Monthly Archives: January 2026

#intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Combat Planning, Intelligent Warfare

China’s Military Exploring a New Track for Generating New Types of Combat Capabilities

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中國軍方正在探索一條製造新型作戰能力的新途徑

現代英語：

President Xi Jinping emphasized the need to boldly innovate and explore new models for the construction and application of combat forces, and to fully unleash and develop new-type combat capabilities. This important instruction reminds us that new-type combat capabilities, as a key force for winning future battlefields, are crucial to the course of war, the transformation of development, and the outcome of combat. We must closely follow the evolution of the form of war and the requirements for fully unleashing and developing new-type combat capabilities, explore new avenues for generating new-type combat capabilities, and continuously improve their contribution to war preparedness and combat.

Empowering the development of new-type combat capabilities with science and technology. Technological empowerment is a key characteristic of the development of new-type combat capabilities. Historically, major technological advancements have always led to profound changes in the form and methods of warfare. Currently, the world’s technological and military revolutions are developing rapidly, urgently requiring us to break free from fixed mindsets and reliance on traditional paths, closely monitor the forefront of military technology to innovate tactics and training methods, and continuously explore effective means to accelerate the formation of informationized and intelligent combat capabilities. First, we must seize technological advantages. To enhance technological insight, awareness, and response speed, we must strengthen technological research in emerging fields such as artificial intelligence and big data, boldly innovate the technological mechanisms of system confrontation, the lethality mechanisms of firepower strikes, and the combat mechanisms of information offense and defense, and improve the foresight, relevance, and effectiveness of technological innovation. Secondly, we must be adept at adapting to change. We must deeply understand the inherent mechanisms by which technology affects training, adhere to technology-enabled and technology-strengthened training, effectively utilize advanced technology in combat training, widely promote training methods such as “technology+” and “network+”, and continuously improve the level of combat-oriented training. Thirdly, we must strengthen the transformation and application of these technologies. We must keep a close eye on military combat readiness, innovate and explore new combat force construction and application models, actively expand the combat effectiveness of new domain and new quality equipment, focus on integrating new domain and new quality forces into the combat system, construct typical scenarios, innovate tactics and applications, and strive to create new combat capability growth poles.

Promoting the Development of New-Type Combat Capabilities through Force Integration. Force integration is a crucial aspect of building and developing new-type combat capabilities. Simply adding traditional combat systems will not generate new-type combat capabilities. Only by continuously promoting the integrated coupling of new combat concepts, new combat systems, and new combat platforms, and achieving mutual promotion and complementary advantages among various elements and units, can new-type combat capabilities truly emerge as a whole. First, ensure the integration of old and new. “New-type” is an evolution and upgrade of “old-type,” not a simple replacement. We must adhere to the principle of “establishing before dismantling,” and insist on starting from reality, developing “new-type” capabilities according to local conditions and the actual situation of combat capability construction, preventing and eliminating “favoring the new and discarding the old,” and low-quality and inefficient duplication of construction. Second, promote military-civilian integration. To establish and improve the mechanism for sharing military and civilian science and technology resources, we must break down the barriers between high-quality military and civilian resources, remove obstacles to sharing channels, promote the open sharing of resource elements and the joint creation and utilization of innovative achievements, and form a synergy for generating new combat capabilities. Secondly, we must achieve the integration of software and hardware. Future informationized and intelligent warfare will place greater emphasis on the overall linkage of combat elements. The degree of integration of “software” and “hardware” forces directly determines the effectiveness of combat capability generation and release and the course of the war. We must construct a combat force system that enhances system efficiency and promotes overall linkage, strengthen the layout of combat forces that are autonomously adaptable and interactively empowered, deeply address the contradictions and shortcomings in the mutual coordination of software and hardware, and promote the improvement of the quality and efficiency of the combat system.

Talent cultivation supports the development of new-type combat capabilities. Talent support is a crucial guarantee for the construction and development of new-type combat capabilities. As combat forms evolve towards unmanned, intelligent, and autonomous operations, the command system and organizational structure of the armed forces are becoming more streamlined, urgently requiring a new type of military talent pool. First, proactive training is essential. It is necessary to streamline the channels for cultivating and utilizing new-type military talent, integrating talent cultivation with the construction and development of new-type combat capabilities. Differentiating between different operational fields and professional positions, further precise standardization of talent standards and training paths is needed, along with strengthened training and experience, shortening the training cycle, and closely integrating and resonating with force development. Second, enhanced mission-based training is crucial. We must adhere to the principle of precisely aligning talent cultivation and utilization with the needs of military struggle and the development and application of new-type combat capabilities. We must fully utilize opportunities such as major missions and exercises to strengthen talent identification through rigorous testing, and promote a precise alignment between the supply side of talent cultivation and the demand side of the future battlefield. Thirdly, we must ensure precise management and utilization. We must grasp the laws governing the growth of military talent and the requirements for the development of new-type combat capabilities, innovate management concepts and methods, precisely allocate human resources, strengthen the professional, refined, and scientific management of the talent pool, and place talent in positions where they can best contribute to new-type combat capabilities to hone their skills and create a dynamic situation where people are well-suited for their positions and their talents are fully utilized.

(Author’s affiliation: Jiangsu Armed Police Corps)

現代國語：

探索新質戰斗力生成“新賽道”

■何松利

習主席強調，大膽創新探索新型作戰力量建設和運用模式，充分解放和發展新質戰斗力。這一重要指示啟示我們，新質戰斗力作為制勝未來戰場的關鍵力量，關乎戰爭走向、關乎建設轉型、關乎作戰勝負，必須緊跟戰爭形態演變及充分解放和發展新質戰斗力要求，研究探索新質戰斗力生成“新賽道”，不斷提升對備戰打仗的貢獻率。

以科技賦能牽引新質戰斗力發展。科技賦能是新質戰斗力建設發展的重要特征。從戰爭發展演進的歷史來看，歷次重大科技進步都會引發戰爭形態和作戰方式的深刻變革。當前，世界科技革命和軍事革命迅猛發展，迫切需要打破思維定勢、擺脫傳統路徑依賴，緊盯軍事科技前沿創新戰法訓法，不斷探索加快形成信息化智能化戰斗力的有效手段。一是搶佔技術優勢。要提升技術洞察力、認知度和響應速度，加強對人工智能、大數據等新興領域的技術研究，大膽創新體系對抗的技術機理、火力打擊的殺傷機理、信息攻防的作戰機理，提高科技創新的前瞻性、針對性、實效性。二是善於知變用變。要深刻理解科技作用於訓練的內在機理，堅持科技賦能、科技強訓，抓好高新技術作戰訓練運用，廣泛推開“科技+”“網絡+”等訓練方法路子，不斷提升實戰化訓練水平。三是加強轉化運用。要緊盯軍事斗爭准備創新探索新型作戰力量建設和運用模式，積極拓展新域新質裝備作戰效能，重點將新域新質力量融入作戰體系，構設典型場景、創新戰法運用，努力打造新質戰斗力增長極。

以力量融合推動新質戰斗力發展。力量融合是新質戰斗力建設發展的重要環節。傳統作戰系統的簡單疊加不會產生新質戰斗力，只有持續推動新作戰理念、新作戰體制、新作戰平台一體耦合，實現各要素單元相互促進、優勢互補，才能真正促成新質戰斗力整體湧現。首先，做好新舊融合。“新質”是對“舊質”的演化升級而非單純取代，要遵循“先立後破”原則，堅持一切從實際出發，按照戰斗力建設實際因地制宜發展“新質”，防止和杜絕“喜新厭舊”、低質低效重復建設。其次，促進軍地融合。要建立健全軍地科技資源共享機制，打破軍地優質資源相互封閉態勢，破除軍地共享渠道梗阻，推進資源要素開放共享、創新成果共創共用，形成新質戰斗力生成的整體合力。再次，實現軟硬融合。未來信息化智能化作戰更為強調作戰要素的整體聯動，“軟硬”力量的結合度直接決定戰斗力生成釋放效能和戰局走向，要構造體系增效、整體聯動的作戰力量體系，強化作戰力量自主適應、交互賦能的布局，深入破解軟件與硬件相互協同的矛盾短板，推動作戰體系提質增效。

以人才培育支撐新質戰斗力發展。人才支撐是新質戰斗力建設發展的重要保證。隨著作戰形態朝著無人化、智能化、自主化發展，部隊的指揮體系、組織結構更趨扁平化，迫切需要一支新型軍事人才隊伍。一是超前預置培養。要貫通新型軍事人才培養使用渠道，把人才培育與新質戰斗力建設發展融為一體，區分不同作戰領域、崗位專業，對人才標准、培養途徑等進行進一步精准規范，加強培養歷練，縮短培養周期，與力量發展緊密結合、同頻共振。二是加強任務淬煉。要堅持人才培養使用同軍事斗爭需要與新質戰斗力發展運用精准對接，充分利用重大任務、演習演練等時機，在血與火的考驗中加強人才識別，推動人才培養供給側同未來戰場需求側精准對接。三是精准管理使用。要把握軍事人才成長規律，把握新質戰斗力發展要求，創新管理觀念和方式方法，精准配置人力資源，加強人才隊伍專業化、精細化、科學化管理，把人才放在最能貢獻新質戰斗力的崗位上摔打磨煉，形成人崗相宜、人盡其才的生動局面。

（作者單位：武警江蘇總隊）

來源：解放軍報 作者：何松利 責任編輯：葉夢圓 2024-09-18 10:xx:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/1863838908983.html

#intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Intelligent Warfare

Chinese Military Perspectives on the Evolution of the Winning Mechanisms in Intelligent Warfare

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中國軍方對智慧戰爭制勝機制演變的看法

現代英語：

A Perspective on the Evolution of the Winning Mechanism in Intelligent Warfare

Military theorists often say that victory smiles on those who can foresee changes in the nature of war, not on those who wait for changes to occur before adapting. In recent years, disruptive technologies, represented by artificial intelligence, have developed rapidly and are widely applied in the military field, accelerating the evolution of warfare towards intelligence. Correspondingly, our understanding of warfare is also changing. Only by promptly identifying, proactively responding to, and actively adapting to changes can we remain invincible in future wars.

From “using strength to defeat weakness” to “using wisdom to overcome clumsiness”

The principle of “the strong prevailing over the weak” is a relatively universal law of war. Even in cases where the weak defeat the strong, victory often requires establishing a numerical advantage over the enemy in a specific location and at a specific time. In the era of intelligent warfare, intellectual superiority contributes far more to combat effectiveness than any other factor.

In intelligent warfare, human intelligence permeates the operational domain and is integrated into weapon systems. Multi-dimensional, multi-domain intelligent combat platforms of various types can rapidly couple combat forces, construct combat systems according to mission requirements, autonomously conduct coordinated operations, and quickly return to a state of readiness after mission completion, exhibiting a trend towards intelligent autonomy. The side with higher and stronger intelligence can better develop and utilize the mechanism of “using intelligence to overcome clumsiness,” even designing warfare, dominating the course of the war, and achieving ultimate victory. It should also be recognized that the era of intelligent warfare may have multiple development stages from low to high. Positioning oneself at a higher stage while attacking the opponent at a lower stage is also an application of the “intelligence-based victory” mechanism.

From “Destroying Force” to “Destroying Cognition”

As warfare rapidly evolves towards intelligence, the battlespace is gradually expanding from the physical and information domains to the cognitive domain, extending from the tangible battlefield to the intangible battlefield. The cognitive space, constituted by human mental and psychological activities, has become a new battlespace. Unlike traditional warfare, which primarily aims to eliminate the enemy’s manpower, intelligent warfare will place greater emphasis on weakening the enemy’s morale, undermining their will, and destroying their cognition.

By intelligently analyzing an opponent’s personality preferences, psychological characteristics, and decision-making habits, deterrent information can be tailored to their specific needs. Leveraging cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, this powerful force can be presented to the opponent in a realistic manner, causing anxiety, suspicion, and panic to fester within them, ultimately leading to their defeat. Big data, hailed as “the new oil,” not only enriches intelligence sources but also serves as a crucial weapon in influencing an opponent’s perception. By processing and deliberately “leaking” big data to the opponent, new “fog of war” can be created, plunging them into a state of cognitive confusion. In intelligent warfare, the struggle and game surrounding psychological warfare will be more intense, and the side with cognitive advantage will have an early advantage and be more likely to take the initiative and seize the initiative.

From “human-centered” to “human-machine collaboration”

In traditional warfare, the organization and deployment of military forces are primarily human-based. However, with the widespread application of intelligent technology, the proportion of unmanned equipment is constantly increasing. In intelligent warfare, combat missions will be completed through human-machine collaboration, achieving organic integration and complementary advantages. Foreign militaries’ third “offset strategy” prioritizes human-machine collaboration as a key technology for development, and their previously proposed concepts such as “loyal wingman” aim to explore the realization of manned/unmanned cooperative warfare. It is foreseeable that human-machine collaboration will play a crucial role in future warfare.

Utilizing unmanned reconnaissance capabilities for three-dimensional, multi-dimensional battlefield situational awareness can provide real-time intelligence support to manned combat forces; unmanned platforms carrying relay payloads can provide continuous communication relay support to manned combat forces; unmanned combat forces penetrating deep into the front lines can attract enemy attacks, forcing them to reveal their positions, providing target guidance and fire support for manned combat forces; and unmanned transport equipment can provide logistical support to the front lines, improving logistical efficiency, reducing transportation costs, and minimizing unnecessary casualties. With the assistance of artificial intelligence, manned and unmanned combat forces will achieve a scientific division of labor and rational combination in terms of quantity, scale, and function, thereby maximizing overall effectiveness.

From “the big eat the small” to “the fast eat the slow”

In traditional warfare, it is often necessary to compensate for shortcomings in equipment performance by increasing the number of troops. “The key to military intelligence is speed.” The rapid development of military intelligence has greatly improved the speed of information transmission and the accuracy of weapon strikes, significantly reducing the time for reconnaissance and early warning, intelligence processing, command and decision-making, fire strikes, and damage assessment, accelerating the OODA kill chain cycle, and making “detect and destroy” possible.

Hypersonic missiles, laser weapons, microwave weapons, electromagnetic pulse weapons, and other new rapid-kill weapons are pushing the pace of warfare to the level of “instant kill.” In the Gulf War, the OODA loop loop took three days; in the Iraq War, the loop time was reduced to less than 10 minutes; and in the Syrian War, the loop was almost real-time. In intelligent warfare, using integrated reconnaissance and strike unmanned platforms to rapidly and precisely eliminate high-value targets such as the enemy’s core command posts and high-ranking commanders will severely damage the enemy before they can even react, potentially even paralyzing them. It is evident that victory does not necessarily favor the side with the largest military force; the side that acts swiftly and precisely is more likely to gain the upper hand on the battlefield. Statistics show that artificial intelligence’s reaction time to battlefield changes is more than 400 times faster than that of humans. Faced with the ever-changing battlefield situation, people will increasingly favor leveraging AI technology to achieve adaptive planning and autonomous decision-making in command and control systems, shifting the command and control model from “humans on the loop” to “humans outside the loop,” thereby reducing the burden on commanders while improving operational efficiency and the success rate of mission execution.

From “Winning Through Integration” to “Winning Through Clustering”

Traditional equipment development philosophy involves investing heavily in the research and development of highly integrated, sophisticated weapon platforms, aiming to achieve a decisive victory over the enemy in war through generational and performance advantages. However, developing and deploying multifunctional high-end platforms not only requires significant time and resources, but also presents the risk of incompatibility when integrating multiple hardware and software modules into a single weapon platform. The destruction of such a platform would result in substantial losses. The military application of disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence has spurred the rapid development of unmanned swarms. Unmanned swarms possess advantages such as large scale, low overall cost, and decentralization. Unmanned platforms coordinate and cooperate with each other, enabling them to make autonomous decisions and execute combat missions in an organized manner. Even if some unmanned platforms are destroyed, the overall combat effectiveness remains unaffected. Foreign militaries’ operational concepts such as “decision-centric warfare” and “mosaic warfare” focus on utilizing unmanned swarms to accomplish combat missions. In intelligent warfare, by distributing functions such as reconnaissance and surveillance, information communication, command and control, and firepower strikes among a large number of single-function unmanned combat units, a highly robust and flexible “kill net” is constructed. The combination of these units can then be adjusted according to mission requirements, resulting in powerful swarm intelligence that creates significant uncertainty for the adversary, trapping them in the OODA loop’s decision-making process and preventing them from making effective decisions. Furthermore, the sheer number of unmanned swarms allows the adversary’s detection, tracking, and interception capabilities to quickly reach saturation. Unable to destroy all the unmanned platforms in the swarm, the adversary is forced to face the predicament of ineffective defenses.

From “Military Dominance” to “Diverse and Hybrid”

Traditional warfare primarily relies on violence to subjugate the enemy, typically characterized by high intensity and a clear distinction between peacetime and wartime. However, as military conflict expands into new domains such as space, cyberspace, and artificial intelligence, and as the roles of economic, cultural, diplomatic, and legal means in warfare become increasingly prominent, intelligent warfare will unfold in multiple areas, particularly in the “gray zone,” employing a multi-pronged approach. The intensity of warfare may decrease, and the lines between peacetime and wartime will become more blurred. Whether it was the drone attack on Saudi oil fields in 2019 that caused half of its oil production to stop, or the cyberattack on the largest oil pipeline in the United States in 2021 that caused widespread oil shortages, the far-reaching impact of various new attack methods should not be underestimated.

As intelligent technologies develop and mature, attacks using a variety of methods against adversaries’ industrial, transportation, financial, communications, energy, and medical facilities and networks will become more common. The threshold for intelligent warfare will decrease, and participants may launch hybrid wars that integrate economic, diplomatic, cyber, media, psychological, and legal warfare without prior declaration, leaving adversaries exhausted.

From “Live-fire Testing” to “Experimental Exercises”

Under traditional conditions, due to the lack of scientific simulation and evaluation tools, the true capabilities of an army can only be tested in actual combat. Under intelligent conditions, virtual reality technology can be used to create highly realistic and immersive virtual scenarios based on real battlefield environments and mission contexts. These scenarios can not only reproduce objective elements such as weapons and equipment in terms of sound, appearance, and performance, but also simulate various severe weather conditions such as heavy fog, heavy rain, and blizzards, visually displaying battlefield terrain, meteorological, hydrological, electromagnetic, and nuclear/chemical information, closely approximating the true state of the battlefield.

