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Chinese Military New War Force that Emerges Suddenly the Micro-operation

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異軍突起的中國軍隊新戰爭力量微作戰

現代英語：

War is a violent confrontation. With the development of science and technology and the evolution of war forms, the violence of war has gradually reached its peak in the “big” aspect. Nuclear weapons have been able to destroy the earth many times, which in turn limits the actual combat application of nuclear weapons. However, the violence of war is accelerating in the “small” aspect. The emergence and use of micro-combat equipment and micro-combat forces have increasingly changed our cognition of future warfare. Perhaps a mosquito may be a precision strike weapon in the future.

Micro-operation is the abbreviation for using miniaturized weapons and equipment to conduct operations. It is a new product based on the rapid development of science and technology and an important manifestation of the scientific and technological development level of a country and its military. With the rapid development of high technologies such as electronic information technology, nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence technology, more miniaturized, micro-miniaturized, and intelligent weapons and equipment are constantly emerging. The scale of operations has changed from the trend of continuous expansion for thousands of years. Micro-operation has become possible and has become an important development trend of future operations. We must fully recognize the importance of micro-operation, lead the development trend of micro-operation, and seize the initiative in micro-operation.

Micro-operation becomes a new direction of combat development

In the new wave of development of combat methods, micro-combat, with its unique image of being independent and cost-effective, has become a new direction of combat development and has a huge impact on combat development.

The future demand for intelligent warfare will lead to the development of micro-operations. The development of military intelligence has overturned traditional cognition. Its battlefield perception intelligence, autonomous decision-making intelligence, and attack intelligence have undoubtedly become the key to victory. Micro-operations just fit the context of military intelligence development and become a new direction of rapid development driven by the demand for intelligent warfare. Intelligent warfare requires intelligent perception means. The intelligent micro-perception system under micro-operation conditions can provide battlefield intelligence and information that is difficult to obtain with traditional perception equipment. It is reported that the modern new bionic flapping-wing aircraft developed by the University of Toronto in Canada and a company in California, USA, by imitating hummingbirds, has achieved aerial hovering for the first time. In wartime, it can be disguised as a hummingbird and is extremely difficult to be discovered. It has the ability to enter enemy locations and secretly obtain intelligence information. Intelligent warfare is inseparable from intelligent attack methods, and micro-operation provides a wealth of options for this. The “Vector Eagle” multi-mission micro-drone launched by Lockheed Martin of the United States has a total take-off weight of only 1.8 kilograms and a length of about 10 centimeters. It can carry different payloads according to different mission requirements and complete different combat missions such as destruction, interference, and blasting.

Microsystems, micro-bionics, micro-drones and other technologies support the development of micro-warfare. The development of combat forms cannot be separated from the support of technology, and micro-warfare cannot be separated from the support and promotion of the development of microsystems, micro-bionics, micro-drones and other technologies. Microsystems are devices that integrate sensing, driving, execution and signal processing devices in a heterogeneous and heterogeneous manner based on micro-photonics, micro-mechanics, algorithms and architectures to achieve functions. The US DARPA has set up a microsystem technology office to step up the research and development of electronic components based on microelectronics, optoelectronics, micro-electromechanical and micro-energy technologies, integrated technologies based on optoelectronics and magnetism, algorithms and architecture technologies based on programmable architecture, spectrum utilization algorithms, and electronic warfare, as well as technologies such as heat dissipation, safety, self-decomposition, and self-repair. Military bionic technology is also developing from macro to micro. Through micro-bionics, new materials, new equipment, and new tactics urgently needed for micro-combat can be developed. For example, the photon effect of butterfly wing scale powder can be applied to the stealth of micro-weapons and equipment, and the hydrophobic multi-level micro-nano structure of lotus leaves can be used for the drag reduction and self-cleaning of micro-underwater combat systems. Micro-unmanned technology is a miniaturized unmanned combat technology, representing the crystallization of the development frontier and integration of informatization, intelligence, and miniaturization.

The revolution in military effectiveness has raised new questions for micro-operations. Military effectiveness is the best release of efficiency and effectiveness in the new military reform, and micro-operations are the “catalyst” for releasing energy. On the one hand, the economic added value of micro-operations-related technologies is high and can produce a high cost-effectiveness ratio. Due to the use of micro-nano technology, the size of equipment and parts is greatly reduced, and the cost of equipment and parts can be greatly reduced. For example, the chip-level atomic clock will be 100 times smaller than the traditional atomic clock, and the production cost will be greatly reduced; the missile accelerometer and gyroscope manufactured using micro-nano technology are greatly reduced in size, but the price is only 1/50 of the original. On the other hand, micro-operations can achieve combat effects that traditional operations cannot achieve, presenting unique combat results. For example, the VAPR project carried out by the US DARPA aims to develop a revolutionary advanced transient electronic product. In addition to having the basic functions, reliability and durability of traditional electronic products, it starts and stops working through a trigger program. In order to prevent electronic equipment from being left in the battlefield environment for use by the enemy and to prevent the leakage of key technologies, after completing the military mission, this transient electronic product will partially or completely decompose into the surrounding environment.

Micro-operations will have a profound impact on future operations

In the intelligent era of war, the scale of operations has changed from its inherent trend of continuous expansion. Micro-operations, which are based on the use of micro-nano technology and miniaturized equipment, have had a disruptive impact on traditional warfare.

Subverting combat equipment. Micro-combat equipment is highly integrated and miniaturized, with advanced information technology replacing mechanical technology. It is mainly characterized by extremely small size and weight, extremely low energy consumption, extremely fast attack and defense speed, and extremely high combat performance. The millimeter wave radar scanner developed by the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany has an effective range of hundreds of meters, and the printed circuit board is tiny. The entire radar is similar in size to a cigarette box. This has revolutionized the appearance of military radar and will subsequently subvert the traditional combat operation mode of millimeter wave radar. MIT recently launched a new computer chip called “Navion” that can be used for micro-drone navigation. The chip is only 20 square millimeters and consumes only 24 milliwatts of power, which is about one thousandth of the energy consumption of a light bulb. It can be integrated into a nano-drone the size of a fingernail to help with navigation, and use a tiny amount of energy to process camera images in real time at a speed of 171 frames per second and perform inertial measurements. Micro-combat equipment developed through miniaturization, weight reduction, and integration is more concealed and more sudden in attack and defense than ever before, which has brought about subversive changes in its use mode and rules.

Subverting the way of fighting. Micro-warfare uses a large number of intelligent, unmanned, and miniaturized combat equipment, and combat personnel are transferred from the front to the rear; some equipment can even achieve fully autonomous intelligent combat, and “people are not in the loop” will become a new way of fighting. Researchers at the City University of Hong Kong have designed a micro-robot that is expected to transport cells in the human body. Its diameter is 500 to 700 microns, and it has successfully achieved the purpose of controlling the movement of micro-robots through magnetic fields inside complex organisms. If this robot is used as a weapon to attack the enemy’s living forces, it can attack various organs in the enemy’s body, such as the brain, eyes, etc., and can quickly make the enemy lose its combat ability, and its combat is extremely covert and sudden. In addition, Harvard University in the United States has developed a robot named Kilobot with a diameter of about 2.5 cm. It relies on its own vibration to achieve self-movement and can form a “team” with other robots of the same type to collaborate to complete tasks, providing more options for typical “swarm” operations in micro-operations.

Subvert the organizational form of the army. Micro-operation has changed the relationship between weapons and equipment and soldiers, and thus subverted the organizational form of the army. First, the number of front-line combat personnel has been greatly reduced. Traditional combat is mainly in the form of direct combination of people and weapons and equipment, and killing on the front line. However, due to the extremely small size of weapons and equipment in micro-operation, the combat is relatively concealed. Weapon equipment operators can operate and assist in decision-making far away from the battlefield. This form of warfare makes the army form more loosely developed, and the boundaries between the front and rear will be more blurred. According to traditional standards, it is more difficult to define and distinguish combat personnel and support personnel. Secondly, military personnel are showing a trend of becoming more professional, highly educated, and highly intelligent, and the organizational form of the military needs to be adjusted accordingly. Micro-operations involve many high-tech fields, including materials science, engineering mechanics, chemistry, aerodynamics, electronics, cybersecurity and information technology, optoelectronics, micro-nano, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, the Internet of Things, big data, mobile Internet, and quantum, which are all supporting disciplines for micro-operations. The scientific and technological quality requirements for military personnel are not only “broad” but also “deep”. Therefore, the gathering of a large number of high-level talents in the military will become a “new situation”, which will inevitably have a new and significant impact on the organizational form of the military.

Attach great importance to future micro-operations

As the military develops rapidly today, we should fully realize the importance of micro-operations, conduct timely research, drive layout planning with major technological innovation and independent innovation, and take the lead in the field of micro-operations.

Strengthen the basic theoretical tracking of micro-operations and research on applied innovation. Strengthen the basic theoretical research of micro-operations. At present, the micro-operation concepts of developed countries in Europe and the United States are advanced and frequently verified. We should attach importance to the basic theoretical tracking of micro-operations and strive to study and reveal its essence and fill in the gaps. At the same time, we still have a certain emphasis on research and development, but are still insufficient in applied innovative research and transformation of results. We should follow the essential laws of micro-operations, give full play to the role of innovation in driving development, give priority to supporting basic theories, combat experiments, personnel organization, and rear-end support to improve the level of innovation, and use major technological innovations such as artificial intelligence and quantum to consolidate the “foundation” of micro-operations; use independent innovation efforts to narrow the gap in key areas, make up for the “heart, core, and innovation” of micro-operations, and focus on key areas where opponents are holding back and we cannot support them, to ensure leading development.

Vigorously promote the development of micro-operation-related technologies and equipment by taking military-civilian integration as the starting point. Accurately grasp the development direction of micro-operation, take military-civilian integration as the starting point, strengthen the development of related equipment, and form a micro-operation military-civilian integration development organization management system that integrates management, production, learning, and research. Promote the military-civilian sharing of micro-operation technical resources, speed up the formulation of military-civilian compatible micro-operation weapon equipment standards and military-civilian common technical systems, and formulate policies and measures to promote them, so as to reduce the barriers between the military and civilians and ensure the coordinated interaction between military and civilian use. We should speed up the removal of barriers to military-civilian integration in micro-operations-related fields, explore new paths and new models, conduct pilot projects in industries with strong military and civilian versatility and mature technological applications, such as microelectronics and artificial intelligence, and form replicable and popularizable experiences and practices as soon as possible.

Strive to achieve advanced planning and layout of micro-operations. To meet the requirements of future micro-operations, new combat forces can be given micro-operation exercises and experimental tasks, collect relevant data, and provide detailed data to better provide relevant theoretical and practical support for micro-operation planning and layout and pre-practice. Micro-operation-related majors can be created in colleges and universities, and exploration and practice can be strengthened in micro-operation theory research and teaching to provide intellectual support and talent training conditions for micro-operations. We should thoroughly demonstrate the needs of future battlefield construction, continuously improve the construction of battlefield network information system infrastructure, increase mobile communication coverage and bandwidth construction mainly based on satellite communications, and meet the needs of massive information transmission in future micro-operations. We must accelerate the construction of a micro-operation-related standard system and formulate and improve relevant application standards. (Pei Fei, Zhang Dapeng, Li Jinggang)

現代國語：

資料來源：解放軍報 作者：裴飛 張大鵬 李景鋼 責任編輯：喬楠楠 2018-08-30 08:00
編者按

戰爭是暴力的對抗。隨著科技發展和戰爭形態演化，戰爭暴力在「大」的方面漸趨走到極點，核武已經能夠多次摧毀地球，這反過來也限制了核武的實戰應用；戰爭暴力在「小」的方面卻在加速演變，微型作戰裝備和微型作戰力量的出現和使用已日益改變著我們對未來作戰的認知。或許一隻蚊子未來就可能是精確打擊兵器。

微作戰，是指使用微小型化武器裝備進行作戰的簡稱，是基於科技高速發展的新產物，是一個國家和軍隊科技發展水準的重要體現。隨著電子資訊技術、納米技術、人工智慧技術等高技術的飛速發展，更加小型化、微型化、智慧化的武器裝備不斷湧現，作戰規模一改千百年來不斷擴大的趨勢，微作戰成為可能，並且成為未來作戰的重要發展趨勢。我們要充分認識微作戰的重要性，引領微作戰的發展潮流，掌握微作戰的主動權。

微作戰成為作戰發展新方向

在作戰方式發展的新浪潮中，微作戰以其特立獨行、效費比高的獨特形象示人，成為作戰發展新方向，並對作戰發展產生巨大影響。

未來智慧化戰爭需求牽引微作戰發展。軍事智能化發展顛覆了傳統認知，其戰場感知智能化、自主決策智能化、攻擊智能化無疑成為了勝戰的關鍵，而微作戰恰恰契合了軍事智能化發展的脈絡，成為智能化戰爭需求牽引下高速發展的新方向。智慧化戰爭需要智慧化的感知手段，微作戰條件下的智慧化微感知系統能夠提供傳統感知裝備很難獲得的戰場情報和資訊。據悉，加拿大多倫多大學和美國加州某公司通過模仿蜂鳥研製出的現代新型仿生撲翼機首次實現了空中盤旋，戰時可偽裝成蜂鳥極不容易被發現，具備進入敵方場所秘密獲取情報信息的能力。智能化戰爭還離不開智能化的攻擊手段，微作戰為此提供了豐富的選擇，美國洛-馬公司推出的「向量鷹」多任務微型無人機，起飛總重量只有1.8公斤，長度約10釐米，可依不同任務需求搭載不同荷載，完成破壞、幹擾、爆破等不同作戰任務。

微系統、微仿生、微無人等技術支持微作戰發展。作戰形態的發展離不開技術的支撐，微作戰離不開微系統、微仿生、微無人等技術發展的支撐與推動。微系統是在微光電、微機械、演算法與架構等基礎上，把傳感、驅動、執行和訊號處理等裝置採用異構、異質方法整合而實現功能的裝置。美國DARPA專門成立了微系統技術辦公室，加緊研發以微電子、光電子、微機電和微能源技術為主的電子元件，以光電、磁性為主的整合技術；以可編程架構、頻譜利用演算法、電子戰為主的演算法與架構技術；以及散熱、安全、自分解、自我修復等技術。軍事仿生技術也正由宏觀向微觀發展，通過微仿生可研製微作戰急需的新材料、新裝備和新戰法等，譬如將蝴蝶翅膀鱗粉光子效應應用於微小武器裝備的隱身，將荷葉疏水的多級微納結構用於微小水下作戰系統的減阻自潔等。微無人技術是微小型化的無人作戰技術，代表資訊化、智慧化、微小型化發展前沿和融合的結晶。

軍事效能革命為微作戰提出新命題。軍事效能是新軍事變革中效率、效力的最佳釋放，而微作戰則是釋能的「催化劑」。一方面，微作戰相關技術經濟附加價值高，能產生較高的效費比。由於使用微納技術，大幅縮小了裝備和零件的尺寸，還能大幅降低裝備和零件的成本，比如，晶片級原子鐘將比傳統原子鐘體積縮小100倍，生產成本反而大大下降；利用微納技術製造的導彈加速度計和陀螺儀，體積大大縮小，價格卻僅為原來的1/50。另一方面，微作戰能夠實現傳統作戰無法實現的作戰效果，呈現出獨特的作戰結果。例如，美國DARPA開展的VAPR項目，旨在開發一種革命性的先進瞬態電子產品，除具備傳統電子產品的基本功能和可靠性、耐用性外，其通過觸發程序啟停工作，為避免電子設備遺留在戰場環境中為敵方利用，杜絕關鍵技術洩露，在完成軍事任務後，這種瞬態電子產品會部分或完全分解到周圍環境中。

微戰將深刻影響未來作戰

智慧時代的智慧化戰爭，作戰規模一改不斷擴大的固有趨勢，以微納技術和微小型化裝備運用為基本特徵的微作戰，對傳統作戰產生了顛覆性影響。

顛覆作戰裝備。微作戰裝備高度整合、微小型化，以先進的資訊技術取代了機械技術，主要表現在體積重量極小、能源消耗極少、攻防速度極快、作戰性能極高。德國弗勞恩霍夫研究所研發的毫米波雷達掃描儀，作用距離達數百米，而印製電路板尺寸微小，整部雷達大小與煙盒類似，這使軍用雷達面貌發生革命性改變，隨之將顛覆傳統毫米波雷達的作戰運用方式。麻省理工學院近日推出名為「Navion」的新型電腦晶片，可用於微型無人機導航，該晶片只有20平方毫米，功耗僅為24毫瓦，大約是燈泡耗能的千分之一，可以整合到指甲大小的納米無人機中幫助導航，用微量能耗以171幀/秒的速度實時處理相機圖片以及進行慣性測量。透過縮小、減重、整合等研發出的微作戰裝備比以往更具自身隱蔽性和攻防突然性，使其運用模式和規則等產生了顛覆性變化。

顛覆作戰方式。微作戰由於採用大量智慧化、無人化、微小化作戰裝備，作戰人員從前方轉移至後方；有的裝備甚至能夠實現完全自主智慧化作戰，「人不在迴路中」將成為新的作戰方式。香港城市大學研究人員設計出一種微型機器人，預計在人體內運輸細胞，其直徑為500到700微米，成功實現了在復雜生物體內部通過磁場控制微型機器人運動的目的，這種機器人如用作武器對敵方有生力量實施攻擊，可攻擊敵人身體內各器官，譬如大腦、眼睛等，可快速使敵人失去戰鬥能力，而其作戰極具隱蔽性、突然性。此外，美國哈佛大學開發出直徑約為2.5毫米，名為Kilobot的機器人，依靠自身的振動實現自身移動，能夠與其他同種類型的機器人組成一個“團隊”，共同協作完成任務，為微作戰中典型的「蜂群」作戰提供更多選擇。

顛覆軍隊組織形態。微作戰改變了武器裝備與軍人之間的關系，進而顛覆軍隊的組織形態。首先，一線作戰人員大幅減少。傳統作戰是以人和武器裝備直接結合，在前線進行廝殺為主要形式，而微作戰由於武器裝備尺寸極小，作戰相對隱蔽，武器裝備操作人員可在遠離戰場的後方對其進行操作和輔助決策，這樣的戰爭形態使得軍隊形態呈現更加鬆散的發展態勢，前後方界限將更加模糊，按照傳統標準，作戰人員和保障人員更加難以界定和區分。其次，軍隊人員呈現更專業、高學歷、高智力發展趨勢，軍隊組織形態需要因勢調整。微作戰涉及眾多高科技領域，材料學、工程力學、化學、空氣動力學、電子學、網信科技等學科領域及光電子、微納、人工智慧、雲計算、物聯網、大數據、行動互聯網、量子等都是微作戰支撐學科，對軍事人員科技素質要求不僅是“廣”，還要求“深”，為此，大量高水平人才聚集到軍隊將成為“新情況”，必然對軍隊組織形態產生新的重大影響。

高度重視打好未來微作戰

在軍事發展日新月異的今天，我們應充分認識到微作戰的重要性，緊前研究，以重大技術創新和自主創新帶動佈局規劃，在微作戰領域實現領跑。

加強微作戰基礎理論追蹤與應用創新研究。加強微作戰基礎理論研究。當前，歐美發達國家微作戰理念超前，驗證頻繁，我們應重視微作戰基礎理論追蹤並努力研究揭示其本質，填補空白。同時，我們還存在著一定重視研發而在應用創新研究與成果轉化上尚顯不足的情況，應遵循微作戰的本質規律，充分發揮創新驅動發展作用，優先扶持基礎理論、作戰實驗、編制人員、後裝保障等領域提高創新水平，以人工智慧、量子等重大技術創新夯實微作戰的“底子”；以自主創新努力縮小關鍵領域差距，補好微作戰“心、芯、新”的“裡子”，把對手卡脖子、自己不託底的關鍵領域作為主攻方向，確保引領發展。

以軍民融合為抓手大力提升微作戰相關技術與裝備發展。準確掌握微作戰發展方向，以軍民融合為抓手，加強相關裝備發展，形成管、產、學、研相融合的微作戰軍民融合發展組織管理體系。推進微作戰技術資源軍地共享，加緊制定軍民相容的微作戰武器裝備標準和軍地通用的技術體系，制定政策措施推進，以減少軍民之間的隔閡，保證軍用和民用之間的協調互動。加速破除微作戰相關領域軍民融合壁壘，探索新路徑新模式，在微電子、人工智慧等軍地通用性強、技術運用成熟的行業先行試點，盡快形成可複製可推廣的經驗做法。

努力實現微作戰超前規劃和佈局。適應未來微作戰的要求，可賦予新質作戰力量微作戰演訓和實驗任務，採集相關數據，提供翔實數據，更好地為微作戰規劃佈局和預先實踐提供相關理論和實踐支撐。可在院校創設微作戰相關專業，在微作戰理論研究、教學等方面加強探索與實踐，為微作戰提供智力支撐與人才培養條件。應深入做好未來戰場建設需求論證，不斷提升戰場網絡資訊體系基礎設施建設，加大以衛星通訊為主的行動通訊覆蓋及頻寬建設，滿足未來微作戰海量資訊傳輸的需求。要加快構建微作戰相關標準體系，制定完善相關應用標準。 （裴飛、張大鵬、李景鋼）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4823585888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國的情報戰, 中國的耗散戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍隊做好戰爭準備, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

China to Vigorously Strengthen National Defense Technology Innovation

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中國將大力加強國防科技創新

現代英語：

President Xi Jinping stressed the need to strengthen national defense science and technology innovation, accelerate the construction of a military-civilian integrated innovation system, and vigorously improve the national defense science and technology independent innovation capabilities. This profoundly reveals the objective laws of national defense science and technology development, and points out the direction for comprehensively implementing the strategy of developing the military through science and technology in the new era, creating a new situation for strengthening the military, and promoting the modernization of national defense and the military.

In his important speech at the plenary meeting of the People’s Liberation Army and Armed Police Force delegation at the first session of the 13th National People’s Congress, President Xi Jinping pointed out that we should strengthen national defense science and technology innovation, accelerate the construction of a military-civilian integrated innovation system, and vigorously improve the independent innovation capabilities of national defense science and technology. This important thought profoundly reveals the objective laws of national defense science and technology development, points out the direction for comprehensively implementing the strategy of rejuvenating the military through science and technology in the new era, creating a new situation for strengthening and rejuvenating the military, and promoting the modernization of national defense and the military. It has great historical significance and far-reaching practical significance.

Vigorously improve the independent innovation capabilities of national defense science and technology

Only innovators can win in international military competition. We must place innovation in an important position in the overall development of our military, firmly grasp the strategic basis of independent innovation in national defense science and technology, and significantly improve our independent innovation capabilities in national defense science and technology.

Strengthen basic research and key technology research for national strategic needs. President Xi stressed that real core key technologies cannot be bought with money, relying on imported weapons and equipment is unreliable, and taking the path of importing and imitating will not go far. Only by attaching importance to basic research can we always maintain independent innovation capabilities. We must attach great importance to original professional basic theoretical breakthroughs, strengthen the construction of scientific infrastructure, ensure the continuous advancement of basic, systematic, and cutting-edge technology research and technological development, and strengthen the source supply of independent innovation in national defense science and technology. Attach great importance to the development of strategic cutting-edge technologies, especially disruptive technologies, and strengthen forward-looking, leading, exploratory, and disruptive major technology research and new concept research. We must take the weak links in national defense science and technology and weapons and equipment construction as the main direction for promoting independent innovation, focus on breaking through core key technologies, strive to achieve overtaking on the curve, and realize the transformation from following and running side by side to running side by side and leading, so as to seize the strategic commanding heights of national defense science and technology innovation.

