速精準釋放打擊效能。

「訂單派單」式精確打擊的作戰特點

隨著武器彈藥資訊化智慧化程度不斷提升,現代作戰成本也不斷提高。如何運用有限打擊資源打出最高效費比,實現作戰效能最大化,已成為指揮員及指揮機關作戰籌劃的中心問題,「訂單派單」式精確打擊可為此提供「可行解」。

即時聚優精確釋能。現代作戰更強調對敵作戰體系進行結構性打擊破壞,透過快速且精準地釋放作戰效能實現作戰目的。這就要求指揮員及指揮機關能夠抓住稍縱即逝時機的“窗口”,在敵未做出反應之時對其作戰體系內高價值、節點性、關鍵性目標實施打擊。傳統的「發現—引導—打擊—評估」的作戰環路耗時長,作戰效果不佳。因此,「訂單派單」式精確打擊,需要依托先進的智能化網絡信息體系,不預先確定打擊平台,實時發布打擊目標清單,由輔助決策系統對各種武器平台的打擊性能與目標打擊毀傷預期等進行快速評估,自主分配打擊平台任務,快速鏈接調節多領域火力打擊力量,自主閉合殺傷鏈,對關鍵目標實施快速打擊。

多域聚能協同打擊。現代作戰精確打擊較以往火力打擊的優勢在於資訊化智能化的作戰體系,無需人工介入,依托閉合打擊鏈自主完成「偵、控、打、評」等任務,不僅能夠節省打擊成本,減少資源浪費,還能夠實現基於統一作戰標準的自適應協同。因此,「訂單派單」式精確打擊,需要分佈在各作戰領域的火力打擊力量能夠建立統一標準網格,只要一點發出需求,就能夠多點響應、全局聯動,靈活集中兵力、火力,多手段、快速多域聚能,動中確定各打擊平台打擊方向、打擊次序以及打擊方式。透過體系整合有效節約時間,對敵關鍵節點目標以及核心目標的關鍵部位實施多域精確打擊,充分發揮各作戰單元作戰效能疊加融合的整體威力。

擊要破體速戰速決。現代作戰是在多領域同步實施的“混合戰爭”,資訊、空天、智慧等新域新質力量交織影響、對抗更加明顯。這就需要作戰雙方能夠快敵一秒發現、快敵一步行動,毀癱敵作戰體系、降低敵體系運作效率。一方面,要透過找準敵體系節點,即時聚優精準打擊;另一方面,要隱蔽己方企圖及打擊力量,乘敵不備快速打擊。 「訂單派單」式精確打擊能夠很好地契合這兩點需求,在網絡資訊系統的支撐下,智慧融合各領域火力打擊力量,實現資訊多源感知、數據相互交鏈、多域協同打擊,實現「目標感知—決策指揮—火力打擊—毀傷評估」無縫高速運轉,資訊火力高度融合,快速達成作戰目的。

「訂單派單」式精確打擊的體系構成

「訂單派單」式精確打擊通過構建高效閉合打擊鏈,壓縮行動時間,提高打擊效果,使各火力打擊平台能夠更好地融入聯合火力打擊體系,並提供快速精準的戰場火力支援,其關鍵在“網”,重點在“四個”系統。

多領域平台接取網。在資訊化智慧化技術支撐下,建立以衛星通訊為骨幹的一體化資訊網系,將分佈在多維域戰場的火力打擊平台融入作戰網絡建立戰場“雲”,區分不同作戰模塊,建立“偵、控、打、評”等“子網雲”,並依託一體化的通訊網鏈將“子網雲”鏈入“雲”,能夠提升火力打擊平台全局全時、動中接入、自主組網、頻譜規劃的能力,實現火力平台、分域作戰體係與聯合作戰體系的網絡互聯,以及內部打擊力量的互聯互通。

聯合偵察感知系統。依托聯合作戰體系內的各種偵察監視力量對作戰地域進行全天候、多方位、高精度戰場感知。這就要建立物理空間和邏輯空間、有形空間和無形空間泛在存在的全維域偵察感知力量系統,廣域佈設智能感知設備,形成情報數據“雲”,通過情報數據“雲”分析敵情態勢,找出敵作戰體系關鍵點以及時敏性目標,實時更新偵察信息,展現目標動態。