By setting up hypothetical enemies in a virtual environment based on the characteristics of real-world adversaries and conducting intelligent simulations of possible battle scenarios, officers and soldiers can “experience” war multiple times in virtual reality before the official start of combat. This allows them to gain a thorough understanding of equipment performance, the pace of war, and the enemy and friendly forces, making them more adept at performing real-world missions. Before the outbreak of the Iraq War, the US military secretly developed a computer game simulating the combat environment of Baghdad. Among personnel deployed to Iraq, those trained in the game had a survival rate as high as 90%. As the data collected in reality becomes richer and more complete, the construction of virtual battlefields will become more realistic, the prediction of the battlefield situation will become more accurate, and the comprehensive evaluation of exercises will become more credible. Both sides will strive to know the outcome of the war in advance through intelligent simulations, which may lead to situations where the enemy can be subdued without fighting or with only a small battle.

現代國語：

透視智能化戰爭制勝機理嬗變

■謝愷　 張東潤 　梁小平

引言

軍事理論家們常說，勝利往往向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑，而不是向那些等待變化發生後才去適應的人微笑。近年來，以人工智能為代表的顛覆性技術發展迅猛，並廣泛應用於軍事領域，使戰爭形態加速向智能化演變，與之相應的戰爭觀也正在發生嬗變。及時發現變化，主動應對變化，積極適應變化，才能夠在未來戰爭中立於不敗之地。

從“以強打弱”到“以智制拙”

“強勝弱敗”是帶有一定普遍性的戰爭制勝規律。即使是那些以弱勝強的戰例，往往也須在局部和特定時段形成對敵的力量優勢才能真正取勝。智能化戰爭時代，智力優勢對戰斗力的貢獻率遠高於其他要素。

在智能化戰爭對抗中，人的智能廣泛滲透到作戰領域、移植到武器系統，全域多維、各種類型的智能化作戰平台能夠快速耦合作戰力量，根據任務需求構建作戰體系，自主實施協同作戰，任務結束迅速回歸待戰狀態，呈現智能自主趨勢。智能水平更高更強的一方，能夠更好地開發和運用“以智制拙”機理，甚至據此設計戰爭、主導戰局發展，取得最終勝利。還要看到，智能化戰爭時代很可能存在由低到高的多個發展階段，盡可能讓自己處於高級階段，攻擊對手使其處於低維度的階段，也是以高打低“智勝”機理的運用。

從“消滅力量”到“摧毀認知”

隨著戰爭形態加速向智能化演進，作戰空間逐漸由物理域、信息域拓展至認知域，以有形戰場擴展到無形戰場，由人的精神和心理活動構成的認知空間已成為新的作戰空間。與傳統戰爭中以消滅敵人有生力量為主要目的不同，智能化戰爭將更加注重削弱敵方的士氣，瓦解敵方的意志，摧毀敵方的認知。

通過智能分析對手的性格偏好、心理特征、決策習慣，可有針對性地“量身定制”威懾信息，利用智能化等前沿技術優勢，以形象逼真的方式向對手展現強大實力，使焦慮、猜疑、恐慌等情緒在其內部不斷發酵，最終導致其不攻自破。被譽為“新石油”的大數據在豐富情報來源的同時，也成為作用於對手認知的重要“武器”。通過對大數據進行加工處理，並刻意“洩露”給對手，將給其制造新的“戰爭迷霧”，使其陷入認知迷茫的境地。在智能化戰爭中，圍繞攻心奪志所展開的斗爭博弈將更加激烈，而佔據認知優勢的一方將比對方先勝一籌，更加容易掌握主動、先機。

從“以人為主”到“人機協同”

在傳統戰爭中，軍事力量的組織與運用均以人為主。隨著智能技術的廣泛應用，無人裝備的比例不斷提高。在智能化戰爭中，作戰任務將由人機協同完成，兩者將實現有機融合、優勢互補。外軍提出的第三次“抵消戰略”將人機協作等作為重點發展的關鍵技術，其先後提出的“忠誠僚機”等概念也旨在探索實現有人/無人協同作戰。可以預見，人機協同將在未來戰爭中發揮重要作用。

利用無人偵察力量開展立體多維的戰場態勢感知，可為有人作戰力量實時提供情報支援；利用無人平台攜帶中繼載荷，可為有人作戰力量持續提供通信中繼支援；利用無人作戰力量深入前方戰場，可吸引敵方攻擊，迫敵暴露位置，為有人作戰力量提供目標引導和火力支援；利用無人運輸裝備為前線提供物資補給，可提高後勤保障效率，降低運輸成本，減少非必要的人員傷亡。在人工智能的輔助下，有人作戰力量與無人作戰力量將在數量規模、功能作用等方面實現科學分工與合理搭配，從而使整體效能實現最大化。

從“以大吃小”到“以快吃慢”

在傳統戰爭中，往往需要通過增加兵力數量來彌補在裝備性能等方面的短板。“兵之情主速”，軍事智能化的飛速發展大大提升了信息傳遞速度和武器打擊精度，大幅縮減了偵察預警、情報處理、指揮決策、火力打擊、毀傷評估的時間，加速OODA殺傷鏈循環，使“發現即摧毀”成為可能。

高超聲速導彈、激光武器、微波武器、電磁脈沖武器等新型快速殺傷武器進一步將戰爭節奏推向“秒殺”。在海灣戰爭中，OODA環的回路時間需要3天；在伊拉克戰爭中，回路時間已縮短至10分鐘以內；而在敘利亞戰爭中，回路已幾乎實現了近實時。在智能化戰爭中，利用察打一體無人平台對敵方的核心指揮所、高層指揮官等高價值目標進行快速定點清除，將使對方還來不及反應就遭受重創，甚至面臨癱瘓的險境。可見勝利並不一定眷顧軍力規模龐大的一方，行動迅速而精准的一方將更有可能贏得戰場先機。據統計，人工智能應對戰場變化所需的反應時間比人類快400倍以上。面對瞬息萬變的戰場態勢，人們將更傾向於借助人工智能技術實現指控系統的自適應規劃和自主決策，使指控模式由“人在環路上”轉變為“人在環路外”，從而在減輕指揮人員負擔的同時，提高作戰效率和執行任務的成功率。

從“集成制勝”到“集群制勝”

傳統的裝備發展理念是將大量資金投入到高度集成的高精尖武器平台研發中，以期在戰爭中憑借代際優勢和性能優勢實現對敵方的降維打擊。然而，開發部署多功能高端平台不僅需要耗費大量的時間和經費，當把多個軟硬件模塊集成到單一武器平台時，還可能出現相互之間不兼容的情況。一旦該平台被毀，將造成重大損失。人工智能等顛覆性技術的軍事應用促使無人集群得到快速發展。無人集群具有數量規模大、綜合成本低、去中心化等優勢，無人平台之間相互協調、分工合作，可自主決策並有組織地執行作戰任務，即使部分無人平台被毀，也不影響整體作戰效能。外軍提出的“決策中心戰”“馬賽克戰”等作戰概念，即著眼利用無人集群完成作戰任務。在智能化戰爭中，通過將偵察監視、信息通聯、指揮控制、火力打擊等功能分散到大量功能單一的無人作戰單元中，構建高魯棒性、高彈性的“殺傷網”，然後根據任務需要對組合方式進行調整，將使其湧現出強大的群體智能，給對手制造極大的不確定性，進而把對手困在OODA環的判斷環節，無法做出有效決策。此外，由於無人集群數量龐大，可使對手的探測、跟蹤、攔截能力迅速達到飽和，對手因無法摧毀集群中的所有無人平台，而不得不面臨防御工事失效的困境。

從“軍事主導”到“多元混合”

傳統戰爭主要依靠暴力手段使敵方屈服於己方意志，通常具有較強的戰爭烈度，平時與戰時界限分明。隨著軍事斗爭領域向太空、網絡、智能等新型領域不斷拓展，以及經濟、文化、外交、法律等手段在戰爭中的作用不斷凸顯，智能化戰爭將在“灰色地帶”為代表的多個領域以“多管齊下”的形式展開。戰爭烈度可能會有所減弱，平戰界限將更加模糊。無論是2019年沙特油田因遭到無人機襲擊而導致其一半石油停產，還是2021年美國最大輸油管道因遭遇網絡攻擊而導致大面積油料短缺，各類新型攻擊手段所帶來的深遠影響均不可小覷。

隨著智能化技術的發展成熟，綜合運用多種手段向對手的工業、交通、金融、通信、能源、醫療等設施和網絡發起的攻擊將更加普遍。智能化戰爭的門檻將呈現下降趨勢，參戰方可能采取不宣而戰的方式發起融合經濟戰、外交戰、網絡戰、輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰等多種樣式的混合戰爭，使對手疲於應付。

從“實戰驗兵”到“實驗演兵”

在傳統條件下，由於缺少科學的模擬仿真與評估工具，因此只有在實戰中才能檢驗出軍隊的真實能力。在智能化條件下，利用虛擬現實技術可基於實際的戰場環境和任務背景創建具有較強立體感和真實感的虛擬場景。該場景不僅可以從聲音、外觀、性能等多個維度對武器裝備等客觀事物進行還原，還能模擬大霧、大雨和暴風雪等各種惡劣天氣，以可視化的形式展現戰場的地形、氣象、水文、電磁、核化等信息，接近戰場的真實狀況。

根據現實中敵方的特征設定虛擬環境中的假想敵，並對戰局的可能走向進行智能模擬仿真，可使官兵在正式開戰前就已在虛擬現實中數次“親歷”戰爭，從而對裝備性能、戰爭節奏、敵我情況都了然於胸，在執行現實任務時將更加游刃有余。在伊拉克戰爭爆發前，美軍曾秘密開發了一款模擬巴格達作戰環境的電腦游戲，在被派遣到伊拉克執行任務的人員中，接受過游戲訓練的人員生存率高達90%。隨著現實中收集到的數據不斷豐富完善，虛擬戰場的搭建將更加逼真，對戰場態勢的走向預測將更加准確，關於演習的綜合評估將更加可信，敵對雙方都力圖通過智能推演即可預先獲知戰爭結果，將可能出現不戰或小戰就“屈人之兵”的情況。

來源：解放軍報 作者：謝愷　 張東潤 　梁小平 責任編輯：葉夢圓 2022-04-26 06:xx:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/wzll/yw_21840868/4898098286.html

#Chinese #Quantum #technology, #cross-domain collaborative operations, #quantum computing warfare, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare

Chinese Military AI Empowerment: Accelerating the Iterative Upgrade of Cognitive Electronic Warfare

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中國軍事人工智慧賦能：加速認知電子戰迭代升級

現代英語：

In the invisible dimension of war, a silent contest has been raging for a century. From the electromagnetic fog of the Battle of Tsushima to the spectral chaos of modern battlefields, from the rudimentary metal chaff used during World War II to the cognitive electronic warfare systems incorporating artificial intelligence, electronic warfare has undergone a magnificent transformation from a supporting role to a pillar of war. It is now deeply embedded in the “operating system” of modern warfare, rewriting its form and rules. It is invisible and intangible, yet it profoundly controls the lifeline of battlefield operations; it is silent, yet it is enough to determine the life and death of thousands of troops. The balance of future wars will increasingly depend on who can see more clearly, react faster, and control more firmly in this silent yet deadly spectrum.

In modern warfare, the field of electronic warfare is evolving rapidly. The electromagnetic spectrum is considered an important operational domain after land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace, becoming a focal point for both sides to gain comprehensive dominance in joint operations. As warfare accelerates its evolution towards intelligence, cognitive electronic warfare, which integrates artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies, is increasingly demonstrating its autonomous countermeasure advantages, becoming a crucial tool for paralyzing entities in the electromagnetic space.

New Needs of Intelligent Warfare

In informationized and intelligent warfare, information equipment is widely distributed, and unmanned intelligent equipment is deployed, making the battlefield electromagnetic environment increasingly complex. Due to the adoption of cognitive and adaptive technologies, radar and communication equipment are becoming increasingly resistant to interference, rendering traditional electronic countermeasures inadequate. Therefore, it is necessary to leverage artificial intelligence and machine learning to endow electronic warfare systems with the ability to self-identify threats, extract threat source signals in real time, quickly organize and analyze them, determine the threat level and weaknesses of the signals, and promptly and effectively counteract them.

The need for precise perception. In modern warfare, to increase battlefield “transparency,” both sides extensively utilize electronic information equipment. Simultaneously, unmanned equipment and “swarm” systems are widely employed. On a battlefield filled with numerous information devices and massive amounts of electromagnetic signals, a single electronic warfare device may simultaneously receive radiation from dozens or even hundreds of other electronic devices, making signal identification extremely difficult. This necessitates that electronic warfare systems break through existing technological limitations, integrate big data analysis and deep learning technologies, enhance their perception capabilities, and comprehensively identify various electromagnetic radiation targets on the battlefield.

The need for intelligent countermeasures. Driven by emerging technologies, agile radar, frequency-hopping radios, and other equipment have been deployed extensively on the battlefield. These devices form a closed loop between transmission and reception, and can autonomously adjust their operating modes, transmission parameters, and waveform selection according to the environment, possessing autonomous interference avoidance capabilities. Traditional electronic warfare equipment, based on existing experience and pre-set interference rule libraries, has rigid functions and poor flexibility, making it unable to cope with emerging adaptive electronic targets. This necessitates that electronic warfare systems integrate intelligent algorithms to become “smarter,” possessing adaptive countermeasure capabilities of “using intelligence against intelligence.”

The need to disrupt networked systems. The winning mechanism of modern combat systems, when mapped onto the information domain, has spurred the networked operation of radar and communication systems. The aim is to eliminate the global loss of control caused by interference with a single device or part of the link through information fusion and redundant design, leveraging the resilience of the network system. Faced with networked information systems, electronic warfare systems need to embed intelligent countermeasure analysis and reasoning technologies, possessing the ability to effectively identify networked information systems in order to discover key nodes and critical parts, and implement targeted, integrated hardware and software attacks.

A New Transformation Driven by Digital Intelligence

Cognitive electronic warfare can be considered a combination of electronic warfare and artificial intelligence. It is a new generation of electronic warfare systems with autonomous perception, intelligent decision-making, and adaptive jamming capabilities, representing a major upgrade to traditional electronic warfare.

The shift from human to machine cognition. Advances in modern electronic technology have enabled electronic information equipment to offer diverse functions and multiple modes. Traditional electronic warfare systems rely on manually analyzed threat databases for countermeasures, which are only effective against known signal patterns and become significantly less effective against unknown threats. Cognitive electronic warfare systems, through autonomous interactive swarm learning and intelligent algorithms, can quickly intercept and identify signal patterns, analyze changing patterns, make autonomous decisions based on changes in the electromagnetic environment, optimize interference signal waveforms, and autonomously complete the operational cycle of “observation-judgment-decision-action.”

The focus is shifting from precision-driven to data-driven. Electronic warfare systems rely on the measurement and sensing of electronic signals as their fundamental premise. However, with the rise of new technologies, the sensitivity and resolution of these systems are approaching their limits, hindering their development and upgrades. Recognizing that electronic warfare systems can break through traditional models by utilizing big data analytics and mining large datasets can not only efficiently intercept and accurately identify unknown signals, but also predict the timing of frequency changes, mode adjustments, and power conversions. This allows for the correlation analysis of the electronic target’s operational patterns, enabling proactive adjustments to jamming strategies, rules, and parameters to conduct targeted electronic attacks.

The focus has shifted from jamming single targets to disrupting networked targets. Driven by network technology, new-generation radar and communication equipment are beginning to network, using system advantages to compensate for the shortcomings of single points. Traditional electronic warfare jamming relies on human experience and knowledge, lacking sufficient self-learning capabilities. It is mainly used to jam point and chain-like electronic targets, and cannot effectively jam networked targets. Cognitive electronic warfare systems utilize deep learning technology to perceive the network structure and operating modes of new networked systems such as radar and communication. Based on logical reasoning, it can identify nodes, hubs, and key links in the networked system, thereby implementing precise jamming and making it possible to disrupt the system.

New forms of structural reshaping

Cognitive electronic warfare systems, based on the traditional open-loop structure, introduce behavioral learning processes and reshape the modular architecture, enabling them to evaluate the effectiveness of interference and optimize interference strategies based on interference feedback, thus completing a closed loop of “reconnaissance-interference-evaluation” countermeasures.

Reconnaissance and Sensing Module. Reconnaissance and sensing is the primary link in electronic warfare and a crucial prerequisite for the successful implementation of cognitive electronic warfare. This module utilizes deep learning and feature learning techniques to continuously learn from the surrounding environment through constant interaction with the battlefield electromagnetic environment. It performs parameter measurement and sorting of signals, analyzes and extracts characteristic data of target threat signals with the support of prior knowledge, assesses behavioral intent, determines the threat level, and transmits the data to the decision-making and effectiveness evaluation module.

Decision-Making Module. The decision-making module is the core of the cognitive electronic warfare system, primarily responsible for generating interference strategies and optimizing interference waveforms. Based on the analysis and identification results of reconnaissance and perception, the feedback effect of interference assessment, and a dynamic knowledge base, this module uses machine learning algorithms to predict threat characteristics, generates countermeasures through reasoning from past experience, rapidly formulates attack strategies and optimizes interference waveforms, automatically allocates interference resources, and ultimately completes autonomous attacks on target signals.

Effectiveness assessment module. Effectiveness assessment is key to the closed-loop operation of cognitive electronic warfare systems, playing a crucial role in linking all modules. This module analyzes the target’s response to the jamming measures based on feedback information after the signals sensed by reconnaissance are jammed. It calculates and assesses the degree of jamming or damage to the target online, and then feeds the results back to the decision-making module to help adjust jamming strategies and optimize waveforms.

The dynamic knowledge base module primarily provides basic information and data support, including a threat target base, an interference rule base, and a prior knowledge base. This module provides prior information such as models, parameters, and data for reconnaissance and perception, decision-making, and performance evaluation. It utilizes feedback information for cognitive learning, accumulates learning results into experience, and updates the knowledge graph, knowledge rules, and reasoning models in the knowledge base, achieving real-time updates to the knowledge base.

New applications that enhance efficiency

With further breakthroughs in algorithm models and learning reasoning technologies, information-based and intelligent warfare will lead to more mature and sophisticated cognitive electronic warfare systems. Their role in empowering and enhancing efficiency will become more prominent, their application scenarios will become more diverse, and they will become an indispensable weapon on the battlefield.

