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Future Proofing China’s National Defense & Military An Important Aspect of Chinese-style Modernization

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面向未來的中國國防和軍隊是中國式現代化的重要面向

現代英語：

Soldiers are a major event for the country. In the great journey of “building a powerful country and rejuvenating the nation, and against the background of the accelerated evolution of major changes unseen in the world in a century, building and consolidating national defense and a strong people’s army are directly related to the future and destiny of the country and the nation”. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China pointed out that “national defense and military modernization are important components of Chinese-style modernization”, which fully reflects the great importance that the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core attaches to national defense and military construction, and provides guidance for national defense and military modernization on the new journey. Modernization points out the direction.

　　The modernization of the national defense and military is the security guarantee and strategic support for Chinese-style modernization

　　”If you fall behind, you will be beaten. Only when the army is strong can the country be safe”. Without a strong army, there can be no strong state. After the Opium War in 1840, modern China was repeatedly defeated in its battles with Western powers. The vast country gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, with the country humiliated, the people in trouble, and civilization in dust. History has inspired us that the Chinese nation’s emergence from suffering and the liberation of the Chinese people depend on a heroic people’s army; to comprehensively promote the great cause of building a powerful country and national rejuvenation with Chinese-style modernization, we must place national defense and military modernization as a barrier to national security, plan and deploy in strategic positions based on career development, and accelerate the construction and consolidation of national defense and a strong people’s army.

　　The modernization of the national defense and military is closely linked and internally unified with Chinese-style modernization. Without the modernization of national defense and the military, there would be no Chinese-style modernization. Comrade Mao Zedong once profoundly pointed out “the original requirements for building socialism were industrial modernization, agricultural modernization, scientific and cultural modernization, and now we must add national defense modernization”; Comrade Deng Xiaoping also emphasized “four modernizations, one of which is national defense modernization”, these all reflect the great importance our party attaches to national defense and military construction.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi has always adhered to the integrated operation of strengthening the country and the military, put national defense and military modernization in the chess game of Chinese-style modernization, and opened up the road to strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics, forming a new strategy for national defense and military modernization by 2027, 2035, and the middle of this century, a new “three-step” strategy for national defense and military modernization that connects near, medium and long-term goals Created a new situation in the cause of strengthening the military. Guided by the party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era, we will comprehensively implement the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military, promote the reform of the leadership and command system, the reform of scale structure and force organization, and the reform of military policies and systems. Our military’s organizational structure will achieve historic changes, and the force system will achieve revolutionary changes. Reshaping, the basic framework of the socialist military policy system with Chinese characteristics has been constructed and formed. Our military system has been completely new, its structure has been completely new, its pattern has been completely new, and its appearance has been completely new It has laid a solid foundation for the modernization of national defence and the army.

　　Military means, as a means of guaranteeing the realization of great dreams, can only stop a war if it can be fought. The current and future periods are critical periods for comprehensively promoting the great cause of building a powerful country and rejuvenating the nation through Chinese-style modernization, and will inevitably encounter various risks, challenges and even turbulent waves. We must comprehensively modernize our national defense and military, build the People’s Army into a world-class military, effectively guarantee Chinese-style modernization, and safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

　　 Comprehensive and accurate grasp of the scientific connotation of national defense and military modernization

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi has issued a series of important expositions around “Chinese-style modernization”, summarizing the Chinese characteristics, essential requirements and major principles for the formation of Chinese-style modernization, building a theoretical system for Chinese-style modernization, and promoting the new era and new journey. Chinese-style modernization provides scientific guidance and also carries out strategic design and scientific deployment for national defense and military modernization.

　　The most fundamental thing about modernizing the national defense and military is to uphold the absolute leadership of the party over the military. The leadership of the Party is the fundamental guarantee of Chinese-style modernization, which determines the fundamental nature of Chinese-style modernization, and it must also determine the fundamental nature of national defense and military modernization. To promote the modernization of national defense and the military on the new journey, we must fully implement a series of fundamental principles and systems for the party to lead the people’s army, comprehensively and thoroughly implement the chairman’s responsibility system of the Military Commission, and effectively unify thoughts and actions into the decisions and arrangements of the Party Central Committee and President Xi; Adhere to the party’s management of cadres and talents, and highlight political standards and combat capabilities Ensure that the barrel of the gun is always in the hands of those who are loyal and reliable to the party; improve the comprehensive and strict governance of the party system, enhance the political and organizational functions of party organizations at all levels, and integrate the party’s leadership throughout the entire process of continuing to deepen national defense and military reforms in all aspects.

　　To modernize national defense and the military is to modernize military doctrine, military organization, military personnel, and weapons and equipment. This reflects the inherent requirements for the construction of military forces resulting from changes in the concept of victory in modern warfare, elements of victory and methods of victory, and clarifies the main signs of the basic realization of national defence and military modernization. To realize the modernization of military theory is to keep pace with the times, innovate war and strategic guidance, and form a military theoretical system that is contemporary, leading, and unique; to realize the modernization of organizational form is to deepen the reform of national defense and the military, and the military force structure layout is scientific and reasonable, strategic deterrence capabilities are consolidated and improved, new areas and new quality combat forces continue to grow, and elite operations, system support, and joint victory have become the basic application models; To realize the modernization of military personnel is to deeply implement the strategy of strengthening the military with talents in the new era, promote the comprehensive transformation and upgrading of military personnel’s capabilities, structural layout, and development management, and forge high-quality, professional new military talents with both ability and political integrity; to realize the modernization of weapons and equipment, It is necessary to focus on strengthening national defense scientific and technological innovation and accelerating the development of strategic, cutting-edge and disruptive technologies Accelerate the upgrading of weapons and equipment and the development of intelligent weapons and equipment.

　　For the modernization of national defence and the military, we must adhere to the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence. The military conflicts and local wars that have taken place in recent years have shown that new qualitative combat capabilities generated based on intelligent combat systems are increasingly becoming core military capabilities. Based on mechanization, dominated by informatization, and oriented by intelligence, the three superimpose, penetrate, and support each other, jointly giving rise to new forms of warfare and methods of warfare. Only by accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence and keeping up with the new military revolutionary trends in the world can we seize the opportunity and take the initiative in seizing the commanding heights of the military struggle.

　　The modernization of national defence and the army is a guarantee of security for insisting on the path of peaceful development. Since ancient times, soldiers have not been warlike. Chinese-style modernization is modernization on the path of peaceful development. Building a consolidated national defense and a strong military commensurate with international status and national security and development interests is a strategic task of China’s socialist modernization drive and an insistence on taking the path of peaceful development. Safety guarantee is an inevitable choice for summarizing historical experience. China has always pursued a defensive defence policy and adhered to the strategic idea of active defence, and no matter how far it develops, China will never seek hegemony or engage in expansion. To promote the modernization of national defense and the military on the “new journey”, we must faithfully implement the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind, resolutely oppose all forms of hegemony and bullying, and contribute China’s strength to building a beautiful world of lasting peace and universal security.

　　 Advancing the modernization of national defence and the military at a new historical starting point

　　The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China included “continuous deepening of national defense and military reforms into the overall plan for further comprehensive deepening of reforms, and made a series of major strategic arrangements for improving the leadership and management system and mechanism of the people’s army, deepening the reform of the joint operations system, and deepening cross-military and civilian reforms”. On the new journey, we must deeply understand and grasp the themes, major principles, major measures, and fundamental guarantees for further comprehensively deepening reforms, resolutely implement the new “three-step” strategy for national defense and military modernization, and accelerate the modernization of military theory, military organizational form, and military personnel. Modernize and modernize weapons and equipment, and lead the modernization of national defense and the military to move forward with better strategies, higher efficiency, and faster speed.

　　Strengthening the Party’s theoretical and scientific leadership in military guidance. Our party insists on combining the basic principles of Marxism with the practice of building the people’s army, absorbing the essence of China’s excellent traditional military culture, and constantly exploring new realms in the development of contemporary Chinese Marxist military theory and military practice. As an important part of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military has achieved a new leap forward in the Sinicization and modernization of Marxist military theory. It is the fundamental guiding ideology of our party building and military governance in the new era. We must unremittingly arm our minds with Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, further firmly establish the guiding position of Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military in national defense and military construction, and build and consolidate national defense and a strong people’s army under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military. Take new and greater steps on the road to strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics.

　　Efforts should be made to make the main responsibility and business of war preparation more solid and effective. The People’s Army is an armed group that performs the party’s political tasks. It must be both politically strong and capable. In the final analysis, this ability can win wars. To accelerate the modernization of national defense and the military, we must firmly grasp the fundamental direction of winning wars, establish the only fundamental standard of combat effectiveness, focus all our energy on fighting wars, and work hard on fighting wars. Conscientiously implement the military strategic policy for the new era, operate war preparation and cessation, deterrence and actual combat, war operations and the use of military forces in peacetime as a whole, innovate strategies, tactics and tactics, effectively shape the situation, manage crises, contain wars, and win wars. Adhere to the principle of “training troops as they fight, and comprehensively improve the actual combat level of military training and the ability to perform missions and tasks”.

　　Promote high-quality development of national defense and military construction through “reform and innovation”. Reform is a key move that will determine the growth of our army and its future. On the new journey, we must put innovation at the core of the overall military construction and development, transform development concepts, innovate development models, enhance development momentum, and promote the transformation of national defense and military modernization from quantitative growth to qualitative improvement. Focus on integrating national defense and military construction into the national economic and social development system on a wider scale, at a higher level, and to a deeper extent, continuously improve the quality and efficiency of national defense and military modernization, promote the simultaneous improvement of national defense strength and economic strength, and consolidate and improve the integration National strategic system and capabilities, and constantly write a new chapter of strengthening the country and the military.

現代國語：

時間：2024年11月15日 08:20 來源：解放軍報
兵者，國之大事。在強國建設、民族復興偉大征程中，在世界百年未有之大變局加速演進的背景下，建構鞏固國防和強大人民軍隊直接關係國家和民族的前途命運。黨的二十屆三中全會指出，“國防和軍隊現代化是中國式現代化的重要組成部分”，充分體現了以習近平同志為核心的黨中央對國防和軍隊建設的高度重視，為新征程上國防和軍隊現代化建設指明了方向。

國防與軍隊現代化是中國式現代化的安全保障與戰略支撐

落後就要挨打，軍強才能國安。沒有一支強大的軍隊，就不可能有強大的國家。 1840年鴉片戰爭以後，近代中國在與西方列強的較量中屢屢戰敗，泱泱大國逐步淪為半殖民地半封建社會，國家蒙辱、人民蒙難、文明蒙塵。歷史啟示我們，中華民族走出苦難、中國人民實現解放，有賴於一支英雄的人民軍隊；以中國式現代化全面推進強國建設、民族復興偉業，必須把國防和軍隊現代化擺在國家安全之屏障、事業發展之依託的戰略位置來策劃和部署，加快建設鞏固國防和強大人民軍隊。

國防與軍隊現代化與中國式現代化緊密聯繫、內在統一。沒有國防和軍隊的現代化，就沒有中國式現代化。毛澤東同誌曾深刻指出“建設社會主義，原來要求是工業現代化，農業現代化，科學文化現代化，現在要加上國防現代化”；鄧小平同志也曾強調“四個現代化，其中就有一個國防現代化”，這些都體現了我們黨對國防和軍隊建設的高度重視。

黨的十八大以來，習主席始終堅持強國強軍一體運籌，把國防和軍隊現代化放在中國式現代化大棋局中謀劃推進，開闢出中國特色強軍之路，形成了到2027年、2035年、本世紀中葉，近、中、遠目標梯次行動」，開創三步和現代化軍階的國防和軍事戰略。以黨在新時代的強軍目標為引領，全面實施改革強軍戰略，推進領導指揮體制改革、規模結構和力量編成改革、軍事政策制度改革，我軍組織架構實現歷史性變革，力量體系實現革命性重塑，中國特色社會主義軍事政策制度體系基本框架構建形成，我軍體制一新、結構一新、一新、一現代化新格局新化，為國防和軍事基礎一化。

軍事手段作為實現偉大夢想的保底手段，能戰方能止戰。當前和今後一個時期，是以中國式現代化全面推進強國建設、民族復興偉業的關鍵時期，必然會遇到各種風險挑戰甚至驚濤駭浪。我們必須全面推動國防和軍隊現代化，把人民軍隊建設成為世界一流軍隊，有力保障中國式現代化建設，保障國家主權、安全、發展利益。

全面準確掌握國防與軍隊現代化的科學內涵

黨的十八大以來，習主席圍繞中國式現代化發表一系列重要論述，概括形成中國式現代化的中國特色、本質要求和重大原則，構建起中國式現代化的理論體系，為新時代新征程推進中國式現代化提供了科學指引，也為國防和軍隊現代化進行了戰略設計和科學部署。

國防與軍事現代化，最根本的是堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導。黨的領導是中國式現代化的根本保證，決定了中國式現代化的根本性質，也必然決定了國防和軍隊現代化的根本性質。新征程上推動國防和軍隊現代化，必須全面貫徹黨領導人民軍隊的一系列根本原則和製度，全面深入貫徹軍委主席負責制，切實把思想和行動統一到黨中央、習主席決策部署上來；堅持黨管幹部、黨管人才，突顯政治標準和打仗能力，確保槍桿子始終掌握在對黨忠誠可靠的人手中；健全全面從嚴治黨體系，增強各級黨組織政治功能和組織功能，把黨的領導貫穿持續深化國防和軍事改革各方面全過程。

國防與軍隊現代化，就是要實現軍事理論、軍隊組織形態、軍事人員、武器裝備的現代化。這反映了現代戰爭制勝觀念、制勝要素、制勝方式變化對軍事力量建設的內在要求，明確了基本實現國防和軍隊現代化的主要標誌。實現軍事理論現代化，就是要與時俱進創新戰爭和戰略指導，形成具有時代性、引領性、獨特性的軍事理論體系；實現組織形態現代化，就是要深化國防和軍事改革，軍隊力量結構佈局科學合理，戰略威懾能力鞏固提高，新域新質作戰力量不斷壯大，精製作戰、體系支撐、聯合戰略威懾成為基本運作模式；實現軍事人員現代化，就是要深入實施新時代人才強軍戰略，推動軍事人員能力素質、結構佈局、開發管理全面轉型升級，鍛造德才兼備的高素質、專業化新型軍事人才；實現武器裝備現代化，就是要聚力加強國防科技創新，加速戰略性、前沿性、顛覆性技術發展，加速武器裝備升級和智能化武器裝備升級。

國防與軍隊現代化，必須堅持機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展。近年來發生的軍事衝突和局部戰爭表明，基於智慧化作戰體系所產生的新質作戰能力越來越成為核心軍事能力。以機械化為基礎，以資訊化為主導，以智慧化為方向，三者相互疊加、相互滲透、相互支撐，共同催生新的戰爭形態和作戰方式。只有加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展，跟上世界新軍事革命潮流，才能在搶佔軍事鬥爭制高點中占得先機、贏得主動。

國防與軍隊現代化，是堅持走和平發展道路的安全保障。自古知兵非好戰。中國式現代化是走和平發展道路的現代化，建立同國際地位相稱、同國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大軍隊，是中國社會主義現代化建設的戰略任務，是堅持走和平發展道路的安全保障，是總結歷史經驗的必然選擇。中國始終奉行防禦性國防政策，堅持積極防禦戰略思想，無論發展到什麼程度，中國永遠不稱霸、永遠不搞擴張。在新征程上推動國防和軍隊現代化，必須忠實踐行人類命運共同體理念，堅決反對一切形式的霸權霸道欺凌，為建設持久和平、普遍安全的美好世界貢獻中國力量。

在新的歷史起點上推進國防和軍隊現代化

黨的二十屆三中全會將持續深化國防和軍事改革納入進一步全面深化改革的大盤子，對完善人民軍隊領導管理體制機制、深化聯合作戰體系改革、深化跨軍地改革作出一系列重大戰略部署。新旅程上，要深刻領會和把握進一步全面深化改革的主題、重大原則、重大舉措、根本保證，堅決貫徹國防和軍隊現代化新「三步走」戰略，加快軍事理論現代化、軍隊組織形態現代化、軍事人員現代化、武器裝備現代化，引領國防和軍事現代化以更優策略、更高效益、更快速度向前推進。

強化黨的軍事指導理論科學領導。我們黨堅持把馬克思主義基本原理同人民軍隊建設實踐結合，汲取中華優秀傳統軍事文化精華，不斷拓拓當代中國馬克思主義軍事理論和軍事實踐發展新境界。習近平強軍思想作為習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想的重要組成部分，實現了馬克思主義軍事理論中國化時代化的新飛躍，是新時代我們黨建軍治軍強軍的根本指導思想。我們必須堅持不懈用習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想武裝頭腦，進一步牢固確立習近平強軍思想在國防和軍隊建設中的指導地位，在習近平強軍思想引領下建設鞏固國防和強大人民軍隊，在中國特色強軍之路上邁出新的更大步伐。

著力把備戰打仗的主責主業抓得更加紮實有效。人民軍隊是執行黨的政治任務的武裝集團，既要政治過硬，也要本領高強，這個本領說到底就是能打勝仗。加快推進國防和軍隊現代化，必須緊緊扭住能打勝仗的根本指向，樹牢戰鬥力這個唯一的根本的標準，全部精力向打仗聚焦，全部工作向打仗用勁。認真貫徹新時代軍事戰略方針，把備戰與止戰、威懾與實戰、戰爭行動與和平時期軍事力量運用作為一個整體加以運籌，創新戰略戰術與戰法打法，有效塑造態勢、管控危機、遏制戰爭、打贏戰爭。堅持仗怎麼打兵就怎麼練，全面提升部隊軍事訓練實戰化水準和履行使命任務的能力。

以改革創新推動國防和軍隊建設高品質發展。改革是決定我軍發展壯大、制勝未來的關鍵一招。新征程上，要把創新擺在軍隊建設發展全局的核心位置，轉變發展理念、創新發展模式、增強發展動能，推動國防和軍隊現代化由量的成長轉向質的提升。著力在更廣範圍、更高層次、更深程度上將國防和軍隊建設融入國家經濟社會發展體系之中，不斷提高國防和軍隊現代化質量效益，促進國防實力和經濟實力同步提升，鞏固提高一體化國家戰略體系和能力，不斷書寫強國強軍新篇章。

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.mva.gov.cn/sy/zt/zt1/xxgcddsjdjs/qwjd/202411/t20241120_453942888.html

Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

[Chinese National Defense] Establishing Correct Awareness to Contain China and Conduct Cognitive Warfare Operations

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[中國國防]建立正確的意識，以遏制中國並進行認知戰爭行動

現代英語：

As the world continued to actively combat the COVID-19 pandemic, the British newspaper The Guardian reported in late May 2021 that Fazze, a public relations and marketing agency with close ties to Russian officials, was accused of providing funding to influential YouTubers, bloggers, and other opinion leaders in France, Germany, and other European countries to spread false information claiming that vaccines like Pfizer (BNT) and AstraZeneca (AZ) had caused hundreds of deaths. The false information also criticized the EU vaccine procurement system for harming public health in European countries, with the goal of sowing public distrust of Western vaccines and shifting public acceptance toward Russia’s Sputnik V vaccine. This is the most significant example of “perception warfare” in recent international history.

 In fact, human society has always adhered to the principle of “conquering the enemy without fighting” as the guiding principle for optimal military operations. While traditional warfare still primarily takes place in physical space, victory requires the physical capture of cities and territories, as well as the destruction of enemy forces. However, as humanity’s understanding of the nature of war deepens, the use of information technology has become a new trend in warfare, enabling the achievement of traditional combat effectiveness without the need for physical engagement. Given the increasing attention paid to “information warfare” and “hybrid warfare,” this article discusses the closely related concept of “cognitive warfare,” exploring the emerging threats facing our country and our national defense response strategy.

 Whether it’s what the US calls “hybrid warfare” or what Russia calls “information warfare,” the implications are quite similar: centered on the cognitive realm, the use of information to influence and manipulate targets, encompassing both peacetime public opinion and wartime decision-making. The rise of Nazi Germany after World War I was arguably the first modern regime to master the use of information to shape perceptions within its own country and even abroad. Its successful use of propaganda and lies, delivered through various communication technologies, was highly successful. Principles such as “repetition is power” and “negative information is more easily accepted and remembered than positive information” would later profoundly influence authoritarian governments, including Russia.

 Using information capabilities to subvert national regimes

 At the beginning of the 21st century, Russia began to pay attention to the situation where international discourse power was completely controlled by Western countries. It successively put forward theories such as “Information Warfare Theory” and “Sixth Generation Warfare Theory”, arguing that the sixth generation of warfare is a non-contact war that uses precision weapons and information warfare to traverse the battlefield. The purpose of war is no longer a devastating global war, but to achieve effects that cannot be achieved through traditional warfare by exploiting the enemy’s information capabilities to exploit its weaknesses, including changing social and cultural orientations and values, and thus subverting national regimes.

 In 2005, Russia established the international news channel “Russia Today.” Initially focused on soft power propaganda, it shifted its focus after the 2008 Georgian War to attacking negative aspects of Western society and fostering conspiracy theories. The 2014 Ukraine crisis became a training ground for Russian information warfare forces. Using electronic jamming and cyber theft, they intercepted Ukrainian communications, inferring subsequent Ukrainian actions and releasing damaging information at critical moments. They also targeted sensitive issues in eastern Ukraine, including the status of ethnic Russians and economic downturn, distributing a large amount of carefully selected, targeted information to resonate with the public, influencing their perceptions and behavior and gaining control of media opinion. In terms of “cognitive warfare,” Russia’s approach has been successful, and has become a model for the Chinese Communist Party.

 Manipulating “brain control” to control the public

 In 2014, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) proposed the cognitive operational concept of “brain control,” building on its past “three warfares” of psychological warfare, legal warfare, and public opinion warfare, as well as Russia’s theoretical framework of “information warfare.” It states that a nation’s cognitive space is composed of the superposition of countless individuals, and that “brain control” uses national languages, propaganda media, and cultural products as weapons to comprehensively infiltrate and control the cognition, emotions, and consciousness of the general public and national elites, ultimately distorting, disintegrating, and reshaping their national spirit, values, ideology, history, and culture, thereby achieving the strategic goal of winning without fighting.

 Therefore, the CCP’s “cognitive operations” fall under the broad category of psychological warfare. In the era of information globalization, it integrates information warfare, psychological warfare, and public opinion warfare, becoming the core of the CCP’s overall strategy. Since the 2016 military reform, it has been led by the newly formed “Strategic Support Force” and implemented at all political and military levels. On the one hand, the PLA has adopted American operational thinking in the field of “cognitive operations,” using units such as the 311 Base, the National University of Defense Technology, and the Academy of Military Sciences to develop tactics such as “psychological operations,” “ideological operations,” “consciousness manipulation,” and “strategic communication” to strengthen the “cognitive operations” capabilities jointly constructed by military-civilian integration and joint combat systems. On the other hand, it uses professional personnel to operate media platforms, shape the public opinion environment, and introduce “cognitive operations” into the actual combat application stage.

 The CCP’s recent “cognitive warfare” offensive against Taiwan reveals its methods and tactics. First, the CCP primarily uses the internet to collect personal data from Taiwanese citizens, using big data databases to categorize information by target group, based on political leanings, age, occupation, and other factors. Second, it leverages intelligence gathering to launch targeted cognitive attacks on specific social media platforms, influencing the psychology of the targeted groups, particularly by releasing disinformation to weaken and distract Taiwanese society. Third, it employs online virtual organizations to set up fake social media accounts, infiltrate online communities, and disguise themselves as whistleblowers, deliberately spreading fabricated information to create confusion. Cybertroopers then massively repost and discuss this information, manipulating audience perceptions and creating a cycle of disrupting information retention, manipulating cognitive psychology, and altering thinking patterns.

 Identify fake news and fight back together

 At this stage, the CCP’s campaign for “brain control” over Taiwan aims to influence Taiwanese society’s cognition, distorting public opinion, devaluing democratic values, intensifying opposition, disrupting political conditions, and undermining public trust in the government. The following preventive measures can be taken within the national defense system:

 1. Strengthening educational functions

 Through national defense education in schools, institutions, and society, we will raise the public’s awareness of the threat posed by the CCP’s “cognitive warfare” and their ability to identify false information, and cultivate the habit of rationality, verification, and calmness.

 2. Follow the constraints

 Although there are currently no internationally accepted legal rules that can clearly define the extent to which cognitive warfare constitutes an act of war, making it even more difficult to hold people accountable, media platforms can still strengthen the review of their own reporting content in accordance with existing regulations, and the public can also refrain from spreading suspicious information and following the trend of tennis melee, so as to facilitate the establishment of information verification measures and mechanisms.

 3. Combining Military and Civilian Strength

 Incorporate information and communication-related institutions and industries into the national defense mobilization mechanism, coordinate in peacetime the review, analysis, and disposal of fake news, strengthen talent training and research cooperation, and enhance the capabilities of professional units of the government and the national army; in wartime, cooperate with the overall national actions and carry out countermeasures.

 Currently, Taiwan already has the National Security Bureau’s National Security Operations Center responsible for responding to controversial information from hostile foreign forces. There’s also the non-profit Taiwan Fact-Checking Center. Facing the challenges of cognitive warfare, we must continue to integrate various sectors, strive for international intelligence exchange and experience sharing, optimize the media environment, collaborate across multiple channels, and instantly identify the authenticity and source of information, jointly building our offensive capacity to respond to cognitive warfare.

 Conclusion

 In reality, all countries around the world face threats related to cognitive warfare and information-based psychological warfare. However, democratic and free societies are by no means vulnerable to cognitive warfare attacks and must instead rely on diverse strategies and methods to protect them. We aim to establish a more comprehensive and substantive framework, build a powerful counterforce, and enhance the quality and discernment of our citizens, thereby gaining immunity from the CCP’s cognitive warfare campaign to seize control of our minds.