Increase the efforts to transform and apply advanced scientific and technological achievements. Exhaust knowledge to gain knowledge, and introspection to gain practical results. President Xi pointed out that only by combining scientific and technological achievements with national needs, people’s demands, and market needs, and completing the three-step jump from scientific research, experimental development, and promotion and application, can we truly realize the value of innovation and achieve innovation-driven development. The purpose of national defense science and technology innovation is application. It must serve the construction of the troops and military struggle preparations, and we must speed up the transformation and application of innovative and breakthrough achievements. The construction of weapons and equipment must be evaluated based on the contribution rate to the combat system, strengthen the guidance of combat needs, implement combat needs throughout the entire process of weapons and equipment development, ensure the actual combat applicability of weapons and equipment, and achieve an organic unity between development and application. The development of national defense science and technology must insist on focusing on actual combat and serving the troops, so that scientific and technological innovation can be well connected and focused with the development of troop construction, and the results of innovation can be transformed into real combat power, promoting the transformation of our military construction towards quality, efficiency and technology intensiveness.

Accelerate the construction of a national defense science and technology innovation system. The 19th CPC National Congress report clearly proposed to strengthen the construction of the national innovation system and enhance strategic scientific and technological strength. The national defense science and technology innovation system should be incorporated into the construction of the national innovation system to enhance the ability of original innovation, integrated innovation, and introduction, digestion, absorption and re-innovation. Accelerate the construction of innovation infrastructure platforms, promote the military-civilian integration of national defense science and technology and weapons and equipment, and consolidate the basic projects of the national defense science and technology innovation system. Accelerate the training of leading talents in national defense science and technology innovation, build a high-quality new military talent team, focus on training joint combat command talents and new combat force talents, and strengthen the intellectual support of the national defense science and technology innovation system. We will vigorously foster an innovative culture and create an atmosphere of innovation in national defense science and technology that encourages innovation, encourages success, and tolerates failure, so that creativity and innovation will become a trend in the military.

Focus on joint innovation of military and civilian science and technology

The development of military-civilian integration is the only way to achieve the balance between development and security, and the unity of enriching the country and strengthening the military. Vigorously carrying out military-civilian scientific and technological collaborative innovation will help promote the transformation of economic development mode and economic structure adjustment, and will help enhance the country’s war potential and national defense strength.

Do a good job in top-level design and strategic planning. The implementation of any strategy must be planned first and planned ahead. Military-civilian scientific and technological collaborative innovation involves the two major systems of the military and the local government and the interests of multiple parties. It is a major strategic project and a long-term and arduous task. We must firmly grasp the focus of strengthening top-level design and draw up a grand blueprint for the military-civilian scientific and technological collaborative innovation system. On the premise of in-depth understanding and grasp of the military-civilian integration strategy, clarify the development status, target orientation, basic principles, etc. of military-civilian scientific and technological collaborative innovation, adhere to scientific coordination, practical guidance, system argumentation, and strengthen legal protection. Comprehensive layout and strategic planning should be carried out to ensure that major national strategic plans, major policies and regulations fully integrate the needs of national defense and military construction, and that the military construction and development plans are aligned with the overall deployment of economic and social development. We should adhere to forward-looking planning, take major scientific and technological projects as the guide, and take the advantages of basic research and strategic high-tech research as the breakthrough point to seize the scientific and technological commanding heights to promote the generation of combat effectiveness and the transformation of economic development methods.

Promote the integrated demonstration and implementation of major scientific and technological projects. The Party Central Committee has determined my country’s long-term strategy for science and technology towards 2030 and decided to implement a number of major scientific and technological projects and engineering projects, which will not only help my country break the situation of being controlled by others in major key core technologies in strategic areas, but also help open up new industrial development directions and cultivate new economic growth points. The report of the 19th National Congress of the Party emphasized the expansion and implementation of major national scientific and technological projects, highlighting key common technologies, cutting-edge leading technologies, modern engineering technologies, and disruptive technological innovations. National defense science and technology innovation should pay close attention to the development trends of world military science and technology and weapons and equipment, focus on the country’s major strategic needs, adhere to what to do and what not to do, and timely track, adjust and optimize the deployed major scientific and technological projects and engineering projects to form a systematic layout of succession in stages.

Deepen and expand the military-civilian integration in emerging fields such as ocean, space, cyberspace, biology, and new energy. As the boundaries of scientific exploration become farther and farther, emerging fields such as “three depths and one pole” have become new focuses of strategic competition among major powers. Among them, the deep sea has become a new battlefield with potential opportunities for victory, deep space has become a new strategic fulcrum, the deep blue has opened the “Pandora’s box” of the cyberspace battlefield, and the polar regions have become a battleground for strategic games among powerful countries. Emerging fields are a unified whole of cognitive domain, physical domain, information domain, and industrial domain, and have natural military and civilian attributes. In recent years, countries around the world have generally regarded accelerating the development of military-civilian integration in emerging fields as an important measure to seize the commanding heights of international strategic games. The United States has intensively released the “National Innovation Strategy of the United States” and the “Federal Big Data Research and Development Strategic Plan”, and Russia has issued the “Russian Federation Science and Technology Development Plan”, etc., and has established a military-civilian integration development model in emerging fields. It is necessary to accelerate the formation of a multi-dimensional, coordinated and leapfrog development pattern of military-civilian integration in emerging fields through the joint construction of military and civilian facilities, the sharing of military and civilian technology, and the sharing of military and civilian information, deepen and expand military-civilian integration in emerging fields, and work together to build a strong maritime, aerospace, and cyber power.

Optimize the allocation of technological innovation resources

With the continuous development of science and technology, the characteristics of multi-disciplinary professional cross-clustering and multi-field technology integration are becoming increasingly prominent. We must rely on team strength to pool wisdom and tackle key problems, and integrate scientific research forces and innovative resources to maximize the advantages of all aspects and form an overall synergy to promote national defense science and technology innovation.

Strengthen open sharing to break the closed monopoly. We must firmly grasp the “hard bones” of national defense science and technology innovation and overcome difficulties, focus on strengthening the overall coordination of scientific and technological innovation, and strive to overcome the fragmentation of resources such as scattered and closed resources, cross-duplication, etc. in scientific and technological innovation activities in various fields, departments, and aspects, and avoid “islands” in innovation. Remove all kinds of visible and invisible fences, break the closed monopoly, do a good job in demand docking, planning docking, and task docking, and accelerate the establishment and improvement of an open and shared platform for innovative resources that organically interacts with all subjects, aspects, and links, and collaborates and is efficient, so as to maximize the realization of co-construction, sharing, and sharing. We must focus on improving the basic system of scientific and technological innovation, accelerate the establishment and improvement of the national science and technology reporting system, innovation investigation system, and national science and technology management information system, and significantly improve the level of open sharing of scientific and technological resources.

Deepen the reform of the defense science and technology system and mechanism. If scientific and technological innovation is compared to the new engine of my country’s development, then reform is the indispensable ignition system to ignite this new engine. The loose connection between science and technology and the economy has been a major chronic disease in my country’s science and technology development for many years. To solve this problem, we must take the reform of mechanisms and policies and systems as the starting point, resolutely demolish barriers, break the ice, remove thresholds, break down institutional barriers and interest shackles, build a systematic and complete science and technology military-civilian integration policy and system system, and promote the deep integration of science and technology with economic and social development. We must break through the barriers of the defense science and technology system and mechanism that restrict the organic integration of production, learning, research and application, improve the defense science and technology innovation service support system, and strengthen the use and protection of defense intellectual property rights. We should speed up the establishment of a scientific and technological decision-making mechanism in which scientific and technological consultation supports administrative decision-making, reform the scientific and technological evaluation system, and improve the resource allocation method and scientific and technological innovation incentive mechanism that conform to the laws of scientific and technological innovation. Only when the wheels of scientific and technological innovation and the wheels of institutional mechanism innovation turn together can the national defense scientific and technological innovation capability be greatly improved.

Tap into the potential for innovation in national defense science and technology. In today’s world of globalization, informatization, and networking, innovation factors are more open and mobile, and scientific and technological innovation is endless. We must improve the national defense science and technology innovation governance system, fully mobilize the initiative of innovation subjects, unleash the vitality of various innovation factors, make good use of all high-quality resources and advanced achievements in society, tap into all potential for scientific and technological innovation, and organically integrate national defense and military construction into the economic and social development system. Against the backdrop of economic and technological globalization, innovative resources are flowing rapidly around the world, and the links between countries are becoming increasingly close. No country can solve all innovation problems in isolation and on its own. We must adhere to open and inclusive independent innovation, and actively absorb innovative resources and achievements that can improve the efficiency of military construction and enhance the combat effectiveness of the military. Deepen international exchanges and cooperation, make full use of global innovation resources, and promote independent innovation in national defense science and technology from a higher starting point.

(Author’s unit: College of Arts and Sciences, National Defense University of Science and Technology)

現代國語：

——學習習主席在十三屆全國人大一次會議解放軍和武警部隊代表團全體會議上的重要講話
來源：解放軍報 作者：楊愛華 責任編輯：喬楠楠 2018-03-28 08:39:38
習主席強調，加強國防科技創新，加速建設軍民融合創新體系，大力提升國防科技自主創新能力。這深刻揭示了國防科技發展的客觀規律，為新時代全面實施科技興軍戰略，開創強軍興軍新局面，推進國防和軍隊現代化建設指明了前進方向

習主席在十三屆全國人大一次會議解放軍和武警部隊代表團全體會議上的重要講話中指出，要加強國防科技創新，加速建設軍民融合創新體系，大力提升國防科技自主創新能力。這一重要思想，深刻揭示了國防科技發展的客觀規律，為新時代全面實施科技興軍戰略，開創強軍興軍新局面，推進國防和軍隊現代化建設指明了前進方向，具有重大歷史意義與深遠現實意義。

大力提升國防科技自主創新能力

國際軍事競爭唯創新者勝，必須把創新擺在我軍建設發展全局的重要位置，牢牢扭轉國防科技自主創新這個戰略基點，大幅提升國防科技自主創新能力。

加強面向國家戰略需求的基礎研究和關鍵技術研究。習主席強調，真正的核心關鍵技術是花錢買不來的，靠進口武器裝備是靠不住的，走引進仿製的路子是走不遠的。只有重視基礎研究，才能永遠保持自主創新能力。必須高度重視原始性專業基礎理論突破，加強科學基礎設施建設，確保基礎性、系統性、前沿性技術研究和技術研發持續推進，加強國防科技自主創新的來源供給。高度重視戰略前沿技術特別是顛覆性技術的發展，加強前瞻性、先導性、探索性、顛覆性的重大技術研究和新概念研究。要把國防科技和武器裝備建設的薄弱環節作為推進自主創新的主攻方向，著力突破核心關鍵技術，爭取實現彎道超車，實現從跟跑並跑向並跑領跑轉變，搶佔國防科技創新戰略制高點。

加大先進科技成果轉化運用力度。窮理以致其知，反躬以踐其實。習主席指出，科技成果只有同國家需要、人民要求、市場需求結合，完成從科學研究、實驗開發、推廣應用的三級跳，才能真正實現創新價值、實現創新驅動發展。國防科技創新的目的在於應用，必須為部隊建設和軍事鬥爭準備服務，抓緊搞好創新性、突破性成果轉化運用。武器裝備建設必須以對作戰體系的貢獻率為評價標準，強化作戰需求牽引，把作戰需求貫徹到武器裝備研製的全過程，確保武器裝備的實戰適用性，實現研製和運用有機統一。國防科技發展必須堅持聚焦實戰、服務部隊，使科技創新同部隊建設發展接好軌、對好焦，把創新成果轉化為實實在在的戰鬥力，推動我軍建設向質量效能型和科技密集型轉變。

加速建構國防科技創新體系。黨的十九大報告明確提出，加強國家創新體系建設，強化戰略科技力量。要把國防科技創新體系納入國家創新體系建設之中，增強原始創新、整合創新和引進消化吸收再創新能力。加速建設創新基礎平台，紮實推動國防科技與武器裝備領域的軍民融合，夯實國防科技創新體系的基礎工程。加速培養國防科技創新領導者才，建設高素質新型軍事人才隊伍，著力培養聯合作戰指揮人才和新型作戰力量人才，強化國防科技創新體系的智力支撐。大力培育創新文化，營造勇於創新、鼓勵成功、寬容失敗的國防科技創新氛圍，讓創造創新在軍營蔚然成風。

突顯抓好軍民科技協同創新

軍民融合發展是實現發展和安全兼顧、富國和強軍統一的必經之路。大力開展軍民科技協同創新，有利於促進經濟發展方式轉變和經濟結構調整，有利於增強國家戰爭潛力和國防實力。

搞好頂層設計和戰略籌劃。任何戰略的實施，都必須規劃先行，超前籌謀。軍民科技協同創新涉及軍地兩大系統和多方利益關系，是一個重大的戰略工程，也是一項長期的艱鉅任務。要緊緊扭住強化頂層設計這個著力重點，擘畫軍民科技協同創新體系的宏偉藍圖。以深入認識與掌握軍民融合戰略為前提，明確軍民科技協同創新的發展現狀、目標指向、基本原則等，堅持科學統籌、實戰牽引、體系論證，強化法治保障。全面佈局、戰略籌劃，使國家重大戰略規劃、重大政策法規充分統合國防和軍隊建設需求，軍隊建設發展規劃計劃與全面落實經濟社會發展總體部署相對接。堅持超前謀劃，以重大科技工程為牽引，以奪取基礎研究和戰略高技術研究優勢為突破口，搶佔推動戰鬥力生成和經濟發展方式轉變的科技制高點。

推動重大科技項目一體論證與實施。黨中央已經確定了我國科技面向2030年的長遠戰略，決定實施一批重大科技項目和工程，這既有利於我國在戰略必爭領域打破重大關鍵核心技術受制於人的局面，也有利於開闢新的產業發展方向，培育新的經濟成長點。黨的十九大報告強調，拓展實施國家重大科技項目，突顯關鍵共性技術、前沿引領技術、現代工程技術、顛覆性技術創新。國防科技創新要密切關注世界軍事科技和武器裝備發展動向，圍繞國家重大戰略需求，堅持有所為、有所不為，對已部署的重大科技項目和工程及時跟踪、滾動調整和優化，形成梯次接續的系統佈局。

深化拓展海洋、太空、網路空間、生物、新能源等新興領域的軍民融合。隨著科學探索的邊界越來越遠，「三深一極」等新興領域已成為大國戰略角逐的新焦點。其中，深海成為潛藏制勝先機的新戰場，深空成為新的戰略支點，深藍已經打開網絡空間戰場的“潘多拉魔盒”，極地成為強國戰略博弈的角斗場。新興領域是認知域、物理域、資訊域、產業域的統一整體，具有天然的軍民通用屬性。近年來，世界各國普遍把加速新興領域軍民融合發展，作為奪取國際戰略博弈制高點的重要舉措。美國密集發布《美國國家創新戰略》《聯邦大數據研究與發展戰略計畫》，俄羅斯推出《俄聯邦科學技術發展計畫》等，紛紛在新興領域確立軍民融合發展模式。要透過設施軍民共建、技術軍民共用、資訊軍民共享等方式，加速形成多維一體、協同推進、跨越發展的新興領域軍民融合發展格局，深化拓展新興領域的軍民融合，合力建設海洋強國、航太強國、網絡強國。

優化科技創新資源配置

隨著科學技術的不斷發展，多學科專業交叉群集、多領域技術融合集成的特徵日益凸顯，必須依靠團隊力量集智攻關，搞好科研力量與創新資源的整合，才能最大限度發揮各方面的優勢，形成推進國防科技創新的整體合力。

強化開放共享打破封閉壟斷。緊緊扭住國防科技創新的「硬骨頭」攻堅克難，著力加強科技創新統籌協調，努力克服各領域、各部門、各方面科技創新活動中存在的資源分散封閉、交叉重復等碎片化現象，避免創新中的「孤島」。清除各種有形無形的柵欄，打破封閉壟斷，搞好需求對接、規劃對接、任務對接，加速建立健全各主體、各方面、各環節有機互動、協同高效的創新資源開放共享平台，最大限度實現共建共用共享。著力完善科技創新基礎制度，加速建立健全國家科技報告製度、創新調查制度、國家科技管理資訊系統，大幅提昇科技資源開放共享水準。

深化國防科技體制機制改革。如果把科技創新比喻成我國發展的新引擎，那麼改革就是點燃這個新引擎不可或缺的點火系。科技與經濟聯係不緊密，是多年來我國科技發展的一大痼疾。解決這個問題，必須以機制和政策制度改革為抓手，堅決拆壁壘、破堅冰、去門檻，破除制度藩籬和利益羈絆，構建系統完備的科技軍民融合政策制度體系，推動科技與經濟社會發展深度融合。要突破束縛產學研發有機結合的國防科技體制機制障礙，健全國防科技創新服務支撐體系，加強國防知識產權運用與保護。加速建立科技諮詢支撐行政決策的科技決策機制，改革科技評價制度，完善符合科技創新規律的資源配置方式、科技創新激勵機制。只有科技創新的輪子與體制機制創新的輪子共同轉動，才能大幅提升國防科技創新能力。

挖掘國防科技創新潛力。在全球化、資訊化、網絡化發展的今天，創新要素更具開放性、流動性，科技創新永無止境。要完善國防科技創新治理體系，充分調動創新主體的積極性，釋放各類創新要素的活力，善於運用社會一切優質資源和先進成果，挖掘一切科技創新潛力，把國防和軍隊建設有機融入經濟社會發展體系。在經濟與科技全球化的大背景下，創新資源在世界範圍內快速流動，國家與國家之間的聯繫日趨緊密，任何一個國家都不可能孤立依靠自己的力量解決所有創新難題。要堅持開放式、包容式自主創新，積極吸收能提升軍隊建設效益、提升軍隊戰鬥力的創新資源與成果。深化國際交流合作，充分利用全球創新資源，在更高起點推進國防科技自主創新。

（作者單位：國防科技大學文理學院）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4807982888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Higher Education in the Age of Intelligent Warfare

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智慧戰爭時代的中國軍事高等教育

現代英語：

“Military academies are born for war and built for war.” At the opening ceremony of the 2019 military academy presidents’ training, President Xi Jinping proposed the military education policy for the new era, which pointed out the direction for the training of high-quality and professional new military talents in military academies. At present, the war situation is accelerating towards informatization and intelligence. What kind of soldiers are needed to win the future intelligent war and how military higher education can cultivate talents adapted to intelligent warfare are major issues facing us.

Warfare is accelerating towards intelligence

The war form is a stage-by-stage manifestation and state of war history, marked by the technical attributes of the main combat weapons. So far, after experiencing cold weapon war, hot weapon war, and mechanized war, the war form is accelerating towards information-based and intelligent warfare. The increasingly widespread application of advanced technologies such as big data, the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and brain science in the military field is becoming an important driving force for the new military revolution, giving rise to new unmanned, autonomous, and intelligent war forms, and changing the traditional war winning mechanism. In 2014, a foreign military think tank released a research report titled “20YY: War in the Age of Robots”, which believes that a storm of military reform marked by intelligent armies, autonomous equipment and unmanned warfare is coming. It will develop intelligent combat platforms, information systems and decision support systems, as well as new weapons such as directed energy, hypersonic, bionics, genetics, and nanotechnology. By 2035, an intelligent combat system will be initially established, and by 2050 it will develop to an advanced stage, fully realizing the intelligence and even unmanned nature of combat platforms, information systems, and command and control, and new weapons such as bionics, genetics, and nanotechnology will enter the battlefield, and the combat space will be further expanded to biological space, nano space, and intelligent space.

In recent years, with the continuous deepening of research on the human brain, brain-computer interface technology is becoming more mature. In the future, information exchange between humans and the outside world will no longer be limited to the senses. Chips can also be used to achieve direct information exchange between the brain and the outside world. People and things are fully interconnected. Humans may surpass the Internet and the Internet of Things and enter the intelligent era supported by brain networking. In the era of brain networking, the brain of soldiers is directly connected to combat platforms, information systems, and decision support systems. With the assistance of technologies such as quantum computing and cloud platforms, decisions are made. The targets of attack will be expanded to human thoughts and actions, and matter, energy, information and mind will be integrated. Some domestic experts believe that with the help of artificial intelligence technology, the winning mechanism of future wars will change from “information-led, system confrontation, precise strikes, and joint victory” in information warfare to “intelligence-led, autonomous confrontation, traceability strikes, and cloud brain victory” in intelligent warfare. After matter, energy, and information, cloud intelligence that integrates man and machine will become the key to determining the outcome of wars. This transformation of the form of intelligent warfare is accelerating, and any hesitation may bring unimaginable consequences.

However, it should be noted that no matter how the war develops, people are always the most fundamental factor. The intelligent warfare will change the functions and roles of soldiers, and will place higher demands on the ability and quality of soldiers. Cognitive ability may surpass knowledge and skills to become the core ability of soldiers.

Intelligent warfare requires the comprehensive quality of soldiers to be upgraded and restructured

According to the talent growth cycle, the military personnel currently receiving higher education will become the main force of combat training in more than 10 years, and will also become the first batch of main forces to meet the challenges of intelligent warfare. At present, there are still some deficiencies in the design of talent training goals in our military higher education, and insufficient attention is paid to the ability to adapt to the changing intelligent battlefield in the future. There is still a certain gap between the talent training goals and the needs of intelligent warfare. On July 23, 2020, when President Xi visited the Air Force Aviation University, he emphasized the need to persist in cultivating people with morality and educating people for war, strengthen military soul education, strengthen fighting spirit, and comprehensively lay a solid foundation for the ideological and political, military professional, scientific and cultural, physical and psychological qualities of pilot trainees. In order to implement President Xi’s important instructions and meet the needs of future intelligent warfare, it is urgent to build a higher-level military talent training goal with thinking ability as the core and accelerate the upgrading and reconstruction of the comprehensive quality of the military.

Intelligent warfare is a complex system that integrates multiple fields. Its intelligence-based characteristics and iterative and changing development trend are changing the role of soldiers in war. Soldiers may gradually move from the front stage of war to the backstage, from direct face-to-face combat to human-machine collaborative combat, and from charging and trapping on the front line to planning and designing wars at the back end. To be competent in human-machine collaboration, war planning and design, and other functional roles, in addition to ideological and political and physical and psychological requirements, in terms of military professionalism and scientific culture, soldiers should focus on improving the following five aspects of knowledge and ability: First, a multidisciplinary knowledge structure, mastering the core principles of multiple intelligent warfare-related disciplines such as nature, military, cognitive psychology, and network intelligence, and being able to integrate knowledge across disciplines to guide military practice; second, strong cognitive ability, with logical thinking, critical thinking, and systematic thinking capabilities, and the ability to use scientific methods to analyze, infer, and solve operational problems; third, human-machine collaboration capabilities , deeply grasp the characteristics and laws of intelligent warfare, skillfully use combat platforms, command and control systems, and decision support systems, be able to control a variety of intelligent weapons and equipment, and realize efficient human-machine collaboration; fourth, innovation ability, with keen scientific and technological perception and strong creativity, be able to grasp the forefront of science and technology, innovate combat methods, and master the laws of war development; fifth, self-growth ability, be able to accurately recognize oneself, rationally plan military careers, freely use information means to acquire new knowledge, new technologies, and new methods, constantly improve knowledge structure, enhance cognitive ability, and better adapt to the complex and changeable development of the military revolution.

Finding the Focus of Military Higher Education Reform

At present, the overlapping advancement of informatization and intelligence has brought greater complexity to the talent training work of military academies. It is necessary to meet the actual needs of informationized warfare and lay the foundation for adapting to intelligent warfare. The following tasks should be focused on.

