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Chinese Military Exploring Wasy to Win in Intelligent Warfare Amidst Change & Constancy

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中國軍隊在變中求變中探索智慧戰爭制勝之道

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2019年10月22日 星期二

現代英語：

In today’s world, artificial intelligence has made significant breakthroughs and is accelerating its transfer to the military field, which has an impact on the form of war and even a subversive impact. Faced with increasingly fierce strategic competition and rights and interests among major powers, we should use a development perspective to rationally examine and correctly understand intelligence in the thinking of the “change” and “unchange” of the law of winning wars, select the strategic commanding heights and main attack directions of future military competition, and scientifically explore the way to win intelligent warfare.

Intelligent warfare will redraw the boundaries of war, but the standard for winning wars is still to achieve political benefits, so it can be a policy of victory or defeat

The territory of intelligent warfare is expanding to new areas. Engels pointed out: “Human beings fight in the same way as they produce.” The rapid penetration of intelligent technology into the field of combat will inevitably subvert the form of combat effectiveness. Driven by new theories and technologies such as big data, supercomputing, intelligent communications, and brain science, intelligent warfare will subvert people’s inherent cognition with “unexpected” new ways and “omnipotent” new appearances. The cognitive domain has become another contest space for the warring parties after land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. The territory of human military confrontation is bound to extend from natural space, technical space, social space to cognitive space, forming three major combat latitudes: physical domain, information domain, and cognitive domain. The boundaries of war extend to deep earth, deep sea, deep space, deep network, and deep brain, showing the characteristics of extreme depth, extreme distance, extreme micro, extreme intelligence, and unmanned, invisible, silent, and boundless. Intelligent warfare will generalize the confrontation and competition, and the integration of military and non-military fields will be more obvious. The combat field will be expanded to the extreme, the boundaries between peacetime and wartime will become increasingly blurred, and the boundaries between the front and the rear will no longer be clear. Intelligence will penetrate into all elements and processes of future wars, redraw the boundaries of war, and traditional battlefields and fronts will be difficult to reproduce. The “spectrum map” of war tends to be broadened.

Achieving political benefits is the unchanging winning standard of war. As a specific complex social phenomenon, although war will present different war forms and boundaries in different historical periods and form different war cognitions, the essential attribute of war as a political continuation will not change. The standard for measuring victory in war is always to maximize political interests. Intelligent warfare has overturned traditional combat styles and means. The attack range of weapons and equipment has expanded to human cognitive space, and the battlefield space has expanded from physical space to cognitive, social, network and other intangible spaces. It can more intuitively express the characteristics of “imposing will on the opponent”, and emphasizes the dominance of seizing the will of the country, the concept of the organization, the psychology and thinking of people at the strategic, campaign and tactical levels. The winning role of intelligent warfare in winning hearts and minds is more prominent, and the means of winning hearts and minds such as political transplantation, belief attack, mental control, psychological disintegration, and cultural infiltration are more diverse. The competition and counter-competition in the tangible and intangible battlefields are more intense. The political struggle around the war is more complex and changeable, and the constraints of the people’s hearts, social opinions and public psychology on the war are more significant. The military is more obedient to politics, and the political color of intelligent warfare is stronger. In the final analysis, the military is the continuation of politics, and military victory must ensure political leadership. In the history of our army, Mao Zedong has always opposed the purely military viewpoint and insisted on the high unity of military and politics. In the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the US military experimented with a large number of advanced weapons and won the battles. However, from the perspective of winning the war, they won the battles but lost the wars, and fell into a moral quagmire, far from achieving the goal of winning the war. Winning the battle is not the same as winning the war. To truly win the victory of intelligent warfare, we must occupy the commanding heights of justice to ultimately dominate the victory or defeat of the war.

Intelligent warfare will reconstruct combat power, but the key factor in winning the war is still people, and it is not people who are killed

The combat power of intelligent warfare has undergone a qualitative change. Combat power is an overall description of the power system composed of people, weapons and equipment, and combat methods. It represents the development trend of military technology and combat methods. It is essentially the product of the marriage of advanced military technology and new combat ideas. Intelligent warfare is a human-machine intelligent integrated combat. It is a war form that is upgraded, replaced, and reshaped from all aspects and fields such as weapon platforms, command and control systems, combat terminals, and battlefield environments. It presents the characteristics of human-machine collaboration, intelligent dominance, cloud brain combat, and full-domain confrontation. Intelligent technology empowers the most basic elements of warfare. The combat style, time, region, space and other combat elements are changing rapidly. The composition of combat forces has undergone structural changes. People are gradually withdrawing from the front line of confrontation. Intelligent equipment will go to the battlefield in large quantities and in an organized manner. The traditional “man-to-man” war will become a “machine-to-man” or “machine-to-machine” war. Traditional support forces are transformed into main combat forces. Various civilian forces such as network practitioners, scientific and technological elites, experts in psychology, religion, law, and non-state actors will participate in the war in different ways, from the backstage to the front stage. Some new combat forces have developed from decentralized and affiliated organizational forms to increasing proportions, integrating into armies, and forming independent armies, from supporting roles to protagonists, and the military force system has undergone a revolutionary reshaping.

People are still the decisive factor in winning wars. Mao Zedong pointed out in “On Protracted War”: “Weapons are an important factor in war, but not the decisive factor. The decisive factor is people, not things.” Combat power has always been the most direct and important tool for both sides of the war, and the most core condition for victory. People are always the most active factor in combat power, and also the most decisive factor in combat power. In the era of intelligence, the anthropomorphism of weapons and the weaponization of people have become an unstoppable trend. Unmanned combat systems will be deeply integrated with manned systems into an organic symbiosis. The traditional boundaries between people and weapons tend to be blurred, and the relationship between people and weapons will be rebuilt. Weapon systems have a greater degree of autonomy and initiative, which will profoundly change the way people act in war. In particular, the development of “brain control technology” will simplify the control process of weapons from the traditional “brain-nerve-hand-weapon” to “brain-weapon”, which not only means the development and upgrading of weapons and equipment, but also marks that the integration of people and weapons has reached a new level. Human-machine integration technologies such as brain-computer interfaces, exoskeleton systems, wearable devices, and human implants will comprehensively enhance the inherent abilities of people in cognition and physiology, and create “super soldiers.” Human combat thinking is more likely to be materialized in advance into intelligent weapons in the form of software and data. In war, intelligent weapons are used to implement human combat intentions and achieve predetermined combat objectives. The decisive role of humans in future wars is still the planner, organizer and implementer of wars. The greater value of intelligent technologies such as autonomous systems and brain science is to intervene in wars and play a role in assisting command and control. Behind the autonomous combat of intelligent weapons is still the contest between human combat methods, command methods and will quality. Humans are still the decisive factor in the outcome of wars. Good fighters must fully and scientifically play the active role of humans and must not fall into a passive situation controlled by weapons and equipment, so as to truly achieve the goal of killing people instead of being killed by people.

Intelligent warfare will rebuild the rules of engagement, but the basis for winning wars is still to create combat advantages. Victorious soldiers win first and then seek war

Intelligent warfare subverts traditional rules of engagement. War is an extremely complex system composed of multiple factors. The rules of engagement involve many factors such as the nature, purpose, subject, means, time and space conditions of war, as well as war forms, war actions, and war guidance. As artificial intelligence technology can dynamically perceive, reason, make decisions, evaluate and predict various actions of combat forces at all times, in all domains and in all dimensions, the combat style has evolved from “system combat” to “open source combat”, and cross-domain unconventional and asymmetric competition has become the new normal of confrontation. War has entered a stage of system autonomous confrontation and instant kill and decision in reconnaissance and attack operations. The combat style with unmanned operations as a prominent feature has rewritten the rules of engagement and reshaped the support process. Control of intelligence has replaced control of space as the focus of combat. Combat operations are carried out in the entire domain of tangible and intangible battlefields. The battlefield is holographic and transparent. The basic goal of war to destroy the enemy and preserve oneself has also changed from “based on damage” to “based on incapacitation” with the development of disruptive technologies. The killing mechanism of war has changed from chemical energy and kinetic energy to directed energy and biological energy. Traditional violent actions will evolve into hidden strikes, soft kills, and consciousness control, and silent killing has become the mainstream. The ability to “know” and “fight” evolves in an integrated direction. Through the joint actions of the physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain, the participating forces are controlled in real time and accurately. Relying on their own information advantages and decision-making advantages, they cut off and delay the opponent’s information and decision-making circuits in a decentralized battlefield, paralyze the enemy’s combat system, and achieve the effect of physically destroying the enemy and psychologically controlling the enemy.

Creating combat advantages is the unchanging basis for winning wars. Having an overwhelming advantage in deciding the time and place is the law of achieving military victory. The spatiotemporal characteristics of intelligent warfare will undergo major changes. Various combat operations can be launched in parallel in all weather, all day, and in multiple directions. The “second kill” phenomenon in war is more prominent, but the point of action of combat forces to paralyze the enemy’s system has not changed, the essence of creating combat advantages has not changed, and the winning rules of wars to seize the initiative in war, promote our strengths, and attack the enemy’s weaknesses have not changed. The battlefield of the future will become a large area of ​​”no man’s land”. To seize the initiative in war, it is necessary to take sudden, multi-dimensional integrated actions to achieve agile and flexible situational conversion between offense and defense. The offensive and defensive advantages will surpass the relative static state of the past and enter a dynamic reversal of continuous evolution. Therefore, the art of future war is to test whether the two combatants have endurance and orderliness in the continuous state of emergency, which depends on the advancement of the combat system and the war support system. Under the support of the intelligent battlefield situation, various combat personnel, equipment, facilities, and environmental elements form a giant complex adaptive confrontation system. “Cloud gathering” becomes a new combat force cohesion mechanism, and a unified energy gathering platform becomes the basis for seeking all-dimensional advantages. Intelligent advantages become decisive advantages. The idea of ​​concentrating forces in future wars will spiral upward under the promotion of intelligent technology, and cross-domain asymmetric advantages will have more strategic significance and decisive role in intelligent warfare. Designing wars in advance, planning wars in advance, shaping asymmetric advantages based on the enemy’s situation and our situation, stepping up the formation of aggregation advantages in important areas, strengthening the construction of strategic checks and balances, and comprehensively improving the country’s ability to respond to various threats and risks will become the inevitable victory of intelligent warfare.

(Author’s unit: National Defense University)

現代國語：

當今世界，人工智慧發展取得突破性重大進展，並加速向軍事領域轉移，對戰爭形態產生衝擊甚至顛覆性影響。面對日趨激烈的大國戰略競爭與權益博弈，我們應以發展的眼光，在對戰爭制勝規律「變」與「不變」的思辨中，理性審視、正確認知智能化，選準未來軍事競爭的戰略制高點與主攻方向，科學探討智慧化戰爭的勝利之道。

智慧化戰爭將重繪戰爭邊界，但戰爭制勝的標準仍是達成政治利益，故能為勝敗之政

智慧化戰爭疆域向新領域拓展。恩格斯指出：“人類以什麼樣的方式生產，就以什麼樣的方式作戰”，智能技術向作戰領域的快速滲透，必將顛覆戰鬥力的表現形式。智慧化戰爭在大數據、超級運算、智慧通訊、腦科學等新理論、新科技推動下，將以「意想不到」的新方式和「無所不能」的新面貌，顛覆人們固有的認知。認知領域成為交戰雙方繼陸、海、空、天、電、網之後的另一個較量空間，人類軍事對抗的疆域勢必從自然空間、技術空間、社會空間到認知空間，形成物理域、訊息域、認知域三大作戰緯度，戰爭邊界向深地、深海、深空、深網、深腦領域延伸，呈現出極深、極遠、極微、極智與無人、無形、無聲、無邊的特徵。智能化戰爭將泛化對抗爭奪，軍事與非軍事領域一體化特徵更加明顯，作戰領域極限拓展，平時與戰時邊界日趨模糊、前沿與後方界限不再分明，智能滲透到未來戰爭全要素全過程，重繪戰爭邊界，傳統的戰場和戰線難以再現，戰爭「頻譜圖」趨向寬泛化。

達成政治利益是戰爭不變的勝利標準。戰爭作為一種特定的複雜社會現象，儘管在不同的歷史時期會呈現出不同的戰爭形態和邊界，並形成不同的戰爭認知，但戰爭是政治繼續的本質屬性不會改變，衡量戰爭勝利的標準始終是實現政治利益最大化。智慧化戰爭顛覆了傳統的作戰樣式、作戰手段，武器裝備的打擊範圍拓展到人類的認知空間，戰場空間從物理空間拓展到認知、社會、網路等無形空間，能夠更直觀地表達「意志強加在對手身上」的特點，更強調在戰略、戰役、戰術層面奪取國家的意志、組織的觀念、人的心理與思維等主導權。智能化戰爭攻心奪志的勝利作用更為凸顯，政治移植、信仰打擊、精神控制、心理瓦解、文化滲透等攻心奪志手段也更加多元，爭奪與反爭奪在有形與無形戰場的較量更為激烈。圍繞戰爭展開的政治鬥爭更加複雜多變，民心向背、社會輿論、公眾心理對戰爭的製約力更加顯著，軍事服從政治體現得更加明顯，智能化戰爭的政治色彩更濃厚。軍事歸根到底是政治的延續，軍事上的勝利必須保證政治的領先。在我軍歷史上，毛澤東歷來反對單純軍事觀點，堅持軍事與政治的高度統一。美軍在伊拉克和阿富汗戰爭中，實驗了大量的先進武器，並取得了作戰的勝利，但從戰爭制勝的標準來看，贏得作戰卻輸掉了戰爭，陷於道義泥潭，遠未達成戰爭制勝目的。作戰制勝不等於戰爭制勝，要真正贏得智慧化戰爭的勝利，必須佔據正義制高點，才能最終主宰戰爭的勝敗。

智慧化戰爭將重建作戰力量，但戰爭制勝的關鍵因素仍是人，致人而不致於人

智慧化戰爭作戰力量發生質變。作戰力量是人、武器裝備及作戰方式構成的力量體系的整體描述，代表軍事技術和作戰方式的發展趨勢，本質上是先進軍事技術與新型作戰思想聯姻的產物。智慧化戰爭是人機智能一體的作戰，是從武器平台、指控體系、作戰終端、戰場環境等全方位、全領域進行升級、換代、重塑的戰爭形態，呈現人機協同、智能主導、雲腦作戰、全域對抗的特徵。智慧技術賦能改變最基礎的作戰要素，作戰樣式、時間、地域、空間等作戰要素瞬息萬變，作戰力量組成發生結構性變化，人逐漸退出對抗一線，智能化裝備將大量、成建制地走上戰場，傳統意義上「人對人」的戰爭將變成「機器對人」或「機器對決」的戰爭。傳統支援力量向主體作戰力量轉變，網路從業人員、科技菁英、心理、宗教、法律等專家和非國家行為體等多種民間力量，會以不同的方式參與到戰爭中來，從後台走向前台。一些新型作戰力量從分散化、配屬化的組織形態向增加比重、融合成軍、獨立成軍方向發展，從配角變為主角，軍事力量體系發生革命性重塑。

人依然是戰爭制勝的決定性因素。毛澤東在《論持久戰》中指出：「武器是戰爭的重要因素，但不是決定的因素，決定的因素是人不是物。」作戰力量始終是交戰雙方最直接、最重要的工具，也是最核心的致勝條件，人永遠是作戰力量中最活躍的因素，同時也是作戰力量中最具決定性的因素。智能化時代，武器的擬人化和人的武器化成為不可阻擋的趨勢，無人作戰系統將與有人系統深度融合為有機共生體，人與武器之間的傳統界限趨於模糊，重建人與武器的關係。武器系統具備更大程度的自主性和能動性，使人在戰爭中的活動方式發生深刻變化。特別是“腦控技術”的發展，對武器的控制流程將由傳統的“大腦-神經-手-武器”簡化為“大腦-武器”，這不僅僅意味著武器裝備的發展升級，而且標誌著人與武器的融合已達到新的層次。腦機介面、外骨骼系統、穿戴式裝置、人體植入等人機結合技術手段將全面提升認知、生理等人的內在能力，打造出「超級士兵」。人的作戰思想較以軟體和資料的形式被提前物化到智慧武器中，戰爭中由智慧武器來貫徹人的作戰意圖，達成預定作戰目的。人在未來戰爭中的決定作用，仍然是戰爭的計畫者、組織者和實施者。自主系統、腦科學等智慧科技更大的價值是介入戰爭，發揮協助指揮與控制的作用。智慧化武器自主作戰的背後仍是人的作戰方法、指揮方式與意志品質的較量，人依然是戰爭勝負的決定因素，善戰者必須要充分而科學地發揮人的能動作用，不可陷入為武器裝備所控的被動局面，真正做到致人而不致於人。

智慧化戰爭將重建交戰規則，但戰爭制勝的基礎仍是創造作戰優勢，勝兵先勝而後求戰

智慧化戰爭顛覆傳統交戰規則。戰爭是一個由多種因素構成的極為複雜的系統，交戰規則涉及戰爭性質、目的、主體、手段、時空條件，以及戰爭形態、戰爭行動、戰爭指導等諸多方面的因素。隨著人工智慧技術能夠全時、全域、全維度對作戰力量的各種行動進行動態感知、推理決策、評估預測，作戰樣式由「體係作戰」向「開源作戰」演進，跨域非常規、非對稱較量成為對壘新常態，戰爭進入系統自主對抗、察打行動秒殺立決的階段，以無人化為突出標誌的作戰樣式重新改寫交戰規則，重塑保障流程。制智權代替制空間權成為作戰重心，作戰行動在有形和無形戰場全局展開，戰場全息透明，消滅敵人、保存自己的戰爭基本目標也隨著顛覆性技術的發展表現為從「基於毀傷」轉變為「基於失能」。戰爭殺傷機理由化學能、動能轉變為定向能、生物能，傳統的暴力行動將向隱打擊、軟殺傷、控意識等方式演變，無聲殺傷成為主流。 「知」「戰」能力向一體化方向演進，透過物理域、資訊域與認知域的共同行動，即時精準地掌控參戰力量，憑藉己方的資訊優勢與決策優勢，在去中心化的戰場中切斷與遲滯對手的訊息與決策迴路，癱敵作戰體系，達成物理上摧毀敵人與心理上控制敵人之效。

創造作戰優勢是戰爭不變的勝利基礎。在決定時機和決定地點擁有壓倒優勢，是取得軍事勝利的規律。智慧化戰爭時空特性將發生重大變化，各種作戰行動可以全天候、全天時、多方向並行發起，戰爭中的「秒殺」現象更加突出，但作戰力量癱敵體系的作用點沒有變，創造作戰優勢的本質沒有改變，掌握戰爭主動權、揚我之長、擊敵之短的戰爭制勝法則沒有變。未來戰場將成為大面積“無人之境”，要奪取戰爭主動權，必須採取突然、多維融合的行動，在進攻與防禦之間實現敏捷、彈性的態勢轉換，進攻與防禦優勢將會超越過去的相對靜態，進入不斷演化的動態反轉，因此未來戰爭的藝術就是檢驗作戰雙方在持續不斷的突發狀態中是否具備耐力和有序性，取決於作戰體系和戰爭支撐體系的先進性。各類作戰人員、裝備、設施、環境要素在智慧化的戰場態勢支撐下，形成巨型複雜自適應對抗體系，「雲聚」成為新的作戰力量凝聚機理，統一的聚能平台成為謀求全維優勢的基礎，智能優勢成為決勝優勢。未來戰爭集中兵力的思想將在智慧科技的推動下螺旋式上升，跨域非對稱優勢在智慧化戰爭將更有戰略意義和決勝作用。提前設計戰爭、超前規劃戰爭，基於敵情我情塑造非對稱優勢，加緊在重要領域形成聚集優勢，加強戰略制衡力量建設，全面提升國家應對各類威脅風險的能力，成為智能化戰爭勝兵先勝而後求戰的必然。

（作者單位：國防大學）

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2019-10/22/content_245810.htm

Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Russia Network Forces, Russian Cyber Warfare, 俄國防部組建信息作戰部隊 應對西方網絡-心理攻擊, 認知域戰

Russian military officers explain cognitive warfare: It is important to train all people to be loyal to their duties and defend the motherland

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俄軍官解釋認知戰：重要的是訓練所有人忠於職責、保衛祖國。

現代英語：

Many Russian military officers interpret cognitive warfare

■ Hou Bing, researcher at Womin Hi-Tech Ward Research Institute (excerpted translation)

The 8th issue of Russia’s “Military Thought” in 2021 published an article titled “Cognitive Warfare – Trends in Modern Warfare” by three active colonels of the Russian army, Marichev, Lobanov, and Tarasov. The summary is as follows:

1. Concept, status, role, characteristics and other aspects of “cognitive warfare”

“Cognition” is a synonym for the term “spiritual, psychological” and is “a certain way of thinking, the sum of the spiritual habits and mindset of an individual or a social group, or the entire population.”