Precision energy release for strike operations. Under informationized and intelligent conditions, the battlefield situation is presented in real time, command and decision-making are timely and efficient, and combat operations are controlled in real time, enabling precision operations to move from scenario conception to the real battlefield. At the same time, with the connection of cyber information facilities, the combat system has a higher degree of coupling and stronger resilience, becoming an important support for the implementation of joint operations. The cognitive electronic warfare system possesses high-precision perception capabilities and strong directional jamming capabilities. Through its distributed deployment across a wide battlefield, it can work in conjunction with troop assaults and fire strikes, under the unified command of joint operations commanders, to conduct precise attacks on key nodes and important links of the combat system. This includes precise targeting, precise frequency coverage, and precise and consistent modulation patterns, thereby blinding and degrading the effectiveness of enemy early warning detection and command and control systems, and facilitating the implementation of system disruption operations.

Networked Collaborative Swarm Warfare. In future warfare, unmanned swarms such as drones, unmanned vehicles, and unmanned boats will be the main force in combat, making the construction of a low-cost, highly redundant force system crucial for victory. Facing unmanned combat systems like “swarms,” ​​”wolf packs,” and “fish schools,” cognitive electronic warfare systems possess a natural advantage in evolving into unmanned electronic warfare swarms. Based on networked collaborative technologies, reconnaissance and jamming payloads are deployed on unmanned swarm platforms. Information and data exchange between platforms is achieved through information links. With the support of intelligent algorithms, cognitive electronic warfare systems can optimize the combination of jamming functions and dynamically allocate resources based on the battlefield electromagnetic situation. Based on autonomous collaborative guidance and centralized control, they can conduct swarm-to-swarm electronic attacks.

Electronic warfare and cyber warfare are two fundamentally different modes of combat. Electronic warfare focuses on low-level confrontation at the physical and signal layers, while cyber warfare focuses on high-level confrontation at the logical and information layers. However, with information networks covering the electromagnetic spectrum, the convergence of electronic and cyber warfare has become increasingly possible. Breakthroughs in wireless access and encryption technologies have enabled cognitive electronic warfare systems to infiltrate network infrastructure, achieving seamless integration of cyber and electronic space situational awareness and mission decision-making. By combining autonomous learning, pattern evaluation, and algorithmic prediction, a closed-loop system integrating cyber and electronic space perception, evaluation, decision-making, and feedback can be established, enabling integrated cyber and electronic warfare offense and defense.

現代國語：

在戰爭的無形維度中，一場無聲的較量已持續了一個世紀。從馬海戰的電磁迷霧到現代戰場的光譜混亂，從二戰時期簡陋的金屬箔條到融合人工智慧的認知電子戰系統，電子戰經歷了從輔助角色到戰爭支柱的華麗蛻變。如今，它已深深融入現代戰爭的“操作系統”，改寫了戰爭的形式和規則。它無形無質，卻深刻地掌控著戰場行動的生命線；它悄無聲息，卻足以決定成千上萬士兵的生死。未來戰爭的勝負將越來越取決於誰能更清晰地洞察、更快地反應、更牢固地掌控這片無聲卻致命的頻譜。

在現代戰爭中，電子戰領域正快速發展。電磁頻譜被視為繼陸地、海洋、空中、太空和網路空間之後的重要作戰領域，成為交戰雙方在聯合作戰中爭奪全面優勢的關鍵所在。隨著戰爭加速朝向智慧化演進，融合人工智慧和機器學習技術的認知電子戰正日益展現其自主對抗優勢，成為癱瘓電磁空間目標的關鍵工具。

智慧戰爭的新需求

在資訊化和智慧化戰爭中，資訊裝備廣泛分佈，無人智慧裝備也投入使用，使得戰場電磁環境日益複雜。由於認知和自適應技術的應用，雷達和通訊裝備的抗干擾能力不斷增強，傳統的電子對抗手段已難以應對。因此，必須利用人工智慧和機器學習技術，賦予電子戰系統自主識別威脅、即時提取威脅源訊號、快速整理分析、判斷威脅等級和訊號弱點並及時有效對抗的能力。

精準感知的需求。在現代戰爭中，為了提高戰場“透明度”，交戰雙方廣泛使用電子資訊裝備。同時，無人裝備和「集群」系統也被廣泛應用。在充斥著大量資訊設備和海量電磁訊號的戰場上，單一電子戰設備可能同時接收來自數十甚至數百個其他電子設備的輻射，使得訊號識別極為困難。這就要求電子戰系統突破現有技術限制，融合大數據分析與深度學習技術，增強感知能力，並全面辨識戰場上各種電磁輻射目標。

智能對抗的需求。在新興技術的推動下，敏捷雷達、跳頻無線電等設備已廣泛部署於戰場。這些設備在收發之間形成閉環，能夠根據環境自主調整工作模式、發射參數和波形選擇，並具備自主抗干擾能力。傳統的電子戰設備基於現有經驗和預設的干擾規則庫，功能僵化，靈活性差，難以應對新興的自適應電子目標。這就要求電子戰系統融合智慧演算法，變得更加“智慧”，具備“以智制智”的自適應對抗能力。

顛覆網路化系統的需求。現代作戰系統的致勝機制，一旦映射到資訊領域，便會推動雷達和通訊系統的網路化運作。其目標是透過資訊融合和冗餘設計，利用網路系統的韌性，消除因單一設備或連結某部分受到干擾而導致的全局失控。面對網路化資訊系統，電子戰系統需要嵌入智慧對抗分析和推理技術，具備有效識別網路化資訊系統的能力，從而發現關鍵節點和重要部件，並實施有針對性的軟硬體一體化攻擊。

數位智慧驅動的新轉型

認知電子戰可以被視為電子戰與人工智慧的結合。它是新一代電子戰系統，具備自主感知、智慧決策和自適應幹擾能力。智慧電子戰系統代表傳統電子戰的重大升級。

認知方式的轉變：從人腦認知轉向機器認知。現代電子技術的進步使得電子資訊設備能夠提供多樣化的功能和多種模式。傳統的電子戰系統依賴人工分析的威脅資料庫進行對抗，而這種方法僅對已知的訊號模式有效，而對未知威脅的對抗效果則顯著降低。認知電子戰系統透過自主互動群體學習和智慧演算法，能夠快速截獲和識別訊號模式，分析變化的模式，根據電磁環境的變化做出自主決策，優化干擾訊號波形，並自主完成「觀察-判斷-決策-行動」的作戰循環。

電子戰的重點正從精度驅動轉向數據驅動。電子戰系統以測量和感知電子訊號為基本前提。然而，隨著新技術的出現，這些系統的靈敏度和解析度正接近極限，阻礙了其發展和升級。認識到電子戰系統可以透過利用大數據分析和挖掘大型資料集來突破傳統模式，不僅可以高效截獲和準確識別未知訊號，還可以預測頻率變化、模式調整和功率轉換的時機。這使得對電子目標的運作模式進行關聯分析成為可能，從而能夠主動調整幹擾策略、規則和參數，並實施有針對性的電子攻擊。

幹擾的重點已從單一目標轉向幹擾網路化目標。在網路技術的驅動下，新一代雷達和通訊設備開始連網，利用系統優勢彌補單點目標的不足。傳統的電子戰幹擾依賴人的經驗和知識，缺乏足夠的自學習能力，主要用於幹擾點狀和鏈狀電子目標，無法有效幹擾網路化目標。認知電子戰系統利用深度學習技術感知雷達、通訊等新型網路化系統的網路結構與運作模式。基於邏輯推理，該系統能夠識別網路系統中的節點、樞紐和關鍵鏈路，從而實現精準幹擾，並有可能破壞系統。

新型結構重塑

認知電子戰系統在傳統開環結構的基礎上，引入行為學習過程並重塑模組化架構，使其能夠評估幹擾效果，並基於乾擾反饋優化干擾策略，從而形成「偵察-幹擾-評估」對抗的閉環。

偵察感知模組。偵察感知是電子戰的核心環節，也是成功實施認知電子戰的關鍵前提。本模組利用深度學習和特徵學習技術，透過與戰場電磁環境的持續交互，不斷學習周圍環境。它對訊號進行參數測量和分類，在先驗知識的支持下分析和提取目標威脅訊號的特徵數據，評估行為意圖，確定威脅等級，並將數據傳輸至決策和效果評估模組。

決策模組。決策模組是認知電子戰系統的核心，主要負責產生幹擾策略和最佳化干擾波形。此模組基於偵察感知的分析識別結果、幹擾評估的回饋效果以及動態知識庫，利用機器學習演算法預測威脅特徵，透過對過往經驗的推理生成對抗措施，快速制定攻擊策略並優化干擾波形，自動分配幹擾資源，最終完成對目標訊號的自主攻擊。

效果評估模組。效果評估是認知電子戰系統閉環運作的關鍵，在連接所有模組中發揮至關重要的作用。此模組在偵察感知到訊號被幹擾後，基於回饋資訊分析目標對幹擾措施的反應，在線上計算和評估目標受到的干擾或損害程度，並將結果回饋給決策模組，以幫助調整幹擾策略和優化波形。

動態知識庫模組主要提供…此模組提供基礎資訊和資料支持，包括威脅目標庫、幹擾規則庫和先驗知識庫。它提供先驗信息，例如用於偵察感知、決策和性能評估的模型、參數和數據。它利用回饋資訊進行認知學習，將學習結果累積為經驗，並更新知識庫中的知識圖譜、知識規則和推理模型，從而實現知識庫的即時更新。

提升效率的新應用

隨著演算法模型和學習推理技術的進一步突破，資訊化和智慧化戰爭將催生更成熟和精密的認知電子戰系統。它們在增強作戰效率方面的作用將更加突出，應用場景將更加多樣化，並將成為戰場上不可或缺的武器。

精確能量釋放用於打擊行動。在資訊化和智慧化條件下，戰場態勢即時呈現，指揮決策及時高效，作戰行動即時控制，使精確打擊行動能夠從場景構思到實際戰場。同時，隨著網路資訊設施的互聯互通，作戰系統具有更高的耦合度和更強的韌性，成為聯合作戰的重要支撐。認知電子戰系統具備高精度感知能力及強大的定向幹擾能力。透過其在廣大戰場上的分散部署，該系統可在聯合作戰指揮官的統一指揮下，與部隊突擊和火力打擊協同作戰，對作戰系統的關鍵節點和重要環節進行精確打擊。這種打擊包括精確目標定位、精確頻率覆蓋以及精確一致的調製模式，從而乾擾和削弱敵方預警和指揮控制系統的效能，並為系統破壞作戰的實施提供便利。

網路協同集群作戰。在未來的戰爭中，無人機、無人車輛、無人艇等無人集群將成為作戰的主力，因此建造低成本、高冗餘度的作戰系統對於取得勝利至關重要。面對「集群」、「狼群」和「魚群」等無人作戰系統，認知電子戰系統在演進為無人電子戰集群方面具有天然優勢。基於網路協同技術，偵察和乾擾載荷部署在無人集群平台上。平台間的資訊和資料交換透過​​資訊鏈路實現。在智慧演算法的支援下，認知電子戰系統能夠根據戰場電磁態勢優化干擾功能組合併動態分配資源。基於自主協同導引和集中控制，它們可以進行群集間的電子攻擊。

電子戰和網路戰是兩種截然不同的作戰模式。電子戰著重於實體層和訊號層的低層對抗，而網路戰則著重於邏輯層和資訊層的高層對抗。然而，隨著資訊網路覆蓋電磁頻譜，電子戰和網路戰的融合變得越來越可能。無線存取和加密技術的突破使得認知電子戰系統能夠滲透網路基礎設施，實現網路空間和電子空間態勢感知及任務決策的無縫融合。透過結合自主學習、模式評估和演算法預測，可以建立一個整合網路空間和電子空間感知、評估、決策和回饋的閉環系統，從而實現網路戰和電子戰的一體化攻防。

王志勇　楊連山　崔怡然

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：王志勇　楊連山　崔怡然 責任編輯：林詩清 發布：2026-01-22

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/168483878784.html

Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Combat Planning

Military Research, Warfare Research, Combat Research | Practical Exploration of Strengthening New Combat Capabilities for China’s Military

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軍事研究、戰爭研究、作戰研究 | 實際探索提升中國軍隊新型作戰能力

現代英語：

The Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee clearly proposed “accelerating the development of advanced combat capabilities.” New-type combat capabilities are representative of advanced combat capabilities, and strengthening the practical exploration of new-type combat capability development is an inevitable requirement for accelerating the development of advanced combat capabilities. As a key force for winning future battlefields, new-type combat capabilities are crucial to the course of war, the transformation of development, and the outcome of battles. Therefore, it is imperative to keep pace with changes in technology, warfare, and adversaries, fully unleash and develop new-type combat capabilities, and continuously enhance their contribution to war preparedness and combat.

Grasp the requirements of the times for strengthening the construction of new-type combat capabilities

The development of combat capabilities bears the profound imprint of the times. Strengthening the development of new-type combat capabilities must adapt to the era’s requirements as the form of warfare rapidly evolves towards intelligence, unmanned operation, and beyond-domain capabilities.

The “New” Elements of Power: Unmanned Intelligence. Recent local wars and military operations worldwide demonstrate a continuous increase in the informatization of warfare. Weapons and equipment are showing a clear trend towards long-range precision, intelligence, stealth, and unmanned operation, fundamentally changing the way humans interact with weaponry. The concepts, elements, and methods of winning wars are undergoing significant transformations. Currently, artificial intelligence and unmanned autonomous technologies are rapidly entering the battlefield. Intelligent military systems have significantly improved the unmanned autonomous combat capabilities of military equipment and platforms. The main participants in warfare are shifting from traditional humans to humanoid intelligent unmanned systems. Combat behavior and decision-making are accelerating their shift from “carbon-based” to “silicon-based,” from “cellular” to “intelligent agents,” and evolving from a “human in the loop” to a “human on the loop” and even “human outside the loop” model.

The “New” Nature of Battlefield Space: Multidimensional Integration. Disruptive technologies, exemplified by artificial intelligence, are rapidly expanding the scope and depth of influence of combat forces. The rapid application of technologies such as bio-interdisciplinary research, neuromorphic science, and human-machine interfaces is driving the deep penetration and integration of intelligent network systems with human social activities. New methods and situations, such as “deepfakes” and “information cocoons,” are emerging in large numbers, and hybrid games involving cognitive competition in the social domain are evolving into new arenas of struggle. The space of military struggle is expanding from traditional geographical space to the deep sea, outer space, electromagnetic, cyber, and cognitive domains, advancing the entire battlefield space to a highly three-dimensional, multi-dimensional, and highly integrated state. These battlefield space domains are interconnected, mutually supportive, and mutually restrictive, jointly propelling combat towards complex intelligence.

The “New” Aspect of Combat Formation: Dynamic Reconfiguration. Combat formation reflects the combination of personnel and weaponry, the relationships between combat units, and between different units, determining the role and effectiveness of new-type combat capabilities. Looking towards the real-time optimization of joint forces and firepower in future operations, new-type combat capabilities will rely on intelligent network information systems, shifting from static configuration to dynamic reconfiguration, from “building blocks” to “solving a Rubik’s Cube.” Each combat element will be functionally decoupled as needed, and then cross-domain integration will connect heterogeneous functional elements and unit modules to construct a resilient distributed “kill network,” enabling wide-area configuration, cross-domain networking, and multi-domain aggregation of combat units and basic modules. This dynamic formation requires the support of network information systems and the coordinated cooperation of new-type combat capabilities, connecting heterogeneous functional elements and unit modules throughout the entire combat system through cross-domain integration.

Focus on key aspects of strengthening new combat capabilities

The key difference between new-type combat capabilities and traditional combat capabilities lies in the new quality of combat capabilities. The construction of new-type combat capabilities should take the new quality as an important starting point, empower combat capability elements and transform combat capability generation models through technological innovation, thereby promoting the leap in combat capabilities.

Intelligent algorithms are key to victory. New combat capabilities, exemplified by intelligent weaponry, place greater emphasis on gaining strategic control in combat. The competition between opposing sides hinges on the level of intelligent cognition and the superiority of their algorithms. Intelligent algorithms can be seamlessly integrated into the decision-making and command chains at every stage of the kill chain—observation, location, tracking, judgment, decision-making, strike, and assessment—achieving “victory before battle.” Data mining algorithms, such as deep learning and self-learning, can rapidly integrate various types of battlefield data, deeply correlate and analyze valuable intelligence, and help combat personnel predict the battlefield situation more quickly and effectively. Intelligent game theory and decision-making algorithms, such as reinforcement learning, can autonomously engage in combat in virtual environments, rapidly and fully explore the war decision-making space, help commanders identify and anchor decision points, and more efficiently create and generate action plans, thus assisting in combat planning. For the command and control of numerous unmanned equipment and platforms, autonomous control algorithms, such as autonomous planning and collaborative algorithms, can dynamically combine combat resources according to mission objectives and capability requirements, forming human-machine hybrid formations to efficiently execute combat missions.

The system is highly interconnected. Combat power generation is a complete system formed by the development and internal movement of the various elements constituting combat power, as well as the interconnections and interactions between different elements and subsystems. The characteristics of system confrontation, hybrid game, and cross-domain competition are more prominent in informationized and intelligent combat operations. The dispersed battlefield sensors, combat forces, and weapon platforms become network information nodes based on various information links. Intelligence information, mission instructions, battle situation, and battle results information can all be interactively shared in the battlefield network that is connected across the entire domain. The entire combat operation, while pursuing individual platform indicators, places greater emphasis on the real-time linkage effect of the entire combat system. Through functional coupling and structural emergence, it achieves the goals of “energy aggregation” and “energy enhancement” to achieve the goal of defeating the enemy with overall strength.

Human-machine interaction is gradually advancing. Unmanned equipment, as a crucial element of new combat capabilities and an important supplement to traditional weaponry, is transforming from a battlefield support role to a primary combat role. Broadly speaking, unmanned equipment will expand the combat capabilities of weaponry and gain information and firepower mobility advantages. First, unmanned combat equipment can enrich and improve manned combat systems. Utilizing the advantages of unmanned equipment—less restricted battlefield environment, stronger penetration capabilities, and more diverse missions—it can enhance the scope, accuracy, and timeliness of reconnaissance and intelligence gathering and assessment, as well as increase the density, intensity, and sustainability of firepower strikes. Second, coordinated operations between manned and unmanned forces can achieve a “1+1>2” combat effectiveness. For example, drones can conduct forward reconnaissance and early warning, becoming an extension of manned aircraft perception, leveraging the mobility and firepower advantages of manned aircraft while utilizing the information advantages of drones. Third, unmanned swarm operations can achieve the goal of rapidly depleting enemy resources. Unmanned swarm forces, including drones, unmanned vehicles, unmanned boats, unmanned underwater vehicles, bionic robots, and smart munitions, will conduct autonomous and coordinated unmanned operations. Their nonlinear and emergent characteristics will highlight their advantages in scale, cost, autonomy, and decision-making. They will strike targets such as heavily fortified air defense missile sites deep within enemy territory, greatly depleting the enemy’s reconnaissance, interception, and firepower resources.