Reconstruct the curriculum system. The curriculum system supports the formation of the knowledge structure of talents. In order to cultivate military talents that meet the needs of intelligent warfare and achieve the training goals of military expertise and scientific culture, we should break the practice of designing a curriculum system based on a single major and establish a “general knowledge + direction” curriculum system. General knowledge courses are based on existing natural science and public courses, and add courses such as mathematical logic, mathematical modeling, critical thinking, network foundations, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, and system engineering to establish a cross-domain and cross-disciplinary horizontal curriculum system, expand the knowledge of students, build a knowledge structure urgently needed for intelligent warfare, and lay a broad knowledge foundation for their lifelong growth. Direction courses are to establish a discipline and professional direction, set up a vertical course system of mathematics and science, professional foundation, and professional positions, build a solid professional background, and cultivate students’ ability to use professional theories to solve complex combat training problems. The “general knowledge + direction” course system helps to build a “T”-shaped knowledge structure and meet the needs of military talents to adapt to the diverse and changing intelligent warfare.

Deepen classroom reform. Educational neuroscience believes that education is the reshaping of students’ brains, and the classroom is the main battlefield for reshaping students’ neural networks. It plays an irreplaceable role in the formation of high-level cognitive abilities required for intelligent warfare. Continuously deepening classroom reform is the current key task of military higher education. It should be noted that a classroom with only knowledge understanding is far from being a good classroom. All human behaviors, thoughts, and emotions are controlled by the brain. Every piece of knowledge, thinking, and emotion corresponds to a specific neural network of the brain. Therefore, classroom reform should focus on students’ learning, follow the cognitive laws of the human brain, start with attracting and maintaining attention, establish a scientific thinking framework, and mobilize students to think actively. Generally, the teaching methods that aim at high-level abilities have a common model – problem-driven heuristic teaching. Commonly used problem-based teaching methods, project-based teaching methods, and inquiry-based teaching methods all belong to this model. Therefore, the main path to promote classroom reform is to develop unknown, novel, and interesting questions and stories for students, design a thinking framework that aims at logical reasoning, critical thinking, reflective ability, creative ability, and learning ability, inspire students to think actively under the guidance of the framework, and then supplement it with the output process of speaking and writing, and finally achieve the goal of internalizing knowledge understanding and forming high-level abilities.

Promote all-round education. Modern educational theory not only regards the classroom as an important battlefield for education, but also regards all time and space outside the classroom as important resources for cultivating students. These time and space outside the classroom not only support classroom teaching and promote the formation of knowledge and ability, but are also important places for cultivating non-intellectual abilities. Colleges and universities should make full use of these time and space, clarify specific training goals, focus on going deep into the troops, getting close to actual combat, and highlighting practicality and creativity, and scientifically design education and training plans. Focus on giving full play to the management and education advantages of military academies, explore and establish a student management model, and promote the cultivation of students’ leadership and management capabilities; continuously enrich the second classroom, build an innovation platform, create more opportunities for independent practice, and enhance students’ innovation capabilities; make full use of various large-scale activities to cultivate students’ competitive awareness and teamwork capabilities; strengthen the construction of management cadres, improve scientific management capabilities, and be able to effectively guide students to carry out time management, goal management, emotional management, psychological adjustment, habit formation, etc., to help students improve their self-management and independent learning capabilities.

In short, education is a systematic project. The above are only three aspects to break through the shortcomings of talent training in the intelligent era. To truly solve the problem, military academies need to carry out systematic reforms to effectively support the achievement of talent training goals in strategic planning, quality management, personnel quality, teaching conditions and other aspects. This requires us to continue to explore and innovate, continuously improve the level of school management and education, and strive to open up a new situation in the construction and development of military academies.

(Author’s unit: Air Force Aviation University)

現代國語：

「軍隊院校因打仗而生、為打仗而建」。在2019年全軍院校長集訓開班式上，習主席提出新時代軍事教育方針，為全軍院校培養高素質、專業化新型軍事人才指明了方向。當前，戰爭形態正加速向資訊化、智慧化發展，打贏未來智能化戰爭需要什麼樣的軍人，軍事高等教育如何培養適應智慧化戰爭的人才等，是擺在我們面前的重大課題。

戰爭形態加速向智慧化發展

戰爭形態是以主戰兵器技術屬性為主要標志的、戰爭歷史階段性的表現形式和狀態。迄今為止，戰爭形態在經歷了冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭之後，正加速向資訊化、智慧化戰爭發展。大數據、物聯網、人工智慧、生物技術、腦科學等先進科技在軍事領域日益廣泛的應用，正成為新軍事革命的重要推手，催生新的無人化、自主化、智慧化戰爭形態，改變著傳統戰爭制勝機理。 2014年，外軍智庫發布名為《20YY∶機器人時代的戰爭》的研究報告，認為以智慧化軍隊、自主化裝備和無人化戰爭為標志的軍事變革風暴正在來臨，其將透過發展智慧化作戰平台、資訊系統與決策支援系統，以及定向能、高超音波、仿生、基因、納米等新型武器，2035年初步建成智慧化作戰體系，2050年將發展到高級階段，全面實現作戰平台、資訊系統、指揮控制智能化甚至無人化，仿生、基因、納米等新型武器走上戰場，作戰空間進一步拓展到生物空間、納米空間、智慧空間。

近年來，隨著人們對人腦研究的不斷深入，腦機介面技術正日趨成熟，未來人類與外部世界的資訊交換將不再局限於感官，還可以透過晶片實現大腦與外界直接的訊息交流，人與人、人與物充分互聯互通，人類或將超越互聯網、物聯網，進入腦聯網支援的智慧時代。腦聯網時代，軍人的大腦與作戰平台、資訊系統、決策支援系統直接相聯，在量子計算和雲平台等技術輔助下開展決策，打擊的對象將拓展到人的思想和行動，物質、能量、訊息與心智融為一體。國內有專家認為，在人工智慧技術的作用下，未來戰爭的製勝機理將由資訊化戰爭的“資訊主導、體系對抗、精確打擊、聯合製勝”，向智能化戰爭的“智能主導、自主對抗、溯源打擊、雲腦制勝」轉變，繼物質、能量、資訊之後，人機融合的雲智能成為決定戰爭勝負的關鍵。這一智慧化戰爭形態的轉變正在加速到來，任何遲疑都可能帶來難以想像的後果。

但應該看到，無論戰爭如何發展，人始終是最根本的要素。智慧化戰爭形態將促使軍人的職能角色發生變化，對軍人的能力素質將提出更高的要求，認知能力或將超越知識、技能成為軍人的核心能力。

智慧化戰爭要求軍人綜合素質升級重構

根據人才成長週期，目前正在接受高等教育的軍人，10多年後將成為部隊作戰訓練主體力量，也將成為迎接智慧化戰爭挑戰的第一批主力軍。當前，我軍高等教育在人才培養目標設計上尚存在一些不足，對適應未來多變的智慧化戰場能力關注不夠，人才培養目標與智慧化戰爭需求還有一定差距。 2020年7月23日，習主席視察空軍航空大學時，強調要堅持立德樹人、為戰育人，加強軍魂教育，強化戰鬥精神，全面打牢飛行學員思想政治、軍事專業、科學文化、身體心理等素質基礎。貫徹習主席重要指示，對標未來智慧化戰爭需求，迫切需要建立以思維力為核心的更高階的軍事人才培養目標，加快軍人綜合素質升級重構。

智慧化戰爭是整合多個領域的複雜巨系統，其智力為本的特徵和迭代多變的發展趨勢，正在改變軍人在戰爭中的角色。軍人或將逐步由戰爭前台走向幕後，由直接面對面作戰轉變為人機協同作戰，由前線沖鋒陷陣轉變為後端籌劃設計戰爭。要勝任人機協同、籌劃設計戰爭等職能作用，除思想政治和身體心理必須達到要求外，在軍事專業和科學文化方面，軍人應重點提升以下五個方面的知識能力素質：一是多學科融合的知識結構，掌握自然、軍事、認知心理、網絡智能等多個智能化戰爭相關學科領域的核心原理，能夠跨學科整合知識，指導軍事實踐；二是強大的認知能力，具有邏輯思維、審辨思維、系統思維能力，能夠運用科學方法分析推理解決作戰問題；三是人機協作能力，深刻掌握智慧化戰爭特點規律，熟練運用作戰平台、指揮控制系統、決策支援系統，能夠操控多樣化智慧武器裝備，實現人機高效協同；四是創新能力，具有敏銳的科技感知力和強大的創造力，能夠掌握科技前沿，創新作戰樣式，掌握戰爭發展規律；五是自我成長能力，能夠準確認知自我，合理規劃軍事職業生涯，自如運用資訊手段獲取新知識、新技術、新方法，不斷完善知識結構，提升認知能力，較好地適應複雜多變的軍事革命發展。

找準軍事高等教育改革著力點

當前，資訊化與智慧化的疊加推進，為軍隊院校人才培養工作帶來更大復雜性，既要滿足現實的資訊化作戰需要，同時又要為適應智慧化戰爭奠定基礎，應著重抓好以下幾項工作。

重構課程體系。課程體系支撐著人才知識結構的形成。為培養滿足智慧化戰爭需求的軍事人才，達成軍事專業、科學文化兩個面向的培養目標，應打破以單一專業為背景設計課程體系的做法，建立「通識+方向」的課程體系。通識課程是在現有自然科學和公共類課程基礎上，增加數理邏輯、數學建模、批判性思維、網絡基礎、人工智慧、認知神經科學、系統工程等課程，建立跨領域跨學科的橫向課程體系，拓展學員的知識面，建構智慧化戰爭急需的知識結構，為終身成長奠定廣博的知識基礎。方向課程是確立一個學科專業方向，設置數理科學、專業基礎、專業崗位的縱向課程體系，構建厚實的專業背景，培養學員運用專業理論解決復雜作戰訓練問題的能力。 「通識＋方向」的課程體系，有助於建構「T」形知識結構，滿足軍事人才適應多樣多變智能化戰爭的需要。

深化課堂改革。教育神經科學認為，教育是對學生大腦的重塑，而課堂是重塑學生神經網絡的主陣地，特別對於智能化戰爭所需的高階認知能力形成具有不可替代的作用，持續深化課堂改革是軍事高等教育當前的關鍵任務。要看到，只有知識理解的課堂遠遠不是一個好課堂。人的一切行為、思想和情感全部由大腦控制，每個知識、思維和情緒都與大腦的特定神經網絡相對應，因此，課堂改革要以學生的學習為中心，遵循人腦的認知規律，以吸引並保持專注為起點，建立科學的思維框架，調動學員主動思考。通常，指向高階能力的教學方法具有一個通用模式——問題驅動的啟發式教學，常用的問題式教學法、項目式教學法、探究式教學法都屬於這一模式。所以，推進課堂改革的主要路徑是發展未知、新奇和學生感興趣的問題和故事，設計指向邏輯推理、審辨思維、反思能力、創造能力以及學習能力的思維框架，啟發學員在框架的指引下主動思考，再輔以講出來、寫出來的輸出過程，最後達成知識理解內化與高階能力形成的目標。

推動全面育人。現代教育理論不僅以課堂作為教育的重要陣地，還把課堂以外的所有時間和空間視為培養學生的重要資源。這些課堂以外的時間和空間不僅支持課堂教學、促進知識能力形成，也是培養非智力能力的重要場所。院校應充分利用這些時間和空間，明確具體的培養目標，以深入部隊、貼近實戰、突出實踐性和創造性為重點，科學設計教育訓練計劃。著重發揮軍隊院校管理育人優勢，探索建立學員管理模式，促進學員領導管理能力的培養；不斷豐富第二課堂，搭建創新平台，創造更多自主實踐機會，提升學員的創新能力；充分利用各種大型活動，培養學員競爭意識及團隊協作能力；加強管理幹部隊伍建設，提昇科學管訓能力，能有效輔導學員開展時間管理、目標管理、情緒管理、心理調節、習慣養成等，幫助學員提升自我管理和自主學習能力。

總而言之，教育是一個系統工程，以上僅是突破智能化時代人才培養短板的三個方面，真正解決問題還需要軍隊院校進行系統化改革，在戰略規劃、質量管理、人員素質、教學條件等諸方面都能夠有效支撐人才培養目標的達成，而這需要我們持續不斷地探索與創新，不斷提高辦學育人水平，並努力開創軍事院校建設發展新局面。

（作者單位：空軍航空大學）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/gfjy_index/jsyxgfs/4885203888.html?big=fan

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Chinese Military Simulation Technology—— Knocking on the door of Russian “war design”

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中國軍事模擬技術—敲開俄羅斯「戰爭設計」之門

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2018年8月24日 星期五

現代英語：

Recently, the Russian Ministry of Defense announced the establishment of the “Era Military Innovation Technology Park”, which focuses on scientific research, testing and simulation of advanced weapons, military and special equipment. Coincidentally, the US military is also stepping up the development of the “Soldiers Build Intelligence System Military Training Support” project, hoping to better assist officers and soldiers in conducting military intelligence training by providing equipment, simulators and simulation modeling services. The frequently mentioned military simulation technology has attracted attention from all parties. With the rapid development of cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence and other technologies, military simulation technology has made significant progress in equipment construction, military exercises, combat training and logistics support. At present, major military powers have recognized the huge application prospects of simulation technology in the military field and regard it as an “advanced intelligence contest” in modern warfare.

The “virtual battlefield” can also deploy troops

Once upon a time, we all “learned about war from war”. The emergence of military simulation technology has allowed us to learn about future wars from the “virtual battlefield”.

Simulation technology mainly relies on computer and other equipment platforms, and uses mathematical models to conduct scientific research, analysis, evaluation and decision-making on issues that need to be studied. Military simulation systems are simulation systems built specifically for military applications. They can conduct quantitative analysis of combat elements such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet, the performance of weapons and equipment, and combat operations, and then accurately simulate the battlefield environment, present relevant battlefield situations, and achieve effectiveness evaluation of the combat system and command decision-making assistance.

At present, military simulation systems have become an effective means of studying future wars, designing weapons and equipment, and supporting the evaluation of tactics, and they run through the entire process of weapons and equipment development and testing. In recent years, military simulation technology has been increasingly regarded as a multiplier for improving combat effectiveness and one of the key technologies for national defense security and troop construction and development.

The United States has always listed modeling and simulation as an important key defense technology. As early as 1992, the United States announced the “Defense Modeling and Simulation Initiative” and established a special Defense Modeling and Simulation Office. The United States also specifically listed the “integrated simulation environment” as one of the seven driving technologies to maintain the US military advantage. At the same time, European countries attach great importance to the development of military simulation technology, and strive to continuously improve simulation methods in the process of developing a new generation of weapon systems, thereby improving the comprehensive effectiveness of weapon equipment construction and development.

In fact, military simulation technology has allowed people to fully learn about future wars in experiments. Before the outbreak of the Gulf War, the US Department of Defense used military simulation technology to analyze and determine the direct consequences of Iraq igniting all oil wells in Kuwait, which had a profound impact on the US military’s formulation of the Gulf War combat plan. In the integrated ballistic missile defense system project carried out by the US military, modeling and simulation methods are specifically used to conduct a preliminary assessment of the ballistic missile defense system. At the end of 2017, the US Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency invested 12.8 million US dollars specifically for the construction of virtual simulation space battlefields. The US Army also spent 57 million US dollars to develop the Army Infantry Training System – this immersive military virtual simulation training system can provide soldiers with a more realistic battlefield combat simulation environment.

A brainstorming session to plan operations

From artillery simulation, aircraft simulation, missile simulation to today’s various types of weapon system equipment simulation and combat simulation, while simulation technology continues to meet the needs of military applications, it is also rapidly developing in the direction of virtualization, networking, intelligence, collaboration and universalization. In order to continuously improve military simulation calculation methods and improve simulation technology, people are constantly launching a “brainstorming” to plan operations.

Mathematical modeling algorithm. Mathematical model is the basis of simulation. To carry out simulation, we must first build a mathematical model of the object to be simulated. At the same time, the correctness and accuracy of the mathematical model directly affect the credibility of the simulation calculation results. In recent years, the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology has provided new ideas for mathematical modeling. Introducing artificial intelligence to build mathematical models can not only effectively improve the realism, reliability and accuracy of simulation models, but also further improve the efficiency of modeling and simulation.

Virtual reality technology. With virtual reality technology, people can interact with objects in a virtual simulation environment through related equipment, thereby creating an effect of “immersion” in the real environment. The augmented reality technology that has emerged in recent years has further increased the user’s perception of the virtual simulation system, and can superimpose virtual objects, scenes, and information generated by the military simulation system onto the real scene. The U.S. Army is currently relying on virtual reality and augmented reality technologies to develop the future overall training environment to achieve seamless, mixed immersive combat training.

Network grid technology. The realization of military simulation is inseparable from the strong support of computers, local area networks, software engineering and other technologies. The distributed interactive simulation that integrates simulation equipment or systems of different types in different locations into a whole provides a more realistic application environment for military simulation. In recent years, grid technology that can realize the rapid transmission of various types of information and resource sharing has become a research hotspot for military simulation. The US Department of Defense has begun to use the “Global Information Grid” plan to establish a military grid that communicates various information elements on the battlefield and realizes the dynamic sharing and collaborative application of various military network resources.

Winning the war before it starts

The future information warfare is an integrated war that is carried out simultaneously in multiple dimensions such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. Not only is the battle structure complex and the weapons and equipment diverse, but it also places higher demands on the combatants and the use of tactics. Only by building a “virtual battlefield” for future wars with the help of military simulation technology and realizing the scientific coordination of factors such as the scale of war, the course of war, war investment, the number of combatants and weapons and equipment, the targets of attack and the intensity of attack, can we be sure of victory before the war begins.

In the field of combat experiments, the U.S. military has fully reduced the losses caused by improper combat plans and action plans through a large number of computer simulation evaluations and iterative optimizations. The Russian military’s combat regulations and tactics are also “optimal battlefield solutions” obtained through scientific deduction and simulation calculation using mathematical models. Through military simulation analysis and evaluation, battlefield commanders and fighters can quickly understand the trend of war simulations and carry out effective responses according to various changes in the “virtual battlefield”, thereby effectively improving the effectiveness of combat experiments.

In the field of military training, individual soldier training can be carried out through an immersive virtual simulation training environment, which can be as close to the battlefield environment as possible and effectively improve the training effect. In recent years, the US Army has specially opened a “simulated immersion” training course in the “Advanced Course for Officers”. Through the implementation of virtual simulation military training, the organization and implementation of training are not restricted by time and weather conditions. The distributed training simulation system can even enable trainees in different locations to participate in the training together. By modeling and simulating the specific battlefield environment, tactical background and enemy forces, the military training system can also provide trainees with a more realistic battlefield perception.

In the field of equipment demonstration, the technical support of simulation systems is required throughout the life cycle of weapons and equipment development. At present, the United States has extensively adopted simulation technology in new weapon system development projects to fully support the development and testing, live-fire evaluation and combat testing of weapons and equipment. The U.S. Missile Defense Agency has further explored effective measures to deal with incoming missile threats through missile threat target modeling and simulation. The U.S. Navy simulates the operation of ship systems and crew members through mission analysis simulation software, and obtains simulation results for determining and optimizing the number of crew members. In the future, military simulation technology may become a new technological highland for the world’s major military powers to compete.

現代國語：

日前，俄羅斯國防部宣布組成“時代軍事創新科技園區”，重點進行先進武器、軍事和特殊裝備的科學研究、試驗以及模擬模擬。無獨有偶，美軍也在加緊研發「士兵建構情報系統軍隊訓練保障」項目，希望透過提供設備、模擬器與模擬建模等服務，更好地輔助官兵進行軍事情報訓練。這其中常提及的軍用模擬技術，引起各方注意。伴隨著雲端運算、大數據、人工智慧等技術的快速發展，軍事模擬技術在裝備建設、軍事演習、作戰訓練與後勤支援等領域相繼取得重大進展。目前，各軍事大國紛紛體認到模擬技術在軍事領域的巨大應用前景，將其視為現代戰爭的「超前智慧較量」。

「虛擬戰場」也能排兵布陣

曾幾何時,我們都是「從戰爭中學習戰爭」。軍用模擬技術的出現，開始讓我們從「虛擬戰場」學習未來戰爭。

模擬技術主要藉助電腦等設備平台，利用數學模型對需要研究的問題進行科學的研究、分析、評估與決策。軍用模擬系統是專門針對軍事應用建構的模擬模擬系統，可對陸、海、空、天、電、網等作戰元素、武器裝備性能以及作戰行動進行量化分析，進而精確模擬戰場環境、呈現相關戰場態勢，實現作戰體系的效能評估與指揮決策輔助。

目前，軍用模擬系統已成為研究未來戰爭、設計武器裝備、支撐戰法評估的有效手段，並貫穿武器裝備研發、試驗的整個過程。近年來，軍用模擬技術越來越被視為提升作戰效能的倍增器，是國防安全與部隊建設發展的關鍵技術之一。

美國一直將建模與模擬列為重要的國防關鍵技術。早在1992年，美國就宣布了“國防建模與模擬倡議”，並專門成立國防建模與模擬辦公室。美國也專門將「綜合模擬環境」列為保持美國軍事優勢的七大推動技術之一。同時，歐洲各國高度重視軍用模擬技術發展，力求在新一代武器系統研發過程中不斷完善模擬方法，進而提升武器裝備建設發展的綜合效能。

事實上，軍用模擬技術已經讓人們在實驗中充分學習了未來戰爭。在海灣戰爭爆發前，美國國防部就藉助軍用模擬技術，分析研判伊拉克點燃科威特境內全部油井的直接後果，對美軍制定海灣戰爭作戰方案產生了深遠影響。在美軍進行的一體化彈道飛彈防禦系統專案中，就專門採用建模模擬方法​​對彈道飛彈防禦系統進行預先評估。 2017年底，美國國防部高級研究計畫局投資1,280萬美元，專門用於虛擬模擬太空戰場建設。美國陸軍也耗資5,700萬美元研發陸軍步兵訓練系統－這款沉浸式軍事虛擬模擬訓練系統，能為士兵提供更真實的戰場作戰模擬環境。

掀起策劃作戰的“腦力激盪”

從火砲仿真、飛行器仿真、飛彈仿真到現今的各式武器系統裝備仿真以及作戰仿真，仿真技術在不斷滿足軍事應用需求的同時，自身也朝向虛擬化、網路化、智慧化、協同化與普適化方向迅速發展。為不斷完善軍用模擬計算方法、改進模擬技術手段，人們正不斷掀起謀劃作戰的「腦力激盪」。

數學建模演算法。數學模型是進行模擬的基礎，要進行模擬模擬，必須先建構被模擬物件的數學模型。同時，數學模型的正確與否以及精確度高低直接影響模擬計算結果的可信度。近年來，人工智慧技術的快速發展，為數學建模提供了新思路。引進人工智慧建構數學模型，不僅能有效改善模擬模型的逼真性、可靠性與精確性，也進一步提升了建模與模擬的效率。

虛擬實境技術。採用虛擬實境技術，人們可透過相關設備與虛擬模擬環境中的物件進行交互，進而產生「沉浸」於真實環境的效果。近年來興起的擴增實境技術，進一步增加了使用者對虛擬模擬系統的感知程度，能將軍用模擬系統產生的虛擬物件、場景和資訊疊加到真實場景中。美國陸軍目前就依賴虛擬實境和擴增實境技術開發未來整體訓練環境，實現無縫、混合的沉浸式作戰訓練。