Cognitive warfare is one of the latest trends in modern warfare. The content of the concept of “cognition” covers people’s moral and psychological values, psychological and behavioral realities, adaptation and educational characteristics, and attitudes towards religion and culture.

Cognitive warfare is the primary means to achieve the goals of military conflict. Transforming the consciousness of broad social groups and imposing foreign worldviews and positions have become the main trends in winning in modern wars. General Gerasimov, Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, attaches great importance to this trend: “In modern conflicts, the focus of the struggle is increasingly shifting to a combination of political, economic, information and other measures based on military power.”

The status and role of cognitive warfare first depend on the use of necessary and sufficient military force at each stage of confrontation to destroy the opponent’s economic and information potential in advance in modern warfare to achieve military and political goals. Attempts to seize and hold enemy territory have been replaced by new intentions: to control a country’s critical infrastructure through surveillance regimes (often established in parallel to the existing government)—in Venezuela, Ukraine, and many others. The country is like that. Under modern conditions, information technology is widely used and closely integrated with other non-military means, becoming an efficient tool to establish and control residents’ protest potential. By creating instability in the country and undermining residents’ perceptions. All destructive forces are actively used for this purpose, including the “fifth column” and other non-state organizations. Characterized by the subsequent implementation of military measures in a covert form, through indirect, asymmetric actions “by the hands of others” (such as what happened in Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya and Syria).

Under uncertain conditions, it is necessary to effectively attack unknown enemies and be good at offsetting the advantages of “high-tech enemies”. Adversaries often use non-force methods to influence the perception of the Russian people. In cognitive warfare, non-military tools are often more effective than military tools. The spiritual and psychological value system formed in history has been destroyed, the “time connection” has been interrupted, and cognition as a means of realizing national self-awareness and world view (recorded in the categories and styles of national language) has changed. Cognitive warfare achieves a unique combination of the following methods – intimidation, blackmail, coercion and comprehensive pressure. It becomes more aggressive and has the characteristics of a “hybrid threat”, often determining and ensuring the achievement of political goals and strategic results.

In the foreseeable future, cognitive warfare will inevitably take on new characteristics and become one of the important trends in geopolitical confrontation. The radical use of new information technologies around the world has become an effective means of shaping the desired reality.

2. The basic purpose to be achieved by cognitive warfare

The entire history of civilization is a history of cognitive warfare. Under modern conditions, under the background of the vigorous development of information technology, it is very common to change personal cognition and cultural identity and destroy the national and historical values ​​of the country and society.

Currently, information and communication technology is used maliciously in cognitive warfare to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries. The destructive effect is very significant and has changed the cognition of the entire nation. This information slowly “erodes” the cognition of individuals and the nation as a whole from the inside. The realms of cognition, national self-awareness, and national and cultural identity become battlefields. This direction first denigrates and then eliminates traditional national values, causing the public consciousness to become insensitive to external information invasion, and even regard these actions as progressive movements.

Therefore, in modern warfare, cognitive warfare must achieve the following basic goals:

① Let the residents lose their ability to understand the country and its strategic position and role, and then become indifferent to the fate of the country and nation, and switch to the decadent lifestyle required by the opponent;

② Destroy residents’ traditional self-identity mechanism, divide people into different “participation and support groups” through social networks and media, and replace others with new “fake” identities;

③ Let the public form “lazy thinking”, no longer be critical of the information provided, and adopt measures to fool the people;

④Instill new, carefully designed values ​​and social and personal behavioral norms into social consciousness, making them possible behavioral patterns. Destroy people’s innate cultural and historical memories, leading to social psychological confusion and “mental disorder”, making them extremely vulnerable to the external influence of “political craftsmen”, “guardians” and the creators of “controllable chaos” and “color revolutions” control;

⑤ Create ambiguity in the information space of people’s consciousness, causing them to lose the ability to think deeply about events and form stable personal cognition.

Comprehensive information influence measures are adopted to affect residents’ cognition to create good conditions for achieving military objectives. Therefore, the development of confrontation in the cognitive field is mainly reflected in the deepening of technical level and psychological (cognitive) influence, aiming to change the consciousness (cognition) of the rival residents.

With the emergence of modern information and communication technology, the above ideas have become increasingly popular and can influence a large number of audiences in a short period of time without making large economic investments. At this time, because information and communication technology is “out of reach” and it is very difficult to identify the source of attacks, the enemy may carry out operations “under the banner of others”, and there are a wide range of subjects who maliciously use technology – state and non-state subjects, and even individuals. For hackers, assessing damage and taking countermeasures is easier said than done. All of this adds to uncertainty and instability.

3. Main methods of cognitive warfare

At present, cognitive warfare mainly adopts the following methods:

① Deliberately concealing key situation information in different areas of social life;

② According to the principle of “water drops into the sea”, valuable information is drowned in a large amount of “information garbage”;

③ Substitute the concept or distort its meaning;

④ Direct attention to insignificant events;

⑤The concept commonly used in media space is used, but its meaning has undergone a qualitative change;

⑥ Providing negative news to the public is more likely to be accepted than positive news;

⑦ Discuss events that have no real social value and maliciously use social research results to form a distorted understanding of the social situation;

⑧ Prohibit certain types of information and do not allow broad social discussions on key issues of some political institutions;

⑨ Spread rumors openly and deceive people at home and abroad.

4. Geopolitical cognitive warfare

The geopolitical program to conduct cognitive warfare is protracted and may last for decades or centuries. Destroying ancient relics, including written records, mainly “erases” the historical memory of the nation, and then any other history can be written on a “blank sheet” to establish the required self-identity. It proves that cognitive warfare has reached a global scale, and “archaeological warfare” is an important part of it, aiming to specifically destroy human material memory.

When the “famous” US military occupied Baghdad in 2003, they behaved like a group of barbarians. The Japanese Self-Defense Forces reporter was stunned by the scene in front of him: US officers and soldiers ransacked the museum and used stretchers to transport piles of gold products from the building. Of course, this atrocity committed by an ally was unlikely to be reported in the press, so it could only be spread by word of mouth, but the photos are damning evidence. The radical “Islamic State” destroyed mosques and museums in Syria. The Afghan “Taliban” blew up the ancient Bamiyan Buddhas in the process of “exterminating Buddhas.” Malian radicals completely destroyed 16 tombs and more than 4,000 ancient books and documents.

In modern armed conflicts, Christian churches and holy places often suffer disasters, which are too numerous to mention. According to confirmation from the Russian “Pravda” electronic magazine: “Compared with other outstanding events, the destruction of world historical and cultural monuments has become commonplace today.”

5. Russia’s response

①The cognitive war launched by the West against Russia. Distorting the history of the Great Patriotic War and the entire Second World War has become an integral part of the global cognitive war. The Western world is increasingly adopting radical policies in an attempt to deprive Russia of its status as a great nation and deny its outstanding contribution to the progress and development of mankind. The examples of waging cognitive war against the Russian people are obvious: the United States, European countries, and especially Ukraine are provoking hatred against Russia. The main purpose is not only to set up obstacles for Russia to return to its status as a world power, but also to launch an anti-Russian “hot war” in the near future. “Lay the foundation.

②Russia’s response. The commemoration of the 80th anniversary of the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War should be an important information opportunity for us to enhance our awareness. Relive the numerous examples of heroism of the Soviet soldiers, the perseverance of the entire population, their willingness to sacrifice everything for the front line, the suffering experienced on the home front, and vigorously promote the post-war years and the great achievements of the Soviet people – the restoration of economic potential, the reclamation of wild lands, Taking the lead in exploring space… In the new history, there are many examples showing the high cognitive level of various Russian peoples. In short, they have become an important factor in consolidating traditional spiritual and moral values. Without them, it is impossible to defeat the enemy in any crisis situation. Establish a system to curb the use of information weapons and stop global information warfare. Improve legislation and technical guarantees for national independence in the information space.

Seize the information advantage over the enemy and create good conditions for the Russian army to efficiently carry out its mission. Carrying out patriotism education and cultivating all Russian people to be loyal to their duties and defend the motherland play a crucial role in gaining advantages in the cognitive field.

現代國語：

多位俄軍軍官解讀認知戰

■沃民高科沃德研究院研究員　侯兵（摘譯）

俄羅斯《軍事思想》2021年第8期發表了馬里切夫、洛巴諾夫、塔拉索夫三位俄軍現役上校題為《認知戰－現代戰爭的趨勢》的文章，摘要如下：

一、「認知戰」概念、地位與角色、特徵及其他

「認知」是「精神、心理」一詞的同義詞，是「一定的思維方式，個人或社會群體、全民精神習慣、思維定勢的總和」。

認知戰是現代戰爭的最新趨勢之一。 「認知」概念的內容涵蓋人們的道德心理價值觀，心理、行為現實，適應、教育特點，對待宗教、文化的態度。

認知戰是達成軍事沖突目標的主要手段。改造廣泛社會群體的意識，強加異國的世界觀立場，成為現代戰爭中獲勝的主要趨勢。俄聯邦武裝力量總參謀長格拉西莫夫大將十分重視這一趨勢：“現代沖突中，鬥爭的重心越來越轉向，基於軍事力量，綜合採取政治、經濟、信息和其他措施。”

認知戰的地位、角色首先取決於，在現代戰爭中，在對抗各階段使用必要、足夠的軍事力量預先破壞對方的經濟、資訊潛力，達成軍政目的。奪佔、扼守敵方領土的企圖已經被新的意圖取而代之：透過監控下的政權（經常在現政府之外平行建立這一政權）控制國家的關鍵基礎設施——在委內瑞拉、烏克蘭和其他多個國家正是如此。現代條件下廣泛運用資訊技術，並與其他非軍事手段緊密結合，成為建立、操控居民抗議潛力的高效工具。藉由製造國內局勢不穩，破壞居民的認知。為此積極動用所有破壞力量，包括「第五縱隊」和其他非國家組織。特點是隨後以隱蔽的形式、採取「借他人之手」的間接、非對稱行動實現軍事措施（例如在伊拉克、阿富汗、利比亞和敘利亞發生的事情）。

不確定的條件下需要有效率地打擊不明之敵，要擅於抵銷「高科技敵人」的優勢，對手常常使用非武力方式影響俄羅斯人民的認知。在認知戰中，與軍事工具相比，非軍事工具往往更有效率。歷史上形成的精神心理價值觀體系遭到破壞，「時間聯繫」中斷，認知作為實現民族自我意識、世界觀（記錄在民族語言範疇、樣式之中）的手段發生了變化。認知戰實現了下列方式的獨特結合——恐嚇、訛詐、強迫和綜合施壓，變得更具侵略性，具備了「混合威脅」的特徵，經常決定並保證達成政治目的和戰略成果。

在可預見的未來，認知戰將不可避免地具備新的特性，是地緣政治對抗的重要趨勢之一。在全球激進地運用新的資訊技術，成為塑造所需現實的有效手段。

二、認知戰要達成的基本目的

整個文明史就是一部認知戰的歷史。現代條件下，在資訊科技蓬勃發展的脈絡下，改變個人的認知、文化標識，破壞國家、社會的民族歷史價值觀甚囂塵上。

目前認知戰中惡意使用資訊通信技術，干涉他國內部事務，破壞效果十分顯著，改變了整個民族的認知。這些訊息緩慢、從內部「侵蝕」個人、民族整體的認知。認知、民族自我意識、民族和文化認同領域淪為戰場。這個方向上首先是詆毀，然後是消滅民族傳統的價值觀，致使大眾意識對外部的資訊侵略麻木不仁，甚至將這些行動視為進步的運動。

因此，在現代戰爭中，認知戰要達成下列基本目的：

①讓居民喪失對國家及其戰略地位、角色的理解能力，隨後對國家、民族的命運漠不關心，轉入對手所需的腐朽生活方式；

②破壞居民傳統的自我認同機制，透過社交網絡、媒體將人們劃分為不同的“參與、支持群”，以新的認同“贋品”偷梁換柱；

③讓公眾形成“惰性思維”，對提供的資訊不再持批判態度，採取愚民措施；

④向社會意識灌輸新的、處心積慮設計的價值觀和社會、個人行為規範，使之成為可能的行為模式。摧毀人們與生俱來的文化、歷史記憶，導致社會心理混亂、“神經失常”，從而極易受到“政治工藝師”、“衛士”和“可控混亂”、“顏色革命”創造者的外部控制；

⑤在人的意識訊息空間製造模糊，令其喪失對事件進行深思熟慮、形成穩定個人認知的能力。

對居民的認知採取綜合資訊影響措施，為達成軍事目的創造良好條件。因此，認知領域對抗的發展，主要體現在技術層面和心理（認知）影響的不斷深入，旨在改變競爭對手居民的意識（認知）。

隨著現代資訊通信技術的出現，上述觀點日益普及，可以在短時間內不必進行大量經濟投入就可以影響大量受眾。此時由於資訊通信技術「觸不可及」、查明攻擊來源相當困難，敵人有可能「打著別人的旗號」展開行動，惡意使用技術的主體相當廣泛——國家和非國家主體，甚至是單獨的駭客，評估損失和採取對抗措施談何容易。所有這一切都增加了不確定性、不穩定。

三、認知戰採取的主要方式

目前認知戰主要採取下列方式：

①在社會生活不同領域故意隱瞞關鍵的事態訊息；

②根據「水滴入海」原則將有價值的資訊淹沒在大量「資訊垃圾」中；

③偷換概念或扭曲其涵義；

④把注意力引向無足輕重的事件；

⑤使用媒體空間常用的概念，其涵義卻發生了質變；

⑥向公眾提供負面消息，與正面新聞相比，更容易被接受；

⑦討論不具有現實社會價值的事件，惡意利用社會研究成果，以形成對社會形勢的歪曲認識；

⑧禁止一定類型的信息，不允許就一些政權機構的關鍵問題展開廣泛的社會討論；

⑨公開散佈謠言，欺騙國內外民眾。

四、地緣政治上的認知戰

實施認知戰的地緣政治方案曠日持久，可能長達數十年、數百年。銷毀古老的遺跡，包括文字記載，主要是「擦除」民族的歷史記憶，隨後就可以在「一張白紙」上任意書寫其他任何歷史，建立所需的自我認同。證明認知戰已經具有全球規模，「考古戰」是其重要組成部分，旨在目標明確地銷毀人類的物質記憶。

2003年「赫赫有名」的美軍佔領巴格達時，表現得完全像一群野蠻人。日本自衛隊記者被眼前的一幕驚呆了：美軍官兵洗劫了博物館，使用擔架從大樓裡運出成堆的黃金製品。當然，關於盟友的這一暴行不可能見諸報端，因此只能口口相傳，但照片鐵證如山。激進的「伊斯蘭國」摧毀了敘利亞的清真寺、博物館。阿富汗「塔利班」在「滅佛」過程中炸毀了古老的巴米揚大佛。馬裡激進分子完全摧毀了16處陵寢、4000餘部古籍文獻。

現代武裝沖突中，基督教教堂、聖地經常遭受劫難，真可謂罄竹難書。據俄羅斯《真理報》電子雜志確認：“與其他突出事件相比，摧毀世界歷史、文化遺跡今天已經司空見慣。”

五、俄羅斯的應對

①西方對俄發起的認知戰。扭曲偉大衛國戰爭及整個二戰的歷史，已成為全球認知戰不可或缺的一部分。西方世界越來越頻繁地採用激進政策，企圖剝奪俄羅斯偉大民族的地位，否認其對人類進步發展的傑出貢獻。發動針對俄羅斯人民認知戰的例子顯而易見：美國、歐洲國家，尤其是烏克蘭挑起對俄羅斯的仇恨，主要目的不僅是為俄羅斯重返世界大國地位設置障礙，而且為不久的將來發動反俄“熱戰”奠定基礎。

②俄羅斯的應對。偉大衛國戰爭爆發80週年的紀念活動應成為我們加強認知的重要資訊契機。重溫蘇軍將士大量英雄主義的範例，全民的堅強不屈，甘願為前線付出一切，在後方經歷的苦難，大力宣傳戰後的歲月和蘇聯人民的偉大成就——恢復了經濟潛力，開墾蠻荒之地，率先探索太空……新的歷史中，展示俄羅斯各民族高度認知水平的例子俯拾皆是。總之，它們成為鞏固傳統精神道德價值觀的重要因素，離開它們在任何危機局勢中不可能克敵制勝。建立遏止資訊武器使用的體系，制止全球資訊戰。在資訊空間完善國家獨立的立法、技術保障。

奪取對敵資訊優勢，為俄軍高效遂行任務創造良好條件。進行愛國精神教育、培養俄羅斯全民忠於職守保衛祖國，對奪取認知領域優勢，作用舉足輕重。

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/ll_208543/10088888.html

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Where is the Focus of Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations?

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中國軍事認知域作戰的重點在哪裡？

劉曙光
2022年10月05日 | 資料來源：解放軍報

現代英語：

● Cognitive domain warfare focuses on full-dimensional attacks, including both cognitive penetration in “peacetime” and cognitive coercion in “wartime”.

● Wartime cognitive domain operations are carried out around the achievement of military objectives, and are implemented in coordination with military operations and support each other.

●In cognitive domain warfare, as the sound of gunfire fades away, the clarion call for a new round of cognitive domain warfare may sound again, and there can be no slackness.

Cognitive domain operations are confrontations conducted at the level of consciousness and thinking. Through selective processing and transmission of information, it influences judgments, changes concepts, and competes for people’s hearts, thereby guiding the reality to develop in a direction that is beneficial to oneself. From the perspective of cognitive shaping, cognitive domain operations focus on full-dimensional attacks, including both cognitive penetration in “peacetime” and cognitive coercion in “wartime”. Therefore, cognitive domain operations do not have a clear boundary between peace and war; at the same time, according to the needs of political or military purposes, its targets can be individuals, organizations, and even countries. Therefore, cognitive domain operations should establish the concept of peacetime and wartime integration, military-civilian integration, cross-domain integration, and joint victory, and sort out basic tasks accordingly.

Focus on the layout tasks of ideology

Ideology is “a system of thought that systematically and consciously reflects the social and economic forms and political systems”. Ideology determines the rational foundation of cognition and has distinct camp characteristics. Although ideology covers all aspects of social life, in the confrontation between countries or political groups, the struggle around belief guidance, attitude acquisition, and concept assimilation is particularly fierce, becoming the focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shaping and guiding political cognition, seizing the initiative to break and establish beliefs. The confrontation between countries or political groups is not only a confrontation of national strength, but also a confrontation of national will, and the confrontation of political beliefs bears the brunt. Shaping and guiding political cognition aims to consolidate or destroy political consensus, strengthen or shake political beliefs, and expand or disintegrate political camps. In cognitive domain operations, through the cognitive guidance of various aspects such as the legitimacy of the ruling party, the rationality of political ideas and systems, and the health of the political ecology, cultivate feelings such as recognition or denial, support or hatred of political positions, beliefs, and practices, and lay a political cognitive layout that is beneficial to oneself and detrimental to the enemy. Political cognition is related to the survival foundation of a country or organization, and is the primary focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide war cognition, seize the leadership of war attitude. A country can live without war but cannot live without war awareness. War cognition is the basis for the formation and development of will, concept, psychology, and thinking of individuals, organizations, and countries in the war cycle. Through the guidance of cognition of the nature, properties, and legal concepts of war, it is a key issue to build a war cognition thinking system, guide the evaluation trend of the rationality, justice, and legitimacy of war, promote the formation of support or opposition to the possible war, and regulate the fluctuation of the willingness to assume war obligations. War cognition affects war attitude, and the struggle for control over it is a task that must be taken seriously in cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide value cognition, and seize the control of emotional will. Values ​​affect people’s judgment of beauty, ugliness, right and wrong, and social behavior orientation. In terms of identifying things and judging right and wrong, people’s emotions always tend to support propositions with similar values. Value cognition permeates every corner of life. Through the dissemination of ethical and moral concepts, standards of beauty, ugliness, good and evil, and literary and artistic viewpoints, the competition for the right to guide value concepts, the right to guide life patterns, and the right to judge traditional inheritance is frequent and fierce. In real life, different values ​​often penetrate and entangle with each other. The essence of shaping and guiding value cognition is to strive for the recognition of social emotions, which is a regular task of cognitive domain operations.

Focus on the social psychology of the task of creating momentum

Social psychology provides a perceptual and experiential basis for cognition, and it is formed on the basis of daily life, social activities, practical insights, etc. Social psychological guidance often promotes unpredictable changes in the real situation. It is one of the common modes of confrontation between the two sides, especially in non-military conflict periods, and it is also a task that must be taken seriously in cognitive domain operations.