智慧指揮決策系統。依托具備一定智能控制能力的新型指控系統,構建各類籌劃分析模型,擴展情報智能處理、任務智能規劃、指令自動生成、行動精確控制等功能,擴充完善目標特徵庫、決策知識庫、行動預案庫等數據庫,強化戰鬥組織與實施過程中的任務規劃、行動決策和控制的系統支撐能力,提升行動籌劃決策和明確行動能力,誰來打」

分佈火力打擊系統。依托智能網絡資訊系統,一方面,融入陸、海、空、天等多維域火力打擊平台,強化目標智能識別、遠程遙控打擊等功能,實現作戰單元遠程遙控作戰、有人無人協同作戰、靈活機動作戰等多種作戰方式;另一方面,可構建以穿越機、巡導彈等低空超低空無人打擊平台為主的低成本火力打擊平台,通過加掛不同功能作戰載荷,與高端火力打擊平台密切協同來實施戰場引導、精確打擊、火力評估等任務,高效完成“訂單”。

自主毀傷評估系統。依托聯合作戰體系內的偵察監視力量建構毀傷評估系統,在火力平台打擊完畢後,自主對目標實施打擊效果核查。主要就目標的外觀狀態、功能喪失程度等進行實時、動態、客觀、系統的分析和評估,並及時通過視頻圖像的方式將相關信息返回至各級決策指揮中心,由評估中心判斷“打得怎麼樣”,是否達到預期毀傷要求。如不符合,可適時調控作戰行動,進行補充打擊,為最大限度釋放作戰效能提供強力支撐。

「訂單派單」式精確打擊的規劃實施

「訂單派單」式精確打擊就如同網約車的運作方式一樣,透過格式化「訂單」生成、智能化對象匹配、自主化路徑規劃等一系列流程,自主完成「OODA」作戰循環,其行動更為高效、打擊更為精準、協同更為密切。

實時提報火力需求,作戰單元按需「提單」。分佈在不同作戰地域、多維戰場空間的偵察要素,通過雷達、光學、紅外和技術偵察等方式,廣域多源偵獲形成戰場目標情報資訊。這些資訊依托情報鏈路接入戰場資訊網,隨時隨地被傳至作戰單元,由作戰單元進行關聯處理、多方對比印證,綜合整編戰場目標訊息,產生精確的任務「訂單」。作戰單元分析目標價值按需連通決策平台,建立“訂單”式閉合打擊鏈,實時提報任務“訂單”,實現動中集優、精準適配。

區分火力打擊任務,決策中心智能「派單」。決策中心通過戰場資訊網,依托智能任務規劃系統,能夠自動解析作戰單元提報的任務“訂單”信息數據,根據戰場目標性質、坐標方位、移動狀態、威脅程度等,自動生成火力打擊行動所需彈種彈量、打擊方式和毀傷指標等任務要求,形成火力支援任務“訂單”,通過智能匹配最佳火力平台,連通式鏈路節點,按需送飛機服務“訂單”。

全時匹配最優目標,火力平台快速即時「接單」。多點分佈在戰場區域內的火力平台,通過戰場信息網迅即響應“接單”,火力平台與作戰單元之間自主建鏈,相互核驗“身份”後直接建立引導打擊鏈,協同配合火力打擊行動,並根據打擊後目標毀傷情況以及戰場目標動態,及時調整打擊方式、射擊參數等,而後再次實施火力打擊,直至完成“派單”任務。火力平台始終遵循「打擊—轉移—打擊—轉移」的原則,完成打擊任務,迅即轉移陣地,全時保持待戰狀態,實時在線接收「訂單」。任務結束後,火力平台與作戰單元之間的引導打擊鏈會自動取消。

多源獲取毀傷訊息,評估中心即時「評單」。綜合運用衛星偵察、雷達偵察、無人機偵察等遠距離資訊化智能化偵察手段,實施多域立體偵察,實時獲取目標的火力毀傷訊息,為開展精確火力打擊提供準確評估。綜合判定毀傷效果,對打擊效果進行定量和定性評估,區分目標物理、功能和系統三種毀傷狀態,及時回饋至決策中心。根據打擊目標的毀傷評估結果,適時提出調控建議,調整火力打擊計畫,優化作戰行動,實現對火力打擊的精確控制,便於指揮員精準把控作戰進程,達成對火力打擊效能的高效指揮控制。