網路網格技術。軍用仿真的實現離不開電腦、區域網路、軟體工程等技術的強大支撐，將分散於不同地點、不同類型的仿真設備或系統集成為一個整體的分散式交互仿真，為軍用仿真提供了更逼真的應用環境。近年來，可實現各類資訊快速傳輸和資源共享的網格技術成為軍用模擬的研究熱點。美國國防部已開始借助「全球資訊網格」計劃，建立起溝通戰場各類資訊要素的軍事網格，實現各類軍事網路資源的動態共享與協同應用。

在戰爭開始前穩操勝券

未來的資訊化戰爭是陸、海、空、天、電、網等多維空間同時展開的一體化戰爭，不僅戰役結構複雜、武器裝備多樣，對參戰人員和戰術運用也提出了更高要求。借助軍事模擬技術建構未來戰爭的“虛擬戰場”，實現對戰爭規模、戰爭進程、戰爭投入、作戰人員與武器裝備數量、打擊目標與打擊強度等要素的科學統籌，才能在戰爭開始之前穩操勝券。

在作戰實驗領域，美軍透過大量的電腦模擬評估和迭代優化，充分減少了因作戰方案和行動計畫不當而造成的損失。俄軍的作戰條令和戰法也都是運用數學模型進行科學推導、模擬計算得出的「戰場最優解」。透過軍用模擬分析與評估，戰場指戰員可以快速了解戰爭推演趨勢，在「虛擬戰場」中根據各種情況變化開展有效應對，進而有力提升作戰試驗效果。

在軍事訓練領域，透過沉浸式虛擬模擬訓練環境實施單兵訓練，能最大限度地貼近戰場環境，並有力提升訓練效果。近年來，美國陸軍已經在“軍官高級教程”中專門開設了“模擬沉浸”訓練課程。透過進行虛擬模擬軍事訓練，訓練的組織與實施不受時間和氣象條件限制，分散式訓練模擬系統甚至能使不同地點的參訓人員共同參與訓練。透過對具體戰場環境、戰術背景和敵方兵力進行建模和仿真，軍事訓練系統也能為訓練人員提供更逼真的戰場感知。

在裝備論證領域，武器裝備研發的全生命週期都需要模擬系統的技術支援。目前，美國在新型武器系統研發專案中大量採用模擬技術，全面支援武器裝備的開發測試、實彈評估測試和作戰測試。美國飛彈防禦局透過飛彈威脅目標建模與仿真，進一步探索出應對來襲飛彈威脅的有效措施。美國海軍則透過任務分析仿真軟體，對船艦系統和艦員的操作進行仿真，得出確定和優化艦員數量的仿真結果。未來，軍用模擬技術或將成為世界各軍事大國角逐的科技新高地。

製圖：陳 晨

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2018-08/24/content_214234888.htm

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, 中國的情報戰, 中國的耗散戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍隊, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 國防和軍隊現代化建設, 新軍事變革, 智慧戰爭, 認知域戰, 認知戰

China’s Military Looking at the Generation of New Quality Combat Power from the Perspective of Intelligent Victory

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從智勝視角看中國軍隊新型優質戰鬥力生成

現代英語：

Intelligent victory is a distinct feature of the times in the “quality” of new quality combat power. With the development of science and technology and the evolution of war forms, intelligent joint operations based on “energy mobility and information interconnection”, supported by “network communication and distributed cloud”, with “data computing and model algorithms” as the core, and “cross-domain command and multi-domain operations” as the path, gradually outline a vivid scene of the application of new quality combat power. The intelligent trend of new quality combat power will trigger a chain breakthrough in the military field and become a key variable in changing the rules of war. To enhance new quality combat power and win future wars, we should “knock on the door” of intelligent operations and explore methods and paths to iteratively generate new quality combat power of intelligent joint operations.

Analyzing the characteristics of new quality combat power based on intelligent winning mechanism

Throughout human history, the mechanisms for winning wars have all left clear marks of the era of technological development. To understand and grasp the new quality of combat power of intelligent joint combat, we should keep up with the development of war forms and analyze its key characteristics.

The battlefield environment is distributed in multiple domains. The battlefield environment is the space for the use of new-quality combat power and the space-time framework for understanding the new-quality combat power of intelligent joint operations. Since the emergence of war, the space-time of war has undergone multiple leaps, including plane, three-dimensional, and invisible space. At present, combat confrontation is unfolding in a fusion space with dimensions including physical domain, information domain, and even biological domain and social domain. In intelligent joint operations, the status of virtual space rises and gradually integrates deeply with physical space. Invisible confrontations such as network, intelligence, and psychology constitute a new space. Establishing a virtual battlefield, realizing virtual-real interaction, and achieving virtual-real control have become new driving forces for joint operations.

Multiple integration of constituent elements. Constituent elements are the inherent characteristics of new-quality combat power and the basic elements of new-quality combat power of intelligent joint operations. Mechanized joint operations are platform-centric operations, with firepower and mobility as the dominant forces. The combination of people, mechanized equipment, and tactics is more of a superposition and accumulation, with the goal of carrying energy with objects and releasing energy with objects. Informatized joint operations are network-centric operations, with information power as the dominant force. The combination of network information, people, informationized equipment, and tactics is more of a linkage and interconnection, with the goal of gathering energy with the network and releasing energy with the network. The dominant force of intelligent joint operations is intelligence. The combat elements of cloud, network, people, equipment, and tactics are integrated through models, algorithms, and data to form a complex system with agile reorganization and autonomous adaptation, realizing the control of energy with intelligence and the control of energy with intelligence.

The mode of action is multi-functional and parallel. The mode of action is the energy release path of the new quality combat power and the key to analyzing the new quality combat power of intelligent joint operations. The use of system architecture and distributed coordination in joint operations has made distributed parallelism emerge in war. In joint operations, the speed of information sharing, mobile response, firepower strikes, and command and control decision-making has been greatly accelerated, and the effectiveness of different combat units can act in parallel. In recent local conflicts and military operations, the granularity of command and operations has become smaller and smaller, but the control range, combat effectiveness, and confrontation intensity have increased exponentially, which is the best example of multi-functional parallelism.

Evaluation and feedback from multiple perspectives. Evaluation and feedback is the iterative starting point for the evolution and improvement of new-quality combat power, the dynamic basis for promoting the development of new-quality combat power in intelligent joint combat, and an easily overlooked link in the generation of new-quality combat power. The high-precision and fast-paced characteristics of intelligent joint combat make multi-perspective evaluation and feedback a rigid need. Among them, the cloud-network-group-end link perspective can review the operating status of cloud platforms, networks, “swarms”, terminals, etc.; the manned and unmanned interaction perspective can judge the technical mechanisms of different interaction stages; the multi-domain aggregated space-time perspective is conducive to comprehensive evaluation and understanding of battlefield situations.

Reconstructing the new quality combat power generation model with system concept

At present, technologies such as artificial intelligence and cloud computing are constantly driving the transformation of the basic elements of joint operations. There is a new trend of development from separation to integration, from single equipment to clusters, and from physical to virtual-real interaction between functional modules such as intelligence, command and control, firepower, and network and electronics. The traditional combat capability generation model is no longer able to adapt to the development, and a new quality combat capability generation model should be reconstructed with new thinking.

Create an intelligent warfare system. Outdated military needs will not produce the best system for future warfare. Concept scenarios should be derived from intelligent technology, linking interactive intelligent components with existing personnel, equipment, tactics, etc. to form an intelligent combat system that includes perception, decision-making, offense and defense, support, and virtual-real interaction. An unchanging combat system will also be difficult to adapt to the rapid evolution of the war situation. An innovation chain of rapid iteration and leapfrogging should be formed to run through the entire process of generating new quality combat power and promote the evolution of the combat system from low-level to high-level.

Build agile combat units. The combat system is a high-intensity confrontation system. The faster the iteration speed in peacetime and the more advanced the construction level, the stronger the survivability in wartime. To build an intelligent joint combat system, we should start with cultivating the initiative and creativity of all individuals to form an agile team that can respond quickly and actively deal with battlefield uncertainties. Military training should fully absorb the lessons learned from recent local wars, change the traditional mode of large-scale linear deployment and group operations, highlight the distributed combat exercises of “breaking the whole into parts”, enhance the system’s anti-destruction ability, and improve stability.

Promote disruptive technological transformation. One of the secrets to the success of military revolution is the “surging” transformation of science and technology to the military. We should focus on advancing the basis of combat readiness with scientific and technological progress, transfer and transform the latest scientific achievements such as game theory, complex system science, and software definition, upgrade and transform the basic platforms of combat software and hardware, and explore the mechanism of system victory with innovative thinking, paradigms, and tools. At the same time, we should accelerate the extension of mature technologies such as mobile Internet and cloud computing to the combat system, accelerate the application of new materials, new energy, and advanced manufacturing to combat platforms, and improve the level of unmanned, bionic, and clustered intelligent combat.

Seek asymmetric checks and balances. Since the 20th century, “selective disclosure” and “cost imposition” have led opponents in the wrong direction and disrupted the rhythm, becoming common means in major countries’ military competition. Simply “fighting hard” according to the discourse system and method system dominated by others is often difficult to play one’s own advantages, and may even fall into the trap set by opponents. We should focus on leveraging our strengths and avoiding our weaknesses, scientifically choose our own combat effectiveness development path, and achieve misaligned competition. We should jump out of the leader’s preset, dynamically benchmark, and iteratively develop. Strengthen criticism and falsification to prevent being confused and misled by opponents.

Promoting the iterative development of new quality combat capabilities through continuous evolution

Whoever can take the lead in building new quality combat capability will gain the upper hand. The intelligent joint combat system is a complex and huge system that is constantly evolving. Its elements are constantly expanding and its environment spans multiple domains. It should follow the mechanism of continuous evolution and improvement, and within the scope of strategic management, take demand as the goal, efficiency as the key, and precision as the guide to promote the iterative development of new quality combat capability.

The generation link is included in strategic management. Intelligent joint operations are the new frontier for advancing war preparations and should be promoted in a coordinated manner according to the strategic management link. In the demand link, we should fully consider the gap between capabilities and needs, and scientifically justify the direction and amount of investment in construction resources; in the planning and budgeting link, we should follow the principle of matching goals and tasks with actual resources, focus on efficiency and implement budget control; in the execution and evaluation link, we should not only promote the top-level institutions to relay and coordinate operations vertically, but also regulate, supervise, and correct each field according to their responsibilities one by one.

The generation process establishes a positive cycle. Intelligent joint operations are in an era of change in which science and technology are developing from information networks to artificial intelligence, combat styles are changing from network-centric warfare to cross-domain autonomous parallel operations, and political, economic, diplomatic and military means are integrated and used. The generation process of new quality combat power should establish a positive cycle of iterative development and continuous evolution. It is necessary to pay attention to the balanced development of the capabilities of each system, as well as to clarify the levels and weights, and gradually achieve the best system and the strongest capabilities through hierarchical modeling and positive cycles.

The output of the generation is closely focused on the game confrontation. Only by keeping a close eye on the military game process can the construction of new quality combat power be targeted and in the right direction. We should focus on system competition, form a system of troops, seek system advantages, produce system results, and strengthen system capabilities in combat theory, equipment development, military training, etc., and avoid shortcomings. We should seek asymmetric checks and balances, neither closed and rigid, nor copy and paste, follow the trend, lead opponents in the key areas of building new quality combat power of intelligent joint operations, and create new advantages to check and balance powerful enemies in the process of actively responding to changes and seeking changes.

The generation efficiency is embedded in the inspection and evaluation. The generation efficiency of the new quality combat capability of intelligent joint operations should be included in the inspection and evaluation system. By analyzing strategic tasks to set operational requirements and new quality combat capability indicators, simulating and deducing the effectiveness of the use of new quality combat capability scenarios through major exercise activities, and testing and measuring new quality combat capability indicators through the design of evaluation model algorithms, evaluation and feedback can be used to support the construction of new quality combat capability of intelligent joint operations.

(Author’s unit: Strategic Assessment and Consulting Center, Academy of Military Science)

現代國語：

從智慧制勝角度看新質戰鬥力生成

■張宏昌 閻 魁 史 霞

引言

智能製勝，是新質戰鬥力「質」中鮮明的時代特徵。隨著科技發展與戰爭形態演變，以“能量機動和信息互聯”為基礎、“網絡通信和分佈式雲”為支撐、“數據計算和模型算法”為內核、“跨域指揮和多域行動”為途徑的智慧化聯合作戰，逐漸勾勒出新質戰鬥力應用的鮮活場景。新質戰鬥力的智慧化趨勢，將引發軍事領域的鍊式突破，成為改變戰爭規則的關鍵變數。提升新質戰鬥力、打贏未來戰爭，應該向智能化作戰“叩門”，探索迭代生成智能化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力的方法路徑。

按智能製勝機理解析新質戰鬥力特徵

縱觀人類史，戰爭制勝機理無不鮮明留下科技發展的時代烙印。認識掌握智慧化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力，應緊跟戰爭形態發展，解析其關鍵特徵。

戰場環境多域分佈。戰場環境是新質戰鬥力的運用空間，是認識智慧化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力的時空框架。自戰爭產生以來，戰爭時空經歷了平面、立體、無形空間等多次飛躍。目前，作戰對抗在包含物理域、資訊域甚至生物域、社會域等維度的融合空間展開。智能化聯合作戰，虛擬空間地位上升並逐漸與物理空間深度融合一體，網電、情報、心理等無形對抗構成全新空間，建立虛擬戰場、實現虛實互動、達成以虛制實成為聯合作戰新的發力端。

構成要素多元整合。構成要素是新質戰鬥力的內涵特徵，是智慧化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力的基礎元素。機械化聯合作戰是平台中心戰，主導力量是火力和機動力，人、機械化裝備、戰法的組合方式更多是疊加累積，目的是實現以物載能、以物釋能。資訊化聯合作戰是網絡中心戰，主導力量是資訊力，網絡資訊、人、資訊化裝備、戰法的組合方式更多是鏈接貫通，目的是實現以網聚能、以網釋能。智能化聯合作戰的主導力量是智力，作戰要素雲、網、人、裝備、戰法通過模型、算法、數據多元整合，構成敏捷重組、自主適應的復雜系統，實現以智蠅能、以智制能。

作用方式多能並行。作用方式是新質戰鬥力的釋能途徑，也是解析智能化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力的關鍵所在。體系架構、分佈協同在聯合作戰中的使用，使分佈並行在戰爭中嶄露頭角。聯合作戰中，資訊共享、機動反應、火力打擊、指控決策速度皆大幅加快，不同作戰單元效能可並行作用。在近年來的局部沖突和軍事行動中，指揮和作戰的顆粒度越來越小，但控制範圍、作戰效能、對抗烈度卻成倍增加，就是多能並行的最好例證。

評估反饋多層視角。評估回饋是新質戰鬥力演進提升的迭代起點，是推進智慧化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力發展的動態基礎，也是新質戰鬥力生成中易被忽視的環節。智慧化聯合作戰高精度、快節奏的特徵，讓多層視角評估回饋成為剛需。其中，雲網群端的鏈接視角，可以審視雲平台、網絡、「蜂群」、終端等運行狀況；有人無人的交互視角，能夠判斷不同交互階段技術機制；多域聚合的時空視角，有助於綜合評估認識戰場態勢。

用系統理念重構新質戰鬥力生成模式

目前，人工智慧、雲端計算等技術不斷催生聯合作戰基本要素發生嬗變。情報、指控、火力、網電等功能模塊之間，呈現由分離向融合、單裝向集群、實物為主向虛實互動發展的新趨勢。傳統作戰能力生成模式已難以適應發展，應以新思維重構新質戰鬥力生成模式。

創建智慧化戰爭體系。過時的軍事需求，孕育不出適應未來戰爭的最優體系。應以智慧科技為原點衍生概念場景，連結互動智慧零件和現有人員、裝備、戰法等，形成包含感知、決策、攻防、保障及虛實互動的智慧化作戰體系。一成不變的作戰體系，也難以適應戰爭形態的快速演變。應形成快速迭代、跨越提升的創新鏈，貫穿新質戰鬥力生成全過程，推動作戰體係從低階向高階演化。

打造敏捷性作戰單位。作戰體係是高強度的對抗系統，平時的迭代速度越迅速，建設水準越先進，戰時的生存能力就越強。打造智慧化聯合作戰體系，應以培育所有個體的主動性、創造性為起點，形成能夠快速響應，積極應對戰場不確定性的敏捷團隊。軍事訓練應充分汲取近期局部戰爭中的經驗教訓，改變大規模線式部署、集團作戰的傳統模式，突顯「化整為零」的分散式作戰演訓，增強體系抗毀性，提高穩定性。

推動顛覆性科技轉型。軍事革命的成功密碼之一，是科技向軍事的「浪湧」轉化。應著眼科技進步前移作戰準備基點，遷移轉化博弈論、複雜系統科學、軟件定義等最新科學成果，升級改造作戰軟硬體基礎平台，以創新思維、範式、工具，探尋體系製勝的機理。同時，加速移動互聯、雲端計算等成熟技術向作戰體系延伸，加速新材料、新能源、先進製造等向作戰平台應用，提高無人化、仿生化、群聚化智慧作戰水準。

謀求非對稱制衡優勢。 20世紀以來，「選擇性揭露」「成本強加」等將對手方向帶偏、節奏帶亂，成為大國軍事競爭中的慣用手段。單純依照他人主導的話語體系、方法體系“硬拼”，往往難以發揮自身優勢，甚至還會掉入對手預設的陷阱。應注重揚長避短，科學選擇自身戰鬥力發展路徑，實現錯位競爭。應跳出引領者預設，動態對標、迭代發展。強化批判證偽，防範被對手迷惑誤導。

以持續演化推動新質戰鬥力迭代發展

誰能在新質戰鬥力建設上領先一步，誰就能贏得制勝先機。智能化聯合作戰體係是一個不斷演進的復雜巨系統，其要素不斷拓展、環境跨越多域，應按照持續演化改進的機制，在戰略管理範疇內以需求為目標、以效能為關鍵、以精準為導向，推動新質戰鬥力迭代發展。

生成鏈路納入戰略管理。智慧化聯合作戰是推進戰爭準備的新前沿，應依照戰略管理連結統籌推進。需求環節，充分考慮能力與需求差距，科學論證建設資源投向投量；規劃及預算環節，依目標任務與現實資源匹配原則，著眼效益抓好預算控制執行；執行及評量環節，縱向上既要推進頂層機構接力協同作業，橫向再要調控、監督、糾偏各領域依職責逐一落實。

生成過程建立正向循環。智慧化聯合作戰處於科學技術由資訊網絡向人工智慧發展、作戰樣式由網絡中心戰向跨域自主並行作戰轉變、政治經濟外交與軍事手段融合運用的變革時代，新質戰鬥力生成過程應建立迭代發展、持續演進的正向循環。既注重各系統能力的均衡發展，也要劃清層次、釐清權重，透過分級建模、正向循環，逐步實現體系最優、能力最強。

生成輸出緊盯博弈對抗。只有緊盯軍事博弈過程，新質戰鬥力建設才能有的放矢、找準方向。應著眼體系競爭，在作戰理論、設備發展、軍訓等方面成體係用兵、謀體系優勢、出體系成果、強體系能力，避免短板缺項。要謀求非對稱制衡，既不封閉僵化，也不照抄照搬、跟風炒作，在智能化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力建設的關鍵領域領先對手，在主動應變求變中打造制衡強敵的新優勢。

產生效能嵌入檢驗評估。智慧化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力生成效能應納入檢驗評估體系。通過分析戰略任務設定作戰需求和新質戰鬥力指標、通過重大演訓活動模擬推演新質戰鬥力運用場景實效、通過設計評價模型算法檢驗度量新質戰鬥力指標，以評估反饋支撐智能化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力建設。

（作者單位：軍事科學院戰略評估諮詢中心）

來源：解放軍報 作者：張宏昌 閆魁 史霞 責任編輯：葉夢圓 2024-07-16 09

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/16324777888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military & Winning Mechanisms of Intelligent Warfare丨Focusing on Aspects of “Smart Victory”

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中國軍隊與智慧戰爭制勝機制丨聚焦「智勝」各個面向

現代英語：

Modern warfare has undergone profound changes. The most fundamental thing is that the winning mechanism has changed. If you want to win the war, you must understand the winning mechanism of modern war. At present, the form of war is accelerating its evolution to information-based warfare, and intelligent warfare is beginning to take shape. What is the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare? What are the new changes and what are the new characteristics? In order to answer these questions clearly, this journal launches a series of articles “Focusing on the Winning Mechanism of Intelligent War”. Readers are welcome to contribute ideas and actively debate, so as to jointly promote the in-depth research on the winning mechanism of intelligent war.

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation led by artificial intelligence is in the ascendant. “Artificial intelligence is like previous missiles and satellites. Whether you are prepared or not, it will enter the historical stage of human war.” Intelligent warfare has already Coming in stride. To win the intelligent wars that may occur in the future, the core is to clarify the winning mechanism of intelligent wars.

Clarify the unique connotation of the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare

To clarify the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare, we must first define the connotation of the word “mechanism” accurately. The author believes that “ji” can be understood as mystery and doorway, and “reason” can be interpreted as principle and reason. The so-called winning mechanism of intelligent war refers to the methods (paths) and principles for winning intelligent war. In order to further clarify this connotation, it is necessary to accurately grasp the differences and connections between the three pairs of concepts.

Grasp the unique connotation from the relationship between mechanism and laws. Laws are the inevitable connections between the inherent nature of things, and the laws for winning a war are the essential connections and inevitable trends of development of various factors related to winning a war. War is a complex giant system, and winning is also complicated. Many winning laws often work on the battlefield at the same time. If you conduct a detailed analysis of specific battle cases, you will find that in every battle of victory and defeat, there must be a certain law that plays a decisive role, and other laws play an auxiliary but indispensable role. The winning mechanism of war is the link and reason why the winning factors of war trigger the winning rules and play a winning role under certain conditions. The winning mechanism depends on the winning law and reflects the way and basis for the winning law to work. However, the winning law alone cannot become a winning mechanism. To summarize in relatively simple words, the winning law is the basis of the winning mechanism, and the winning mechanism is the application of the winning law.

Grasp the unique connotation from the relationship between mechanism and mechanism. Mechanism is the internal structure, function and interrelationship of things. The combat winning mechanism is the internal mechanism through which the various elements of the combat system interact to form a joint force and achieve victory. For example, gathering effectiveness and parallel linkage are all mechanisms. They are the application methods of relevant winning mechanisms. and implementation methods, and these methods and methods embody certain rules and have certain institutional characteristics. In information warfare, the comprehensive integration of combat elements such as intelligence reconnaissance, command and control, fire strikes and comprehensive support, and the optimization and reorganization of land, sea, air and other combat units will form a variety of winning mechanisms. Most of these winning mechanisms include information winning links that convert events into information, information into situation, situation into cognition, cognition into decision-making, decision-making into action, etc. It can be seen that the winning mechanism is the inner “Tao”, which is more abstract, while the winning mechanism is the “skill” of using Tao, which is more concrete.

Grasp the unique connotation from the relationship between mechanism and theory. Understanding, grasping and flexibly applying the laws and mechanisms of winning war requires correct guidance from the theoretical and strategic perspectives. Wise military theorists always make theoretical processing and creation after discovering new winning laws and mechanisms, thus forming new military guidance theories. It can be seen that the core of military theoretical innovation lies in revealing and clarifying new laws and mechanisms for winning wars, and then summarizing new war guidance. In the history of world military affairs, Mahan’s “sea power” theory, Douhet’s “air superiority” theory, Fuller’s “mechanized warfare” theory, Tukhachevsky’s “large depth operations” theory, Graham’s “high altitude” theory, etc. “Borderland” theory, etc., have revealed the corresponding laws and mechanisms for winning wars, led the military trend, and changed the face of war. It can be said that the mechanism of winning war is the basis and source of innovation in military theory, and military guidance theory is the smart application and theoretical sublimation of the mechanism of winning war.