Guide national psychology and regulate national emotions. National psychology is one of the social psychology that is most likely to cause conflict and confrontation. Attacking national self-esteem can breed national inferiority complex and easily split and disperse. Improving national self-esteem can enhance national cohesion, but the expansion of national self-esteem can easily lead to extreme racism, national chauvinism, etc.; the differences in status, interests, culture, customs, and life among different ethnic groups within the country provide opportunities for people with ulterior motives to stir up national confrontation, while the same living space and cooperation process lay the foundation for eliminating prejudice and even cohesion and tolerance among ethnic groups. The result depends on cognitive guidance. National psychological guidance is sensitive and easy to get out of control, which has a direct impact on social stability. It is a task that needs to be focused on in cognitive domain operations.

Guide group psychology and increase or decrease opposition awareness. Groups generally refer to people of the same kind, such as ethnic groups, regions, classes, professional groups, and even civil groups, non-governmental organizations, etc. If groups are subjectively defined based on the standard of “convergence”, then the “differences” between groups exist objectively. This difference may be political or economic status, or it may be cultural ideas, regional concepts, or other. Guiding the cognition of differences to promote the opposition psychology of different groups such as party opposition, regional opposition, professional opposition, and rich-poor opposition will not only damage the internal unity of the country, but also accumulate and increase the dissatisfaction of all sectors of society with the political authorities, laying the groundwork for instigating social unrest and division. In cognitive domain operations, attention needs to be paid to this kind of social psychology.

Guiding individual psychology and influencing social emotions. In cognitive domain operations, individual psychological guidance is divided into two situations. One is the psychological guidance of important figures, such as sensitive professionals, social intellectuals, academic elites, successful business people, etc. The struggle for their political stance, emotional attitude, etc. is an issue that both sides of the confrontation need to focus on. The other is the use of phenomena that easily trigger individual psychological resonance. For example, in public crises, major accidents, natural disasters, and even some criminal incidents and emergencies in life, intentionally guiding certain emotions may cause group polarization due to the individual’s herd effect, thereby causing changes in public opinion and even social unrest. Both aspects are content that cognitive domain operations need to pay attention to.

Targeting the critical task of wartime cognition

Cognitive domain operations precede military operations and end with them. In wartime, cognitive domain operations are carried out around the achievement of military objectives, coordinated with military operations, and mutually supportive, with the characteristics of violent coercion. In this stage of cognitive domain operations, “offensive” and “defensive” actions are carried out simultaneously, with the combined effects of weapons and propaganda, and the emergence of “enticement”, “attack”, “cheating”, and “control”. This is the key stage of cognitive domain operations.

Attack the enemy’s mind and induce cognition. Cognitive attacks in wartime are mainly carried out to weaken the enemy’s will to resist and induce the enemy to make wrong decisions. Targeted attacks are used to shake the enemy’s will to resist and front-line commanders and fighters, and information deception interference is used to induce decision-making; for armed forces, which are mainly military forces, the use of force to deter and deter is dominant, and the use of public opinion warfare and other style actions and emerging technical means are used to shake their belief in participating in the war, cause panic, undermine their military morale, and dominate their action patterns; for social support forces, strong information is delivered through large-scale military exercises, equipment tests, and propaganda on the lethality of weapons to undermine confidence, induce panic through selective target strikes and the dissemination of battle conditions, and seek understanding through publicity of one’s own humanitarian actions in the war and related international comments.

Build a strong defense line, gather hearts and minds to control the situation. The focus of cognitive defense in wartime is to build a strong defense line of “heart”, “will” and “intelligence” to prevent the loss of fighting spirit under the stimulation of drastic changes in the situation or environment. Education and publicity are the basic ways of cognitive defense in wartime. For the participating forces, stimulate enthusiasm for participation through mobilization and incentives, clarify the truth by refuting rumors, establish the belief in victory by publicizing the results of the war, mobilize morale by setting up models, etc.; for the supporting forces, establish a sense of mission, responsibility and obligation for the whole people through education and publicity on the justice, rationality and legality of the war, stimulate the psychology of common hatred of the enemy by exposing the enemy’s brutal behavior, and stimulate enthusiasm for supporting operations by publicizing the deeds of local participation in the war and supporting the front, etc.

Expand the camp and eliminate hidden dangers. Creating a favorable cognitive atmosphere and providing support for the expansion of one’s own camp is an important aspect of cognitive domain operations during wartime that must be done. In particular, although the pursuit of international support forces is mainly based on political and diplomatic activities, the widespread spread of one’s own positions, ideas, attitudes, etc. often leads to changes in international civil attitudes, which in turn affects decision-making at the political level and provides support for the expansion of one’s own camp. In addition, cognitive domain operations during wartime have an important task that runs through the entire war, that is, to eliminate the adverse hidden dangers caused by various accidents in the war. Especially in the later stages of the war, as the destructive effects of the war appear and spread, people’s cognitive systems will inevitably be repeatedly impacted by different information. During this period, ideological guidance, social psychological shaping, and individual psychological counseling are needed to ensure the consolidation of the results of the war. In cognitive domain operations, as the sound of gunfire dissipates, the horn of a new round of cognitive domain operations may sound again, and there must be no slackness.

現代國語：

要點提示

●認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊，既包括「平時」的認知滲透，也包括「戰時」的認知迫誘。

●戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目的的達成而展開，與軍事行動配合實施、相互支持。

●在認知域作戰中，隨著槍砲聲的消散，新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能再次吹響，不能有絲毫懈怠。

認知域作戰是在意識思維層面進行的對抗，透過選擇性加工和傳遞訊息，影響判斷、改變觀念、爭奪人心，進而引導現實態勢向有利於己的方向發展。從認知塑造來看，認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊，既包括「平時」的認知滲透，也包括「戰時」的認知迫誘。因而，認知域作戰沒有明晰的平、戰界線；同時，根據政治或軍事目的需要，其作用對象可以是個人、組織甚至國家。因此，認知域作戰應該樹立平戰一體、軍地一體、跨域融合、連動制勝的觀念，並依此整理基本任務。

聚焦意識形態的佈局任務

意識形態是「系統性、自覺地反映社會經濟形態和政治制度的思想體系」。意識形態決定了認知的理性根基，具有鮮明的陣營特徵。儘管意識形態涵蓋社會生活的各個層面，但在國家或政治團體之間的對抗中，圍繞著信念引導、態度爭取、觀念同化等方面的鬥爭尤為激烈，成為認知域作戰重點關注的任務。

塑造引導政治認知，奪取信念破立主控權。國家或政治集團之間的對抗不僅是舉國之力的對抗，也是舉國之志的對抗，政治信念的對抗首當其衝。塑造引導政治認知旨在凝聚或破壞政治共識、堅定或動搖政治信念、拓展或瓦解政治陣營。認知域作戰中，透過對執政黨的合法性、政治理念和製度的合理性、政治生態的健康性等各方面的認知引導，培植對政治立場、信念、實踐等的認同或否定、擁護或憎恨等感情，舖設有利於己、不利於敵的政治認知佈局。政治認知關係到國家或組織的生存根基，是認知域作戰的首要關注目標。

塑造引導戰爭認知，奪取戰爭態度領導權。國可無戰事但不能無戰識。戰爭認知是個人、組織、國家在戰爭週期中意志、觀念、心理、思考形成和發展的基礎。透過對戰爭的本質、性質、法理觀念等的認知引導，建構戰爭認知思維體系，引導戰爭合理性、正義性、合法性的評價走向，推動對可能發生戰爭支持或反對態度的形成，調控承擔戰爭義務意願的漲落，是戰爭認知引導的關鍵問題。戰爭認知影響戰爭態度，對其主控權的爭奪是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

塑造引導價值認知，奪取情感意志控領權。價值觀影響人的美醜是非評判和社會行為取向，在認定事物、判定是非方面，人的情感總是傾向於支持價值觀相近的主張。價值認知滲透於生活的各個角落，透過倫理道德觀念、美醜善惡標準、文學藝術觀點等的傳播，圍繞價值觀念導引權、生活模式導向權、傳統傳承評判權等的爭奪頻繁且激烈。現實生活中，不同的價值觀念往往會互相滲透糾纏。塑造引導價值認知的實質是爭取社會情感的認同，是認知領域作戰的經常性任務。

緊盯社會心理的造勢任務

社會心理為認知提供了感性和經驗基礎，它在日常生活、社會活動、實踐感悟等經驗基礎上形成。社會心理引導常會推動現實情勢產生難測變化，是雙方對抗特別是非軍事衝突期的慣用模式之一，也是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

導引民族心理，調控民族情緒。民族心理是最容易引發衝突對抗的社會心理之一。打擊民族自尊心可滋長民族自卑心理而易分裂澇散，提升民族自尊心可增強民族凝聚力，但民族自尊心的膨脹又易引發極端種族主義、民族沙文主義等的產生；國家內部不同民族間地位、利益、文化、風俗、生活等的差異性，為別有用心之人挑動民族對立情緒提供了可乘之機，而相同的生存空間、合作歷程等又奠定了民族間消除偏見甚至凝聚包容的基礎，結果取決於認知導引。民族心理導引敏感且容易失控，對社會穩定有直接影響，是認知域作戰需要重點關注的任務。

導引群類心理，漲消對立意識。群類泛指同類的人，如民族、地理、階級、職業團體甚至民間團體、非政府組織等等。如果說群類是以「趨同」為標準而主觀劃定的，那麼群類之間的「差異」就是客觀存在的。這種差異性可能是政治、經濟地位，也可能是文化思想、地域觀念抑或其他。導引差異認知推動黨派對立、地區對立、職業對立、貧富對立等不同群體對立心理，不但會對國家內部團結造成破壞，也會累積增加社會各界對政權當局的不滿情緒，為策動社會動盪分裂留下伏筆。認知域作戰中，需要對此類社會心理予以關注。

導引個體心理，影響社會情緒。認知域作戰中，個體心理導引區分為兩種情境。一種是重要人物心理導引，如敏感工作者、社會公知、學術菁英、商業成功人士等，對其政治立場、情感態度等的爭取，是對抗雙方需要重點關注的議題。一種是對易引發個體心理共鳴現象的利用。如公共危機、重大事故、自然災害甚至生活中的一些犯罪事件、突發情況等，有意導引某種情緒則可能因個體的從眾效應而產生群體極化現象，從而引發民意變化甚至社會動盪。這兩個面向都是認知域作戰需重視的內容。

瞄準戰時認知的關鍵性任務

認知域作戰先於軍事行動開展而後於軍事行動結束。戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目的的達成而展開，與軍事行動配合實施、相互支撐，具有暴力脅迫特徵。此階段的認知域作戰，「攻」「防」行動同步開展，武器影響、宣傳影響綜合致效，「誘」「打」「騙」「控」等手段層出不窮，是認知域作戰的關鍵階段。

攻心奪志，迫誘認知。戰時認知攻擊主要圍繞在削弱敵抵抗意志、誘導敵錯誤決策。針對敵方決策層、一線指戰員等，透過靶向攻擊動搖抵抗意志，透過資訊欺騙幹擾誘導決策；針對以軍隊為主的武裝力量，以武力打擊震懾主導，綜合運用輿論戰等樣式行動以及新興技術手段，動搖其參戰信念、引發其恐慌情緒、瓦解其軍心士氣、支配其行動模式；針對社會面支撐力量，透過大型軍事演習、裝備試驗、宣傳武器殺傷效能等傳遞強硬訊息打擊信心，透過選擇性目標打擊、戰況傳播等誘發恐慌情緒，透過宣傳己方戰爭中的人道行為和國際相關評論爭取理解等。

築牢防線，凝心控局。戰時認知防守的重點是築牢「心」「志」「智」防線，防止在局勢或環境劇烈變化的刺激下喪失鬥志。教育和宣傳是戰時認知防禦的基本途徑。針對參戰力量，透過動員激勵激發參戰熱情，透過批駁謠言澄清事實真相，透過宣傳戰果確立必勝信念，透過樹立典型調動士氣等等；針對支撐力量，透過戰爭的正義性、合理性、合法性教育宣傳，建立全民使命感、責任感、義務感，透過揭露敵方的殘暴行為激發同仇敵愾心理，透過宣傳地方參戰支前事蹟激發支援作戰熱情等等。

拓展陣營，消除隱憂。營造有利的認知氛圍，為己方陣營拓展提供支撐，是戰時認知領域作戰必須有所作為的重要面向。特別是國際支持力量的爭取，雖然在途徑上主要以政治、外交等活動為主，但己方立場、理念、態度等的廣泛擴散，常會帶動國際民間態度的轉變，進而影響到政治層面的決策，為己方拓展陣營提供支撐。此外，戰時認知域作戰還有一項貫穿戰爭始終的重要任務，即消除戰爭中各種意外帶來的不利隱患。特別是戰爭後期，隨著戰爭破壞效應的顯現擴散，人的認知體係必將受到不同資訊的反覆衝擊。這段時期，需要意識形​​態引領、社會心理塑造、個體心理疏導等配合致效，方能確保戰果的鞏固。在認知域作戰中，隨著槍砲聲的消散，新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能再次吹響，不能有絲毫懈怠。

(編按：王子鋒、黃子娟)

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2022/1005/c1011-32539888.html

#Information Support Force, #中國太空軍, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊

Chinese Military Big Data: An Accelerator of Military Intelligence Transformation

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中國軍事大數據：軍事情報轉型的加速器

來源：解放軍報 作者：宋元剛、邵龍飛、特約通訊員 王涵 主編：吳行健

現代英語：

In order to thoroughly implement President Xi’s decision to “promote the implementation of the national big data strategy” and accelerate the development of military intelligence, our military has begun to take active actions. The innovative application of military big data will surely stimulate data vitality, release data value, and produce a multiplier effect like never before, so as to open the door to future victory.

In order to actively adapt to the new situation and new requirements, promote the deep integration of big data and national defense construction, and promote exchanges and cooperation among experts in the field of military big data research, the Second Military Big Data Forum, hosted by the Academy of Military Sciences and themed “Military Big Data Promotes the Development of Military Intelligence”, was held in Beijing from August 22 to 23 this year. More than 500 leaders, experts and representatives from the Central Military Commission, various theater commands, various services, the Academy of Military Sciences, the National Defense University, the National University of Defense Technology and other units participated in the discussion and exchange on the frontier, common and hot issues of the development of military big data.

During the forum, our reporter interviewed Researcher Liu Linshan, Director of the Military Science Information Research Center of the Academy of Military Sciences, Researcher Lu Bin, Deputy Director, and Associate Researcher Luo Wei, Director of a research laboratory, on topics related to military big data. 

Military big data is highly confrontational

Reporter: my country is currently vigorously promoting the implementation of the national big data strategy. Big data is being widely used in many fields such as economy, politics, security and social management, reflecting unprecedented great value. So, compared with civilian big data, what are the connotations and characteristics of military big data?

Liu Linshan: With the development of big data technology and applications, military big data has broken through the concept of military data in the past and has become a general term for a series of activities based on massive military data resources, with data intelligent processing and analysis technology as the core, and driven by the extensive application needs in the military field. In view of the particularity of military activities, in addition to the typical characteristics of civilian big data such as large data scale, multiple content types, high processing speed, and low value density, military big data also has the characteristics of “one super, one high, and one strong”.

“One super” means super complexity. It means that the data comes from multiple spaces such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. The information dimension is higher, the unstructured characteristics are more obvious, and the data relationship is more complex. “One high” means high security, which means that the threats faced are complex, including enemy reconnaissance and theft, leakage of confidentiality by one’s own side, system vulnerabilities, and attacks by the enemy’s “soft” and “hard” means, etc., and the risk of weakening or losing availability is greater. “One strong” means strong confrontation, which means that the game confrontation between information acquisition and anti-acquisition means, the widespread existence of data fog disguise and deception, and the intricate interweaving of true and false data, which requires extremely high ability to distinguish the authenticity of data.

Lv Bin: Here we need to emphasize the “strong confrontational” characteristics of military big data. Since military big data is data in a confrontational environment, the data quality is poor, the value density is low, and it is usually uncertain, incomplete, and false. We know that artificial intelligence at this stage is mainly based on data-driven machine learning. Machine learning requires sample data, but the current war is small sample data, and future wars may not even have sample data. In addition, the characteristic of military operations is “man in the loop”, and human activities are difficult to learn and predict using classic big data methods. This makes military big data much more difficult than civilian big data in dealing with problems such as small sample data learning, game under incomplete and uncertain information, and scene modeling and understanding in complex environments. The challenges encountered are much greater, and new theories, new methods, and new technologies must be adopted to solve them.

Military big data and military intelligence complement each other

Reporter: The report of the 19th CPC National Congress emphasized the need to “accelerate the development of military intelligence and improve joint combat capabilities and all-domain combat capabilities based on network information systems.” How should we understand the relationship between military big data and military intelligence?

Liu Linshan: Looking back at the development of artificial intelligence, since it was first proposed at the Dartmouth Conference in 1956, it has experienced three climaxes and two troughs: the reasoning period, the knowledge period, and the learning period. Scientists have tried to “manufacture” human intelligence through logical reasoning, expert systems, etc., but the failure of the development of Japanese intelligent computers and the decline of the Encyclopedia of Human Common Sense Knowledge at Stanford University in the United States have made these paths unsustainable. The emergence of big data has provided a new path for the development of artificial intelligence, and people have begun to shift from how to “manufacture” intelligence to how to “learn” intelligence. Different from the traditional hope of achieving reasoning and learning through rules, logic and knowledge, through machine learning, we can gain insight into the hidden laws of massive data from big data, and effectively realize data-driven artificial intelligence. In March 2016, the “AlphaGo” Go robot developed by Google was able to defeat the world champion Lee Sedol based on the deep learning of neural networks based on 30 million chess records. In addition, the development of big data technology can also make up for the shortcomings of artificial intelligence in algorithms and computing power, and significantly improve its transferability and interpretability. It can be said that big data is the enabling factor of the new generation of artificial intelligence and is crucial to promoting the development of artificial intelligence.

Lv Bin: At present, artificial intelligence technology is accelerating its penetration into the military field. Military intelligence has become the core driving force of a new round of military reforms, profoundly changing the winning mechanism, force structure and combat methods of future wars. Military intelligence is not just a simple superposition of artificial intelligence and military, but also a systematic description of the coordinated operation of people, equipment and combat methods under a new combat form. The key to the operation of the system is inseparable from the efficient acquisition, integration, analysis and interaction of data. In the future, with the full penetration of data into the military field, deep interaction between man and machine, and the deep combination of machine intelligence and human wisdom, autonomous perception, autonomous analysis, autonomous decision-making and autonomous strikes centered on data and centered on data analysis and processing will be realized.

Luo Wei: We should also look at the relationship between the two from the perspective of the historical stage of our military construction and development. At present, our military has made significant progress in the transformation of military reforms with Chinese characteristics, but the task of mechanization construction has not been completed, and the level of informatization needs to be improved urgently. The development of military intelligence must not be a “castle in the air”. It must be built on the basis of mechanization and informatization, and at the same time, it must also focus on using intelligence to drive mechanization and informatization construction. The integrated development of the “three transformations” will be a significant feature of our military construction and development at present and in the future. Through the comprehensive sharing and efficient interaction of various types of data, the information data flow of the integration of the “three transformations” will be opened up, which will help to build the underlying channel of the integration of the “three transformations” and effectively enhance the quality and efficiency of the development of military intelligence.

Major military powers are rushing to build military big data

Reporter: Accelerating the development of military intelligence has become a common practice for the world’s military powers to seize the commanding heights of future military competition. So what is the progress of these countries in promoting the construction of military big data and the development of military intelligence? Please give a brief introduction.

Liu Linshan: Winning by technology has always been the main means for Western countries to seek advantages in the world. With the advent of the era of big data and artificial intelligence, major Western countries regard it as a “battlefield” and have successively introduced a series of strategic measures to strengthen overall planning. As early as March 2012, the US government issued the “Big Data Research and Development Program Initiative”, which advocated the joint efforts of six government departments and agencies including the Department of Defense to jointly promote the development of big data collection, storage, management and analysis technologies. In 2016, the “National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan” was formulated to clarify the investment direction and focus of the United States in the field of artificial intelligence. In 2018, the “Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Strategy” was issued, which proposed artificial intelligence development goals and measures, and unified planning and deployment of military applications of artificial intelligence. This year, a new version of the “Department of Defense Cloud Strategy” was formulated to accelerate the development of big data and artificial intelligence technologies and promote data sharing through unified supervision of the US military’s cloud construction. In order to coordinate the development of artificial intelligence technology and combat applications of the US military, the US Department of Defense has also established a joint artificial intelligence center to integrate relevant resources and plan investments. With the launch of the US Department of Defense’s “Military Cloud” 2.0 system, the US military has acquired data processing capabilities such as high-speed battlefield video processing, voice recognition, complex electromagnetic environment perception, and decryption, reducing processing time to one thousandth of traditional methods. Russia has formulated the “Russian Federation Science and Technology Development Strategy”, which prioritizes big data, machine learning, and artificial intelligence in scientific and technological innovation, and the Russian military has formulated the “Military Robot Technology and Application Development Plan”. The United Kingdom has listed big data, robots, and autonomous systems as eight priority development technologies, and the military has set up a special artificial intelligence laboratory to focus on the research of artificial intelligence and defense data science. France’s digital roadmap clearly states that big data is a strategic high-tech that must be strongly supported in the future. The military has formulated the “Artificial Intelligence and Innovation Roadmap”, which lists intelligence, decision-making, human-machine collaboration, robots, and cyber warfare as key development areas.