(The author is a PhD candidate at the Institute of Strategic Studies, Tamkang University)

現代國語：

在全球持續積極對抗新冠疫情之際，英國《衛報》2021年5月下旬報道，與俄羅斯官員關係密切的公關和營銷機構Fazze被指控向法國、德國和其他歐洲國家頗具影響力的YouTube用戶、博主和其他意見領袖提供資金，用於傳播虛假信息，聲稱輝瑞（BNTAZ）和阿斯特利康（BNTAZ）和阿斯特疫苗已導致數百人死亡。這些假訊息也批評歐盟疫苗採購體系損害了歐洲國家的公共衛生，目的是挑起大眾對西方疫苗的不信任，並促使大眾接受俄羅斯的Sputnik V疫苗。這是近代國際史上最顯著的「感知戰」案例。

事實上，人類社會自古以來，均以「不戰而屈人之兵」作為最佳軍事行動指導原則，儘管傳統戰爭主要仍在物理空間進行，需透過實際攻城掠地、消滅敵有生力量，才能獲得勝利。然隨人類對戰爭本質認知深化，利用資訊科技，於不需實體短兵相接的情況下，卻能達到傳統戰爭效果，已成為新型態戰爭趨勢。鑑於「資訊戰」、「混合戰」日益受重視，謹就與其密切相關的「認知作戰」概念進行論述，並探討我國所面臨的新型威脅及全民國防因應策略。

無論是美國所稱的「混合戰」，或俄國所說的「資訊戰」，其實指涉意涵很相似，即以認知領域為核心，利用訊息影響、操控對象目標涵蓋承平時期輿論及戰時決策的認知功能。一戰後，逐漸興起的納粹德國，可謂當代首個擅長運用資訊形塑本國，甚至外國民眾認知的政權，其透過各種傳播技術的政治宣傳與謊言包裝，相當成功；而所謂「重複是一種力量」、「負面訊息總是比正面訊息，更容易讓人接受和印象深刻」等實踐原則，日後更深刻影響專制極權政府與現在的俄羅斯。

藉資訊能力 顛覆國家政權

俄國於進入21世紀初，開始注意國際話語權遭西方國家完全掌控的情形，陸續提出「資訊戰理論」、「第6代戰爭理論」等論述，主張第6代戰爭是以精確武器及資訊戰，縱橫戰場的非接觸式戰爭，戰爭目的不再是毀滅性的全球大戰，而是藉利用敵方弱點的資訊能力，達成傳統戰爭無法實現的效果，包括改變社會文化取向、價值觀，進而顛覆國家政權等。

2005年，俄國成立國際新聞頻道「Russia Today」，起初主要是軟實力宣傳，2008年「喬治亞戰爭」後，轉為攻擊西方社會負面問題與製造陰謀論；2014年「烏克蘭危機」，成為俄軍資訊戰部隊的練兵場，透過電子干擾、網路竊密等手段，截收烏國對外通聯訊息，依此推判烏方後續舉動，並選擇在關鍵時機，釋放對烏國政府不利消息；另選定烏東地區敏感議題，包括俄裔民族地位、經濟不振等，投放大量經篩選的特定資訊，引發民眾共鳴，從而影響烏東人民認知與行為，取得媒體輿論主動權。就「認知作戰」言，俄國作法是成功的，更成為中共的效法對象。

操弄「制腦權」 控制社會大眾

中共2014年於過去心理戰、法律戰、輿論戰等「三戰」基礎，以及俄國「資訊戰」理論架構上，提出「制腦權」認知操作概念，指國家認知空間係由無數個體疊加而成，「制腦」是以民族語言、宣傳媒體、文化產品為武器，全面滲透、控制社會大眾與國家精英之認知、情感與意識，最終扭曲、瓦解、重塑其民族精神、價值觀念、意識形態、歷史文化等，達致不戰而勝的戰略目標。

是以，中共「認知作戰」屬於廣義心理戰範疇，是資訊全球化時代，融合資訊戰、心理戰及輿論戰的戰法，成為中共整體戰略主軸，並自2016年「軍改」後，由新組建的「戰略支援部隊」操盤，在各政略、軍事層次開展執行。一方面，共軍擷取美國在「認知作戰」領域的操作思維，以311基地、國防科技大學、軍事科學院等單位研提「心理作戰」、「思想作戰」、「意識操縱」、「戰略傳播」等戰法，以加強軍民融合及聯戰體系共同建構的「認知作戰」能力；另一方面，則以專業人員操作媒體平臺，形塑輿論環境，將「認知作戰」導入實戰運用階段。

從近年中共對臺進行的「認知作戰」攻勢，可拆解其途徑與手段。首先，中共主要係以網路蒐集國人個資，透過大數據資料庫，劃分政治傾向、年齡、職業等不同目標族群資訊；其次，配合情報偵蒐，針對個別社群媒體展開認知精準打擊，影響目標群眾心理，尤其釋放假訊息，以削弱、分散臺灣社會注意力；再次，則運用網路虛擬組織設置社群媒體假帳號，打入網路族群，偽裝成揭密者、吹哨者，刻意傳散變造資訊，製造混亂，再由網軍大量轉傳、討論，操弄受眾認知，進入阻斷資訊記憶、操縱認知心理、改變思考模式的運作循環。

識別假訊息 全民齊反制

基於現階段，中共對臺「制腦權」作戰，影響臺灣社會認知的目的，在於扭曲輿論、貶低民主價值、激化對立、擾亂政情、減損民眾對政府信任等，於全民國防體系可採取的防制辦法包括：

一、強化教育功能

分別透過全民國防之學校教育、機關教育、社會教育途徑，提高公眾對中共「認知作戰」威脅的認識，與對假訊息識別能力，養成理性、查證、冷靜習慣。

二、遵循約束規範

儘管目前尚無國際通用的法律規則，可明確定義何種程度的認知作戰已構成戰爭行為，更難以究責；然各媒體平臺仍可按既有規範，對自身報導內容加強審查，民眾也可做到不傳播可疑訊息、不跟風網壇混戰，俾利訊息查證措施與機制建立。

三、結合軍民力量

將資訊與傳播相關機構、產業，納入全民防衛動員機制，平時協調因應假訊息審查、分析、處置，加強人才培訓、研究合作，提升政府、國軍專業單位能力；戰時則配合國家整體作為，執行反制任務。

目前我國已有國安局「國家安全作業中心」執行對境外敵對勢力爭議訊息應處有關工作，民間亦有非營利組織成立的「臺灣事實查核中心」。面對「認知作戰」挑戰，仍應持續整合各界力量，爭取國際情報交流與經驗共享，優化媒體環境，多管道合作，即時辨識訊息真偽與來源，共同建設應處「認知作戰」攻勢能量。

結語

事實上，世界各國都同樣面臨「認知作戰」、「資訊心理戰」等相關威脅，然民主自由的社會環境，絕非易受「認知作戰」攻擊的溫床，更需仰賴多元策略與方式守護。期以更完善周全的實質架構，建構強而有力的反制力量，並提升我國公民素質及識別能力，於中共奪取「制腦權」的認知作戰中，獲得免疫。

（作者為淡江大學戰略研究所博士）

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.ydn.com.tw/news/newsInsidePage?chapterID=1431550

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Chinese Military Exercises Focused on Taiwan Conclude Signaling Joint Containment Strategy

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中國軍事演習的重點是台灣結束信號的聯合遏制策略

現代英語：

The Chinese Communist Party announced the “Strait Thunder-2025A” exercise on the 2nd. The Ministry of National Defense detected 13 Chinese warships, 10 Coast Guard ships, and 8 ships from the Shandong aircraft carrier formation.

(Central News Agency reporter Wu Shuwei, Taipei, 2nd) The two-day Chinese Communist Party military exercise has concluded. Military scholars analyzed that the Chinese Communist Party’s military exercise is still led by politics, using a 70% political and 30% military approach to put pressure on Taiwan, raising the strategic level of “joint blockade” and enhancing the mission role of the Chinese Coast Guard.

The Eastern Theater Command of the People’s Liberation Army of China announced yesterday that it would organize the army, navy, air force, and rocket force to conduct joint exercises around Taiwan. Today, it said that the army will conduct long-range live-fire exercises in relevant waters of the East China Sea in accordance with the “Strait Thunder-2025A” exercise plan.

Regarding the characteristics of the CCP’s military exercise that are worthy of Taiwan’s attention, Chen Wenjia, a senior consultant at the National Policy Research Institute, told a Central News Agency reporter that the PLA’s exercise mobilized the army, navy, air force and rocket force to conduct joint combat drills to test the PLA’s coordinated combat capabilities and enhance the overall effectiveness of operations against Taiwan. Secondly, it is an operational practice exercise, including precision strikes on key infrastructure, blockades of ports and other practical subjects, and simulates scenarios of actual military operations against Taiwan, showing that the PLA’s combat preparations against Taiwan are becoming increasingly mature.

Chen Wenjia said that the Chinese Coast Guard also participated in the military exercise and carried out law enforcement patrols and other operations. The purpose was to exert pressure on Taiwan through gray zone harassment and increase the effectiveness of the “three warfares” of public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, and legal warfare against Taiwan.

Su Ziyun, director of the Institute of Defense Strategy and Resources at the National Defense Security Research Institute, said that the CCP’s military exercise this time is still 70% political and 30% military. Compared with the past “Joint Sword” military exercises against Taiwan, this time the CCP has raised the status of the coast guard and the implementation of “joint blockade” to a strategic level, and announced today that the exercises will practice verification and identification, warning and expulsion, and interception and detention. It is to think about non-war military actions with strategic thinking, and when necessary, cut off Taiwan’s sea transportation lines through isolation to force Taiwan to surrender.

Regarding the warning that the CCP’s military exercises send to Taiwan, Chen Wenjia said that as the PLA continues to conduct high-intensity military exercises around Taiwan, it shows that the military threat to Taiwan is escalating, and Taiwan needs to strengthen its own defense capabilities to ensure the security of the Taiwan Strait; secondly, the pressure in the gray zone is increasing, especially the participation of the coast guard force, which means that China is exerting more pressure in the gray zone. Taiwan needs to increase its vigilance against this non-traditional security threat and should formulate corresponding strategies as soon as possible.

Su Ziyun stated that the Chinese Communist Party’s military exercises highlight the importance of “air defense being the most urgent of all.” Whether the CCP intends to attack Taiwan’s ports or energy facilities, it will need to resort to air strikes, such as missile attacks. This means Taiwan’s air defense capabilities need to be strengthened. In response to Chinese Communist Party gray zone harassment, the Navy currently relies on destroyers and frigates as its main combat vessels. The Navy should emulate the British Navy’s deployment of surveillance vessels, such as River-class patrol vessels, to counter gray zone harassment and preserve the availability and capacity of its main combat vessels. (Editor: Yang Lanxuan) 1140402

現代國語：

中共2日宣布「海峽雷霆-2025A」演練，國防部偵獲共艦13艘、海警船10艘及山東號航艦編隊8艘。 （中央社製圖）

（中央社記者吳書緯台北2日電）中共兩天軍演落幕，軍事學者分析，中共此次軍演仍以政治掛帥，採7分政治、3分軍事的方式對台施壓，拉高「聯合封控」的戰略位階，提升中國海警的任務角色。

中國人民解放軍東部戰區昨天稱組織陸海空軍與火箭軍等兵力，在台灣週邊展開聯合演訓，今天則是稱陸軍部隊按「海峽雷霆-2025A」演練計畫，在東海相關海域實施遠程火力實彈射擊演練。

針對中共此次軍演值得台灣關注的特點，國策研究院資深顧問陳文甲告訴中央社記者，共軍此次演習動用了陸海空軍與火箭軍進行聯合作戰演練，測試共軍的協同作戰能力，提升對台作戰的整體效能，其次是操作實戰化科目演練，包括對關鍵基礎設施的精確打擊、封鎖港口等實戰化科目，並模擬對台灣進行實際軍事行動的場景，顯示共軍針對台灣的作戰整備日益成熟。

陳文甲表示，中國海警也參與此次軍演，並進行執法巡查等行動，目的在透過灰色地帶襲擾施加對台灣的壓力，增加對台灣進行輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰的「三戰」效果。

國防安全研究院國防戰略與資源研究所長蘇紫雲說，中共此次軍演仍是7分政治、3分軍事，和過去對台「聯合利劍」軍演相比，這次中共將海警與執行「聯合封控」的位階提高至戰略位階，並在今天宣稱演習演練查證識別、警告驅離及攔截扣押等課目，就是以戰略思維來思考非戰爭的軍事行動，在必要的時候透過隔離手段，切斷台灣的海上運輸線，來逼迫台灣投降。

對於中共此次軍演對台灣的警訊，陳文甲表示，隨著共軍持續在台灣週邊進行高強度軍事演習，顯示對台灣的軍事威脅不斷升級，台灣需強化自身防衛能力確保台海安全；其次是灰色地帶壓力增加，尤其是海警力量的參與，意味著中國在灰色地帶施加更多壓力，台灣需提高對此非傳統安全威脅的警覺，應盡速制定相應的策略。

蘇紫雲表示，中共軍演凸顯「萬事莫如防空急」，無論是中共要攻擊台灣港口或能源設施，都需要透過飛彈攻擊等空襲手段，代表台灣的防空能力還需加強，而在應對中共灰色地帶襲擾活動，海軍目前仍是以驅逐艦、巡防艦等主戰艦艇應對，應仿效英國海軍建置河級巡邏艦（River-class patrol vessel）等監視性質的艦艇，來應對共軍灰色地帶襲擾，保存主戰艦艇的妥善率和能量。 （編輯：楊蘭軒）1140402

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/202504020405.aspx

#Chinese Military Joint Oprations, #cross-domain collaborative operations, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #智慧化戰爭, #智慧戰爭, #跨域協同作戰, #軍事資訊化與智慧化, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Dissipative Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Implementation of the “Outline of Joint Cooperation” Within the People’s Liberation Army of China

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中國人民解放軍內部實施《聯合合作綱要》

現代英語：

With the approval of Xi Jinping, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, the Central Military Commission issued the “Outline of Joint Cooperation between the People’s Liberation Army of China (Trial Implementation)”, which will come into effect on November 7, 2020.

The Outline focuses on building a legal system for joint operations and strengthening the clear orientation of preparing for war. It is of great significance to consolidate and deepen the results of the reform of the leadership and command system, scale structure and force composition, and to promote the liberation and development of our military’s joint operations capabilities.

The Outline is the top-level regulation of our military’s new-era combat doctrine system. It focuses on clarifying the basic issues of joint combat organization and implementation, unifying combat thinking, clarifying responsibilities and procedures, and guiding combat operations. It also clarifies major principles, requirements, and basic procedures for joint combat command, combat operations, combat support, national defense mobilization, and political work.

The Central Military Commission requires that all levels should earnestly study and implement the “Outline”, adhere to combat effectiveness as the only fundamental standard, use the “Outline” as the basic basis for organizing and implementing joint operations and joint training, and comprehensively improve the ability to win in the new era.

The battle flag hunt, the military parade ground was full of ups and downs, and the climaxes continued——

From north to south, the surging iron torrents train elite soldiers; in the deep blue ocean, soldiers step on the waves to forge sharp swords; above the vast sky, eagles fly thousands of miles towards the blue sky; deep in the dense forests, the east wind roars to the sky; the skynet controls power, and the invisible war defeats the visible… One after another joint combat exercises are gradually unfolding in multiple domains and all dimensions, presenting a picture of a strong army that trains together to plan for war, uses training to promote war, and wins war through strong training, sounding the strong note of a new era in the history of our army’s training and preparation.

Over the past year, the world has been undergoing unprecedented changes unseen in a century, intertwined with the global COVID-19 pandemic. Under the sky shrouded by the epidemic, the international situation has been in constant turmoil and confrontation. The drone warfare that has shined in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has shown the world the unique characteristics of modern warfare.

“When times change, things change. When things change, we must be prepared for change.” In the future, “what kind of war to fight and how to fight it” carries the heavy mission, and the entire military is surging with enthusiasm for researching and winning wars.

Faced with new changes in the national security situation, new threats from powerful enemies and adversaries, and new developments in the form of warfare, we urgently need to provide answers to strengthening the military, winning battles, and meeting the needs of the times.

“Overall, modern warfare has indeed undergone profound changes. These changes may seem dazzling, but there are regularities behind them. The fundamental thing is that the winning mechanism of war has changed.” Faced with the rapid development of the new world military revolution and changes in the war situation, under the guidance of the commander-in-chief and in accordance with the unified deployment of the CMC’s policy and system reforms, the CMC Joint Staff Department organized experts from the Academy of Military Sciences and capable personnel from relevant departments of the CMC, various theater commands, various military services and armed police forces to form a joint research group to pool wisdom and strength to tackle key problems and advance the formulation of new-era combat regulations.

On November 7, 2020, the “Outline of the Joint Cooperation Warfare of the People’s Liberation Army of China (Trial Implementation)” was implemented throughout the army, marking a new coordinate system for our army’s joint cooperation war in the new era.

Since the issuance of the Outline, commanders have taken the lead in learning it, agencies have taken the lead in studying it, and troops have practiced learning it. The officers and soldiers of the whole army have been enthusiastic about learning and publicizing the Outline. A great discussion on joint operations in the new era, a great liberation of thoughts, and a great practice of preparation for war have been vigorously carried out in the whole army.

Pointing to victory, leading the new practice of preparing for war in the new era

“Following the main road, who would you follow to seek a shortcut?” In the world of soldiers, there is no such thing as “easy”. The only way to win a battle is to be prepared.

What kind of war we will fight in the future will require innovative tactics; if we cannot innovate tactics, it will be difficult to win future wars.

In essence, combat regulations are about solving the problem of how to fight and how to win, and are the refinement, deepening and concretization of military strategic policies. The Outline of Joint Cooperation of the People’s Liberation Army of China (Trial) (hereinafter referred to as the Outline) deeply studies the characteristics and laws of future wars, accurately grasps the era characteristics of the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligentization of our army, and through the forward-looking and concrete design of future operations, implements the spiritual essence and content requirements of the new era’s military strategic policy into the troops’ preparation for war.

The Outline is not only a guideline for preparing for war, but also a guideline for winning joint operations.

At the beginning of the new year of 2021, a certain area of the Eastern Theater Command is organizing a multi-service, multi-directional, systematic combat training. Under the guidance of the newly issued “Outline”, this exercise involves the full-domain linkage of land, sea, air, space, network and electric power, close coordination of political and public opinion, and information-led throughout the entire process from combat preparation to situation shaping to mission implementation. All units work closely together, demonstrating the firm determination and strong ability to maintain national unity with a thunderous momentum, and also witnessing the transformation of our military joint cooperation from “formal linkage” to “spiritual linkage”.

In the west, at midnight in mid-spring 2021, a series of urgent alarm bells rang. According to the level transfer order of a certain base of the Western Theater Air Force, the officers and soldiers of a certain air defense battalion of the Army quickly rushed to their positions, and the level transfer time was further shortened. According to the unified deployment, more than 10 Army air defense forces in the theater air force responsibility area entered the Air Force command chain in an organized manner, breaking the information barrier of the services, sharing early warning information, and jointly taking on combat readiness duty, and initially forming a joint air defense combat system. “You lend me the ‘eye in the sky’, and I will help you with the ‘iron fist'”, the integrated joint air defense combat across the services has taken a new step and entered a new stage.

In the north, at the beginning of the summer of 2021, war eagles soared and iron currents rolled, and an exercise with the theme of air-ground joint operations was in full swing. According to the plan, a certain command post of the Air Force of the Northern Theater Command and a certain group army of the Army jointly organized a brigade-level command post exercise to study and explore the composition of joint command institutions and test the integrated joint combat command capabilities of the command post personnel. Intelligence analysis and processing, joint firepower strikes, and integrated rear-end support were coordinated and planned and carried out in an integrated manner, and the command institutions were organized in an integrated manner with all elements. Through repeated joint combat and training, the policy of leading training through combat and carrying out combat through training has been further implemented, and the joint combat and command capabilities of commanders of all services and arms have been significantly improved.

In the direction of the South China Sea, war eagles roared and attacked fiercely, dragons took off and stepped on the sea and waves, radars flew and missiles raised their heads… Under the unified command of the theater joint command, all mission forces worked as a whole and coordinated closely to quickly build a battlefield layout that was multi-domain joint, both offensive and defensive, and deployed in echelons. They adopted a combination of centralized command and decentralized command, and flexibly carried out sea and air escort and deterrence and expulsion in a reasonable, forceful and restrained manner, effectively maintaining peace and tranquility in the South China Sea.

In the past year since the implementation of the Outline, the orientation of preparing for war has become clearer and firmer, the sole fundamental standard of combat effectiveness has been more firmly established, training and preparation for war as the main responsibility of the troops has become more prominent, researching and planning war as the primary responsibility of officers and soldiers has become clearer, the ideas and measures for joint operations and victory have become increasingly effective, and the entire army has continued to set off a new upsurge in training and preparation for war.

Keep pace with the times and clarify the new mechanism of joint cooperation in the new era

“All beneficial ways go with the times.”

Military theorist Douhet once said: “Victory smiles only on those who can foresee the changes in the character of war, not on those who wait for the changes to happen and then adapt to them.”

Looking around the world, the game and struggle among major powers are intensifying, the threat of war exists, the war situation continues to evolve, new military reforms are booming, stealth, unmanned and intelligent weapons and equipment have become the mainstream trend, the battlefield space has expanded to all domains and dimensions, the integrated linkage of combat forces has become the norm, combat command, action and support have become more sophisticated, and winning future wars requires the support of more advanced combat theories.

The gap in combat concepts is the fundamental gap, and the backwardness of combat theory is the biggest backwardness. When modern wars are surging in the world, what is most needed is newer and braver minds.

The new-era combat regulations, led by the Outline, adhere to Xi Jinping’s military strategic thinking and the new-era military strategic policy as the soul and outline, deeply grasp the new changes in national security, new adjustments in combat opponents, new designs in strategic layout, new connotations of active defense, and new developments in combat guidance, and materialize the principles and methods of commanders’ understanding and guidance of war into norms and standards for the specific implementation of the troops, so as to promote our military-joint cooperation war to a higher level.

——It comprehensively expounds the contemporary connotation of war guidance under information conditions.

The Outline aims to win future high-end wars, accurately grasps the characteristics of lowered thresholds for future armed conflicts, blurred boundaries of war, and increasingly prominent mutual influence and efficiency between the war field and other fields, strengthens the political and social attributes of combat operations, innovatively develops military struggle paradigms, emphasizes relying on the country’s integrated strategic system and capabilities, emphasizes the integration of war and non-war domains, emphasizes the comprehensive implementation of military and political, diplomatic, economic, cultural and other means, and gives full play to the overall advantages of the party, government, military, police and people. It reflects the modern war concept and the war guidance for winning the people’s war and total war in the new era.

——All elements standardize the style and methods of our joint military operations.

The Outline is based on the tasks and development of our army, and systematically expounds on the possible joint operations in the future, covering the core missions of various strategic directions, covering land, sea, air, space, network and electromagnetic multi-dimensional space. At the same time, it also creatively summarizes the basic types of joint operations, highlights the basic actions that run through the joint operations and have common characteristics, and forms a closed-loop chain of joint operations with all elements and in all fields.

——The joint combat command system and organizational operation mode were designed throughout the entire process.

The implementation of joint operations organizations is extremely complex and difficult. Whether they can be “coordinated” in terms of strength, “joined” in operations, and “excellent” in effectiveness depends crucially on whether they can achieve “unification” in command. The “Outline” focuses on building a strong and efficient joint operations command structure, closely integrates the Central Military Commission and the theater joint command operation model mechanism, fully considers that it not only complies with the general direction and general requirements of the reform, but also leaves room for flexible formation in practice. It focuses on solving major issues such as the construction of a joint operations command system, the differentiation of command authority and responsibility interfaces, and the integration of services into the joint system, so as to ensure that thousands of troops and horses can jointly act under unified orders.

Taking joint training as the guideline, promoting a new leap forward in joint training in the new era

At the Central Military Commission’s military training conference, President Xi Jinping stressed the need to strengthen joint training, adhere to joint training as the key, develop a joint training system with Chinese characteristics, and accelerate the improvement of integrated joint combat capabilities. Soldiers should be trained in the way they fight, and troops should be trained in what is needed for fighting. Today’s world-class armies all regard improving joint training as the top priority for war preparation.

The Outline is the opening chapter of the new era combat doctrine and the guiding principle for the transformation of joint training in the new era. The Outline provides direction, inspires vitality, and gives birth to a new pattern of joint training in the new era.

——Incorporate combat into training to present an “integrated posture” of training.

In the Taiwan Strait, the naval and air fleets carried out joint combat readiness patrols to test and enhance the joint combat capabilities of multiple services, maintain a high state of alert at all times, and resolutely defend national sovereignty and territorial integrity. Exercise preparation is combat preparation, and the exercise state is the combat state. Joint military exercises are no longer simple training activities, but have become a preparation process to promote combat readiness and enhance capabilities. Joint training, the “source” and “main stream” full of power, is guiding and driving the in-depth advancement and vigorous development of military struggle preparations, and fully unleashing the role and effectiveness of training to carry out combat and training to promote preparations.

——Systematic training has become the “new normal” of joint training.

“East”, “South”, “West”, “North”, and “Central” are joint live-fire exercises organized by various theater commands, “Crossing”, “Mobility”, “Red Sword”, “Sky Sword”, and “Joint Logistics Mission” are series of systematic exercises organized by various services, covering all seasons, all weather, and all regions. The CMC, theater commands, and services are responsible for division of labor, overall design, and systematic organization. They are decomposed from top to bottom and integrated from bottom to top, driving the operation and inspection of the joint combat system. Joint exercises and systematic training present a new look, and new changes have taken place in the training and preparation mode. Our military’s joint training has entered a new stage of all-round transformation and overall improvement.

——Joint training between China and foreign countries highlights the “integration” of joint exercises.

At the foot of the Helan Mountains and in the heart of the Bronze Gorge Desert, the “Western Joint-2021” China-Russia joint exercise was booming. In this joint exercise, the Chinese and Russian militaries were mixed and planned together. The two sides shared their positions, coordinated closely, and acted together. They practiced more than 20 subjects such as joint air defense, joint obstacle removal, and joint three-dimensional seizure. With the support of the deeply integrated combat system between China and Russia, new breakthroughs in joint exercises and training were achieved. “Maritime Joint”, “Common Destiny”, “Peace Mission”… With the joint training between China and foreign countries as a “window”, the new changes in the joint training of the Chinese military are being brilliantly presented to the world.

——Intensive training in new domains, demonstrating an “open attitude” in research and warfare.

In joint exercises, underwater unmanned “fish schools”, land unmanned “wolf packs”, and air unmanned “bee swarms” began to emerge. New domains and new types of forces such as land aviation, special operations, electric power, unmanned, network, and aerospace were deeply integrated into the joint combat system and the joint exercise process, and realistic combat scenarios were carefully constructed to accurately experiment with modern war organization and management. As the most active practice area for preparing for war, joint training, with an innovative and open attitude, boldly tried and made great strides towards the new combat areas pointed out in the Outline.

Integrating war and construction to shape a new pattern of system construction in the new era

President Xi stressed that we must adhere to the principle of building the country in accordance with war, strengthen the coordination of war and construction, speed up the promotion of major strategic, leading and fundamental projects, and accelerate the creation of a high-level strategic deterrence and joint combat system.

If the “trouble” in the construction of the joint combat system is not resolved quickly, once the “interest” of the debt accumulates, it will become a “pain” on the battlefield tomorrow. From the perspective of war, the “Outline” calibrates the “sight” of construction and firmly points to the correct direction of military construction.

——Calibrate the construction “sight” to point to the needs of joint operations.

Under the guidance of the Outline, the concept of jointness has been gradually established, and the barriers of “coordination” of military operations and “integration” of combat domain capabilities have been gradually broken down. The land, sea, air, and fire arms have been combined in the same domain, and cross-domain integration of combat domains such as space, network, and electromagnetic space has gradually become a reality. With the support of the network information system and combat data information as the link, a full-time and smooth command link has been built. The system is internally connected to each combat sub-center, and is connected to each combat group (team) command post. When necessary, it can directly reach the end of the individual platform to achieve joint command to the end. All operational forces worked together around the overall intention, realizing the transformation of the joint combat concept from focusing on the “service attributes” of combat forces to focusing on the “operational domain”, which has become the main feature of future joint combat. Studying, planning, and training for war with the “Outline” has become a trend throughout the military.