Dialectically grasp the multiple implications of the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare

The winning mechanism of intelligent warfare includes the general mechanism of winning war, and at the same time embodies the distinctive characteristics of algorithmic games; there are corresponding winning mechanisms at the strategic, operational, tactical and other levels, and they are also closely related to algorithmic games. Due to various factors, the specific winning mechanism of each war may be different. Here, only a few types of winning mechanisms with certain universality are listed.

The “outwit” mechanism of using “strong” to defeat “weak”. “The strong wins and the weak loses” is a certain universal law for winning wars. Even in those battles in which the weak defeat the strong, it is often necessary to form a strength advantage over the enemy locally and at a specific period of time in order to truly win. According to the law of “the strong defeats the weak”, using the strong to defeat the weak has become a universal mechanism for winning wars. The “strong” here refers to the overall combat effectiveness. In the era of mechanized warfare, the strength of the overall combat effectiveness is mainly reflected in the superiority of troops and firepower. In the era of information warfare, the military’s ability to win wars depends on its information superiority. In the era of intelligent warfare, the contribution rate of intellectual superiority to combat effectiveness is much higher than other factors. In intelligent war confrontations, human intelligence has widely penetrated into the combat field and been transplanted into weapon systems. The side with higher and stronger intelligence can better develop and use the “outwit” mechanism of using the strong to defeat the weak, and even according to the This design war, dominates the development of the battle situation, and achieves final victory.

The “outwit” mechanism of using “high” to defeat “low”. The “high” and “low” here mainly refer to the “generation difference” and “dimensional difference”. Usually, the side that uses more advanced war forms and combat styles can defeat the side that is still using lower dimensional war forms and combat styles. For example, troops who generally use muskets can almost always outperform troops who use swords and spears. If “high” wins and “low” loses is the law of victory, then the methods and reasons for using “high” to defeat “low” become the winning mechanism. In the process of intelligent warfare, attacking the weaknesses of the opponent’s combat system to reduce or invalidate its “intelligence” and implementing “dimensionality reduction strikes” is the specific application of the “high” to defeat the “low” and “outwit” mechanisms. . It should also be noted that in the era of intelligent warfare, there are likely to be multiple stages of development from low to high. Try to keep yourself in an advanced stage and attack the opponent to a low-dimensional stage. This is also to use “high” to attack “low” The application of the “outwit” mechanism.

The “outwit” mechanism of using “fast” to defeat “slow”. With the strong promotion of science and technology, the connotation of “fast” in war is constantly being refreshed. During World War I, tanks could only maneuver at 4 to 8 miles per hour. By World War II, armored groups were able to conduct blitzes. In recent years, we have thought that supercomputers are already very fast, but quantum computers can process “Gaussian Bose sampling” one hundred trillion times faster than the fastest supercomputers. Quantum algorithms have achieved exponential acceleration compared to classical algorithms. Artificial Intelligence will achieve a qualitative leap. In future intelligent warfare, with the support of algorithms, early warning time will be advanced, decision-making time will be shortened, combat operations will be extended forward, the “observation-judgment-decision-action” cycle will be greatly compressed, and “instantaneous destruction” will be upgraded to “instantaneous destruction”, truly entering the future. The era of “instant kill” when discovered and destroyed.

The “outsmarting” mechanism of defeating “clumsy” with “skill”. In some classic battle cases, we can often see commanders using flexible strategies and tactics, turning passivity into initiative, and turning disadvantages into advantages, which embodies the law of victory that “skillful” can defeat “clumsy” and “skillful” can defeat “clumsy”. “Clumsy” winning mechanism. The “cleverness” in intelligent warfare, relying on the advantages of algorithms, began to come out of the commander’s brain and was endowed with “intelligent” weapon systems. When intelligent warfare develops to a certain stage, all-domain, multi-dimensional and various types of intelligent combat platforms can quickly couple combat forces, build a combat system based on mission requirements, independently implement collaborative operations, and quickly return to the state of readiness for war after the mission is over, showing a trend of intelligent autonomy. . In the future, intelligent warfare will expand to the polar regions, deep sea, space and other fields. The mechanism of “outsmarting” by using “skill” to defeat “clumsy” will also expand accordingly, and more and newer “outsmart” paths will be developed.

Prospectively explore and develop the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare

In today’s world, the scientific and technological revolution and the military revolution influence each other, the form of war is accelerating the evolution, and the mechanism for winning war is constantly updated. In the context of the slowly opening of intelligent warfare, we must pay close attention to the development trend of the winning mechanism of intelligent war, change from passive to proactive, change from follow-up to leading, proactively explore and develop the winning mechanism of intelligent war, and firmly control the winning mechanism of intelligent war. Take the initiative to win intelligent wars.

Develop new winning mechanisms. History and reality show that once advanced science and technology are applied to the military, it will profoundly change the mechanism for winning wars, thus causing changes in existing combat guidance, doctrines, regulations, and troop formations. Today, with the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence, the development of military intelligence is limitless, and the specific winning mechanism of future intelligent warfare will inevitably exceed current expectations. We should actively explore the potential of existing advanced technologies in intelligent warfare and explore their possible winning mechanisms. Comprehensively analyze the weak points of the opponent’s unmanned combat system and our advantages, work backwards from the target points to determine the winning mechanism, propose military innovation needs, accurately develop strategic, cutting-edge, and disruptive technologies, and promote the “rules of the game” of war. A change of direction in my favor.

Validate new winning mechanisms. Whether the research results on the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare are effective or not needs to be tested in practice. In times of relative peace, we should strengthen the testing of actual combat training and targeted combat experiments, discover problems during testing, revise understandings, and make the new winning mechanism as scientific and thorough as possible. When the time and conditions are ripe, promote the new intelligent war winning mechanism to become the basis for the all-round reform and overall improvement of military training. We must persist in leading training with war and promoting war with training, so as to train according to the actual requirements of intelligent war and achieve Integration of operations and training. We must put ourselves first, learn from foreign militaries appropriately, break the limitations of more qualitative analysis and less quantitative analysis, vigorously build and improve intelligent warfare laboratories, open up innovative links from winning mechanisms to operational concepts to experimental platforms, and promote the elimination of the dross and the essence. Eliminate the false and preserve the true, and improve the scientificity and authoritativeness of the research results on the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare.

Sublimate new winning mechanisms. The new mechanism for winning wars is the deep basis for promoting innovation in military theory. When we discover new specific “outsmarting” mechanisms such as using “strong” to defeat “weak”, using “high” to defeat “low”, using “fast” to defeat “slow”, and using “skillful” to defeat “clumsy”. , in line with this mechanism, core combat concepts, combat principles, and war guidance can be put forward, and a new military theory on intelligent warfare can be formed through systematic processing. Some people say, “Rich imagination and deep insight are far more important than 100% accuracy.” It is necessary to moderately encourage “whimsical ideas” in war design, and guide creative researchers to propose new “war ideas” based on a deep understanding of military intelligence “technical creativity” and the winning mechanisms derived from it. Based on the research on the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare, we must deepen military theoretical innovation and accelerate the formation of a contemporary, leading and unique military theoretical system.

(Author’s affiliation: National Security College, National Defense University)

現代國語：

「智勝」機理：一個亟待研究的課題

■劉光明

編者按 現代戰爭發生了深刻變化，最根本的是製勝機理變了,要想贏得戰爭必須把現代戰爭制勝機理搞透。當前，戰爭形態加速向資訊化戰爭演變，智慧化戰爭初現端倪。智慧化戰爭的製勝機理是什麼，有什麼新變化，表現為哪些新特點？為把這些問題解答清楚，本刊特推出「聚焦智能化戰爭制勝機理」系列文章，歡迎廣大讀者獻計獻策、積極爭鳴，共同推動智能化戰爭制勝機理研究走向深入。

當前，由人工智慧引領的新一輪科技革命和產業變革方興未艾，“人工智慧就像先前的導彈、衛星一樣，無論你是否有所準備都將登上人類戰爭的歷史舞台”，智能化戰爭已經大步走來。打贏未來可能發生的智慧化戰爭，核心是釐清智慧化戰爭制勝機理。

釐清智慧化戰爭制勝機理獨特內涵

澄清智慧化戰爭制勝機理，首先要把「機理」一詞的內涵界定準確。筆者認為，「機」可理解為奧秘、門道，「理」可解讀為道理、理由。所謂智慧化戰爭制勝機理，即打贏智能化戰爭的門道（路徑）和道理。為進一步釐清這一內涵，需要準確掌握三對概念的區別與聯繫。

從機理與規律的關系把握獨特內涵。規律是事物內在的本質的必然的聯繫，戰爭制勝規律是與戰爭制勝有關各種因素的本質聯繫和發展的必然趨勢。戰爭作為複雜巨系統，制勝也具有復雜性，眾多的製勝規律往往在戰場上同時起作用。如果對具體戰例作具體分析會發現，每一次勝負較量必定有某個規律起決定性作用，其他規律則起著輔助的但也是不可缺少的作用。戰爭制勝機理則是戰爭制勝因素在一定條件下觸發制勝規律、發揮制勝作用的鏈路及其道理。制勝機理依賴制勝規律，體現了製勝規律發揮作用時的途徑和依據，但單憑制勝規律本身不能成為製勝機理。用相對簡單的話來概括，即制勝規律是製勝機理的基礎，制勝機理是製勝規律的應用之道。

從機理與機制的關系把握獨特內涵。機制是事物內部的構造、功能和相互關系，作戰制勝機制是作戰體系各要素互動形成合力、實現制勝的內在機制，如集效聚優、並行聯動都是機制，是對有關製勝機理的運用方法和實現方式，而這些方式方法體現一定的規則，帶有某種制度化的特徵。在資訊化戰爭中，對情報偵察、指揮控制、火力打擊和綜合保障等作戰要素進行綜合集成，對陸、海、空等作戰單元進行優化重組，會形成多種多樣的製勝機制。這些制勝機制大都包含這樣的製勝機理，即：事件轉化為資訊、資訊轉化為態勢、態勢轉化為認知、認知轉化為決策、決策轉化為行動的資訊制勝鏈路，等等。由此可見，制勝機理是內在的“道”，更為抽象，而製勝機制是運用道的“術”，更為具體。

從機理與理論的關系把握獨特內涵。認識、掌握和靈活運用戰爭制勝規律和機理，需要從理論和戰略策略上做出正確的指導。睿智的軍事理論家，總是在發現新的製勝規律和機理後，作出理論上的加工和創造，由此形成新的軍事指導理論。可見，軍事理論創新的核心在於揭示和釐清新的戰爭制勝規律和機理，進而概括出新的戰爭指導。世界軍事史上，馬漢的「海權」理論、杜黑的「制空權」理論、富勒的「機械化戰爭」理論、圖哈切夫斯基的「大縱深作戰」理論、格雷厄姆的「高邊疆」理論等，都揭示了相應的戰爭制勝規律和機理，引領了軍事潮流，改變了戰爭面貌。可以說，戰爭制勝機理是軍事理論創新的基礎和源泉，軍事指導理論是戰爭制勝機理的靈動運用和理論升華。

辯證掌握智慧化戰爭制勝機理多重意蘊

智慧化戰爭的製勝機理包括戰爭制勝的一般機理，同時又體現著演算法博弈的鮮明特點；在戰略、戰役、戰術等層面都有相應的製勝機理，同時也都與演算法博弈緊密聯繫。由於受多種因素制約，每一場戰爭具體的製勝機理都可能有所不同。這裡，僅列舉幾類帶有一定普遍性的製勝機理。

以「強」打「弱」的「智勝」機理。 「強勝弱敗」是帶有一定普遍性的戰爭制勝規律。即使是那些以弱勝強的戰例，往往也必須在局部和特定時段形成對敵的力量優勢才能真正取勝。依據「強勝弱敗」規律，以強打弱便成為帶有通用性的戰爭制勝機理。這裡的“強”，是整體戰鬥力的強。在機械化戰爭時代，整體戰鬥力的強大主要體現為兵力和火力優勢。在資訊化戰爭時代，軍隊能打勝仗有賴於資訊力優勢。而在智慧化戰爭時代，智力優勢對戰鬥力的貢獻率遠高於其他要素。在智能化戰爭對抗中，人的智能廣泛滲透到作戰領域、移植到武器系統，智能水平更高更強的一方，能夠更好地開發和運用以強打弱的“智勝”機理，甚至據此設計戰爭、主導戰局發展，取得最終勝利。

以「高」打「低」的「智勝」機理。這裡的“高”“低”，主要指“代差”“維度差”。通常情況下，運用較高級戰爭形態和作戰樣式的一方能夠打贏尚在運用較低維度戰爭形態和作戰樣式的一方。例如，普遍使用火槍的部隊幾乎都能勝過使用大刀長矛的部隊。如果說「高」勝「低」敗是製勝規律，那麼以「高」打「低」的那些門道及理由便成為製勝機理。在智能化戰爭進程中，針對對方作戰體系的弱點進行打擊，使其“智能”降低或失效，實施“降維打擊”，便是以“高”打“低”“智勝”機理的具體運用。還要看到，智能化戰爭時代很可能存在由低到高的多個發展階段，盡可能讓自己處於高級階段，攻擊對手使其處於低維度的階段，也是以“高”打“低”“智勝」機理的運用。

以「快」打「慢」的「智勝」機理。隨著科學技術的強勁推動，戰爭中「快」的內涵不斷刷新。第一次世界大戰期間，戰車機動速度每小時只能達到4～8英裡，到二戰期間裝甲集群已能實施閃擊戰。近年來我們認為超級計算機已經很快了，但量子計算機處理“高斯玻色採樣”的速度比最快的超級計算機快一百萬億倍，量子算法比經典算法實現了指數級的加速，人工智能將實現質的飛躍。未來智能化戰爭在演算法的支撐下，預警時間提前，決策時間縮短，作戰行動向前延伸，“觀察-判斷-決策-行動”週期大幅壓縮，“瞬時摧毀”升級為“即時摧毀”，真正進入發現即摧毀的「秒殺」時代。

以「巧」打「拙」的「智勝」機理。在一些經典戰例中，我們往往能夠看到指揮員運用靈活機動的戰略戰術，變被動為主動，化劣勢為優勢，體現了“巧”能勝“拙”的製勝規律和以“巧”打“拙」的製勝機理。智慧化戰爭中的“巧”，依托演算法優勢，開始從指揮員的大腦中走出來，被賦予擁有“智能”的武器系統。當智慧化戰爭發展到某個階段，全域多維、各種類型的智慧化作戰平台能夠快速耦合作戰力量，根據任務需求建立作戰體系，自主實施協同作戰，任務結束迅速回歸待戰狀態，呈現智慧自主趨勢。未來智慧化戰爭將向極地、深海、太空等領域拓展，以「巧」打「拙」的「智勝」機理也會相應拓展，開發出更多更新的「智勝」路徑。

前瞻探索與開發智慧化戰爭制勝機理

當今世界，科技革命和軍事革命相互影響，戰爭形態正在加速演變，戰爭制勝機理也不斷更新。在智能化戰爭大幕緩緩開啟的背景下，必須緊盯智能化戰爭制勝機理的發展趨勢，變被動為主動，變跟進為引領，前瞻探索和開發智能化戰爭制勝機理，牢牢掌控打贏得智能化戰爭的主動權。

開發新的製勝機理。歷史和現實表明，先進的科學技術一旦被運用於軍事，將使戰爭制勝機理發生深刻變化，從而使現有的作戰指導、條令法規和部隊編制隨之改變。在人工智慧飛速進步的今天，軍事智慧的發展不可限量，未來智慧化戰爭具體的製勝機理也必然超越現有的預料。應積極探索現有先進技術可能運用於智慧化戰爭的潛能，並探索其可能的致勝機理。全面分析對手無人化作戰體系的薄弱節點和我之優勢，從目標靶點反推制勝機理，提出軍事創新需求，精準研發戰略性、前沿性、顛覆性技術，推動戰爭「遊戲規則」向於我有利的方向轉變。

驗證新的製勝機理。智慧化戰爭制勝機理的研究成果究竟管不管用，需要用實踐來檢驗。在相對和平時期，應加強實戰化軍事訓練和針對性作戰實驗的檢驗，在檢驗中發現問題、修正認識，使新的製勝機理盡可能科學、周密。在時機和條件成熟時，推動新的智慧化戰爭制勝機理成為軍事訓練全方位變革、整體性提升的依據，堅持以戰領訓、以訓促戰，做到按智能化戰爭實戰要求訓練，實現作戰和訓練一體化。要以我為主，適度借鑑外軍，破除定性分析多、定量分析少的局限，大力構建完善智能化戰爭實驗室，打通從制勝機理到作戰概念再到實驗平台的創新鏈路，推動去粗取精、去偽存真，提升智慧化戰爭制勝機理研究成果的科學性、權威性。

升華新的製勝機理。新的戰爭制勝機理是推進軍事理論創新的深層依據。當我們發現了新的以「強」打「弱」、以「高」打「低」、以「快」打「慢」、以「巧」打「拙」等具體的「智勝」機理後，就可以契合這個機理提出核心作戰概念、作戰原則和戰爭指導等，經過系統加工形成關於智慧化戰爭的新的軍事理論。有人說，「豐富的想像力和深刻的洞察力，遠比百分之百的準確性更為重要」。要適度鼓勵戰爭設計上的“異想天開”，引導有創見的研究人員在深刻理解軍事智能“技術創意”及其衍生而來的製勝機理的基礎上，提出新的“戰爭創意”。要基於智慧化戰爭制勝機理的研究，深化軍事理論創新，加速形成具有時代性、引領性、獨特性的軍事理論體系。

（作者單位：國防大學國家安全學院）

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：劉光明 責任編輯：楊凡凡

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/ll_208543/1011058888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #中國的耗散戰, #中國軍事人工智慧武器化, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知域戰

Chinese Military Analysis on the Strategic Application of Intelligent Warfare

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中國軍事對智慧戰爭戰略應用的分析

現代英語：

An analysis of the use of strategies in intelligent warfare

■Chen Dongheng, Zhong Ya

Reading Tips: “Warfare is the art of deception”. War is a competition of comprehensive strength. Ancient Chinese military strategists have always attached great importance to “strategizing in the tent and winning thousands of miles away”, and all of them regard strategy as the way to victory. War practice shows that as long as war is a confrontation between humans, smart strategies will not withdraw from the battlefield. Today’s battlefield competition is about intelligent skills, and what is fought is smart strategies.

“The best military is to attack the enemy’s strategy, the next best is to attack the enemy’s alliance, the next best is to attack the enemy’s soldiers, and the worst is to attack the city.” Strategy, as a component of combat power and a weapon to win the war, runs through ancient and modern times and transcends national boundaries, and has an important function of influencing and determining the outcome of the war. Although the role of science and technology is more prominent in intelligent warfare, it does not exclude the use of strategy. With the support and guidance of strategy, the combat system is more efficient. In-depth research and mastery of the use of strategy in intelligent warfare will be more conducive to winning the initiative in intelligent warfare.

The status and role of the use of strategy in intelligent warfare

The essence of strategy lies in the intelligent release of power. Scientific strategy application can often defeat the majority with the minority, the big with the small, and the strong with the weak. The battlefield of intelligent warfare presents more transparency, more extended combat space, more diverse means of confrontation, and more complex winning mechanism. This provides a solid material foundation and technical support for the implementation of strategy, and the status and role of strategy are becoming more and more important.

The internal driving force of the army construction and development planning. Demand is the order of the army, and use is the commander of the weapon. How science and technology are innovated, how weapons and equipment are developed, and how the national defense forces are built are often driven by demand and forward-looking planning. For example, in order to make up for the gap between Russia and the United States in terms of overall air defense and anti-missile strength, Russia used “asymmetric” strategies to focus on penetration technology and developed the “Zircon” and “Dagger” hypersonic missiles before the United States. Facts show that the application of strategies mainly focuses on “Tao” and “Fa”. The more reasonable the design and the more scientific the application, the more it can stimulate the motivation, vitality and potential of innovation and creation, and trigger a revolution in science and technology, weapons and equipment, and military construction and combat methods. Only when intelligent warfare, scientific and technological innovation and weapons and equipment development are closely connected with the needs of scientific war strategies can they adhere to the correct direction and be better transformed into actual combat power.

A multiplier of the actual combat effectiveness of the combat system. In the combat power spectrum, strategy, as an important soft power, has the value and significance of providing scientific methodological guidance, appropriate time and opportunity selection and correct path support for the use of military hard power. For example, Iran once used the “dislocation” tactics to launch a large-scale retaliatory air strike against Israel, first using hundreds of cheap drones to attract the consumption of Israel’s expensive air defense system, and then using more advanced high-value ballistic missiles to penetrate, which improved the hit rate to a certain extent. Facts show that when facing an opponent with superior hard power, if the strategy is used properly, it can also achieve miraculous results; and the same hard power may have very different combat effectiveness when using different strategies and tactics. In intelligent warfare, although the “blade” of military hard power is faster, in order to make it more effective, it still needs to rely on more sophisticated strategic “sword skills”.

Dependent variables of hybrid warfare operations. Strategy can not only empower military hard power, but also has a strong direct combat function, and can even defeat the enemy without fighting by “soft killing”. For example, the United States once spent a lot of money to capture the leader of al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden, but he seemed to have disappeared from the world, and technical means could not determine his exact hiding place. He was finally tracked down by targeting his messenger through strategic use. The United States’ “live broadcast” “Spear of Poseidon” operation attempted to show the strength of the US military by killing Bin Laden to shock the international community. Intelligent warfare is a hybrid warfare, which has entered a new era of global live broadcast, universal participation, and full coverage. More and more countries are adopting strategic methods to enhance their own confidence and strike the opponent’s will to resist, and the strategic “soft kill” combat function is becoming more and more apparent.

Basic mechanism of intelligent warfare strategy application

Intelligent warfare, high-level development of artificial intelligence, rapid iteration, full spectrum penetration, and high-efficiency release, make the application of strategy have more dimensional support and stronger drive, showing a unique operation mechanism.

Cluster operation of strategy application. The application of strategy is based on the underlying logic of war operation and follows the law of evolution of the subject from individual to team and then to system. From a historical perspective, the application of strategy warfare in the cold weapon era relied more on the wisdom and experience accumulation of generals. Natural factors such as geography and weather are the main grasps of strategy operation. The burning of Red Cliff and borrowing arrows from straw boats are vivid footnotes. In the mechanized era, in order to adapt to the increasingly complex composition of military branches and the needs of fast-paced operations, the “General Staff” of senior military institutions dedicated to war planning services came into being. The “General Staff” in the two world wars is a typical representative. In the information age, the use of war strategies mainly relies on the control of information, and information power has become the main support behind strategic planning. In intelligent warfare, the comprehensiveness of technology application, the systematic nature of force planning, and the platform characteristics of game confrontation are more prominent, and the internal requirements are that the subject of strategy implementation should shift to a more powerful systematic platform.

Algorithm-driven strategy application. Strategy is based on strategy. The essence of planning is calculation, calculation of the world situation, calculation of military situation, calculation of development trend, calculation of strength and weakness, calculation of winning advantage… Whether it is calculation by human brain or machine, calculation by generals or calculation by teams, calculation is always the most critical supporting factor. Generally speaking, whoever has stronger computing power, more precise algorithms, and faster calculations can grab the “calculation” machine and win the victory. In the era of intelligent calculation, artificial intelligence participates in strategic decision-making with human-machine hybrid algorithms or machine algorithms, which greatly enhances the efficiency of calculation. It is based on this that major countries have focused on breakthroughs in artificial intelligence to win the future competition. These artificial intelligences, characterized by strong computing power, have great application potential in simulating battlefield situations, simulating war processes, and assisting decision-making and command. Only by guarding against the opponent’s technical aggression, vigorously improving our computing power, and adding the wings of algorithms to traditional strategies can we be invincible in the strategic game confrontation.

