中國特色強軍之路 深化改革之路

現代英語：

From November 24 to 26, 2015, the world-renowned deepening of national defense and military reform was officially launched, opening the curtain for our army to seize the strategic commanding heights of future military competition. This is the most revolutionary military reform of the People’s Liberation Army in 60 years. The reform is unprecedented in its force, structure and scope.

Give full play to the advantages of the socialist military system with Chinese characteristics

Ren Tianyou

A new round of reforms in our military has begun. With the establishment of the joint command system, theater system, and service construction and management system, China’s military reform is taking a key step forward with a new attitude. What is different from the past is that this is a comprehensive reform with the leadership and command system as the core, a “reform above the neck”, with unprecedented determination, unprecedented action, unprecedented benefits, and unprecedented risks.

In carrying out top-down reform, our army’s greatest advantage lies in the system. This reform starts from the headquarters, services, military regions and other high-level leadership organs of the army, starting from the “brain” and “center” of the army. The reason why we bravely cross the shoals and why we are full of confidence is the advantage of the socialist military system with Chinese characteristics.

The core of giving full play to the advantages of the socialist military system with Chinese characteristics is to uphold the absolute leadership of the Party over the military. If this point is not seen, the reform will make the mistake of purely military perspectives; if this point is not adhered to, it will not be able to gather motivation and innovation in the face of difficulties, and the reform will eventually become a building on gravel, which cannot withstand the battle on the battlefield and the test of history. To uphold the absolute leadership of the Party over the military is to resolutely implement the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi, break through various ideological obstacles to build consensus, and obey orders regardless of personal gains and losses and local interests. Only in this way can the military reform overcome numerous difficulties and reach the other side of victory.

Reform is a process of interest adjustment. The obstacles to military reform in ancient and modern times, both in China and abroad, also highlight the threshold of interests. It is easy to defeat the thief in the mountains, but it is difficult to defeat the thief in the heart. Compared with people’s subjective consciousness, under the new era conditions, more attention should be paid to breaking the obstacles to reforming the old system by improving the system and the legal system. The rule of law should be used to ensure the coordination of the resources of the whole army and realize the concentration of forces for reform; the rule of law should be used to withdraw and merge to reduce the space for backward combat forces and make room for new combat forces; the rule of law should be used to ensure the smooth operation of the new leadership and command system and strongly eliminate the interference from local interests and personal interests.

Who can successfully implement reforms and who can successfully manage risks are the major issues that determine the fate of reforms. As Engels said, “When the wave of technological revolution is surging around, it is no good to let these conservative prejudices dominate the army. We need newer and braver minds.” Since the Gulf War, the US military has continuously produced talented generals, from Boyd to Owens, from Powell to Ramosfeld, theorists and practitioners have emerged in an endless stream, either relying on their achievements on the battlefield or being selected through the survival of the fittest in theory. For this reason, if the talent selection rules are not refreshed, the reform may remain in the trap of “old wine in new bottles” where “old heads” monopolize new positions.

Chairman Mao Zedong said that our army matures quickly in war. This is because our army always takes the initiative to reform and forges a path to victory at the critical moment of life and death. Looking back at history, our army’s reform is often not a calm and unhurried process, but a desperate outbreak under external threats and internal pressure. The “Three Bays Reform” started with a team of less than a thousand people in the repeated failures of urban riots, and the streamlining of the army and government was carried out in the heavy siege of the Japanese invaders’ “Three Alls” policy and iron wall encirclement. Today’s reform of our army is taking place under the hegemonic countries’ flaunting of maritime hegemony and military provocations, and it is set sail in the Japanese right-wing forces’ eagerness to shake the peace constitution and then plot to subvert the post-war international order. It shoulders the mission of defending national territorial sovereignty and maintaining world peace, and it cannot tolerate delay, carelessness, or retreat. At the same time, it should be seen that this military reform is based on the country’s economic take-off and is a leap forward standing on the solid shoulders of scientific and technological innovation. The opportunity is rare and should not be missed.

(The author is the director of the Strategic Education and Research Department of the National Defense University and a major general)

(Excerpt from Guangming Daily, December 23, 2015)

Military reform: a charge to seize strategic commanding heights

Lu Jianyong Wang Xueping

Build a joint combat command organization and launch a combined attack

Information warfare is a game between systems and systems, and systems and systems. The way of winning by fighting alone has no place. In the ever-changing information battlefield, whether the various services can closely coordinate to form a joint force depends on the joint operations command organization. Looking at the armies of the powerful countries in the world today, all of them have the ability to win information warfare by building a strong joint operations command organization. After the end of the Cold War, the US military immediately began to adjust and build the leadership and command system of the headquarters, and the same is true for the armies of Russia, Britain, France and other countries. This major reform of our army, standing at the commanding heights of the world, can be said to be a global vision and strategic thinking. By 2020, we must “strive to build a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics that can win information warfare and effectively fulfill missions and tasks.” The leadership and management system and the joint operations command system are designed as a whole, and “joint operations command organizations are established”, and efforts are made to build a “combat command system of the Military Commission-theater-troops”. The joint command organization has made its debut, making the “central nervous system” of the army more efficient and flexible, as shown in the following:

Strengthened unified command. The military is an armed force group with special missions and tasks. Its special nature requires a highly unified command. President Xi Jinping stressed that “we must focus on implementing the requirements of political military construction under the new situation, promote the organic unity of leadership and control of the troops and efficient command of the troops, and form a pattern in which the CMC is in charge of overall affairs, the theater commands are responsible for combat, and the services are responsible for construction.” The so-called CMC is in charge of overall affairs, which means “strengthening the centralized and unified leadership of the CMC, and better concentrating the highest leadership and command of the military in the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission”, so that the military will always listen to the Party.

Reduced levels of command. Modern warfare is about speed. Without the rapid decision-making and command of the command organs and the rapid response of the troops, there will be no initiative on the battlefield. The CMC and the theater directly command the troops, and the command chain is greatly compressed. The will and determination of the command level are transformed into troop actions in the shortest path, which can effectively seize the initiative on the battlefield in a rapidly changing battlefield.

Achieved efficiency and effectiveness. A bloated and inefficient leadership and command structure not only makes it difficult for the military machine to operate efficiently and quickly, but also makes it easier for a powerful enemy to “attack wherever it points to.” Building a three-level command system of “CMC, theater, and troops” can effectively achieve high efficiency in combat command through the streamlining and reorganization of organs and clear division of functions.

Establish the Army Department, divide the war zones, and plan for war

For a long time, the leadership and command system of our army has been imperfect. The army’s construction, management and leadership functions are performed by various departments of the headquarters, resulting in overlapping command and management functions of the army, multiple policies and mutual constraints. This is not only not conducive to the top-level design and systematic planning of army construction, but also puts too much burden on the headquarters. The huge and repeated establishment of military district organs also leads to conflicts and dual weakening of command and management functions. These problems have seriously affected the overall construction of the army as a service, and restricted the formation and performance of the joint combat command functions of the headquarters and theater. At present, the armies of major countries in the world have established army headquarters, which are responsible for various tasks of the construction of their own services, including personnel and administrative management, education and training, military scientific research, military mobilization, weapons and equipment, and logistics support. In this military reform of our army, President Xi Jinping, based on a scientific judgment of my country’s security situation and in line with the general trend of the world’s military revolution, pointed out that deepening the reform of national defense and the army should “focus on solving the institutional obstacles, structural contradictions, and policy issues that restrict national defense and army building, promote the modernization of the army’s organizational form, further liberate and develop combat effectiveness, further liberate and enhance the vitality of the army, and build a consolidated national defense and a strong army that is commensurate with my country’s international status and compatible with national security and development interests”. Some military experts analyzed that the establishment of the Army Department in this military reform will make the army more aware of its military services. The strengthening of the top-level design of the army’s construction and development can fundamentally solve the problems of our army’s large number and scale, unreasonable proportion of arms, long and short leadership and command system, and excessive non-combat units. A sensitive, synthetic, multi-functional, and efficient army with Chinese characteristics will stand in the east of the world. The transformation of military regions into theaters of war is even more significant.

First, the theater is dedicated to fighting wars and is a complete regional combat organization. In the future, our army will have a clearer idea of ​​”what kind of war to fight and how to fight it”, and forward-looking war design will also drive and guide the development of military construction and promote the leap in the combat effectiveness of the troops. Second, the transformation of military regions into theaters is not only a reorganization of the leadership and command institutions, but also a more efficient and effective leadership and command level, and also makes military struggle preparations more targeted. At the same time, the institutionalization and normalization of theater joint training ensures that peacetime training is connected with future wars.

Establish the Military Commission’s Discipline Inspection Commission and the Political and Legal Commission to keep the military flag forever bright red

Our army has grown from nothing to something, from small to large, from weak to strong, and from victory to victory. Adhering to the absolute leadership of the Party over the army and strictly governing the army are the fundamental guarantees. This military reform is a historical opportunity for our army to catch up and overtake in the new round of military revolution. It is even more necessary to pave the way and escort it by governing the army according to law and strictly governing the army. President Xi Jinping pointed out that “we should focus on deepening the rule of law and strict governance of the army, grasp the key of governing power, and build a strict system of constraints and supervision on the exercise of power”. “Focus on solving the problem of insufficient independence and authority of military discipline inspection, inspection, audit, justice, and supervision, and strive to eradicate the soil for the breeding and spread of corruption by weaving a tight cage of the system. Establish a new Military Commission Discipline Inspection Commission, send discipline inspection teams to the Military Commission organs and theaters respectively, and promote the implementation of the dual leadership system of the Discipline Inspection Commission. Adjust and establish the Military Commission Audit Office, and implement all resident audits. Establish a new Military Commission Political and Legal Affairs Commission, adjust the military judicial system, set up military courts and military procuratorates according to regions, and ensure that they exercise their powers independently and impartially in accordance with the law.”