——Calibrate construction’s “sights” to point to system shortcomings and weaknesses.

Based on the Outline, our army insists on combining inheritance and innovation, theory and practice, innovatively designs strategies for winning future wars, focuses on highlighting problem orientation, takes root in training and preparation for war, promotes the construction of joint combat command system and new combat force construction, and effectively solves the outstanding shortcomings and weaknesses in military combat preparation. In mid-May 2021, the Party Committee of the Northern Theater Command held a special war meeting, and in accordance with the Outline, thoroughly identified contradictions and problems in joint combat research, command and control mode transformation, joint handling level, and efficient command capabilities. According to the Outline, it optimized system support, improved command and control methods, and improved command means, which promoted the transformation of the operation mode of the theater joint command center and the improvement of command effectiveness. Looking across the entire military, similar practices are becoming more and more common. Referring to the Outline to find gaps, ideas, and methods in the near and long term has become the new mainstream for planning and promoting construction at all levels and in all fields.

——Calibrate the construction “sight” to point to the urgent need to balance powerful enemies.

To implement the principle of building the military in accordance with war and coordinating the military construction, we must not only focus on solving current practical problems, but also pay attention to solving long-term development problems. The Outline is anchored on the future of defeating the strong and contains a far-sighted plan to build a world-class military. Guided by the Outline and focusing on changes in the war situation and changes in scientific and technological development, the construction of asymmetric means to check and balance powerful enemies has ushered in a qualitative leap. Batches of new drones, new helicopters and other advanced weapons and equipment have been tested and deployed, and a series of high-tech equipment has been deployed and developed, which has given us more confidence and stronger capabilities to win the war. The Outline condenses the “war code” of historical wisdom and also integrates the way to build first-class and win the future in the new era.

“But look at the path you have come from, and you will see verdant and green mountains.” One year after the implementation of the Outline, the new-era combat regulations are releasing capabilities and increasing efficiency in building a joint combat system with Chinese military characteristics.

In the new era and new journey, our path of joint military operations will surely become broader, our ability to defend the country’s strategic development interests will surely become stronger, our confidence in winning future informationized wars will surely become firmer, and the great goal of building a world-class military will surely be fully realized.

“We have a string that is tightly tied to us, a mission that we shoulder, and a storm that we are watching closely… We are always ready!”

現代國語：

經中央軍委主席習近平批准，中央軍委印發《中國人民解放軍聯合作戰綱要（試行）》，於2020年11月7日起施行。

《綱要》著眼構建聯合作戰法規體系，強化備戰打仗的鮮明導向，對鞏固深化領導指揮體制、規模結構和力量編成改革成果，對推動我軍聯合作戰能力解放和發展，具有重要意義。

《綱要》是我軍新時代作戰條令體系的頂層法規，重在明確聯合作戰組織實施的基本問題，重在統一作戰思想、釐清權責程序、指導作戰行動，明確聯合作戰指揮、作戰行動、作戰保障、國防動員、政治工作等重大原則、要求和基本程序。

中央軍委要求，各級要認真抓好《綱要》的學習貫徹，堅持戰斗力這個唯一的根本的標准，將《綱要》作為組織實施聯合作戰和聯合訓練的基本依據，全面提高新時代打贏能力。

戰旗獵獵，演兵場上風起雲湧、高潮迭起——

大江南北，鐵流澎湃礪精兵；深藍大洋，蹈海踏浪鑄利劍；蒼穹之上，鵬飛萬裡向碧空；密林深處，東風浩蕩嘯九天；天網制權，無形之戰勝有形……一場場聯合作戰演練在多域全維漸次展開，鋪陳出一幅幅聯訓謀戰、以訓促戰、強訓勝戰的強軍畫卷，奏響著我軍練兵備戰史上新的時代強音。

一年來，世界百年未有之大變局交織全球新冠疫情之大流行，疫霾籠罩的天空之下，國際局勢波瀾不斷，伴隨著動蕩和對抗，納卡沖突中大放異彩的無人機作戰，向世界展現出現代戰爭獨有的特征。

“世異則事異，事異則備變。”未來“打什麼仗、怎麼打仗”承載著使命之重，全軍上下處處湧動著研戰謀勝的熱潮。

面對國家安全形勢新的變化，面對強敵對手新的威脅，面對戰爭形態新的演進，迫切需要我們給出強軍答案，給出勝戰答案，給出時代答案。

“總的看，現代戰爭確實發生了深刻變化。這些變化看上去眼花繚亂，但背後是有規律可循的，根本的是戰爭的制勝機理變了。”面對迅猛發展的世界新軍事革命和戰爭形態變化，在統帥指引下，按照軍委政策制度改革統一部署，軍委聯合參謀部組織軍事科學院專家力量和軍委機關有關部門、各戰區、各軍兵種和武警部隊精干人員成立聯合課題組，集智聚力攻關，緊前推動新時代作戰條令制定工作。

2020年11月7日，《中國人民解放軍聯合作戰綱要（試行）》在全軍施行，標定了新時代我軍聯合作戰新的坐標系。

《綱要》頒發以來，指揮員率先領學、機關帶頭熱學、部隊實際踐學，全軍官兵學習宣貫《綱要》熱潮奔湧，一場新時代聯合作戰大討論、思想大解放、備戰大實踐，在全軍部隊蓬勃開展。

劍指勝戰，引領新時代備戰打仗新實踐

“遵通衢之大道兮，求捷徑欲從誰？”軍人的世界，沒有“容易”二字。勝戰之道，唯有備戰。

未來打什麼樣的仗，就要創新什麼樣的戰法；創新不了戰法，就難以打贏未來的戰爭。

作戰條令實質上就是解決如何打仗、怎麼打贏的問題，是對軍事戰略方針的細化、深化和具體化。《中國人民解放軍聯合作戰綱要（試行）》（以下簡稱《綱要》）深入研究未來戰爭特點規律，准確把握我軍機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展的時代特征，通過對未來作戰的前瞻性具象化設計，將新時代軍事戰略方針的精神實質和內容要求具體落實到部隊備戰打仗實踐中去。

《綱要》既是備戰指導綱要，更是聯戰勝戰綱要。

2021年新春伊始，東部戰區某區域，正在組織一場多軍種多方向成體系實戰化訓練。此次演練，在新出台的《綱要》引領下，陸海空天網電全域聯動，政治輿論密切配合，從作戰准備到態勢塑造再到任務實施，全流程信息主導，各單位密切協同，以雷霆萬鈞之勢彰顯了維護國家統一的堅定決心和強大能力，也見證了我軍聯合作戰由“形聯”到“神聯”的蛻變。

西部方向，2021年仲春午夜，一陣急促的警鈴聲響起，根據西部戰區空軍某基地等級轉進指令，陸軍某防空營官兵迅速奔向戰位，等級轉進時間進一步縮短。按照統一部署，戰區空軍責任區內，10余支陸軍防空力量成建制進入空軍指揮鏈條，打破軍種信息壁壘，實現共享預警信息、共同擔負戰備值班，初步形成聯合防空作戰體系。“你借我‘天眼’，我助你‘鐵拳’”，跨軍兵種的一體化聯合防空作戰邁出了新步伐，進入了新階段。

北部方向，2021年盛夏之初，戰鷹翱翔，鐵流滾滾，一場以空地聯合為主題的演習正在火熱進行。根據計劃，北部戰區空軍某指揮所與陸軍某集團軍共同組織軍旅兩級指揮所演習，研究探索聯合指揮機構編成，檢驗指揮所人員一體化聯合作戰指揮能力。情報分析處理、聯合火力打擊、綜合後裝保障等環節協同籌劃、一體展開，指揮機構人員一體編設、要素齊全。在一次次聯戰聯訓的淬煉下，以戰領訓、以訓載戰進一步落地落實，各軍兵種指揮員的聯合作戰指揮能力得到明顯提升。

南海方向，戰鷹呼嘯、攻勢凌厲，蛟龍出動、蹈海踏浪，雷達飛轉、導彈昂首……在戰區聯指的統一指揮下，各任務部隊一體聯動、密切協同，迅速構建起多域聯合、攻防兼備、梯次部署的戰場布勢，采取集中指揮與分散指揮相結合的方式，靈活機動開展海空護航和威懾驅離，有理有力有節，有效維護了南海的和平與安寧。

《綱要》施行一年來，備戰打仗的導向更加鮮明堅定，戰斗力這個唯一的根本的標准樹得更牢，練兵備戰作為部隊主責主業更加突出，研戰謀戰作為官兵第一責任更加清晰，聯戰勝戰的思路舉措越來越見成效，全軍持續掀起練兵備戰新的熱潮。

與時俱進，釐清新時代聯合作戰新機理

“凡益之道，與時偕行。”

軍事理論家杜黑曾言：“勝利只向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑，而不是向那些等待變化發生再去適應的人微笑。”

放眼世界，大國博弈斗爭加劇，戰爭威脅現實存在，戰爭形態持續演進，新軍事變革蓬勃發展，武器裝備隱身化、無人化、智能化成為主流趨勢，戰場空間向全域全維拓展，作戰力量一體聯動成為常態，作戰指揮、行動和支援保障更趨精細，打贏未來戰爭需要更加先進的作戰理論支撐。

作戰理念的差距才是根本的差距，作戰理論的落後才是最大的落後。當現代化戰爭在世界洶湧澎湃的時候，最需要的是更新銳、更勇敢的頭腦。

以《綱要》為統領的新時代作戰條令，堅持把習近平軍事戰略思想、新時代軍事戰略方針作為魂和綱，深刻把握國家安全新變化、作戰對手新調整、戰略布局新設計、積極防御新內涵、作戰指導新發展，將統帥認知戰爭、指導戰爭的原則和方法，物化為部隊具體執行的規范標准，推進我軍聯合作戰邁向更高層次。

——全維度闡述了信息化條件下戰爭指導的時代內涵。

《綱要》瞄准打贏未來高端戰爭，准確把握未來武裝沖突門檻降低、戰爭界限模糊，戰爭領域與其他領域的斗爭相互影響增效日漸突出等特點，強化作戰行動的政治、社會屬性，創新發展軍事斗爭范式模式，強調依托國家一體化戰略體系和能力，強調戰與非戰多域融合，強調軍事與政治、外交、經濟、文化等多手段綜合施策，發揮黨政軍警民整體優勢，反映了現代戰爭理念和打贏新時代人民戰爭、總體戰的戰爭指導。

——全要素規范了我軍聯合作戰行動樣式和行動方法。

《綱要》立足我軍擔負任務和建設發展實際，對未來可能實施的聯合作戰樣式進行了系統闡述，覆蓋各戰略方向核心使命，遍及陸、海、空、天、網絡和電磁多維空間。同時，還創造性地總結歸納了聯合作戰基本行動類型，將貫穿聯合作戰始終並具有共性特征的基本行動突出出來，形成全要素全領域聯合行動的閉環鏈路。

——全流程設計了聯合作戰指揮體系及組織運行方式。

聯合作戰組織實施復雜度極高、難度極大，能否在力量上“合”、行動上“聯”、效能上“優”，關鍵要看指揮上能否實現“統”。《綱要》圍繞打造堅強高效的聯合作戰指揮機構，緊密結合軍委、戰區聯指運行模式機制，充分考慮到既順應改革大方向和總要求，又為實際中靈活編組留有余地，重點解決聯合作戰指揮體系構建、指揮權責界面區分、軍種融入聯合體系等重大問題，確保千軍萬馬在統一號令下聯合行動。

以聯為綱，推動新時代聯合訓練新躍升

一引其綱，萬目皆張。習主席在中央軍委軍事訓練會議上強調，要強化聯合訓練，堅持以聯為綱，發展我軍特色聯合訓練體系，加速提升一體化聯合作戰能力。仗怎麼打、兵就怎麼練，打仗需要什麼、部隊就應該練什麼。當今世界一流軍隊，無不把提高聯合訓練水平視為戰爭准備的第一要務。

《綱要》是新時代作戰條令的開篇之作，也是新時代聯合訓練轉型的指向遵循。《綱要》指引著方向，《綱要》激發著活力，催生了新時代聯合訓練的新格局。

——寓戰於訓，呈現訓備“一體態”。

台灣海峽，海空編隊實施聯合戰備警巡，檢驗提升多軍兵種聯合作戰能力，時刻保持高度戒備狀態，堅決捍衛國家主權和領土完整。演練准備就是作戰准備，演練狀態就是作戰狀態，聯合演兵不再是單純的訓練活動，已經成為推進備戰、提升能力的准備過程。聯合訓練這個充滿力量的“源頭”“干流”，正在牽引、帶動軍事斗爭准備深入推進、蓬勃發展，充分釋放以訓載戰、以訓促備的作用功效。

——體系實訓，成為聯訓“新常態”。

“東部”“南部”“西部”“北部”“中部”，各戰區組織的一場場聯合實兵演習，“跨越”“機動”“紅劍”“天劍”“聯勤使命”，各軍兵種組織的系列體系化演訓，覆蓋了全季節、全天候、全地域。軍委機關、戰區、軍兵種分工負責，整體化設計、體系化組織，從上到下逐級分解，從下向上逐級集成，帶動聯合作戰體系運轉檢驗。聯合演訓、體系練兵呈現新氣象，練兵備戰模式出現新變化，我軍聯合訓練進入了全方位變革、整體性提升的新階段。

——中外聯訓，突顯聯演“融合態”。

賀蘭山下，青銅峽大漠腹地，“西部·聯合-2021”中俄聯演炮聲隆隆。此次聯演，中俄兩軍混合編組、合帳籌劃，雙方態勢共享、密切協同、聯合行動，演練聯合防空、聯合破障、聯合立體奪要等20余個課目，在中俄深度融合的作戰體系支撐下，實現聯演聯訓的新突破。 “海上聯合”“共同命運”“和平使命”……以中外聯訓為“窗口”，中國軍隊聯合訓練的新變化正在向世界精彩呈現。

——新域精訓，展現研戰“開放態”。

一場場聯合演練活動中，水下無人“魚群”、陸上無人“狼群”、空中無人“蜂群”開始真正湧現，陸航、特戰、電抗、無人、網絡、空天等新域新質力量，深度融入聯合作戰體系，深度進入聯合演練流程，精細構設現實作戰場景，精准實驗現代戰爭組織管理。作為備戰打仗最活躍的實踐領域，聯合訓練以創新、開放的姿態，朝著《綱要》指出的新型作戰領域，大膽嘗試、闊步前進。

戰建一體，塑造新時代體系建設新格局

習主席強調指出，要堅持以戰領建，加強戰建統籌，抓緊推進戰略性、引領性、基礎性重大工程，加快打造高水平戰略威懾和聯合作戰體系。

聯合作戰體系建設上的“患”，如不加快解決，一旦欠賬“復息”疊加，就將成為明天戰場上的“痛”。《綱要》從戰的角度，校准建的“准星”，堅定地指向軍隊建設正確的方向。

——校准建設“准星”指向聯合作戰所需。

在《綱要》指引下，聯合理念逐步確立，軍兵種行動“配合”、作戰域能力“整合”的壁壘逐漸被打破，陸、海、空、火等軍兵種並域聯合，太空、網絡、電磁空間等作戰域跨域融合逐步成為現實。以網絡信息體系為支撐，以作戰數據信息為紐帶，構建起全時暢通的指揮鏈路。系統內聯各作戰分中心，下接各作戰群（隊）指揮所，必要時直達單兵平台末端，實現聯合指揮到底到邊。各行動力量圍繞整體意圖共同發力，實現了聯合作戰理念以作戰力量“軍種屬性”為著眼，向以“作戰域”歸屬為著眼的轉變，成為未來聯合作戰的主要特征。拿著《綱要》研打仗、謀打仗、練打仗，在全軍上下蔚然成風。

——校准建設“准星”指向體系短板弱項。

以《綱要》為依據，我軍堅持繼承與創新、理論與實踐相結合，創新設計未來戰爭制勝之策，注重突出問題導向，植苗扎根練兵備戰，推進聯合作戰指揮體系建設、新型作戰力量建設，有效解決了軍事斗爭准備的突出短板弱項。2021年5月中旬，北部戰區黨委召開專題議戰會，對照《綱要》深入查找聯合作戰研究、指控模式轉變、聯合處置層次、高效指揮能力等方面的矛盾問題，依據《綱要》優化體系支撐、改進指控方法、完善指揮手段，推動了戰區聯指中心運行模式轉變和指揮效能提升。放眼全軍，類似的做法越來越多，參照《綱要》顧近及遠找差距、找思路、找方法，成為各層級各領域謀劃推動建設的新主流。

——校准建設“准星”指向制衡強敵所急。

落實以戰領建、戰建統籌，既要立足解決當前實際問題，又要注重解決長遠發展問題。《綱要》錨定未來制強勝強，蘊含著建設世界一流軍隊的深遠謀劃。以《綱要》為引領，著眼戰爭形態之變、科技發展之變，制衡強敵非對稱手段建設迎來了質的飛越。一批批新型無人機、新式直升機等先進武器裝備試驗列裝，一系列高新技術裝備部署研發，我們勝戰的底氣更足、能力更強。《綱要》濃縮了歷史智慧的“戰爭法典”，也融匯了新時代建設一流、制勝未來的勝戰之道。

“卻顧所來徑，蒼蒼橫翠微。”《綱要》施行一年來，新時代作戰條令正在為構建我軍特色的聯合作戰體系釋能增效。

新時代新征程，我軍聯合作戰之路必將更加寬廣，捍衛國家戰略發展利益的能力必將更加強大，打贏未來信息化戰爭的信心必將更加堅定，建設世界一流軍隊的偉大目標必將全面實現。

“有一根弦我們緊繃著，有一種使命我們肩扛著，有一片風浪我們緊盯著……我們時刻准備著！”

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/qwfb/4902340888.html

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Chinese Military’s Brief Analysis of Multi-dimensional Central Warfare

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中國軍隊多維中心戰淺析

現代英語：

2023-09-27 11:58:xx

Source: Guangming Military

Since the 1990s, the concepts of multi-dimensional central warfare, such as network-centric warfare, personnel-centric warfare, action-centric warfare, and decision-centric warfare, have been proposed one after another. The evolution of the concept of multi-dimensional central warfare reflects the overall goal of seeking advantages such as platform effectiveness, information empowerment, and decision-making intelligence by relying on military science and technology advantages, and also reflects the contradictory and unified relationship between people and equipment, strategy and skills, and the strange and the normal. Dialectically understanding these contradictory and unified relationships with centralized structured thinking makes it easier to grasp the essential connotation of its tactics and its methodological significance.

Strengthen the integration of the “human” dimension in the combination of people and equipment

The concepts of personnel-centric warfare and platform-centric warfare largely reflect the relationship between people and weapons and equipment. Some have specially formulated human dimension strategies, emphasizing continuous investment in the human dimension of combat effectiveness, which is the most reliable guarantee for dealing with an uncertain future. Since the beginning of the 21st century, with the rapid development of intelligent weapons and equipment, unmanned combat has emerged, and voices questioning the status and role of people have arisen one after another. It is imperative to strengthen the integration of the human dimension and enhance the synergy of the human dimension.

First, we need to enhance spiritual cohesion. Marxism believes that consciousness is the reflection of objective matter in the human mind. Tactics are the expression and summary of combat experience, and they themselves have spiritual or conscious forms. When studying tactics, we naturally need to put spiritual factors first. Some scholars believe that war is still fundamentally a contest of human will. In the information age, people’s spirits are richer and more complex, and enhancing the spiritual cohesion of the human dimension is more challenging and difficult. To enhance people’s spiritual cohesion, we need to coordinate the cultivation of collective spirit and individual spirit, maximize the satisfaction of individual spiritual needs in leading the collective spirit, realize individual spiritual pursuits in shaping the value of collective spirit, and empower people’s spirit with all available and useful information; we need to coordinate the cultivation of critical spirit and innovative spirit, adhere to the tactical epistemology of dialectical materialism, resolutely oppose idealism and mechanism in tactical cognition, and constantly inherit and innovate in criticism; we need to coordinate the cultivation of fighting spirit and scientific spirit, and promote the revolutionary spirit of facing death with courage and winning, and promote the spirit of winning by science and technology.

The second is to enhance the organizational structure. Organizations are the organs of the military, and people are the cells of the organization. The settings of military organizations in different countries have their own characteristics and commonalities. For example, the Ministry of National Defense is generally set up to distinguish between the structure of military branches, hierarchical structures and regional structures, and to distinguish between peacetime and wartime organizations. Although the purpose of construction and war is the same, the requirements for the unity of construction and the flexibility of war are different. To enhance the organizational structure and promote the consistency of war and construction, it is necessary to smooth the vertical command chain, reasonably define the command power and leadership power, command power and control power, so that the government and orders complement each other, and enhance the vertical structural strength of the organization; it is necessary to open up horizontal coordination channels, explore the establishment of normalized cross-domain (organizations, institutions, departments) coordination channels, change the simple task-based coordination model, and enhance the horizontal structural strength of the organization; it is necessary to improve the peace-war conversion mechanism, focus on the organization connection, adjustment and improvement in the change of leadership or command power of the troops, and maintain the stability and reliability of the organizational structure network.

The third is to enhance material support. The spiritual strength of people in combat can be transformed into material strength, but spiritual strength cannot be separated from the support of material strength. To enhance material support and thus realize the organic unity of material and spirit, it is necessary to ensure combat equipment, bedding, food, and medical care, build good learning venues, training facilities, and re-education channels, provide good technical services in combat regulations, physiological medicine, etc., help design diversified and personalized capacity improvement plans and career development plans, and provide strong material and technical support for the development of people’s physical fitness, skills, and intelligence, and thus comprehensively improve people’s adaptability and combat effectiveness in the uncertain battlefield environment of the future.
             

Deepen the practice of the “skill” dimension in the combination of combat and skills

The combination of combat skills is an important principle of tactical application. The technology includes not only the technology at the practical operation level (such as shooting technology), but also the technology at the theoretical application level (such as information technology). It can be said that tactics, technology, art and procedures together constitute its “combat methodology”. Scientific and technological development and scientific technology are important characteristics of scientific and technological development. To deepen the combination of combat skills, it is necessary to correctly grasp the relationship between technology and tactics, art and procedures, and continuously deepen the practice of the “skill” dimension.

First, promote the tacticalization of advanced technology. Technology determines tactics, which is the basic view of dialectical materialism’s tactical theory. The evolution of the concept of multi-dimensional central warfare is also an example of technology driving the development and change of tactics. Engels once pointed out: “The entire organization and combat methods of the army and the related victory or defeat… depend on the quality and quantity of the population and on technology.” However, technology-driven tactics have a “lag effect”, especially in the absence of actual combat traction. This requires actively promoting the military transformation of advanced civilian technologies and the tactical application of advanced military technologies. On the one hand, we must actively introduce advanced civilian technologies, especially accelerate the introduction and absorption of cutting-edge technologies such as deep neural networks and quantum communication computing; on the other hand, we must strengthen tactical training of advanced technology equipment, closely combine technical training with tactical training, and promote the formation of new tactics and new combat capabilities with new equipment as soon as possible.

Second, promote the technicalization of command art. “Art” is a highly subjective concept. Some Chinese and foreign scholars believe that “the art of command is rooted in the commander’s ability to implement leadership to maximize performance”, while others believe that “the art of command is the way and method for commanders to implement flexible, clever and creative command”. Chinese and foreign scholars generally regard command as an art. The main reason is that although command has objective basis and support such as combat regulations, superior orders and technical support, the more critical factor lies in the commander’s subjective initiative and creativity, which is difficult to quantify by technical means. With the development of disciplines and technologies such as cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience, the cognitive structure and mechanism of command will become more explicit, the mysterious veil of “command art” will gradually fade, and the technicalization of command art will become an inevitable trend. This requires continuous strengthening of technical thinking, continuous deepening of the construction of artificial intelligence-assisted command decision-making means, continuous deepening of the application of human brain decision-making mechanisms, practical use of technology to deconstruct art, and continuous promotion of the technicalization of command art.

The third is to promote the regulation of combat technology. Many scholars place technology on a position that is almost as important as tactics. This insistence on the integrated development of tactical regulation and the regulation of specialized military technology and special combat technology is an important way to promote the systematic and standardized construction of combat regulations and further achieve the integration and unification of tactics and technology at the legal level.
              

Seeking the advantage of the “odd” dimension in combining the odd and the regular

The odd and the even are a basic contradictory structure of tactics, with inherent identity. Without the odd, there is no even, and without the even, there is no odd; either the odd or the even, ever-changing. The choice of the odd and the even is the category of decision-centered warfare, and the application of the odd and the even is the category of action-centered warfare. In the 1990s, the theories of asymmetric warfare, non-contact warfare, and non-linear warfare were proposed. If “symmetric warfare, contact warfare, and linear warfare” are even, then “asymmetric warfare, non-contact warfare, and non-linear warfare” can be called odd. From the perspective of natural science, “symmetry, contact, and linear” are general, and “asymmetry, non-contact, and non-linear” are detailed. It is an inevitable requirement to grasp the dimension of “odd” in the combination of odd, odd, and even, and to seek the advantages of the “three nons”.

First, seek “asymmetric” advantages. “Symmetry” and “asymmetry” originally refer to the morphological characteristics of things or space. Symmetrical warfare is a battle between two troops of the same type, and asymmetric warfare is a battle between two different types of troops. The theory of asymmetric warfare requires the scientific and reasonable organization of troops, combat forces and weapon systems of different military services, deployment in a wide area, and the concentration of superior forces to deal a fatal blow to the enemy at the best combat opportunity, and then quickly redeploy the forces. Due to the limited combat power, the troops have positive asymmetric advantages and negative asymmetric disadvantages. Seeking asymmetric advantages and avoiding asymmetric disadvantages is the common expectation of the warring parties, which will lead to such a situation that the warring parties cycle back and forth between symmetry and asymmetry. Therefore, to seek “asymmetric” advantages, it is necessary to seek asymmetry in combat power, combat capability, combat command and other aspects, adhere to and carry forward “avoid the strong and attack the weak, avoid the real and attack the virtual”, “you fight yours, I fight mine”, and effectively play advantages and avoid disadvantages in asymmetry. For example, when weapons and equipment are symmetrical, strive to gain an asymmetric advantage in personnel capabilities; when forces are symmetrical, strive to gain an asymmetric advantage in command art.

The second is to seek “non-contact” advantages. “Contact” and “non-contact” are a description of the distance between different things. Contact in the military field is usually defined by the projection distance of weapons. The concept of “non-contact combat” originated from World War II and was created during the Cold War. The connotation of contact combat and non-contact combat changes with the change of the striking distance of weapons and equipment. The warring parties always seek to attack each other at a farther distance or in a wider space without being threatened. Since the 1990s, the theory of “non-contact combat” has been used in many local wars. Non-contact combat is a combat action style that implements long-range precision strikes outside the defense zone while being far away from the opponent. Non-contact combat embodies the idea of winning by technology, flexible mobility, and center of gravity strikes. With the rapid development of military science and technology, the armies of major countries in the world will have the ability to perceive and strike globally, and the connotation of “non-contact” will be further compressed to space, cognitive domain and other space fields. To this end, on the one hand, we must base ourselves on the reality of “contact combat”, learn from each other’s strengths and overcome our weaknesses in contact, and continuously accumulate advantages; on the other hand, we must expand the space for “non-contact combat”, seize the initiative and seize the opportunity in non-contact, and continuously expand our advantages.