資料來源:中國軍網-解放軍報 作者:高凱 陳亮 責任編輯:趙雷翔
2025-01-23 06:50:xx

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16365873888.html

Comprehensive Look at Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare: AI War brought about by AGI

縱覽中國軍事智慧化戰爭:AGI帶來的人工智慧戰爭

現代英語:

Technology and war are always intertwined. While technological innovation is constantly changing the face of war, it has not changed the violent nature and coercive purpose of war. In recent years, with the rapid development and application of artificial intelligence technology, people have never stopped debating the impact of artificial intelligence on war. Compared with artificial intelligence (AI), general artificial intelligence (AGI) has a higher level of intelligence and is considered to be a form of intelligence equivalent to human intelligence. How will the emergence of AGI affect war? Will it change the violence and coercive nature of war? This article will discuss this issue with you with a series of thoughts.

  Is AGI just an enabling technology?

  Many people believe that although large models and generative artificial intelligence show the strong military application potential of AGI in the future, they are only an enabling technology after all, that is, they can only enable and optimize weapons and equipment, make existing equipment more intelligent, and improve combat efficiency, and it is difficult to bring about a real military revolution. Just like “cyber warfare weapons” were also highly expected by many countries when they first appeared, but now it seems a bit exaggerated.

  The disruptive nature of AGI is actually completely different. It brings huge changes to the battlefield with a reaction speed and knowledge breadth far exceeding that of humans. More importantly, it has brought about huge disruptive results by promoting the rapid advancement of science and technology. On the battlefield of the future, autonomous weapons will be endowed with advanced intelligence by AGI, their performance will be generally enhanced, and they will become “strong at attack and difficult to defend” with their speed and cluster advantages. By then, the highly intelligent autonomous weapons that some scientists have predicted will become a reality, and AGI will play a key role in this. At present, the military application areas of artificial intelligence include autonomous weapons, intelligence analysis, intelligent decision-making, intelligent training, intelligent support, etc. These applications are difficult to simply summarize as “empowerment”. Moreover, AGI has a fast development speed and a short iteration cycle, and is in a state of continuous evolution. In future operations, AGI needs to be a priority, and special attention should be paid to the possible changes it brings.

  Will AGI make war disappear?

  Historian Geoffrey Blainey believes that “wars always occur because of misjudgments of each other’s strength or will”, and with the application of AGI in the military field, misjudgments will become less and less. Therefore, some scholars speculate that wars will decrease or disappear. In fact, relying on AGI can indeed reduce a large number of misjudgments, but even so, it is impossible to eliminate all uncertainties, because one of the characteristics of war is uncertainty. Moreover, not all wars are caused by misjudgments. Moreover, the inherent unpredictability and inexplicability of AGI, as well as people’s lack of experience in using AGI, will bring new uncertainties, making people fall into a thicker “fog of artificial intelligence”.

  There are also rational problems with AGI algorithms. Some scholars believe that AGI’s mining and accurate prediction of important intelligence will have a dual impact. In actual operation, AGI does make fewer mistakes than humans, which can improve the accuracy of intelligence and help reduce misjudgments; but sometimes it may also make humans blindly confident and stimulate them to take risks. The offensive advantage brought by AGI leads to the best defense strategy being “preemptive strike”, which breaks the balance between offense and defense, triggers a new security dilemma, and increases the risk of war.

  AGI has the characteristics of strong versatility and can be easily combined with weapons and equipment. Unlike nuclear, biological and chemical technologies, it has a low threshold for use and is particularly easy to spread. Due to the technological gap between countries, people are likely to use immature AGI weapons on the battlefield, which brings huge risks. For example, the application of drones in the latest local war practices has stimulated many small and medium-sized countries to start purchasing drones in large quantities. The low-cost equipment and technology brought by AGI are very likely to stimulate the occurrence of a new arms race.

  Will AGI be the ultimate deterrent?

  Deterrence is the ability to maintain a certain capability to intimidate an adversary from taking actions that go beyond its own interests. When deterrence is too strong to be used, it is the ultimate deterrence, such as the nuclear deterrence of mutually assured destruction. But what ultimately determines the outcome is “human nature,” which is the key that will never be missing in war.