Optimize the force structure of the armed forces and make a leap forward in “combat effectiveness”

The military force structure in which the three armed forces revolve around the army and the army revolves around the heavy-armed forces is no longer suitable for the three-dimensional, speedy and wide-area needs of modern warfare. Looking at the military reforms of major countries in the world today, all of them seek combat effectiveness through structural reorganization, especially by drastically reducing the strength of outdated arms and accelerating the development of new combat forces, so that the army can stand at the forefront of military reform. For example, focus on the development of technical arms and arms with strong assault power, accelerate the construction of rapid reaction forces, light armored forces, special operations forces and army aviation, etc., to meet the needs of information warfare, system warfare and speed warfare. In addition, the “breaking the boundaries of military arms and creating integrated forces” in the military of some countries has also become a major trend in the development of troop formations. For example, the joint expeditionary force formed by the US military includes army divisions, naval aircraft carrier battle groups, Marine Corps units (subunits) and air force fighter wings. At this military reform meeting, President Xi Jinping emphasized that “we should focus on building elite combat forces, optimize the scale structure and troop formation, and promote the transformation of our army from quantity and scale to quality and efficiency.” We must “adjust and improve the proportion of military services, optimize the force structure of the military services, reform the troop composition according to the security needs and combat missions in different directions, and promote the development of troop composition in the direction of enrichment, synthesis, versatility and flexibility.” This clearly points out that the key to building the combat effectiveness of our army must be to firmly grasp the optimization of the military structure.

First, we should optimize the force structure of the services, accelerate the development of the navy and air force, and appropriately reduce the size of the army, so that our military force structure can effectively respond to the informationized local wars that may be launched from the sea in the future. Second, we should optimize the force structure of the services, reduce and eliminate obsolete forces, accelerate the development of new combat forces, and make the proportion of each service more reasonable. Third, we should optimize the organization of the troops, focus on the needs of diversified military tasks, build multi-type troops that can meet different directions and different threats, and improve the pertinence of military struggle preparations.

(Excerpt from Study Times, December 10, 2015)

The connotation and requirements of our army’s distinctive joint culture

Li Fengbiao

Xi Jinping pointed out: “A cause without cultural support is difficult to sustain for a long time.” As a special military culture, joint culture is the concept and behavior formed by joint command personnel in military practice regarding the knowledge system, value orientation, thinking method, moral norms and psychological awareness of joint operations. It is an important “soft power” that nourishes and enhances joint combat capabilities.

Loyalty, reliability, centralization and unity. Adhering to the absolute leadership of the Party over the military is not only the fundamental magic weapon for our military to defeat the enemy, but also the greatest advantage and feature of our military’s advanced culture. In modern information-based joint operations, political factors are more prominent, the participating forces are more diverse, the organization and command are more complex, and the coordination requirements are more stringent. To organically aggregate highly dispersed combat elements, combat units, and combat systems to form a strong combat capability, we must also have unswerving faith and centralized and unified leadership.

Reform and innovation, information dominance. In today’s era, reform and innovation are the spiritual driving force for accelerating military construction, and information dominance is the key concept for winning military games. The two will inevitably constitute the most distinctive contemporary characteristics of joint culture. In particular, through the practice of informatized local wars in recent years and the development trend of the new military revolution, it is not difficult to find that informatization has not only made traditional intelligence warfare forces, electronic warfare forces, and command and control forces more powerful, but also spawned new combat forces such as cyber warfare and psychological warfare. Information dominance is no longer just a purely technical concept, but has gradually become a new concept to guide the military transformation of various countries’ armies.

Flexible, autonomous, and systemic operations. Our army has always emphasized flexible and maneuverable strategies and tactics, which is an important magic weapon for leveraging strengths and avoiding weaknesses and attacking the enemy’s soft spots, and provides an important reference for our army’s joint culture. In the era of information warfare, the enemy and our offensive and defensive battles are rapidly changing, and the battlefield situation is changing rapidly. In particular, the significant characteristics of platform operations, system support, tactical operations, and strategic guarantees provide a solid foundation and broad space for giving full play to our army’s “live” advantages. To develop our army’s joint culture, we must correctly apply the basic principles of joint operations, integrate our army’s strategies and tactics into the multi-dimensional integrated force system of land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet, and transform them into strategic guidance, tactical thinking, and command art for future joint operations. You fight yours, I fight mine, and you attack others without being attacked by others, forming an asymmetric advantage, and always mastering the strategic and operational initiative.