The third is to seek “nonlinear” advantages. “Linear” and “nonlinear” usually refer to people’s thinking or behavior patterns. The movement of all things in the universe is complex and mostly nonlinear, while human cognition always tends to be simple, abstract, and linear, and has invented concepts such as logic lines, time lines, and linear mathematics. In military science, the transition from linear operations to nonlinear operations reflects the development and progress of military technology theory. Since the second half of the 20th century, nonlinear operations have been on the historical stage. Some scholars have pointed out that in linear operations, each unit mainly acts in a coordinated manner along a clear front line of its own side. The key is to maintain the relative position between its own units to enhance the safety of the units; in nonlinear operations, each unit simultaneously carries out combat operations from multiple selected bases along multiple combat lines. The key is to create specific effects at multiple decision points against the target. Linear operations mainly reflect the action-centered warfare idea, while nonlinear operations mainly reflect the target-centered warfare idea. To this end, on the one hand, we must deepen the use of linear warfare and make full use of its practical value in facilitating command, coordination and support; on the other hand, we must boldly try non-linear warfare and maximize its potential advantages of extensive mobility and full-dimensional jointness. (Yin Tao, Deng Yunsheng, Sun Dongya)

現代國語：

2023-09-27 11:58:xx

來源：光明軍事
自1990年代以來，網路中心戰、人員中心戰、行動中心戰、決策中心戰等多維度的中心戰概念先後被提出。多維度中心戰概念的演變，反映了依靠軍事科技優勢尋求平台效能、資訊賦能、決策智能等優勢的總體目標，更反映了人與裝、謀與技、奇與正等方面的對立統一關係。以中心式結構化思維辯證地認識這些對立統一關係，更便於掌握其戰術的本質內涵及其方法論意義。
強化人裝結合中「人」維度融合
人員中心戰與平台中心戰概念很大程度上反映的是人與武器裝備的關係。有的專門制定人維度策略，強調在戰鬥力的人維度進行持續投入，對於應對不確定的未來是最可靠的保障。進入21世紀以來，隨著智慧化武器裝備的快速發展，無人作戰異軍突起，對人的地位作用的質疑聲音此起彼伏，強化人維度的融合、增強人維度的合力勢在必行。
一是增強精神凝聚力。馬克思主義認為，意識是客觀物質在人腦中的反映。戰術是戰鬥經驗的表現與概括，本身俱有精神或意識上的形態，研究戰術自然要把精神因素放在第一位。有學者認為，戰爭從根本上來說仍然是人類意志的較量。在資訊化時代，人的精神更加豐富複雜，增強人維度精神上的凝聚力，挑戰和難度更高。增強人的精神凝聚力，需要統籌培養集體精神與個體精神，在引領集體精神中最大限度滿足個體精神需求，在培塑集體精神價值中實現個體精神追求，用一切可用、有用的信息賦能人的精神；需要統籌培養批判精神與創新精神，堅持辯證唯物論的戰術知識論，堅決反對戰術認識上的唯心論和機械論，不斷在批判中繼承、在繼承中創新；需要統籌培養戰鬥精神與科學精神，既要弘揚視死如歸、敢打必勝的革命精神，又要發揚科學制勝、技術制勝的精神。


二是增強組織結構力。組織是軍隊的器官，人是組織的細胞。不同國家軍事組織的設置有其特性，也有其共通性。例如普遍設有國防部，區分軍種結構、層級結構與區域結構，區分平時編制與戰時編成。儘管建與戰在目的上是一致的，但是建的統一性與戰的彈性在要求上不盡相同。增強組織結構力進而促進戰建一致，需要暢通縱向指揮鏈路，合理界定指揮權與領導權、指揮權與控制權，做到政令相長，增強組織的縱向結構力；需要打通橫向協同管道，探索建立常態化的跨領域（組織、機構、部門）協同途徑，改變單純的任務式協同模式，增強組織的橫向結構力；需要健全平戰轉換機制，重點關注部隊領導權或指揮權變更中組織銜接、調整和健全等工作，保持組織結構網絡的穩定性、可靠性。
三是增強物質保障力。戰鬥中人的精神力量可以轉化為物質力量，但精神力量也離不開物質力量的支撐。增強物質保障力進而實現物質與精神的有機統一，需要像為決策保障情報、為槍砲保障彈藥、為車輛保障油料一樣，保障好戰鬥裝具、被裝、伙食、醫療，建設好學習場地、訓練設施和再教育渠道，提供好戰條令、生理醫學等方面技術服務，幫助設計多樣化個人化的能力提升計劃、職業發展規劃，為發展人的體能、技能和智能，進而全面提高人在未來不確定性戰場環境中的適應性和戰鬥力，提供堅強的物質和技術支撐。

深化戰技結合中「技」維度實踐
戰技結合是戰術運用的重要原則。其中的技術不僅包括實務操作層面的技術（如射擊技術），也包括理論應用層面的技術（如資訊科技）。可以認為，戰術、技術、藝術和程序共同構成了其「戰鬥方法論」。科學技術化和技術科學化是科學技術發展的重要特徵。深化戰技結合，需要正確掌握技術與戰術、藝術、程序的關係，不斷深化「技」維度實踐。


一是推動先進技術戰術化。技術決定戰術，是辯證唯物論戰術論的基本觀點。多維度中心戰概念的演變，也是技術推動戰術發展變革的例子。恩格斯曾指出：“軍隊的全部組織和作戰方式以及與之有關的勝負……，取決於居民的質與量和取決於技術。”然而，技術推動戰術具有“滯後效應”，尤其在缺少實戰牽引的情況下。這就需要主動推進先進民用技術的軍事轉化和先進軍事技術的戰術應用。一方面，要積極引進民用先進技術，尤其要加速推進深度神經網路、量子通訊運算等尖端技術的引進吸收；另一方面，要加強先進技術裝備戰術訓練，把練技術與練戰術緊密結合起來，推動新裝備盡快形成新戰術和新戰力。
二是推動指揮藝術技術化。 「藝術」是一個具有較強主體性的概念。中外學者有的認為“指揮藝術根植於指揮官實施領導以最大限度提高績效的能力”，有的認為“指揮藝術是指揮官實施靈活巧妙和富有創造性指揮的方式與方法”。中外學者普遍將指揮視為藝術，主要原因在於：指揮儘管有作戰條令、上級命令和技術保障等客觀方面的依據和支撐，但更關鍵的因素在於指揮員的主觀能動性和創造性，而這是比較難以用技術手段加以量化的。隨著認知心理學、認知神經科學等學科和技術的發展，指揮的認知結構和作用機制將更加顯性化，「指揮藝術」的神秘面紗將逐漸退去，指揮藝術技術化將會成為必然趨勢。這需要不斷強化技術思維，持續深化人工智慧輔助指揮決策手段建設，持續深化人類大腦決策機理運用，切實用技術解構藝術，不斷推動指揮藝術技術化。


三是推動戰鬥技術條令化。不少學者把技術置於與戰術近乎同等重要的地位。這種堅持戰術條令化與兵種專業技術和專門戰鬥技術條令化的融合發展，是推動戰鬥條令體系化規範化建設，進而實現戰術與技術在法規層面融合統一的重要途徑。

謀求奇正結合中「奇」維度優勢
奇與正是戰術的一種基本矛盾結構，具有內在同一性。無奇便無正，無正也無奇；或奇或正，千變萬化。奇與正的選擇是決策中心戰的範疇，奇與正的運用是行動中心戰的範疇。 1990年代，非對稱作戰、非接觸作戰、非線式作戰理論被提出。若稱「對稱作戰、接觸作戰、線式作戰」為正，則可稱「非對稱作戰、非接觸作戰、非線式作戰」為奇。從自然科學角度來看，「對稱、接觸、線式」是概述的，「非對稱、非接觸、非線式」是詳實的。把握好奇正結合中「奇」的維度，謀取「三非」優勢是必然要求。
一是謀取「非對稱」優勢。 「對稱」與「非對稱」本來是對事物或空間的形態特徵的指稱。對稱作戰是兩種相同類型部隊之間的交戰，非對稱作戰是兩種不同類型部隊之間的交戰。非對稱作戰理論要求對不同軍兵種部隊、作戰力量和武器系統進行科學合理編組，在寬廣的地域展開部署，在最佳的作戰時機集中優勢力量給敵人以致命的打擊，然後迅速重新部署力量。由於作戰力量的有限性，部隊有正面的非對稱優勢，就有負面的非對稱劣勢。謀取非對稱優勢、規避非對稱劣勢是交戰雙方的共同期望，進而造成這樣一種局面──交戰雙方在對稱與非對稱之間往復循環。因此，謀取“非對稱”優勢，要謀取作戰力量、作戰能力、作戰指揮等多方面上的非對稱，堅持和發揚“避強擊弱、避實擊虛”“你打你的，我打我的”，在非對稱中有效發揮優勢、規避劣勢。例如，在武器裝備對稱時爭取佔據人員能力上的非對稱優勢，在力量對稱時爭取佔據指揮藝術上的非對稱優勢。
二是謀取「非接觸」優勢。 「接觸」與「非接觸」是對不同事物之間距離狀態的一種描述。軍事領域的接觸通常是以武器的投射距離來界定的。 「非接觸作戰」的概念起源於二戰，產生於冷戰時期。接觸作戰與非接觸作戰的內涵是隨著武器裝備打擊距離的改變而改變的。交戰雙方也總是謀求在免受威脅的更遠距離或更廣空間攻擊對方。自1990年代以來，「非接觸作戰」理論在多場局部戰爭中被運用。非接觸作戰是在遠離對方的情況下實施防區外遠程精確打擊的作戰行動樣式。非接觸作戰體現了技術制勝、靈活機動、重心打擊的思想。隨著軍事科技的快速發展，世界主要國家軍隊將具備全球感知和全球打擊的能力，「非接觸」的內涵將進一步壓縮至太空、認知域等太空領域。為此，一方面要立足「接觸作戰」實際，在接觸中取長補短、固強補弱，不斷積蓄勝勢；另一方面要拓展「非接觸作戰」空間，在非接觸中搶抓先手、搶佔先機，不斷拓展優勢。
三是謀取「非線式」優勢。 「線式」與「非線式」通常是指人的思維或行為模式。宇宙萬物運動是複雜的，大抵是非線式的，而人類的認知總是傾向於簡單的、抽象的、線式的，並發明了邏輯線、時間線以及線性數學等概念。軍事學中，從線式作戰到非線式作戰，反映了軍事技術理論的發展進步。 20世紀下半葉起，非線作戰就登上歷史舞台。有學者指出，線式作戰中各部隊主要沿著明確的己方前沿協調一致行動，關鍵是保持己方部隊之間的相對位置，以增強部隊的安全性；非線式作戰中各部隊從選定的多個基地沿多條作戰線同時實施作戰行動，關鍵是針對目標在多個決定點製造特定效果。線式作戰體現的主要是行動中心戰思想，非線式作戰體現的主要是目標中心戰思想。為此，一方面要深化運用線式作戰，充分利用其便於指揮、協同和保障的實用價值；另一方面要大膽嘗試非線式作戰，最大限度地發揮其廣泛機動、全維聯合的潛在優勢。 （殷濤、鄧雲生、孫東亞）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81it.com/2023/0927/14581888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #智慧化戰爭, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, 認知域戰, 認知戰

A Comprehensive Look at Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare

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現代英語：

Source: China Military Network-People’s Liberation Army Daily Author: Gao Kai and Chen Liang Editor-in-charge: Zhao Leixiang

2025-01-23 06:50:x

“Order dispatch”: a new style of precision strike

■Gao Kai, Chen Liang

Lenin once said, “If you don’t understand the times, you can’t understand war.” In recent years, the widespread use of information and intelligent technology in the military field has promoted the deep integration of technology and tactics, and has given birth to “order-based” precision strikes based on intelligent network information systems. Commanders and command agencies can generate strike list requirements based on combat missions. The decision-making system can intelligently match strike platforms, autonomously plan action paths, and scientifically select strike methods based on personalized needs such as strike time, combat space, and damage indicators, thereby quickly and accurately releasing strike effectiveness.

The operational characteristics of “order-to-order” precision strikes

As the informationization and intelligence of weapons and ammunition continue to improve, the cost of modern warfare is also increasing. How to use limited strike resources to achieve the best cost-effectiveness and maximize combat effectiveness has become a central issue for commanders and command agencies in combat planning. “Order-based” precision strikes can provide a “feasible solution” for this.

Instant optimization and precise energy release. Modern warfare places more emphasis on structural strikes and destruction of the enemy’s combat system, and achieves combat objectives by quickly and accurately releasing combat effectiveness. This requires commanders and command agencies to seize the fleeting “window” of opportunity and strike high-value, nodal, and key targets in the enemy’s combat system before the enemy responds. The traditional “discovery-guidance-strike-assessment” combat loop is time-consuming and has poor combat effectiveness. Therefore, “order-dispatching” precision strikes need to rely on advanced intelligent network information systems, do not pre-determine the strike platform, and publish a list of strike targets in real time. The auxiliary decision-making system quickly evaluates the strike performance of various weapon platforms and the expected damage to the target, autonomously assigns strike platform tasks, quickly links and regulates multi-domain firepower strike forces, and autonomously closes the kill chain to quickly strike key targets.

Multi-domain energy gathering and coordinated strike. The advantage of modern combat precision strikes over previous firepower strikes lies in the information-based and intelligent combat system, which does not require human intervention and relies on a closed strike chain to autonomously complete tasks such as “detection, control, attack, and evaluation”. It can not only save the cost of strikes and reduce resource waste, but also achieve adaptive coordination based on unified combat standards. Therefore, the “order-to-order” precision strike requires the firepower strike forces distributed in various combat fields to establish a unified standard grid. As long as a demand is issued at one point, multiple points can respond and the overall linkage can be achieved. Forces and firepower can be flexibly concentrated, and multiple means and rapid multi-domain energy gathering can be used to determine the strike direction, strike order, and strike method of each strike platform on the move. Through system integration, time can be effectively saved, and multi-domain precision strikes can be carried out on key node targets and key parts of core targets of the enemy, giving full play to the overall power of the superposition and integration of the combat effectiveness of each combat unit.

The attack must break the enemy’s system and be quick and decisive. Modern warfare is a “hybrid war” implemented simultaneously in multiple fields. The interweaving influence and confrontation of new domains and new qualities such as information, aerospace, and intelligence are more obvious. This requires both sides of the war to be able to discover and act one step faster than the enemy, destroy and paralyze the enemy’s combat system, and reduce the efficiency of the enemy’s system. On the one hand, it is necessary to accurately identify the nodes of the enemy system and instantly optimize and accurately strike; on the other hand, it is necessary to conceal one’s own intentions and strike forces, and strike quickly when the enemy is unprepared. “Order dispatch” type precision strikes can well meet these two requirements. With the support of network information systems, intelligent integration of firepower strike forces in various fields can be achieved, and multi-source information perception, data cross-linking, and multi-domain coordinated strikes can be achieved. The seamless and high-speed operation of “target perception-decision-making command-firepower strike-damage assessment” is realized, and information and firepower are highly integrated to quickly achieve combat objectives.

The system composition of “order dispatch” type precision strike

The “order-based dispatch” precision strike builds an efficient closed strike chain, compresses action time, improves strike effectiveness, enables various firepower strike platforms to better integrate into the joint firepower strike system, and provides fast and accurate battlefield firepower support. The key lies in the “network” and the focus is on the “four” systems.

Multi-domain platform access network. With the support of information and intelligent technology, an integrated information network system with satellite communication as the backbone will be established, and the firepower strike platforms distributed in the multi-dimensional battlefield will be integrated into the combat network to establish a battlefield “cloud”. Different combat modules will be distinguished, and “subnet clouds” such as “detection, control, attack, and evaluation” will be established. Relying on the integrated communication network chain, the “subnet cloud” will be linked to the “cloud”, which can enhance the firepower strike platform’s full-domain, full-time, on-the-go access, autonomous networking, and spectrum planning capabilities, and realize the network interconnection of firepower platforms, domain-based combat systems, and joint combat systems, as well as the interconnection of internal strike forces.

Joint reconnaissance and perception system. Relying on various reconnaissance and surveillance forces within the joint combat system, conduct all-weather, multi-directional, and high-precision battlefield perception of the combat area. This requires the construction of a full-dimensional reconnaissance and perception force system that exists in physical and logical spaces, tangible and intangible spaces, and the deployment of intelligent perception equipment over a wide area to form an intelligence data “cloud”. Through the intelligence data “cloud”, the enemy situation is analyzed, the key points of the enemy combat system and time-sensitive targets are found, and the reconnaissance information is updated in real time to show the dynamics of the target.

Intelligent command and decision-making system. Relying on a new command and control system with certain intelligent control capabilities, various planning and analysis models are constructed to expand functions such as intelligent intelligence processing, intelligent task planning, automatic command generation, and precise action control. Databases such as the target feature library, decision-making knowledge base, and action plan library are expanded and improved to strengthen the system support capabilities for task planning, action decision-making, and control in the process of combat organization and implementation, improve planning and decision-making and combat action control capabilities, clarify “how to fight, where to fight, and who will fight”, and achieve accurate “order dispatching”.

Distributed firepower strike system. Relying on the intelligent network information system, on the one hand, it integrates land, sea, air, space and other multi-dimensional firepower strike platforms, strengthens the functions of intelligent target identification and remote control strike, and realizes various combat methods such as remote control combat of combat units, manned and unmanned coordinated combat, and flexible and mobile combat; on the other hand, it can build a low-cost firepower strike platform mainly composed of low-altitude and ultra-low-altitude unmanned strike platforms such as crossing aircraft and cruise missiles. By adding different functional combat payloads, it can work closely with high-end firepower strike platforms to implement battlefield guidance, precision strikes, firepower assessment and other tasks, and efficiently complete the “order”.

Autonomous damage assessment system. Relying on the reconnaissance and surveillance forces within the joint combat system to build a damage assessment system, after the firepower platform completes the strike, it will autonomously conduct strike effect verification on the target. It mainly conducts real-time, dynamic, objective, and systematic analysis and evaluation of the target’s appearance, degree of functional loss, etc., and promptly transmits relevant information to decision-making and command centers at all levels through video images. The evaluation center will judge “how well the strike was” and whether it meets the expected damage requirements. If it does not meet the requirements, the combat operations can be adjusted in a timely manner and supplementary strikes can be carried out to provide strong support for maximizing combat effectiveness.

Planning and implementation of “order-based” precision strikes

The “order dispatch” type of precision strike is just like the way online ride-hailing services operate. Through a series of processes such as formatted “order” generation, intelligent object matching, and autonomous path planning, it independently completes the “OODA” combat cycle. Its actions are more efficient, the strikes are more precise, and the coordination is closer.

Firepower requirements are reported in real time, and combat units “submit orders” on demand. Reconnaissance elements distributed in different combat areas and multi-dimensional battlefield spaces use radar, optical, infrared and technical reconnaissance methods to form battlefield target intelligence information through wide-area multi-source detection. This information is connected to the battlefield information network through intelligence links and is transmitted to combat units anytime and anywhere. The combat units will perform correlation processing, multi-party comparison and verification, and comprehensively compile battlefield target information to generate accurate task “orders”. The combat unit analyzes the target value and connects to the decision-making platform on demand, builds an “order”-style closed strike chain, and submits task “orders” in real time to achieve in-motion optimization and precise adaptation.

Differentiate fire strike tasks, and the decision center intelligently “dispatches orders”. Through the battlefield information network and relying on the intelligent task planning system, the decision center can automatically parse the task “order” information data submitted by the combat unit, and automatically generate the task requirements such as the type and quantity of ammunition, strike method and damage index required for the fire strike action according to the nature, coordinate position, movement status, threat level, etc. of the battlefield target, and form a fire support task “order”. Through intelligent matching of the best firepower platform, link nodes are connected as needed, and intelligent command-based “dispatching” is carried out, which is immediately delivered to the firepower platform waiting for combat.

The firepower platform can “accept orders” immediately by matching the best targets at all times. The firepower platforms distributed at multiple points in the battlefield area can respond to “accept orders” immediately through the battlefield information network. The firepower platform and the combat unit can establish a chain autonomously, and directly establish a guided strike chain after mutual “identity” verification, coordinate and cooperate with the firepower strike operation, and adjust the strike method and shooting parameters in time according to the damage to the target after the strike and the dynamics of the battlefield target, and then carry out firepower strikes again until the “dispatching” task is completed. The firepower platform always follows the principle of “strike-transfer-strike-transfer”, completes the strike task, quickly moves the position, stays in a combat state at all times, and receives “orders” online in real time. After the task is completed, the guided strike chain between the firepower platform and the combat unit will be automatically cancelled.

Acquire damage information from multiple sources, and the assessment center will “evaluate” in real time. Comprehensively use long-distance information-based intelligent reconnaissance methods such as satellite reconnaissance, radar reconnaissance, and drone reconnaissance to implement multi-domain three-dimensional reconnaissance, obtain the target’s fire damage information in real time, and provide accurate assessments for precision fire strikes. Comprehensively determine the damage effect, conduct quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the strike effect, distinguish the three damage states of the target’s physical, functional, and system, and provide timely feedback to the decision-making center. According to the damage assessment results of the strike target, timely put forward control suggestions, adjust the fire strike plan, optimize combat operations, and achieve precise control of fire strikes, so that commanders can accurately control the combat process and achieve efficient command and control of the effectiveness of fire strikes.

現代國語：

「訂單派單」：精確打擊新樣式

■高 凱 陳 良

引言

列寧說過，「不理解時代，就不能理解戰爭」。近年來，資訊化智慧化技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用，促進了技術與戰術深度融合，依托智能化網絡資訊體系，催生出「訂單派單」式精確打擊。指揮員及指揮機關可依據作戰任務格式化產生打擊清單需求，決策系統依據打擊時間、作戰空間、毀傷指標等個性化需求智慧匹配打擊平台、自主規劃行動路徑、科學選擇打擊方式，進而快速精準釋放打擊效能。

「訂單派單」式精確打擊的作戰特點

隨著武器彈藥資訊化智慧化程度不斷提升，現代作戰成本也不斷提高。如何運用有限打擊資源打出最高效費比，實現作戰效能最大化，已成為指揮員及指揮機關作戰籌劃的中心問題，「訂單派單」式精確打擊可為此提供「可行解」。

即時聚優精確釋能。現代作戰更強調對敵作戰體系進行結構性打擊破壞，透過快速且精準地釋放作戰效能實現作戰目的。這就要求指揮員及指揮機關能夠抓住稍縱即逝時機的“窗口”，在敵未做出反應之時對其作戰體系內高價值、節點性、關鍵性目標實施打擊。傳統的「發現—引導—打擊—評估」的作戰環路耗時長，作戰效果不佳。因此，「訂單派單」式精確打擊，需要依托先進的智能化網絡信息體系，不預先確定打擊平台，實時發布打擊目標清單，由輔助決策系統對各種武器平台的打擊性能與目標打擊毀傷預期等進行快速評估，自主分配打擊平台任務，快速鏈接調節多領域火力打擊力量，自主閉合殺傷鏈，對關鍵目標實施快速打擊。

多域聚能協同打擊。現代作戰精確打擊較以往火力打擊的優勢在於資訊化智能化的作戰體系，無需人工介入，依托閉合打擊鏈自主完成「偵、控、打、評」等任務，不僅能夠節省打擊成本，減少資源浪費，還能夠實現基於統一作戰標準的自適應協同。因此，「訂單派單」式精確打擊，需要分佈在各作戰領域的火力打擊力量能夠建立統一標準網格，只要一點發出需求，就能夠多點響應、全局聯動，靈活集中兵力、火力，多手段、快速多域聚能，動中確定各打擊平台打擊方向、打擊次序以及打擊方式。透過體系整合有效節約時間，對敵關鍵節點目標以及核心目標的關鍵部位實施多域精確打擊，充分發揮各作戰單元作戰效能疊加融合的整體威力。

擊要破體速戰速決。現代作戰是在多領域同步實施的“混合戰爭”，資訊、空天、智慧等新域新質力量交織影響、對抗更加明顯。這就需要作戰雙方能夠快敵一秒發現、快敵一步行動，毀癱敵作戰體系、降低敵體系運作效率。一方面，要透過找準敵體系節點，即時聚優精準打擊；另一方面，要隱蔽己方企圖及打擊力量，乘敵不備快速打擊。 「訂單派單」式精確打擊能夠很好地契合這兩點需求，在網絡資訊系統的支撐下，智慧融合各領域火力打擊力量，實現資訊多源感知、數據相互交鏈、多域協同打擊，實現「目標感知—決策指揮—火力打擊—毀傷評估」無縫高速運轉，資訊火力高度融合，快速達成作戰目的。

「訂單派單」式精確打擊的體系構成

「訂單派單」式精確打擊通過構建高效閉合打擊鏈，壓縮行動時間，提高打擊效果，使各火力打擊平台能夠更好地融入聯合火力打擊體系，並提供快速精準的戰場火力支援，其關鍵在“網”，重點在“四個”系統。

多領域平台接取網。在資訊化智慧化技術支撐下，建立以衛星通訊為骨幹的一體化資訊網系，將分佈在多維域戰場的火力打擊平台融入作戰網絡建立戰場“雲”，區分不同作戰模塊，建立“偵、控、打、評”等“子網雲”，並依託一體化的通訊網鏈將“子網雲”鏈入“雲”，能夠提升火力打擊平台全局全時、動中接入、自主組網、頻譜規劃的能力，實現火力平台、分域作戰體係與聯合作戰體系的網絡互聯，以及內部打擊力量的互聯互通。

聯合偵察感知系統。依托聯合作戰體系內的各種偵察監視力量對作戰地域進行全天候、多方位、高精度戰場感知。這就要建立物理空間和邏輯空間、有形空間和無形空間泛在存在的全維域偵察感知力量系統，廣域佈設智能感知設備，形成情報數據“雲”，通過情報數據“雲”分析敵情態勢，找出敵作戰體系關鍵點以及時敏性目標，實時更新偵察信息，展現目標動態。

智慧指揮決策系統。依托具備一定智能控制能力的新型指控系統，構建各類籌劃分析模型，擴展情報智能處理、任務智能規劃、指令自動生成、行動精確控制等功能，擴充完善目標特徵庫、決策知識庫、行動預案庫等數據庫，強化戰鬥組織與實施過程中的任務規劃、行動決策和控制的系統支撐能力，提升行動籌劃決策和明確行動能力，誰來打」

分佈火力打擊系統。依托智能網絡資訊系統，一方面，融入陸、海、空、天等多維域火力打擊平台，強化目標智能識別、遠程遙控打擊等功能，實現作戰單元遠程遙控作戰、有人無人協同作戰、靈活機動作戰等多種作戰方式；另一方面，可構建以穿越機、巡導彈等低空超低空無人打擊平台為主的低成本火力打擊平台，通過加掛不同功能作戰載荷，與高端火力打擊平台密切協同來實施戰場引導、精確打擊、火力評估等任務，高效完成“訂單”。

自主毀傷評估系統。依托聯合作戰體系內的偵察監視力量建構毀傷評估系統，在火力平台打擊完畢後，自主對目標實施打擊效果核查。主要就目標的外觀狀態、功能喪失程度等進行實時、動態、客觀、系統的分析和評估，並及時通過視頻圖像的方式將相關信息返回至各級決策指揮中心，由評估中心判斷“打得怎麼樣”，是否達到預期毀傷要求。如不符合，可適時調控作戰行動，進行補充打擊，為最大限度釋放作戰效能提供強力支撐。

「訂單派單」式精確打擊的規劃實施

「訂單派單」式精確打擊就如同網約車的運作方式一樣，透過格式化「訂單」生成、智能化對象匹配、自主化路徑規劃等一系列流程，自主完成「OODA」作戰循環，其行動更為高效、打擊更為精準、協同更為密切。

實時提報火力需求，作戰單元按需「提單」。分佈在不同作戰地域、多維戰場空間的偵察要素，通過雷達、光學、紅外和技術偵察等方式，廣域多源偵獲形成戰場目標情報資訊。這些資訊依托情報鏈路接入戰場資訊網，隨時隨地被傳至作戰單元，由作戰單元進行關聯處理、多方對比印證，綜合整編戰場目標訊息，產生精確的任務「訂單」。作戰單元分析目標價值按需連通決策平台，建立“訂單”式閉合打擊鏈，實時提報任務“訂單”，實現動中集優、精準適配。

區分火力打擊任務，決策中心智能「派單」。決策中心通過戰場資訊網，依托智能任務規劃系統，能夠自動解析作戰單元提報的任務“訂單”信息數據，根據戰場目標性質、坐標方位、移動狀態、威脅程度等，自動生成火力打擊行動所需彈種彈量、打擊方式和毀傷指標等任務要求，形成火力支援任務“訂單”，通過智能匹配最佳火力平台，連通式鏈路節點，按需送飛機服務“訂單”。

全時匹配最優目標，火力平台快速即時「接單」。多點分佈在戰場區域內的火力平台，通過戰場信息網迅即響應“接單”，火力平台與作戰單元之間自主建鏈，相互核驗“身份”後直接建立引導打擊鏈，協同配合火力打擊行動，並根據打擊後目標毀傷情況以及戰場目標動態，及時調整打擊方式、射擊參數等，而後再次實施火力打擊，直至完成“派單”任務。火力平台始終遵循「打擊—轉移—打擊—轉移」的原則，完成打擊任務，迅即轉移陣地，全時保持待戰狀態，實時在線接收「訂單」。任務結束後，火力平台與作戰單元之間的引導打擊鏈會自動取消。

多源獲取毀傷訊息，評估中心即時「評單」。綜合運用衛星偵察、雷達偵察、無人機偵察等遠距離資訊化智能化偵察手段，實施多域立體偵察，實時獲取目標的火力毀傷訊息，為開展精確火力打擊提供準確評估。綜合判定毀傷效果，對打擊效果進行定量和定性評估，區分目標物理、功能和系統三種毀傷狀態，及時回饋至決策中心。根據打擊目標的毀傷評估結果，適時提出調控建議，調整火力打擊計畫，優化作戰行動，實現對火力打擊的精確控制，便於指揮員精準把控作戰進程，達成對火力打擊效能的高效指揮控制。

資料來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：高凱 陳亮 責任編輯：趙雷翔
2025-01-23 06:50:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16365873888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Dissipative Warfare, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Comprehensive Look at Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare: AI War brought about by AGI

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縱覽中國軍事智慧化戰爭：AGI帶來的人工智慧戰爭

現代英語：

Technology and war are always intertwined. While technological innovation is constantly changing the face of war, it has not changed the violent nature and coercive purpose of war. In recent years, with the rapid development and application of artificial intelligence technology, people have never stopped debating the impact of artificial intelligence on war. Compared with artificial intelligence (AI), general artificial intelligence (AGI) has a higher level of intelligence and is considered to be a form of intelligence equivalent to human intelligence. How will the emergence of AGI affect war? Will it change the violence and coercive nature of war? This article will discuss this issue with you with a series of thoughts.