Intelligent support for the use of strategies. In intelligent warfare, strategies are based on the rapid development of artificial intelligence and its extensive military applications. It is a two-way “rush” of human strategic wisdom and “technical” wisdom. Now, the generals’ ingenuity and traditional staff work have become increasingly difficult to adapt to the needs of intelligent warfare. Comprehensive intelligent command and decision-making platforms have become an important support for the implementation of strategies. The command and decision-making system of the US military has developed into a large platform that integrates four-layer structural functions, including “intelligence support, information fusion, mission coordination, autonomous decision-making, action deployment, force allocation, situation adjustment, and real-time tracking”, and has become the brain of its “decision-making center warfare”. The Russian Federation Armed Forces Combat Command Center can dispatch and monitor the training and exercises of the entire army in real time, and undertake combat command tasks in low-intensity small-scale conflicts. It can be seen that intelligent support for strategic planning and strategy implementation has gradually taken shape. Intelligent strategic confrontation has put forward higher requirements for the professional integration of strategic subjects, and promoted the deep integration of human biological intelligence and artificial intelligence, which is “human-like intelligence”.

Main ways to use strategies in intelligent warfare

In intelligent warfare, the era background, supporting conditions, and action mechanisms of strategy application have undergone profound changes. The way of implementing strategies must keep pace with the times, strive to combine traditional strategic advantages with new technologies and new forms of warfare, innovate and expand scientific paths to effectively release strategic energy, and strive to plan quickly, plan carefully, and integrate strategy and attack.

Intelligent technology integration releases energy. That is, make full use of intelligent technology to empower and release energy for strategies. Generally speaking, the effective implementation of strategies is inseparable from accurate information perception, rapid personnel mobilization, and efficient force strikes. The innovative application of artificial intelligence enables people to see farther, hear more closely, know more, and calculate faster, making the army gather and disperse more quickly, move more covertly, and release power more rapidly, which is more conducive to the generation of strategies and the achievement of effectiveness. On the one hand, with the help of the rapidity and autonomy of artificial intelligence, the enemy situation can be quickly grasped through intelligent reconnaissance, the decision-making time can be greatly shortened by using machine algorithms, and the optimal strategy can be selected with the help of simulation deduction; on the other hand, relying on artificial intelligence to release and enhance the efficiency of strategies, modern brain control technology, deep fake technology, information confusion technology, public opinion guidance technology, etc., have greatly expanded the space and means of implementing strategies.

Human-machine complementation releases energy. That is, the strengths and weaknesses of human intelligence and machine intelligence complement each other and enhance efficiency and release energy. The biggest advantage of machine intelligence over human intelligence is that it can fight continuously without being affected by biological factors such as will, emotion, psychology, and physical strength. However, the “meta-intelligence” of human intelligence and its ability to adapt to changes are not possessed by machine intelligence. The two intelligence advantages complement each other and aggregate to form a powerful hybrid intelligence, which strongly supports the use of strategies in war. On the one hand, the “machine brain” safely and efficiently makes up for the shortcomings of the human brain; on the other hand, the human brain responds to special situations on the spot. Facts show that the biggest advantage of human intelligence over machine intelligence is that it can make decisions and deal with different situations on the spot, which just makes up for the shortcomings of machine intelligence. Only by combining the two can we form the optimal solution for intelligent calculation and gather the strongest strategic application.

The platform releases energy as a whole. It is to create a modular intelligent system, an integrated intelligent decision-making command action platform that integrates strategy generation and release. Intelligent warfare, every second counts, improves the time sensitivity of target strikes. The intelligent platform comprehensively uses intelligent computing and command automation technology to efficiently process massive data and complex battlefield situations, creating a “super brain” for commanders. It has significant advantages of good functional connection, high stability, fast operation speed, and high combat efficiency. It is a new quality combat force for strategic planning. Relying on the intelligent command and control system, it can make real-time decisions, form a list of time-sensitive targets, and independently solve the combat units and strike platforms that can be summoned and struck the fastest and best. The hardware and software can accurately strike the targets, and accurate strikes on time-sensitive targets can be achieved in real-time decisions, providing more options for assisting war decision-making and command.

(Author unit: Academy of Military Science)

現代國語：

試析智慧化戰爭的謀略運用

■陳東恆 鐘 婭

閱讀提示　「兵者，詭道也」。戰爭是綜合實力的比拼和競賽。我國古代兵家歷來重視“運籌帷幄之中，決勝千里之外”，無不把謀略視為取勝之道。戰爭實踐表明，只要戰爭是人類的對抗，智慧謀略就不會退出戰場。今天的戰場比拼，打的是智能技能，拼的更是智慧謀略。

「上兵伐謀，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。」謀略作為戰鬥力的構件和製勝戰爭的利器，貫穿古今、超越國界，具有影響和決定戰爭勝負的重要功能。智能化戰爭中雖然科技的角色更突顯，但並不排斥謀略的運用，在謀略的支撐和引領推動下，作戰體系反而效率更高。深入研究掌握智慧化戰爭的謀略運用，更有利於贏得智慧化戰爭的主動權。

智慧化戰爭謀略運用的地位作用

謀略的本質在於力量的智慧化釋放。科學的謀略運用常能以少勝多、以小博大、以弱勝強。智慧化戰爭戰場呈現更透明、作戰空間更延展、對抗手段更多樣化、制勝機理更複雜等特點，這為施謀用計提供了堅實物質基礎和技術支撐，謀略的地位作用愈發重要。

軍隊建設發展規劃的內動力。需為軍之令，用為器之帥。科學技術如何創新、武器裝備怎樣發展、國防軍隊怎麼建設，常常由需求牽引、前瞻謀劃。例如，俄羅斯為彌補防空反導整體力量方面與美國的差距，運用「非對稱」謀略在突防技術上發力，先於美國研發出「鋯石」「匕首」高超聲速導彈。事實表明，謀略運用主要著力於“道”和“法”，其設計越合理、運用越科學，越能激發創新創造的動力、活力和潛力，引發科學技術、武器裝備和軍隊建設作戰方式的革命。智慧化戰爭，科技創新和武器裝備開發只有緊密對接科學的戰爭謀略需求，才能堅持正確的方向，更好地轉化為現實的戰鬥力。

作戰體系實戰效能的倍增器。在戰鬥力譜系中，謀略作為重要的軟力量，其存在的價值和意義在於為軍事硬實力運用提供科學的方法論指引、合適的時機場合選擇和正確的路徑支撐。例如，伊朗曾利用「錯置」戰法對以色列發動大規模報復性空襲，先是以數百架廉價無人機吸引消耗以軍昂貴的防空系統，繼而用更先進的高價值彈道導彈突防，一定程度上提高了命中率。事實顯示，面對硬實力佔優的對手，如果謀略運用得當也能收到奇效；而同樣的硬實力運用不同的策略戰法，作戰效能可能大相徑庭。智慧化戰爭，雖然軍事硬實力的「刀鋒」更快，但要使其發揮更大戰鬥效能，還需藉助更高明的謀略「刀法」。

混合戰爭作戰運籌的因變數。謀略不僅能為軍事硬實力賦能，本身還有強大的直接作戰功能，甚至能以「軟殺傷」不戰而屈人之兵。例如，美國曾重金緝拿基地組織頭目本·拉登，但他好像人間蒸發一樣，技術手段無法確定其確切藏身處，最終通過謀略運用盯上其信使才追踪到。而美國「直播」「海神之矛」作戰行動，則企圖透過擊殺賓拉登來展現美軍的強大，以震撼國際社會。智慧化戰爭是混合戰爭，已經進入全球直播、全民參與、全域覆蓋的全新時代，越來越多的國家採取謀略方式增強己方信心、打擊對手抵抗意志，謀略「軟殺傷」的作戰功能越加顯現。

智慧化戰爭謀略運用的基本機理

智慧化戰爭，人工智慧的高階位元發展、快速度迭代、全頻譜滲透、高效能釋放，使謀略運用有了更多維的支撐、更強大的驅動，展現出獨特的運行機理。

謀略運用的集群作業。謀略的運用，既基於戰爭運行的底層邏輯，也遵循施動主體從個體到團隊再到體系的流轉演進規律。從歷史上看，冷兵器時代的謀略戰爭運用，更多靠將帥的智謀和經驗積累，地理、天候等自然因素是謀略運籌的主要抓手，火燒赤壁、草船借箭就是其生動註腳。機械化時代，適應日益復雜的軍兵種構成和快節奏作戰需要，專司戰爭謀劃服務的高級軍事機構“參謀部”便應運而生，兩次世界大戰中“總參謀部”就是其中的典型代表。資訊化時代謀略的戰爭運用，依靠的主要是對資訊的掌控，資訊力成為謀略運籌背後的主要支撐力。智慧化戰爭，技術應用的綜合性、力量運籌的體系性、博弈對抗的平台化特徵更加突出，內在要求謀略的施動主體向功能更強大的體系化平台轉進。

謀略運用的演算法驅動。謀略以謀為關鍵。謀的本質是算，算天下大勢、算軍事態勢、算發展趨勢、算強弱勝勢、算制勝優勢……無論是人腦算還是機器算、將帥算還是團隊算，算始終是最關鍵的支撐要素。一般情況下，誰的算力更強、演算法更精、算計更快，誰就能搶得「算」機、贏得勝算。智能化時代的算，人工智慧以人機混合演算法或機器演算法參與謀略決算，極大增強了算的效率。正是基於此，各主要國家紛紛把贏得未來競爭的成長點聚焦到人工智慧突破上。這些以強算力為特徵的人工智慧，在模擬戰場態勢、模擬戰爭進程、輔助決策指揮上有極大應用潛力。謹防對手技術突襲，大力提高我們的算力，為傳統謀略插上演算法的翅膀，才能在謀略博弈對抗中立於不敗之地。

謀略運用的智慧支撐。智慧化戰爭，謀略基於的是人工智慧迅猛發展及其廣泛軍事應用，是人的謀略之智與「技術」之智的雙向「奔赴」。現在，將帥的神機妙算、傳統的參謀作業，已經越來越難以適應智能化戰爭需要，綜合性的智能化指揮決策平台，成為施謀用計的重要支撐。美軍的指揮決策體系，已經發展成為融「情報保障、資訊融合，任務協調、自主決策，行動展開、力量配屬，態勢調整、實時跟踪」等四層結構功能於一體的大平台，成為其「決策中心戰”的大腦。俄羅斯聯邦武裝力量作戰指揮中心，可即時調度監控全軍訓練演習，並在低強度小規模沖突中擔負作戰指揮任務。可見，智慧支撐謀略運籌、策略實施逐步形成。智慧化謀略對抗，對謀略主體的專業化整合性提出了更高要求，推動人的生物智慧與人工智慧這一「類人智慧」深度融合結合。

智慧化戰爭謀略運用的主要方式

智慧化戰爭，謀略運用的時代背景、支撐條件、作用機理等發生了深刻變化。施謀用計的方式必須與時俱進，努力把傳統謀略優勢與新的技術、新的戰爭形態結合起來，創新拓展有效釋放謀略能量的科學路徑，致力先知快謀、精謀巧打、謀打融合。

智技融合釋能。就是充分利用智慧科技為謀略賦能釋能。通常而言，謀略的有效實施離不開準確的資訊感知、迅捷的人員調動、高效的力量打擊。人工智慧的創新應用，使人看得更遠、聽得更切、知得更多、算得更快，使軍隊集散更迅速、行動更隱蔽、力量釋放更迅猛，更加有利於謀略生成和謀效達成。一方面，借助人工智慧的快速性、自主性，透過智慧偵察迅速掌握敵情，運用機器演算法極大縮短決策時間，借助模擬推演優選謀略方案；另一方面，依靠人工智慧為謀略釋放增效，現代控腦技術、深度偽造技術、資訊迷茫技術、輿論引導技術等，極大拓展了施謀用計的空間與手段。

人機互補釋能。就是人體智能與機器智能長短互補、增效釋能。機器智能與人體智能相比的最大優勢在於，能不受意志、情緒、心理、體力等生物因素的影響連續作戰。而人體智能的「元智能」及其隨機應變的能力則為機器智能所不具備。兩種智能優勢互補聚合形成強大的混合智能，強力支撐謀略的戰爭運用。一方面，「機腦」安全高效補人腦不足；另一方面，人腦臨機應對處置特殊情況。事實表明，人體智慧相比機器智慧的最大優勢在於面對不同情況能臨機決策處置，這恰好彌補了機器智慧的不足。只有把兩者結合起來，才能形成智慧運算最優解，聚成謀略運用最強能。

平台一體釋能。就是打造模塊化的智慧系統，整合謀略生成、釋放的一體化智慧決策指揮行動平台。智慧化戰爭，分秒必爭，提高了目標打擊時敏感性。智慧化平台綜合運用智慧化計算和指揮自動化技術，高效處理海量數據及復雜戰場態勢，為指揮員打造“超強大腦”，具有功能銜接好、穩定程度高、運行速度快、作戰效率高的顯著優勢，是謀略運籌的新質作戰力量。依托智能化指揮控制系統能夠實時決斷，形成時敏目標清單，自主解算能夠最快召喚、最優打擊的作戰單元、打擊平台，軟硬一體對目標進行精確打擊，在實時決斷中實現對時敏目標的精確打擊，為輔助戰爭決策指揮提供了更多選項。

（作者單位：軍事科學院）

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16345416888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Aggressively Advancing Human-Machine Collaboration in Unmanned Combat Systems

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中國軍隊積極推進無人作戰系統中的人機協作

肖兴福 

中國軍網 國防部網 //2022年3月29日 星期二

現代英語：

At present, the widespread use of unmanned equipment in the military field is accelerating the evolution of war forms towards intelligence, and unmanned combat has also developed into an important combat style of intelligent warfare. However, it should be clearly seen that unmanned combat, from technical development to combat application, cannot be separated from the role of people, and people are still the “master switch” of the entire chain of unmanned combat. Therefore, unmanned combat is essentially still manned, and more attention should be paid to the construction of manned combat in unmanned combat.

From the perspective of operational design, the mission task is assigned by the mission tasker.

Equipment is the material basis of war, but people are the initiators and controllers of war. The role of any equipment in war is given by commanders and fighters at all levels. From the overall perspective of combat design, war involves multiple fields such as politics, economy, diplomacy, culture, and multiple levels such as strategy, campaign, and tactics. Winning a war requires the support of advanced equipment and technology, and more importantly, it requires all-round control of the war situation. Unmanned equipment is suitable for undertaking persistent and high-risk tasks because of its characteristics such as long-lasting endurance, concealed action, high mobility, low cost, and its advantages such as adaptability to extreme environments and flexible use. However, when encountering extremely complex combat environments, extremely fierce confrontations, and rapid changes in fighters that require real-time comprehensive weighing and decision-making, unmanned systems still need to be human-led, implement complex command and control, and control unmanned equipment to complete designated combat tasks. Therefore, although unmanned equipment has become a development trend in modern warfare, its dependence on and obedience to people will not change. It is necessary to accurately grasp the advantages and disadvantages of unmanned equipment, increase research in unmanned command and control theory, unmanned combat knowledge system, etc., to form a rich and complete combat theory system, drive the development of unmanned equipment, promote the formation of unmanned combat systems, and play a greater role in limited combat scenarios, thereby playing a good role as a “multiplier” of combat capabilities.

From the perspective of equipment research and development, unmanned systems are designed by humans.

Humans are the designers of unmanned equipment, especially in the intelligent software that empowers unmanned equipment. It is the core of unmanned equipment’s ability to perform various tasks, and it is also the embodiment of the designer’s wisdom. Although the artificial intelligence algorithms used in many core software have a certain self-learning ability and improve the autonomy of unmanned equipment, the choice of such self-learning strategies is still set by humans according to task requirements and specific scenarios. At present, various types of drones, unmanned ships, unmanned submarines, etc. have a certain ability to “think like humans”, but they are subject to the limitations of artificial intelligence algorithms, big data, and existing computer architectures. They cannot be separated from human thinking and input points set by humans. For a long time, the role of humans will still be the decisive factor in the development of unmanned equipment and warfare. Therefore, no matter to what extent informatization and intelligence develop, intelligent systems cannot completely replace humans, and the development of unmanned equipment is still dominated by humans. Manned/unmanned collaboration, human-machine coexistence, and intelligent integration are inevitable and feasible stages in the development of intelligent warfare. We must give full play to the “machine”‘s fast speed, high precision, fatigue resistance, and structured “computing” advantages, and give full play to the “human”‘s creativity, flexibility, initiative, and unstructured “calculation” advantages, integrate machine intelligence with human intelligence, learn from each other’s strengths and weaknesses, complement each other, and produce collective wisdom.

From the perspective of combat use, there are people everywhere in the circuit

The intelligent system of unmanned equipment can fully support command and control, combat operations, combat support and other aspects, so that the combat system capabilities can be rapidly improved. However, if we look deeply into the entire unmanned system operation process, it completes the “man-unmanned platform-man” loop, and achieves the combat purpose through the complementary advantages of man and machine. Any advanced unmanned equipment requires combatants to plan tasks in advance, and operators to monitor and control online to ensure that its technical characteristics are brought into play. In other words, the beginning of the loop comes from human program design and thinking introduction. The task process requires human decision-making, control, monitoring and intervention. The completion of the task requires people to evaluate the applicability and combat effectiveness of unmanned equipment and constantly adapt to new combat needs. Therefore, people are still the dominant players in the entire combat use process. If the effectiveness of unmanned equipment is to be maximized, it is necessary to implement systematic professional training for the pioneers of manned/unmanned integrated operation-people. For new combat force talents, especially unmanned combat personnel, we should set up professional training institutions, integrate teaching resources, improve supporting teaching equipment, increase artificial intelligence courses, and improve talent retention mechanisms in accordance with the concept of diversified channels, integrated design, multi-functionality, and hierarchical training. At the same time, we will draw on advanced training concepts and methods from foreign militaries, and comprehensively use simulation, computer networks, virtual reality and other technologies to carry out practical military training to cultivate compound unmanned combat talents with solid theoretical foundation, high equipment technology level, and excellent practical operation skills.

From the perspective of innovation in tactics, capability improvement depends on people.

The development of technologies such as artificial intelligence, quantum computing, unmanned and anti-unmanned systems, and hypersonic weapons has led to new characteristics of modern warfare, such as great depth, long distance, and non-contact. Unmanned, invisible, and silent warfare have begun to emerge, and the future combat concepts and combat styles will undergo profound changes. The maturity of unmanned equipment has accelerated the development of new combat concepts such as wide-area distributed combat, cross-domain collaborative combat, and unmanned cluster combat into actual combat. The advantage of unmanned equipment is that there is no one on the front-end platform, but the limitation is that there is no one, and it is impossible to independently design and summarize new combat concepts and tactics. In fact, it is all done by people to study the essence and laws of a certain type of combat problem, extract common characteristics and abstractly summarize them, and then guide the solution of such combat problems. Specifically, the new combat concept is based on the research and judgment of combat conditions such as historical, current and future technological development, threat judgment, geopolitical situation, combat opponents, battlefield environment, etc., and all of these are the condensation and crystallization of human wisdom. Therefore, in the face of the complex and changeable future battlefield environment, in order to make unmanned equipment play the best combat effectiveness, it is inseparable from the innovation of combat concepts and tactics. Based on changes in the battlefield environment and targeting different combat styles, we should conduct forward-looking designs on force deployment, timing of use, methods of action, and support methods, scientifically predict the development trend of unmanned combat, promote the mutual development of equipment technology and changes in combat methods, and explore and form a combat capability construction path that is mutually verified, closed-feedback, and rollingly developed through “conceptual design-combat experiment-equipment research and development.”

From the perspective of technological development, unmanned technology is controlled by humans.

At present, people generally believe that unmanned and intelligent applications can be competent for various tasks as long as the technology is mature, but in fact, the operating rules of computers are still limited to the von Neumann serial computing architecture, and there has not yet been a revolutionary product combining biotechnology and artificial intelligence. For example, “AlphaGo” with deep learning capabilities can quickly generate astronomical numbers of various response plans in the game with human Go masters, and is almost invincible, but its intelligent foundation is Go with relatively simple rules; the US Department of Defense’s ground-based simulated air combat project, the air combat intelligent agent it developed defeated human ace pilots in human-machine confrontation, but it can only be achieved in the simple battlefield environment of the simulator. It can be seen that the current development of the intelligent field is to be able to perform tasks purposefully in terms of selection and decision-making, while war is a dynamic game process. The intelligent solutions used by unmanned equipment are only in the background assumption situation, and the “water has no constant shape” war mode requires soldiers to respond more flexibly. Therefore, we must attach great importance to the decisive role of people in scientific and technological progress, scientifically grasp the development trend of informationized and intelligentized warfare, clarify the ideas of technological development, and actively explore and form an unmanned equipment technology research and development system and development path suitable for the characteristics of the military in accordance with the methods and steps of overall demonstration, key research, pilot verification and promotion and application.

From the perspective of war law, war is dominated by people.

With the continuous updating and iteration of unmanned equipment technology, unmanned combat has become more and more intelligent, which has led to the relative blurring of the boundaries between peacetime and wartime, front and rear, soldiers and civilians. In the Libyan conflict, drones relied on algorithms to select targets, automatically tracked and attacked armed personnel without the control of operators. It can be predicted that if unmanned equipment develops to a certain extent in autonomous calculation, autonomous decision-making, and autonomous action, and completely autonomously selects, identifies, and attacks targets, and humans do not restrain it, it will have a profound impact on morality, law, and war ethics. In fact, there are “reasons”, “laws”, and “people” behind unmanned combat. No matter what stage unmanned combat develops to, it still belongs to the category of war and is still subject to the rules of war. Whether it is international law or humanitarian law, the focus has always been on human issues, such as restrictions on combat methods and means, treatment of prisoners of war, protection of civilians, etc. All principles, rules and systems are based on the perspective of people and are solved through people. Therefore, in order to avoid humanitarian and war ethics issues caused by unmanned combat, from a technical perspective, humans need to supervise and manage the operation of unmanned systems, guide arbitration, and handle emergencies, grant them limited “right to fire”, reserve “start-stop” intervention interfaces, and be able to take over unmanned systems at any time; from a legal perspective, establish war rules between humans and weapons, enhance humans’ ability to apply the rules of war, and always play a leading role in war.