Building a scientific framework for enhancing new combat capabilities

Building new combat capabilities is a systemic and arduous battle that requires overcoming difficulties. We must break away from the path dependence of “technology-oriented” approaches and construct a scientific chain of “theoretical interpretation, system construction, training transformation, and resource adaptation.”

Emphasizing “theory first, system support,” these two aspects are crucial foundations for generating new-type combat capabilities. A hierarchical theoretical framework and resilient system architecture are essential to solidify the foundation for new-type combat capabilities to serve actual combat. From the perspective of hierarchical theoretical framework construction, basic theory must focus on the essential mechanisms of new-type combat elements, analyzing the operational characteristics, boundaries of action, and coupling logic of emerging domain elements with traditional elements, and exploring scientific paths for aligning basic theory with practice. Applied theory must closely adhere to actual combat scenarios, constructing application rules based on the typological classification of future combat missions, and expanding the paths for transforming applied theory into tactical practice. The innovative theoretical layer must anticipate the evolution of warfare, combining technological advancements to predict theoretical development directions, providing guidance for the evolution of new-type elements. From the perspective of resilient system architecture design, “system resilience” should be the goal to break down inter-domain barriers, establishing a potential database through the Internet of Things and big data technologies to achieve rapid reorganization and response of new-type resources and troop needs, ensuring that the system resonates with the demands of “war.”

Adhering to the principle of “you fight your way, I fight my way,” we must boldly innovate and explore new models for the construction and application of combat forces. The essence of this approach lies in building “asymmetric advantages.” From the perspective of cultivating asymmetric advantages, we must rely on “operational domain advantage maps” for assessment and construct differentiated force layouts. We must promote the transformation of advantageous elements into core capabilities, build a “strengths against weaknesses” pattern, and ensure the long-term sustainability of these advantages through the establishment of a dynamic monitoring mechanism. From the perspective of innovatively reconstructing operational paths, we must break through the boundaries of traditional operational domains, open up new dimensions of confrontation in unmanned domains, and design modular solutions based on mission requirements, flexibly combining new qualitative elements with traditional forces to avoid path dependence.

Strengthening “realistic training and adversarial drills” is crucial. Realistic training and adversarial drills serve as the intermediaries for transforming new combat capabilities from theory to actual combat. To establish a closed-loop mechanism of “integrated training and combat,” it is necessary to enhance the combat adaptability of new combat capabilities through high-fidelity construction of training scenarios, high-intensity design of adversarial drills, and quantitative modeling of effectiveness evaluation. Regarding the high-fidelity construction of realistic training scenarios, it is essential to actively organize drone units to conduct training in reconnaissance and rescue, airlift, and other subjects. The concept of “environmental complexity gradient” should be introduced to force officers and soldiers to utilize new equipment under extreme conditions. A quantitative evaluation system should be established to assess training effectiveness. Regarding the high-intensity design of adversarial drills, it is necessary to set up adversarial scenarios closely resembling those of a strong enemy, set adversarial intensity thresholds, and establish a closed-loop improvement mechanism to promote iterative upgrades of combat capabilities.

The principle is “not seeking ownership, but utilizing.” This is a crucial path for generating new combat capabilities. Its core lies in the innovative generation model of the “resource pooling” theory. This requires breaking the binding relationship between “resource possession” and “capability generation” through cross-domain resource integration and dynamic resource allocation. From the perspective of cross-domain resource integration, “resource pooling” is the core, integrating local technology, talent, and equipment resources to build a military-civilian integrated resource support network. From the perspective of dynamic resource allocation, a classified and graded management system is constructed, categorizing new resources according to their operational value into core, support, and auxiliary categories, clarifying the deployment process for new equipment, and ensuring that resource benefits are transformed into actual combat capabilities.

現代國語：

加強新質戰斗力建設實踐探索

■王璐穎  李  滔

引 言

黨的二十屆四中全會鮮明提出“加快先進戰斗力建設”。新質戰斗力是先進戰斗力的代表，加強新質戰斗力建設實踐探索是加快先進戰斗力建設的必然要求。新質戰斗力作為制勝未來戰場的關鍵力量，關乎戰爭走向、關乎建設轉型、關乎作戰勝負，必須緊跟科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變，充分解放和發展新質戰斗力，不斷提升新質戰斗力對備戰打仗的貢獻率。

把握加強新質戰斗力建設時代要求

戰斗力建設有著深刻的時代烙印，加強新質戰斗力建設要順應戰爭形態加速向智能化、無人化、超域化演進的時代要求。

力量要素之“新”：無人智能。從世界近幾場局部戰爭和軍事行動看，戰爭信息化程度不斷提高，武器裝備遠程精確化、智能化、隱身化、無人化趨勢明顯，正在改變人與武器裝備的結合方式，戰爭制勝觀念、制勝要素、制勝方式發生重大變化。當前，人工智能技術和無人自主技術快速走向戰場，智能化軍事系統顯著提高了軍事裝備和平台的無人自主作戰能力，戰爭主要參與者從傳統的人向類人智能無人系統的跨越，作戰行為與決策加速從“碳基”向“硅基”轉移，從“細胞體”向“智能體”讓渡，從“人在環中”向“人在環上”乃至“人在環外”的模式演進。

戰場空間之“新”：多維融合。以人工智能為代表的顛覆性技術，正加速擴展作戰力量的作用領域、影響深度。生物交叉、類腦科學和人機接口等技術的快速應用，促使智能化網絡體系與人類社會活動深度滲透、高度融合。“深度偽造”“信息繭房”等新手段、新情況大量產生，社會域的認知爭奪等混合博弈，正演變為新的角力場。軍事斗爭空間從傳統地理空間，不斷向深海、外太空、電磁、網絡、認知等領域拓展，整個戰場空間進階到高立體、全維度、大融合。這些戰場空間領域之間既相互聯系、相互支撐，又相互制約，共同推動作戰向復雜智能的方向發展。

作戰編組之“新”：動態重構。作戰編組是人與武器裝備結合、作戰單元之間、部隊與部隊之間關系的體現，決定著新質戰斗力的作用發揮和效能釋放。著眼未來聯合作戰兵力火力的即時聚優，新質戰斗力將依托智能化網絡信息體系的支撐，由靜態搭配向動態重構轉變，由“拼積木”向“擰魔方”轉變，各作戰要素根據需要進行功能解耦，再通過跨域融合將異構的功能要素和單元模塊聯結在一起，構建具有良好韌性的分布式“殺傷網”，以實現作戰單元和基本模塊的廣域配置、跨域組網和多域聚合。這種動態編組更需要網絡信息體系的支撐和新質戰斗力的協同配合，通過跨域融合將整個作戰體系中異構的功能要素和單元模塊聯結在一起。

扭住加強新質戰斗力建設重要抓手

新質戰斗力區別於傳統戰斗力的關鍵在於戰斗力呈現的新質態，新質戰斗力建設要以新質態為重要抓手，通過科技創新賦能戰斗力要素、變革戰斗力生成模式，從而推動戰斗力躍遷。

智能算法制勝。以智能化武器裝備為代表的新質戰斗力更加重視追求作戰制智權，敵我雙方比拼的是智能認知水平的高下、算法的優劣。在觀察、定位、跟蹤、判斷、決策、打擊和評估等殺傷鏈的各個環節，智能算法都可以及時融入決策鏈、指揮鏈，實現“未戰而先勝”。以深度學習、自學習為代表的數據挖掘算法，能夠對戰場收集的各類數據快速整合，深度關聯分析有價值的情報信息，幫助作戰人員更快更好預測戰場態勢。以強化學習為代表的智能博弈和決策算法，能夠在虛擬環境中自主博弈對抗，快速充分探索戰爭決策空間，幫助指揮員發現和錨定決策點，更加高效地創造生成行動方案，輔助作戰籌劃。針對大量無人裝備和平台的指揮控制，自主規劃與協同算法等自主控制算法，能夠根據任務目標和能力需求對作戰資源進行動態組合，形成人機混合編組，高效執行作戰任務。

體系高度關聯。戰斗力生成，是由構成戰斗力的各要素自身發展、內在運動，以及不同要素和分系統之間相互聯系、相互作用而形成的完整體系。信息化智能化作戰行動的體系對抗、混合博弈、超域競爭等特征更加突出，分散配置的戰場傳感器、作戰力量和武器平台基於各種信息鏈路成為網絡信息節點，情報信息、任務指令、戰況態勢和戰果信息均可在全域聯通的戰場網絡中交互共享，整個作戰行動在追求單個平台單項指標的基礎上，更強調整個作戰體系的實時聯動效應，通過功能耦合和結構湧現，達到“聚能”和“增能”的目的，以整體力量達到克敵制勝的目的。

人機互動漸進。無人裝備作為新質戰斗力的重要抓手和傳統武器裝備的重要補充，正從過去戰場配屬角色向主戰角色轉變。從廣義角度看，無人裝備將以拓展武器裝備作戰能力獲得信息、火力機動優勢。首先，無人作戰裝備可充實完善有人作戰體系。利用無人裝備戰場環境限制小、突防能力強、執行任務多的優勢，提升己方偵察情報和評估工作范圍、精度和時效性，提升火力打擊密度、強度和持續性。其次，有人與無人力量協同作戰能夠發揮“1+1＞2”的作戰效能。例如，無人機可前出偵察預警，成為有人機感知的延伸，發揮有人機機動和火力優勢，發揮無人機信息優勢。再次，無人集群作戰能夠實現快速消耗敵方資源目的。無人機、無人車、無人艇、無人潛航器、仿生機器人、智能彈藥等無人集群力量實施無人自主協同作戰，將發揮其非線性、湧現性等特征所凸顯的規模優勢、成本優勢、自主優勢、決策優勢，打擊敵方縱深地域嚴密設防的防空導彈陣地等目標，極大消耗敵方偵察攔截和火力抗擊資源。

構建加強新質戰斗力建設科學鏈路

新質戰斗力建設是一場向難攻堅的系統性硬仗，要破除“技術導向”的路徑依賴，構建“理論闡釋—體系建構—訓練轉化—資源適配”的科學鏈路。

突出“理論先行，體系支撐”。理論先行與體系支撐是新質戰斗力生成的兩個重要基礎。要以理論體系層級化建構與體系架構韌性化設計，夯實新質戰斗力服務實戰基礎。從理論體系層級化建構看，基礎理論必須聚焦新質作戰要素的本質機理，剖析新興領域要素的作戰特性、作用邊界及與傳統要素的耦合邏輯，探索基礎理論對接實踐的科學路徑。應用理論必須緊扣實戰場景，基於未來作戰任務的類型化劃分構建運用規則，拓展應用理論轉化為戰術實踐的路徑。創新理論層須前瞻戰爭形態演進，結合技術預見理論發展方向，為新質要素演化提供指引。從體系架構的韌性化設計看，要以“體系韌性”為目標打破域際壁壘，通過物聯網、大數據技術建立潛力數據庫，實現新質資源與部隊需求的快速重組響應，確保體系與“戰”的需求同頻共振。

堅持“你打你的，我打我的”。大膽創新探索新型作戰力量建設和運用模式，“你打你的，我打我的”，本質在於建構“非對稱優勢”。從非對稱優勢的培育看，要依托“作戰域優勢圖譜”開展評估，構築差異化力量布局。要推動優勢要素向核心能力轉化，構建“以長擊短”格局，通過建立動態監測機制，確保優勢長存。從作戰路徑創新性重構看，須突破傳統作戰域邊界，在無人域開辟對抗新維度，還要基於任務需求設計模塊化方案，靈活組合新質要素與傳統力量，避免路徑依賴。

加強“實案化訓練，對抗性演練”。實案化訓練和對抗性演練是新質戰斗力從理論向實戰的轉化中介。要構成“戰訓一體化”的閉環機制，須通過訓練場景的高保真建構、對抗演練的高強度設計與效能評估的量化模型化，提升新質戰斗力的實戰適配性。從實案化訓練的高保真建構看，要積極組織無人機分隊開展偵察救援、空中投送等課目訓練，要引入“環境復雜度梯度”理念，倒逼官兵在極限條件下運用新質裝備。要建立量化評估體系，評估訓練成效；從對抗性演練的高強度設計看，要設置貼近強敵的對抗場景，設定對抗強度閾值，建立閉環改進機制，推動戰斗力迭代升級。

做到“不求所有，但為所用”。“不求所有，但為所用”是新質戰斗力生成的重要路徑，其內核在於“資源池化”理論的生成模式創新，須通過資源整合的跨域化建構與資源運用的動態化調度，打破“資源佔有”與“能力生成”的綁定關系。從資源整合的跨域化建構看，以“資源池化”為核心，整合地方技術、人才、裝備資源，構建軍地一體的資源支撐網絡。從資源運用的動態化調度看，構建分類分級管理體系，將新質資源按作戰價值分為核心、支撐、輔助類，明確新質裝備的調用流程，確保資源效益轉化為實戰能力。

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：王璐穎 李 滔 責任編輯：孫悅

2025-12-04 0xx:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_2085843/16842852875.html

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Reshaping the PLA’s force Structure to Ensure Winning Future Battlefields

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重塑解放軍部隊結構，確保贏得未來戰場

現代英語：

The reason why outstanding professional athletes can maximize their physical capabilities compared to ordinary people lies in the fact that long-term scientific training strengthens their bones, removes excess fat and bulges their muscles, and achieves a perfect proportion and coordination of the body’s functional elements. Similarly, those armies that can dominate the battlefield and fully exert their combat effectiveness are all powerful forces that have achieved an optimized combination of military force systems in their respective eras.

“Military tactics are ever-changing, just as water has no fixed shape.” Since its inception, the People’s Liberation Army has continuously innovated its force structure in response to changes in the situation and tasks and the needs of actual military struggles. In particular, the several major streamlining and reorganizations since the reform and opening up have promoted the continuous optimization of the PLA’s size, structure, and force composition, effectively liberating and developing its combat capabilities.

“Standard systems cannot meet the demands of change, and one approach cannot address all situations.” Faced with the rapidly evolving nature of warfare in the world today and the new requirements for the expansion of the PLA’s missions and tasks, the shortcomings and weaknesses in the PLA’s force structure have once again become prominent. Problems such as excessive size and scale, imbalance in major proportions, insufficient proportion of new combat capabilities, and low degree of modularization and integration of troops have become bottlenecks affecting and restricting the improvement of the PLA’s combat capabilities and its ability to win future battlefields.

In matters of the world, “what must be seized is the momentum, and what must not be missed is the opportunity.” Only by assessing the situation and seizing the moment can one “easily gain advantage.” The world today faces unprecedented changes. The rapid development of global technological and military revolutions has historically converged with the deepening of my country’s efforts to strengthen its military. Changes in warfare, technology, and the overall landscape of struggle are profoundly impacting national security and military strategy. The historical responsibility of reshaping and rebuilding the PLA’s force structure, and constructing a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics capable of winning informationized wars and effectively fulfilling its missions, has been placed before the People’s Liberation Army.

The system determines the structure and function. The composition of the military’s force system determines the size of the military’s energy and the form, scale, and effect of releasing that energy in the appropriate time and space. The Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission, and President Xi Jinping, after careful consideration and decisive decision-making, comprehensively launched reforms to the size, structure, and force composition of the military, undertaking a holistic and revolutionary reshaping of the PLA’s force system. This strategic deployment is a crucial step in rationally allocating and optimizing the PLA’s force system, gaining the initiative in future fierce military competition by “strengthening its muscles and bones.”

“One part planning, nine parts implementation”—the restructuring of the PLA’s force system has been rapidly and steadily unfolding. The total number of officers has decreased, with a batch of civilian personnel or soldiers in brand-new uniforms filling the original officer positions, thus optimizing the officer-to-soldier ratio. The number of active-duty personnel in regimental-level and above organs has been significantly reduced, resulting in a marked optimization of the ratio between organs and troops, and between combat and non-combat units. Despite the reduction in the overall size of the military, the number of personnel in combat units has increased rather than decreased, making the “muscle” stronger. The size of the army has been reduced, with traditional branches and outdated equipment units being repurposed for new combat forces, optimizing the structure of the services and increasing the proportion of new combat capabilities, making the “skeleton” stronger. With a more streamlined size, more scientific organization, and more optimized layout, the PLA is continuously transforming from a quantity-oriented to a quality- and efficiency-oriented force, and from a labor-intensive to a technology-intensive force. The organization of troops is developing towards being more robust, integrated, multi-functional, and flexible, and a joint combat force system with elite combat forces as its main body has been basically formed.

The reshaping of the force structure has unlocked the full potential for combat effectiveness, enabling the PLA to take solid steps toward achieving the Party’s goal of building a strong military under the new circumstances. This provides a stronger guarantee for effectively safeguarding my country’s sovereignty, security, and development interests, and for making greater contributions to maintaining world peace and stability.

With sails hoisted high, the People’s Liberation Army embarks on a journey across vast oceans. Reborn and transformed, the People’s Liberation Army will surely achieve new leaps forward on the path to building a strong military with Chinese characteristics and stride towards an even more glorious future!