Luo Wei: In addition to strategic layout, major Western countries have continued to increase their research and development efforts in big data and artificial intelligence technologies to accelerate the transformation of technological achievements into combat capabilities. Since 2012, the US Department of Defense and its subordinate departments have implemented a series of big data research and development projects represented by the “X Data” project and the “Insight” project, mainly involving big data analysis and mining, rule discovery, data-driven model calculation, data visualization and other fields. Among them, the “X Data” project aims to develop new computing technologies and open source software tools for big data processing and analysis; the “Insight” project aims to integrate massive data from various sensors to form a comprehensive battlefield situation, quickly identify the source and degree of threats, and enhance the decision-making ability of troop commanders and staff. While continuing to promote technological development, some of the US military’s achievements have begun to form combat capabilities, among which the most typical is the “Algorithm Warfare” project. The project was launched in April 2017 and aims to use artificial intelligence algorithms to find targets of interest from massive video data. The relevant achievements have been deployed to multiple US military departments since December of that year, and their video intelligence analysis and processing capabilities have been improved.

Big data will play a vital role in future wars

Reporter: At present, military high-tech with information technology as the core is changing with each passing day, which is driving the evolution of war into information warfare, and intelligent warfare is beginning to emerge. So what role will big data play in future information and intelligent warfare? Please briefly explain.

Liu Linshan: In the future, both the continuously developing information warfare and the rapidly advancing intelligent warfare will be driven by data, which is mainly reflected in the following three aspects:

First, the understanding of battlefield situation depends on the collection and processing of massive data. Whoever can penetrate the “fog of war” and more accurately and comprehensively understand the enemy’s situation and the combat environment will be able to seize the initiative in the war. On the battlefield of the future, data is the basis for restoring the battlefield situation and forming the enemy’s situation. It not only includes the results of our own reconnaissance, surveillance, and intelligence activities, but also includes massive geographic information data, human social culture data, and social media data. At present, it is not easy to comprehensively collect and process this data, because with the continuous acceleration of the development of networked informatization in the whole society and the increasing popularity of various digital devices, the amount of data in the whole society continues to grow exponentially. Statistics show that in 2013, the total amount of data in human society was about 4.4 trillion GB, and by 2020, this number will grow to 44 trillion GB. With such a large amount of data, without the support of advanced big data collection and processing technology, the value of the data cannot be reflected, and the overall picture of the battlefield cannot be recognized.

Secondly, the realization of combat functions depends on the analysis, distribution and utilization of data. Combat functions usually include intelligence, command and control, firepower strikes, battlefield mobility, combat support, etc. Among them, the intelligence function focuses on collecting, compiling and pushing data, command and control focuses on integrating, processing and distributing data, and firepower strikes, battlefield mobility and combat support generate new status data while utilizing data. It can be said that the performance of combat functions and the implementation of combat operations are the process of data recycling. The smoother and faster the data circulation of one party is, the more significant the combat effect of that party will be.

Third, the evolution of joint operations depends largely on the level of data sharing. The U.S. military is currently evolving from joint operations to multi-domain operations, which is manifested in the development of the coordination of combat capabilities between military services to the aggregation of combat capabilities in various combat domains, thereby achieving a closer and more precise use of forces across military services on the basis of lower-level forces. The premise for achieving this goal is to use the “cloud” as a means to achieve the sharing of all combat data.

Lü Bin: As the role of data in future wars becomes more and more obvious, the characteristics of data weaponization will also become increasingly apparent. “Data warfare” in which one side prevents the opponent from obtaining its own data, prevents the opponent from forming a comprehensive situation, or creates and spreads false data, misleads the judgment of the opponent’s intelligent system, and hinders the opponent’s combat function will become an important combat style.

Actively embrace the era of military big data

Reporter: When it comes to future intelligent warfare, its important feature is that the tempo of confrontation has significantly accelerated. The winning factor has changed from being able to win to being fast. Whoever seizes the initiative will have the initiative in the war. As we welcome the arrival of the era of military big data, how should we understand its key role in future intelligent warfare?

Liu Linshan: The key to winning by speed is how to shorten the “OODA loop” chain as soon as possible. From the perspective of “observation”, big data technology can effectively help commanders fully grasp the situation, capture subtle changes, and discover major signs. From the perspective of “judgment”, the use of big data technology to analyze the correlation of multi-source data can accurately judge the battlefield situation, break the “battlefield fog”, and significantly enhance the commander’s judgment and acumen. From the perspective of “decision-making”, the real-time fusion processing and visualization of data such as enemy situation, our situation and battlefield environment can help commanders accurately control the battlefield situation in real time, make decisions quickly, adjust deployments quickly, and gain the speed advantage of planning and decision-making. From the perspective of “action”, based on real-time online big data analysis, commanders can accurately plan tasks, calculate troops and firepower, and accurately issue combat orders, so as to dynamically and efficiently control troop actions and accurately evaluate combat effectiveness.

Lu Bin: In addition to bringing revolutionary impact to command and control efficiency, big data will also accelerate the transformation of combat command system and lead the transformation of command decision-making mode. The first is the flattening of command system. Under the big data environment, information systems are seamlessly connected, cloud computing provides powerful computing power, blockchain technology improves system security, and the command structure can be changed from “tree-like” to “net-like”, providing a material basis for streamlining command structure and realizing flat command. The second is the jointness of military systems. Based on the highly shared data pool of big data, various types of data are integrated to ensure the consistency of information acquisition. Unified network infrastructure, consistent data structure and data exchange standards ensure effective interconnection and interoperability between various forces and elements, creating conditions for the formation of an integrated joint combat system. The third is the simplification of troop organization. The collection and processing of massive intelligence information is transmitted to the cloud through the information system network for processing, which can free commanders from heavy information processing and realize the streamlined action organization with efficient operation under the support of a large system.

Luo Wei: Military big data also plays an important enabling role in improving the level of equipment intelligence, promoting the birth of intelligent weapons and equipment, and improving intelligent support capabilities. As the “oil” of the new era, big data will be the life source and aorta of intelligent equipment. The rapid acquisition, fine processing and precise distribution of data based on super computing power are multipliers for the combat effectiveness of intelligent equipment. With the gradual breakthrough of key technologies, data equipment closely combined with data resources, computing resources, big data management and analysis systems will appear on the battlefield in the future, including giant platforms used to support military combat command, equipment management, and logistics distribution, as well as small and medium-sized data equipment based on aircraft carriers, aircraft, ships, submarines, vehicles, etc., and also micro-data equipment embedded in unmanned combat, single-soldier combat, and precision guidance systems. These data equipment will play the role of “smart engine” in future intelligent combat, training, logistics support and other operations. At the same time, it should be emphasized that big data going to the battlefield may change equipment and the form of war, but it cannot change the decisive factors of war. In the era of intelligent warfare, the key factor that determines the outcome of war is still people. Big data and artificial intelligence technology cannot completely replace people, and cannot change the decisive position of people in war.

現代國語：

編者按為深入貫徹習主席所做的「推動實施國家大數據戰略」決策部署，加速軍事智能化發展，我軍上下已開始積極行動起來，軍事大數據的創新應用必將前所未有地激發數據活力、釋放資料價值、產生倍增效應，以開啟未來制勝之門。

為積極適應新情勢新要求，推動大數據與國防建設深度融合，促進軍事大數據研究領域專家交流合作，由軍事科學院主辦、主題為「軍事大數據推動軍事智慧化發展」的第二屆軍事大數據論壇，於今年8月22日至23日在京舉行。來自軍委機關、各戰區、各軍兵種、軍事科學院、國防大學、國防科技大學等單位的500餘名領導、專家和代表參加，圍繞軍事大數據發展的前沿、共性、熱點問題進行了探討交流。

論壇期間，本報記者就軍事大數據的相關議題，訪問了軍事科學資訊研究中心主任劉林山研究員、副主任呂彬研究員、某研究室主任羅威副研究員。

軍事大數據具有強烈對抗性

記者：我國目前正大力推動實施國家大數據戰略。大數據正廣泛應用於經濟、政治、安全和社會管理等許多領域，體現出前所未有的巨大價值。那麼，與民用大數據相比，軍事大數據有著怎樣的內涵特徵？

劉林山：隨著大數據技術與應用的發展，軍事大數據已突破過去軍事數據的概念範疇，成為以海量軍事數據資源為基礎、以數據智能處理分析技術為核心、以軍事領域廣泛應用需求為牽引的一系列活動的統稱。鑑於軍事活動的特殊性，軍事大數據除具有民用大數據典型的資料規模大、內容種類多、處理速度高、價值密度低等特徵外，還具有「一超一高一強」的特性。

「一超」即超複雜性。指資料來源於陸、海、空、天、電、網等多個空間，資訊維度較高，非結構化特徵較明顯，資料關係較複雜。 「一高」即高安全性，指面臨的威脅複雜，包括敵方的偵察竊取，己方洩密失密、系統漏洞，遭敵「軟」「硬」手段打擊等，可用性削弱或喪失風險更大。 「一強」即強對抗性，指資訊獲取與反獲取手段的博弈對抗、資料迷霧偽裝欺騙現象普遍存在，真假資料錯綜複雜，對資料真偽辨別能力要求極高。

呂彬：在這裡需要突顯軍事大數據「強對抗性」的特徵。由於軍事大數據是對抗環境下的數據，數據品質差，價值密度低，通常具有不確定性、不完全性和虛假欺騙性。我們知道，現階段的人工智慧主要是建立在數據驅動的機器學習之上的。而機器學習需要樣本數據，但目前戰爭是小樣本數據，未來戰爭甚至沒有樣本數據。此外，軍事行動的特點是“人在迴路”，人的活動很難用大數據經典方法學習預測。這就使得軍事大數據在應對小樣本資料學習、不完全不確定資訊下的博弈、複雜環境下的場景建模與理解等問題方面，比民用大數據要困難得多，遇到的挑戰要大多，必須採用新的理論、新的方法、新的技術去解決。

軍事大數據與軍事智慧化相輔相成

記者：黨的十九大報告強調，要「加速軍事智慧化發展，提升基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力」。對於軍事大數據與軍事智能化的關係，該怎麼理解？

劉林山：回顧人工智慧的發展歷程，自1956年達特茅斯會議首次提出以來，經歷了推理期、知識期、學習期三次高潮和兩次低潮。科學家曾試圖透過邏輯推理、專家系統等方式來「製造」人類智能，但日本智能計算機的研發失敗、美國史丹佛大學人類常識知識百科全書的沒落等，使得這些路徑難以為繼。而大數據的出現，為人工智慧的發展提供了一條新道路，人們開始從如何「製造」智能轉向如何「學習」智能。與傳統的希望透過規則、邏輯和知識來實現推理學習不同，透過機器學習，從大數據中去洞悉海量資料隱藏的規律，可有效實現資料驅動下的人工智慧。 2016年3月，Google公司開發的「阿爾法狗」圍棋機器人之所以能擊敗世界冠軍李世石，正是基於對3000萬盤棋譜數據的神經網路深度學習。除此之外，大數據技術的發展還可以彌補人工智慧在演算法、算力方面的不足，顯著提高其可遷移性和可解釋性。可以說，大數據是新一代人工智慧的賦能要素，對於推動人工智慧發展至關重要。

呂彬：目前，人工智慧技術正加速滲透到軍事領域。軍事智慧化已成為新一輪軍事變革的核心驅動力，深刻改變未來戰爭的致勝機理、力量結構和作戰方式。軍事智慧化不僅是人工智慧與軍事的簡單疊加，也是人、裝備和作戰方式在新的作戰形態下協同運作的體系化描述。體系運作的關鍵離不開資料的高效獲取、融合、研判、互動。未來，隨著數據向軍事領域全方位滲透，人機深度交互，機器智能與人類智慧深度結合，將實現以數據為中心、以分析處理數據為中樞的自主感知、自主分析、自主決策、自主打擊。

羅威：我們也要站在我軍建設發展所處歷史階段來看兩者之間的關係。目前我軍中國特色軍事變革取得重大進展，但機械化建設任務尚未完成，資訊化程度亟待提升。軍事智慧化發展絕不能是“空中樓閣”，要建立在機械化和資訊化的基礎上，同時也要注重用智慧化來牽引機械化和資訊化建設。這「三化」融合發展，將是當前及今後一段時期我軍建設發展的顯著特徵。透過各類數據的全面共享和高效交互，打通「三化」融合的資訊資料流，有助於建構「三化」融合的底層通道，實際增強軍事智能化發展的品質效益。

主要軍事強國紛紛搶灘軍事大數據建設

記者：加速推動軍事智慧化發展，目前已成為世界軍事強國搶佔未來軍事競爭制高點的共同做法。那麼這些國家在推動軍事大數據建設與軍事智慧化發展的進展如何？請簡單介紹一下。

劉林山：科技制勝一直是西方國家在世界上尋求優勢的主要手段。隨著大數據和人工智慧時代的到來，西方各主要國家將其視為“兵家必爭之地”，先後出台一系列戰略舉措，強化統籌佈局。美國政府早在2012年3月就發布了《大數據研究與發展計畫倡議》，倡議聯合國防部在內的6個政府部門和機構，共同推動大數據收集、儲存、管理、分析技術的發展。 2016年制定《國家人工智慧研發戰略規劃》，明確美國在人工智慧領域的投資方向與重點。 2018年發布《國防部人工智慧戰略》，提出人工智慧發展目標和舉措，對人工智慧的軍事應用進行了統一規劃和部署。今年制定新版《國防部雲端戰略》，透過對美軍雲建設的統一監管，加速大數據與人工智慧技術發展，促進資料共享。為統籌美軍人工智慧技術發展與作戰運用，美國防部也特別成立了聯合人工智慧中心，整合相關資源與計畫投資。隨著美國防部「軍事雲」2.0系統上線運行，美軍已具備高速戰場視訊處理、語音辨識、複雜電磁環境感知、解密等資料處理能力，使處理時間縮短到傳統方法的數千分之一。俄羅斯制定了《俄羅斯聯邦科技發展戰略》，將大數據、機器學習和人工智慧作為科技創新優先方向，俄羅斯軍隊則制定了《軍用機器人技術和應用發展規劃》。英國將大數據、機器人和自主系統列入八項優先發展技術，軍方專門組成了人工智慧實驗室，聚焦人工智慧和國防數據科學的研究。法國的數位化路線圖明確大數據是未來必須大力支持的戰略性高新技術，軍方制定有《人工智慧與創新路線圖》，將情報、決策、人機協同、機器人與網路戰列為重點發展領域。

羅威：除了戰略佈局之外，西方主要國家還持續加強數據和人工智慧技術的研發力度，加速技術成果轉化為作戰能力。自2012年以來，美國防部及其所屬各部門就實施了以「X數據」項目、「洞察」項目為代表的一系列大數據研發項目，主要涉及大數據分析挖掘、規則發現、數據驅動模型計算、數據視覺化等領域。這其中，「X數據」專案旨在為大數據處理和分析開發新型運算技術和開源軟體工具；「洞察」專案旨在融合來自各類感測器的大量數據，形成全面戰場態勢，快速識別威脅來源和威脅程度，增強部隊指揮和參謀人員的決策能力。在持續推進技術發展的同時，美軍部分成果開始形成作戰能力，其中最為典型的就是「演算法戰」計畫。該計畫於2017年4月啟動，旨在採用人工智慧演算法從大量的視訊資料中發現感興趣的目標，相關成果從當年12月開始陸續部署美軍多個部門，其視訊情報分析處理能力得到提升。

大數據在未來戰爭中將扮演重要角色

記者：目前，以資訊科技為核心的軍事高新科技日新月異，正推動戰爭形態朝向資訊化戰爭演變，智慧化戰爭初露端倪。那麼在未來資訊化、智慧化戰爭中，大數據將扮演什麼樣的角色？請簡要說明一下。

劉林山：未來，無論是持續發展的資訊化戰爭形態，或是迅速推進的智慧化戰爭形態，都是由數據驅動的，主要表現在三個方面：

首先，戰場態勢的理解依賴於海量資料的收集、處理。誰能穿透“戰爭迷霧”，更準確、全面地洞悉敵我態勢和作戰環境，誰就能在戰爭中搶佔先機。在未來戰場上，資料就是還原戰場情況、形成敵我態勢的基礎，它不但包括己方偵察、監視、情報活動的成果，也包括海量的地理資訊資料、人類社會文化資料、社群媒體資料。目前，要全面收集、處理這些數據並不容易，因為隨著全社會網路化資訊化發展的持續加速，各類數位設備的日益普及，全社會數據量持續呈現指數級增長。有統計數據表明，在2013年，人類社會的數據總量約為4.4兆GB，到2020年，這一數字將增長到44兆GB。如此之大的數據量，如果沒有先進的大數據收集、處理技術支持，數據的價值就無從體現，戰場的全貌也就無從認知。

其次，作戰功能的實現取決於資料的分析、分發和利用。作戰功能通常包括情報、指揮控制、火力打擊、戰場機動、作戰保障等。這其中，情報功能著重於收集、整編、推播數據，指揮控制著重於融合、處理、分發數據，而火力打擊、戰場機動、作戰保障在利用數據的同時，也產生新的狀態數據。可以說，作戰功能的發揮、作戰行動的實施就是資料循環利用的過程。哪一方的資料循環得越順暢、越快速，哪一方的作戰效果就越顯著。

其三，聯合作戰樣式的演進在很大程度上取決於資料共享程度。當前美軍正由聯合作戰向多域作戰方向演進，表現為從軍兵種間作戰能力協同向各作戰域作戰能力聚合的方向發展，從而在更低層級部隊基礎上實現跨越軍兵種的更緊密、更精確的力量運用。達成此目標的前提，就是以「雲」為手段，實現所有作戰資料的共享。

呂彬：由於數據在未來戰爭中的作用愈發明顯，數據武器化的特性也將日益顯露。一方防止對手獲取己方數據、阻止對手形成全面態勢，或製造散佈虛假數據、誤導對手智能係統的判斷、阻礙對手作戰功能實現的“數據戰”，將成為重要的作戰樣式。

主動擁抱軍事大數據時代

記者：提到未來智慧化戰爭，其重要特徵就是對抗節奏明顯加快，制勝機理由以能製勝轉變為以快制勝，誰掌握了先機，誰就掌握了戰爭的主動權。我們迎接軍事大數據時代的到來，該如何認識其在未來智慧化戰爭中的關鍵角色？

劉林山：以快速致勝的關鍵，在於如何盡快縮短「OODA環」循環鏈。從「觀察」環節來看，大數據技術能有效幫助指揮員全面掌握狀況、捕捉細微變化、發現重大徵候。從“判斷”環節看，運用大數據技術對多來源數據關聯分析，可以準確研判戰場形勢、破除“戰場迷霧”，顯著增強指揮員的判斷力和敏銳性。從「決策」環節來看，敵情、我情和戰場環境等數據的即時融合處理和視覺化展示，能夠幫助指揮官即時準確掌控戰場態勢，快速作出決策、快速調整部署，贏得籌劃決策的速度優勢。從「行動」環節來看，基於即時線上大數據分析，指揮員能夠精準規劃任務、精細運算兵力火力、精確下達作戰指令，從而動態高效調控部隊行動、準確評估作戰效果。

呂彬：大數據除了為指揮控制效能帶來革命性影響外，還將加速作戰指揮體系變革、引領指揮決策模式轉變。首先是指揮體系扁平化。大數據環境下，資訊系統無縫鏈接，雲端運算提供強大運算能力，區塊鏈技術提升系統安全性，指揮結構可由“樹狀”變為“網狀”，為精簡指揮結構、實現扁平化指揮提供了物質基礎。其次是軍兵種體系聯合化。基於大數據高度共享的資料池，將各類資料融合在一起，確保取得資訊的一致性。統一的網路基礎設施、一致的資料結構與資料交換標準，確保各力量、各要素之間有效互聯互通互通，為形成一體化聯合作戰體系創造條件。第三是部隊編組精簡化。海量情報資訊的收集、處理透過資訊系統網路傳輸至雲端進行處理，能夠使指揮人員從繁重的資訊處理中解放出來，實現大體系支撐下高效運作的精簡化行動編組。

羅威：軍事大數據在提高裝備智慧化水準、催生智慧化武器裝備和提高智慧化保障能力等方面也具有重要的賦能作用。作為新時代的“石油”，大數據將是智慧化裝備的生命源泉和大動脈，基於超強算力的數據快速獲取、精細處理和精準分發是智能化裝備作戰效能發揮的倍增器。隨著關鍵技術的逐步突破，未來戰場將出現由資料資源、運算資源、大數據管理與分析系統等緊密結合的資料裝備，既包括用於支撐軍兵種作戰指揮、裝備管理、後勤配給的巨型平台，也包括以航空母艦、飛機、艦艇、潛艦、車輛等為載體的中小型資料裝備，還包括嵌入無人作戰、單兵作戰、精確導引系統的微小型資料裝備。這些資料裝備，將在未來智慧化作戰、訓練、後勤保障等行動中發揮「智慧引擎」作用。同時要強調的是，大數據走向戰場可能改變裝備，可能改變戰爭形態，但不可能改變戰爭的決定因素。智慧化戰爭時代，決定戰爭勝負的關鍵因素仍是人。大數據和人工智慧技術不可能完全取代人，不能改變人在戰爭中的決定性地位。

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/2019zt/2019-09/06/content_9623888.htm

#Information Support Force, #中國太空軍, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, 認知域戰

Chinese Warfare Planning: Artificial Intelligence Will Change the Mechanism of Winning Future Wars

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中國戰爭規劃：人工智慧將改變未來戰爭的勝利機制

中國軍網 國防網 // 2024年5月2日 星期四

現代英語：

Artificial intelligence technology is an important support for improving strategic capabilities in emerging fields. In recent years, it has developed rapidly and has been widely used in the military field, constantly giving rise to new asymmetric advantages, and profoundly changing the basic form, combat methods and winning mechanisms of future wars. We should have a deep understanding of artificial intelligence as a revolutionary technological driving force, accurately recognize changes, respond to changes scientifically, and actively seek changes, strive to explore ways to win future wars, and gain the initiative in the accelerating intelligent war.