Integration of peacetime and wartime, comprehensive integration. In the face of the current severe test of responding to multiple security threats and completing diversified military tasks, to develop our military’s joint culture, we must not only timely transform and cultivate new ideas for preparing for war, infiltrate and reflect the scientific methods of joint operations in all areas of planning and guiding the construction of troops, coordinate and allocate various resources, and improve the level of troops built in peacetime according to joint operations standards; we must also focus on enhancing the system combat capability based on information systems in wartime, give full play to the role of information technology, use system engineering methods, integrate various subsystems and subsystems that generate combat effectiveness into an organic whole, and strive to make the integration of armed forces, military organization, command and control, and combat elements a conscious practice, so as to maximize the cohesion of combat capabilities and release combat energy.

Unity and cooperation, joint victory. Uniting as one for the common revolutionary ideal, fighting side by side, and striving for victory have always been the value concept of our army to defeat powerful enemies. Under the conditions of informatization, the rapid development of science and technology has not only unprecedentedly improved the combat capabilities of various elements, but also made the battlefield situation extremely complicated. Only by strengthening the value concept of joint victory, focusing on the linkage of systems and systems, complementary advantages, dynamic coordination, sincere unity, and efficient elite troops, can we win the greatest victory at the lowest cost. To develop the joint culture of our army, we must highlight unity and cooperation, and joint victory, actively build a concept of victory, honor, interests, and gains and losses that are consistent with joint operations, thoroughly break the constraints of the interests of the military and arms and the narrow local concepts, and consciously cultivate a joint spirit of independent coordination, conscious cooperation, and cross-linking and interaction, so that various combat forces can be optimally combined and seamlessly linked, demonstrating effectiveness and winning together.

(The author is the deputy commander of the Chengdu Military Region)

(Excerpt from the Liberation Army Daily, December 23, 2015)

Russia and the United States: Cultivating military talents for joint operations

Tian Yiwei

Comprehensively cultivating joint operations command talents, joint operations information training management talents, and joint operations information technology professionals, and promoting the construction of a high-quality joint operations talent team is a basic way to promote the formation of joint operations capabilities at the cultural level in the military reforms of countries around the world.

The Russian military has made the training of joint combat talents a priority in the development of military culture. It believes that military academies are the bases for the training of military talents and the cradle of joint culture, and they play a leading and exemplary role in the development of joint culture. In order to expand the knowledge structure of students, enhance mutual understanding between the military services, and eliminate “partisanship”, the Russian military has carried out major reforms in the military education system, strengthened the construction of the elementary, intermediate and advanced joint education system, and improved the joint combat command capability throughout the education process. At the end of 2008, the Russian military began to fully integrate the military education system. As Russian President Putin pointed out: “Military education is undergoing major reforms. We are setting up 10 large scientific research and teaching centers. All of these institutions are built in a strict vertical system and provide officers with opportunities to continuously improve their professional level based on their service. In this regard, we rely on our own traditions and draw on practical experience from around the world.”

The Education Department of the Russian Ministry of Defense revealed that in order to continuously improve the joint combat literacy of officers at all levels, the role of on-the-job short-term training will be fully utilized in the future, the knowledge structure of the officer team will be updated in a timely manner, and officers will be ensured to become high-level professionals who master modern technology. The Russian military has also opened information-based joint combat lectures at senior and intermediate military academies, and revised the teaching syllabus to make the teaching content of the academies closer to the reality of modern warfare. The Russian General Staff Military Academy organized joint combat seminars to improve the students’ information-based joint combat command capabilities and create composite commanders who are proficient in joint culture. The experience of the Russian military in strengthening the training of joint command talents tells us that it is necessary to incorporate integrated joint combat education and training based on information systems into the training of commanders, so that commanders can receive education and training on “integrated joint combat” as planned in primary and intermediate command positions, so that they can master relevant knowledge and skills before entering senior command positions and have a certain degree of joint literacy. The superb art of joint combat command has accumulated the profound heritage of joint culture and depicted the profound imprint of joint culture. It runs through the entire process of the growth of joint combat talents, penetrates into all aspects of the growth of joint combat talents, affects the thinking mode, values, mental model and behavioral habits of joint combat talents, is a catalyst and multiplier for the forging of joint combat talents, and fundamentally determines the quality and level of joint combat talent training.

In actual training, the armies of many countries in the world emphasize that all services and units should give priority to joint training, focus on cultivating commanders’ awareness and ability of coordination across services, arms, and departments, and emphasize instilling “instinctive joint thinking” in soldiers from the beginning of basic individual training, so that commanders and soldiers can fully realize that they are members of the joint force and part of the overall combat force, and consciously think about problems and take actions from a joint perspective. Taking the joint operations of the US military as an example, after going through the two stages of eliminating conflicts between services and bridging gaps between services, the US military is now in the stage of seamless integration of multi-service capabilities and is developing towards cohesive joint operations.