現代國語：

優秀專業運動員與一般人相比，之所以能把人體機能發揮到極限，關鍵在於長期的科學訓練強壯了骨骼，去除了多餘的贅肉與脂肪，實現了人體機能要素群的完美比例與配合。同樣道理，那些能夠笑傲疆場充分發揮出戰鬥力能效的軍隊，無不是在其所處時代實現了軍事力量體系優化組合的雄師勁旅。

「兵無常勢，水無常形。」人民軍隊自誕生以來，力量體系構成一直隨著形勢任務的變化和現實軍事鬥爭的需要而不斷自我革新。特別是改革開放以來幾次大的精簡整編，推動了我軍規模結構和力量編成的不斷優化，有效解放和發展了戰鬥力。

「常制不可以待變化，一塗不可以應萬方。」面對當今世界戰爭形態加速演變新趨勢、我軍使命任務拓展新要求，我軍力量體系構成方面的不足和短板再次凸顯，規模體量偏大、重大比例關係失衡、新質戰鬥力比重偏小、部隊模組化合成化程度低等問題，成為影響力、制約軍場戰鬥力提升、制約軍場等問題，成為影響力、制約軍場的戰鬥力提升、制約軍場等問題，成為影響力、制約軍場戰鬥力提升、制約軍場等問題，成為影響力、制約軍場等問題，成為影響力、制約軍場等問題，成為影響力、制約軍場戰鬥力提升、制約軍戰的未來。

天下事，“所當乘者勢也，不可失者時也”，審時度勢，乘勢而上，才能“取之易也”。當今世界面臨前所未有之大變局，世界科技革命、軍事革命迅速發展與我國強軍興軍事業的深入推進歷史性地交匯在一起，戰爭之變、科技之變、鬥爭格局之變深刻影響國家安全和軍事戰略全局。實現我軍力量體系的重塑再造，建構能夠打贏資訊化戰爭、有效履行使命任務的中國特色現代軍事力量體系，這一重任歷史性地擺在人民軍隊面前。

體系決定結構和功能，軍隊的力量體系構成，決定了軍隊能量的大小及其在適當的時間和空間內釋放能量的形態、規模與效果。黨中央、中央軍委會和習主席審時度勢、果斷決策，全面啟動軍隊規模結構與力量編成改革，對我軍力量體系進行整體性、革命性重塑。這項戰略部署是對我軍力量體系進行合理編配與優化組合，透過「強肌、壯骨骼」贏得未來激烈軍事競爭主動權的關鍵一環。

“一分部署，九分落實”，我軍力量體系重塑快速而穩健地鋪開。軍官總數減少，一群身穿嶄新制服的文職人員或士兵補充到原軍官崗位上，官兵比例得到優化。團級以上機關現役員額明顯壓縮，機關與部隊比例、作戰部隊與非戰鬥單位比例已明顯優化。在軍隊總規模壓下來以後，作戰部隊人員不減反增，「肌肉」更豐滿了。壓縮陸軍規模，傳統兵種及老舊裝備部隊為新型作戰力量“騰籠換鳥”，軍兵種結構得到優化，新質戰鬥力的比重增加，“骨骼”更加強壯了。規模更精幹、編成更科學、佈局更優化，不斷推動我軍由數量規模型向質量效能型、由人力密集型向科技密集型的轉變，部隊編成向充實、合成、多能、靈活方向發展，以精銳作戰力量為主體的聯合作戰力量體系基本形成。

力量體系的重塑打通了激活戰鬥力的“任督二脈”，我軍向著實現黨在新形勢下的強軍目標邁出了堅實步伐，為有效捍衛我國主權安全發展利益、為維護世界和平穩定作出更大貢獻提供了更加堅強有力的保證。

雲帆已高掛，征程濟滄海。換羽重生的人民軍隊一定能夠在中國特色強軍之路上實現新的跨越、邁向更光輝的未來！

中國軍網 國防部網
2018年12月18日 星期二

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2018-12/18/content_282834834.htm

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Advance Modernization of China’s National Defense and Military Emphasizing High Quality

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推進中國國防和軍隊現代化，強調高品質

現代英語：

Advancing the modernization of national defense and the armed forces is a matter of paramount importance, highly valued and personally overseen by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core. The recently published Volume V of *Xi Jinping: The Governance of China* is entirely themed around “Chinese-style modernization,” containing rich and profound content. Among its key components is comprehensively improving the modernization level of national defense and the armed forces, which is also the essence of the three documents collected in the 12th thematic section. These important documents and related important discussions further enrich and develop Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military, representing the latest achievements in the Party’s military guiding theory. The People’s Liberation Army must, with responsibility and faith, conscientiously organize the study and effective use of this most authoritative and vivid teaching material, integrating Volumes I through V of *Xi Jinping: The Governance of China* as a whole, combining it with the study and implementation of the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, comprehensively and accurately learning and understanding it, and resolutely implementing it, thereby enhancing the sense of mission and urgency in promoting high-quality modernization of national defense and the armed forces, and striving to provide strong strategic support for building a strong nation and achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

A deep understanding of the importance of national defense and military modernization as a crucial component of Chinese-style modernization.

Advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in all aspects through Chinese-style modernization inherently includes national defense and military building. With a view to realizing the Chinese Dream and the dream of a strong military, accelerating the modernization of national defense and the armed forces, and building a solid national defense and a powerful military, reflects the Party’s high degree of historical awareness and far-sighted planning in the new era, and is a significant political imperative running through Volume V of “Xi Jinping: The Governance of China.”

Throughout the long history of human civilization, the rise and fall of great powers has been a recurring drama. A strong nation must have a strong military; only a strong military can ensure national security—this is an ironclad rule for the rise of world powers. The Chinese nation has been a dominant force in the East since ancient times, boasting over 5,000 years of civilization. However, in modern times, due to political corruption, isolationism, and backwardness in industrial technology and military strength, ancient China was forced to open its doors by the powerful ships and cannons of Western powers. This once mighty nation gradually descended into a semi-colonial, semi-feudal society, and the Chinese nation suffered unprecedented calamities. From the Opium War to the First Sino-Japanese War, and then to the invasion of China by the Eight-Nation Alliance and Japan’s full-scale invasion, enemies invaded China hundreds of times, large and small, from land or sea. Sometimes they would send only a few thousand men, a few warships, or set up a few cannons on the coast, and wreak havoc across China, forcing the rulers to sign unequal treaties and repeatedly interrupting the modernization process of the Chinese nation. In response, President Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out: “Once military backwardness takes hold, its impact on national security will be fatal. I often read historical materials about modern China, and every time I see the tragic scenes of being backward and vulnerable to attack, my heart aches!” The founding of New China completely ended the tragic fate of the Chinese people under the old regime. It is precisely because our Party and state attach great importance to national defense and military building, and dare to unsheathe our swords at critical moments, that we have withstood various external pressures and resolutely safeguarded the country’s independence, autonomy, security, and dignity. History has repeatedly proven that if the military is weak, national security cannot be guaranteed; without a strong army, there can be no strong motherland.

Modernization has been the long-cherished aspiration of the Chinese people since modern times. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the Chinese people have sought national prosperity, national rejuvenation, and the happiness of the people, finding the broad road to Chinese-style modernization. Entering the new era, our Party, focusing on resolving the prominent contradictions and problems in modernization, has emancipated its mind, boldly innovated, promoted a series of transformative practices, achieved a series of breakthroughs, and obtained a series of landmark results, successfully advancing and expanding Chinese-style modernization. Today, China is undergoing rapid changes, and we are closer than ever before in history to realizing the goal of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Considering and handling military issues from the overall perspective of the Party’s cause, and coordinating national defense and military modernization within the overall process of national modernization, is a fundamental experience of our Party in governing the country. Currently, although China has become the world’s second-largest economy, the elements of a strong nation are still incomplete, and we are in a critical stage of development where we are large but not strong, and will become strong but not yet truly powerful. “The way to benefit is to move with the times.” President Xi Jinping clearly pointed out that national defense strength must match economic strength; national defense strength must keep pace with the development of the economy and society. In response to the call of a strong nation for a strong military, there is an objective requirement to modernize national defense and the armed forces in the shortest possible time, so that military capabilities are commensurate with the strategic needs of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

In today’s world, a new round of technological and military revolutions is developing rapidly, especially the driving role of technological revolution in military revolution, which is increasingly prominent and is subverting people’s understanding of war. Looking at recent local wars and military operations around the world, the characteristics of informatization and intelligence are becoming increasingly apparent, and the concepts, elements, and methods of winning war are undergoing significant changes. Major military powers are accelerating the construction of intelligent military systems, and the competition for strategic high ground in military competition is fierce. The Party Central Committee has scientifically judged and analyzed that the world has entered a new period of turbulence and change, and external suppression and containment could escalate at any time. China’s development has entered a period of strategic opportunities and risks and challenges, with increasing uncertainties and unpredictable factors. Various “black swan” and “gray rhino” events may occur at any time, clearly requiring us to face difficulties head-on and rely on tenacious struggle to open up new horizons for our cause. Faced with the ever-changing international situation and the real danger of war, the modernization level of our military still lags behind that of powerful adversaries. Accelerating the modernization of national defense and the armed forces, and comprehensively improving the PLA’s ability to fight high-end wars, will provide strong strategic support for overcoming various risks and challenges on the road ahead, and enable us to shoulder more responsibilities and obligations in maintaining world peace and development and promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.

Accurately grasp the strategic deployment of national defense and military modernization

China’s modernization has laid out a grand blueprint for building a modern socialist country. Volume V of *Xi Jinping: The Governance of China*, including documents such as the report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, further clarifies how to accelerate the modernization of national defense and the armed forces. Only by fully and accurately understanding and thoroughly implementing these arrangements can we ensure the quality and effectiveness of national defense and military modernization.

The goal of achieving the centenary of the founding of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) will be realized on schedule. In the new journey of building a modern socialist country in all respects and realizing the second centenary goal, our Party has put forward a new three-step strategy for the modernization of national defense and the armed forces: achieving the centenary goal of the PLA by 2027, basically realizing the modernization of national defense and the armed forces by 2035, and fully building a world-class military by the middle of this century. This strategy lays out a development blueprint for the construction of a strong military in the new era, with near-, medium-, and long-term goals linked in a tiered manner. The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China specifically made arrangements for “achieving the centenary goal of the PLA and creating a new situation in the modernization of national defense and the armed forces,” further highlighting the importance of taking the first step of the new three-step strategy. We must stand at the height of China’s modernization and deeply understand that achieving the centenary goal of the People’s Liberation Army embodies the requirements of our country’s development strategy, security strategy, and military strategy. The basic path is to promote the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence; the fundamental goal is to comprehensively enhance the strategic capability of the People’s Liberation Army to safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests; we must deeply understand that achieving the centenary goal of the People’s Liberation Army is a profound transformation, requiring a change in development concepts, innovation in development models, and enhancement of development momentum to actively promote high-quality development; we must deeply understand that winning the battle to achieve the centenary goal of the People’s Liberation Army is the responsibility of the entire army, the entire Party, and the entire nation, concerning the overall situation, demanding success, and allowing no room for failure; we must deeply understand that we have reached the most critical stage in achieving the established goals, and we must enhance our sense of urgency, work diligently and practically, firmly believe in victory, overcome all difficulties to strive for victory, and deliver a satisfactory answer with concrete actions.

Accelerate the modernization of military theory, military organization, military personnel, and weaponry. 2035 is a crucial juncture in building a modern socialist country, by which time national defense and the armed forces must be basically modernized. While completing the first phase of goals and tasks, we must systematically plan and steadily advance the second phase of national defense and military modernization. Basic modernization of military theory means conducting in-depth research on war and military issues, innovating strategic guidance in line with the times, developing advanced operational theories, and forming a military theoretical system that is contemporary, leading, and unique. Basic modernization of military organization means continuously deepening national defense and military reform, promoting a revolution in military management, optimizing the structure and layout of military forces, strengthening strategic forces and new-domain, new-type combat forces, and building a high-level strategic deterrence and joint operations system. Basic modernization of military personnel means implementing a talent-driven military strategy, comprehensively cultivating and utilizing talent, promoting a comprehensive transformation and upgrading of military personnel capabilities, structure, development, and management, and forging a high-quality, professional, and new-type military talent pool with both integrity and ability. To basically achieve the modernization of weaponry and equipment means focusing on independent and original innovation in defense science and technology, accelerating the development of strategic, cutting-edge, and disruptive technologies, accelerating the upgrading and replacement of weaponry and equipment and the development of intelligent weaponry and equipment, and building a weaponry and equipment system that adapts to modern warfare and fulfills mission requirements. These four aspects are the main indicators of basically achieving the modernization of national defense and the armed forces.

Accelerating the transformation of the People’s Liberation Army into a world-class military. In accordance with the “timetable” for comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-style modernization, the comprehensive modernization of national defense and the armed forces by the middle of this century aims to build the People’s Liberation Army into a world-class military commensurate with China’s status as a major power, capable of effectively safeguarding national security, and possessing strong international influence. This strategic arrangement embodies the expectations and trust placed in the military by the Party and the people, demonstrates the Party’s determination and spirit in building a powerful military, and reveals the inherent regulatory nature of the Party’s mission and tasks on the military’s development goals. It is rich in content and profound in significance. Being commensurate with China’s status as a major power clarifies the relationship between a strong nation and a strong military. Only by possessing a world-class military can a nation truly be considered a world power, meaning that when China becomes a world power, its military will undoubtedly become a solid foundation for consolidating that status. Being able to effectively safeguard national security requires a significant improvement in the PLA’s joint operational capabilities and all-domain operational capabilities based on network information systems. It also requires the comprehensive use of diverse military means to deter and win wars, effectively safeguarding national sovereignty, security, and development interests. Possessing strong international influence emphasizes that our military is on par with the world’s powerful militaries, capable of seizing the initiative in international and military competition, leading the trend of world military development, and always being a powerful and just force for maintaining world peace and development.

Strive to create a new situation in the modernization of national defense and the armed forces

Our Party’s plans and arrangements for the modernization of national defense and the armed forces outline a blueprint for building a strong military over the next 20 to 30 years. This is a grand and far-reaching strategic design in the history of our army, establishing an action program for the People’s Army to face the future and forge a new path of strength. To thoroughly study and implement Volume V of “Xi Jinping: The Governance of China,” we must implement the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and its subsequent plenary sessions, consistently placing high-quality advancement of national defense and military modernization in a more prominent position. Following the established goals and tasks, we must strive to build a strong military with a spirit of seizing every minute and second, accelerating progress and opening up new prospects.

We must continuously enhance the political advantages of our military. Accelerating the modernization of national defense and the armed forces begins with upholding the Party’s absolute leadership over the People’s Army. Currently, the world situation, the national situation, the Party’s situation, and the military situation are all undergoing complex and profound changes. Our Party faces the long-term existence of the “four major tests” and “four dangers,” and our military faces intricate and complex political challenges. We must maintain a clear-headed and resolute approach to solving the unique problems of a large party, and relentlessly advance political building of the military to provide a strong political guarantee for the cause of building a strong military. On the new journey, the Party building within the military can only be strengthened, not weakened. We must deeply advance the new great project of Party building in the new era, truly transforming the Party’s political and organizational advantages into decisive advantages. We must further improve the system and mechanisms for implementing the Chairman of the Central Military Commission’s responsibility system, focusing on ensuring the Party’s command of the gun is implemented meticulously through a series of institutional designs. We must further deepen the arming of our military with the Party’s innovative theories, thoroughly study and understand Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military, transform scientific truth into mass practice, and transform spiritual strength into material strength. We must further promote political rectification to go deeper and more practically, eradicating the soil and conditions for corruption, and ensuring a pure and clean atmosphere and style within the military. All officers and soldiers must deeply understand the decisive significance of the “two establishments,” strengthen the “four consciousnesses,” firm up the “four self-confidences,” and achieve the “two safeguards,” implement the Chairman of the Central Military Commission’s responsibility system, and ensure that all actions resolutely obey the command of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission, and Chairman Xi.

Promoting High-Quality Development of the PLA through High-Standard Military Governance. Military governance is an important aspect of our Party’s national governance, representing the logical extension and practical manifestation of national governance in the military field. The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) first proposed the new proposition and scientific conclusion of “military governance,” and the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee further made the important deployment of “advancing the modernization of military governance,” which has significant theoretical innovation and practical guiding significance. In recent years, the modernization level of national defense and the armed forces has significantly improved. However, from the perspective of achieving high-quality development, some areas still have some deep-seated problems, urgently requiring improvements in the level of scientific governance. We must strengthen the systemic perspective, adhere to a problem-oriented approach, focus on the top-level design and strategic planning of military governance, and improve governance in all areas, across the entire chain, and at all levels, advancing in a planned and focused manner. We must strengthen overall coordination, enhance cross-departmental and cross-sectoral coordination, and improve the systematic, holistic, and synergistic nature of military governance. We must effectively manage and supervise military expenditures, deepen governance in key areas, and drive overall progress through breakthroughs in key areas. We will promote innovation in strategic management, improve and refine mechanisms for the scientific generation, rapid response, and effective implementation of demands, and adopt a professional evaluation approach throughout the entire process to ensure smooth and efficient workflows and maximize the overall operational effectiveness of the military system. We will adhere to the principle of organically combining military governance with reform and the rule of law, consolidate and expand the achievements of national defense and military reforms, deepen military legislation, strengthen the supervision of the implementation and enforcement of laws and regulations, and give full play to the driving role of reform.

Comprehensively Enhance Strategic Capabilities in Emerging Fields. Strategic capabilities in emerging fields are a crucial component of the national strategic system and capabilities, holding profound significance for comprehensively advancing the construction of a strong nation and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-style modernization. Entering the new era, our Party has coordinated the development of strategic emerging industries and new types of combat forces, achieving a series of significant results and providing a rare opportunity for building strategic capabilities in emerging fields. On the new journey, we should further strengthen our sense of mission and responsibility, grasp the characteristics and laws, and promote the efficient integration and two-way driving force of new productive forces and new combat capabilities. We must firmly grasp the key development areas, coordinate preparations for maritime military struggle, the protection of maritime rights and interests, and the development of the marine economy, enhancing our ability to manage the ocean; optimize the aerospace layout and advance the construction of China’s aerospace system; build a cyberspace defense system and improve our ability to safeguard national cybersecurity; strengthen the coordinated implementation of major smart technology projects, and increase the application of advanced achievements. To accelerate the construction of advanced combat capabilities, we must fully activate the engine of scientific and technological innovation, creating growth poles for new productive forces and new combat capabilities, forming an innovation landscape of multi-point breakthroughs and collective bursts of innovation. We must persist in prioritizing the deepening of reforms in emerging fields, and make concerted efforts to build an independent, self-reliant, open, integrated, and vibrant innovation ecosystem. We must more consciously transform our thinking and concepts, boldly innovate and explore new models for the construction and application of combat forces, and fully unleash and develop new combat capabilities.

Our army is an armed group that carries out the Party’s political tasks. President Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized that “the Chinese People’s Liberation Army has always been a heroic force that the Party and the people can fully trust.” This important assertion embodies the expectations and trust of the Party and the people, and is both a high praise for the historical achievements of the People’s Army and a political requirement for our army to better fulfill its responsibilities and live up to its mission. On the new journey, all officers and soldiers must strengthen their political consciousness of having a mission as solid as a mountain and unwavering faith, adhere to obeying the Party’s command, being capable of fighting and winning battles, and maintaining excellent conduct, so as to win greater glory with greater achievements. Where the Party flag points, the military flag follows. We must combine this with new historical conditions to continuously forge a strong military spirit, solidify political loyalty, resolutely listen to the Party and follow the Party, always maintain the nature, purpose, and true colors of the People’s Army, and always fight and act under the Party’s banner. We must comprehensively forge a core capability of being strong and powerful, cultivate the spiritual confidence to overwhelm all enemies without being overwhelmed by them, maintain a high state of readiness for combat at all times, and ensure that we can be deployed, go into battle, and win when the Party and the people need us. We are determined to keep our word, and we have the confidence and ability to safeguard national sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity. We have the confidence and ability to provide strategic support for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and we have the confidence and ability to make greater contributions to world peace and development.