  Without the various trade-offs of “humanity”, will AGI become a formidable deterrent? AGI is fast but lacks empathy, is resolute in execution, and has an extremely compressed gaming space. AGI is a key factor on future battlefields, but it is difficult to accurately evaluate due to lack of practical experience, and it is easy to overestimate the opponent’s capabilities. In addition, in terms of autonomous weapon control, whether humans are in the loop and supervise the entire process, or are humans outside the loop and completely let go, this undoubtedly requires deep thought. Can the firing control of intelligent weapons be handed over to AGI? If not, the deterrent effect will be greatly reduced; if so, can the life and death of humans really be decided by machines that have nothing to do with them? In research at Cornell University, large war game simulation models often “suddenly use nuclear attacks” to escalate wars, even if they are in a neutral state.

  Perhaps one day in the future, AGI will surpass humans in capabilities. Will we be unable to supervise and control it? Geoffrey Hinton, who proposed the concept of deep learning, said that he has never seen a case where something with a higher level of intelligence was controlled by something with a lower level of intelligence. Some research teams believe that humans may not be able to supervise super artificial intelligence. In the face of powerful AGI in the future, can we really control them? This is a question worth pondering.

  Will AGI change the nature of war?

  With the widespread use of AGI, will battlefields filled with violence and blood disappear? Some people say that AI warfare is far beyond the capabilities of humans and will push humans out of the battlefield. When AI turns war into a war fought entirely by autonomous robots, is it still a “violent and bloody war”? When opponents of unequal capabilities confront each other, the weak may not have the opportunity to act at all. Can wars be ended before the war through war games? Will AGI change the nature of war? Is an “unmanned” “war” still a war?

  Yuval Noah Harari, author of Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, said that all human behavior is mediated by language and affects our history. The Big Language Model is a typical AGI. The biggest difference between it and other inventions is that it can create new ideas and culture. “Artificial intelligence that can tell stories will change the course of human history.” When AGI touches the control of language, the entire civilization system built by humans may be subverted, and it does not even need to generate consciousness in this process. Like Plato’s “Allegory of the Cave”, will humans worship AGI as a new “god”?

  AGI establishes a close relationship with humans through human language and changes human perceptions, making it difficult for humans to distinguish and discern, thus posing the danger of the will to war being controlled by people with ulterior motives. Harari said that computers do not need to send out killer robots. If necessary, they will let humans pull the trigger themselves. AGI accurately creates and polishes situation information and controls battlefield cognition through deep fakes. It can use drones to fake battlefield situations and build public opinion before the war. This has been seen in recent local wars. The cost of war will be greatly reduced, leading to the emergence of a new form of war. Will small and weak countries still have a chance? Can the will to war be changed without bloodshed? Is “force” no longer a necessary condition for defining war?

  The form of war may be changed, but the essence remains. Whether war is “bloody” or not, it will still force the enemy to obey its will and bring a lot of “collateral damage”, but the way of confrontation may be completely different. The essence of war lies in the “human nature” deep in the heart, and “human nature” is determined by culture, history, behavior and values, etc. It is difficult to completely replicate it with some artificial intelligence technology, so we cannot outsource all ethical, political and decision-making issues to artificial intelligence, and we cannot expect artificial intelligence to automatically generate “human nature”. Artificial intelligence technology may be abused due to passionate impulses, so it must be under human control. Since artificial intelligence is trained by humans, it will not always be free of bias, so they cannot be completely separated from human supervision. In the future, artificial intelligence can become a creative tool or partner to enhance “tactical imagination”, but it must be “aligned” with human values. These issues need to be constantly thought about and understood in practice.

  Will AGI revolutionize the theory of war?

  Most subject knowledge is expressed in natural language. The large language model, which is a collection of human writings, can connect language writings that are difficult to be compatible with scientific research. For example, some people input classical masterpieces and even philosophy, history, politics, economics, etc. into the large language model for analysis and reconstruction. It is found that it can not only conduct a comprehensive analysis of all scholars’ views, but also put forward its “own views” without losing originality. Therefore, some people say that it is also possible to re-analyze and interpret war theories through AGI, stimulate human innovation, and drive major evolution and reconstruction of war theories and systems? Perhaps there will be certain improvements and developments in theory, but war science is not only theoretical, but also practical, but practicality and reality are what AGI cannot do at all. Can the classic war theory really be reinterpreted? If so, what is the meaning of the theory?