(The author is the political assistant of the Foreign Military Department of the Academy of Military Sciences)

(Excerpt from Reference News on December 28, 2015)

Source: Red Flag Digest Magazine, Issue 2, 2016

現代國語：

編者以 2015年11月24日至26日，備受世界矚目的深化國防和軍事改革正式啟動，拉開了我軍搶佔未來軍事競爭戰略制高點的大幕。這是人民解放軍60年來撼動性最強的一次軍改，改革推進力度之大、調整結構之多、影響範圍之廣，可謂前所未有。

發揮中國特色社會主義軍事制度優勢

任天佑

我軍新一輪改革大幕已經拉開。隨著聯合指揮體制、戰區體制、軍種建設管理體制的確立，中國軍事變革正以嶄新姿態邁出關鍵一步。與以往不同的是，這是以領導指揮系統為核心的全面改革，是“脖子以上的改革”，改革決心之大前所未有，改革動作之大前所未有，改革效益之大前所未有，改革風險之大也前所未有。

進行自上而下的改革，我軍最大的優勢在製度。這次改革從總部、軍種、軍區這些軍隊的高層領率機關開始，從軍隊「大腦」和「中樞」起步。我們憑什麼勇涉險灘，憑什麼充滿自信，憑的是中國特色社會主義軍事制度優勢。

發揮中國特色社會主義軍事制度優勢，核心在於堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導。不看到這條，改革就會犯單純軍事觀點的毛病；不堅持這一點，就會在攻堅克難面前凝聚不起動力和創新力，最終讓改革變成沙礫上建樓房，經不起戰場上的較量，經不起歷史的檢驗。堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導，就是要堅決貫徹黨中央、中央軍委和習主席的決策部署，衝破各種思想障礙以凝聚共識，不計個人得失、局部利益而聽令而行。惟如此，軍事改革才能突破千難萬險，到達勝利的彼岸。

改革是利益調整的過程，古今中外軍事改革的阻礙也突顯在利益這道門檻上。破山中賊易，破心中賊難。與人的主觀自覺性相比，新的時代條件下，更應著重於透過完善製度法制，破除改革舊體制的攔路虎。以法治化確保全軍資源的統籌力，實現集中力量辦改革；以法治化撤併壓縮落後作戰力量空間，為新型作戰力量騰籠換鳥；以法治化保障新型領導指揮系統的平穩運行，強力破除來自局部利益、個人利益的干擾。

什麼人才能成功執行改革，什麼人才能成功駕馭風險，這是決定改革命運的大事。正如恩格斯所說：「當科技革命的浪潮正在四周洶湧澎湃的時候，讓這些保守的偏見在軍隊中佔統治地位，是沒有好處的。我們需要更新、更勇敢的頭腦。」海灣戰爭以來，美軍不斷湧現悍將乾才，從博伊德到歐文斯，從鮑威爾到拉莫斯菲爾德，理論家、實戰家層出不窮，不是在戰場上靠戰績打拼出來，便是在理論上優勝劣汰而來。為此，不刷新人才選拔規則，改革就可能停留在「舊腦殼」壟斷新位置的「新瓶裝舊酒」陷阱。

毛澤東主席說，我們這支軍隊在戰爭中成熟得快。這是因為我軍總是在生死存亡的關頭以主動變革闖出勝利之路。回顧歷史，我軍改革往往不是水到渠成般的從容不迫，而是在外有威脅、內有壓力下的絕地爆發。 「三灣改編」是在城市暴動的屢屢失敗中從不足千人的隊伍起步的，精兵簡政是在日寇「三光」政策、鐵壁合圍的重重圍困中展開的。今天我軍的改革，是在霸權國家炫耀海洋霸權、武力挑釁下發生的，是在日本右翼勢力撼動和平憲法進而圖謀顛覆戰後國際秩序的蠢蠢欲動中起航的，它肩負捍衛國家領土主權、維護世界和平的使命，容不得拖延，容不得馬虎，更容不得退縮。同時要看到，這次軍事改革是以國家經濟起飛為基礎的，是站在科技創新堅實肩膀上的躍進，機遇難得，機不可失。

(作者為國防大學戰略教學部主任、少將)

(摘自2015年12月23日《光明日報》)