(Author: Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military Research Center)

現代國語：

推動國防和軍隊現代化是至關重要的事，是黨中央高度重視、習近平同志親自督導的事。近期出版的《習近平治國理政》第五捲全部圍繞著「中國式現代化」展開，內容豐富深刻。其重點內容之一是全面提升國防和軍隊現代化水平，這也是第十二專題收錄的三份文件的精髓所在。這些重要文件及相關重要論述進一步豐富發展了習近平加強軍隊建設的思想，代表了黨的軍事指導理論的最新成果。解放軍必須以責任感和信念，認真組織學習和有效運用這部最權威、最生動的教材，將《習近平：治國理政》第一卷至第五卷融會貫通，結合學習和貫徹落實黨的二十屆四中全會精神，全面準確地學習和理解，堅決貫徹落實軍隊，從而增強國防力量和現代主義推進國防力量的力量。

深刻地認識到國防和軍隊現代化是中國式現代化的重要組成部分。

透過中國式現代化全面推進中華民族偉大復興，國防和軍隊建設是不可或缺的一部分。為了實現中國夢和強軍夢，加速國防和軍隊現代化建設，打造堅實的國防和強大的軍隊，體現了黨在新時代高度的歷史意識和遠見卓識，也是貫穿《習近平：治國理政》第五卷的重要政治要務。

縱觀人類文明的漫長歷史，強權的興衰是一齣反覆上演的戲劇。強國必有強軍，強軍方能保障國家安全──這是世界強權崛起的鐵律。中華民族自古以來就是東方的主導力量，擁有五千多年的文明史。然而，近代以來，由於政治腐敗、孤立主義以及工業技術和軍事實力的落後，古代中國被迫在西方列強的船砲攻勢下打開了國門。這個曾經強大的國家逐漸淪為半殖民地、半封建社會，中華民族遭受了前所未有的災難。從鴉片戰爭到甲午戰爭，再到八國聯軍入侵和日本全面侵略，敵人從陸路或海路數百次、大小規模地入侵中國。有時他們只派出幾千人、幾艘戰艦，或在沿海架設幾門大砲，就給中國造成了巨大的破壞，迫使統治者簽訂不平等條約，並一再中斷中華民族的現代化進程。對此，習近平主席深刻指出：「軍事落後一旦紮根，對國家安全的影響將是致命的。我經常閱讀有關近代中國的歷史資料，每次看到落後、易受攻擊的悲慘景象，都感到心痛！」新中國的建立徹底結束了中華民族在舊政權下的悲慘命運。正是因為我們黨和國家高度重視國防和軍事建設，敢於在關鍵時刻拔劍，才使我們經受住了各種外部壓力，堅決捍衛了國家獨立、自主、安全和尊嚴。歷史一再證明，軍隊軟弱，國家安全無法保障；沒有強大的軍隊，就沒有強大的祖國。

現代化是近代以來中國人民的長期願望。在中國共產黨的領導下，中國人民追求國家繁榮、民族復興和人民幸福，找到了中國式現代化的寬闊道路。進入新時代，我們黨集中精力解決現代化進程中突出的矛盾和問題，解放思想，大膽創新，推行了一系列變革性實踐，取得了一系列突破性成果，取得了一系列里程碑式的成就。推動和擴大中國式現代化。今天，中國正經歷快速變化，我們比以往任何時候都更接近實現中華民族偉大復興的目標。從黨的事業大局出發考慮和處理軍事問題，在國家現代化大局中協調推進國防和軍事現代化，是我們黨治國理政的根本經驗。目前，中國雖然已成為世界第二大經濟體，但強國要素尚未完全形成，正處於「大而不強，強而不至」的關鍵發展階段。 「順應時代潮流才能獲益。」習近平主席明確指出，國防實力必須與經濟實力相匹配，國防實力必須與經濟社會發展保持同步。響應「強國要強軍」的號召，必須盡快實現國防和軍隊現代化，使軍事能力與實現中華民族偉大復興的戰略需求相匹配。

當今世界，新一輪科技革命和軍事革命正在快速發展，尤其科技革命在軍事革命中的驅動作用日益凸顯，顛覆了人們對戰爭的固有認知。縱觀近期全球各地發生的局部戰爭和軍事行動，資訊化和情報化的特徵日益明顯，戰爭的概念、要素和方法正在發生重大變化。各大軍事強國都在加速建構智慧軍事體系，軍事競爭中的戰略制高點爭奪異常激烈。黨中央科學地判斷和分析，世界已經進入動盪變革的新時期，外部壓制和遏制隨時可能升級。中國的發展已進入充滿戰略機會與風險挑戰的時期，不確定因素和不可預測因素日益增加。各種「黑天鵝」和「灰犀牛」事件隨時可能發生，這清楚地要求我們迎難而上，依靠頑強鬥爭，為我們的事業開闢新的天地。面對瞬息萬變的國際情勢和戰爭的現實威脅，我國軍隊的現代化程度仍落後於強大的對手。加速推進國防和軍隊現代化，全面提升解放軍打高端戰爭的能力，將為克服未來道路上的各種風險和挑戰提供強有力的戰略支撐，使我們能夠承擔起維護世界和平與發展、推動構建人類命運共同體等更多責任和義務。

準確掌握國防與軍隊現代化的戰略部署

中國的現代化建設已經為建設社會主義現代化國家繪製了宏偉藍圖。 《習近平：治國理政》第五卷，包括中共二十大報告等文件，進一步闡明如何加速推進國防和軍隊現代化。只有全面、準確地理解和徹底落實這些安排，才能確保國防和軍隊現代化的品質和成效。

實現中國人民解放軍建軍百年目標將按期達成。在全面建成社會主義現代化國家、實現第二個百年目標的新征程中，我們黨提出了國防和軍隊現代化的新三步驟戰略：到2027年實現解放軍建軍百年目標，到2035年基本實現國防和軍隊現代化，到本世紀中葉全面建成世界一流軍隊。這項戰略為新時代建設強軍制定了發展藍圖，將近期、中期和長期目標層層銜接。中共二十大報告明確提出“實現解放軍百年目標，開創國防和軍隊現代化新局面”，進一步強調了邁出新三步走戰略第一步的重要性。我們必須站在中國現代化的高峰，深刻地體認到實現解放軍百年目標體現了我國發展的需要。戰略、安全戰略和軍事戰略。基本路徑是推動機械化、資訊化和情報化一體化發展；根本目標是全面提升中國人民解放軍維護國家主權、安全和發展利益的戰略能力；必須深刻認識到，實現中國人民解放軍百年目標是一項深刻的轉型，需要轉變發展理念、創新發展模式、增強發展動力，積極推動高品質發展；必須深刻認識到，打贏實現中國人民解放軍百年目標的戰鬥是全軍、全黨、全民族的責任，著眼大局，必須取得成功，不容失敗；必須深刻認識到，我們已經到了實現既定目標的最關鍵階段，必須增強緊迫感，腳踏實地、勤奮工作，堅定必勝信念，克服一切困難，爭取勝利，用實際行動給出令人滿意的答复。

加速軍事理論、軍事組織、軍事人員和武器裝備的現代化。 2035年是建立社會主義現代化國家的關鍵時期，屆時國防和軍隊必須基本現代化。在完成第一階段目標和任務的同時，必須係統規劃、穩定地推進國防和軍事現代化第二階段。軍事理論基本現代化意味著深入研究戰爭和軍事問題，創新與時俱進的戰略指導，發展先進的作戰理論，形成當代領先、獨樹一幟的軍事理論體系。軍事組織基本上現代化意味著不斷深化國防和軍事改革，推動軍事管理革命，優化軍隊結構佈局，強化戰略力量和新領域、新型作戰力量，建構高水準戰略威懾和聯合作戰體系。軍隊人員基本現代化意味著實施人才驅動型軍事戰略，全面培養和利用人才，推動軍隊人員能力、結構、發展和管理的全面轉型升級，打造一支品德高尚、能力卓越的高素質、專業化、新型的軍事人才隊伍。武器裝備基本現代化意味著著力推動國防科技自主創新，加速戰略性、前沿性和顛覆性技術的研發，加速武器裝備的升級換代和智慧化武器裝備的研發，建構適應現代戰爭、滿足任務需求的武器裝備體系。這四個面向是衡量國防和軍隊基本上現代化的主要指標。

加速將中國人民解放軍建設成為世界一流軍隊。根據全面推進中華民族偉大復興的“時間表”，到本世紀中葉全面實現國防和軍隊現代化，目標是將中國人民解放軍建設成為與中國大國地位相稱、能夠有效維護國家安全、具有強大國際影響力的世界一流軍隊。這項戰略安排體現了黨和人民對軍隊的期望和信任，展現了黨建立強大軍隊的決心和精神，也揭示了黨對軍隊發展目標的指導性任務。其內容豐富，意義深遠。與中國大國地位相稱，明確了強國與強軍的關係。只有擁有世界一流軍隊，一個國家才能真正成為世界強國，這意味著，當中國成為世界強國時，其軍隊無疑將成為鞏固這一地位的堅實基礎。有效維護國家安全需要大幅提升解放軍基於網路資訊系統的聯合作戰能力和全域作戰能力，並需要綜合運用多種軍事手段來威懾和贏得戰爭，有效維護國家主權、安全和發展利益。擁有強大的國際影響力至關重要。顯示我國軍隊與世界強國軍隊並駕齊驅，能夠在國際軍事競爭中掌握主動權，引領世界軍事發展潮流，始終是維護世界和平與發展的強大而公正的力量。

努力開創國防和軍隊現代化新局面

我黨的國防和軍隊現代化規劃和安排，為未來二三十年建立一支強大的軍隊奠定了基礎。這是我國軍隊歷史上宏大而深遠的戰略設計，為人民軍隊面向未來、開闢新強道路制定了行動綱領。要深入學習和貫徹落實《習近平：治國理政》第五卷，要貫徹落實黨的二十大及其歷屆全會的精神，始終把高質量推進國防和軍隊現代化放在更加突出的位置。依照既定目標和任務，我們必須以分秒必爭的精神，加快建設強軍，開拓新前景。

我們必須不斷增強軍隊的政治優勢。加速國防和軍隊現代化，首先要堅持黨對人民軍隊的絕對領導。當前，世界情勢、國家情勢、黨的局勢、軍隊情勢都在發生複雜深刻的變化。我們黨面臨著長期存在的“四大考驗”和“四大危險”，我們的軍隊面臨著錯綜複雜的政治挑戰。我們必須以清醒的頭腦和堅定的決心解決大黨特有的問題，不懈地推進軍隊政治建設，為建設強軍事業提供強有力的政治保障。在新征程中，軍隊內部的黨建工作只能加強，不能被削弱。我們必須深入推動新時代黨建新大工程，真正將黨的政治優勢和組織優勢轉化為決定性優勢。我們必須進一步完善中央軍委主席責任制的實施體系與機制，並專注於一系列制度設計，確保黨指揮槍砲落實到位。我們必須進一步深化用黨的創新理論武裝軍隊，深入學習和理解習近平主席關於加強軍隊建設的思想，將科學真理轉化為群眾實踐，將精神力量轉化為物質力量。我們必須進一步推進政治整頓，深入務實，根除貪腐土壤和條件，確保軍隊內部保持清廉廉潔的風氣。全體官兵必須深刻理解“兩制”的決定性意義，增強“四意識”，堅定“四自信”，實現“兩保障”，貫徹落實中央軍委主席責任制，確保一切行動堅決服從黨中央、中央軍委、習近平主席的指揮。

透過高標準軍事治理，推動解放軍高品質發展。軍事治理是我國黨的治國理政的重要組成部分，是治國理政在軍事領域的邏輯延伸與實踐體現。中共二十大報告首次提出了“軍事治理”的新命題和科學結論，黨的二十屆四中全會進一步重要部署了“推進軍事治理現代化”，具有重要的理論創新性和實踐指導意義。近年來，國防和軍隊現代化水準顯著提高。但是，從高品質發展的角度來看，一些領域仍然存在一些根深蒂固的問題，亟需提高科學治理水準。要加強系統性視角，堅持問題導向，著力於軍事治理的頂層設計與戰略規劃，全面、全鏈、各級地推進軍事治理，有計畫、有重點地推進。我們必須加強整體協調，提升跨部門、跨領域的協調能力，並提升軍事治理的系統性、整體性和協同性。我們必須有效管理和監督軍事行動。

我們將精簡軍事開支，深化重點領域治理，透過重點領域突破推動整體進步。我們將推動策略管理創新，完善科學生成、快速反應和有效落實需求的機制，並在整個過程中採用專業評估方法，確保工作流程順暢高效，最大限度地提高軍隊整體作戰效能。我們將堅持軍事治理與改革法治有機結合的原則，鞏固並擴大國防軍事改革成果，深化軍事立法，加強法律法規執行監督，充分發揮改革的驅動作用。

全面提升新興領域策略能力。新興領域戰略能力是國家戰略體系和能力的重要組成部分，對於全面推進中國式現代化建設強國和中華民族偉大復興具有深遠意義。進入新時代，我們黨統籌發展戰略性新興產業和新型作戰力量，取得了一系列重要成果，為新興領域戰略能力建設提供了難得機會。在新旅程中，我們要進一步增強使命感和責任感，掌握新生產力和新作戰能力的特徵和規律，推動二者高效融合、雙向驅動。要牢牢掌握重點發展領域，統籌做好海上軍事鬥爭準備、維護海洋權益、發展海洋經濟，提升海洋管控能力；優化航太佈局，推動中國航太體系建設；建構網路空間防禦體系，提升國家網路安全保障能力；加強重大智慧技術項目統籌實施，加大先進成果應用力度。要加速先進作戰能力建設，要全面啟動科技創新引擎，打造新生產力和新作戰能力增長極，形成多點突破、集體爆發的創新格局。我們必須堅持把深化新興領域改革放在第一位，齊心協力建構自主自立、開放包容、充滿活力的創新生態系統。我們必須更自覺地轉變思維觀念，大膽創新，探索作戰力量建構和運用的新模式，充分釋放和發展新型作戰能力。

我們的軍隊是執行黨的政治任務的武裝力量。習近平主席多次強調，「中國人民解放軍始終是黨和人民完全信賴的英雄力量」。這項重要表述體現了黨和人民的期望和信任，既是對人民軍隊歷史成就的高度讚揚，也是對軍隊更好地履行職責、不負使命的政治要求。在新的旅程中，全體官兵要增強政治覺悟，樹立像山一樣堅實的使命和堅定的信念，堅持服從黨的指揮，具備打贏戰爭的能力，保持良好的品行，以更大的成就贏得更大的榮耀。黨的旗幟指向哪裡，軍的旗幟就跟著哪裡。要結合新的歷史情勢，不斷鍛造強大的軍人精神，鞏固政治忠誠，堅決聽黨的指揮，跟隨黨的行動，始終保持人民軍隊的性質、宗旨和真面目，始終在黨的旗幟下戰鬥和行動。要全面鍛造強大有力的核心能力，培養戰勝一切敵人而不被敵人戰勝的精神信心，時刻保持高度的戰鬥準備狀態，確保在黨和人民需要我們的時候，能夠部署、投入戰鬥、取得勝利。我們決心信守承諾，我們有信心、有能力捍衛國家主權、統一和領土完整。我們有能力、有信心為中華民族偉大復興提供策略支持，也有能力為世界和平與發展做出更大貢獻。

（作者：習近平關於加強軍事研究中心建設的想法）

中國原創軍事資源：http://big5.china.com.cn/opinion/theory/2025-12/29/content_118285818783.shtml

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Cultivating a Chinese Military Cultural Awareness of Winning Through Cooperation

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培養中國軍隊合作取勝的文化意識

現代英語：

The “Outline for the Implementation of Prosperous Development of a Strong Military Culture,” issued by the General Office of the Central Military Commission, points out the need to cultivate a cultural awareness of joint victory. Joint culture, as an important component of a strong military culture, is the sum of joint knowledge systems, values, ways of thinking, and behavioral norms required to win modern warfare. In the new era and on the new journey, it is imperative to focus on cultivating a cultural awareness of joint victory, strengthening this important soft power, and providing crucial spiritual support for enhancing the joint operations command system and capabilities.

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Joint culture arises alongside joint operations, embodying accumulated experience, rational understanding, and spiritual pursuits regarding warfare methods. It is imperative to deepen our understanding of the importance, necessity, and urgency of building a joint culture from the perspective of solidifying the ideological and political foundation of joint operations, accelerating integration into the joint operations command system, and providing spiritual support for joint operations. This will enhance our ideological and practical awareness of cultivating a joint culture.

There is an urgent need to proactively adapt to the evolving nature of warfare and win future integrated joint operations. Modern warfare is characterized by joint operations; without joint operations, victory is impossible. Joint culture is a product of military practice and directly impacts that practice itself. Currently, warfare is rapidly transforming into informationized and intelligent warfare, with new military technologies and operational theories constantly emerging. Information dominance, system support, elite forces, and joint victory are becoming prominent features. Only with a joint vision, joint awareness, and joint thinking can one strategize effectively. This requires all services and units to adopt “jointness” as a value orientation, break free from the influence of traditional warfare mindsets, overcome traditional conceptual barriers, shift the focus from the individual to the whole, from single weapons and equipment to the entire weapon system, and from the main combat service to all services and branches. This requires integrating officers and soldiers from different units, departments, and fields into a unified whole—all of which cannot be achieved without the influence and cultivation of a joint culture.

This is an inherent need to continuously deepen national defense and military reform and promote the transformation of institutional and mechanism advantages. Culture is the soil of institutions, and institutions are the carriers of culture. In this round of national defense and military reform, our army has established a new joint operations command system. Due to the detailed division of labor among various services and departments, as well as cultural differences among various levels and types of organizations, the formation and change of some new values ​​and behavioral norms require a process. It is essential to give full play to the shaping and supporting role of joint culture. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee incorporated the continuous deepening of national defense and military reform into the overall framework of further comprehensive deepening of reform, and proposed deepening the reform of the joint operations system. Only by cultivating a cultural consciousness of joint victory, and adapting to the new system and mechanism of reform with new concepts and models of cultural construction, can we effectively prevent personnel from being united in spirit, units from being united in strength, and appearances from being united in essence. We can promote unity of mind and spirit, and concerted efforts, promote vertical and horizontal coordination, and ensure smooth operation, thereby transforming institutional and mechanism advantages into advantages for victory.