  Is AGI just an enabling technology?

  Many people believe that although large models and generative artificial intelligence show the strong military application potential of AGI in the future, they are only an enabling technology after all, that is, they can only enable and optimize weapons and equipment, make existing equipment more intelligent, and improve combat efficiency, and it is difficult to bring about a real military revolution. Just like “cyber warfare weapons” were also highly expected by many countries when they first appeared, but now it seems a bit exaggerated.

  The disruptive nature of AGI is actually completely different. It brings huge changes to the battlefield with a reaction speed and knowledge breadth far exceeding that of humans. More importantly, it has brought about huge disruptive results by promoting the rapid advancement of science and technology. On the battlefield of the future, autonomous weapons will be endowed with advanced intelligence by AGI, their performance will be generally enhanced, and they will become “strong at attack and difficult to defend” with their speed and cluster advantages. By then, the highly intelligent autonomous weapons that some scientists have predicted will become a reality, and AGI will play a key role in this. At present, the military application areas of artificial intelligence include autonomous weapons, intelligence analysis, intelligent decision-making, intelligent training, intelligent support, etc. These applications are difficult to simply summarize as “empowerment”. Moreover, AGI has a fast development speed and a short iteration cycle, and is in a state of continuous evolution. In future operations, AGI needs to be a priority, and special attention should be paid to the possible changes it brings.

  Will AGI make war disappear?

  Historian Geoffrey Blainey believes that “wars always occur because of misjudgments of each other’s strength or will”, and with the application of AGI in the military field, misjudgments will become less and less. Therefore, some scholars speculate that wars will decrease or disappear. In fact, relying on AGI can indeed reduce a large number of misjudgments, but even so, it is impossible to eliminate all uncertainties, because one of the characteristics of war is uncertainty. Moreover, not all wars are caused by misjudgments. Moreover, the inherent unpredictability and inexplicability of AGI, as well as people’s lack of experience in using AGI, will bring new uncertainties, making people fall into a thicker “fog of artificial intelligence”.

  There are also rational problems with AGI algorithms. Some scholars believe that AGI’s mining and accurate prediction of important intelligence will have a dual impact. In actual operation, AGI does make fewer mistakes than humans, which can improve the accuracy of intelligence and help reduce misjudgments; but sometimes it may also make humans blindly confident and stimulate them to take risks. The offensive advantage brought by AGI leads to the best defense strategy being “preemptive strike”, which breaks the balance between offense and defense, triggers a new security dilemma, and increases the risk of war.

  AGI has the characteristics of strong versatility and can be easily combined with weapons and equipment. Unlike nuclear, biological and chemical technologies, it has a low threshold for use and is particularly easy to spread. Due to the technological gap between countries, people are likely to use immature AGI weapons on the battlefield, which brings huge risks. For example, the application of drones in the latest local war practices has stimulated many small and medium-sized countries to start purchasing drones in large quantities. The low-cost equipment and technology brought by AGI are very likely to stimulate the occurrence of a new arms race.

  Will AGI be the ultimate deterrent?

  Deterrence is the ability to maintain a certain capability to intimidate an adversary from taking actions that go beyond its own interests. When deterrence is too strong to be used, it is the ultimate deterrence, such as the nuclear deterrence of mutually assured destruction. But what ultimately determines the outcome is “human nature,” which is the key that will never be missing in war.

  Without the various trade-offs of “humanity”, will AGI become a formidable deterrent? AGI is fast but lacks empathy, is resolute in execution, and has an extremely compressed gaming space. AGI is a key factor on future battlefields, but it is difficult to accurately evaluate due to lack of practical experience, and it is easy to overestimate the opponent’s capabilities. In addition, in terms of autonomous weapon control, whether humans are in the loop and supervise the entire process, or are humans outside the loop and completely let go, this undoubtedly requires deep thought. Can the firing control of intelligent weapons be handed over to AGI? If not, the deterrent effect will be greatly reduced; if so, can the life and death of humans really be decided by machines that have nothing to do with them? In research at Cornell University, large war game simulation models often “suddenly use nuclear attacks” to escalate wars, even if they are in a neutral state.

  Perhaps one day in the future, AGI will surpass humans in capabilities. Will we be unable to supervise and control it? Geoffrey Hinton, who proposed the concept of deep learning, said that he has never seen a case where something with a higher level of intelligence was controlled by something with a lower level of intelligence. Some research teams believe that humans may not be able to supervise super artificial intelligence. In the face of powerful AGI in the future, can we really control them? This is a question worth pondering.

  Will AGI change the nature of war?

  With the widespread use of AGI, will battlefields filled with violence and blood disappear? Some people say that AI warfare is far beyond the capabilities of humans and will push humans out of the battlefield. When AI turns war into a war fought entirely by autonomous robots, is it still a “violent and bloody war”? When opponents of unequal capabilities confront each other, the weak may not have the opportunity to act at all. Can wars be ended before the war through war games? Will AGI change the nature of war? Is an “unmanned” “war” still a war?

  Yuval Noah Harari, author of Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, said that all human behavior is mediated by language and affects our history. The Big Language Model is a typical AGI. The biggest difference between it and other inventions is that it can create new ideas and culture. “Artificial intelligence that can tell stories will change the course of human history.” When AGI touches the control of language, the entire civilization system built by humans may be subverted, and it does not even need to generate consciousness in this process. Like Plato’s “Allegory of the Cave”, will humans worship AGI as a new “god”?

  AGI establishes a close relationship with humans through human language and changes human perceptions, making it difficult for humans to distinguish and discern, thus posing the danger of the will to war being controlled by people with ulterior motives. Harari said that computers do not need to send out killer robots. If necessary, they will let humans pull the trigger themselves. AGI accurately creates and polishes situation information and controls battlefield cognition through deep fakes. It can use drones to fake battlefield situations and build public opinion before the war. This has been seen in recent local wars. The cost of war will be greatly reduced, leading to the emergence of a new form of war. Will small and weak countries still have a chance? Can the will to war be changed without bloodshed? Is “force” no longer a necessary condition for defining war?

  The form of war may be changed, but the essence remains. Whether war is “bloody” or not, it will still force the enemy to obey its will and bring a lot of “collateral damage”, but the way of confrontation may be completely different. The essence of war lies in the “human nature” deep in the heart, and “human nature” is determined by culture, history, behavior and values, etc. It is difficult to completely replicate it with some artificial intelligence technology, so we cannot outsource all ethical, political and decision-making issues to artificial intelligence, and we cannot expect artificial intelligence to automatically generate “human nature”. Artificial intelligence technology may be abused due to passionate impulses, so it must be under human control. Since artificial intelligence is trained by humans, it will not always be free of bias, so they cannot be completely separated from human supervision. In the future, artificial intelligence can become a creative tool or partner to enhance “tactical imagination”, but it must be “aligned” with human values. These issues need to be constantly thought about and understood in practice.

  Will AGI revolutionize the theory of war?

  Most subject knowledge is expressed in natural language. The large language model, which is a collection of human writings, can connect language writings that are difficult to be compatible with scientific research. For example, some people input classical masterpieces and even philosophy, history, politics, economics, etc. into the large language model for analysis and reconstruction. It is found that it can not only conduct a comprehensive analysis of all scholars’ views, but also put forward its “own views” without losing originality. Therefore, some people say that it is also possible to re-analyze and interpret war theories through AGI, stimulate human innovation, and drive major evolution and reconstruction of war theories and systems? Perhaps there will be certain improvements and developments in theory, but war science is not only theoretical, but also practical, but practicality and reality are what AGI cannot do at all. Can the classic war theory really be reinterpreted? If so, what is the meaning of the theory?

  In short, AGI’s subversion of the concept of war will far exceed “mechanization” and “informatization”. People should boldly embrace the arrival of AGI, but also be cautious. Understand the concept so as not to be ignorant; conduct in-depth research so as not to fall behind; strengthen supervision so as not to be negligent. How to learn to cooperate with AGI and guard against AGI technology raids by opponents is what we need to pay attention to first in the future. (Rong Ming and Hu Xiaofeng)

  Afterword

  Looking to the future with an open mind

  Futurist Roy Amara has a famous assertion that people tend to overestimate the short-term benefits of a technology but underestimate its long-term impact, which is later called “Amara’s Law”. This law emphasizes the nonlinear characteristics of technological development, that is, the actual impact of technology often takes a longer time scale to fully manifest, reflecting the pulse and trend of technological development and embodying human acceptance and longing for technology.

  At present, in the process of the development of artificial intelligence from weak artificial intelligence to strong artificial intelligence, and from special artificial intelligence to general artificial intelligence, every time people think that they have completed 90% of the journey, looking back, they may have only completed less than 10% of the journey. The driving role of the scientific and technological revolution in the military revolution is becoming more and more prominent, especially the multi-faceted penetration of high-tech represented by artificial intelligence technology into the military field, which has led to profound changes in the mechanism, elements and methods of winning wars.

  In the foreseeable future, intelligent technologies such as AGI will not stop iterating, and the cross-evolution of intelligent technologies and their enabling applications in the military field will become more diversified, perhaps going beyond the boundaries of human cognition of existing war forms. The development of science and technology is unstoppable and unstoppable. Whoever can see the trend and future of science and technology, the potential and power of science and technology with a keen eye and a clear mind, and see through the “fog of war”, will be more likely to seize the initiative to win.

  This reminds us that we should have a broader perspective and thinking when exploring the development of future war forms, so that we can get closer to the underestimated reality. Where is AGI going? Where is intelligent warfare going? This is a test of human wisdom.

[Editor: Wang Jinzhi]

現代國語：

AGI帶來的戰爭思考

編者按

科技與戰爭總是交織在一起，科技創新在不斷改變戰爭面貌的同時，並沒有改變戰爭的暴力性質和強迫性目的。近年來，隨著人工智慧技術的快速發展應用，人們關於人工智慧對戰爭影響的爭論從未停止。與人工智慧（AI）相比，通用人工智慧（AGI）的智慧程度更高，被認為是與人類智慧相當的智慧形式。 AGI的出現將如何影響戰爭，會不會改變戰爭的暴力性和強迫性？本文將帶著一系列思考與大家共同探討這個問題。

AGI只是賦能技術嗎

很多人認為，雖然大模型以及生成式人工智慧展現出未來AGI強大的軍事應用潛力，但它們畢竟只是一種賦能技術，即只能對武器裝備賦能優化，使現有裝備更加智能，提高作戰效率，難以帶來真正的軍事革命。就如同「網路戰武器」在剛出現時也曾被許多國家寄予厚望，但現在看來確實有點誇大。

AGI的顛覆性其實完全不同。它以遠超人類的反應速度和知識廣度為戰場帶來巨大改變。更重要的是，它透過促進科技的快速進步，湧現出巨大的顛覆性結果。未來戰場上，自主武器將被AGI賦予高級智能，性能得到普遍增強，並且憑藉其速度和集群優勢變得「攻強守難」。屆時，一些科學家曾預言的高智慧自主武器將成為現實，而AGI在其中扮演了關鍵性角色。目前，人工智慧的軍事化應用領域包括自主武器、情報分析、智慧決策、智慧訓練、智慧保障等，這些應用很難用「賦能」來簡單概括。而且，AGI發展速度快、迭代周期短，處於不斷進化的狀態。未來作戰，需要將AGI作為優先事項，格外注意其帶來的可能改變。

AGI會讓戰爭消失嗎

歷史學家杰弗裡·布萊尼認為“戰爭總是因為對各自力量或意願錯誤的判斷而發生”，而隨著AGI在軍事領域的應用，誤判將變得越來越少。因此，有學者推測，戰爭將隨之減少或消失。其實，依托AGI確實可以減少大量誤判，但即便如此，也不可能消除所有不確定性，因為戰爭的特徵之一就是不確定性。何況並非所有戰爭都因誤判而產生，而且，AGI固有的不可預測性、不可解釋性，以及人們對AGI使用經驗的缺乏，都會帶來新的不確定性，使人們陷入更加濃重的「人工智慧迷霧」之中。

AGI演算法還存在理性難題。有學者認為，AGI對重大情報的挖掘和精確預測，會帶來雙重影響。 AGI在實際操作層面，確實比人類犯錯少，能夠提高情報準確性，有利於減少誤判；但有時也可能會使人類盲目自信，刺激其鋌而走險。 AGI帶來的進攻優勢，導致最佳防禦戰略就是“先發制人”，打破了進攻與防禦的平衡，引發了新型安全困境，反而增加了戰爭爆發的風險。

AGI具有通用性強的特點，容易與武器裝備結合。與核子、生化等技術不同，它使用門檻低，特別容易擴散。由於各國之間存在技術差距，導致人們很可能將不成熟的AGI武器運用於戰場，帶來巨大風險。例如，無人機在最新局部戰爭實務的應用，就刺激許多中小國家開始大量採購無人機。 AGI帶來的低成本裝備和技術，極有可能刺激新型軍備競賽的發生。

AGI會是終極威懾嗎

威懾是維持某種能力以恐嚇對手使其不採取超越自身利益的行動。當威懾強大到無法使用時就是終極威懾，例如確保相互摧毀的核威懾。但最終決定結果的卻是“人性”，這是戰爭永遠不會缺少的關鍵。

如果沒有了「人性」的各種權衡，AGI是否會成為令人生畏的威懾？ AGI速度很快但缺乏同理心，執行堅決，博弈空間被極度壓縮。 AGI是未來戰場的關鍵性因素，但因缺乏實務經驗很難進行準確評估，很容易高估對手能力。此外，在自主武器控制方面，是人在環內、全程監督，還是人在環外、完全放手，這無疑需要深思。智慧化武器的開火控制權能交給AGI嗎？如果不能，威懾效果將大打折扣；如果能，人類的生死就真的可以交由與其無關的機器來決定？在康乃爾大學的研究中，兵棋推演大模型經常「突然使用核攻擊」升級戰爭，即使處於中立狀態。

或許未來某一天，AGI會在能力上超過人類，我們是不是就無法對其進行監管控制了？提出深度學習概念的傑弗裡·辛頓說，從沒見過更高智能水平的東西被更低智能水平的東西控制的案例。有研究團隊認為，人類可能無法監督超級人工智慧。未來面對強大的AGI，我們真的能夠控制住它們嗎？這是一個值得人們深思的問題。

AGI會改變戰爭本質嗎

隨著AGI的大量運用，充滿暴力和血腥的戰場會不會消失？有人說，人工智慧戰爭遠超過人類能力範圍，反而會將人類推到戰場之外。當人工智慧將戰爭變成全部由自主機器人對抗時，那它還是「暴力和血腥的戰爭」嗎？當能力不對等的對手對抗時，弱者可能根本沒有行動的機會，戰爭是不是透過兵棋推演就可以在戰前被結束？ AGI會因此改變戰爭的本質嗎？ 「無人」的「戰爭」還是戰爭嗎？

《人類簡史》作者尤瓦爾·赫拉利說，人類的一切行為都透過語言作為中介並影響我們的歷史。大語言模型是一種典型的AGI，它與其他發明最大的不同在於可以創造全新的想法和文化，「會說故事的人工智慧將改變人類歷史的進程」。當AGI觸及對語言的掌控時，人類所建構的整個文明體係就可能被顛覆，在這個過程中甚至不需要其產生意識。如同柏拉圖的“洞穴寓言”，人類會不會將AGI當成新的“神明”加以膜拜？

AGI透過人類語言和人類建立親密關係，並改變人類的看法，使人類難以區分和辨別，從而存在戰爭意志被別有用心之人控制的危險。赫拉利說，電腦不需要派出殺手機器人，如果真的需要，它會讓人類自己扣下板機。 AGI精準製造和打磨態勢訊息，透過深度偽造控制戰場認知，既可用無人機對戰場態勢進行偽造，也可以在戰前進行輿論造勢，在近幾場局部戰爭中已初見端倪。戰爭成本會因此大幅下降，導致新的戰爭形態產生，小國弱國還會有機會嗎？戰爭意志是否可以不用流血就可改變，「武力」是否不再是戰爭定義的必要條件？

戰爭形態或被改變，但本質仍在。無論戰爭是否“血腥”，其仍會強迫敵人服從自己的意志並帶有大量“附帶損傷”，只不過對抗方式可能會完全不同。戰爭本質在於內心深處的“人性”，而“人性”是由文化、歷史、行為和價值觀等決定的，是很難用某種人工智能技術完全復刻出來的，所以不能將倫理、政治和決策問題全部外包給人工智能，更不能期望人工智能會自動產生“人性”。人工智慧技術可能會因激情衝動而被濫用，所以必須在人類掌控之中。既然人工智慧是人類訓練的，它就不會永遠都沒有偏見，所以它們就無法完全脫離人類的監督。在未來，人工智慧可以成為有創意的工具或夥伴，增強“戰術想像力”，但必須“對齊”人類的價值觀。這些問題需要在實踐中不斷地去思考和理解。

AGI會顛覆戰爭理論嗎

大多數的學科知識是用自然語言表達的。集人類著述之大成的大語言模型，可以將很難相容的語言著述與科學研究連結起來。例如，有人將古典名著甚至哲學、歷史、政治、經濟學等輸入大語言模型，進行分析重構。發現它既可以對所有學者觀點進行全面分析，也可以提出它“自己的見解”，而且不失創見。因此有人說，是否也可以透過AGI對戰爭理論重新加以分析解釋，激發人類創新，以驅使戰爭理論及體系發生重大演化與重構？也許從理論上確實會有一定的改進和發展，但戰爭科學不僅具有理論性，而且還具有實踐性，但實踐性、現實性卻是AGI根本做不到的。經典戰爭理論真的可以重新詮釋嗎？若是，則理論的意義何在？

總之，AGI對戰爭概念的顛覆將遠超越「機械化」與「資訊化」。對於AGI的到來，人們既要大膽擁抱，也要心存謹慎。理解概念，不至於無知；深入研究，不致於落伍；強化監管，不致於失察。如何學習與AGI合作，防範對手AGI技術突襲，是我們未來首先需要關注的事情。 （榮明 胡曉峰）

編 後

以開闊思維前瞻未來

未來學家羅伊·阿瑪拉有一個著名論斷，人們總是傾向於高估一項技術帶來的短期效益，卻又低估了它的長期影響，後被稱作“阿瑪拉定律”。這個定律，強調了科技發展的非線性特徵，即科技的實際影響往往需要在更長的時間尺度上才能完全顯現，反映了科技發展的脈動與趨勢，體現人類對科技的接納與憧憬。

目前，人工智慧由弱人工智慧到強人工智慧、由專用人工智慧到通用人工智慧的發展過程中，每次人們認為已走完全程的90%時，回首一看，可能才剛到全程的10%。科技革命對軍事革命驅動作用愈發凸顯，尤其是以人工智慧技術為代表的高新技術多方位向軍事領域滲透，使得戰爭制勝機理、制勝要素、制勝方式正在發生深刻演變。

在可以預見的未來，AGI等智慧化技術不會停止迭代的步伐，而智慧化技術交叉演化以及在軍事領域的賦能應用等都將趨於多元化，或許會跳脫出人類對現有戰爭形態認知的邊界。科技的發展已勢不可擋、也無人能擋，誰能以敏銳的眼光、清醒的頭腦，看清科技的趨勢和未來、看到科技的潛質和威力，洞穿“戰爭迷霧”，誰就更有可能搶佔制勝先機。

這提醒著人們，對於未來戰爭形態發展的探索應持更開闊的視野和思維，才可能更接近被低估的現實。 AGI向何處去？智能化戰爭往何處去？這考驗著人類的智慧。 （野鈔洋）

【責任編輯:王金志】

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.news.cn/milpro/20250121/1eb771b26d264926b0c2d23d12084f0f888/c.html

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Cognitive Domain Warfare The New Main Chinese Battlefield for Language Confrontation

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認知領域戰爭：中國語言對抗的新主戰場

現代英語：

Cognitive domain warfare refers to the important form of public opinion propaganda, psychological attack and defense, winning people’s hearts, subverting confidence, influencing beliefs, fighting for thinking, and ideological struggle, guided by modern cognitive theory and science, calling on multi-domain means such as public opinion, psychology, and law, and using multi-dimensional technologies such as modern networks, media, text, pictures, videos, and numbers, aiming to fight for people’s initiative in thinking, beliefs, values, personal attitudes, emotions, identification, and judgment tendencies. Cognitive domain warfare is a complex collection of traditional public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, legal warfare, trade warfare, diplomatic warfare, scientific and technological warfare, ideological warfare, and other multi-domain warfare.

At present, cognitive domain warfare has become an important support for countries to carry out military struggles and struggles in other fields. Language confrontation driven by cognitive domain goals has become an important form of cognitive domain warfare and deserves high attention.

Language confrontation: a new area for exerting influence on combat targets

Cognitive domain operations are a result of the development of contemporary cognitive science research. They are an emerging field of operations that emerged after people actively explored the cognitive activities of the brain to gain a more complex, abstract and thorough understanding of the brain. They are also a high-end form of influence in language confrontation that targets the advanced, deep and hidden activities of the audience’s brain. Whether it is the object of information action, the producer of information, the information content itself or the channel of information, cognitive domain operations are all permeated with cognitive characteristics, and always emphasize taking action at the cognitive level.

In terms of the recipients of information, this cognition targets the deep cognitive aspects of the opponent’s audience, including its people, military, military commanders or important leaders, important figures in the political and business circles, and even directly includes the leaders of the other country or specific important generals of the army, etc. It can also be a specific group of people or the public. It can involve the cognitive preferences, cognitive shortcomings, cognitive habits, cognitive biases, and cognitive misunderstandings of individuals or groups; it can also be the beliefs, values, political identity, national identity, social and cultural identity, and emotional attitudes of individuals and groups.

From the perspective of the distributor and content of information, it should be infused with the cognitive design and arrangement of the information producer, which includes the unique cognition of the text, such as the discourse mode of the text, the narrative mode of the text, the observation perspective of things, the cognitive focus and depth of the narrative, the organization form of the sentence, the value concept and other tendencies of the sentence, the acceptability of the concept of the sentence to the other party, etc.

In terms of the channels for information issuance and dissemination, the form of text is closer to multimedia and multimodal forms, closer to the needs of cyberspace, closer to the advantages of contemporary smart phones, and closer to the characteristics of the current emerging media era, that is, it is more in line with the cognitive characteristics, cognitive habits and cognitive tendencies accepted by the audience. The dissemination form of text fully considers the cognitive effects in international communication, especially cross-cultural, cross-linguistic, cross-media and cross-group cognitive communication. In this way, the text will better influence the audience from a cognitive level.

Language confrontation responds to changes in combat styles and generates new tactics

Throughout human history, it is not difficult to find that the style of military struggle has been constantly changing. From the initial physical struggle with cold weapons to the contest of hot weapons and mechanical forces, and then to the balance and counter-balance of information capabilities under high-tech warfare conditions, in recent years, it has developed towards the intelligent decision-making competition in the direction of intelligence and unmanned. Each change has brought profound changes in tactics. In the current transitional stage of coexistence of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, people not only pay attention to the competition for dominance in the physical and information domains of the battlefield, but also pay more attention to the control of the cognitive domain that affects the main body of war, that is, the competition in the fields of thinking, cognitive patterns and styles, values, emotional attitudes, cultural models, communication patterns, psychological strengths and weaknesses, cognitive preferences, cultural and knowledge maps, and ideological identity of the personnel on both sides of the war. The latter involves the basic situation of social personnel and social existence, that is, the emerging field of cognitive domain warfare, and its tactics have strong particularity.