  In short, AGI’s subversion of the concept of war will far exceed “mechanization” and “informatization”. People should boldly embrace the arrival of AGI, but also be cautious. Understand the concept so as not to be ignorant; conduct in-depth research so as not to fall behind; strengthen supervision so as not to be negligent. How to learn to cooperate with AGI and guard against AGI technology raids by opponents is what we need to pay attention to first in the future. (Rong Ming and Hu Xiaofeng)

 Afterword

  Looking to the future with an open mind

  Futurist Roy Amara has a famous assertion that people tend to overestimate the short-term benefits of a technology but underestimate its long-term impact, which is later called “Amara’s Law”. This law emphasizes the nonlinear characteristics of technological development, that is, the actual impact of technology often takes a longer time scale to fully manifest, reflecting the pulse and trend of technological development and embodying human acceptance and longing for technology.

  At present, in the process of the development of artificial intelligence from weak artificial intelligence to strong artificial intelligence, and from special artificial intelligence to general artificial intelligence, every time people think that they have completed 90% of the journey, looking back, they may have only completed less than 10% of the journey. The driving role of the scientific and technological revolution in the military revolution is becoming more and more prominent, especially the multi-faceted penetration of high-tech represented by artificial intelligence technology into the military field, which has led to profound changes in the mechanism, elements and methods of winning wars.

  In the foreseeable future, intelligent technologies such as AGI will not stop iterating, and the cross-evolution of intelligent technologies and their enabling applications in the military field will become more diversified, perhaps going beyond the boundaries of human cognition of existing war forms. The development of science and technology is unstoppable and unstoppable. Whoever can see the trend and future of science and technology, the potential and power of science and technology with a keen eye and a clear mind, and see through the “fog of war”, will be more likely to seize the initiative to win.

  This reminds us that we should have a broader perspective and thinking when exploring the development of future war forms, so that we can get closer to the underestimated reality. Where is AGI going? Where is intelligent warfare going? This is a test of human wisdom.

[Editor: Wang Jinzhi]

現代國語:

AGI帶來的戰爭思考

編者按

科技與戰爭總是交織在一起,科技創新在不斷改變戰爭面貌的同時,並沒有改變戰爭的暴力性質和強迫性目的。近年來,隨著人工智慧技術的快速發展應用,人們關於人工智慧對戰爭影響的爭論從未停止。與人工智慧(AI)相比,通用人工智慧(AGI)的智慧程度更高,被認為是與人類智慧相當的智慧形式。 AGI的出現將如何影響戰爭,會不會改變戰爭的暴力性和強迫性?本文將帶著一系列思考與大家共同探討這個問題。

AGI只是賦能技術嗎

很多人認為,雖然大模型以及生成式人工智慧展現出未來AGI強大的軍事應用潛力,但它們畢竟只是一種賦能技術,即只能對武器裝備賦能優化,使現有裝備更加智能,提高作戰效率,難以帶來真正的軍事革命。就如同「網路戰武器」在剛出現時也曾被許多國家寄予厚望,但現在看來確實有點誇大。

AGI的顛覆性其實完全不同。它以遠超人類的反應速度和知識廣度為戰場帶來巨大改變。更重要的是,它透過促進科技的快速進步,湧現出巨大的顛覆性結果。未來戰場上,自主武器將被AGI賦予高級智能,性能得到普遍增強,並且憑藉其速度和集群優勢變得「攻強守難」。屆時,一些科學家曾預言的高智慧自主武器將成為現實,而AGI在其中扮演了關鍵性角色。目前,人工智慧的軍事化應用領域包括自主武器、情報分析、智慧決策、智慧訓練、智慧保障等,這些應用很難用「賦能」來簡單概括。而且,AGI發展速度快、迭代周期短,處於不斷進化的狀態。未來作戰,需要將AGI作為優先事項,格外注意其帶來的可能改變。