軍改：搶佔戰略制高點的衝鋒號

盧建永 王雪平

建構聯合作戰指揮機構，打好組合拳

資訊化戰爭是體系與體系、系統與系統的博弈，單打獨鬥的勝利方式已沒有了用武之地。在變幻莫測的資訊化戰場上，諸軍兵種能否密切協調形成合力，聯合作戰指揮機構是「牛鼻子」。展望當今世界強國軍隊，無不透過建強聯合作戰指揮機構，使軍隊具備打贏資訊化戰爭的能力。冷戰結束後，美軍便立即著手進行總部領導指揮體制的調整與建設，俄羅斯、英國、法國等軍隊也是如此。我軍此次重磅改革，站在世界制高點思考，可謂全球視野、戰略思維。 2020年前要「努力建構能夠打贏資訊化戰爭、有效履行使命任務的中國特色現代軍事力量體系」。對領導管理體制和聯合作戰指揮體制進行一體設計”，“組建聯合作戰指揮機構”，著力構建“軍委—戰區—部隊的作戰指揮體系”。聯合指揮機構登台亮相，讓軍隊的“中樞神經”更加高效靈活，具體表現為：

強化了統一指揮。軍隊是擔負特殊使命任務的武裝力量集團，其特殊性要求必須高度統一指揮。習近平主席強調，「要著眼於貫徹新形勢下政治建軍的要求，推進領導掌握部隊和高效指揮部隊有機統一，形成軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建的格局」。所謂軍委管總，就是“強化軍委集中統一領導，更好使軍隊最高領導權和指揮權集中於黨中央、中央軍委”，讓軍隊永遠聽黨的話。

減少了指揮層次。現代戰爭打的是“速度”，沒有指揮機關的快速決策、指揮和部隊的快速反應，就沒有戰場上的主動權。軍委會、戰區直接指揮部隊，指揮連結大大壓縮，指揮層的意志、決心，最短路徑轉化為部隊行動，在瞬息萬變的戰場上可有效搶佔先機，贏得戰場主動。

實現了精幹高效。臃腫低能的領導指揮機構，不僅難以讓軍隊機器高效快速運轉，更容易成為強敵「指哪兒打哪裡」的第一口餐。建構「軍委會、戰區、部隊」三級指揮體系，透過機關精修、重組，職能分工明確，可有效達成作戰指揮的高效益。

設陸軍部、劃戰區，專職謀打仗

長期以來，我軍陸軍領導指揮體制不健全，陸軍的建設、管理和領導職能由總部機關各部門代行，導致陸軍指揮與管理職能重疊，政出多門，相互制約，不僅不利於對陸軍建設進行頂層設計和系統規劃，而且使總部機關承受了過重的負擔。軍區機關的龐大與重複性設置，也導致指揮與管理職能相互衝突、雙重弱化。這些問題，既嚴重影響了陸軍作為一個軍種的整體建設，也限制了總部和戰區聯合作戰指揮功能的形成與發揮。目前，世界主要國家軍隊陸軍均建有陸軍總部，負責本軍種建設的各項工作，包括人事及行政管理、教育訓練、軍事科研、兵役動員、武器裝備及後勤支援等。我軍此次軍改，習近平主席基於對我國安全情勢的科學判斷，順應世界軍事革命大勢，指出深化國防和軍隊改革要「著力解決制約國防和軍事建設的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題，推進軍隊組織形態現代化，進一步解放和發展戰鬥力，進一步解放和增強軍隊活力，建立同我國國際地位相稱、同國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大軍隊」。有軍事專家分析，此次軍改設陸軍部，將使陸​​軍的軍種意識更強，陸軍建設發展頂層設計的強化，可從根本上解決我軍陸軍數量規模大、兵種比例不合理、領導指揮體制縱長橫短，以及非作戰單位過度過濫的問題，一支靈敏、合成、多能、高效的中國特色陸軍將立於世界東方。而軍區變戰區，意義更重大。

一是戰區專職謀打仗，是一個完整的區域性作戰組織，未來我軍「打什麼仗、仗怎麼打」就會更清楚，而前瞻性的戰爭設計也會拉動和牽引軍隊建設發展，促進部隊戰鬥力躍升。二是軍區變戰區，既是一次領導指揮機構脫胎換骨的力量重組，領導指揮層更精幹高效，也使軍事鬥爭準備的針對性更強，同時戰區聯合訓練的製度化、常態化，確保了平時訓練與未來戰爭對接。

組成軍委紀委、政法委，讓軍旗永遠鮮紅

我軍從無到有、從小到大、從弱到強、從勝利走向勝利，堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導，從嚴治軍是根本保證。這次軍改，是我軍在新一輪軍事革命潮起湧動中能否迎頭趕上、彎道超車的歷史機遇，更需以依法治軍、從嚴治軍為其開路護航。習近平主席指出，「要著眼於深入推進依法治軍、從嚴治軍，抓住治權這個關鍵，建構嚴密的權力運作制約和監督體系」。 「專注於解決軍隊紀檢、巡視、審計、司法、監督獨立性和權威性不夠的問題，以編密紮緊制度的籠子，努力剷除腐敗現象滋生蔓延的土壤。組建新的軍委紀委，向軍委機關部門和戰區分別派駐紀檢組，推動紀委雙重領導體制落到實處。依法獨立公正行使職權。