Information mechanism

Knowing yourself and the enemy will ensure victory in every battle. Quickly and effectively mastering all-round information is the primary prerequisite for winning a war. Artificial intelligence can realize intelligent perception of battlefield situations, intelligent analysis of massive data, and intelligent processing of multiple information, and can form a “transparent” advantage on the battlefield.

Autonomous implementation of battlefield perception. By embedding intelligent modules into the wartime reconnaissance system, various reconnaissance node units can realize random networking, ad hoc coordination, and organic integration, and can autonomously capture battlefield information in all directions and dimensions, build a relatively “transparent” digital battlefield environment and combat situation, and then dispel the “fog” of war and present the combat scene in a panoramic manner.

Accurately identify massive amounts of data. Relying on intelligent technologies such as precise sensing technology and analytical recognition technology, it accurately judges, analyzes, compares, and integrates diversified voice, text, pictures, videos, and other data to obtain faster, more complete, more accurate, and deeper battlefield situation results, far exceeding the speed and accuracy of human brain processing.

Efficient response to key information. Based on intelligent technology groups such as combat cloud, big data, and the Internet of Things, it can quickly discover large quantities of non-standardized and heterogeneous intelligence data, autonomously discover symptoms, identify intentions, analyze trends, find patterns, and respond to commanders’ needs for key information in real time and accurately.

Synchronous sharing of integrated situation. The intelligent control system can optimize and integrate various reconnaissance and surveillance systems distributed in different spaces and frequency domains such as land, sea, air, space and radio networks, and play an important hub role in sharing information and unified cognition, building a situation based on “one picture”, “one network” and “one chain”, so that all combat units can synchronously share the required information from different spaces, distances and frequencies in all domains and at all times, realizing intelligent sharing.

Decision-making mechanism

Those who can plan for victory before the battle have made more calculations. Scientific and accurate decision-making is a prerequisite for winning a war. Artificial intelligence can conduct dynamic battlefield simulation and deduction, quickly give feasible decisions, greatly shorten the decision-making cycle of combat planning, and form a decision-making advantage.

Intelligent strategic situation analysis. The decision-making support system that incorporates artificial intelligence technology has functions such as information collection, query management, data processing, and correlation analysis. It can effectively break through the limitations of human analysis capabilities, maximize the separation of false and true, correlation verification, and link thinking, and automatically conduct big data analysis such as enemy situation, our situation, and battlefield environment, forming comparative data on related forces and weapons, which can efficiently assist combat command and help commanders quickly make combat decisions.

Intelligent optimization of combat plans. Relying on the intelligent combat simulation system, it automatically generates multiple sets of intuitive plans and programs based on the pre-input combat missions and strike target information, comprehensively evaluates their advantages and disadvantages and potential risks, and selects the plan that is most conducive to realizing the commander’s intention for the commander to make the final decision. After receiving the combat missions and target requirements from the superior, each combat unit will further screen the battlefield target information in combination with the tasks and requirements of its own level, and independently formulate the best plan and program at its own level to maximize combat effectiveness.

Intelligent prediction of decision-making effectiveness. The intelligent decision-making auxiliary system relies on intelligent technologies such as big data, high-performance computing, and neural network algorithms to give the command and control system a more advanced “brain-like” ability, which can think more rationally about unexpected situations on the battlefield and quickly come to a relatively objective combat result.

Power control mechanism

The dominant position is to control power by taking advantage of the situation. Seizing control power is the key factor to win the war. Artificial intelligence can “transplant” part of human intelligence to weapons, making the combination of humans and weapon systems more and more close. The deep interaction between humans and machines has changed the traditional control elements, endowed new control connotations, and can help gain new control advantages.

The dominance of the domain is expanding to the high frontier. In the future, highly intelligent unmanned systems will be able to carry out a variety of combat missions even in harsh conditions such as high temperature, extreme cold, high pressure, lack of oxygen, toxicity, radiation, and in extreme environments such as extreme height, extreme distance, extreme depth, extreme micro, extreme darkness, and extreme brightness. The competition for dominance of the combat domain and combat space will extend to the high frontier, the far frontier, and the deep frontier.

The right to control information is expanding to multiple means. The traditional way to seize the right to control information is to control the channels of information acquisition, processing, and distribution by attacking the enemy’s reconnaissance and early warning system and destroying its command and control system. However, information warfare under the guidance of artificial intelligence uses information itself as “ammunition”, and the means to seize the right to control information are more diverse.

The network control power is expanding to distributed. The network information system built based on intelligent technology provides a ubiquitous network “cloud” to aggregate battlefield resources of various terminals and provide services, which can realize modular organization and automatic reorganization of combat forces. The traditional purpose of disconnecting the network and destroying the chain by striking key nodes will no longer be achieved. It is inevitable to respond to the “decentralized” battlefield with an intelligent distributed strike mode.

The power to control the brain is expanding to new dimensions. Brain-like technology and simulation technology are gradually militarized, forming new areas of competition and confrontation. The focus has shifted from focusing on confrontation in the physical and information domains to focusing more on influencing and controlling the opponent’s psychology. Technologies such as virtual reality and audio-visual synthesis can confuse the real with the fake. “Core attack” can quietly change the enemy’s command and control system algorithm. “Brain control” can directly control the enemy’s decision-making. By controlling and influencing the enemy’s psychology, thinking, and will, the goal of stopping and winning the war can be achieved at the lowest cost.

Mechanism of action

The key to victory in war is speed. Taking unexpected actions against the enemy is the key to victory in war. Artificial intelligence can improve the intelligence level of weapons and equipment, command and control systems, and action decisions, making mobile response capabilities faster and joint strike capabilities more accurate, creating a super action advantage.

The speed of action is “killed in seconds”. The intelligent combat system can see, hear, understand, learn and think, effectively shortening the “OODA” cycle. Once an “opportunity” is found, it will use intelligently controlled hypersonic weapons, kinetic weapons, laser weapons, etc. to quickly “kill” the target at a long distance.

Action style is “unmanned”. “Unmanned + intelligent” is the future development direction of weapons and equipment. Low-cost unmanned vehicles, drones, unmanned submarines and other unmanned autonomous equipment, with the support of cluster autonomous decision-making systems, can plan the task division of each unit according to combat targets, and unmanned devices can accurately dock, autonomously combine, and covertly penetrate to carry out cluster saturation attacks on the enemy.

The action space is “blurred”. In future wars, using interference means to carry out soft strikes on the enemy’s intelligent combat systems and intelligent weapons, and using intelligent weapons to delay or influence the enemy’s decision-making and psychology will become the key to victory. Most of these actions are completed unconsciously or silently, presenting a “blurred” state where the enemy and us are invisible, the boundaries between the front and the rear are unclear, and the visible and invisible are difficult to distinguish.

The action deployment is “stealth”. The intelligent command system and weapon equipment have bionic and stealth properties. As long as they are deployed in advance in possible combat areas during peacetime preparations or training exercises, they can be hidden and dormant and ready for combat. Once they are activated in time in wartime, they can launch a sudden attack on the enemy, which will help to quickly seize the initiative in the war.

System Mechanism

Five things and seven strategies determine victory or defeat. Future wars will be full-domain, full-system, full-element, full-process system confrontations, and a stable and efficient combat system is the basic support for winning the war. With the continuous expansion of the application of artificial intelligence in the military field, the combat system is becoming more and more intelligent, and the full-domain integrated combat system will produce a strong system advantage.

There are more means of “detection”. Intelligent combat clusters rely on network information systems to connect with various large sensors, electronic warfare systems and other human-machine interaction platforms, use the detection and perception equipment of each combat unit to obtain battlefield data, give play to the self-organizing characteristics of intelligent groups, strengthen real-time detection and support for joint combat systems and back-end intelligence analysis, and can achieve full-domain detection, joint early warning, and coordinated verification, forming a multi-dimensional, full-domain coverage of large-area joint detection intelligence system.

The scope of “control” is wider. The use of intelligent unmanned combat platforms can break through the logical limits of human thinking, the physiological limits of the senses, and the physical limits of existence, and replace humans to enter traditional life restricted areas such as the deep sea, space, polar regions, and strong radiation areas, and stay there for a long time to implement “unconventional warfare”, thereby further expanding the combat space and having the ability to continuously repel opponents in a wider range of fields.

The speed of “fighting” is faster. With the support of intelligent network information system, the intelligence chain, command chain and killing chain are seamlessly connected, the speed of information transmission, decision-making speed and action speed are accelerated simultaneously, and the intelligent combat units can be flexibly organized, autonomously coordinated and quickly strike. All of these make the time utilization efficiency extremely high and the battlefield response speed extremely fast.

The “evaluation” is more accurate. Using intelligent technologies such as experiential interactive learning and brain-like behavioral systems, the intelligent combat evaluation system can autonomously complete the collection, aggregation, grading and classification of multi-means action effect evaluation information, accurately perceive battlefield actions based on big data and panoramic images, dynamically identify combat processes and correct defects, predict complex battlefield changes, and make comprehensive plans and flexibly respond.

The “security” is more efficient. The widespread application of intelligent comprehensive security systems represented by equipment maintenance expert systems and intelligent sensing equipment can efficiently respond to security needs in various domains, intelligently plan security resources, and ensure that the “cloud” aggregates various battlefield resources, effectively improving the comprehensive security capabilities of the networked battlefield.

(Author’s unit: Henan Provincial Military Region)

現代國語漢語：

人工智慧技術是提高新興領域戰略能力的重要支撐，近年來獲得快速發展並廣泛運用於軍事領域，不斷催生新的非對稱優勢，深刻改變未來戰爭的基本形態、作戰方式和製勝機理。應該深刻認識人工智慧這一革命性技術動力，準確識變、科學應變、主動求變，努力探尋制勝未來戰爭之道，在加速來臨的智能化戰爭中贏得主動。

資訊機理

知彼知己，百戰不殆。快速有效地掌握全方位資訊是戰爭制勝的首要前提。人工智慧可實現戰場態勢智慧感知、大量數據智慧分析、多元資訊智慧處理，能夠形成戰場「透明」優勢。

戰場感知自主實施。將智慧模塊嵌入戰時偵察系統，各類偵察節點單元可以實現隨機組網、臨機協同、有機整合，能夠全方位、多維度自主捕獲戰場信息，構建相對“透明”的數字化戰場環境和作戰態勢，進而撥開戰爭“迷霧”，全景式呈現作戰場景。

海量數據精準識別。依托精準感知技術和分析識別技術等智慧化科技，精準判讀、分析、比對、融合多元化的語音、文字、圖片、影片等數據，從而獲取更快、更全、更準、更深的戰場態勢結果，遠超人腦處理的速度和精確度。

關鍵資訊高效響應。基於作戰雲、大數據、物聯網等智慧化技術群，能夠從大批量、非標準化、異構化的情報數據中快速發掘，自主發現徵候、識別意圖、研判趨勢、找到規律，實時精準地響應指揮員對關鍵資訊的需求。

融合態勢同步共用。智慧化控制系統能夠將分佈在陸海空天電網等不同空間、不同頻域的各種偵察監視系統優化整合，並發揮共享信息和統一認知的重要樞紐作用，構建形成基於“一幅圖”“一張網」「一條鏈」的態勢，使各作戰單元全局全頻全時從不同空間、不同距離、不同頻率同步共享所需信息，實現智慧共享。

決策機理

夫未戰而廟算勝者，得算多也。科學準確決策是戰爭制勝的先決條件。人工智慧可進行動態戰場模擬推演，快速給出可行決策，大幅縮短作戰籌劃決策週期，能夠形成決策優勢。

戰略形勢智能研判。融入人工智慧技術的決策輔助系統，具備資訊收集、查詢管理、數據處理、關聯分析等功能，可有效突破人類分析能力的限制，最大限度去偽存真、關聯印證、連結思考，自動進行敵情、我情和戰場環境等大數據分析，形成相關兵力、兵器等對比數據，能夠有效率地輔助作戰指揮，幫助指揮員快速定下作戰決心。

作戰方案智能優選。依托智能化作戰模擬系統，根據預先輸入的作戰任務和打擊目標訊息，自動產生多套形象直觀的方案和計劃，綜合評估其優缺點及潛在風險，優選出最有利於實現指揮員意圖的方案，供指揮員作出最後決斷。各作戰單元接到上級作戰任務和目標需求後，結合本級任務和要求，進一步對戰場目標資訊進行甄別篩選，自主訂定本級最優方案和計畫，實現作戰效能最大化。

決策效能智能預測。智慧化輔助決策系統依賴大數據、高效能計算、神經網絡演算法等智慧化技術，賦予指揮控制系統更高階的「類腦」能力，可以更理性地思考戰場上出現的意外情況，快速得出相對客觀的交戰結果。

制權機理

勢者，因利而製權也。奪取制權是贏得戰爭制勝優勢的關鍵因素。人工智慧可將人的部分智慧「移植」到武器上，使得人與武器系統結合越來越緊密，人機一體深度互動改變了傳統的製權要素，賦予新的製權內涵，能夠助力獲得新的製權優勢。

制域權向高邊疆拓展。未來高度智慧化的無人系統，即使在高溫、極寒、高壓、缺氧、有毒、輻射等惡劣條件下，在極高、極遠、極深、極微、極黑、極亮等極端環境中，仍然可以遂行多種作戰任務，作戰領域和作戰空間的製權之爭向高邊疆、遠邊疆、深邊疆延伸。

制資訊權向多手段拓展。傳統的奪取制資訊權，是透過打擊敵偵察預警體系、破壞其指揮控制系統等手段實現對資訊取得、處理、分發等途徑的控制，而人工智慧主導下的資訊作戰則是將資訊本身作為「彈藥”，奪取制資訊權的手段更加多樣。

製網權向分散式拓展。基於智慧科技構建的網絡資訊體系，提供泛在網絡「雲」以聚合各類終端的戰場資源並提供服務，能夠實現作戰力量模塊化編組、自動化重組，傳統的通過打擊關鍵節點，達成斷網毀鏈的目的將很難再實現，必然是以智慧化分散式打擊模式來應對「去中心化」的戰場。

制腦權向新維域拓展。類腦技術、模擬技術等逐步軍事化，形成了新的博弈和對抗領域，重心由注重物理域、資訊域對抗向更加註重影響和控制對手心理轉變，虛擬現實、聲像合成等技術能夠以假亂真， 「攻芯戰」能夠悄無聲息地改變敵方指揮控制系統演算法，「控腦戰」能夠直接控制敵方決策，透過控制和影響敵方的心理、思維、意誌等，能夠以最小代價實現止戰、勝戰之目的。

行動機理

兵之情主速，乘人之不及。採取敵方意料不到的行動是戰爭制勝的關鍵要害。人工智慧可提高武器裝備、指控系統、行動決策等方面的智慧化程度，使機動反應能力更快、聯合打擊能力更準，創造出超強的行動優勢。

行動速度「秒殺化」。智慧化作戰系統看得見、聽得懂、能學習、會思考，有效縮短了“OODA”循環週期，一旦發現“有機可乘”，便運用智能化控制的超高聲速武器、動能武器、激光武器等，對目標進行遠距離快速「秒殺」。

行動樣式“無人化”。 「無人+智慧」是未來武器裝備發展方向。低成本的無人車、無人機、無人潛航器等無人自主裝備，在集群自主決策系統支援下，可針對作戰目標規劃各單元的任務分工，無人器之間精準對接、自主組合、隱蔽突防，對敵進行集群飽和攻擊。

行動空間「模糊化」。未來戰爭中，利用乾擾手段對敵方的智慧化作戰系統和智慧武器實施軟打擊，利用智慧武器遲滯或影響敵方人員的決策和心理將成為製勝關鍵。這些行動大都是在不知不覺或無聲無息中完成的，呈現敵我雙方不見人影、前方後方界限不清、有形無形難以辨別的「模糊」狀態。

行動布勢「隱身化」。智慧化指揮系統和武器裝備具有生物仿生和隱身性能。只要在平時備戰或訓練演習時提前佈設在可能交戰地域，潛伏預置、休眠待戰，戰時一旦需要適時激活，對敵實施猝然打擊，有助於快速掌握戰爭主動權。

體系機理

五事七計知勝負。未來戰爭是全領域、全系統、全要素、全流程的體系對抗，穩定高效的作戰體係是戰爭制勝的基礎支撐。隨著人工智慧在軍事領域應用不斷拓展，作戰體系智慧化程度越來越高，全域融合的作戰體係將產生強大的體系優勢。

「偵」的手段更多。智慧化作戰集群依托網絡資訊體係與各類大型傳感器、電子戰系統及其他人機交互平台進行連接，運用各作戰單元自身檢測感知設備獲取戰場數據，發揮智能群體自組織特性，強化對聯合作戰體系及後端情報分析的即時偵監支持，能夠實現全局偵搜、聯合預警、協同印證，形成多維一體、全局覆蓋的大區域聯合偵察情報體系。

「控」的領域更廣。運用智慧化無人作戰平台，能夠突破人類思維的邏輯極限、感官的生理極限和存在的物理極限，並代替人類進入深海、太空、極地、強輻射地域等傳統的生命禁區，並長時間置身其中實施“非常規作戰”，從而使作戰空間進一步拓展，具備在更廣的領域持續懾拒對手的實力。

「打」的速度更快。在智慧化網路資訊體系支撐下，情報鏈、指揮鏈、殺傷鏈無縫連接，資訊傳輸速度、決策速度與行動速度同步加快，智慧化作戰單元能夠靈活編組、自主協同、快速打擊。這些都使得時間利用效率極高、戰場反應速度極快。

「評」的精度更準。運用經驗式互動學習、類腦行為體係等智慧化科技，智慧化作戰評估系統能夠自主完成多手段行動效果評估資訊的擷取匯聚、分級分類，基於大數據和全景圖精準感知戰場行動，動態識別作戰過程並糾正缺陷問題，預判複雜戰場變化，綜合規劃、靈活應對。

「保」的效率更高。以裝備維修專家系統、智慧化感知設備為代表的智慧化綜合保障系統的廣泛應用，能夠高效響應各域保障需求，智慧規劃保障資源，保障「雲」聚合各類戰場資源，有效提升網絡化戰場綜合保障能力。

（作者單位：河南省軍區）

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2024-05-02&paperNumber=03&articleid=930888

Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事認知戰, 認知域戰, 認知戰

How Generative AI Will Impact Future Warfare for China’s Military

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現代英語：

Recently, the artificial intelligence program ChatGPT has become popular on the Internet for its “erudition” and “answering all questions”. Generative AI represented by ChatGPT has a strong content generation ability and a “smartness” level that is close to that of humans. Applying it to the military field will inevitably have an impact on future wars.

Significantly improve battlefield perception. In future wars, various new types of rapid-killing weapons will further accelerate the battlefield rhythm, requiring continuous improvement of battlefield situation perception capabilities, and thus supporting rapid decision-making that adapts to battlefield needs. In the battlefield space full of “fog”, facing massive, multi-source, complex, heterogeneous and rapidly growing battlefield situation data, human perception speed and processing capabilities appear to be somewhat “slow”. The visual big model architecture introduced in recent years has made breakthroughs in many fields such as image classification, target detection, semantic segmentation, posture estimation, image editing, and remote sensing image interpretation through unsupervised pre-training and human feedback reinforcement learning paradigm, which can significantly improve battlefield perception. Intelligent weapons embedded with visual big models can accurately identify and distinguish the primary and secondary, true and false targets through the visual system, and can quickly extract and generate high-value intelligence from massive multimodal data, reduce the cognitive load of combat personnel, and form a comprehensive, timely and accurate judgment of the situation. Using the perception advantage of generative AI to achieve accurate positioning of key nodes may be the prerequisite for launching combat operations in the future.