AGI會讓戰爭消失嗎

歷史學家杰弗裡·布萊尼認為“戰爭總是因為對各自力量或意願錯誤的判斷而發生”,而隨著AGI在軍事領域的應用,誤判將變得越來越少。因此,有學者推測,戰爭將隨之減少或消失。其實,依托AGI確實可以減少大量誤判,但即便如此,也不可能消除所有不確定性,因為戰爭的特徵之一就是不確定性。何況並非所有戰爭都因誤判而產生,而且,AGI固有的不可預測性、不可解釋性,以及人們對AGI使用經驗的缺乏,都會帶來新的不確定性,使人們陷入更加濃重的「人工智慧迷霧」之中。

AGI演算法還存在理性難題。有學者認為,AGI對重大情報的挖掘和精確預測,會帶來雙重影響。 AGI在實際操作層面,確實比人類犯錯少,能夠提高情報準確性,有利於減少誤判;但有時也可能會使人類盲目自信,刺激其鋌而走險。 AGI帶來的進攻優勢,導致最佳防禦戰略就是“先發制人”,打破了進攻與防禦的平衡,引發了新型安全困境,反而增加了戰爭爆發的風險。

AGI具有通用性強的特點,容易與武器裝備結合。與核子、生化等技術不同,它使用門檻低,特別容易擴散。由於各國之間存在技術差距,導致人們很可能將不成熟的AGI武器運用於戰場,帶來巨大風險。例如,無人機在最新局部戰爭實務的應用,就刺激許多中小國家開始大量採購無人機。 AGI帶來的低成本裝備和技術,極有可能刺激新型軍備競賽的發生。

AGI會是終極威懾嗎

威懾是維持某種能力以恐嚇對手使其不採取超越自身利益的行動。當威懾強大到無法使用時就是終極威懾,例如確保相互摧毀的核威懾。但最終決定結果的卻是“人性”,這是戰爭永遠不會缺少的關鍵。

如果沒有了「人性」的各種權衡,AGI是否會成為令人生畏的威懾? AGI速度很快但缺乏同理心,執行堅決,博弈空間被極度壓縮。 AGI是未來戰場的關鍵性因素,但因缺乏實務經驗很難進行準確評估,很容易高估對手能力。此外,在自主武器控制方面,是人在環內、全程監督,還是人在環外、完全放手,這無疑需要深思。智慧化武器的開火控制權能交給AGI嗎?如果不能,威懾效果將大打折扣;如果能,人類的生死就真的可以交由與其無關的機器來決定?在康乃爾大學的研究中,兵棋推演大模型經常「突然使用核攻擊」升級戰爭,即使處於中立狀態。

或許未來某一天,AGI會在能力上超過人類,我們是不是就無法對其進行監管控制了?提出深度學習概念的傑弗裡·辛頓說,從沒見過更高智能水平的東西被更低智能水平的東西控制的案例。有研究團隊認為,人類可能無法監督超級人工智慧。未來面對強大的AGI,我們真的能夠控制住它們嗎?這是一個值得人們深思的問題。

AGI會改變戰爭本質嗎

隨著AGI的大量運用,充滿暴力和血腥的戰場會不會消失?有人說,人工智慧戰爭遠超過人類能力範圍,反而會將人類推到戰場之外。當人工智慧將戰爭變成全部由自主機器人對抗時,那它還是「暴力和血腥的戰爭」嗎?當能力不對等的對手對抗時,弱者可能根本沒有行動的機會,戰爭是不是透過兵棋推演就可以在戰前被結束? AGI會因此改變戰爭的本質嗎? 「無人」的「戰爭」還是戰爭嗎?

《人類簡史》作者尤瓦爾·赫拉利說,人類的一切行為都透過語言作為中介並影響我們的歷史。大語言模型是一種典型的AGI,它與其他發明最大的不同在於可以創造全新的想法和文化,「會說故事的人工智慧將改變人類歷史的進程」。當AGI觸及對語言的掌控時,人類所建構的整個文明體係就可能被顛覆,在這個過程中甚至不需要其產生意識。如同柏拉圖的“洞穴寓言”,人類會不會將AGI當成新的“神明”加以膜拜?