This is a practical necessity for fully implementing the strategy of building a politically strong military in the new era and for fostering a culture of military strength. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi Jinping has attached great importance to using the power of culture to advance the cause of building a strong military, emphasizing the need to “build a culture of military strength, consolidate the ideological and cultural front of the troops, strengthen the revolutionary will of officers and soldiers, elevate their ideological realm, and purify their moral sentiments.” Firmly grasping the requirements of building a politically strong military in this era, continuously enhancing the political advantages of our army, and ensuring that the People’s Army forever maintains its nature and purpose, always dares to fight and win, always unites and struggles, always produces outstanding talents, always remains pure and glorious, and always maintains strict discipline, culture plays a more fundamental, profound, and enduring unique role. Only by cultivating a cultural consciousness of joint victory, fostering a joint culture with joint operations as the guiding principle, creating a distinctive culture with combat as the guiding principle, and integrating peacetime and wartime practices to implement battlefield culture, can we better leverage the emotional and spiritual functions of culture, enabling the People’s Army to unite under the Party’s banner into “a piece of solid steel,” and gather the immense power to build a strong military.

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As a military culture that ensures victory in joint operations, joint culture has specific connotations and requirements. It is necessary to adhere to theoretical thinking, historical perspective, and contemporary vision, to understand it from the perspective of our army’s war practice and development process, to grasp it from the perspective of the requirements of joint operations in the era, and to study it from the perspective of seizing military competitive advantages. The characteristics of joint culture should be highlighted in the process of strengthening will and soul, inspiring fighting spirit, and cultivating virtue.

Obeying the Party’s command is the political soul of our military. Loyalty to the Party and obedience to its command are the inherent red genes and bloodline of our army, and have gradually become the core value of our military culture as the practice of building a strong military develops. Practice has proven that only by starting from a political perspective can we grasp the correct direction in the flourishing and development of a strong military culture. With more diverse participating forces and more complex organization and command in joint operations, it is even more necessary to strengthen unwavering loyalty and a centralized and unified command consciousness. Cultivating a joint culture is rooted in faith and belief, and its key lies in political loyalty. We must guide officers and soldiers to recognize the unique advantages of upholding the Party’s absolute leadership over the military from both a political and cultural perspective, solidify the ideological and political foundation for safeguarding the core leadership and obeying the Party’s command, resolutely obey the command of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission, and Chairman Xi, and ensure absolute loyalty, absolute purity, and absolute reliability.

With the goal of building a strong military and achieving victory in battle, a culture of a strong military is centered on building a strong military and aims to serve and guarantee victory. Cultivating a joint culture requires adhering to combat effectiveness as the sole fundamental standard, proactively adapting to the requirements of joint operations, and actively constructing values, a sense of mission, a view of performance, and a view of interests that are compatible with joint operations. This will ensure that officers and soldiers truly understand, accept, become familiar with, and engage in joint operations, effectively increasing the contribution of joint culture to combat effectiveness. It is essential to establish a focus on training for victory in combat, cultivating in officers and soldiers a willingness to embrace battle, bravery, tenacity, and sacrifice, guiding them to focus all their energy on combat and dedicate all their efforts to combat, making joint operations an instinct and honing their skills to the extreme, ensuring they are ready for combat at all times and capable of fighting at any time.

Unity and solidarity should be the guiding principle. Looking back on history, our military has relied on a robust organizational system to unite its officers and soldiers under the banner of the Party. Cultivating a joint culture requires leveraging both spiritual and material factors to foster cohesion, overcome differences in thinking, break down barriers of interest, and strengthen the shared values, culture, and systems of unity and joint victory. We must maintain a holistic approach, always positioning the functions of the troops within the joint operations system, guiding officers and soldiers to firmly establish a sense of the overall situation, a global perspective, and a joint mindset. We must proactively overcome the mentality and practice of “fighting alone,” cultivating shared emotions and values ​​in joint training, strengthening a stable collective psychological identity, and forging an unbreakable will to win, ensuring the formation of a united fighting force in joint operations.

Information dominance is the fundamental support. Under the conditions of informatization and intelligentization, information systems integrate all military branches, combat units, elements, and platforms into a unified system. System-of-systems combat capability based on network information systems has become the basic form of combat power. To cultivate a joint culture, we must closely monitor the evolution of information warfare forms and combat methods, focus on improving the information warfare military literacy of officers and soldiers, and enable them to learn and master the joint operations system, structure, style, and operational rules. Commanders at all levels must firmly establish the concept of joint victory, effectively coordinate different combat platforms, combat units, and combat elements, and achieve synergy and efficiency, and release power through the integration of network information systems.

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Cultivating a culture of unity and victory is not empty or abstract, but vivid and concrete. It must be closely linked to reality and actively innovate in practice to promote the integration of unity consciousness into our blood, the normalization of unity thinking, and the formation of unity norms.

Establish a firm commitment to the concept of joint operations. Thought precedes action. To cultivate a culture of joint victory, we must first engage in a “brainstorming” session, fostering a mindset aligned with joint operations. We must vigorously inherit and promote China’s excellent traditional military and revolutionary culture, drawing wisdom from its principles of harmony and recognizing the fundamental principle of war: no war can be won without joint operations. We must learn from the beneficial experiences of foreign militaries in joint operations, proactively transcending the mindset of individual branches of service, and effectively breaking down rigid thinking such as compartmentalization and competition over importance. We must thoroughly eliminate outdated and inappropriate concepts, firmly establishing the concepts of systemic linkage, complementary advantages, systemic support, and unity and cooperation, consciously ensuring that everything is for the sake of joint operations and everything is subordinate to joint operations.

Constructing a cognitive structure for joint operations. Cultivating a culture of joint victory requires, on the one hand, systematically establishing an integrated knowledge system encompassing joint operations, joint command, joint training, and joint support, and deepening theoretical research on informationized warfare and training in informationized knowledge. On the other hand, it requires recognizing, through research on operational theories and other means, that deep joint operations are essential to forming overall combat capabilities, ensuring that the values ​​of joint operations permeate the minds of officers and soldiers and are transformed into their daily behavior.

Strengthen the value orientation of joint victory. Cultivating joint thinking, forming joint habits, and shaping joint behavior are not achievements that can be made overnight; they must be integrated into all aspects of the entire process of preparing for and fighting wars. We must adhere to the principle of planning and implementing military operations and cultural development in an integrated manner, promoting the organic combination of capability building and cultural shaping, and the mutual promotion of joint operations and cultural integration, striving to simultaneously enhance joint operational hard power and joint cultural soft power. We should make full use of opportunities such as joint training exercises and non-war military operations to establish more joint scenarios and develop more joint topics, strengthening the awareness of “jointness,” standardizing “joint” behavior, and improving “joint” qualities, so that joint combat and joint victory truly become a value pursuit and a conscious thought.

Improve the institutional mechanisms for joint operations. The formation of a culture cannot be separated from the solidification and constraints of laws and regulations. It is necessary to conduct in-depth research on how joint culture can be integrated into the operational methods of joint command, action, and support, ensuring that all laws and regulations are implemented in accordance with the requirements of joint operations. At the top-level design level, an operational standard system should be formed by developing and improving joint operations doctrines, operating procedures, and user manuals, ensuring that the thinking and actions of operational planning are guided by rules and standards. Regarding command relationships, a sound joint operations command system should be constructed, accurately defining the functions of each service branch and clarifying hierarchical relationships to achieve alignment of concepts, integration of forces, and coupling of systems. In terms of operational models, the processes of requesting instructions and reporting, organizing command, and communication and coordination should be streamlined to ensure that each performs its duties effectively and complements each other, achieving “jointness” based on law and “cooperation” based on evidence.

(Author’s affiliation: Unit 91208)

現代國語：

姜凱峰

2025年01月11日08:46    來源：中國軍網-解放軍報

中央軍委辦公廳印發的《繁榮發展強軍文化實施綱要》指出，培塑聯合制勝的文化自覺。聯合文化作為強軍文化的重要組成部分，是基於打贏現代戰爭所具備的聯合知識體系、價值觀念、思維方式和行為規范的總和。新時代新征程，必須著力培塑聯合制勝的文化自覺，把聯合文化這一重要軟實力搞過硬，為加強聯合作戰指揮體系和能力建設提供重要精神支撐。

一

聯合文化伴隨聯合作戰而生，凝結著對戰爭方式的經驗積累、理性認知與精神追求。必須從打牢聯合作戰的思想政治基礎、加快融入聯合作戰指揮體系、為聯合作戰提供精神支撐的高度，加深對聯合文化建設重要性必要性緊迫性的認識，增強培塑聯合文化的思想自覺和行動自覺。

主動適應戰爭形態演變、打贏未來一體化聯合作戰的迫切需要。現代戰爭無戰不聯、無聯不勝，基本作戰樣式是一體化聯合作戰。聯合文化是軍事實踐的產物，並直接作用於軍事實踐本身。當前，戰爭形態加速向信息化智能化戰爭轉變，軍事新技術和作戰新理論不斷涌現，信息主導、體系支撐、精兵作戰、聯合制勝成為顯著特征。隻有具備聯合視野、聯合意識和聯合思維才能運籌帷幄，這就要求各軍兵種、各部隊把“聯合”作為價值取向，破除傳統戰爭思維定式影響，打破一些傳統觀念壁壘，從重視個體轉向重視整體，從重視單一武器裝備轉向重視整個武器系統，從重視主戰軍兵種轉向重視諸軍兵種，把不同單位、部門、領域的官兵融為一體，而這一切都離不開聯合文化的浸潤與熏陶。

持續深化國防和軍隊改革、推動體制機制優勢轉化的內在需要。文化是制度的土壤，制度是文化的載體。此次國防和軍隊改革，我軍建立了新的聯合作戰指揮體制。由於各軍兵種、部門專業分工的細化，以及各級各類組織之間的文化差異，一些全新的價值觀和行為規范的形成和改變需要一個過程，必須充分發揮聯合文化的塑造和支撐作用。黨的二十屆三中全會把持續深化國防和軍隊改革納入進一步全面深化改革總盤子，提出深化聯合作戰體系改革。隻有培塑聯合制勝的文化自覺，以文化建設新理念新模式適應改革新體制新機制，才能有效防止人員合而心不合、單位合而力不合、表象合而神不合，促進心聯神聯、合心合力，推動上下貫通、左右協調、運行順暢，推動體制機制優勢轉化為勝戰優勢。

全面貫徹新時代政治建軍方略、繁榮發展強軍文化的現實需要。黨的十八大以來，習主席高度重視運用文化的力量推進強軍事業，強調“要打造強軍文化，鞏固部隊思想文化陣地，堅定官兵革命意志、升華官兵思想境界、純潔官兵道德情操”。牢牢把握政治建軍時代要求，不斷增強我軍政治優勢，確保人民軍隊永葆性質宗旨、始終敢打必勝、始終團結奮斗、始終人才輩出、始終純潔光榮、始終法紀嚴明，文化具有更基本、更深沉、更持久的獨特作用。隻有培塑聯合制勝的文化自覺，以聯為綱培育聯合文化，以戰領建打造特色文化，平戰一體抓實戰地文化，才能更好發揮文化的情感陶冶、精神激勵等功能，使人民軍隊在黨的旗幟下團結成“一塊堅硬的鋼鐵”，匯聚起強軍興軍的磅礡力量。

二

聯合文化作為保証聯合作戰勝利的一種軍事文化，具有特定的內涵要求，必須堅持理論思維、歷史視角、時代眼光，從我軍戰爭實踐和發展歷程去理解，從聯合作戰時代要求去把握，從奪取軍事競爭優勢去研究，在礪志鑄魂、礪戰激氣、礪行厚德中彰顯聯合文化特質。

以聽黨指揮為政治靈魂。對黨忠誠、聽黨指揮是我軍與生俱來的紅色基因和血脈傳承，並隨著強軍實踐的發展逐步成為強軍文化的價值內核。實踐証明，隻有從政治的高度出發，才能在繁榮發展強軍文化中把握正確的方向。聯合作戰參戰力量更加多元、組織指揮更加復雜，更加需要強化矢志不渝的忠誠信念和集中統一的號令意識。培塑聯合文化，根子在信仰信念，關鍵在政治忠誠。要引導廣大官兵從政治高度和文化角度認識堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導的獨特優勢，筑牢維護核心、聽黨指揮的思想政治根基，堅決聽從黨中央、中央軍委和習主席指揮，確保絕對忠誠、絕對純潔、絕對可靠。

以強軍勝戰為價值目標。強軍文化以強軍為核心，以服務保証打贏為目的。培塑聯合文化，必須堅持戰斗力這個唯一的根本的標准，主動適應聯合作戰要求，積極構建與聯合作戰相適應的價值觀、使命觀、政績觀、利益觀，真正讓官兵認識聯合、接受聯合、熟悉聯合、走進聯合，切實提高聯合文化對戰斗力的貢獻率。要樹立礪戰打贏指向，著力培塑官兵聞戰則喜、英勇頑強、敢於犧牲的意志品格，引導他們把全部心思向打仗聚焦、全部工作向打仗用勁，把聯合練成本能、技能練到極致，確保全時待戰、隨時能戰。

以團結統一為行為准則。回望歷史，我軍依靠嚴密的組織體系，把廣大官兵團結在黨的旗幟下。培塑聯合文化，必須堅持從精神層面和物質層面發揮聚合作用，破除思維差異，打破利益藩籬，增強團結統一、聯合制勝的價值認同、文化認同和制度認同。要堅持全局統籌，始終把部隊職能放在聯合作戰體系中來定位，引導官兵牢固樹立大局意識、全局觀念、聯合思維，主動克服“各自為戰、單打獨斗”的觀念做法，在聯合訓練中培育共同的情感和價值，強固穩定的集體心理認同，凝聚牢不可破的打贏意志，確保在聯合作戰中形成同舟共濟的戰斗合力。

以信息主導為基本支撐。信息化智能化條件下，信息系統把所有軍兵種、作戰單元、要素、平台都集成於體系之中，基於網絡信息系統的體系作戰能力成為戰斗力的基本形態。培塑聯合文化，要緊盯信息化戰爭形態和作戰方式演變，聚焦提高官兵的信息化戰爭軍事素養，使他們學習掌握聯合作戰體系、結構、樣式和行動規律﹔各級指揮員要牢固樹立聯合制勝理念，把不同作戰平台、作戰單元、作戰要素有效統籌起來，在網絡信息系統的融合過程中實現集優增效、聚力釋能。

三

培塑聯合制勝的文化自覺，不是空洞的、抽象的，而是生動的、具體的，必須緊密聯系實際、積極創新實踐，推動聯合意識融入血脈、聯合思維成為常態、聯合規范形成自覺。

立牢聯合的思維理念。思想是行動的先導，培塑聯合制勝的文化自覺，首先要來一場“頭腦風暴”，培養與聯合作戰相契合的思維理念。要大力傳承中華優秀傳統軍事文化、革命文化，從中汲取“和合”智慧，認清無戰不聯、無聯不勝的戰爭律令。借鑒外軍聯合作戰有益經驗，主動跳出兵種思維、軍種思維，切實打破“條塊分割”和爭大小、爭主次等僵化思維，把那些不合時宜的陳舊觀念從頭腦中徹底清除出去，把系統聯動、優勢互補、體系支撐、團結協作等思想觀念牢固確立起來，自覺做到一切為了聯合、一切服從聯合。

構建聯戰的認知結構。培塑聯合制勝的文化自覺，一方面要系統建立一體化聯合作戰、聯合指揮、聯合訓練和聯合保障等知識體系，深化信息化戰爭理論研究和信息化知識學習訓練。另一方面要通過作戰理論研究等形式，認清深度聯合才能形成整體作戰能力，使聯合價值理念浸潤官兵心田、轉化為日常行為。

強化聯勝的價值取向。聯合思維的培育、聯合習慣的養成、聯合行為的塑造，並非一朝一夕之功，必須貫穿滲透到備戰打仗全過程各領域。要堅持軍事行動與文化建設一體籌劃、同步實施，推動能力塑造與文化塑造有機結合、行動聯合與文化融合相互促進，努力使聯合作戰硬實力與聯合文化軟實力同步提升。充分利用聯合訓練演習、非戰爭軍事行動等時機，多設聯合場景，多出聯合課題，強化“聯”的意識、規范“聯”的行為、提升“聯”的素養，使聯戰聯勝真正成為價值追求和思想自覺。

完善聯動的制度機制。文化的形成離不開法規制度的固化和制約。要深入研究聯合文化融入聯合指揮、行動、保障的運行方式，使各項法規制度貫徹聯合作戰要求。在頂層設計上，通過制定完善聯合作戰條令、操作規程和使用手冊，形成可操作的標准體系，使籌劃作戰的思維和行動有章可循、有標可依﹔在指揮關系上，構建完善聯合作戰指揮體系，把軍種職能界定准，把層級關系擺清楚，實現理念契合、力量融合、體系耦合﹔在運行模式上，理順請示報告、組織指揮、溝通協調工作流程，做到各司其職、相得益彰，實現“聯”之依法、“合”之有據。

（作者單位：91208部隊）

中國原創軍事資源：http://theory.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2025/0111/c48058318-40399840.html

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Developing People’s War: Chinese Military Strategy and Tactics

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發展人民戰爭：中國軍事戰略與戰術

現代英語：

In his report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi Jinping clearly pointed out the need to develop a people’s war strategy and tactics. Looking back on the glorious history of the People’s Liberation Army’s efforts to build a strong military and achieve victory, a central theme has been consistently upholding the leadership of the Party and proposing and implementing a complete set of people’s war strategies and tactics. To win future wars, we must closely monitor changes in technology, warfare, and adversaries, continue to inherit and carry forward the fine traditions of our army, develop a people’s war strategy and tactics, and allow these powerful weapons to demonstrate their effectiveness on the modern battlefield.

The strategy and tactics of people’s war have always been an important magic weapon for our army to defeat the enemy.

Developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war is not only a profound insight into the inherent laws of our army’s ability to defeat the enemy, but also a far-sighted plan for building a strong country and a strong army. It has important strategic value for achieving the goal of the centenary of the founding of the army on schedule and accelerating the building of the People’s Army into a world-class army.

The strategy and tactics of people’s war are the concentrated embodiment of Marxist art of war guidance. Marxism holds that the masses are the creators of history and the decisive force driving historical progress. Based on this fundamental viewpoint and standpoint, the strategy and tactics of people’s war profoundly explain the basic principles of people’s war, such as the people being the foundation of victory, that the decisive factor in the outcome of war is people, not things, and the necessity of organizing, mobilizing, and arming the broad masses of the people. Our army was born in the flames of war. Faced with exceptionally cruel objective conditions, the Chinese Communists, represented by Comrade Mao Zedong, insisted on combining the basic principles of Marxist people’s war with the realities of the Chinese revolutionary war. They created a strategy and tactic of people’s war characterized by flexibility and mobility. Its essence was “you fight your way, I fight my way,” aiming to maximize strengths and minimize weaknesses, and to seize and maintain the initiative in the war. This embodies the art of Marxist war guidance, shining with the truth of scientific, people-oriented, practical, and open-minded approach.