Greatly promote human-computer interaction. Human-computer interaction allows machines to “listen” to human language, “see” human movements and expressions, “understand” human emotions and intentions, and present the calculation process and results in a way that is easy for people to understand. The language big model can not only perform well in text understanding scenarios such as sentiment analysis, voice recognition, and information extraction, but is also applicable to battlefield information system visualization generation scenarios such as picture description generation, manuscript generation, and dialogue generation. If it is embedded in an integrated joint combat system and continuously iterated and evolved, it can be used for more complex tasks such as scenario writing, combat plan generation, and exercise result evaluation, which may reshape the command decision-making process in future wars. Deeply embedding ChatGPT-type generative AI applications into command information systems can enable intelligent equipment to “understand” commands, accurately understand and analyze commanders’ operational needs through human-machine dialogue between commanders and battlefield information systems, and generate action reference plans on this basis, providing a new means for quickly and reasonably deploying combat forces in future wars.

Promote the autonomy of command decision-making. In information-based and intelligent warfare, the participating forces are diverse, the combat styles are diverse, and the battlefield situation is changing. Commanders face the “bottleneck” of insufficient intelligence in effectively commanding wars. With the help of the decision-making large model intelligent auxiliary system, the “human-machine” hybrid decision-making mode may become a new choice. Although from the current technical level, ChatGPT-type generative AI applications are still unable to perform operations such as machine control, group collaboration, and dynamic scheduling. However, its powerful parallel processing capability can handle thousands of tasks at the same time. It is suitable for integrated control of manned/unmanned platforms, generating control algorithms, optimizing group behavior, and fully supporting “swarm”, “fish school”, and “wolf pack” combat multi-agents. The command and control system based on the decision-making big model can give full play to the advantages of both the human brain and artificial intelligence, and realize the leap from intelligent prediction to intelligent decision-making, and from controlling single agents to multiple agents. In the future battlefield, embedding generative AI into unmanned combat platforms can innovate new paradigms for military operations and greatly improve combat effectiveness.

Give birth to a new model of logistics support. From the perspective of technological development, military confrontation is increasingly expanding to the physical, information and cognitive domains, and the combat space is extending to the extreme height, distance and depth. The corresponding logistics support tasks are also becoming more diverse and complex. In the future battlefield, the multi-task general large model will be integrated into the unmanned combat platform and various support systems. People, equipment and objects will be ubiquitously interconnected, and various combat and support entities will be organically integrated. The logistics support system realizes intelligent matching between people and materials, materials and equipment, materials and troops, and materials and regions through deep learning and analysis of big data such as the quantity, time and maintenance status of stored materials. It also automatically predicts material needs, matches the best means of transport, formulates the best transportation plan, and promptly solves problems in the battlefield logistics supply chain. Especially in the face of extreme combat support in complex terrain, contaminated areas, fire control areas and other areas that are difficult for personnel to reach, based on a large amount of pre-training of special mission training samples, generative AI can achieve changes in demand perception, resource allocation and action control, autonomously assign tasks, autonomously plan routes, and autonomously navigate and position, and deliver support materials directly and accurately to the support objects in a “point-to-point” manner, thereby realizing intelligent support.

國語中文：

近段時間，人工智慧程式ChatGPT因其「博學多識」而「有問必答」走紅網。以ChatGPT為代表的生成式AI有著強大的內容生成能力和直逼人類的「聰明」程度，將其應用於軍事領域，勢必會對未來戰爭產生影響。

明顯提升戰場感知力。未來戰爭中，各類新型快速殺傷武器將進一步加速戰場節奏，要求不斷提升戰場態勢感知能力，進而支撐起適應戰場需求的快速決策。在充滿「迷霧」的戰場空間裡，面對海量多源、複雜異構且快速增長的戰場態勢數據，人類感知速度和處理能力顯得有些「遲緩」。近年來推出的視覺大模型架構，透過無監督預訓練和人類回饋的強化學習範式，已在圖像分類、目標檢測、語義分割、姿態估計、圖像編輯以及遙感圖像解譯等多個領域取得突破，可以顯著提升戰場感知力。嵌入視覺大模型的智慧武器，可以透過視覺系統精準辨識並區分打擊目標的主次、真偽，能從海量多模態資料中快速提取、產生高價值情報，減輕作戰人員的認知負荷，形成對態勢全面、及時、準確的判斷。利用生成式AI的感知優勢來實現對要害節點的精準定位，或許是未來發起作戰行動的前提。

大幅推進人機互動。人機互動可以讓機器「聽」懂人類語言、「看」懂人類動作與表情、「理解」人的情緒和意圖，並把計算過程和結果用人容易理解的方式呈現出來。語言大模型不僅能夠在情感分析、語音識別、資訊抽取等文字理解場景中表現出色，而且同樣適用於圖片描述生成、書稿生成、對話生成等戰場資訊系統可視化生成場景。如果再將其嵌入一體化聯合作戰系統並持續迭代進化，可以用於想定編寫、作戰方案生成、演習結果講評級較為復雜的工作，在未來戰爭中或將重塑指揮決策流程。將ChatGPT類生成式AI應用深度嵌入指揮資訊系統中，可以讓智慧裝備「聽懂」指令，透過指揮員與戰場資訊系統人機對話，準確理解分析指揮員作戰需求，並在此基礎上生成行動參考方案，為未來戰爭中快速、合理配置作戰力量提供全新手段。

助推指揮決策自主化。資訊化智慧化戰爭，參戰力量多元、作戰樣式多樣、戰場形勢多變，指揮員有效指揮戰爭面臨智能不足的“瓶頸”，借助決策大模型智能輔助系統，“人－機”混合決策模式或將成為一種新的選擇。雖然從目前的技術水準來看，ChatGPT類生成式AI應用仍無法進行機器控制、群組協作、動態調度等操作。但其強大的並行處理能力，能夠同時處理上千個任務，適用於融合控制有人/無人平台，生成控制演算法、優化群體行為，可全面支撐「蜂群」「魚群」「狼群」作戰多智能體。基於決策大模型的指揮控制系統，可以充分發揮人腦和人工智慧兩者的優長，實現從智慧預測到智慧決策、從控制單智能體到多智能體的跨越。未來戰場上，將生成式AI嵌入無人作戰平台中，可創新軍事行動新範式，大幅提升作戰效能。

催生後勤保障新模式。從科技發展維度來看，軍事力量對抗日益向物理域、資訊域和認知域全維度拓展，作戰空間向極高、極遠和極深全方位延伸，相應的後勤保障任務也變得更加多元復雜。未來戰場上，將多任務通用大模型綜合整合到無人作戰平台及各類保障系統中，人、裝、物泛在互聯，各類作戰、保障實體將有機融為一體。後勤保障系統通過對在儲物資數量、時間、保養情況等大數據深度學習分析，實現人與物資、物資與裝備、物資與部隊、物資與地區的智能匹配，並自動預測物資需求、匹配最佳運載工具，制定最優運輸方案、及時解決戰場物流供應鏈路所出現的問題。特別是面臨複雜地形、沾染區、火力控制區等人員難以到達的極限戰鬥保障，在特殊任務訓練樣本大量預訓練基礎上，生成式AI能夠實現需求感知、資源調配和行動控制上的變革，自主分配任務、自主規劃路徑、自主導航定位，將保障物資以「點對點」的方式直達精確配送給保障對象，實現智慧保障。

中國軍網國防部網參考：https://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2023-04-18&paperNumber=07&articleid=903588

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Chinese Military’s Embrace of Artificial Intelligence: How to Revolutionize Future Warfare

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中國軍隊擁抱人工智慧：如何徹底改變未來戰爭

現代英語：

Source: China National Defense News Author: Chen Hanghui Editor-in-charge: Qiao Nannan 2018-01-02 08:29:25

At present, the world is on the eve of the intelligent revolution, and human society is moving from the “Internet +” era to the “Intelligence +” era. In recent years, driven by big data, new algorithms and supercomputing, artificial intelligence is changing and even subverting every industry it touches, and war is no exception. From underwater submersibles to drone swarms, from predictive maintenance software to intelligent decision-making assistants, artificial intelligence is affecting different areas of war with unprecedented breadth and depth, promoting a new round of military reforms, and the form and appearance of war are quietly changing.

Temple planning comes first, war design becomes more sophisticated

“The Art of War” by Sun Tzu says: “He who plans for victory before the battle has made many calculations; he who plans for defeat before the battle has made few calculations.” Looking at the history of human warfare, “He who plans more wins, and he who plans less loses” is an immutable theorem.

Future wars will increasingly rely on “temple calculations”. Artificial intelligence can enhance the effectiveness of war prediction in at least two ways:

First, it can more accurately calculate and predict the outcome of wars. With the support of advanced algorithms and supercomputing capabilities, the calculation and prediction results of artificial intelligence systems are more accurate than those of the human brain. Second, with the help of war game systems, combat plans can be tested and optimized more effectively. For example, war game systems that incorporate artificial intelligence can engage in man-machine confrontation with humans, which helps people find problems and find weaknesses. In particular, after introducing algorithms such as deep learning into war game systems, the behavior of intelligent systems will become profound and varied, which will help break through the established thinking of humans, enhance the confrontation and authenticity of war game simulations, and achieve the purpose of optimizing solutions. In addition, intelligent war game systems can also be used to conduct machine-machine confrontations to improve the efficiency of simulations.

In February 2015, the U.S. Department of Defense issued a memorandum titled “Wargames and Innovation,” proposing to introduce machine learning into wargames. Currently, Rand Corporation and Raytheon have already begun attempts in this regard. Once mature intelligent software is applied to wargames, it will not only improve the level of optimization plans and prediction of war situations, but also more accurately predict the size of the troops involved in the war, ammunition consumption, duration and support requirements, etc., significantly improving the ability to design wars.

Speed ​​is the key to success. The pace of operations has never been faster.

In the information age, wars follow the principle of “the fast eats the slow”. In the several wars since the Gulf War, the key to the US military’s repeated victories is that it always achieves “the fastest move”.

Nowadays, the reaction speed of artificial intelligence has completely “crushed” the human brain. In 2016, in a simulated air battle, the “Alpha” intelligent software developed by the University of Cincinnati in the United States controlled the F-15 fighter and defeated the F-22 fighter piloted by humans. The reason is that the reaction speed of the intelligent software is 250 times that of the human brain! In October this year, the Geospatial Intelligence Center of the University of Missouri in the United States announced a research result showing that the center has developed an algorithm model based on deep learning technology, which can search and identify missile launch sites within nearly 90,000 square kilometers in the southeastern coastal area of ​​a certain country within 42 minutes, which is 85 times faster than human analysts and has an accuracy rate reaching the level of expert image analysts.

For this reason, in recent years, the US, Russian and other militaries have turned their attention to artificial intelligence, intending to use the speed advantage of artificial intelligence to shorten their decision-making cycle on the battlefield and firmly grasp the operational advantage. In July this year, Russian weapons manufacturer Kalashnikov announced that it had developed a fully automatic combat module based on artificial neural networks, which can achieve destruction upon detection. In addition, the US military is developing intelligent tools such as automated data analysis tools, automatic target recognition software, airborne intelligent decision assistants, and digital air combat planners, intending to reduce the burden of intelligence and combat personnel at all stages of the decision-making cycle and improve decision-making efficiency. In November this year, the head of the US Department of Defense’s algorithmic warfare project called for: Any weapon system purchased by the US military in the future should be integrated with artificial intelligence.

It can be predicted that as more and more intelligent weapon systems are deployed on the battlefield, combat response time on the battlefield will become shorter and shorter, combat actions will become unprecedentedly fierce, and will eventually exceed human understanding and response capabilities.

Autonomous confrontation, the combat mode has changed

Since the 20th century, the development of detection technology and the advancement of perception technology under the wave of informatization have promoted the birth of the man-machine collaborative combat chain of “sensor-shooter-weapon platform”.

With the development of artificial intelligence technology, intelligent weapon systems that can automatically identify, lock and strike targets are gradually emerging, and can replace humans to execute simple decision-making commands. Such as the US military’s ship-borne “Aegis” system, the Israeli military’s “Iron Dome” system, the Russian military’s “Arena” active protection system, the French military’s “Shark” system, etc. However, the intelligence level of these systems is not high at present, and the autonomous combat mode is usually the last option.

In the future, with the advancement of intelligent technology groups such as sensor technology, new algorithms, and big data technology, the autonomous action capabilities of weapon systems will be greatly improved, and the situation of autonomous confrontation of weapon systems will become more and more common. In specific combat fields, such as cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum, humans can only rely on intelligent weapon systems for autonomous confrontation. At the same time, with the emergence of hypersonic weapons and cluster warfare, wars will enter the era of “instant kills” and “group fights”, and using intelligent systems to autonomously fight is almost the only way out.

In the future, as the autonomous confrontation of intelligent weapon systems becomes the new normal, the combat mode will gradually change from “man in the loop” to “man on the loop”. The main characteristics of the new mode can be summarized as “in command, out of control”, that is, in most cases, human warriors play the role of supervisors, responsible for inputting target characteristics and setting rules of engagement before the war, observing battlefield engagements, etc. It should be pointed out that in the new mode, humans are still the final decision makers, and human warriors will autonomously enter and exit the combat chain as needed and take necessary intervention measures. The biggest advantage of the new mode is that it can free human warriors from complex decisions and focus on major decisions and key tasks. How to ensure that humans can take over control at any time will be the biggest challenge facing the development of human-machine collaboration technology in the future.

Cluster warfare brings new life to the war of attrition

In the era of cold weapons and mechanized warfare, attrition warfare was the basic way of fighting, and “eating more and eating less” was the basic rule for winning on the battlefield.

Since the 1970s, with the emergence of stealth technology, satellite positioning systems, and precision-guided weapons, the “more, less” war principle has been completely broken. In recent years, with the rapid development of sensor technology, bionics, miniaturization technology, and artificial intelligence technology, the concept of swarm warfare has once again attracted the attention of the military of various countries. The so-called swarm warfare refers to the centralized deployment of hundreds or thousands of intelligent weapons to attack targets from multiple directions. Compared with traditional combat methods, swarm warfare has four major advantages:

First, the miniaturization of a single platform greatly improves battlefield survivability; second, it is decentralized, and the loss of an individual does not affect the overall function; third, it is low-cost, large in quantity, and the combat cost-effectiveness is multiplied; fourth, it can implement saturation attacks and paralyze the enemy’s defense system. It is not difficult to see that cluster warfare can achieve the effect of “quantity is quality”, and therefore, it is considered a war of attrition in the intelligent era.

The U.S. military sees swarm warfare as a game-changer in warfare, and believes that swarm warfare is particularly suitable for dealing with anti-access/area denial threats. Currently, the U.S. Department of Defense is simultaneously targeting underwater, surface, and air, and promoting multiple swarm research and development projects, striving to have multi-dimensional space swarm combat capabilities. In addition, the various branches of the U.S. military are competing to develop swarm combat concepts. For example, the Marine Corps envisions using unmanned combat swarms as landing pioneers to perform tasks such as battlefield perception, mine clearance, and obstacle removal, creating conditions for Marines to rush ashore.

From underwater “wolf packs” to ground “ant swarms” to aerial “bee swarms”, swarm warfare will be prevalent in the future intelligent battlefield. “Human wave tactics” will be re-emerged in a new look, and the balance of the war of attrition will be extremely tilted towards the side with swarm warfare capabilities. The following scene may appear in the future: on one side, there are swarms of intelligent machines covering the sky and the sun, and on the other side, there are panicked, lonely human warriors…

現代國語：

當前,世界正處於智慧革命的前夜，人類社會正從「互聯網+」時代邁入「智能+」時代。近年來，在大數據、新型演算法和超級運算的推動下，人工智慧正在改變乃至顛覆所觸及的每個產業，戰爭也不例外。從水下潛航器到無人機集群，從預測性維修軟件到智慧決策助手，人工智慧正以前所未有的廣度與深度影響著戰爭的不同領域，推動著新一輪軍事變革，戰爭形態和麵貌正悄然被改變。

廟算為先，戰爭設計日益精細

《孫子兵法》曰：「夫未戰而廟算勝者，得算多也；未戰而廟算不勝者，得算少也。」縱觀人類戰爭史，「多算勝，少算不勝」是亙古不變的定理。

未來戰爭對「廟算」的依賴度有增無減,人工智慧至少可以從兩方面增強戰爭預判的有效性：

一是更精確地計算並預測戰爭結果。在先進演算法和超算能力的支撐下，人工智慧系統的計算和預測結果比人腦更加準確。二是藉助兵棋系統能更有效檢驗和優化作戰方案。例如，融入人工智慧的兵棋系統能夠和人開展人機對抗，有助於人們發現問題、找出弱項。特別是將深度學習等演算法引入兵棋系統後，智慧系統的行為將變得深邃多變，有助於突破人類的既定思維，增強兵棋推演的對抗性和真實性，達到優化方案的目的。此外，還可利用智慧兵棋系統開展機機對抗，提升推演的效率。

2015年2月，美國國防部推出了《兵棋推演與創新》備忘錄，並提出將機器學習引入兵棋推演。目前，蘭德公司、雷神公司已經開始這方面的嘗試。一旦將研發成熟的智慧軟件應用於兵棋推演，不僅能提高優化方案和預測戰局的水平，還能更精確地預測戰爭涉及的兵力規模、彈藥消耗、持續時間和保障需求等，顯著提升對戰爭設計的能力。

速度製勝，作戰節奏空前加快

在資訊時代,戰爭遵循「快吃慢」制勝法則，海灣戰爭以來的幾場戰爭中，美軍之所以能夠屢戰屢勝，其關鍵在於始終做到了「棋快一招」。

如今，人工智慧的反應速度已經完全「碾壓」人腦。 2016年，在一次模擬空戰中，美國辛辛那提大學研發的「阿爾法」智慧軟體操控F-15戰機，擊敗了由人駕駛的F-22戰機，原因就在於該智慧軟件的反應速度是人類大腦反應速度的250倍！今年10月，美國密蘇里大學地​​理空間情報中心公佈了一份研究成果顯示，該中心基於深度學習技術開發了一種演算法模型，能夠在42分鐘內搜尋並識別出某國東南沿海地區近9萬平方千米內的導彈發射場，速度比人類分析師快85倍，準確率達到專家級影像分析師水準。

正因如此，近年來，美、俄等軍隊將目光投向了人工智慧，意圖利用人工智慧的速度優勢，縮短己方在戰場上的決策週期，牢牢掌握行動優勢。今年7月，俄羅斯武器製造商卡拉什尼科夫公司宣稱，已開發出基於人工神經網絡的全自動戰鬥模塊，能做到發現即摧毀。另外，美軍則在研發自動化數據分析工具、自動目標識別軟件、機載智慧決策助理、數字化空中作戰規劃員等智慧工具，意圖在決策週期各環節上減輕情報和作戰人員的負擔，提高決策效率。而在今年11月，美國國防部演算法戰項目負責人呼籲：今後美軍採購的任何武器系統都應融入人工智慧。

可以預見，今後隨著越來越多的智慧化武器系統投入戰場，戰場上的作戰反應時間將越來越短，交戰行動將空前激烈，並最終超越人類的理解和應對能力。

自主對抗，作戰模式引發變革

20世紀以來，偵測技術的發展和資訊化浪潮下感知技術的進步，推動了「傳感器-射手-武器平台」這一人機協作式作戰鏈誕生。

隨著人工智慧技術的發展，能夠自動識別、鎖定和打擊目標的智慧化武器系統逐漸出現，並能取代人類執行簡單的決策命令。如美軍的艦載「宙斯盾」系統、以軍的「鐵穹」系統、俄軍的「競技場」主動防護系統、法軍的「鯊魚」系統，等等。不過，這些系統的智慧化程度目前還不高，自主交戰模式通常是最後一個選項。

未來，隨著傳感技術、新型演算法、大數據技術等智慧化技術群的進步，武器系統的自主行動能力將大幅提升，武器系統自主對抗的情況也越來越普遍。而在特定作戰領域，如網路空間和電磁頻譜領域，人類只能依托智慧化武器系統進行自主對抗。與此同時，隨著高超音速武器和集群作戰的出現，戰爭將進入「秒殺」和「群架」時代，利用智慧系統自主迎戰幾乎是唯一出路。