AGI透過人類語言和人類建立親密關係,並改變人類的看法,使人類難以區分和辨別,從而存在戰爭意志被別有用心之人控制的危險。赫拉利說,電腦不需要派出殺手機器人,如果真的需要,它會讓人類自己扣下板機。 AGI精準製造和打磨態勢訊息,透過深度偽造控制戰場認知,既可用無人機對戰場態勢進行偽造,也可以在戰前進行輿論造勢,在近幾場局部戰爭中已初見端倪。戰爭成本會因此大幅下降,導致新的戰爭形態產生,小國弱國還會有機會嗎?戰爭意志是否可以不用流血就可改變,「武力」是否不再是戰爭定義的必要條件?

戰爭形態或被改變,但本質仍在。無論戰爭是否“血腥”,其仍會強迫敵人服從自己的意志並帶有大量“附帶損傷”,只不過對抗方式可能會完全不同。戰爭本質在於內心深處的“人性”,而“人性”是由文化、歷史、行為和價值觀等決定的,是很難用某種人工智能技術完全復刻出來的,所以不能將倫理、政治和決策問題全部外包給人工智能,更不能期望人工智能會自動產生“人性”。人工智慧技術可能會因激情衝動而被濫用,所以必須在人類掌控之中。既然人工智慧是人類訓練的,它就不會永遠都沒有偏見,所以它們就無法完全脫離人類的監督。在未來,人工智慧可以成為有創意的工具或夥伴,增強“戰術想像力”,但必須“對齊”人類的價值觀。這些問題需要在實踐中不斷地去思考和理解。

AGI會顛覆戰爭理論嗎

大多數的學科知識是用自然語言表達的。集人類著述之大成的大語言模型,可以將很難相容的語言著述與科學研究連結起來。例如,有人將古典名著甚至哲學、歷史、政治、經濟學等輸入大語言模型,進行分析重構。發現它既可以對所有學者觀點進行全面分析,也可以提出它“自己的見解”,而且不失創見。因此有人說,是否也可以透過AGI對戰爭理論重新加以分析解釋,激發人類創新,以驅使戰爭理論及體系發生重大演化與重構?也許從理論上確實會有一定的改進和發展,但戰爭科學不僅具有理論性,而且還具有實踐性,但實踐性、現實性卻是AGI根本做不到的。經典戰爭理論真的可以重新詮釋嗎?若是,則理論的意義何在?

總之,AGI對戰爭概念的顛覆將遠超越「機械化」與「資訊化」。對於AGI的到來,人們既要大膽擁抱,也要心存謹慎。理解概念,不至於無知;深入研究,不致於落伍;強化監管,不致於失察。如何學習與AGI合作,防範對手AGI技術突襲,是我們未來首先需要關注的事情。 (榮明 胡曉峰)

編 後

以開闊思維前瞻未來

未來學家羅伊·阿瑪拉有一個著名論斷,人們總是傾向於高估一項技術帶來的短期效益,卻又低估了它的長期影響,後被稱作“阿瑪拉定律”。這個定律,強調了科技發展的非線性特徵,即科技的實際影響往往需要在更長的時間尺度上才能完全顯現,反映了科技發展的脈動與趨勢,體現人類對科技的接納與憧憬。

目前,人工智慧由弱人工智慧到強人工智慧、由專用人工智慧到通用人工智慧的發展過程中,每次人們認為已走完全程的90%時,回首一看,可能才剛到全程的10%。科技革命對軍事革命驅動作用愈發凸顯,尤其是以人工智慧技術為代表的高新技術多方位向軍事領域滲透,使得戰爭制勝機理、制勝要素、制勝方式正在發生深刻演變。

在可以預見的未來,AGI等智慧化技術不會停止迭代的步伐,而智慧化技術交叉演化以及在軍事領域的賦能應用等都將趨於多元化,或許會跳脫出人類對現有戰爭形態認知的邊界。科技的發展已勢不可擋、也無人能擋,誰能以敏銳的眼光、清醒的頭腦,看清科技的趨勢和未來、看到科技的潛質和威力,洞穿“戰爭迷霧”,誰就更有可能搶佔制勝先機。

這提醒著人們,對於未來戰爭形態發展的探索應持更開闊的視野和思維,才可能更接近被低估的現實。 AGI向何處去?智能化戰爭往何處去?這考驗著人類的智慧。 (野鈔洋)

【責任編輯:王金志】

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.news.cn/milpro/20250121/1eb771b26d264926b0c2d23d12084f0f888/c.html