優化軍兵種力量結構，讓「戰鬥力」實現跨越

三軍圍繞陸軍轉、陸軍圍繞重裝部隊的軍兵種力量結構，已不適應現代戰爭立體性、速度性、廣域性的需要。縱觀當今世界主要國家軍改，無不向結構重組要戰鬥力，特別是透過重刀削減過時兵種力量，加速新銳作戰力量發展，使軍隊挺立於軍事變革潮頭。如，重點發展技術兵種和突擊力強的兵種，加快快速反應部隊、輕型裝甲部隊、特種作戰部隊和陸軍航空兵建設等，以應對資訊化戰爭體系戰、速度戰的需要。另外，一些國家軍隊「打破軍兵種界線，創建一體化部隊」也成為部隊編組形式發展的大趨勢。如美軍組成的聯合遠徵部隊包括陸軍師、海軍航空母艦戰鬥群、海軍陸戰隊部(分)隊和空軍戰鬥機聯隊。這次軍改會上，習近平主席強調指出，「要著眼打造精銳作戰力量，優化規模結構和部隊編成，推動我軍由數量規模型轉向質量效能型」。若要「調整改善軍種比例，優化軍種力量結構，依照不同方向安全需求和作戰任務改革部隊編成，推動部隊編成向充實、合成、多能、靈活方向發展」。鮮明地指出了我軍戰鬥力建設必須牢牢抓住軍兵種結構來優化這個關鍵。

一是優化軍種力量結構，加速海、空軍力量發展，適當壓縮陸軍數量規模，使我軍力量結構能有效應對未來可能從海上發起的資訊化局部戰爭。二是優化兵種力量結構，削減、淘汰過時的兵種力量，加速發展新銳作戰力量，使各軍種的兵種比例更合理。三是優化部隊編制，著眼多樣化軍事任務需求，建設能滿足不同方向、不同威脅的多類型部隊，提高軍事鬥爭準備的針對性。

(摘自2015年12月10日《學習時報》)

我軍特色聯合文化的內涵要求

李鳳彪

習近平指出：「一項沒有文化支撐的事業難以持續長久」。作為一種特殊的軍事文化，聯合文化是聯合指揮人才在軍事實踐中關於聯合作戰的知識體系、價值取向、思維方法、道德規範和心理意識等形成的觀念形態和行為方式，是滋養和提升聯合作戰能力的重要“軟實力”

忠誠可靠、集中統一。堅持黨對軍隊的絕對領導，既是我軍克敵制勝的根本法寶，也是我軍先進文化的最大優勢、最大特色。現代資訊化聯合作戰，政治因素更加凸顯、參戰力量更加多元、組織指揮更加複雜、協同要求更加嚴格，把高度分散的作戰要素、作戰單元、作戰體係有機聚合起來，形成強大的戰鬥力，同樣必須有忠貞不渝的信念和集中統一的領導。

改革創新、資訊主導。在當今時代，改革創新是加速軍隊建設的精神動力，資訊主導是贏得軍事博弈的關鍵理念，二者必然構成聯合文化最鮮明的時代特色。特別是透過近年來資訊化局部戰爭實踐和新軍事革命發展大勢，不難發現資訊化不僅使傳統的情報戰力量、電子戰力量、指揮控制力量變得更加強大，而且催生了網路戰、心理戰等新的作戰力量，資訊主導已不僅是純粹技術性概念，逐漸成為指導各國軍隊軍事轉型的全新理念。

靈活自主、體係作戰。我軍歷來強調靈活機動的戰略戰術，這是揚長避短、擊敵軟肋的重要法寶，為我軍聯合文化提供了重要藉鏡。進入資訊化戰爭時代，敵我攻防交戰轉換迅捷、戰場形勢瞬息萬變，尤其是平台作戰、體系支撐，戰術行動、戰略保障的顯著特徵，為充分發揮我軍「活」的優勢提供了堅實基礎和廣闊空間。發展我軍聯合文化，就要正確運用聯合作戰的基本原則，把我軍戰略戰術融會貫通於陸、海、空、天、電、網多維一體的力量體系中，轉化為未來聯合作戰的戰略指導、戰術思想和指揮藝術，你打你的、我打我的，致人而不致於人，形成非對稱優勢，始終掌握戰略和作戰主動。