Flexibility of topics: Cognitive domain operations can select many topics in the cognitive domain and carry out flexible and flexible combat operations. According to the current situation and needs, topics can be selected from the relatively macroscopic strategic level (such as the ideology and system of the opponent’s entire society, etc.), the mesoscopic campaign level (such as social problems in the local field or direction of the opponent’s society: social welfare policy or environmental protection policy, etc.), and very microscopic tactical issues in society (such as the unfairness, injustice, and non-beautiful side of society reflected by a certain person or a specific event). Macro, meso, and micro cognitive domain issues are interconnected and transformed into each other. It is very likely that a microscopic topic will also become a major macroscopic strategic topic. The raising of issues depends on the relationship with the entire military operation. Cognitive domain operations should be subject to the overall combat operations and serve the needs of the macroscopic political and diplomatic situation. More importantly, topics should be prepared in peacetime, and data on various topics should be collected in peacetime, especially paying attention to various important data in the real society. Once needed, these data can be quickly transformed into arrows, bullets, and shells shot at the enemy’s cognitive domain, and even become strategic weapons that affect the overall situation.

Controllability of the operational level: The important design of cognitive operations is that it can be controlled and regulated as a whole at the operational level, and can be upgraded or reduced in dimension according to changes in the situation. If it is necessary at the strategic level, the commander can open the strategic level design and force investment; if it is necessary at the campaign level, it can also be controlled at the corresponding campaign level; if it is only necessary at the level of specific small problems, it can also be controlled at the corresponding niche local level, so that the entire action serves the needs of the overall combat operation. The strategic campaign tactics here refer more to operational design and force investment. Since the battlefield situation may change rapidly, some issues may also change at the level, with strategic issues affecting the effects of the campaign and tactical levels; some issues, due to the particularity of tactical issues, become campaign and strategic level issues that affect the overall situation.

Dominance of emerging media: The main influence channel of cognitive domain has shifted from traditional paper media and print media to emerging media. Traditional media mainly rely on single media, such as newspapers, magazines, books, flyers, posters, etc. to convey information; the emergence of television in the later period brought three-dimensional media. In the Internet era, especially the Internet 2.0 era and the birth of smart communication devices, people rely more on multi-media, multi-modal, short videos and short texts to convey information. The introduction of various advanced devices such as smart phones, smart tablets, smart players, and the birth of various emerging social software and tools have made emerging media the main tool for people to communicate and exchange. Emerging media, emerging social software and tools have become an important space for various forces to play games and struggle in social security, public opinion security, ideological security, social security and political security. Internet security, especially whether the security of new social media, emerging social software and tools can be mastered, is, to some extent, the key to whether a country’s cognitive domain can be secure. Information in emerging media tools and new media space has become the main battlefield, main position and main space for competition in cognitive operations of various countries. It is worth pointing out that ideas and theories that influence people’s cognition will become the most influential weapons at all levels of cognitive domain operations.

Language confrontation adapts to the intelligent era, cognitive computing enhances new computing power

In the era of artificial intelligence, based on the substantial improvement in big data analysis and application, supercomputing capabilities, intelligent computing capabilities, natural language processing capabilities, smartphone communication capabilities, and new generation network communication capabilities, humans have begun to accurately model and analyze language culture, psychological cognition, group emotions, and social behavior for the entire society, the entire network domain, local groups, local different groups, and specific individuals. In particular, people have a deep understanding and grasp of brain cognition, human brain thinking, thinking patterns, habitual preferences, image schemas, cognitive frameworks, and even neural networks, human-computer collaboration, and brain control technology. As long as there is enough diverse dynamic data, people can calculate and simulate all people’s psychological activities, emotional activities, cognitive activities, social opinions, and behavioral patterns. Through deep calculations, actuarial calculations, and clever calculations, people’s cognitive world can be accurately grasped, and a fine and profound control of people’s cognitive domain can be formed. This aspect also presents the following characteristics:

The dimensionality of computation: As an emerging field, all aspects of the cognitive domain can be digitized and made fully computable for all aspects of the entire process and all individuals. This can be achieved by widely collecting various types of information and then sorting out the information to form big data on the diverse factors of the opponent’s subjects. This will allow various computations to be conducted on the entire population, groups, between groups, and between individual data. As a result, all kinds of activities based on thinking, psychology, emotion, speech, behavior, etc. that were previously impossible to achieve can be completed, displayed, and accurately grasped through computation.

Cognitive nature of computation: computation in the cognitive domain reflects a strong cognitive nature. It can reveal more of the connections between things, events, and people that are difficult to observe with the naked eye. It can reveal the clustering and hierarchical relationships between concepts in the same event framework, and reflect the deep cognitive connections between concepts, whether explicit or implicit, direct or indirect. It reveals the complex conceptual network system between concepts, allowing people to see a deep cognitive world that completely transcends ordinary naked eye observation.

Intelligence of computation: The computation in cognitive domain also reflects strong intelligence. This intelligence is manifested in the fact that intelligent conclusions can be drawn through computation. For example, through the collection of a large amount of text and data mining, we can find the relationship between various topics, various viewpoints, various tendencies, various groups of people, various positions, and various demands that cannot be seen by human power, so as to form a more comprehensive, in-depth, accurate, and systematic understanding of a certain issue and make scientific and optimized decisions. Such decisions may be consistent with human intelligence, or they may surpass or even far exceed human intelligence. By making good use of the power of cognitive computing, especially by integrating the data of our country and the data of our opponents, we can better prevent, warn, and deploy in advance, and achieve the best, optimal, fastest, and most accurate strikes and counterattacks, and better reflect efficient, powerful, and targeted protection. Cognitive computing here is more about the possible reactions of a possible macro, meso, or micro topic in different groups of people, different time periods, and different backgrounds, in the entire network domain or a local network domain, or within a specific group, especially the analysis and inspection of the active and passive situations that both parties may present when playing games with opponents, and the attack and defense of cognitive domain.

New application of giving full play to the status of discourse subject and releasing the power of discourse

Cognitive domain operations have a very important support, that is, it mainly relies on language media to play a role, mainly exerts influence through the discourse level, mainly forms an implicit effect on the cognitive domain through the narrative of discourse, mainly exerts potential effects through cultural models, and exerts explicit or implicit effects through cross-cultural communication. It is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

Uniqueness of textual discourse: The cognitive domain needs to be influenced by information. Although information may be presented through the special visual effects of video images, fundamentally speaking, the uniqueness of the discourse expressed by the text becomes the main support for producing cognitive influence. Among them, the mode of discourse expression, the skills of discourse expression, the main design of the persuasiveness and appeal of discourse expression, and especially the uniqueness of discourse narrative will be the key to influencing people’s cognition. This may include the perspective of the narrative, the theme and style of the narrative, the story framework of the narrative, the language innovation of the narrative, the key sentences of the narrative, the philosophical, humanistic, religious, social, natural and other feelings contained in the narrative, the identities of different participants in the narrative, the diversified evaluation of the narrative, the authenticity, depth and emotional temperature of the narrative, the subtle influence of the narrative on the viewpoint, the personal emotions, values, ideology, and position evaluation released by the narrative. The uniqueness of textual discourse is an important reliance for cognitive domain operations to exert cognitive influence through text. Making full use of the complexity of the text, giving play to the respective advantages of diverse texts, and giving play to the role of implicit and explicit cognitive influence of the text connotation have become the key to cognitive domain operations of textual discourse. The most important thing is to innovate the text discourse, win readers with newer words, more novel expressions, and more unique expressions, so that readers can understand and feel the ideas in the text imperceptibly, and accept the ideas of the text silently.

Potentiality of cultural models: In cognitive domain operations, we must deeply grasp the characteristics and models of different countries and national cultures. Different countries and different nationalities have different cultural models. Their philosophical thinking, traditional culture, religious beliefs, customs, and ways of thinking are all obviously different. Citizens of different cultures also have different national psychology and national cognitive models. They should also have typical cognitive preferences belonging to their own national culture, as well as corresponding shortcomings and weaknesses. Some of them obviously have a huge difference in understanding from other nationalities in their own country, and even misunderstandings and hostility. Therefore, cognitive domain operations at the cultural level are to grasp the overall cultural models of different countries, build cultural models of different groups in different countries, build different cognitive models of different countries on different things, and fully grasp the overall attitude and behavior of a country on a series of things and issues, especially for some typical cases, cultural taboos, religious requirements, spiritual pursuits, and overall concepts. With the help of existing theories and discoveries, we should comprehensively construct the basic performance of different groups of people in the cognitive field on some typical problems, sensitive problems, and important problems, so as to provide important reference and guidance for the next step of cognitive operations. Strengthening the study of the cultural patterns of different enemy personnel, especially military personnel, personnel in key positions, including the study and construction of the basic cultural characteristics and models of enemy generals, officers, soldiers, etc., such as the character’s psychological cognitive behavior and cultural model portrait, has become the core practice of cognitive domain operations. The cognitive analysis of ordinary enemy personnel, especially the general public, citizens, and specific groups, including special non-governmental organizations, is also of great value.

Cross-cultural strategic communication: Cognitive domain operations are international language and cultural communications, and need to follow the laws of international communication. We must grasp the basic paradigm of international communication, skillfully combine our own stories with international expressions, and skillfully combine the other party’s language and culture with our own stories and ideas; we must be good at combining different art forms, including text, pictures, paintings, music (sound), video and other means or multimodal means to achieve international communication of information. At the same time, we must coordinate multi-dimensional macro communication at the strategic level: we must use various means to carry out communication through military-civilian integration, military-civilian coordination, and military-civilian integration; in addition to non-governmental organizations, we must especially rely on civilian forces, experts, opinion leaders, and ordinary people to help the military carry out cognitive domain operations; we must unify the setting of topics, speak out in multiple locations and dimensions, form a strategic communication situation, and form a good situation for emergency solutions for major actions, major issues, and major crisis management, form a good public opinion atmosphere, create positive effects, and eliminate or extinguish adverse effects. In particular, we must establish a capable team that is proficient in foreign languages, understands cross-cultural skills, knows the laws of international communication, and can speak out skillfully on international multi-dimensional platforms. These people can usually conduct extensive topic perception, information collection and discussion, and use common or special topics to build personal connections and establish fan communities. More importantly, at critical moments, they can exert influence through their fan groups and complete strategic communication tasks.

At present, with the prevalence of hybrid warfare, multi-domain warfare and global warfare, cognitive domain warfare has become a common means of mixing and blending. The process of cognitive domain warfare from unfamiliarity, emerging, development to growth is also the advanced stage, complex stage and upgraded stage of the development of traditional public opinion warfare, psychological warfare and legal warfare. Its rise is more deceptive, ambiguous, concealed, embedded, implanted and unobservable, especially considering its deep integration with the entry of contemporary emerging media, and it is constantly learning and drawing on new ideas, new technologies and new means that integrate into multiple disciplines, cross-disciplines and cross-disciplinary disciplines. As a result, cognitive domain warfare has become a form of warfare that we must be highly vigilant and guard against. (Liang Xiaobo, professor and doctoral supervisor at the College of Arts and Sciences of the National University of Defense Technology)

[This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund Major Project “National Defense Language Capacity Building in the Perspective of National Defense and Military Reform”]

(Source: China Social Sciences Network)

(Editors: Chen Yu, Huang Zijuan)

現代國語：

認知域作戰指的是以現代認知理論和科學為指導，調用輿論、心理、法律等多域手段，運用現代網絡、傳媒、文字、圖片、視頻、數字等多維技術，開展輿論宣傳、心理攻防、人心爭取、信心顛覆、信仰影響、思維爭奪以及意識形態斗爭的重要形式，意在爭奪人們在思維、信仰、價值觀、個人態度、情感、認同與評判傾向方面主動權。認知域作戰是傳統輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰及貿易戰、外交戰、科技戰、思想戰等多域戰的復合集合體。

當前，認知域作戰已成為國家間開展軍事斗爭和其他領域斗爭的重要依托，認知域目標驅動的語言對抗已經成為認知域作戰的重要形式，值得高度關注。

語言對抗針對作戰對象施加影響的新領域

認知域作戰是當代認知科學研究發展的伴隨結果，是人們積極探索大腦認知活動獲得對大腦更為復雜更為抽象更為透徹的理解后產生的一種新興作戰領域，更是語言對抗以受眾大腦的高級深層隱性活動為作用對象的高端影響形式。不管是從信息作用的對象、信息的生產者、信息內容本身還是信息的渠道，認知域作戰都無不貫穿了認知的特點，自始至終都突出從認知層面開展行動。

從信息的接受對象來說，這個認知針對的是對手受眾大腦深層的認知方面，包括其民眾、軍隊、軍事指揮員或者重要領導、政界商界的重要人物，甚至直接包括對方國家領導人或者軍隊的特定重要將領等，也可以是特定的人群或者民眾。它可以涉及個人或者群體的認知偏好、認知短板、認知習慣、認知偏差、認知誤區﹔也可以是個人和群體的信仰、價值觀念、政治認同、民族認同以及社會和文化認同與情感態度。

從信息的投放者和內容來說，它應該是注入了信息生產者的認知設計和安排，這個包括文本的獨特認知性，比如文本的話語模式、文本的敘事模式、事物的觀察視角、敘事的認知焦點與深度、語句的組織形式、語句的價值觀念等傾向性、語句的概念的對方可接受性等。

從信息發出和傳播的渠道來說，文本的形式更加貼近多媒體多模態形式，更加貼近網絡空間的需要，更加貼近當代智能手機的優勢，更加貼近當下新興媒體時代的特點，也就是更加符合受眾接受的認知特點認知習慣和認知傾向。文本的傳播形式充分考慮國際傳播中的認知效果，特別是跨文化、跨語言、跨媒體、跨群體的認知傳播。如此，文本將會從認知層面，更好地對受眾施加影響。

語言對抗應對作戰樣式變革生成新戰法

縱觀人類歷史，我們不難發現，軍事斗爭的樣式一直在不斷變化。從最初的借助冷兵器的體力纏斗發展成為熱兵器機械力量的較量，又發展成為高科技戰爭條件下的信息化能力的制衡與反制衡，近年來又向著智能化無人化方向的智能決策比拼發展，每一次變革都帶來深刻的戰法變化。當下的機械化信息化智能化的共處過渡階段，人們不僅重視戰場的物理域和信息域主導權的爭奪，更重視影響戰爭主體——人的認知域的掌控，也就是作戰雙方人員的思維方式、認知模式與風格、價值觀念、情感態度、文化模型、溝通模式、心理強弱項、認知偏好、文化與知識圖譜、意識形態認同等領域的爭奪。后者涉及社會人員和社會存在的基本態勢，也就是認知域作戰施加影響的新興領域，其戰法有著強烈的特殊性。

議題靈活機動性：認知域作戰可挑選認知域的諸多議題，開展靈活機動的作戰行動。議題根據當下的情況與需要，既可以選擇涉及較為宏觀的戰略層面（如對方全社會的意識形態與制度等），也可以選擇中觀的戰役層面（如對方社會局部領域或方向的社會問題：社會福利政策或環境保護政策等），還可以選擇涉及社會中非常微觀的戰術問題（如某個人、某個具體事件所折射出的社會的非公平、非正義、非美好的一面）。宏觀、中觀、微觀的認知域問題相互聯系、相互轉化，很有可能一個微觀的議題也會成為一個宏觀的重大戰略性議題。而問題的提出要視與整個軍事行動的關系，要使認知域作戰服從於全局的作戰行動，服務於宏觀的政治、外交大局的需要。更為重要的是，議題要准備在平時，要把各種議題的數據收集在平時，特別是要關注現實社會中的各種重要數據。一旦需要，這些數據就可以迅速轉變為射向敵方認知域的箭頭、子彈、炮彈，甚至成為影響全局的戰略性武器。

作戰層次可控性：認知作戰其重要的設計是，在作戰的層面上，是整體可以控制的，也是可以調控的，可以根據形勢的變化，做出相應的升級或者降維。如果需要戰略層面的，指揮人員可以開通戰略層面的設計和力量投入﹔如果需要戰役級別的，也可以控制在相應戰役層面﹔如果僅僅需要是在特定的小問題層面，也可以將其控制在相應的小眾局域層面，使得整個行動服務於整體作戰行動的需要。這裡的戰略戰役戰術，更多的指的是作戰設計和力量的投入。由於戰場態勢可能瞬息萬變，有些議題也有可能在層級上發生變化，由戰略性的議題影響到戰役和戰術級的效果﹔有些議題，則由於戰術議題的特殊性，成為影響全局的戰役戰略級議題。

新興媒介主導性：認知域的主要影響渠道，已經從傳統的紙質媒體和平面媒體轉向了新興媒體。傳統媒介主要依靠單一媒介，如報紙、雜志、書籍、傳單、海報等來傳遞信息﹔后期電視的產生帶來了立體媒體。到了互聯網時代，特別是互聯網2.0時代和智能通訊設備的誕生，人們更加依靠多媒介、多模態以及短視頻、短文本的形式來傳遞信息。各種智能手機、智能平板、智能播放器等高級設備的推陳出新，各種新興社交軟件和工具的誕生，使得新興媒體成為當下人們開展溝通和交流的主要工具。新興媒體、新興社交軟件和工具已經成為當下各種力量在社會安全、輿論安全、意識形態安全、社會安全和政治安全展開博弈和斗爭的重要空間。互聯網安全，特別是能否掌握住新型的社交媒體、新興社交軟件和工具等的安全，在某種程度上說，是一國認知域能否安全的關鍵。新興媒體工具和新型媒體空間的信息已經成為各個國家認知作戰的主戰場、主陣地和主要爭奪空間。值得指出的是，左右人們認知的思想和理論將成為認知域作戰各層面的最為有影響力的武器。

語言對抗適應智能時代認知計算增強新算力

人工智能時代，在大數據分析與運用、超級計算能力、智能計算能力、自然語言處理能力、智能手機傳播能力以及新一代網絡通信能力大幅提高的基礎上，人類已經開始可以對全社會、全網域、局部群體、局部不同群體以及特定個體開展精准的語言文化、心理認知、群體情感、社會行為建模和分析。特別是人們對大腦認知、人腦思維、思維模式、習慣偏好、意象圖式、認知框架、乃至神經網絡、人機協同、腦控技術等的深刻認識和把握，隻要有足夠多樣化的動態數據，人們就可以把人們的心理活動、情感活動、認知活動、社會輿論以及行為方式等全部計算模擬出來，通過深算、精算、妙算，可以精准地把握人們的認知世界，形成對人們認知域的精細和深刻的掌控。這方面又呈現以下特征：

計算的全維性：認知域作為一個新興領域，其涉及的方方面面都可以被數據化並實現全方位全過程全個體可計算，可以通過廣泛的收集各類型信息，經過信息梳理進而可體現為關於作戰對手主體因素多樣化的大數據，從而可以就此開展面向全體、群體、群體之間以及個體數據及其之間的各種計算，由此，以往無法實現的基於思維、心理、情感、言論、行為等方面的各種活動都可以通過計算來完成、展示和精准把握。

計算的認知性：認知域的計算體現了了強烈的認知性，它更多地可以揭示各種事物、事件、人物之間的難以用肉眼觀察到的關聯關系，可以揭示同一事件框架中各種概念之間的聚類和層級關系，體現各概念之間或明或暗、或直接或間接的深層認知聯系，揭示概念之間的復雜概念網絡體系，使人們看到完全超越一般肉眼觀察的深層認知世界。

計算的智能性：認知域的計算又體現了強烈的智能性。這種智能性表現為通過計算，會得出具有智慧性的結論。譬如可以通過大量文本收集和數據挖掘，尋找人工力量受限而看不到的各種主題、各種觀點、各種傾向、各種人群、各種立場、各種訴求之間的關系，形成對某一問題的更為全面、縱深、精確、系統的認識，做出科學優化的決策。這類決策既可能是與人類智能相符，也可能是超越甚至遠遠勝過人類的智能。運用好認知計算的力量，特別是綜合本國的數據和對手的數據，可以更好地做到提前預防、提前預警、提前開展布局，並能夠實現最好最優最快最精准地打擊和反擊，也能夠更好地體現高效有力有針對性的防護。這裡的認知計算，更多的是對某一可能的宏觀中觀或微觀的議題在不同人群、不同時間段、不同背景下，在全網域或者某一局域網域、某一特定群體內部可能產生的反響，特別是對與對手展開博弈時雙方可能呈現的主動、被動的態勢開展分析和檢視，對認知域的攻防等。

發揮話語主體地位釋放話語力量的新運用

認知域作戰有一個非常重要的依托，就是它主要依托語言媒介來發揮作用，主要通過話語層面來施加影響，主要通過話語的敘事性來形成對認知域的隱性作用，主要通過文化模式來施加潛在作用，通過跨文化的傳播來施加或明或暗的作用。其主要體現為以下方面：

文本話語獨特性：認知域是需要用信息來施加影響的。盡管信息可能依托視頻圖片的特殊視覺效果來展現，但從根本上說，文本所綜合表達話語的獨特性成為產生認知影響的主要依托。這其中，話語表達的模式、話語表達的技巧、話語表達說服力和感染力的主要設計，特別是話語敘事獨特性將是影響人們認知的關鍵。這可能會包括敘事的視角，敘事的主題、風格，敘事的故事框架，敘事的語言創新，敘事的關鍵語句，敘事蘊含的哲學、人文、宗教、社會、自然等情懷，敘事的不同參與者身份，敘事的多樣化評價，敘事的真實度、深度和情感溫度，敘事對於觀點的潛移默化影響作用，敘事釋放的個人情感、價值觀念、意識形態、立場評價等。文本話語的獨特性，是認知域作戰以文本施加認知影響的重要依靠。充分利用文本的復雜性，發揮多樣化文本各自優勢，發揮文本內涵的隱性和顯性認知影響的作用，已經成為文本話語認知域作戰的關鍵。其中最為重要的，就是要創新文本話語，用更加嶄新的話語、更加新奇的表述，更加獨特的表達來贏得讀者，使讀者了解並在潛移默化中感受文本中的思想，並在無聲無息中接受文本的思想。

文化模式潛在性：認知域作戰，一定要深刻把握不同國家和民族文化的特點和模式。不同國家、不同民族，其文化的模型不一樣，哲學思維、傳統文化、宗教信仰、風俗習慣、思維方式皆有明顯不同﹔不同文化下的國民，也有著不同樣的民族心理、民族性的認知模式，還應該有典型的屬於本民族本文化的認知偏好，也有相應的短處與弱點，有的還明顯存在與本國其他民族有巨大差異的認識，甚至還有誤解和敵意。因此，認知域作戰在文化層面，就是要把握好不同國家的總體文化模型，建設不同國家不同群體的文化模型，建設不同國家在不同事物上的不同認知模型，充分把握某一國家在一系列事物和議題上的總體態度和行事方式，特別是針對一些典型案例、文化禁忌、宗教要求、精神追求、總體觀念等。要借助現有理論和發現，綜合構建在認知領域不同人群對一些典型問題、敏感問題、重要問題的基本表現，為下一步開展認知作戰提供重要的參考和指導。加強對敵方不同人員的文化模式研究，特別是軍隊人員，重點崗位的人員，包括對方將領、軍官、士兵等的基本文化特點和模型的研究與構建，譬如人物心理認知行為與文化模型畫像，已經成為認知域作戰的核心做法。對對方普通人員，特別是一般國民、市民的認知模式，以及特定人群，包括特殊的非政府組織力量等的認知分析，也同樣具有重要價值。

跨文化戰略傳播性：認知域作戰，是面向國際的語言傳播和文化傳播，需要遵循國際傳播的規律。要把握好國際傳播的基本范式，要把本國故事與國際表達巧妙結合，要將對方語言與文化和本國的故事與思想巧妙結合﹔要善於結合不同的藝術形式，包括文字、圖片、繪畫、音樂（聲音）、視頻等手段或者多模態的手段來實現信息的國際傳播。同時，還要在戰略層面統籌多維宏觀的傳播：要利用各種手段，依靠軍民融合軍民協同軍民一體開展傳播﹔除了非政府組織之外，特別是要依靠民間力量，依靠專家、意見領袖、普通民眾來幫助軍隊來開展認知域作戰﹔要統一設置議題，多點多位多維發聲，形成戰略傳播態勢，為重大行動、重大議題、重大危機管控等形成應急解決的良好態勢，形成良好輿論氛圍，營造積極效應，消除不利影響或者扑滅不利影響。特別是要建立一支能夠精通外語、懂得跨文化技巧、知曉國際傳播規律、能在國際多維平台巧妙發聲的精干隊伍。這些人員平時可以開展廣泛的議題感知、收集和討論，借助普通議題或者特殊議題建立人脈關系，建立粉絲群落﹔更重要的是，在關鍵時刻，通過他們的粉絲群體，施加影響，完成戰略傳播任務。

當前，隨著混合戰多域戰全域戰的大行其道，認知域作戰已經成為雜糅其間、混合其間的常用手段，認知域作戰由陌生、新興、發展到壯大的歷程，更是傳統輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰發展的高級階段復雜階段升級階段。它的興起，更具有欺騙性、模糊性、隱蔽性、嵌入性、植入性和不可觀察性，特別是考慮它與當代新興媒體進場深度接軌深度融合，而且還不斷學習借鑒融入多學科、跨學科、交叉學科的新思想、新技術、新手段。由此，認知域作戰已然成為我們必須高度警惕高度提防的作戰形式。（國防科技大學文理學院教授、博士生導師梁曉波）

【本文系國家社科基金重大項目“國防與軍隊改革視野下的國防語言能力建設”階段性成果】

（來源：中國社會科學網）

(責編：陳羽、黃子娟)

2022年05月17日10:xx | 

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2022/0517/c1011-32423539888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #智慧戰爭, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Metaverse, Mosaic Warfare, 智慧戰爭, 認知戰

Operational Concepts for Chinese Military’s Domination & Winning Intelligent Warfare

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中國軍隊制勝智慧化戰爭的作戰概念

現代英語：

The winning mechanism of war refers to the main factors for winning a war, the way they play a role, and the internal mechanisms, laws and principles of their mutual connection and interaction. With the advent of the intelligent era, the increasingly widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field has promoted the transformation of the war form to intelligent warfare, and the winning mechanism of war has also changed accordingly.

Having data advantage is the basis for success

In the era of intelligence, the core foundation of many “disruptive technologies” is data, and war will also be “no data, no war”. In intelligent warfare, both sides will fight a “data war” around understanding data, relying on data, competing for data, and using data. Whoever owns the “data right” will have the initiative in the war. Fighting for data, mastering data, analyzing data, and applying data in war are the keys to winning intelligent warfare.

Data resources are combat effectiveness. In intelligent warfare, data comes first before troops move. Whoever controls the data controls the resources to win the war, and controls the initiative and the chips for victory. The ability to understand and use data is an important indicator for measuring combat capability and directly affects the outcome of the war. Obtaining data, analyzing data, and using data are not only the yardsticks for measuring the combat capability of troops, but also the new engine for improving the combat effectiveness of troops. Data is the most direct record of the objective world. It appears in the form of numbers and is raw data, such as the performance parameters of weapons and equipment, the size of troops, the number of guarantees, target parameters, etc. These data can be processed to become the information and intelligence needed for combat. In the information age led by data, data has become the blood of intelligent warfare.