(Author’s unit: Naval Research Institute)(Editors: Dai Xiaoling, Wan Peng)

現代國語：

目前，無人裝備在軍事領域的廣泛運用正在加速戰爭形態向智慧化演進，無人作戰也發展成為智慧戰爭的重要作戰方式。但應該清醒地看到，無人作戰從技術發展到作戰應用，都離不開人的作用，人仍然是無人作戰全鏈條的「總開關」。因此，無人作戰本質上還是有人作戰，無人作戰中更要注重有人作戰的建設。

從作戰設計的角度來看，任務任務是由任務任務者指派的。

裝備是戰爭的物質基礎，但人是戰爭的發動者和控制者。任何裝備在戰爭中的作用都是由各級指揮官和戰士賦予的。從作戰設計的整體角度來看，戰爭涉及政治、經濟、外交、文化等多個領域，以及戰略、戰役、戰術等多個層面。贏得戰爭需要先進裝備和技術的支撐，更需要對戰局的全方位掌控。無人裝備具有持久續航、行動隱密、機動性強、成本低等特點，以及適應極端環境、使用彈性等優勢，適合承擔持續性、高風險任務。但在遇到極其複雜的作戰環境、極其激烈的對抗、戰機快速變化等需要即時綜合權衡和決策的情況下，無人系統仍然需要以人為主導，實施複雜的指揮控制，控制無人設備。指定的作戰任務。因此，無人裝備雖然成為現代戰爭的發展趨勢，但它對人的依賴和服從不會改變。要準確掌握無人裝備優缺點，加大無人指揮控制理論、無人作戰知識體係等方面的研究，形成豐富完整的作戰理論體系，帶動無人裝備發展，促進無人裝備發展。作戰系統，在有限的作戰場景中發揮更大的作用，從而起到良好的作戰能力「倍增器」作用。

從裝備研發的角度來看，無人系統是由人設計的。

人類是無人設備的設計者，尤其是賦能無人設備的智慧軟體。它是無人設備執行各種任務能力的核心，也是設計者智慧的展現。儘管許多核心軟體所採用的人工智慧演算法具有一定的自學習能力，提高了無人設備的自主性，但這種自學習策略的選擇仍然是由人類根據任務需求和具體場景來設定。目前，各類無人機、無人船、無人潛水艇等具備一定的「像人類一樣思考」的能力，但受到人工智慧演算法、大數據和現有電腦架構的限制。它們離不開人類的思維和人類設定的輸入點。相當長一段時間內，人類的角色仍將是無人裝備和戰爭發展的決定性因素。因此，無論資訊化、智慧化發展到什麼程度，智慧系統都無法完全取代人類，無人設備的發展仍由人類主導。有人/無人協作、人機共存、智慧融合是智慧戰爭發展的必然階段和可行階段。要充分發揮「機器」速度快、精度高、耐疲勞、結構化「運算」的優勢，充分發揮「人」的創造性、彈性、主動性、非結構化「計算」發揮機器智能與人類智能的優勢，將機器智能與人類智能融為一體，取長補短，優勢互補，產生集體智慧。

從戰鬥使用來看，電路裡到處都是人

無人裝備智慧系統可以全面支援指揮控制、作戰行動、作戰保障等方面，使作戰系統能力快速提升。但如果深入觀察整個無人系統運作過程，它完成了「人-無人平台-人」的循環，透過人與機的優勢互補來達到作戰目的。任何先進的無人裝備都需要作戰人員提前規劃任務，操作人員在線上監控和控制，以確保其技術特性發揮出來。在其他方面換句話說，循環的開始來自於人類的程式設計和思維引入。任務過程需要人的決策、控制、監控和介入。任務的完成需要人們評估無人裝備的適用性和戰鬥力，不斷適應新的作戰需求。因此，在整個戰鬥使用過程中，人仍然是主導者。想要發揮無人裝備的效能最大化，就需要對有人/無人一體化作業的先行者－人進行系統性的專業訓練。對於新型作戰力量人才特別是無人作戰人員，要依照多元化管道、一體化設計、多功能、分級訓練。同時，借鏡外軍先進訓練理念與方法，綜合運用模擬、電腦網路、虛擬實境等技術進行實戰軍事訓練，培養理論基礎紮實、裝備精良的複合型無人作戰人才技術水準和優秀的實際操作能力。

從戰術創新的角度來看，能力提升靠人。

人工智慧、量子運算、無人與反無人系統、高超音速武器等技術的發展，導致現代戰爭呈現大縱深、遠距離、非接觸等新特色。無人化、隱形化、無聲化的戰爭已經開始出現，未來的作戰概念和作戰方式將會發生深刻的變化。無人裝備的成熟，加速了廣域分散式作戰、跨域協同作戰、無人集群作戰等新作戰概念發展到實戰。無人裝備的優點在於前端平台無人，但限制在於無人，無法自主設計總結新的作戰概念和戰術。事實上，這都是人們研究某一類作戰問題的本質和規律，提取共性特徵並進行抽象概括，然後指導該類別作戰問題的解決。具體來說，新的作戰理念是基於對歷史、當前和未來技術發展、威脅判斷、地緣局勢、作戰對手、戰場環境等作戰條件的研判，而這些都是對作戰條件的凝結和結晶。智慧。因此，面對複雜多變的未來戰場環境，要讓無人裝備發揮最佳戰鬥力，離不開作戰概念和戰術的創新。根據戰場環境變化和針對不同作戰方式，對兵力部署、使用時機、行動方式、保障方式等進行前瞻性設計，科學預測無人作戰發展趨勢，促進無人作戰共同發展。探索形成「概念設計-作戰實驗-裝備研發」相互驗證、閉環回饋、滾動發展的作戰能力建設路徑。

從技術發展的角度來看，無人技術是由人類控制的。

目前，人們普遍認為只要技術成熟，無人化、智慧化應用就可以勝任各種任務，但事實上，電腦的運作規則仍限於馮諾依曼串列運算架構，目前還沒有是生物技術和人工智慧結合的革命性產品。例如，具有深度學習能力的「AlphaGo」在與人類圍棋高手的對弈中可以快速產生天文數字的各種應對方案，幾乎所向披靡，但其智慧基礎卻是規則相對簡單的圍棋；美國國防部的地面模擬空戰項目，其研發的空戰智能體在人機對抗中擊敗了人類王牌飛行員，但這只能在模擬器的簡單戰場環境中實現。可見，當前智慧領域的發展是能夠在選擇和決策方面有目的地執行任務，而戰爭則是一個動態的博弈過程。無人裝備所採用的智慧解決方案只是在背景假設情況下，「水無常」的戰爭模式需要士兵做出反應礦石靈活。因此，必須高度重視人在科技進步中的決定性作用，科學掌握資訊化、智慧化戰爭發展趨勢，明確技術發展思路，積極探索形成無人裝備技術研發體係依照總體論證、重點研究、試點驗證、推廣應用的方法與步驟，探索適合軍隊特色的發展道路。

從戰爭法的角度來看，戰爭是由人主導的。

隨著無人裝備技術的不斷更新迭代，無人作戰越來越智能化，導致平時與戰時、前線與後方、士兵與平民的界線相對模糊。在利比亞衝突中，無人機依靠演算法選擇目標，自動追蹤並攻擊武裝人員，無需操作人員控制。可以預見，如果無人裝備在自主計算、自主決策、自主行動方面發展到一定程度，完全自主選擇、識別、攻擊目標，而人類不對其進行約束，將會產生深遠的影響。戰爭道德。事實上，無人作戰背後有「理」、「法」、「人」。無人作戰無論發展到什麼階段，仍屬於戰爭範疇，仍受到戰爭規則的約束。無論是國際法或人道法，關注的焦點始終是人的問題，例如對作戰方法和手段的限制、戰俘待遇、保護平民等。也是透過人來解決的。因此，為了避免無人作戰引發的人道主義和戰爭倫理問題，從技術角度來說，人類需要對無人系統的運作進行監督管理、指導仲裁、處理突發事件，賦予其有限的“開火權” ，保留「啟動/停止」幹預接口，可隨時接管無人系統；從法律角度，建立人與武器之間的戰爭規則，增強人類運用戰爭規則的能力，始終在戰爭中扮演主導角色。

（作者單位：海軍研究院）

（編按：戴曉玲、萬鵬）

中國原創軍事資源：http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2022/0329/c40531-32386526888.html

#Information Support Force, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 智慧戰爭, 認知域戰, 認知戰, 軍事多域作戰, 軍事認知戰, 軍隊「三化」融合聚焦探索戰力生成

Chinese Military Experts: Seize the Brainpower of Future Wars to Safeguard National Cognitive Space Security

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中國軍事專家：抓住未來戰爭智囊，維護國家認知空間安全

現代英語：

With the rise of the global Internet and the development of emerging media, the world’s major military powers are now paying great attention to the strategic issue of cognitive space security. The recently published monograph “Brain Control: The Laws of War and National Security Strategy in the Global Media Age” focuses on the future development trend of war and the issue of national cognitive space security in the global media era. It puts forward the concept of “brain control” in cognitive space, which has attracted the attention of the military academic community. On this topic, the reporter interviewed the main author of the book, Professor Zeng Huafeng, Dean of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences of the National University of Defense Technology.

　　“Subjugating the enemy without fighting” is the highest realm of information warfare

　　Reporter: The concept of brain control is inseparable from the understanding of cognitive space. What is cognitive space and what is brain control?

　　Zeng Huafeng: Information warfare is the unity of material and spirit, concept and reality. It is not only the manifestation of the development of material form, but also the inevitable result of the action of spiritual factors. Information warfare has enabled human warfare to truly have three combat spaces for the first time: one is the natural space composed of land, sea, air, and space; the second is the network electromagnetic space based on physical principles, which is essentially a technical space; the third is the cognitive space composed of human spiritual and psychological activities. To win the future information warfare, we must grasp the initiative of the war, obtain the control of the war domain, and dominate the discourse of the war. Seizing the control of the brain in the cognitive space and “defeating the enemy without fighting” is the highest realm of information warfare.

　　Cognitive space refers to the scope and field of human cognitive activities. It is an invisible space that reflects people’s emotions, will, beliefs and values, and exists in the minds of participants in the struggle. The national cognitive space exists in the subjective world of each individual, and is composed of the superposition of the cognitive spaces of countless individuals in the whole society. National interests exist not only in physical form in natural space and technological space, but also invisibly in cognitive space. “Brain control” is to use the spiritual information carried by propaganda media, national languages, cultural products, etc. as weapons, to infiltrate, influence and even dominate the cognition, emotions and consciousness of the general public and national elites, and ultimately manipulate a country’s values, national spirit, ideology, cultural traditions, historical beliefs, etc., to prompt it to abandon its own theoretical understanding, social system and development path, and achieve the strategic goal of winning without fighting.

　　Reporter: At present, with the advent of the global media age, especially the development of emerging social media, the political game between major powers continues to intensify, and “cognitive domain symptoms” such as human psychological confusion, moral crisis, and loss of faith continue to emerge. What do you think are the characteristics of cognitive space confrontation?

　　Zeng Huafeng: I think there are three main characteristics: First, the security boundary of the national cognitive space is ambiguous. The national cognitive space is a boundless, invisible, shadowless, but not negligible space of interests and confrontation. Social public opinion and ideology are the main areas of competition in the cognitive space, and spiritual information is the main weapon. Wherever spiritual information can be spread, it can become a battlefield for cognitive space competition. Second, the information attack and defense of the national cognitive space is manipulable. The reception, processing and feedback of spiritual information are not only closely related to the function of the human brain, but also have distinct national and ethnic characteristics. At the same time, spiritual information is prone to distortion in the process of dissemination and diffusion. In the era of global media, individuals are both recipients and publishers of information. Theoretically, any individual or group can instantly spread the specific information they process and produce in the world and have an impact on specific target objects. Third, the strategic confrontation in the national cognitive space is persistent. The role of spiritual information needs to be carried out step by step, and we cannot expect to produce immediate results. For example, during the Cold War, Western countries led by the United States gradually infiltrated Western values ​​into socialist countries such as the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe through cultural exchanges and other activities, achieving the goal of peaceful evolution. Today, Western hostile forces seek to instill and infiltrate Western “democratic” and “free” ideas and values ​​through various academic exchanges in politics, economy, science, culture, etc., in normal information interaction activities.

　　The main way the West seizes national cognitive space and competes for “brain control”

　　Reporter: What are the main ways the West seizes national cognitive space and competes for “brain control”?

　　Zeng Huafeng: I think there are four main ways. The first is perception manipulation. Perception manipulation is also called consciousness manipulation. It aims to manipulate the behavior of others by influencing their psychology and spirit. It can be directed at individuals, groups, a country, or even the whole world. In his book “War and Anti-War”, Toffler summarized the tools of perception manipulation into six aspects: one is “accusation of atrocities”, including condemnation of real and false atrocities; the second is “exaggerating the interests of a battle or a war”; the third is “demonizing or dehumanizing the enemy”; the fourth is “polarization”, that is, if you don’t support us, you are against us; the fifth is “claiming to obey God’s will”, which has a strong religious color; the sixth is “super propaganda-propaganda that is enough to discredit the propaganda of the other party.”

　　The second is to cut off historical memory. Human thought and social ideology are always closely linked to historical memory. Whether it is the spiritual world of an individual or the cultural traditions of a country or nation, figuratively speaking, they are all concentrated pasts and treasures worth cherishing. Once the historical memory of an individual or group is cleverly cut off through some means, making them lose their spiritual home, the obstacles to the infiltration of their values ​​and ideologies are removed, opening the door for the invasion of various erroneous and chaotic ideas.

　　The third is to change the thinking paradigm. A country and a nation have their own specific thinking paradigm, which is the premise for people to understand the world. Especially for the social elite, their thinking paradigm and ideological cognition play a leading role in the thoughts, values ​​and ideological identity of the whole society. However, people’s rational thinking has weaknesses. Through manipulation, “virus programs” can be instilled into it, prompting people to deviate from obvious facts and accept fallacies and sometimes even absurd conclusions. Once this set of practices seizes the social elite group, most people will lose their ability to resist manipulation. At the end of the Cold War, the Western ideological attack on the Soviet Union was to influence the rational thinking of some Soviet economists, let them make a series of public speeches in the Soviet Union that catered to Western intentions, and covertly “persuaded” the Soviet people to abandon their own country’s social system and national culture, and to welcome the so-called “new era” of Western civilization with a “thorough”, “unconditional” and “bold” attitude.

　　Fourth, deconstruct symbols. Symbols are born in the historical evolution of national culture. Different nations have formed their own specific symbols in the course of their respective cultural development, such as clothing, anniversaries, monuments, rituals, and characters. With the help of empathy, a nation has some great symbols, which gives it an emotional bond that unites the society. It can arouse people’s sense of belonging, so that people can unite for a common dream and create and continue a new civilization. If someone deliberately repaints and attacks the symbols in the history of a country and nation, by reversing right and wrong, publicly mocking and making fun of the glorious achievements, great figures and noble culture in history, the consequences will be very serious, and it will lead to people gradually losing their sense of identity with the country, nation and self.

　　Providing strong support for maintaining national cognitive space security

　　Reporter: Faced with fierce competition in the field of national cognitive space security, how should we maintain national cognitive space security?

　　Zeng Huafeng: We must fully understand and grasp the characteristics and laws of national cognitive space security, firmly occupy the ideological position, and take the initiative in the field of public opinion and ideology.

　　First, we must strengthen our ideals and beliefs and build a strong spiritual pillar. History and reality have repeatedly proved that the collapse of a regime often begins in the ideological field. Once the ideological defense line is breached, it will be difficult to defend other defense lines. Whether we can hold on to the ideological position and do a good job in ideological work is related to national cohesion and centripetal force. In this regard, we must always hold high the banner of ideals and beliefs and unswervingly adhere to and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics.

　　Second, we must be vigilant against the emergence of historical nihilism. Historical nihilism originated with the denial of the “Cultural Revolution” and reform and opening up, and then gradually moved towards the denial of the historical view of historical materialism and the denial of the cultural traditions of the Chinese nation. We must be highly vigilant against its harm, and clearly oppose historical nihilism, oppose all pseudo-historical narratives that glorify aggression and oppression and vilify revolution and resistance, face history sincerely, cherish the subjectivity established by the Chinese nation in the long course of the Chinese revolution, and enhance the self-esteem and self-confidence of the Chinese nation, so as to lay a solid cultural foundation for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　Third, we should seek national cultural identity in the collision between Chinese and Western cultures. While promoting military and economic hegemony, the United States actively promotes cultural hegemony. Under the banner of “economic integration”, it strongly impacts the heterogeneous cultures of various countries and tries to influence other countries’ cultures with American culture. In this context, in the process of cultural exchanges with other countries and nations in the world, we should not only continue to absorb and integrate the essence of the cultures of all nations in the world, but also enhance our national cultural consciousness and confidence, and improve the creativity and vitality of national culture in the process of continuous inheritance.

　　Fourth, we should actively participate in the global governance of cyberspace security. In the Internet era, the United States, with its high-tech monopoly advantage, not only controls the management of the cyber world, but is also the first country in the world to propose the concept of cyber warfare and apply it in actual combat. From the current perspective, the United States’ control over the Internet will not change in the short term. We should pay close attention to cyberspace security, actively participate in the global governance of cyberspace security, and build a cybersecurity system that conforms to the trend of globalization and meets the requirements of my country’s informatization, so as to provide strong support for maintaining the security of the national cognitive space.

　　We must promote the information construction of our army with a broader vision. Indulging in reflection on the characteristics, patterns and experiences of the last war is a chronic disease and common disease in human military history. From the time when information warfare was proposed to the present, people have been conducting research on its characteristics, laws and tactics, but have overlooked a problem: that is, with the development of modern science and technology, is the so-called information warfare what people are talking about today? In fact, we should have a broader vision for understanding information warfare, and include physical information, biological information and spiritual information into the framework of information warfare. From the aspects of basic research, applied research, combat theory, technology development, equipment development and organizational leadership, we should build a system of cognitive space attack and defense confrontation. Innovate the ways, methods and means of ideological and political work in the global media era. Cultivate and create a team of high-quality talents who can grasp the frontiers of cognitive science, psychology and military needs, and seize the “brain control” of future information warfare. (

Reporter Huang Kunlun)【

Editor: Zhang Haitong】

現代國語：

伴隨著全球網路的崛起及新興媒體的發展，目前世界主要軍事強國都十分重視認知空間安全的戰略問題。最近出版的《制腦權：全球媒體時代的戰爭法則與國家安全戰略》這本專著，著眼於未來戰爭發展趨勢，聚焦全球媒體時代國家認知空間安全問題，提出認知空間的“制腦權”這一概念，引發軍事學界的關注。記者就此主題，訪問了書中的主要作者、國防科技大學人文與社會科學學院院長曾華鋒教授。

「不戰而屈人之兵」是資訊化戰爭的最高境界

記者：制腦權這個概念，離不開對認知空間的理解。請問什麼是認知空間，何為制腦權？

曾華鋒：資訊化戰爭是物質與精神、觀念與現實的統一，它既是物質形態發展的表現，也是精神因素作用的必然結果。資訊化戰爭使人類戰爭第一次真正擁有了三個作戰空間：一是陸、海、空、天等組成的自然空間；二是基於物理原理的網路電磁空間，它本質上是一種技術空間；三是由人的精神和心理活動所構成的認知空間。贏得未來資訊化戰爭，必須掌握戰爭的主動權、取得戰爭的製域權並主導戰爭的話語權。奪取認知空間的製腦權，「不戰而屈人之兵」是資訊化戰爭的最高境界。

認知空間指的是人類認知活動所涉及的範圍和領域，它是反映人的情感、意志、信仰和價值觀等內容的無形空間，存在於鬥爭參與者的思想中。國家認知空間分散存在於每個個體的主觀世界，由全社會無數個體的認知空間所疊加而成。國家利益不僅以實體形式存在於自然空間、技術空間，也無形存在於認知空間。 「制腦權」就是以宣傳媒體、民族語言、文化產品等所承載的精神訊息為武器，以滲透、影響乃至主導社會大眾與國家精英的認知、情感、意識為指向，最終操控一個國家的價值觀念、民族精神、意識形態、文化傳統、歷史信念等，促使其放棄自己探索的理論認知、社會制度及發展道路，達成不戰而勝的戰略目標。

記者：當前，隨著全球媒體時代的到來，特別是新興社交媒體的發展，大國之間的政治博弈持續加劇，人類心理困惑、道德危機、信仰迷失等「認知域症狀」不斷凸顯，您認為認知空間對抗有哪些特色？

曾華鋒：我認為，主要有以下三個特點：一是國家認知空間的安全邊界具有模糊性。國家認知空間是一個無邊、無界、無形、無影但又不可忽視的利益空間與對抗空間，社會輿論和意識形態領域是認知空間爭奪的主要領域，精神資訊是主要武器。凡是精神訊息可以傳播到的地方，都可以成為認知空間較量的戰場。二是國家認知空間的資訊攻防具有操控性。精神訊息的接收、加工及回饋方式不僅與人腦的功能緊密相關，也具有鮮明的國家、民族特性。同時，精神訊息在傳播擴散的過程中易於失真。在全球媒體時代，個體既是資訊的接受者，也可以成為資訊的發布者，從理論上講，任何個體或群體都可以瞬間在世界傳播其加工、製作的特定訊息，並對特定目標對象產生影響。三是國家認知空間的戰略對抗具有持久性。精神訊息的角色需要循序漸進地進行，不能指望產生立竿見影的效果。例如，冷戰期間，以美國為首的西方國家就是透過文化交流等活動，逐漸把西方的價值觀念滲透到蘇聯和東歐等社會主義國家，達到和平演變之目的。如今，西方敵對勢力透過政治、經濟、科學、文化等各種學術交流，在正常的訊息互動活動中尋求灌輸、滲透西方「民主」、「自由」思想和價值觀念。

西方奪取國家認知空間較量「制腦權」的主要方式

記者：西方奪取國家認知空間較量「制腦權」的主要方式有哪些？

曾華鋒：我認為主要有四種方式。一是感知操縱。感知操縱又稱意識操縱。它旨在透過影響他人的心理與精神達到操控他人行為的目的，既可以針對個人、團體，也可以針對一個國家，甚至可以針對全世界。托夫勒在《戰爭與反戰爭》一書中，將感知操縱的工具歸納為六個方面：一是“對暴行的控訴”，包括譴責真實和虛假的暴行；二是“誇大一次戰役或一場戰爭的利害關係」；三是「把敵人妖魔化或非人化”；四是“兩極化”，也就是說，如果你不支持我們，你就是反對我們；五是“宣稱遵從神的旨意”，帶有濃厚的宗教色彩；六是“超宣傳－足以詆毀對方宣傳的宣傳」。

二是切斷歷史記憶。人的思想與社會意識形態總是同歷史記憶緊密相連。無論是個體的精神世界，抑或國家和民族的文化傳統，形象化，它們都是濃縮的過去，是值得珍惜的財富。一旦透過某種手段巧妙地切斷個體或群體的歷史記憶，使其失去精神的家園，也就掃除了對其進行價值觀和意識形態滲透的障礙，為各種錯誤雜亂的思想入侵敞開了大門。

三是改變思考範式。一個國家和民族都有其特定的思考範式，它是人們認識世界的前提。特別是社會精英階層，他們的思維範式、思想認知對全社會的思想、價值觀念和意識形態認同起著引領作用。但是人的理性思維是有弱點的，透過操縱可向其中灌輸“病毒程序”，促使人們背離明顯的事實而接受謬誤、有時甚至是荒謬的結論。一旦這套做法抓住了社會菁英群體，多數人也會對操縱伎倆失去抵禦能力。冷戰末期，西方對蘇聯進行的思想攻擊，就是透過影響蘇聯一些經濟學家的理性思維，讓其在蘇聯國內發表一系列迎合西方意圖的公共言論，隱蔽性地「勸說」蘇聯人民放棄自己國家的社會制度與民族文化，以「徹底的」、「無條件的」、「果敢的」態度迎接西方文明的所謂「新時代」。

四是解構象徵。象徵誕生於民族文化的歷史演進之中，不同民族在各自的文化發展歷程中，形成了屬於自己的特定的象徵，如服飾、紀念日、紀念碑、儀式、人物等。借助於移情作用，一個民族擁有了一些偉大的象徵，就擁有了一個凝聚社會的情感紐帶，它能喚起人們的歸宿感，從而使人們為了一個共同的夢想而團結在一起，創造和延續新的文明。如果有人刻意重新塗抹、攻擊一個國家和民族歷史上的象徵，透過顛倒黑白、公開嘲諷和戲說歷史上的輝煌成就、偉大人物及崇高文化，其後果將是十分嚴重的，它將導致人們逐漸喪失國家、民族和自我的認同感。