未來，隨著智慧化武器系統的自主對抗成為新常態，作戰模式將逐漸從「人在迴路中」轉變為「人在迴路」。新模式的主要特徵可概括為“指揮之中、控制之外”，即在多數情況下，人類戰士扮演監督員的角色，負責在開戰前輸入目標特徵和設定交戰規則，觀察戰場交戰情況等。需要指出的是，在新模式下人依然是最終決策者，人類戰士將根據需要自主進出作戰鏈，採取必要的干預措施。新模式的最大優勢是可以使人類戰士從紛繁複雜的決策中解放出來，聚焦於主要決策和關鍵任務。如何確保人類能夠隨時接管控制權，將是今後一段時期內，人機協同技術發展面臨的最大挑戰。

集群作戰，讓消耗戰重煥生機

在冷兵器和機械化戰爭時代，消耗戰是基本作戰方式，「多吃少」是戰場制勝的基本法則。

自上世紀70年代以來，隨著隱形技術、衛星定位系統、精確制導武器的登場，「多吃少」的戰爭法則被徹底打破。近年來，隨著傳感技術、仿生技術、微型化技術和人工智慧技術取得長足發展，集群式作戰構想再次受到各國軍隊的重視。所謂集群作戰，是指集中部署數百上千個智慧化武器，從多個方向對目標實施攻擊。與傳統作戰方式相比，集群作戰具備四大優勢：

一是單一平台小型化，戰場生存能力大幅提升；二是去中心化，個體的損失不影響整體功能；三是成本低廉，數量龐大，作戰效費比成倍提高；四是可實施飽和攻擊，癱瘓敵防禦體系。不難看出，集群作戰能夠達到「數量即質量」的效果，因此,被認為是智慧時代的消耗戰。

美軍將集群作戰視為戰爭遊戲規則的改變者，認為集群作戰尤其適合應對反介入/區域拒止威脅。當前，美國國防部同時瞄準水下、水面和空中，推進多個集群研發項目，力求具備多維空間集群作戰能力。此外，美軍各軍種正競相開發集群作戰概念，如海軍陸戰隊設想讓無人作戰集群充當登陸先鋒，執行戰場感知、排雷除障等任務，為陸戰隊員搶灘上陸創造條件。

從水下“狼群”到地面“蟻群”再到空中“蜂群”，集群作戰將在未來智慧化戰場上大行其道。 「人海戰術」將改頭換面重新登場，消耗戰的天平將向具備集群作戰能力的一方極度傾斜。未來可能出現這一場景：一邊是遮天蔽日、蜂擁而至的智慧機器，另一邊是驚慌失措、形單影隻的人類戰士…

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4801288.html

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Chinese Military’s Cognitive Warfare: The Race to Dominate the Intelligent Age

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中國軍隊的認知戰：主宰智慧時代的競賽

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2020年3月19日 星期四

現代英語：

The widespread use of artificial intelligence technology in the military field has given rise to a new form of intelligent warfare, cognitive warfare. When the winning mechanism is integrated with the characteristics of the intelligent era, a new way to win cognitive warfare is formed. Optimal decision-making, vision-driven, clustered energy release, and unmanned autonomy based on cognition are typical characteristics of winning wars in the intelligent era, and have become the key to taking the initiative and winning in wars. The fundamental way to win in the intelligent era lies in cognition, and cognitive advantage is the basis for winning. Moreover, when the strength of the two opposing sides is equal, the advantage difference formed by the cognitive gap becomes the main factor for winning.

Winning through optimal decision-making based on intelligent cognition

Decision-making is the key to victory in modern warfare, not only because of its important role, but also because in the OODA (observation, judgment, decision-making, action) loop, decision-making is the bottleneck that restricts the speed of the cycle. Intelligent cognition that integrates knowledge and action is a powerful means to break this bottleneck.

Optimal decision-making based on intelligent cognition means forming a cognitive advantage over the enemy through artificial intelligence algorithms, and then transforming the cognitive advantage into a decision-making advantage, thereby gaining the initiative and winning. In the war of the intelligent era, intelligent means provide the intelligent cognitive capabilities required for war to the greatest extent possible, comprehensively perceive, reason, and judge the strength, time and space position of the physical domain of the two opposing sides on the battlefield, the power system and command system of the information domain, and the plan and possible actions of the cognitive domain, which continuously provide “input” data for the algorithm; the superior algorithm quickly analyzes, judges and compares the results of intelligent cognition, finds out the weak links or fatal points of the enemy, gives full play to our advantages and characteristics, and forms a scientific, reasonable and executable decision-making plan. At the same time, it also combines the combat capabilities and combat characteristics of the two opposing sides to further amplify the cognitive advantage, so as to achieve “second-level advantage becomes a winning advantage” and “a little advantage becomes a winning advantage”.

In this process, intelligent cognition is the foundation. It is the “data” of the superior algorithm, providing the correct source for correct decision-making and guiding the direction of operational decision-making advantage. Without intelligent cognition, algorithms and decisions will face the dilemma of “cooking without rice”, not to mention algorithm advantages and decision-making advantages. Intelligent algorithms are the key. Its input is cognitive thinking and its output is decision-making plans. It is the specific method and intermediate bridge for cognitive advantages to transform into operational decision-making advantages, and plays an increasingly important role in modern warfare. To this end, driven by intelligent technology, all countries have elevated the “algorithm warfare” that supports decision-making effectiveness to the level of “war”. In 2017, the US Department of Defense announced the establishment of a special “algorithm warfare” cross-functional team to unify the leadership of the US military in conducting “algorithm warfare” research and application. Decision-making advantage is the core, the true embodiment of cognitive advantage in the command field, the touchstone for testing the effectiveness of algorithms, and the ultimate display platform for intelligent cognition and intelligent algorithms. The wisdom of a commander is incomparable to that of a machine. It is integrated with profound decision-making experience and matched with unique personal command art. The decision-making strategies formed are ever-changing and difficult to capture. Only when the superb decision-making art is amplified and enhanced by intelligent algorithms can a truly winning decision-making advantage be formed.

Vision-driven success based on goal recognition

The war stage is never a performance of a single force, but a joint effort of multiple forces. How to make the various forces involved in the war work together and the various actions converge into one force is a necessary condition for winning the war. Therefore, before the war, it is necessary to formulate a detailed combat plan, anticipate various possible situations, and repeatedly organize combat coordination and targeted training for various actions. However, during the implementation of the operation, changes in the battlefield situation, changes in the intentions of superiors, changes in core tasks, changes in friendly forces, etc., make it difficult for this traditional coordination method to achieve the expected results, and often become a restrictive factor affecting the progress and outcome of the war.

In fact, every commander and every participating force has a beautiful vision for the combat mission in their hearts, and they may have an action plan to realize the beautiful vision. If these visions can be unified and spontaneously integrated into the overall action, then coordination will no longer be a bottleneck, and the concept of vision-driven will come into being. Vision is the prospect that people yearn for, the picture that people actively strive for and hope to achieve, and a strong expression of will, including future goals, missions and core values. Behavior driven by vision is no longer a compliance behavior constrained by rules and regulations, nor is it an investment behavior agreed upon by obligations and rights. It is more of a spontaneous and conscious dedication behavior. This is a state of mind, not just investment, but a feeling that one must take full responsibility for the realization of the vision. The role of this subjective initiative is unimaginable. The latest research results show that the reason why mental work causes fatigue is because people are subjectively bored with the mental work they are engaged in. Once the subjective initiative is restored and maintained, mental work will remain efficient for a long time. This is not only a source of power for innovation, but also a source of power for vision-driven.

The generation of vision-driven is based on cognitive ability and is determined by the level of intelligent technology. For war, a complex giant system with obvious social characteristics, common cognition supported by intelligent technology makes vision-driven possible. Each participating force, based on the core tasks and basic requirements clearly defined by the commander, develops its own combat operations, clarifies the relationship with other forces, and clarifies the specific list of support or support, thereby forming an individual action plan. The commander collects the individual action plans of each participating force, conducts comprehensive analysis and comparison, examines whether the core tasks can be completed, retains the reasonable content of the individual vision as much as possible, forms a flexible group vision implementation plan, and leaves each participating force with a large space to complete the combat mission independently. Driven by individual visions, all commanders and combat forces in combat give full play to their individual enthusiasm and initiative, and creatively play their personalized characteristics and roles; driven by common visions, they actively coordinate and cooperate with other forces to jointly complete combat missions.

Winning through cluster release based on group cognition

Intelligent swarm warfare is a popular topic at present. In fact, swarm is not a new concept. The inspiration comes from nature. Swarm behavior is a kind of collective behavior of organisms. Insects, birds, fish, etc. in the biological world all show swarm behavior. In particular, this swarm behavior can resist enemies that are several times larger than themselves and obtain more food sources, which is even more amazing. It is difficult for people to explore the activity patterns of the brains and nerves of these organisms, and it is difficult to directly grasp the root cause of swarm behavior. However, we can continuously dig out the organizational principles and operation methods of swarm actions from their performance patterns, and use artificial intelligence technology and modern network technology to apply them to human social life and the military field, and become the way to win the war in the intelligent era.

Cluster energy release based on group cognition means integrating a certain number of low-cost, miniaturized, unmanned combat platforms into a unified combat cluster, and achieving common combat goals through targeted and precise energy release. It is a comprehensive embodiment of the philosophical principle that quantitative change leads to qualitative change, and group cognition is the fundamental motivation for qualitative change. Without group cognition, the cluster can only be a quantitative change, and it is difficult to produce substantial changes in combat effectiveness. The reason why cluster energy release can win is that it has a multi-dimensional saturation attack capability that wins by quantity, distributed detection and attack capabilities, high anti-destruction and continuous strike capabilities, and system precision and intensive energy release capabilities, thus forming a subversive winning advantage.

Swarm combat is based on group cognition, which requires that in rapid action, each individual should accurately and comprehensively recognize his or her position and status in the group, and provide cognitive capabilities for the group or subgroup to which he or she belongs; the group or subgroup should accurately and comprehensively recognize the status of its internal members, accurately and comprehensively recognize its own status, and provide cognitive capabilities for the group to which it belongs. Group cognition in the intelligent era allows combat to simulate the collaborative behavior and information interaction methods of swarming organisms, showing the cluster characteristics of decentralization, autonomy, cluster recovery, and function amplification, and releasing combat effectiveness and completing combat tasks in an autonomous and intelligent overall collaborative manner.

Unmanned autonomous victory based on active cognition

In the war of the intelligent era, intelligent unmanned systems will fill the entire intelligent battlefield, and people will be less and less on the battlefield. Intelligent unmanned combat systems will become the new force of the intelligent battlefield. They have capabilities that humans cannot achieve, such as stronger battlefield adaptability, stronger weapon control ability, stronger reaction speed, stronger continuous combat capability, stronger self-protection ability, and stronger self-regeneration ability. In addition, they do not have the psychological pressure, physiological reaction to bloody scenes, sentimental human emotions, and fear of war-weariness and cowardice formed by humans in the face of fierce battlefield confrontations. All these indicate that the future battlefield of confrontation will be the stage for intelligent unmanned combat systems. Therefore, under the overall leadership of humans, actively and creatively understanding the battlefield, allowing intelligent unmanned combat systems to freely and fully exert their advantages and effectiveness, has become an important method to win the war.

Unmanned autonomous victory based on active cognition is to give full play to the active role of intelligent unmanned combat systems in the cognitive field. Machines and humans have different ways of thinking and different behavioral characteristics. Just like Alpha Zero can open up a new era of Go, machines can often create new spaces that are difficult for humans to explore. Therefore, wars in the intelligent era, under the overall leadership of humans, must fully provide a broad space for intelligent unmanned combat systems to display their talents, give full play to their active and creative abilities, and quickly absorb and focus on the huge energy brought by active cognition.

Intelligent unmanned combat systems show themselves. Human domination and machine passivity will make it difficult to bring into play the comprehensive advantages of intelligent unmanned combat systems. It is necessary to break the shackles of intelligent unmanned combat systems driven by the concept of autonomy. Only by keeping the basic bottom line and allowing machines to fight freely on the battlefield can the precise and rapid combat effectiveness of intelligent unmanned combat systems be demonstrated, and only then can they be fully and autonomously exerted in war, truly releasing the huge energy of intelligent unmanned combat systems in all aspects.

國語中文：

閱讀提示

人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用，催生出認知戰這種全新的智慧化戰爭形態。當制勝機制融入了智慧時代的特點，就形成了全新的認知戰制勝之道。建立在認知基礎上的優算決策、願景驅動、集群釋能、無人自主就是具有智慧時代戰爭制勝的典型特徵，成為戰爭中贏得主動、爭取勝利的關鍵。智慧時代製勝之道的根本在於認知，認知優勢是製勝的根本，而且當對抗雙方實力相當時，認知差距形成的優勢差就成為獲勝的主要因素。

基於智慧認知的優算決策制勝

決策成為現代戰爭制勝的關鍵，不僅是因為決策的重要作用，更是因為在OODA（觀察、判斷、決策、行動）環路中，決策是限制循環速度的瓶頸。知行合一的智能認知正是破解這個瓶頸的強大手段。

基於智慧認知的優算決策制勝，是指透過人工智慧演算法形成對敵的認知優勢，進而將認知優勢轉化為決策優勢，進而贏得先機、贏得主動、贏得勝勢。智慧時代的戰爭，智慧手段最大可能提供戰爭所需的智慧認知能力，全面感知、推理、判斷戰場對抗雙方物理域的力量大小、時空位置，資訊域的力量體系、指揮體系，認知域的方案計畫、可能行動，源源不斷地為演算法提供「輸入」資料；優勢演算法迅速對智慧認知結果分析判斷比較，找出敵方薄弱環節或致命點，充分發揮我方優勢特點，形成科學合理、可執行的決策方案，同時也結合對抗雙方的作戰能力、作戰特點等因素，將認知優勢進一步放大，從而達成「秒級優勢成為制勝優勢」「一點優勢成為製勝優勢」。

在這個過程中，智慧認知是基礎，它是優勢演算法的“數據”，為正確決策提供正確的來源，指導作戰決策優勢的方向，沒有智慧認知，演算法和決策將面臨“無米之炊”的困境，更不要談演算法優勢和決策優勢。智慧演算法是關鍵，它的輸入是認知思維，輸出是決策方案，是認知優勢轉化生成作戰決策優勢的具體方法和中間橋樑，在現代戰爭中扮演著愈來愈重要的角色。為此，在智慧科技推動下，各國都將支撐決策效能的「演算法戰」提升到「戰」的高度。 2017年美國國防部就宣布成立專門的「演算法戰」跨職能小組，統一領導美軍展開「演算法戰」研究運用。決策優勢是核心，是認知優勢在指揮領域的真實體現，是檢驗演算法效能優劣的試金石，是智慧認知和智慧演算法的最終展示平台。指揮的智慧是機器無法比擬的，它與深厚的決策經驗相融合、與獨特的個性指揮藝術相匹配，形成的決策謀略千變萬化、難以捕捉，高超的決策藝術通過智能算法的放大與增強，才能形成真正能夠制勝的決策優勢。

基於目標認知的願景驅動制勝

戰爭舞台上從來都不是一支力量單打獨鬥的表演，而是多種力量的共同努力。如何使參與戰爭的各種力量能夠扭成一股繩，各種行動能夠匯成一股勁，是戰爭獲勝的必要條件。因此，戰前需制定詳細的作戰計畫、預想各種可能情況，不斷反覆組織各種行動的作戰協同和針對性訓練。但在作戰實施中，戰場態勢的變化、上級意圖的變化、核心任務的變化、友鄰部隊的變化等，使得這種傳統的協同方式難以達到預期效果，往往成為影響戰爭進程和勝負的限制因素。

其實，每個指揮人員、每支參戰力量，內心中對作戰任務都有一個美好願景，都可能構想有實現美好願景的行動方案，如果能將這些願景統一起來，自發地融入到整體行動中，那麼協同將不再是限制的瓶頸，願景驅動的理念應運而生。願景，是所嚮往的前景，是人們主動為之奮鬥希望達到的圖景，是一種意願的強烈表達，包括了未來目標、使命及核心價值。願景驅動下的行為，不再是規則、規定來約束的遵從行為，不再是以義務、權利來約定的投入行為，更多的是自發與自覺的奉獻行為，這是一種境界，不僅只是投入，而是心中覺得必須為願景的實現負完全責任。這種主觀能動的作用是難以想像的，最新研究成果表明，腦力勞動之所以會有疲勞感，是因為主觀上對所從事的腦力工作產生了厭煩，一旦恢復和保持主觀能動，腦力勞動將會長期保持高效狀態，這不僅是創新的動力來源，更是願景驅動的動力來源。

願景驅動的產生是以認知能力為基礎的，是受智慧技術水準決定的。針對戰爭這個社會特性明顯的複雜巨系統而言，智慧科技支撐下的共同認知使願景驅動成為可能。每支參戰力量圍繞著指揮明確的核心任務與基本要求，展開各自作戰行動的構設，釐清與其他力量的相互關係，明確能夠支援配合或需要支援配合的具體清單，從而形成個體行動方案。指揮者匯集各參戰力量的個體行動方案，綜合分析比較，審查能否完成核心任務，盡可能地保留個體願景中合理的內容，形成彈性的群體願景實施方案，給各參戰力量留有較大的自主完成作戰任務的空間。作戰中所有的指揮人員、作戰力量在個體願景的驅動下，充分發揮個體的積極性、主動性，創造性地發揮個性化特點和作用；在共同願景的驅動下，主動積極地協調配合其他力量行動，從而共同完成作戰任務。

基於群體認知的群聚釋能製勝

智慧集群作戰是目前比較熱門的一個方向，其實集群不是一個新的概念，這個靈感源自於自然界，集群行為是一種生物的集體行為，生物界中的昆蟲、鳥類、魚類等都會出現集群行為，特別是這種集群行為能夠抵禦體形數倍於己的敵人，獲得更加多源的食物，更是讓人們瞠目。人們難以探究這些生物頭腦與神經的活動規律，難以直接掌握集群行為的根本原因，但從其表現規律不斷挖掘出集群行動的組織原則和運作方式，借助人工智能技術與現代網絡技術，使之能夠運用到人類社會生活中，運用到軍事領域中，並成為智慧時代戰爭的勝利之道。

基於群體認知的集群釋能製勝，是指將一定數量的低成本、小型化、無人化作戰平台集成為一個統一的作戰集群，透過定向精準釋能，以達成共同的作戰目標。它是量變引起質變的哲學道理的全面體現，而群體認知是產生質變的根本動因。失去群體認知，集群只能是數量上的變化，難以產生作戰效果的實質變化。集群釋能之所以能夠制勝，在於它具有以量取勝的多維飽和攻擊能力、分佈式的探測與攻擊能力、高抗毀性和連續打擊能力，以及體系精準集約釋能能力，從而形成了顛覆性的致勝優勢。

集群作戰是以群體認知為基礎的，要求在快速的行動中，每一個個體應準確全面地認知自己在群體中的地位作用、位置狀態，並為所在群體或子群體提供認知能力；群體或次群體應準確且全面地認知自己內部成員的狀態，準確且全面地認知自身的狀態，並為所在群體提供認知能力。智慧時代的群體認知，讓作戰能夠模擬群聚生物的協作行為與資訊互動方式，展現出去中心化、自主化、集群復原、功能放大的集群特徵，以自主化和智能化的整體協同方式釋放作戰效能、完成作戰任務。

基於能動認知的無人自主制勝

智慧時代的戰爭，智慧無人系統將充斥著整個智慧化作戰戰場，人在戰場上的身影將越來越少，智慧無人作戰系統成為智慧化戰場的生力軍，它有著人類無法企及的能力，更強的戰場適應力、更強的武器操控能力、更強的反應速度、更強的持續作戰能力、更強的自我保護能力、更強的自我再生能力，而且沒有人類面對戰場激烈對抗所形成的心理承受壓力、血腥場景的生理反應、多愁善感的人類情感、厭戰怯戰的恐懼心理，這些都預示著未來的對抗戰場將是智慧無人作戰系統的舞台。從而，在人類整體主導下，能動地、創造性地認知戰場，使智慧無人作戰系統自由充分發揮優長與效能，成為獲取戰爭勝利的重要方法。

基於能動認知的無人自主制勝，就是要充分發揮智慧無人作戰系統在認知領域的能動作用。機器與人有著不同的思考方式、不同的行為特點，就像阿爾法零能夠開闢圍棋新紀元一樣，機器往往能夠開創人類難以探及的新空間。因此智慧時代的戰爭，在人類整體主導下，必須充分地為智慧無人作戰系統提供施展才能的廣闊天地，充分發揮其能動能力、創造能力，快速地吸取、聚焦能動認知帶來的巨大能量。

智慧無人作戰系統展現的是自我。人類的支配、機器的被動，將難以發揮智慧無人作戰系統的綜合優勢，必須在自主理念的驅動下打破智慧無人作戰系統的束縛。只要守住基本底線，讓機器在戰場上自由地搏殺，才能展現出智慧無人作戰系統精準、快速的作戰效能，才能使其在戰爭中充分發揮、自主發揮，真正全方面地釋放出智能無人作戰系統的巨大能量。

中國軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2020-03/19/content_256988.htm

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Chinese Military Strategy Unleash Cognitive Power to Gain Victory

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中國軍事戰略釋放認知力贏得勝利

現代英語：

In intelligent warfare, cognitive space is the key combat space, cognitive advantage is an important strategic advantage, and cognitive confrontation is the main form of confrontation. It can be said that “there is no war without cognition”. Cognition contains huge combat effectiveness, among which the perception system is the portal, the thinking mode is the core, and the psychological factor is the cornerstone. Improving perception efficiency, building intelligent thinking, stimulating psychological advantages, and maximizing the cognitive combat effectiveness of officers and soldiers will greatly help win intelligent warfare.