Big data has given rise to a data-based battlefield. To some extent, whoever controls the data resources controls the “winning space” of the war. Data has changed the logical cognition of war. In the past, people inferred the whole from the individual and inferred the inevitability from the small probability events, but now they deduce individual characteristics from the high probability and find the internal laws of specific things from the correlation. Only by understanding the relevant data can we grasp the overall situation, only by gathering similar data can we grasp the trend, and only by integrating all-source data can we understand the connection. All of this is attributed to the control of the data-based battlefield.

Big data changes the way of fighting. As the most important strategic resource, how to distinguish the authenticity and quality of data, how to fight and counter-fight, deceive and counter-deceive, attack and counter-attack around massive data, has become a key issue in winning intelligent wars. When data becomes the focus of war, it will inevitably lead to competition and gaming around data, thereby promoting changes in the style of fighting. At present, the competition for data collection is intensifying, and major countries have launched research on national defense big data projects to provide more intelligence with practical value for military decision-making. The “asymmetry” of data forms the “asymmetry” of algorithms, and then achieves the “asymmetry” of tactics.

Data has given rise to intelligent equipment systems. Data technology has upgraded combat platforms to highly intelligent and autonomous systems. Data has enabled command and control systems, air combat platforms, precision-guided munitions, etc. to complete the transition from informatization to intelligence. For example, modern “swarm technology” is the application of artificial intelligence supported by big data. Data has become a “telescope”, “microscope” and “perspective lens” for analyzing wars. To win intelligent wars, one must have a data mind, data awareness and data thinking.

Mastering algorithm advantages is the key to success

One of the characteristics of intelligent warfare is that all battle plans, campaign plans and war plans need to be generated by computers, and its essence is algorithm-generated tactics. Having an algorithm advantage means having an intelligent advantage, which can achieve a high degree of unity of information advantage, cognitive advantage, decision-making advantage and action advantage.

Algorithm advantage dominates information advantage. Algorithm is a systematic method to describe the strategic mechanism for solving problems, and is the key and prerequisite for improving intelligence advantage. Algorithm technology mainly includes deep learning, supercomputing, brain-like intelligence and other technologies. The use of intelligent sensing and networking technology can widely and quickly deploy various types of intelligent perception nodes, and can implement active collaborative detection for tasks, thereby building a transparent and visible digital combat environment. Judging from the current development trend, the advantage of war algorithms dominates information advantage, which contains great potential to rewrite the rules of the modern war game. This pair of “invisible hands” will shape the new landscape of future intelligent warfare.

Algorithmic advantage dominates cognitive advantage. In intelligent warfare, big data can quickly convert massive amounts of data into useful intelligence after being processed by high-performance and efficient algorithms, thereby gaining cognitive advantage. Algorithms, as the “brain” of artificial intelligence, have become the key to intelligently sensing the battlefield and using it for decision-making, command, and coordination. The party with algorithmic advantage can dispel the “battlefield fog” and “information fog” caused by the failure to process data in a timely manner, making cognition more profound and thus seizing the initiative in the war. In the future, whoever has algorithmic advantage will have stronger cognitive ability, faster learning speed, and better quality results.

Algorithm advantage dominates decision-making advantage. With its high-speed and precise calculation, the algorithm can replace people’s hard thinking and repeated exploration, thereby accelerating knowledge iteration. With the support of massive data and supercomputing capabilities, the judgment and prediction results of artificial intelligence will be more accurate. By constructing combat model rules through algorithms, commanders can be assisted in making rapid decisions in multi-level planning and ad hoc handling of strategies, campaigns, tactics, etc. through actuarial, detailed, deep and expert reasoning. With the development of disruptive technologies such as big data, cloud computing, and quantum computing and their application in the military field, the future combat decision-making cycle will become near real-time. In intelligent warfare, the party that masters super algorithms can quickly propose flexible and diverse combat plans and countermeasures in response to changes in combat opponents, constantly disrupting the opponent’s established intentions and deployments, and thus seize the dominance of the war.

Algorithmic advantage leads to operational advantage. In the era of intelligent warfare, algorithms determine tactics, and algorithmic advantage leads to war advantage. Supported by superior algorithms, the reaction speed of artificial intelligence is thousands of times that of humans. “Algorithmic warfare” foreshadows the transformation of future wars. Whoever can seize the commanding heights of intelligent algorithms can seize the initiative and win before the battle. On the intelligent battlefield, algorithms are far more important than artillery shells. War algorithms have become the key factor in winning intelligent warfare and are the strategic commanding heights that future intelligent armies must seize. Intelligent warfare calculations are ubiquitous. The party that has the algorithmic advantage can quickly and accurately predict the battlefield situation, innovate combat methods, and achieve the advantage of “winning before the battle.”

Multi-domain integration is the key to success

Multi-domain integration is based on the cloud-based combat system. With the support of the cloud-based battlefield situation, various combat personnel, equipment, facilities, and environmental elements have expanded the battlefield space from the traditional three-dimensional space to the polar regions, deep sea, space, and cyberspace, and even to multi-dimensional domains such as cognitive domain and information domain. Multi-domain integration has formed a giant, complex, and adaptive confrontation system. The integration of “cloud gathering” and “network gathering” has become a new mechanism for intelligent combat.

Cross-domain integration and integrated energy release. Under the conditions of intelligent warfare, the emergence of a large number of new long-range combat platforms and intelligent new concept weapons has made the future combat landscape present the characteristics of air-ground-sea-sky integration, global instant strikes, and cross-domain strategic deterrence and control. Supported by the cross-domain, distributed, and networked “cloud killing” collaborative combat system, through the cross-domain aggregation of multiple combat capabilities, cross-domain interoperability of combat command, cross-domain sharing of combat information, cross-domain movement of combat weapons, cross-domain response of combat actions, and cross-domain complementarity of combat functions are achieved. Cross-domain integration is the close coordination of main domain control and cross-domain support to implement cross-domain collaborative support. Integrated energy release is the transition of joint operations from integrated joint operations to cross-domain joint operations, realizing the cross-domain aggregation and overall energy release of multiple combat capabilities.

Human-machine integration, using speed to defeat slowness. If weapons are an extension of the human body, intelligence is an extension of the human brain. In the era of intelligent warfare, there will be a mode of giving human intelligence to machines to implement combat. People will further withdraw from the front-line confrontation and combat, and the combination of people and weapons will appear in a new form. Unmanned combat weapons and human intelligence are deeply integrated into an organic symbiosis, perfectly combining human creativity, thinking and the precision and speed of machines. Therefore, in future intelligent warfare, the mode of engagement will gradually change from the mutual killing of “human-machine integration” to the unmanned system cluster confrontation of “human-machine integration”. Relying on the intelligent combat system, commanders adaptively adjust and select the mode of action according to changes in the battlefield environment. Unmanned combat develops from single-platform remote control combat to multi-platform cluster autonomy, forming a simple command chain of “commander-combat cluster”, highlighting the rapid, flexible and autonomous characteristics of human-machine collaboration.

Brain-intelligence fusion and efficient control. The combat system of intelligent warfare will be characterized by a highly intelligent “human + network + machine”. The intelligent command and control system will operate in a collaborative manner of “human brain + intelligent system”. The intelligent system will assist or even partially replace the role of humans in command and control. The intelligent command and control system will have relatively strong autonomous command and control capabilities, and can relatively independently obtain information, judge situations, make decisions, and deal with situations. Relying on the battlefield situation awareness system, with the help of big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and modeling and simulation technology, it is possible to accurately analyze and judge massive battlefield information, realize the transformation of combat command from “human experience-centered” to “data and model-centered” intelligent decision-making methods, and make combat planning more scientific and efficient. In the future, the super self-evolution and strategic decision-making capabilities of deep neural networks will realize the combat cycle of “human out of the loop”.

Integration of intelligence and mind, attacking the mind and winning the will. With the development of artificial intelligence technology, the boundaries between the biologicalization and humanization of intelligent weapons will be blurred in the future, and the control of people themselves will become the focus. “Attacking the mind and winning the will” is still the highest combat purpose of intelligent warfare. “Cognitive control warfare” based on the control of human brain and consciousness cognition may evolve into an important combat style. With human cognitive thinking as the target, various means are used to stimulate, influence and control the cognitive system to achieve the effect of disrupting the enemy’s command and decision-making system, inducing the enemy’s combat power, and disintegrating the enemy’s morale. For example, based on brain reading and brain control technology, using mental guidance and control means, the strategic intentions, combat intentions, and combat methods of the enemy commander can be grasped in real time, and even directly act on the brain of the enemy personnel, or the consciousness of the party can be “injected” in the form of EEG coding to interfere with or control their consciousness, thinking and psychology, and finally seize the “right to control intelligence” and achieve deep control over combat personnel. With the large-scale application of intelligent combat platforms on the battlefield, information systems assisting humans will gradually transform into intelligent systems partially replacing humans. The focus of the power struggle will shift from “information rights” to “intelligence rights”, and using elite troops to gain control of key domains will become the dominant approach.

現代國語：

薛紫阳 杨燕南

来源：解放军报作者：薛紫阳 杨燕南责任编辑：于雅倩

2020-12-31 09:xx

戰爭制勝機理，指贏得戰爭勝利的主要因素、發揮作用的方式及其相互聯繫、相互作用的內在機制、規律和原理。隨著智慧時代的到來，人工智慧在軍事領域越來越廣泛的應用，推動戰爭形態轉向智慧戰爭，戰爭制勝機制也隨之改變。

擁有數據優勢是致勝基礎

在智慧化時代，眾多「顛覆性科技」的核心根基就是數據，戰爭也將是「無數據不戰爭」。在智慧化戰爭中，雙方圍繞著認識數據、依靠數據、爭奪數據和運用數據開打“數據戰”，誰擁有“數據權”，誰就掌握了戰爭的主動權。爭奪數據、掌握數據、分析數據，並將數據運用於戰爭之中，是智慧化戰爭的勝利之要。

數據資源就是戰鬥力。在智慧化戰爭中，兵馬未動，資料先行。誰掌握了數據誰就掌握了取得戰爭勝利的資源，也就掌控了戰爭的主動和勝利的籌碼。認識和運用數據的能力，是衡量作戰能力的重要指標，直接影響戰爭的勝負。取得數據、分析數據和運用數據既是衡量部隊作戰能力的標尺，也是提升部隊戰鬥力的新引擎。數據是客觀世界最直接的記載，以數字的形式出現，是原始資料，如武器裝備的性能參數、兵力規模、保障數量、目標參量等，這些數據經過處理能夠成為作戰所需的資訊和情報。在數據引領的資訊時代，數據已成為智慧化戰爭的血液。

大數據催生數據化戰場。某種程度上講誰把控了資料資源，就把握了戰爭的「勝利空間」。數據改變了對戰爭的邏輯認知，過去是從個別推論整體、從小機率事件中推理必然性，而現在是從大概率中推導個別特徵、從相關性中找出具體事物的內在規律。只有洞察相關數據才能掌握全局，只有聚集同類數據才能掌握趨勢，只有融合全源數據才能洞悉關聯。而這一切都歸於對資料化戰場的把控。

大數據改變作戰樣式。數據作為最重要的戰略資源，如何辨別數據的真假優劣，如何圍繞海量數據開展爭奪與反爭奪、欺騙與反欺騙、攻擊與反攻擊，成為打贏智能化戰爭的關鍵問題。當數據成為戰爭爭奪的焦點，必然帶來圍繞數據的競賽和博弈，從而推動作戰樣式改變。目前，資料收集之爭愈演愈烈，大國紛紛進行國防大數據計畫研究，以便為軍事決策提供更多具有實際價值的情報。以資料的“非對稱”，形成演算法的“非對稱”，進而實現戰法的“非對稱”。

數據催生智慧化裝備系統。數據技術使作戰平台升級為高度智慧化和自主化的系統，數據使指揮控制系統、空中作戰平台、精確導引彈藥等完成由資訊化向智慧化過渡。例如，現代「蜂群技術」就是大數據支撐下的人工智慧運用。數據已經成為解析戰爭的“望遠鏡”“顯微鏡”“透鏡”，打贏智能化戰爭必須具備數據頭腦、數據意識、數據思維。

掌握演算法優勢是致勝關鍵

智慧化戰爭的特徵之一就是一切戰鬥計畫、戰役計畫和戰爭計畫都需轉向電腦生成上來，其本質就是演算法生成戰法。擁有演算法優勢就擁有智慧化優勢，就可以實現資訊優勢、認知優勢、決策優勢和行動優勢的高度統一性。

演算法優勢主導資訊優勢。演算法是用系統化的方法描述解決問題的策略機制，是提高智慧優勢的關鍵和前提。演算法技術主要包括深度學習、超級運算、類腦智慧等技術。採用智慧感測與網路技術，可廣泛快速部署各類智慧感知節點，可面向任務實施主動協同探測，進而建構透明可見的數位化作戰環境。從當前的發展趨勢來看，戰爭演算法優勢主導資訊優勢，蘊含著改寫現代戰爭遊戲規則的巨大潛力，這雙「無形之手」將塑造未來智慧化戰爭新圖景。

演算法優勢主導認知優勢。在智慧化戰爭中，大數據經過高效能、高效率的演算法處理後，能夠將大量資料快速轉換為有用的情報，從而獲得認知優勢。演算法作為人工智慧的“大腦”，成為智慧感知戰場並由此用於決策、指揮和協同的關鍵。佔有演算法優勢的一方，能驅散因資料得不到及時處理而產生的“戰場迷霧”和“資訊迷霧”，使得認知更為深刻，從而奪取戰爭主動權。未來誰擁有演算法優勢，誰的認知能力就強，學習速度就快，品質效果就優。

演算法優勢主導決策優勢。演算法以其高速、精確的計算，能夠取代人的苦思冥想和反覆探索，加速知識迭代。在海量數據和超算能力支援下，人工智慧的判斷和預測結果將更加準確。透過演算法建構作戰模型規則，以精算、細算、深算和專家推理方式，可輔助指揮官在戰略、戰役、戰術等多層規劃規劃和臨機處置中實現快速決策。隨著大數據、雲端運算、量子運算等顛覆性技術的發展及其在軍事領域的應用，未來作戰決策週期將變成近實時。在智慧化戰爭中，掌握超強演算法的一方能夠針對作戰對手變化，快速提出靈活多樣的作戰方案與應對之策，不斷打亂對手既定企圖與部署，從而奪取戰爭主導權。

演算法優勢主導行動優勢。在智慧化戰爭時代，演算法決定戰法，演算法優勢主導戰爭優勢。在優勢演算法的支撐下，人工智慧的反應速度是人類的千百倍。 「演算法戰」預示著未來戰爭的變革，誰能搶佔智慧演算法制高點，誰就能搶得先機，未戰先勝。在智慧化戰場上，演算法遠比砲彈重要，戰爭演算法成為致勝智能化戰爭的關鍵因素，是未來智慧型軍隊必須搶佔的戰略高點。智慧化戰爭運算無所不在，掌握演算法優勢的一方，能夠快速且準確預測戰場態勢，創新作戰方法，達成「未戰而先勝」之利。

搞好多域融合是製勝樞紐

多域融合是以作戰體系的雲態化為基礎，各類作戰人員、裝備、設施、環境要素在雲態化的戰場態勢支撐下，戰場空間從傳統的三維空間，向極地、深海、太空和網電空間，乃至認知域、資訊域等多維域拓展，多域融合形成巨型自適應體系，「巨聚化」。

跨域融合、整合釋能。在智慧化戰爭條件下，多種新型遠戰平台、智慧化新概念武器的大量湧現，使未來作戰面貌呈現出空地海天一體、全球即時性打擊、跨域戰略懾控等特徵。以跨領域、分散式、網路化的「雲殺傷」協同作戰系統為支撐，透過多種作戰能力跨域聚合，實現作戰指揮跨域貫通，作戰資訊跨域共享，作戰兵器跨域穿行，作戰行動跨域響應，作戰功能跨域互補。跨域融合是主域主控與跨域支援的緊密配合，實施跨域協同支援。整合釋能是聯合作戰由一體化聯合作戰過渡到跨域聯合作戰，實現多種作戰能力的跨域聚合、整體釋能。

人機融合、以快製慢。如果說武器是人身體延伸的話，智慧則是人腦的延伸。智能化戰爭時代，將出現把人的智慧賦予機器進而實施作戰的模式，人將更進一步退出一線對抗作戰，人與武器結合方式將以嶄新形態出現。無人作戰武器與人類智慧深度融合為有機共生體，把人的創造性、思想性和機器的精準性、快速性完美結合。因此，在未來智慧化戰爭中，交戰方式將由「人機結合」的相互殺傷逐漸轉向「人機融合」的無人系統集群對抗。依托智慧化作戰系統，指揮員針對戰場環境變化自適應調整選擇行動方式，無人作戰由單平台遙控作戰向多平台集群自主方向發展，形成「指揮官—作戰集群」的簡易指揮鏈，彰顯人機協同的快速靈活自主特徵。

腦智融合、高效控制。智慧化戰爭的作戰體系將表現為高度智慧化的“人+網路+機器”，智慧化指揮控制系統將以“人腦+智慧系統”的協作方式運行，智慧系統將輔助甚至部分替代人在指揮控制中的作用。智慧化指揮控制系統將具備較強的自主指揮、自主控制能力，可相對獨立自主地獲取資訊、判斷態勢、做出決策、處置狀況。依托戰場態勢感知系統，借助大數據、雲端運算、人工智慧和建模模擬技術，能夠對海量戰場資訊進行精準分析研判，實現作戰指揮由「以人的經驗為中心」向「以數據和模型為中心」的智能化決策方式轉變，作戰籌劃更加科學高效。未來深度神經網路的超強自我進化和戰略決策能力，將實現「人在迴路外」的作戰循環。

智心融合，攻心奪志。隨著人工智慧技術的發展，未來智慧化武器的生物化和人的武器化將界線模糊，針對人本身的控制將成為焦點，「攻心奪志」仍是智慧化戰爭最高作戰目的，基於以人腦和意識認知實施控制為目標的「認知控制戰」可能演化為重要作戰樣式。以人的認知思維為目標，運用多種手段對認知體系施加刺激、影響與控制，達成擾亂敵指揮決策系統、誘導敵作戰力量、瓦解敵軍心士氣的效果。如基於讀腦、腦控技術，運用心智導控手段，實時掌握對方指揮官戰略意圖、作戰企圖、作戰方法等，甚至直接作用於對方人員大腦，或將己方意識以腦電編碼形式“注入”，幹擾或控制其意識、思維和心理，最終奪取“制智權”，實現對作戰人員的深度控制。隨著智慧化作戰平台大量應用於戰場，資訊系統輔助人類將逐漸轉向智慧系統部分取代人類。制權爭奪的重心將由“資訊權”轉向“智能權”，以精兵點殺謀取關鍵維域控制權將成為主導方式。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll/2020-12/31/content_9961074.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Metaverse, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 認知戰

Concept of Future Human-machine Integrated Forces in the Chinese People’s Liberation Army

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中國人民解放軍未來人機一體化部隊構想

現代英語：

At present, judging from the reform and development of the establishment system in major countries in the world, the military is developing towards a lean, small, efficient, intelligent, and integrated “man-machine (robot-drone)” direction, seeking to coordinate and fight together with robot soldiers, drones and human soldiers. According to statistics, the armies of more than 60 countries in the world are currently equipped with military robots, with more than 150 types. It is estimated that by 2040, half of the members of the world’s military powers may be robots. In addition to the United States, Russia, Britain, France, Japan, Israel, Turkey, Iran and other countries that have successively launched their own robot warriors, other countries have also invested in the research and development of unmanned weapons.

The world’s military powers will set off a wave of forming unmanned combat forces to compete. The so-called unmanned combat forces are a general term for combat robots or battlefield killing robot systems. With the development of various types of information-based, precise, and data-based weapons and equipment, intelligent platforms have become the driving force for pre-designed battlefields, combat robots have become the main force on the battlefield, and the combination of man and machine has become the key to defeating the enemy. In the future, battlefield space forces will highlight the three-dimensional unmanned development trend of land, sea, and air.

USA Today once published an article titled “New Robots Take War to the Next Level: Unmanned Warfare,” which described unmanned warfare like this: drone fleets swarm in, using sophisticated instruments for detection, reconnaissance, and counter-reconnaissance; after locking onto a target, they calmly launch missiles; automatically programmed unmanned submarines perform a variety of tasks including underwater search, reconnaissance, and mine clearance; on the ground battlefield, robots are responsible for the delivery of ammunition, medical supplies, and food… In future wars, these may become a reality.

On land, various robots that can perform specific tasks are highly integrated mobile strike platforms with mechanization, informatization, and intelligence. For example, unmanned tanks are unmanned tracked armored platforms that are mainly controlled by their own programs. They can be remotely controlled by soldiers, and are dominated by long-range attack intelligent weapons and informationized weapons. They can automatically load ammunition and launch autonomously, and carry out long-range indirect precision strikes, effectively reducing the casualties of soldiers. In the ocean, various unmanned submarines, unmanned warships, etc. can sail thousands of miles and perform various maritime combat missions without the need for onboard personnel to operate. In the air, the human-controlled drone system deployed in actual combat is a drone system platform with its own reconnaissance and judgment, human control, integrated reconnaissance and attack, autonomous attack, and human-machine collaboration.

The use of drone weapons in wars highlights their combat capabilities, which will inevitably lead the armies of countries around the world to form unmanned combat units in full swing. In the Iraq War, the United States began to test the actual combat capabilities of unmanned combat vehicles. In March 2013, the United States released a new version of the “Robotics Technology Roadmap: From the Internet to Robots”, which elaborated on the development roadmap of robots, including military robots, and decided to invest huge military research funds in the development of military robots, so that the proportion of unmanned combat equipment of the US military will increase to 30% of the total number of weapons. It is planned that one-third of ground combat operations in the future will be undertaken by military robots. It is reported that the US military deployed the first future robot combat brigade (including at least 151 robot warriors) before 2015. In 2016, the US military conducted another experimental simulation test of the “modular unmanned combat vehicle” in a multinational joint military exercise. In 2020, the US Pentagon issued a contract with a price tag of 11 million US dollars to form a “combined arms squad” with the ability to cooperate with humans and robots, and plans to complete the construction of 15 future combat brigades by 2030. All squad members have human-like vision, hearing, touch and smell, can send information and attack targets in a timely manner, and can even undertake tasks such as self-repair and vehicle maintenance, transportation, minesweeping, reconnaissance, and patrolling. The US Daily Science website reported that the US Army has developed a new technology that can quickly teach robots to complete new crossing actions with minimal human intervention. The report said that the technology can enable mobile robot platforms to navigate autonomously in combat environments, while allowing robots to complete combat operations that humans expect them to perform under certain circumstances. Currently, US Army scientists hope to cultivate muscle cells and tissues for robots for biological hybridization rather than directly extracting them from living organisms. Therefore, this combination of muscle and robot reminds me of the half-cyborg Grace in the movie “Terminator: Dark Fate”.

On April 21, 2018, the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) special forces launched a raid against extremist terrorists in Derbent, Dagestan, and for the first time publicly dispatched armed unmanned combat vehicles equipped with machine guns as pioneers. During the 2018 Russian Red Square military parade, the United States discovered a large number of Russian “Uranus-9” robots and other combat systems that had exchanged fire with Syrian anti-government forces in southern Syria, and showed their appearance characteristics to the audience. In August 2015, the Russian army used combat robot combat companies to carry out position assaults on the Syrian battlefield. The tracked robots charged, attacked, attracted the militants to open fire, and guided the self-propelled artillery group to destroy the exposed fire points one by one. In the end, the robot combat company took down the high ground that is now difficult for Russian soldiers to capture in one fell swoop in just 20 minutes, achieving a record of zero casualties and killing 77 enemies.

According to the British Daily Star website, after the British Army conducted a large-scale combat robot test at an event called “Autonomous Warrior 2018”, it unified drones, unmanned vehicles and combat personnel into a world-class army for decades to come. Future British Army autonomous military equipment, whether tanks, robots or drones, may have legs instead of tracks or wheels. In early 2021, after the UK held the “Future Maritime Air Force Acceleration Day” event, it continued to develop a “plug-and-play” maritime autonomous platform development system, which, after being connected to the Royal Navy’s ships, can simplify the acquisition and use of automation and unmanned operation technologies.

In addition to the development of robots by Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom, other powerful countries have also successively launched their own robot warriors. It is expected that in the next 20 years, the world will usher in robots on land, sea, and air to replace soldiers to perform high-risk tasks. The future battlefield will inevitably be unmanned or man-machine integrated joint combat operations. The world’s military powers will launch a human-machine (drone) integrated combat experiment

The style of air combat is always evolving with the advancement of aviation technology. Since 1917, with the successful development of the world’s first unmanned remote-controlled aircraft by the United Kingdom, the family of unmanned equipment has continued to grow and develop, and various drones are increasingly active in the arena of modern warfare.

Since the 21st century, with the large number of drones being used on the battlefield, the combat style has been constantly updated. In the Gulf War, drones were limited to reconnaissance, surveillance and target guidance, but in the Afghanistan War, Iraq War and the War on Terrorism, the combat capabilities of drones have become increasingly prominent, and the combat style and methods have shown new characteristics, allowing countries around the world to see drones as a sharp sword in the air, thus opening the prelude to the integrated combat test of man-machine (drone).

It is reported that the total number of drones in NATO countries increased by 1.7 times between 1993 and 2005, reaching 110,000 by 2006. The United States, other NATO countries, Israel, and South Africa all attach great importance to the development and production of unmanned reconnaissance aircraft and multi-purpose drones.

In 2019, more than 30 countries in the world have developed more than 50 types of drones, and more than 50 countries are equipped with drones. The main types are: “password” drones, multi-function drones, artificial intelligence drones, long-term airborne drones, anti-missile drones, early warning drones, stealth drones, micro drones, air combat drones, mapping drones, and aerial photography drones. The main recovery methods: automatic landing, parachute recovery, aerial recovery, and arresting recovery.

On September 14, 2019, after Saudi Aramco’s “world’s largest oil processing facility” and oil field were attacked, the Yemeni Houthi armed forces claimed “responsibility for the incident” and claimed that they used 10 drones to attack the above facilities. On January 3, 2020, Qassem Soleimani, commander of the “Quds Force” under the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, was “targeted and eliminated” in a drone raid launched by the United States at Baghdad International Airport in the early morning of the Iraqi capital. At the end of 2020, in the battle between Armenia and Azerbaijan in Nagorno-Karabakh (Nagorno-Karabakh region), it was obvious that drones played an important role in the conflict between the two sides. In particular, many military experts were shocked by the videos that the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defense kept releasing of the TB-2 “Flagship” and Israeli “Harop” suicide drones just purchased from Turkey attacking Armenian armored vehicles, artillery, cars and even infantry positions and S-300 air defense missiles. In December 2020, local conflicts in the Middle East and Transcaucasus showed that drones are playing an increasingly important role. Based on this, some military experts even predicted that the 21st century will be the “golden age” for the development of drones. Drones are bound to completely replace manned aircraft and become the “battlefield protagonist” of the 21st century.