平戰一體、綜合集成。面對當前應對多種安全威脅、完成多樣化軍事任務的嚴峻考驗，發展我軍聯合文化，不僅要及時轉換和培育備戰打仗的新思路，把聯合作戰的科學方法滲透體現到策劃和指導部隊建設的整個過程各領域，搞好各種資源統籌配置，提高平時按照聯合作戰標準建設部隊的層次水平；而且要著眼增強戰時基於信息系統的體係作戰能力，發揮信息技術作用，運用系統工程方法，把生成戰鬥力的各個子系統、分系統整合成一個有機的整體，努力使武裝力量一體化、軍隊編成一體化、指揮控制一體化、作戰要素一體化成為自覺遵循，最大限度地凝聚作戰能力、釋放作戰能量。

團結協作、聯合製勝。為共同革命的理想團結一心、並肩奮戰、爭取勝利，向來是我軍戰勝強敵的價值理念。在資訊化條件下，科技的快速發展既使各要素作戰能力空前提升，也使戰場情況異常複雜，只有強化聯合製勝的價值理念，做到著眼體系、系統聯動，優勢互補、動態協同，精誠團結、精兵高效，才能以最小的代價贏得最大的勝利。發展我軍聯合文化，就要突顯團結協作、聯合製勝，積極建構與聯合作戰相符合的勝利觀、榮譽觀、利益觀、得失觀，徹底破除軍兵種利益掣肘和局部狹隘觀念，自覺養成自主協同、自覺配合、交鏈互動的聯合精神，使各種作戰力量最優組合、無縫鏈接，彰顯效能、合力製勝。

(作者為成都軍區副司令)

(摘自2015年12月23日《解放軍報》)

俄美：培養聯合作戰軍事人才

田義偉

全面培養聯合作戰指揮人才、聯合作戰資訊化訓練管理人才、聯合作戰資訊科技專業人才，推動高素質聯合作戰人才隊伍建設，是世界各國軍隊改革中在文化層面促進聯合作戰能力形成的基本途徑

俄軍把培養聯合作戰人才作為軍事文化的優先發展方向，認為軍隊院校是軍事人才培育的基地，是孕育聯合文化的搖籃，對聯合文化的發展起到引領示範作用。俄軍為拓展學員的知識結構，增進軍兵種之間的相互了解，消除“門戶之見”，對軍事教育體制進行了重大改革，強化構建初、中、高級聯合教育體制，在教育全程提升聯合作戰指揮能力。 2008年底，俄軍開始對軍事教育體系進行全面整合，正如俄總統普丁所指出：「軍事教育正在經歷重大改革。我們正在組成10個大型科研教學中心，所有這些機構都建在一套嚴格的垂直體系中，並根據服役情況為軍官們提供不斷提升自身職業水平的機會。

俄國防部教育司透露，為連續不間斷地提高各級軍官的聯合作戰素養，今後將充分發揮在職短期培訓的作用，及時更新軍官隊伍的知識結構，確保軍官成為掌握現代技術的高水平專業人員。俄軍也在高、中級軍事學院開設了資訊化聯合作戰講座，重新修訂了教學大綱，使院校教學內容更加貼近現代戰爭實際。俄總參軍事學院組織聯合作戰研討，提升學員資訊化聯合作戰指揮能力，打造精通聯合文化的複合型指揮官。俄軍加強聯合指揮人才培養的經驗告訴我們，必須把基於資訊系統的一體化聯合作戰教育訓練納入指揮員的培訓之中，使指揮人員在初、中級指揮崗位上都能按計劃接受有關「一體化聯合作戰」的教育與訓練，使其在進入高級指揮崗位之前就掌握相關的知識、技能，具備一定的聯合素養。高超的聯合作戰指揮藝術，累積著聯合文化的深厚底蘊，刻畫著聯合文化的深刻印跡。它貫穿於聯合作戰人才成長的整個過程，滲透到聯合作戰人才成長的各個方面，影響著聯合作戰人才的思維方式、價值觀念、心智模式和行為習慣，是聯合作戰人才鍛造的催化劑和倍增器，從根本上決定著聯合作戰人才培養的品質和水準。

在實際訓練中，世界上許多國家軍隊都強調，各軍兵種、各部隊要把聯合訓練放在優先的位置，著重培養指揮員跨軍種、兵種、部門的協同意識和能力，強調從基礎的單兵訓練開始，就向士兵灌輸“本能的聯合思維”，使指揮官和士兵充分認識到自己是聯合部隊的一員，是整體作戰力量的一分子，自覺地從聯合的角度思考問題，採取行動。以美軍的聯合作戰為例，美軍在經歷了消除軍種衝突，彌合軍種縫隙兩個階段後，現正處於多軍種能力無縫隙融合階段，向著內聚式聯合發展。

(作者為軍事科學院外軍部政治協理員 )

(摘自2015年12月28日《參考消息》)

資料來源：《紅旗文摘》雜誌2016年第2期

中國原創軍事資源：http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0301/c352498-28161788.html