為維護國家認知空間安全提供強力支撐

記者：面對國家認知空間安全領域的激烈爭奪，我們該如何維護國家認知空間安全？

曾華鋒：我們必須充分了解並掌握國家認知空間安全的特徵與規律，牢牢佔領思想陣地，打好輿論與意識形態領域主動仗。

一是要堅定理想信念，築牢精神支柱。歷史和現實一再證明，一個政權的瓦解往往是從思想領域開始的，思想防線被攻破了，其他防線也就很難守住。能否堅守思想陣地，做好意識形態工作，事關民族凝聚力、向心力。對此，我們要時時高舉理想信念的旗幟，毫不動搖地堅持並發展中國特色社會主義。

二是要警惕歷史虛無主義的濫觴。歷史虛無主義，是隨著否定「文化大革命」與改革開放發端的，進而逐步走向否定歷史唯物論的歷史觀，否定中華民族的文化傳統。對於其危害，我們要高度警惕，旗幟鮮明地反對歷史虛無主義，反對一切美化侵略和壓迫以及醜化革命和抗爭的偽歷史敘述，真誠地對歷史，珍視中華民族在漫長的中國革命歷程中確立起來的主體性，提高中華民族的自尊心和自信心，以此為中華民族的偉大復興奠定紮實的文化根基。

三是在中西文化碰撞中尋求民族文化認同。美國在推行軍事、經濟霸權主義的同時，積極推行文化霸權主義，在「經濟整合」的旗號下，強勢衝擊各國異質文化，試圖以美國文化影響他國文化。在此背景下，我們在與世界其他國家和民族的文化交流過程中，既要不斷兼收並蓄，融匯世界各民族文化的精華，更要提升我們的民族文化自覺和自信，在不斷傳承的過程中提高民族文化的創造力和生命力。

四是積極參與網路空間安全的全球治理。在網路時代，美國憑藉其高技術壟斷優勢，不僅掌握著網路世界的管理權，也是世界上第一個提出網路戰概念並將其運用於實戰的國家。從目前來看，美國對網路的控制權短時間內不會改變，我們應高度關注網路空間安全，積極參與網路空間安全的全球治理，建構既順應全球化趨勢，又符合我國資訊化要求的網絡安全體系，為維護國家認知空間安全提供強力支撐。

我們要以更寬廣的視野推動我軍資訊化建設。沈湎於對上次戰爭的特徵、模式、經驗的反思，是人類軍事史上屢見不鮮的痼疾與通病。資訊戰從提出到現在，人們都在圍繞其特徵、規律、戰法展開研究，卻忽略了一個問題：那就是隨著現代科學技術的發展，所謂的資訊戰，是否就是今天人們所津津樂道的這般模樣？其實，對於資訊戰的理解，我們應該有更寬廣的視野，要將物理資訊、生物資訊及精神資訊都納入資訊戰的框架。從基礎研究、應用研究、作戰理論、技術開發、設備研發和組織領導等層面，建構認知空間攻防對抗的體系。創新全球媒體時代的思想政治工作途徑、方法與手段。培養並造就一支能掌握認知科學、心理學前線和軍事需求的高素質人才隊伍，奪取未來資訊化戰爭的「制腦權」。 (記者 黃崑崙)

【編輯:張海桐】

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.chinanews.com.cn/mil/2014/06-16/628358988.shtml

#Information Support Force, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

Chinese Military Center of Gravity for Winning Intelligent Warfare

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中國打贏智慧戰爭的軍事重心

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2020年12月31日 星期四

現代英語：

The winning mechanism of war refers to the main factors for winning a war, the way they play a role, and the internal mechanisms, laws and principles of their mutual connection and interaction. With the advent of the intelligent era, the increasingly widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field has promoted the transformation of the war form to intelligent warfare, and the winning mechanism of war has also changed accordingly.

Having data advantage is the basis for success

In the era of intelligence, the core foundation of many “disruptive technologies” is data, and war will also be “no data, no war”. In intelligent warfare, both sides will fight a “data war” around understanding data, relying on data, competing for data, and using data. Whoever owns the “data right” will have the initiative in the war. Fighting for data, mastering data, analyzing data, and applying data in war are the keys to winning intelligent warfare.

Data resources are combat effectiveness. In intelligent warfare, data comes first before troops move. Whoever controls the data controls the resources to win the war, and controls the initiative and the chips for victory. The ability to understand and use data is an important indicator for measuring combat capability and directly affects the outcome of the war. Obtaining data, analyzing data, and using data are not only the yardsticks for measuring the combat capability of troops, but also the new engine for improving the combat effectiveness of troops. Data is the most direct record of the objective world. It appears in the form of numbers and is raw data, such as the performance parameters of weapons and equipment, the size of troops, the number of guarantees, target parameters, etc. These data can be processed to become the information and intelligence needed for combat. In the information age led by data, data has become the blood of intelligent warfare.

Big data has given rise to a data-based battlefield. To some extent, whoever controls the data resources controls the “winning space” of the war. Data has changed the logical cognition of war. In the past, people inferred the whole from the individual and inferred the inevitability from the small probability events, but now they deduce individual characteristics from the high probability and find the internal laws of specific things from the correlation. Only by understanding the relevant data can we grasp the overall situation, only by gathering similar data can we grasp the trend, and only by integrating all-source data can we understand the connection. All of this is attributed to the control of the data-based battlefield.

Big data changes the way of fighting. As the most important strategic resource, how to distinguish the authenticity and quality of data, how to fight and counter-fight, deceive and counter-deceive, attack and counter-attack around massive data, has become a key issue in winning intelligent wars. When data becomes the focus of war, it will inevitably lead to competition and gaming around data, thereby promoting changes in the style of fighting. At present, the competition for data collection is intensifying, and major countries have launched research on national defense big data projects to provide more intelligence with practical value for military decision-making. The “asymmetry” of data forms the “asymmetry” of algorithms, and then achieves the “asymmetry” of tactics.

Data has given rise to intelligent equipment systems. Data technology has upgraded combat platforms to highly intelligent and autonomous systems. Data has enabled command and control systems, air combat platforms, precision-guided munitions, etc. to complete the transition from informatization to intelligence. For example, modern “swarm technology” is the application of artificial intelligence supported by big data. Data has become a “telescope”, “microscope” and “perspective lens” for analyzing wars. To win intelligent wars, one must have a data mind, data awareness and data thinking.

Mastering algorithm advantages is the key to success

One of the characteristics of intelligent warfare is that all battle plans, campaign plans and war plans need to be generated by computers, and its essence is algorithm-generated tactics. Having an algorithm advantage means having an intelligent advantage, which can achieve a high degree of unity of information advantage, cognitive advantage, decision-making advantage and action advantage.

Algorithm advantage dominates information advantage. Algorithm is a systematic method to describe the strategic mechanism for solving problems, and is the key and prerequisite for improving intelligence advantage. Algorithm technology mainly includes deep learning, supercomputing, brain-like intelligence and other technologies. The use of intelligent sensing and networking technology can widely and quickly deploy various types of intelligent perception nodes, and can implement active collaborative detection for tasks, thereby building a transparent and visible digital combat environment. Judging from the current development trend, the advantage of war algorithms dominates information advantage, which contains great potential to rewrite the rules of the modern war game. This pair of “invisible hands” will shape the new landscape of future intelligent warfare.

Algorithmic advantage dominates cognitive advantage. In intelligent warfare, big data can quickly convert massive amounts of data into useful intelligence after being processed by high-performance and efficient algorithms, thereby gaining cognitive advantage. Algorithms, as the “brain” of artificial intelligence, have become the key to intelligently sensing the battlefield and using it for decision-making, command, and coordination. The party with algorithmic advantage can dispel the “battlefield fog” and “information fog” caused by the failure to process data in a timely manner, making cognition more profound and thus seizing the initiative in the war. In the future, whoever has algorithmic advantage will have stronger cognitive ability, faster learning speed, and better quality results.

Algorithm advantage dominates decision-making advantage. With its high-speed and precise calculation, the algorithm can replace people’s hard thinking and repeated exploration, thereby accelerating knowledge iteration. With the support of massive data and supercomputing capabilities, the judgment and prediction results of artificial intelligence will be more accurate. By constructing combat model rules through algorithms, commanders can be assisted in making rapid decisions in multi-level planning and ad hoc handling of strategies, campaigns, tactics, etc. through actuarial, detailed, deep and expert reasoning. With the development of disruptive technologies such as big data, cloud computing, and quantum computing and their application in the military field, the future combat decision-making cycle will become near real-time. In intelligent warfare, the party that masters super algorithms can quickly propose flexible and diverse combat plans and countermeasures in response to changes in combat opponents, constantly disrupting the opponent’s established intentions and deployments, and thus seize the dominance of the war.

Algorithmic advantage leads to operational advantage. In the era of intelligent warfare, algorithms determine tactics, and algorithmic advantage leads to war advantage. Supported by superior algorithms, the reaction speed of artificial intelligence is thousands of times that of humans. “Algorithmic warfare” foreshadows the transformation of future wars. Whoever can seize the commanding heights of intelligent algorithms can seize the initiative and win before the battle. On the intelligent battlefield, algorithms are far more important than artillery shells. War algorithms have become the key factor in winning intelligent warfare and are the strategic commanding heights that future intelligent armies must seize. Intelligent warfare calculations are ubiquitous. The party that has the algorithmic advantage can quickly and accurately predict the battlefield situation, innovate combat methods, and achieve the advantage of “winning before the battle.”

Multi-domain integration is the key to success

Multi-domain integration is based on the cloud-based combat system. With the support of the cloud-based battlefield situation, various combat personnel, equipment, facilities, and environmental elements have expanded the battlefield space from the traditional three-dimensional space to the polar regions, deep sea, space, and cyberspace, and even to multi-dimensional domains such as cognitive domain and information domain. Multi-domain integration has formed a giant, complex, and adaptive confrontation system. The integration of “cloud gathering” and “network gathering” has become a new mechanism for intelligent combat.

Cross-domain integration and integrated energy release. Under the conditions of intelligent warfare, the emergence of a large number of new long-range combat platforms and intelligent new concept weapons has made the future combat landscape present the characteristics of air-ground-sea-sky integration, global instant strikes, and cross-domain strategic deterrence and control. Supported by the cross-domain, distributed, and networked “cloud killing” collaborative combat system, through the cross-domain aggregation of multiple combat capabilities, cross-domain interoperability of combat command, cross-domain sharing of combat information, cross-domain movement of combat weapons, cross-domain response of combat actions, and cross-domain complementarity of combat functions are achieved. Cross-domain integration is the close coordination of main domain control and cross-domain support to implement cross-domain collaborative support. Integrated energy release is the transition of joint operations from integrated joint operations to cross-domain joint operations, realizing the cross-domain aggregation and overall energy release of multiple combat capabilities.

Human-machine integration, using speed to defeat slowness. If weapons are an extension of the human body, intelligence is an extension of the human brain. In the era of intelligent warfare, there will be a mode of giving human intelligence to machines to implement combat. People will further withdraw from the front-line confrontation and combat, and the combination of people and weapons will appear in a new form. Unmanned combat weapons and human intelligence are deeply integrated into an organic symbiosis, perfectly combining human creativity, thinking and the precision and speed of machines. Therefore, in future intelligent warfare, the mode of engagement will gradually change from the mutual killing of “human-machine integration” to the unmanned system cluster confrontation of “human-machine integration”. Relying on the intelligent combat system, commanders adaptively adjust and select the mode of action according to changes in the battlefield environment. Unmanned combat develops from single-platform remote control combat to multi-platform cluster autonomy, forming a simple command chain of “commander-combat cluster”, highlighting the rapid, flexible and autonomous characteristics of human-machine collaboration.

Brain-intelligence fusion and efficient control. The combat system of intelligent warfare will be characterized by a highly intelligent “human + network + machine”. The intelligent command and control system will operate in a collaborative manner of “human brain + intelligent system”. The intelligent system will assist or even partially replace the role of humans in command and control. The intelligent command and control system will have relatively strong autonomous command and control capabilities, and can relatively independently obtain information, judge situations, make decisions, and deal with situations. Relying on the battlefield situation awareness system, with the help of big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and modeling and simulation technology, it is possible to accurately analyze and judge massive battlefield information, realize the transformation of combat command from “human experience-centered” to “data and model-centered” intelligent decision-making methods, and make combat planning more scientific and efficient. In the future, the super self-evolution and strategic decision-making capabilities of deep neural networks will realize the combat cycle of “human out of the loop”.

Integration of intelligence and mind, attacking the mind and winning the will. With the development of artificial intelligence technology, the boundaries between the biologicalization and humanization of intelligent weapons will be blurred in the future, and the control of people themselves will become the focus. “Attacking the mind and winning the will” is still the highest combat purpose of intelligent warfare. “Cognitive control warfare” based on the control of human brain and consciousness cognition may evolve into an important combat style. With human cognitive thinking as the target, various means are used to stimulate, influence and control the cognitive system to achieve the effect of disrupting the enemy’s command and decision-making system, inducing the enemy’s combat power, and disintegrating the enemy’s morale. For example, based on brain reading and brain control technology, using mental guidance and control means, the strategic intentions, combat intentions, and combat methods of the enemy commander can be grasped in real time, and even directly act on the brain of the enemy personnel, or the consciousness of the party can be “injected” in the form of EEG coding to interfere with or control their consciousness, thinking and psychology, and finally seize the “right to control intelligence” and achieve deep control over combat personnel. With the large-scale application of intelligent combat platforms on the battlefield, information systems assisting humans will gradually transform into intelligent systems partially replacing humans. The focus of the power struggle will shift from “information rights” to “intelligence rights”, and using elite troops to gain control of key domains will become the dominant approach.

現代國語：

戰爭制勝機理，指贏得戰爭勝利的主要因素、發揮作用的方式及其相互聯繫、相互作用的內在機制、規律和原理。隨著智慧時代的到來，人工智慧在軍事領域越來越廣泛的應用，推動戰爭形態轉向智慧戰爭，戰爭制勝機制也隨之改變。

擁有數據優勢是致勝基礎

在智慧化時代，眾多「顛覆性科技」的核心根基就是數據，戰爭也將是「無數據不戰爭」。在智慧化戰爭中，雙方圍繞著認識數據、依靠數據、爭奪數據和運用數據開打“數據戰”，誰擁有“數據權”，誰就掌握了戰爭的主動權。爭奪數據、掌握數據、分析數據，並將數據運用於戰爭之中，是智慧化戰爭的勝利之要。

數據資源就是戰鬥力。在智慧化戰爭中，兵馬未動，資料先行。誰掌握了數據誰就掌握了取得戰爭勝利的資源，也就掌控了戰爭的主動和勝利的籌碼。認識和運用數據的能力，是衡量作戰能力的重要指標，直接影響戰爭的勝負。取得數據、分析數據和運用數據既是衡量部隊作戰能力的標尺，也是提升部隊戰鬥力的新引擎。數據是客觀世界最直接的記載，以數字的形式出現，是原始資料，如武器裝備的性能參數、兵力規模、保障數量、目標參量等，這些數據經過處理能夠成為作戰所需的資訊和情報。在數據引領的資訊時代，數據已成為智慧化戰爭的血液。

大數據催生數據化戰場。某種程度上講誰把控了資料資源，就把握了戰爭的「勝利空間」。數據改變了對戰爭的邏輯認知，過去是從個別推論整體、從小機率事件中推理必然性，而現在是從大概率中推導個別特徵、從相關性中找出具體事物的內在規律。只有洞察相關數據才能掌握全局，只有聚集同類數據才能掌握趨勢，只有融合全源數據才能洞悉關聯。而這一切都歸於對資料化戰場的把控。

大數據改變作戰樣式。數據作為最重要的戰略資源，如何辨別數據的真假優劣，如何圍繞海量數據開展爭奪與反爭奪、欺騙與反欺騙、攻擊與反攻擊，成為打贏智能化戰爭的關鍵問題。當數據成為戰爭爭奪的焦點，必然帶來圍繞數據的競賽和博弈，從而推動作戰樣式改變。目前，資料收集之爭愈演愈烈，大國紛紛進行國防大數據計畫研究，以便為軍事決策提供更多具有實際價值的情報。以資料的“非對稱”，形成演算法的“非對稱”，進而實現戰法的“非對稱”。

數據催生智慧化裝備系統。數據技術使作戰平台升級為高度智慧化和自主化的系統，數據使指揮控制系統、空中作戰平台、精確導引彈藥等完成由資訊化向智慧化過渡。例如，現代「蜂群技術」就是大數據支撐下的人工智慧運用。數據已經成為解析戰爭的“望遠鏡”“顯微鏡”“透鏡”，打贏智能化戰爭必須具備數據頭腦、數據意識、數據思維。

掌握演算法優勢是致勝關鍵

智慧化戰爭的特徵之一就是一切戰鬥計畫、戰役計畫和戰爭計畫都需轉向電腦生成上來，其本質就是演算法生成戰法。擁有演算法優勢就擁有智慧化優勢，就可以實現資訊優勢、認知優勢、決策優勢和行動優勢的高度統一。

演算法優勢主導資訊優勢。演算法是用系統化的方法描述解決問題的策略機制，是提高智慧優勢的關鍵和前提。演算法技術主要包括深度學習、超級運算、類腦智慧等技術。採用智慧感測與網路技術，可廣泛快速部署各類智慧感知節點，可面向任務實施主動協同探測，進而建構透明可見的數位化作戰環境。從當前的發展趨勢來看，戰爭演算法優勢主導資訊優勢，蘊含著改寫現代戰爭遊戲規則的巨大潛力，這雙「無形之手」將塑造未來智慧化戰爭新圖景。

演算法優勢主導認知優勢。在智慧化戰爭中，大數據經過高效能、高效率的演算法處理後，能夠將大量資料快速轉換為有用的情報，從而獲得認知優勢。演算法作為人工智慧的“大腦”，成為智慧感知戰場並由此用於決策、指揮和協同的關鍵。佔有演算法優勢的一方，能驅散因資料得不到及時處理而產生的“戰場迷霧”和“資訊迷霧”，使得認知更為深刻，從而奪取戰爭主動權。未來誰擁有演算法優勢，誰的認知能力就強，學習速度就快，品質效果就優。

演算法優勢主導決策優勢。演算法以其高速、精確的計算，能夠取代人的苦思冥想和反覆探索，加速知識迭代。在海量數據和超算能力支援下，人工智慧的判斷和預測結果將更加準確。透過演算法建構作戰模型規則，以精算、細算、深算和專家推理方式，可輔助指揮官在戰略、戰役、戰術等多層規劃規劃和臨機處置中實現快速決策。隨著大數據、雲端運算、量子運算等顛覆性技術的發展及其在軍事領域的應用，未來作戰決策週期將變成近實時。在智慧化戰爭中，掌握超強演算法的一方能夠針對作戰對手變化，快速提出靈活多樣的作戰方案與應對之策，不斷打亂對手既定企圖與部署，從而奪取戰爭主導權。

演算法優勢主導行動優勢。在智慧化戰爭時代，演算法決定戰法，演算法優勢主導戰爭優勢。在優勢演算法的支撐下，人工智慧的反應速度是人類的千百倍。 「演算法戰」預示著未來戰爭的變革，誰能搶佔智慧演算法制高點，誰就能搶得先機，未戰先勝。在智慧化戰場上，演算法遠比砲彈重要，戰爭演算法成為致勝智能化戰爭的關鍵因素，是未來智慧型軍隊必須搶佔的戰略高點。智慧化戰爭運算無所不在，掌握演算法優勢的一方，能夠快速且準確預測戰場態勢，創新作戰方法，達成「未戰而先勝」之利。

搞好多域融合是製勝樞紐

多域融合是以作戰體系的雲態化為基礎，各類作戰人員、裝備、設施、環境要素在雲態化的戰場態勢支撐下，戰場空間從傳統的三維空間，向極地、深海、太空和網電空間，乃至認知域、資訊域等多維域拓展，多域融合形成巨型複雜自適應對抗體系，「雲聚」融合「網聚」成為智慧化作戰新機理。

跨域融合、整合釋能。在智慧化戰爭條件下，多種新型遠戰平台、智慧化新概念武器的大量湧現，使未來作戰面貌呈現出空地海天一體、全球即時性打擊、跨域戰略懾控等特徵。以跨領域、分散式、網路化的「雲殺傷」協同作戰系統為支撐，透過多種作戰能力跨域聚合，實現作戰指揮跨域貫通，作戰資訊跨域共享，作戰兵器跨域穿行，作戰行動跨域回應，作戰功能跨域互補。跨域融合是主域主控與跨域支援的緊密配合，實施跨域協同支援。整合釋能是聯合作戰由一體化聯合作戰過渡到跨域聯合作戰，實現多種作戰能力的跨域聚合、整體釋能。

人機融合、以快製慢。如果說武器是人身體延伸的話，智慧則是人腦的延伸。智能化戰爭時代，將出現把人的智慧賦予機器進而實施作戰的模式，人將更進一步退出一線對抗作戰，人與武器結合方式將以嶄新形態出現。無人作戰武器與人類智慧深度融合為有機共生體，把人的創造性、思想性和機器的精準性、快速性完美結合。因此，在未來智慧化戰爭中，交戰方式將由「人機結合」的相互殺傷逐漸轉向「人機融合」的無人系統集群對抗。依托智能化作戰系統，指揮員針對戰場環境變化自適應調整選擇行動方式，無人作戰由單平台遙控作戰向多平台集群自主方向發展，形成「指揮官—作戰集群」的簡易指揮鏈，彰顯人機協同的快速靈活自主特徵。

腦智融合、高效控制。智慧化戰爭的作戰體系將表現為高度智慧化的“人+網路+機器”，智慧化指揮控制系統將以“人腦+智慧系統”的協作方式運行，智慧系統將輔助甚至部分替代人在指揮控制中的作用。智慧化指揮控制系統將具備較強的自主指揮、自主控制能力，可相對獨立自主地獲取資訊、判斷態勢、做出決策、處置狀況。依托戰場態勢感知系統，借助大數據、雲端運算、人工智慧和建模模擬技術，能夠對海量戰場資訊進行精準分析研判，實現作戰指揮由「以人的經驗為中心」向「以數據和模型為中心」的智慧化決策方式轉變，作戰規劃更加科學有效率。未來深度神經網路的超強自我進化和戰略決策能力，將實現「人在迴路外」的作戰循環。

智心融合，攻心奪志。隨著人工智慧技術的發展，未來智慧化武器的生物化和人的武器化將界線模糊，針對人本身的控制將成為焦點，「攻心奪志」仍是智慧化戰爭最高作戰目的，基於以人腦和意識認知實施控制為目標的「認知控制戰」可能演化為重要作戰樣式。以人的認知思維為目標，運用多種手段對認知體系施加刺激、影響與控制，達成擾亂敵指揮決策系統、誘導敵作戰力量、瓦解敵軍心士氣的效果。如基於讀腦、腦控技術，運用心智導控手段，即時掌握對方指揮官戰略意圖、作戰企圖、作戰方法等，甚至直接作用於對方人員大腦，或將己方意識以腦電編碼形式“注入” ，幹擾或控制其意識、思維和心理，最終奪取“制智權”，實現對作戰人員的深度控制。隨著智慧化作戰平台大量應用於戰場，資訊系統輔助人類將逐漸轉向智慧系統部分取代人類。制權爭奪的重心將由“資訊權”轉向“智能權”，以精兵點殺謀取關鍵維域控制權將成為主導方式。

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2020-12/31/content_279888.htm