Currently, the US Air Force plans to expand the teaming of manned and unmanned platforms between drones and manned aircraft, and by 2025, 90% of fighters will be drones. In other words, larger aircraft (F-35 fighters or F-22 fighters) can control a nearby drone fleet. For example, the F-35 fighter is like a flying sensor computer, which can obtain a large amount of data, and communicate, analyze and judge on its own, and finally upload the conclusion to the pilot’s helmet display. The pilot analyzes and processes the information obtained, formulates a combat plan based on the combat plan, battlefield situation, and weapons equipped by the formation, and then issues it to the drone… to achieve the purpose of manned aircraft commanding drones to cooperate in combat. In other words, the mixed formation of manned and unmanned aircraft will change the previous ground control to air control of drones, and the pilot will directly command the combat operations of drones. The US military envisions a modular design so that soldiers can assemble drones after taking out the parts of drones from their backpacks when needed in future battlefield operations, and can also use 3D printing drones. In August 2020, the U.S. Air Force defeated top F-16 fighter pilots in a simulated air battle with AI, which also proved that AI pilots can “think” creatively and quickly, and it may not be long before they surpass the skills of human pilots. The U.S. Navy’s new MQ-25 “Stingray” carrier-based unmanned tanker will be tested in 2021 and have initial operational capability in 2024, which will help expand the combat radius of aircraft carriers.

Since 2013, Russia has been equipped with a large number of drones, of which unmanned reconnaissance aircraft alone exceeded 2,000 by the end of 2019, most of which are light drones, such as the Kalashnikov drones that participated in the military operations in Syria. In the next step, each brigade or division-level unit of the Russian Army will have a drone company, and the airborne troops will also be equipped with a large number of drones. The Russian Northern Fleet will have a drone regiment, and some modern Russian warships will also be equipped with drones. In addition, from 2021, the “Orion” reconnaissance and strike drone developed by the Kronstadt Group will be equipped with the Russian army. This heavy drone can carry a variety of guided ammunition to perform combat missions. In addition, the Russian army is also testing two heavy drones, the “Altair” and the C-70 “Hunter”. These are enough to show that Russia has made significant progress in the field of drone research and development.

Israel is a true pioneer in the field of drones. The drones it develops are not only advanced, but also exported to other countries. It has equipped its troops with hundreds of drones, including the “Bird’s Eye” series of single-soldier drones, the “Firefly” drone, the light “Skylark-I” drone, the light “Hero” drone, the medium “Skylark-II/III” drone, the “Heron” drone, etc. In the mid-1980s, Israel had developed a land-based launch and patrol drone named “Harpy” or “Harpy”. The Harpy is a “suicide drone” capable of autonomous anti-radar attacks. It weighs 135 kg, can carry 32 kg of high explosives, and has a range of 500 km. Due to confidentiality reasons, the specific number and type of drones equipped by the Israel Defense Forces are not yet known. In order to deal with threatening targets such as enemy ground-to-ground missiles, Israel Aircraft Industries is developing a high-altitude, long-flight stealth unmanned fighter. The aircraft combines stealth technology with long-range air-to-air missiles, can carry Moab missiles, penetrate into the rear of the enemy’s battle zone, and intercept and attack ground-to-ground missiles in the boost phase.

On February 5, 2013, the British army stationed in Afghanistan used a micro unmanned helicopter for the first time to carry out front-line work of spying on military intelligence. This unmanned helicopter is equipped with a micro camera, which can transmit the captured images to a handheld control terminal in real time; it can fly around corners and avoid obstacles to identify potential dangers. Next, the UK plans to enable one manned aircraft to command five unmanned aircraft at the same time. According to a report on the website of the British “Times” on January 26, 2021, the British Ministry of Defense invested 30 million pounds to develop the first unmanned aerial vehicle force in Northern Ireland. According to reports, the contract for the design and manufacture of the prototype has been given to the American “Spirit” Aerospace Systems. The company has a branch in Belfast, and the contract is expected to provide 100 jobs. The British Ministry of Defense plans to start manufacturing the first prototype of this new type of unmanned aerial vehicle by 2025. It will be equipped with missiles, reconnaissance and electronic warfare technology equipment, becoming the British Army’s first unmanned aerial vehicle capable of targeting and shooting down enemy aircraft and avoiding surface-to-air missile attacks. Its partner manned fighters will be able to focus on missions such as electronic warfare, reconnaissance and bombing, thereby reducing costs and the high risks faced by British aircrews.

The French Navy will form its first carrier-based drone squadron at a base near Toulon, the 36F carrier-based aircraft squadron of the French Naval Aviation. The squadron will be equipped with S-100 drones and carried on the Navy’s Mistral-class amphibious landing ship. The formation of this carrier-based drone squadron reflects the French Navy’s desire to integrate drone expertise into a single professional team. Previously, the French Navy discussed the establishment of a dedicated drone squadron and the option of equipping the 31F, 35F or 36F squadrons with drones.

At the Paris Air Show in June 2004, the full-scale model of the NX70 Neuron unmanned combat aircraft displayed by the French Dassault Aviation Company rekindled people’s interest in the development of European drones. Iran, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates…some new countries have disrupted the geopolitical landscape of drones and are writing a new page.

It can be predicted that drones will become the biggest highlight in the development of weapons and equipment in various countries around the world, and become the “trump card” of land warfare, naval warfare, air warfare, and space warfare in the 21st century. It will become a new combat force in offensive and defensive operations. It can not only use the various ground attack weapons it carries to strike enemy ground military targets in frontline and deep areas, but also use air-to-ground missiles or bombs to suppress enemy air defense weapons; it can not only use weapons such as anti-tank missiles to attack enemy tanks or tank groups, but also use weapons such as cluster bombs to bomb enemy ground forces; it can not only detect targets and judge the value of targets and then launch missiles autonomously, but also deceive and interfere with enemy command and control systems, etc. The world’s military powers will set off a battle to form a “man-machine (robot drone)” integrated force

With the deepening of military-civilian integration, the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, and the rapid development of big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things, not only will the development of unmanned weapons and equipment bring about tremendous changes, but it will also subvert the existing military force formation form. The “human-machine (robot-drone)” integrated intelligent army is bound to come.

In December 2015, in addition to sending traditional combat forces to the Syrian battlefield, the Russian army also sent a robot combat company mainly composed of unmanned combat platforms to participate in the battle for the first time. The company adopted a new combat mode of mixed manned and unmanned formations, built an intelligent combat system with the “Andromeda-D” automated command system as the core, and launched an attack on Hill 754.5 using a combination of full-dimensional reconnaissance and saturation attack, successfully seizing the hill. A few years ago, U.S. Navy officials in charge of expeditionary operations mentioned the vision of building a thousand man-machine combined warships, that is, a larger fleet of unmanned ships controlled by humans and coordinated with each other. The U.S. Navy announced that it plans to build an unmanned fleet of 10 large unmanned surface ships in the next five years for independent operations or joint operations with surface forces. According to the conceptual plan currently disclosed by the U.S. Navy, the unmanned fleet composed of large unmanned surface ships will mainly assist the Navy in completing highly dangerous combat missions. By combining with the Aegis combat system and other sensors, the coordinated combat capabilities of manned and unmanned systems will be enhanced. Its deployment will help reduce the demand for the number of large manned warships and reduce casualties in combat. According to the National Interest Network on January 20, 2021, the U.S. Navy Chief of Operations Michael Gilday released the “Navigation Plan of the Chief of Naval Operations” document on January 11, calling for the establishment of a mixed fleet of man-machine ships including large warships, various types of unmanned ships, submersibles and air strike equipment to prepare for all-domain operations in the new threat environment in the next few decades. The document states: “It is necessary to establish a larger fleet of underwater, surface and water platforms that meet the strategic and campaign needs of the troops, and a mixture of manned and unmanned platforms.”

In the “man-machine (robot-drone)” integrated forces, artificial intelligence technology is used to achieve an organic combination of “man-machine”, and cloud computing, new algorithms, and big data are used to formulate “man-machine” collaborative combat plans. Artificial intelligence is like an engine, big data + cloud computing is like a spaceship, and intelligent robots are astronauts. The organic combination of the three will surely add wings to the tiger and integrate man and machine. The future army is a human-machine integrated army. The squad and platoon commanders are gradually replaced by robots. Robots are gradually transformed from human control to autonomous decision-making or mind control through human brain cells. There may also be canteen-free barracks in the military camps. The military management may also be led by one or several military personnel to lead multiple or even dozens of intelligent robot teams with different division of labor tasks to complete the combat training management tasks that were previously completed by squads, platoons, and companies. Or there may be only one military commander in the command and control center for military training, and all intelligent robots in the training grounds may be controlled through video command and control for confrontation training, or remote control robot commanders may issue new training instructions, adjust task deployment, and change training grounds in real time.

The urgent need for the intelligent quality of military talents will also force the readjustment of the setting of the first-level military disciplines in the field of artificial intelligence. In the future, military academies will also open intelligent robot control disciplines, establish relevant human-machine integration laboratories and training bases, and focus on training intelligent professional military talents who understand computer control programs, intelligent design and management, image cognition, data mining, knowledge graphs, and can systematically master intelligent science and technology and have innovative consciousness. Future military talents must be proficient in intelligent technology, big data applications, and cloud computing, especially in the use of 3D or 4D printing technology to make various military equipment at any time, proficient in the control procedures, command methods, command issuance, and adjustment of tasks of intelligent robots, and proficient in the essentials of human-machine integrated autonomous combat coordination, so as to achieve the best combination of human information technology quality and efficient operation of intelligent robots. In addition, it is not ruled out that human-machine integration squads, combat simulation centers, imaginary enemy forces, combat units, intelligent headquarters, unmanned brigades, divisions, etc. will be established. By then, the military chief may also have one human and one machine, or the robot may serve as a hand or deputy.

現代國語：

資料來源：中國航空報作者：魏岳江責任編輯：伍行健
2021-03-26 08:OO

目前，從世界上主要國家編制體制改革發展情況看，軍隊正向精幹、小型、高效、智能、「人機（機器人無人機）」一體方向發展，謀求機器人士兵、無人機與人類戰士一起並肩協同、聯合作戰。根據統計，目前全球超過60個國家的軍隊已裝備了軍用機器人，種類超過150種。預計到2040年，世界軍事強國可能會有一半的成員是機器人。除美、俄、英、法、日、以色列、土耳其、伊朗等國已相繼推出各自的機器人戰士外，其他國家也投入這場無人化武器的研製與開發中去。

世界軍事強國將掀起組成無人作戰部隊爭鋒熱潮所謂無人作戰部隊，就是作戰機器人或戰場殺人機器人系統的統稱。隨著各類資訊化、精準化、資料化武器裝備的發展，智慧化平台成為預先設計戰場的推手，作戰機器人成為戰場的主力軍，人機結合對抗成為克敵制勝的關鍵，未來戰場空間力量將凸顯陸海空三維無人發展趨勢。

《今日美國報》曾發表的《新型機器人把戰爭帶入下一個層次：無人戰爭》一文中，這樣描述無人化戰爭：無人機編隊蜂擁而來，用精密的儀器探測、偵察與反偵察，它們鎖定目標後，從容地發射飛彈；自動編程的無人駕駛潛水艇，執行水下搜索、偵察、排除水雷等多種任務；或許給未來的食物中活動，執行水雷銀行等多種任務。

在陸地，能執行特定任務的各種機器人，就是機械化、資訊化、智慧化高度融合的機動打擊平台。如：無人坦克，就是以自身程序控制為主的無人化履帶式裝甲平台，可讓士兵們遠程控制，以遠距離攻擊型智能化武器、資訊化武器為主導，能自動裝載彈藥和自主發射，實施遠程間接精確打擊，有效降​​低士兵傷亡率。在海洋，各種無人潛水艇、無人戰艦等，可航行數千英里，無需船上人員操控就能執行各種海上作戰任務。在空中，實戰部署的人為控制操作的無人機系統，就是一種具有自己偵察判斷、人為控制、察打一體、自主攻擊、人機協同的無人機系統平台。

無人機武器在戰爭中的運用凸顯其作戰能力，必然牽引世界各國軍隊緊鑼密鼓組成無人作戰部隊。在伊拉克戰爭中，美國就開始對無人戰車的實戰能力進行測試。 2013年3月，美國發布新版《機器人技術路線圖：從互聯網到機器人》，闡述了包括軍用機器人在內的機器人發展路線圖，決定將巨額軍備研究費投向軍用機器人研製，使美軍無人作戰裝備的比例增加至武器總數的30%，計劃未來三分之一的地面作戰行動將由軍用機器人承擔行動將由軍用機器人承擔。據悉，美軍在2015年前部署第一支未來機器人戰鬥旅（至少包括151個機器人戰士）。 2016年，美軍在一次多國聯合軍事演習中，對「模組化無人戰車」再次進行了試驗模擬測試。 2020年，美國五角大廈發出一項標價1100萬美元的合同，以組建具有人類和機器人協同作戰能力的“聯合兵種班”，計劃2030年前完成15個未來作戰旅的全部建設工作。所有班級成員，具有類似人一樣的視、聽、觸和嗅覺，能適時發出訊息並對目標發動攻擊，甚至可以擔負自我維修與車輛維修及運輸、掃雷、偵察、巡邏等任務。美國每日科學網站報道稱，美陸軍研發了一種新技術，可迅速教導機器人在最低限度人為幹預情況下完成新的穿越動作。報導稱，該技術可使移動機器人平台在作戰環境中自主導航，同時在特定情況下讓機器人完成人類期望執行的作戰行動。目前，美陸軍科學家希望為機器人培育肌肉細胞和組織，進行生物雜交，而不是直接從活的有機體中提取，由此這種採取肌肉與機器人的組合，讓筆者聯想到電影《魔鬼終結者：黑暗命運》中的半生​​化人葛蕾絲。

2018年4月21日，俄聯邦安全局（FSB）特戰隊在達吉斯坦傑爾賓特市，發動了一次針對極端組織恐怖分子的突襲行動，首次公開出動了配備機槍的武裝無人戰車打先鋒。美國在2018年俄羅斯紅場閱兵中發現了大批俄軍曾經在敘利亞南部與敘利亞反政府武裝交火的「天王星-9」機器人等作戰系統，向觀眾展示其外形特徵。俄軍在2015年8月敘利亞戰場上使用戰鬥機器人作戰連實施陣地攻堅戰，履帶式機器人衝鋒、打擊、吸引武裝份子開火，並引導自行火砲群將暴露火力點逐個摧毀，最後機器人作戰連僅用20分鐘就一舉攻下俄軍士兵難以攻下的高地，取得零傷者戰績7777人。

據英國《明星日報》網站報道稱，英國陸軍在一場名為「自主戰士2018」的活動中進行了大規模作戰機器人測試後，把無人機、無人駕駛汽車和戰鬥人員統一到未來數十年穩居世界一流的軍隊中。未來的英軍自主軍用裝備，無論是坦克車、機器人或無人機，都可能有腿而不是履帶或輪子。 2021年年初，英國舉辦「未來海上航空力量加速日」活動後，繼續開發「即插即用」的海上自主平台開發系統，該系統連接到皇家海軍的船艦後，可以簡化自動化和無人操作技術的獲取和使用過程。

除了俄羅斯、美國、英國研發裝備機器人外，其他有實力的國家也相續推出各自研發的機器人戰士，預計在未來20年內世界必將迎來陸海空機器人代替士兵執行高風險任務，未來戰場必將是無人化或人機結合一體化聯合作戰行動。世界軍事強國將掀起人機（無人機）一體化作戰試驗

空戰的樣式總是隨著航空科技的進步而不斷發展。自1917年至今，隨著英國成功研發出世界第一架無人駕駛遙控飛機，無人裝備大家庭也不斷發展壯大，各種無人機日益活躍在現代戰爭的舞台上。

自21世紀以來，隨著大量無人機應用於戰場，作戰樣式不斷翻修。在海灣戰爭中，無人機也僅限定於偵察監視、目標引導，可是到了阿富汗戰爭、伊拉克戰爭和反恐戰爭，無人機作戰能力日益凸顯，作戰樣式和方法呈現出新特點，讓世界各國看到無人機這把空中利劍，從此拉開人機（無人機）一體化作戰測試序幕。

據報道，1993～2005年間，北約國家無人機總數增加了1.7倍，2006年前，這數量達到11萬架。美國、北約其他國家、以色列、南非都非常重視無人偵察機和多用途無人機的研發和生產。

2019年，全球大約有30多個國家已開發了50多種類型無人機，有50多個國家裝備了無人機。主要種類：「密碼」無人機、多功能無人機、人工智慧無人機、長時留空無人機、反導無人機、預警無人機、隱身無人機、微型無人機、空戰無人機、測繪無人機、空拍無人機。主要回收方式：自動降落、降落傘回收、空中回收、攔阻回收。

2019年9月14日，沙特阿美石油公司的一處“世界最大石油加工設施”和油田遭襲擊後，也門胡塞武裝宣布“對此事負責”，並宣稱其使用了10架無人機對上述設施進行了攻擊。 2020年1月3日，伊朗伊斯蘭革命衛隊下屬「聖城旅」指揮官卡西姆·蘇萊馬尼在美國對伊拉克首都巴格達國際機場凌晨發起的一場無人機突襲中被「定點清除」。 2020年底，亞美尼亞和阿塞拜疆在納戈爾諾-卡拉巴赫（納卡地區）的戰鬥中，無人機在雙方衝突中扮演重要角色顯而易見。尤其是許多軍事專家對阿塞拜疆國防部不斷發布剛從土耳其購買的TB-2「旗手」和以色列「哈羅普」自殺式無人機打擊亞方裝甲車輛、火砲、汽車甚至步兵陣地、S-300防空飛彈畫面的影片感到十分震撼。 2020年12月，中東和外高加索地區所發生的局部衝突表明，無人機的角色正日益增大。基於此，有軍事家甚至預言，21世紀將是無人機發展的“黃金時期”，無人機勢必全面取代有人戰機，並成為21世紀的“戰場主角”。

目前，美國空軍計劃擴大無人機與有人機之間的有人與無人平台組隊，2025年90％戰機將是無人機。也就是說，較大型飛機（F-35戰機或F-22戰機）能夠控制一支附近的無人機隊。如F-35戰鬥機像一種飛行感測計算機，能夠獲得大量數據，並自行聯繫、分析和判斷，最後向飛行員的頭盔顯示屏上傳結論後，由飛行員對獲取的信息進行分析和處理，根據作戰計劃、戰場態勢、編隊配備的武器等製訂作戰方案後，再下達給無人機……實現有人機指揮無人機協同作戰的目的。也就是說，有人機與無人機混合編隊，把以往由地面控制改為空中控制無人機，由飛行員直接指揮無人機作戰行動。美軍設想採用模組化設計，以便在未來戰場作戰需要時士兵從背包中取出無人機的零件後組裝無人機，還可利用3D列印無人機。 2020年8月，美國空軍在模擬空戰中AI擊敗了頂尖的F-16戰鬥機飛行員，也有力證明AI飛行員能創造性地快速“思考”，將來可能超過人類飛行員技能為時不遠。美海軍新型MQ-25「魟魚」艦載無人加油機將於2021年試飛，2024年具備初始作戰能力，有利於航母艦載機擴大作戰半徑。

俄羅斯從2013年起，配備了大量無人機，其中僅無人偵察機到2019年年底已超過2000架，其中大多數是輕型無人機，如參與敘利亞的軍事行動的卡拉什尼科夫無人機。下一步，俄陸軍部隊每個旅或師級單位將分別編有無人機連，空降兵部隊也將裝備大量無人機。俄北方艦隊將編有無人機團，在俄軍一些現代化軍艦上也將配備了無人機。另外，從2021年起，由喀琅施塔得集團研發的「獵戶座」察打一體無人機裝備俄軍。這種重型無人機可搭載多種導引彈藥，執行作戰任務。此外，俄軍也正在試驗「牽牛星」和C-70「獵人」兩款重型無人機。這些足以顯示俄羅斯在無人機研發領域取得重大進展。

以色列是無人機領域真正的先驅，開發的無人機不僅先進，而且還出口其他國家，已經裝備部隊包括「鳥眼」系列單兵無人機、「螢火蟲」無人機、輕型「雲雀-I」無人機、輕型「英雄」無人機、中型「雲雀-II/III」無人機、「蒼鷺」無人機等型號數百架無人機。 1980年代中期，以色列已研發出名為「哈比」又稱「鷹身女妖」的陸基發射巡飛無人機。 「哈比」是一種能夠自主進行反雷達攻擊的「自殺式無人機，重量為135公斤，可攜帶32公斤的高爆炸藥，航程為500千米。由於保密原因，目前尚不知以色列國防軍裝備無人機的具體數量和型號。為了對付敵方的地地飛彈等威脅性目標，以色列飛機工業公司正在研發一種高空長航時隱身無人駕駛戰鬥機。

2013年2月5日，駐紮在阿富汗的英國軍隊首次採用微型無人直升機執行刺探軍情的前線工作。這種無人直升機安裝了微型攝影機，可以將拍攝到的畫面即時傳送到手持式控制終端機；可以繞角落飛行，會規避障礙物，以辨別潛在危險。下一步，英國計畫實現一架有人機能夠同時指揮5架無人機。根據英國《泰晤士報》網站2021年1月26日報道，英國國防部投資3,000萬英鎊，將在北愛爾蘭研發首支無人機部隊。報道稱，設計和製造原型機的合約已交給美國「勢必銳」航空系統公司。該公司在貝爾法斯特設有分部，合約預計將提供100個工作機會。英國國防部計畫在2025年開始製造首架這種新型無人機原型機。它將配備飛彈、偵察和電子戰技術裝備，成為英軍首款能夠瞄準並擊落敵方戰機、並能規避地對空飛彈攻擊的無人機。與其搭檔的有人戰機將能夠專注於電子戰、偵察及轟炸等任務，從而以較低的成本和降低英軍機組人員面臨的高風險。

法國海軍將在土倫附近的某個基地組成首個艦載無人機中隊，為法國海軍航空兵第36F艦載機中隊。中隊將裝備S-100無人機，搭載海軍西北風級兩棲登陸艦上。這次艦載無人機中隊的組建，反映了法國海軍希望將無人機專業融入單一專業團隊的願望。先前，法國海軍內部討論了建立專屬無人機中隊，以及在31F、35F或36F中隊中配備無人機的方案。

在2004年6月舉行的巴黎航空展上，法國達梭飛機製造公司展示的NX70神經元無人作戰飛機的全尺寸模型，讓人們對歐洲無人機的發展重新產生了興趣。伊朗、土耳其、阿聯酋……一些新的國家打亂了無人機地緣政治格局，正在書寫新的一頁。

可以預測，無人機必將成為世界各國武器裝備發展中的最大亮點，成為21世紀陸戰、海戰、空戰、天戰的“撒手鐧”，成為攻防作戰中一種新生作戰力量，既能使用自身攜帶的多種對地攻擊武器對敵前沿和縱深地區地面軍事目標進行打擊，也能使用空對地飛彈或炸彈對敵防空武器實施壓制；既能使用反坦克飛彈等武器對敵坦克或坦克群進行攻擊，也能使用集束炸彈等武器對敵地面部隊進行轟炸；既能發現目標、判斷目標價值後就可自主發射飛彈，也能對敵方指揮控制系統進行欺騙幹擾，等等。世界軍事強國將掀起組成「人機（機器人無人機）」一體部隊爭鋒

隨著軍民融合的深度推進，人工智慧技術的突飛猛進，大數據、雲端運算、物聯網的日新月異，不僅為無人化武器裝備發展帶來巨大變革，也將顛覆現有軍隊力量組成形態，「人機（機器人無人機）」一體化智慧型軍隊必將到來。

2015年12月，俄軍在敘利亞戰場上除派出傳統作戰部隊外，還首次成建制派出一個以無人作戰平台為主的機器人作戰連參加戰鬥。該連採取有人無人混合編組的新型作戰模式，建構起以「仙女座-D」自動化指揮系統為核心的智能化作戰體系，採用全維偵察和飽和攻擊相結合的作戰方式對754.5高地發起進攻，順利奪佔高地。幾年前，負責遠徵作戰的美國海軍官員就提到打造千隻人機結合戰艦的願景，即由人類控制的，由相互協同的無人艦組成的更大艦隊。美國海軍宣布，計畫未來5年打造一支由10艘大型無人水面艦艇組成的無人艦隊，用於獨立作戰或與水面部隊聯合作戰。根據美國海軍目前披露的構想方案，由大型無人水面艦艇組成的無人艦隊將主要協助海軍完成高度危險的作戰任務，透過與「宙斯盾」作戰系統以及其他感測器相結合，提升有人及無人系統的協同作戰能力，其部署將有助於減少大型有人戰艦的數量需求，減少作戰中的人員傷亡。國家利益網2021年1月20日消息，美國海軍作戰部長邁克爾·吉爾戴在1月11日發布《海軍作戰部長導航計畫》文件，呼籲建立包括大型戰艦、各型無人艦、潛航器和空襲裝備的人機混合艦隊，為未來幾十年的新威脅環境做好全局作戰準備。文件中寫道：“要建立滿足部隊戰略和戰役需求的，水下、水面和水上平台，有人與無人平台混合的更大艦隊。”

在「人機（機器人無人機）」一體部隊中，靠著人工智慧技術達到「人機」有機結合，靠著雲端運算、新演算法、大數據擬制「人機」協同作戰計畫。人工智慧就像一台發動機，大數據+雲端運算就如太空船，智慧機器人就是太空人，三者有機結合定能如虎添翼、人機一體。未來軍隊就是人機結合軍隊，班排連長由人擔任逐步被機器人所取代，機器人由人為控制逐步轉變為機器人自主決策或機器人透過人的腦細泡進行意念控制，軍營也可能出現無食堂軍營，部隊管理也可能出現由一名或幾名軍事人員率領多分工台甚至數十台具有不同分工任務的智慧機器人團隊，去完成以往班排連共同完成的戰訓管理任務，亦或是軍事訓練只有一名軍事指揮人員在指揮控制中心，透過視訊指揮控制訓練場所有智慧機器人進行對抗訓練，或是遠程遙控機器人指揮部即時下達新的訓練指令、調整任務部署、變換訓練場。

對軍事人才智慧素質的迫切需求，也會倒逼人工智慧領域一級軍事學科的設置重新調整，未來軍學院也將開設智慧機器人控制學科，建立有關人機結合實驗室與訓練基地，重點訓練既懂電腦控製程式、智慧設計與管理、影像認知、資料探勘、知識圖譜，又能係統掌握智慧科學與科技、具有創新意識的智慧型職業化人才。未來軍事人才必須熟練智慧技術、大數據應用、雲端運算，尤其是能隨時利用3D或4D列印技術製作各種軍事裝備，精通智慧機器人的控製程式、指揮方式、指令下達、調整任務，熟練人機一體化自主作戰協同的要領，達到人的資訊化科技素質與智慧機器人的高效運作的最佳結合。此外，也不排除成立人機結合班排連、作戰模擬中心、假想敵部隊、作戰分隊、智慧司令部、無人化旅、師等。屆時，軍事主官也可能人機各一或機器人給人當下手或副手。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/bq/2021-03/26/content_9991323888.htm