Perception effectiveness is linked to combat effectiveness

Information processing theory holds that cognition is not spontaneously generated by the brain, but requires external information input. The complex battlefield information is screened by the perception system and then processed by the brain to generate intelligence for recognizing the opponent and judging the situation. In this process, perception effectiveness is the key, which directly affects the battlefield survival rate and combat effectiveness. Samsonov, an expert on the history of World War II, said: “When the battle of Stalingrad was the most intense, a soldier could not survive on the battlefield for more than 9 minutes, and an officer could survive for 3 days.” Even though they are both soldiers, there is a big gap between the battlefield survival time of recruits and veterans. The difference in battlefield survival rate reflects the gap in perception effectiveness.

The battlefield situation is a ruthless examiner, the deadly artillery fire is a life-and-death test, and the perception efficiency is a sharp weapon for taking the test. The same test question is input into the sensory system of new recruits and veterans, and the output responses are very different: new recruits hear rumbling noises and panic, and self-rescue is still a problem, not to mention the ability to fight; veterans can hear the distance of the shells from the sound of the artillery, and can quickly hide and act decisively in the time difference between the sound of the artillery and the falling of the shells. On the battlefield where life and death are at the forefront, the perception system of combatants can only maximize their combat effectiveness if it responds “well” on the basis of “fast” and “accurate”. When war moves from the mechanization of “truth is only within the range of artillery” to the informatization and intelligence of “discovery is destruction”, facing the massive, multi-source, complex, heterogeneous and rapidly growing battlefield situation data, human perception speed and processing ability appear “dull and slow”. Intelligent “sensing nodes”, “perception systems” and “perception nerves” with sensors as the core have begun to appear, which will help combatants get out of the perception dilemma and achieve fast and effective perception and decision-making.

Intelligent perception of human-machine fusion provides powerful assistance to combat personnel, but also puts forward higher requirements. It is necessary to open up the “Ren Du Meridians” of empowerment and empowerment to improve the quality and efficiency of perception. Empowerment means to train officers and soldiers’ perception systems in all aspects, reduce the “unfamiliarity coefficient” of complex battlefield information, improve the “adaptability base”, and effectively promote the transformation of perception resources into perception capabilities in the game between perception stock and battlefield variables. Empowerment means to extend, expand and make up for human perception efficiency with the help of artificial intelligence technology. People are responsible for non-logical, fuzzy and irregular perception parts, such as prediction of unknown trends, feeling of incomplete information, and messy and irrelevant perception, so as to obtain “data beyond data, information behind information”; machines process logical, clear and regular perception parts, and use expert systems, knowledge graphs, brain-like computing and other intelligent perceptions to quickly extract high-value information from massive data, reduce the cognitive load of combat personnel, and achieve deep perception of battlefield situation.

Thinking is the underlying code for success

On the surface, military confrontation is a confrontation of hard power between the two sides, but at a deeper level, it is a contest of thinking power. In war, even the most advanced equipment is subject to a strong mind. Thinking, as the rational stage of the cognitive process, is the underlying code that determines victory in war.

The thinking of an army is the fuse that ignites its combat capability. Closed and backward thinking is like a fuse that gets damp and moldy. Even if there is a strong foundation of strength, it may not be able to fully burst out and release on the battlefield. In the late Qing Dynasty, China had the largest number of soldiers in the world and the strongest Beiyang Navy in Asia. The material strength to resist invasion was still vulnerable. “Backward thinking” led to the painful lesson of “backwardness will be beaten”. After World War I, Britain, France and Germany developed mechanized weapons and equipment almost simultaneously. When the German army was determined to use the “blitzkrieg” theory to guide mechanized warfare, the British and French armies adhered to the concept of positional warfare, so there was the tragedy of the German army sweeping across the battlefields of Western Europe in the early days of World War II. One in China and one outside, one far and one near, all reveal a truth: every era has its own war form and a matching thinking mode. Whoever occupies the commanding heights of thinking can seize the opportunity to win. In order to take the initiative in future intelligent warfare, we must boldly change our thinking and always focus on the horizon where the mast has just emerged.

Good thinking: Look up at the stars and build a military technology thinking system. Engels said that when the wave of technological revolution is surging around, we need to update and braver minds. In the face of the increasingly approaching intelligent war, if we cannot get rid of the path dependence and cognitive inertia of mechanized thinking in time, we will be like Poland during World War II. Facing the “armored torrent” of the German army, we were reluctant to give up the “world’s largest” cavalry. Not only were we defeated on the battlefield, but we will also be eliminated by the times. To adapt to intelligent warfare, we should keep a close eye on the leading and cutting-edge directions of military science and technology development, break the barriers of thinking, step out of the cognitive “comfort zone”, focus on building a military technology thinking system, and enhance the sensitivity, cognition, and understanding of forward-looking, strategic, and disruptive technologies and new tactics that may be hatched from them.

Good use: Be down-to-earth and promote the implementation of military technology thinking. Advanced technology should be in the hands of good users. On the basis of renewing the old and embracing the new in thinking mode, we should accelerate the innovation of scientific and technological knowledge and the improvement of scientific and technological literacy, continue to promote the application of main combat equipment technology, improve the coupling and control degree between people and intelligent weapons, explore the potential of equipment and the “optimal solution” of technology, and “secondary empowerment” for the release of weapon technology value.

Changeability: Seek change and innovation, and foresee the future in the activation of thinking. Douhet, the father of “air supremacy”, said that victory only smiles on those who can foresee the changes in the characteristics of war, not on those who wait for changes to happen before adapting. Military revolution is like a 100-meter hurdle race. When the starting gun sounds, whoever stops before the solidified thinking will lose the race. War will not remain unchanged, and thinking cannot be done once and for all. Only by taking the future as the orientation, accelerating the activation of thinking with a spirit of daily innovation and a diligent attitude, can the road to future victory be illuminated by the light of foresight.

The focus of the competition is psychological balance

Intelligent warfare is not only a “core war” but also a “psychological war”. During the Iraq War, the US military deployed more than 200 psychologists, psychologists and psychiatrists to participate in psychological warfare. They targeted the psychological weaknesses, blind spots and sensitive points of the Iraqi army, and used the pervasive information “ammunition” and ubiquitous network “transmitters” to complete the “bloodless” psychological manipulation in silence. To adapt to the “heart” characteristics of intelligent warfare, there must be an overall design of “strong equipment” and “strong heart” to build together, and the construction of steel platforms and psychological platforms to support each other, as well as local efforts to break through single points, increase the use of “smart +” technology in the cultivation of fighting spirit, psychological assessment, and psychological training, improve the contribution rate of information and intelligent technology, and constantly sharpen the psychological advantages of participants.

“Use soft to overcome hard” and strengthen the cultivation of fighting spirit. Engels said that guns will not move by themselves, and they need brave hearts and strong hands to use them. Psychological checks and balances are wars without gunpowder smoke, and the essence is still the contest of material forces supported by spiritual power. To win this war, more steel and more spirit are needed. We should actively try to use intelligent technology to strengthen psychological advantages, use technology to boost morale, and use morale to multiply capabilities. Improve cognitive emotions, enhance will quality, and comprehensively improve soft killing capabilities.

“Test people” and strengthen psychological assessment. The practice of assessing and selecting soldiers has existed since ancient times. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the athletic ability of young recruits was tested to see whether they could wear armor and carry out military activities. Those who could were called “victorious clothes” and those who could not were called “unvictorious clothes”. In modern wars, psychological confrontation is surging. We should actively play the role of psychological assessment, scientifically carry out stress psychological adjustment, and reduce the occurrence of combat stress reactions. With the help of artificial intelligence technology, such as face recognition and emotional analysis big data, facial expressions, sight directions, and eye contact times are captured and recorded to identify the internal psychological state and behavioral characteristics of officers and soldiers. Based on the assessment results, psychological adjustment should be made throughout the whole process, at all times, and in all dimensions. Psychological prevention should be done before the war, and officers and soldiers with substandard mental health should be found early, and “emotional impurities” and “psychological blockages” should be eliminated in time; psychological regulation should be done well during the war to ensure that the psychological state of the participants is maintained at the best level of combat, reduce wartime stress reactions, and improve battlefield survival rate and combat effectiveness; psychological recovery should be done well after the war to assist officers and soldiers in achieving a smooth transition between wartime and peacetime psychological states.

“Training to strengthen the heart” means strengthening psychological training. Clausewitz pointed out that the bravery of soldiers is different from the bravery of ordinary people. The bravery of ordinary people is a natural quality, while the bravery of soldiers can be cultivated through exercise and training. Winning intelligent wars urgently requires the empowerment of psychological training. We should establish the concept of psychological training to produce combat effectiveness, make full use of artificial intelligence means such as computer vision, human-computer interaction, and virtual reality technology to build a high-stress environment for the virtual battlefield, carry out immersive relaxation training, battlefield psychological adaptability, psychological endurance, and psychological stability training. Through these trainings, we help the combatants to effectively enhance their psychological resilience and stimulate their psychological potential by experiencing the battlefield environment in advance again and again, and prevent the occurrence of psychological damage in war.

(Author’s unit: Air Force Engineering University)

國語中文：

在智慧化戰爭中，認知空間是重點作戰空間，認知優勢是重要戰略優勢，認知對抗是主要對抗形式，可謂「無認知不戰爭」。認知中蘊含著巨大戰鬥力，其中感知系統是門戶，思考模式是核心，心理因素是基石。提升感知效能、建構智慧思維、激發心理優勢，最大限度釋放官兵認知戰力，對打贏智能化戰爭大有裨益。

感知效能連著作戰效能

資訊加工理論認為，認知不是大腦自發性產生的，需要外在資訊輸入。紛雜的戰場資訊經感知系統篩選，再由大腦加工產生用於認知對手、判斷情勢的情報。在這個過程中，感知效能是關鍵，它直接影響戰場存活率和作戰效能的發揮。二戰史專家薩姆索諾夫說：「史達林格勒戰役戰鬥最激烈的時候，一名士兵在戰場上存活時間不超過9分鐘，軍官是3天。」同樣是士兵，新兵與老兵的戰場存活時間也有較大距離。戰場存活率的差異，折射出感知效能的差距。

戰場態勢是無情考官，致命砲火是生死考題，感知效能是應考利器。同一道測驗輸入新兵和老兵的感覺系統，輸出的反應雲泥之別：新兵聽到的是隆隆巨響和驚慌恐懼，自救尚成問題，更別提作戰之力；老兵則能從砲聲中聽出砲彈落點的遠近，能在砲聲和砲彈落下的時間差裡迅速隱蔽，果斷行動。生死一線的戰場，作戰人員的感知系統只有在「快」「準」的基礎上做出「好」的反應，才能最大限度地發揮作戰效能。當戰爭從「真理只在大砲射程之內」的機械化步入「發現即摧毀」的資訊化智能化，面對海量、多源、複雜、異構且快速增長的戰場態勢數據，人類的感知速度和處理能力顯得「愚鈍遲緩」。以感測器為核心的智慧「感觸節點」「感知系統」「感知神經」開始出現，有助於作戰人員走出感知困境，實現快速有效地感知、決策。

人機融合智能感知為作戰人員提供了強大輔助，同時也提出了更高要求，需要打通增能與賦能的“任督二脈”，為感知效能增質提效。增能，就是要全方位訓練官兵的感知系統，降低對戰場複雜信息的“陌生係數”，提升“適應底數”，在感知存量與戰場變量博弈中，有效促進感知資源向感知能力轉化。賦能，就是藉力人工智慧技術延伸、拓展、彌補人的感知效能。人負責非邏輯、模糊、無規可循的感知部分，例如不明趨勢的預測、殘缺訊息的感覺、雜亂無關的知覺，以便獲得「數據之外的數據，訊息背後的訊息」；機器處理有邏輯、清晰、有規可循的感知部分，利用專家系統、知識圖譜、類腦運算等智慧感知，從大量資料中快速擷取高價值訊息，減輕作戰人員認知負荷，實現戰場態勢深度感知。

思考是製勝底層密碼

軍事對抗表面上看來是雙方硬實力的對抗，深層看則是思維力的較量。戰爭中，再先進的裝備也要受制於強大的頭腦，思維作為認識過程的理性階段，是決定戰爭制勝的底層密碼。

一支軍隊的思維是點燃作戰能力的引線。思維封閉落後，如同引線受潮發黴，就算有強大的實力基礎，也未必能在戰場上充分迸發釋放。晚清中國，兵員數量世界之最，北洋水師亞洲最強，空有抵禦入侵的物質力量仍不堪一擊，「思維落後」引發「落後就要挨打」的慘痛教訓。一戰後，英、法、德三國幾乎同步發展機械化武器裝備。當德軍決心以「閃電戰」理論指導機械化戰爭時，英法兩軍卻固守陣地戰理念，於是就有了二戰初期德軍橫掃西歐戰場的悲劇。一中一外，一遠一近，無不揭示一個道理：每個時代都有自己的戰爭形態和與之相匹配的思維模式，誰佔據思維制高點，誰就能搶佔制勝先機。要想在未來智慧化戰爭中佔據主動，必須大膽變革思維，始終把目光聚焦在桅杆剛冒出的地平線。

善思：仰望星空，建構軍事技術思維體系。恩格斯說，當科技革命的浪潮正在四周洶湧澎湃的時候，我們需要更新更勇敢的頭腦。面對日益走近的智能化戰爭，如果不能及時擺脫機械化思維的路徑依賴和認知慣性，就會像二戰時期的波蘭一樣，面對德軍的「裝甲洪流」捨不得放棄「世界上規模最大」的騎兵，不僅敗在戰場，也終將被時代淘汰。適應智慧化戰爭，就應緊盯軍事科技發展的主導和前沿方向，打破思維藩籬，走出認知“舒適區”，聚向發力構建軍事技術思維體系，增強對前瞻性、戰略性、顛覆性技術以及由此可能孵化出的新戰法的敏銳度、認知力、理解力。

善用：腳踏實地，推動軍事技術思維落地。要讓先進技術掌握在善用者手上，在思維模式吐故納新的基礎上，加快科技知識推陳出新和科技素養破舊立新，持續推進主戰裝備技術應用，提高人與智能化武器的耦合度、駕馭度，探索裝備潛能和技術“最優解”，為武器技術價值的釋放“二次賦能”。

善變：求變求新，在思考活化中預見未來。 「制空權」之父杜黑說，勝利只向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑，而不是向那些等待變化發生才去適應的人微笑。軍事革命就像百公尺跨欄，發令槍一響，誰在固化的思維前停留，誰就會輸掉比賽。戰爭不會一成不變，思維不能一勞永逸，只有以未來為導向，以日新精神、精進態度加速思維活化，未來制勝之路才能被前瞻之光照亮。

較量重點在於心理制衡

智能化戰爭是「芯戰」更是「心戰」。伊拉克戰爭中，美軍抽調200多位心理學家、心理醫師和精神科專家參加心理戰。他們錨定伊軍心理弱點、心理盲點、心理敏感點，利用無孔不入的信息“彈藥”以及無處不在的網絡“發射器”，在無聲無息中完成“兵不血刃”的心理操控。適應智慧化戰爭「心」特點，既要有「強力」和「強心」齊抓共建、鋼鐵平台和心理平台建設互為支撐的全局設計，也要有單點突破的局部發力，加大「智慧+」技術在戰鬥精神培養、心理評測、心理訓練中的運用，提升資訊、智慧科技的貢獻率，不斷砥礪參戰人員的心理優勢。

“以軟硬”，加強戰鬥精神培育。恩格斯說，槍自己是不會動的，需要有勇敢的心和強而有力的手來使用它們。心理制衡是沒有硝煙的戰爭，本質仍是精神力量支撐下的物質力量的較量。打贏這場戰爭，鋼多氣更要多。應積極嘗試借助智慧化技術強化心理優勢，用技術提振士氣，用士氣倍增能力。改善認知情緒、增強意志特質，全面提升軟殺傷能力。

“以測識人”，加強心理測評。測評選拔士兵的做法古已有之。春秋時期測查前來徵兵青年的運動能力，就是看能否穿著甲胄進行軍事活動，能者稱“勝衣”，不能者稱“不勝衣”。現代戰爭心理對抗闇潮湧動，應積極發揮心理測評作用，科學進行壓力心理調適，減少戰鬥壓力反應的發生。借助人工智慧技術，諸如人臉辨識、情緒分析大數據等，捕捉記錄臉部表情、視線方向、眼神對視訊次，鑑別官兵內在心理狀態和行為特徵。依據評估結果，做好全程全時全維度的心理調適。戰前做好心理預防，早發現心理健康不達標的官兵，及時排除「情緒雜質」和「心理淤堵」；戰中做好心理調控，確保參戰人員的心理狀態維持在最佳應戰水平，降低戰時壓力反應，提高戰場生存率與戰鬥力的發揮；戰後做好心理恢復，協助官兵實現戰時與平時心理狀態的平穩轉換。

“以訓強心”，加強心理訓練。克勞塞維茨指出，軍人的勇敢不同於一般人的勇敢，一般人的勇敢是一種天賦的特質，而軍人的勇敢可以透過運動和訓練培養出來。打贏智能化戰爭迫切需要心理訓練的賦能，應建立心理訓練出戰鬥力的理念，充分運用電腦視覺、人機互動、虛擬實境技術等人工智慧手段建構虛擬戰場高壓力環境，開展沉浸式放鬆訓練，戰場心理適應性、心理承受力、心理穩定訓練等。透過這些訓練，幫助參戰人員在一次次提前感受戰場環境中有效增強心理彈性、激發心理潛能，並預防戰爭心理損傷的發生。

（作者單位：空軍工程大學）

中國軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-08/31/content_297988.htm

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Understanding Chinese Military Information Support Force

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了解中國軍事資訊保障部隊

現代英語翻譯：

On April 19, 2024, the founding ceremony of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Information Support Force was grandly held in the Beijing Bayi Building. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the Information Support Force and delivered a speech. What kind of force is the information support force? What is the structure and layout of the new military service? What tasks does it perform? In response to these issues, the editor has compiled some official information, let’s study together.

What kind of force is the Information Support Force? The adjustment and establishment of the information support force is a major decision made by the CPC Central Committee and the Central Military Commission based on the overall cause of strengthening the military . It is a strategic measure to build a new type of military structure and layout and improve the modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. It has important and far-reaching significance for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the army and effectively fulfilling the mission and tasks of the people’s army in the new era.The information support force is a newly created strategic branch of the military. It is the key support for the overall construction and use of network information systems . It plays an important role and has heavy responsibilities in promoting the high-quality development of our military and winning modern wars.

What is the structural layout of the new military services?After this reform, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army has generally formed a new military structure layout, including the army, navy, air force, rocket force and other services under the leadership and command of the Central Military Commission , as well as military aerospace forces, cyberspace forces, information support forces, and joint logistics support forces .

The main responsibilities of the four independent arms

Military aerospace forces: responsible for space strategic support missions, improving our military’s space situational awareness, space target monitoring and space information transmission capabilities.

Cyberspace Forces: Responsible for cyberspace strategic support tasks, improving our military’s cyberspace situational awareness, cyber attack defense and cyberspace combat capabilities.

Information support forces: Coordinate the construction and use of network information systems to improve our military’s ability to obtain, transmit, process and utilize information. Enhance situational awareness, command and control, and coordinated combat capabilities, so that our military has informationized combat advantages. Strengthen information protection, ensure information security, and improve our military’s ability to resist network attacks.

Joint Logistics Support Force: Responsible for logistics support tasks, improving our military’s logistics support capabilities and wartime logistics support capabilities. Strengthen capabilities in material supply, medical rescue, engineering support, etc. to ensure that our military can win the battle.

What are the significance and requirements of building a modern information support force?In his speech, Xi Jinping emphasized that the information support force is a newly created strategic branch of the military. It is a key support for the overall construction and use of network information systems. It plays an important role and has heavy responsibilities in promoting the high-quality development of our military and winning modern wars. The following picture will help you understand the role and requirements of modern information support forces.

現代國語：

中國軍事資源：https//www.81it.com/2024/0520/14988.html