The strategy and tactics of people’s war are the winning formula for the Party’s leadership of all military struggles. Since the founding of the People’s Army, our Party has established a complete set of strategies and tactics for people’s war, based on the harsh reality of the enemy being strong and us weak, and the enemy being large and us small. From the “Sixteen-Character Formula” during the Red Army period, to the “protracted war” during the War of Resistance Against Japan, from the “Ten Military Principles” during the War of Liberation, to the “nibbling away” tactics during the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, and then to the continuous adjustments to the military strategic policy after the founding of New China. The People’s Army learns from war, explores the laws of war through practice, and adheres to and develops this winning formula in a timely manner. During the war years, it created one after another war miracle of winning with fewer troops and with weaker forces. In peacetime, it resolutely safeguards national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity, writing a brilliant chapter in the history of world military history of continuous innovation in the art of war guidance.

Actively developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war is an inherent requirement for building a world-class military in all respects. “The most important matters for a nation depend on the victory of its army.” Ultimately, the measure of whether an army is world-class is its military strength. The strategy and tactics of people’s war are not only the key to victory for our army, but also the path to its development and growth. To accelerate the building of a world-class military and construct a powerful strategic deterrence system, we must uphold and develop this unique advantage, strengthen research on adversaries and enemy situations, proactively understand the characteristics, laws, and winning mechanisms of modern warfare, innovate the people’s war strategy and tactics in line with the times, resolutely and flexibly carry out military struggle, give full play to the strategic functions of military forces in shaping a security situation, containing crises and conflicts, and winning local wars, and effectively fulfill the new era’s mission and tasks entrusted to us by the Party and the people.

Developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war is an inevitable choice for our military to win future wars. While the forms of warfare are rapidly evolving, the essence of war remains unchanged, and the fundamental law that the deepest source of war’s power lies within the people remains unchanged. The wars we will face in the future will primarily be wars to safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests. These wars are in line with the fundamental interests of all the Chinese people, are just actions that conform to the trend of the times, and will continue to receive the support of the broadest masses of the people and the people of the world. Adhering to and developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war will undoubtedly become an important path and an inevitable choice for our military to win future wars and counterbalance powerful enemies.

Scientifically grasp the contemporary implications of the development of people’s war strategy and tactics.

The strategy and tactics of people’s war are living theories and practices, not rigid dogmas. They must proactively adapt to the requirements of the times and inject new contemporary connotations in order to maintain their strong vitality.

Upholding a just war, establishing the broadest united front, and fighting a political and military battle are crucial. Emphasizing the political guidance of the war and consolidating the political foundation for victory are fundamental experiences from which the Party achieved victory in war, and are also the core essence of the people’s war strategy and tactics. In today’s era, the connection between military and political affairs is closer than ever, with increasing strategic relevance and integration, and the influence and constraints of political factors on war are becoming increasingly prominent. Developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war requires always upholding the role of the Party Central Committee in overall planning and coordination, mobilizing, uniting, and organizing the broadest masses of people to participate in and support the war; enhancing political and organizational functions, strengthening the ideological, organizational, and will-based preparedness of the entire Party, the entire army, and the people of the whole country to respond to and win the war; strengthening political, diplomatic, and international public opinion and legal struggles, forming the broadest united front in support of the just war, firmly occupying the moral high ground, giving full play to the comprehensive effectiveness of political offensives and armed strikes, and coordinating the political and military battles.

Adhere to active defense, emphasize initiative, and attach importance to offensive operations. Active defense is a product of people’s war, and implementing active defense is a fundamental requirement of the people’s war strategy and tactics. Future wars will proceed at a faster pace, and strategic objectives may be achieved in a single battle or engagement; often, the first battle will be the decisive one. To develop the strategy and tactics of the people’s war, we must adhere to the organic combination of defense, counter-offensive and offensive, and give greater emphasis to the counter-offensive at the strategic level on both the inner and outer lines. At the beginning of the war, we must comprehensively utilize elite combat forces to carry out a combined, resolute and fierce strategic counter-offensive, forming a high-pressure counter-offensive posture and pressure, striking the enemy hard and instilling fear in them to the greatest extent possible, and achieving the strategic objectives of using offense to assist defense, striking later but arriving first, quickly defeating the enemy, containing them as soon as possible, and winning the war.

Adhering to asymmetric checks and balances—you fight your way, I fight my way—and striking with what we can defeat what we cannot—is the soul and essence of the people’s war strategy and tactics. It is a highly generalized and vivid description of the laws of war and the laws of war guidance, revealing the laws and methods of war guidance in defeating an enemy with superior equipment using inferior equipment, thus elevating flexible and mobile strategy and tactics to a new level. Compared to the past, modern warfare systems are vast and have numerous nodes, possessing many vulnerable “Achilles’ heel,” providing an opportunity to implement “striking with what we can defeat what we cannot.” To develop the strategy and tactics of people’s war, we must follow the winning mechanism of modern warfare, fully recognize the inherent weaknesses of informationized and intelligent warfare, conduct in-depth research on the opponent’s vulnerabilities and fatal flaws, innovate core operational concepts, accelerate the development of new domain and new quality operational capabilities and means, refine tactics such as dimensional reduction strikes and asymmetric strikes, fight against the enemy’s routines, target the enemy’s weaknesses, and leverage our military’s strengths to create new winning advantages by “attacking the incapable with the capable.”

Adhering to the principle of accumulating small victories into a major victory, and being adept at concentrating forces to fight annihilation wars. During the revolutionary war, our army was long in a position of overall disadvantage. Accumulating small victories against stronger enemies in local areas was a key strategy for defeating powerful adversaries. Compared to the past, modern warfare often unfolds in multiple dimensions and domains, providing a much broader space for implementing the strategy of “accumulating small victories into a major victory.” Developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war requires strengthening the concept of “dispersed in appearance but united in spirit, scattered in form but combined in strength.” It involves dynamically concentrating and uniting various combat forces distributed across multiple battlefields, and through effective integration and timely concentration of superior forces, carrying out rapid localized concentrated attacks and wide-area guerrilla harassment, and launching annihilation and destructive strikes against key enemy positions. This has both a heavy-hitting effect and can continuously deplete the enemy, causing the opponent to gradually lose the initiative on the battlefield.

Upholding the principle that the people are the foundation of victory, we must consolidate and enhance the integrated national strategic system and capabilities. The people are the backbone of the army’s victories. From its inception, our Party has viewed revolutionary war as a struggle of the masses, emphasizing that only by mobilizing and relying on the masses can war be waged. It has created a complete set of strategies and tactics for people’s war, which is the key to the People’s Army’s invincibility. The confrontation under informationized and intelligent conditions is even more clearly manifested as a systemic confrontation based on the overall strength of the nation. To develop the strategy and tactics of people’s war, we must continuously consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities, exert comprehensive efforts in multiple dimensions such as politics, military, economy, culture, and diplomacy, and build a powerful war capability and war potential that can achieve both strategic swift victory and strategic protracted war, thus trapping the enemy in the vast ocean of people’s war.

Vigorously promote the development and innovation of the people’s war strategy and tactics in the new era.

In the new era, the connotation of the people’s war strategy and tactics has undergone great changes. We must strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the Party, strengthen the practice of the fundamental purpose, strengthen the driving force of scientific and technological innovation, and strengthen simulation exercises and tests in order to gather the driving force for innovative development.

Strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the Party to harness the immense power of the people’s war strategy and tactics. The Party’s leadership is the greatest advantage of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and a crucial guarantee for the realization and implementation of the people’s war strategy and tactics. We must uphold the Party’s leadership and mobilize and organize the masses as a whole. We should actively explore people’s war strategies and tactics in areas such as financial warfare, cyber warfare, and knowledge domain warfare. We should organize the masses to conduct intelligence warfare, harassment warfare, and ambush warfare as needed to flexibly contain and deplete the enemy.

Strengthening the practice of our fundamental purpose is crucial for consolidating the foundation for the strategic and tactical development of people’s war. The secret to the victory of people’s war lies in its sincere commitment to serving the interests of the masses, which has won the trust and support of the broad masses. Serving the people wholeheartedly is the fundamental purpose of our army and the strategic foundation for the development of the strategic and tactical development of people’s war in the new era. The People’s Army must firmly stand on the people’s position, always adhere to the principle of putting the people first, rely closely on the people, continuously benefit the people, firmly root itself in the people, and forever maintain the nature, purpose, and true character of the people’s army.

Strengthening technological innovation will enhance the driving force for the development of people’s war strategy and tactics. With the entry of high-tech fields such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, and quantum technology into the military field, the technological content of warfare has undergone a qualitative leap. It is imperative to innovate and develop people’s war strategy and tactics supported by information and intelligent technologies, continuously promote the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligentization, and innovate and create “keys” to “strike the unseen with the capable,” making “intelligent victory” the main characteristic of people’s war strategy and tactics in the new era, and forming a new era of people’s war strategy and tactics with contemporary, leading, and unique characteristics.

Strengthening simulation exercises and testing will enhance the effectiveness of developing people’s war strategies and tactics. In the information age, virtual reality technology can be used to create highly realistic and immersive virtual scenarios based on actual battlefield environments and mission backgrounds. Soldiers can “experience” war multiple times in virtual reality before the war begins, enhancing their understanding of real battlefield aspects such as equipment performance, enemy and friendly forces, and the pace of war. This provides a platform for testing the correctness of strategies and tactics. The development of people’s war strategies and tactics should particularly emphasize the use of simulations, exercises, and other pre-war practice methods to conduct qualitative and quantitative analyses, and further refine them in practice.

現代國語：

在向中共二十大作的報告中，習近平主席明確指出，要發展人民戰爭戰略戰術。回顧中國人民解放軍建立強軍、取得勝利的光輝歷史，始終貫穿著一個核心主題：堅持黨的領導，提出並貫徹一套完整的人民戰爭戰略戰術。為了贏得未來的戰爭，我們必須密切關注技術、戰爭方式和對手的變化，繼續傳承和發揚軍隊的優良傳統，發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，讓這強大的武器在現代戰場上發揮威力。

人民戰爭戰略戰術一直是軍隊戰勝敵人的重要法寶。

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，不僅是對軍隊戰勝敵人內在規律的深刻理解，也是建立強國強軍的遠見。它對按期實現建軍百年目標、加速將中國人民軍隊建設成為世界一流軍隊具有重要的戰略價值。

人民戰爭的戰略戰術是馬克思主義戰爭藝術指導的集中體現。馬克思主義認為，群眾是歷史的創造者，也是歷史進步的決定性力量。基於這個基本觀點和立場，人民戰爭的戰略戰術深刻闡釋了人民戰爭的基本原則，例如人民是勝利的基礎，戰爭勝負的決定因素是人民而不是物，以及組織、動員和武裝廣大人民群眾的必要性。我們的軍隊誕生於戰爭的烈火之中。面對極其殘酷的客觀條件，以毛澤東同志為代表的中國共產黨人堅持將馬克思主義人民戰爭的基本原則與中國革命戰爭的現實相結合，形成了靈活機動的人民戰爭戰略戰術。其精髓在於“你走你的路，我走我的路”，旨在發揮各自優勢，縮小各自劣勢，並奪取和保持戰爭的主動權。這體現了馬克思主義戰爭指導的藝術，閃耀著科學、以人為本、務實、開放的真理光輝。

人民戰爭的戰略戰術是黨領導一切軍事鬥爭的致勝法寶。自人民軍成立以來，我們黨根據敵我實力懸​​殊的嚴峻現實，建立了一套完整的人民戰爭戰略戰術。從紅軍時期的“十六字方針”，到抗日戰爭時期的“持久戰”，從解放戰爭時期的“十大軍事原則”，到抗美援朝戰爭時期的“蠶食”戰術，再到新中國成立後對軍事戰略方針的不斷調整，都體現了這一戰略戰術的精髓。人民軍隊從戰爭中汲取經驗，透過實踐探索戰爭規律，並及時堅持和發展這項勝利之道。戰爭年代，它創造了一個又一個以少勝多的戰爭奇蹟；和平時期，它堅決捍衛國家主權、安全和領土完整，在世界軍事史上譜寫了戰爭指揮藝術不斷創新的光輝篇章。

積極發展人民戰爭戰略戰術是全面建立世界一流軍隊的內在要求。 「國家大事取決於軍隊的勝利。」歸根結底，衡量一支軍隊是否世界一流的標準是其軍事實力。人民戰爭戰略戰術不僅是我國軍隊勝利的關鍵，也是軍隊發展壯大的道路。為加速建立世界一流軍隊，建構強大的戰略威懾體系，我們必須堅持和發展這一獨特優勢，加強對對手和敵情的研究，主動了解現代戰爭的特徵、規律和製勝機制，與時俱進地創新人民戰爭戰略戰術，堅決靈活地開展軍事鬥爭，充分發揮軍隊在塑造安全形勢、賦予危機、打贏戰略戰術中的戰略使命，開展軍事鬥爭，充分發揮軍隊在塑造安全形勢、賦予危機、打贏局部戰略戰術

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術是我們軍隊贏得未來戰爭的必然選擇。儘管戰爭形式日新月異，但戰爭的本質不變，戰爭力量最深層源自於人民這一基本法則也依然不變。我們未來將面臨的戰爭，主要維持在國家主權、安全和發展利益的戰爭。這些戰爭符合全體中國人民的根本利益，是順應時代潮流的正當行動，也必將繼續得到廣大人民群眾和世界人民的支持。堅持發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，無疑將成為我國軍隊贏得未來戰爭、制衡強大敵人的重要道路和必然選擇。

科學掌握人民戰爭戰略戰術發展的當代意義。

人民戰爭戰略戰術是鮮活的理論與實踐，而非僵化的教條。它必須積極適應時代需求，注入新的當代內涵，才能維持其強大的生命力。

堅持正義戰爭，建立最廣泛的統一戰線，打政治軍事鬥爭至關重要。強調戰爭的政治指導，鞏固勝利的政治基礎，是黨取得戰爭勝利的根本經驗，也是人民戰爭戰略戰術的核心精髓。在當今時代，軍事與政治的連結比以往任何時候都更加緊密，戰略相關性和一體化程度日益提高，政治因素對戰爭的影響和限制也日益突出。發展人民戰爭的戰略戰術，需要始終堅持黨中央在統籌規劃、動員、團結、組織最廣泛的群眾參與和支持戰爭中的作用；要加強政治組織功能，提高全黨、全軍、全國人民應對和贏得戰爭的思想、組織和意志準備；加強政治、外交和國際輿論論以及法律鬥爭，形成支持正義戰爭的最廣泛打擊正義戰爭的最廣泛和國際輿論全權鬥爭以及法律鬥爭，形成支持正義戰爭的最廣泛和民主主義戰爭的最廣泛和軍事進攻和統一鬥爭。

堅持積極防禦，強調主動性，重視進攻作戰。積極防禦是人民戰爭的產物，實施積極防禦是人民戰爭戰略戰術的基本要求。未來戰爭的進程將加快，戰略目標可能在一次戰鬥或一次交鋒中實現；往往第一場戰鬥就是決定性的一戰。發展人民戰爭的戰略戰術，必須堅持防禦、反攻和進攻有機結合，在戰略層面更重視內外的反攻。戰爭初期，必須全面運用精銳作戰力量，進行聯合、堅決、猛烈的戰略反攻，形成高壓反攻態勢，最大限度地打擊敵人，使其膽寒，實現以攻輔防、後發先攻、速戰速決、儘早遏制、最終贏得戰爭的戰略目標。

堅持非對稱制衡──你走你的路，我走我的路──以能打的打不能打的，是人民戰爭戰略戰術的靈魂和精髓。這是對戰爭規律和戰爭指導規律的高度概括和生動描述，揭示了以劣勢裝備戰勝裝備優勢敵人的戰爭指導規律和方法，從而將靈活機動的戰略戰術提升到一個新的水平。與過去相比，現代戰爭體系龐大且節點眾多，存在諸多脆弱的“阿喀琉斯之踵”，這為實施“以能打之，以不能打之”提供了契機。要發展人民戰爭的戰略戰術，必須遵循現代戰爭的製勝機制，充分認識資訊化、智慧化戰爭的固有弱點，深入研究對手的弱點和致命缺陷，創新核心作戰理念，加快發展新領域、新質量的作戰能力和手段，完善維度削減打擊、非對稱打擊等戰術，對抗敵人的慣性運動，針對敵人的弱點，思維我軍優勢。人民戰爭的優勢在於“以強攻弱”，即透過“以強攻弱”來創造新的致勝優勢。

堅持小勝積大勝的原則，善於集中兵力進行殲滅戰。革命戰爭時期，我軍長期處於整體劣勢，在局部地區對付強敵，累積小勝是戰勝強敵的關鍵戰略。與過去相比，現代戰爭往往在多個維度和領域展開，為「以強攻弱」戰略的實施提供了更廣闊的空間。發展人民戰爭的戰略戰術，需要強化「表裡不一，心意相通，形式分散，力量匯聚」的概念。它指的是動態地集中和統籌分散在多個戰場上的各種作戰力量，透過有效整合和及時集中優勢兵力，實施快速局部集中攻擊和廣域遊擊騷擾，對敵方關鍵陣地進行殲滅性打擊。這既能產生重創效果，又能持續消耗敵軍力量，使敵方逐漸喪失戰場主動權。

堅持人民是勝利的基礎這項原則，必須鞏固和強化國家整合戰略體系和能力。人民是軍隊勝利的脊梁。我們黨從成立之初就把革命戰爭看作是群眾的鬥爭，強調只有動員和依賴群眾才能打贏戰爭。它形成了一套完整的人民戰爭戰略戰術，這是人民軍隊不可戰勝的關鍵。在資訊化、智慧化條件下的對抗，更清楚地展現為一場基於國家整體實力的系統性對抗。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，必須不斷鞏固和完善國家一體化戰略體系和能力，在政治、軍事、經濟、文化、外交等多方面全面推進，建構能夠實現戰略速勝和戰略持久戰的強大戰爭能力和戰爭潛力，將敵人困於人民戰爭的汪洋大海之中。

大力推動新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術的發展與創新。

新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術的內涵發生了巨大變化。必須加強黨的集中統一領導，強化根本宗旨的實踐，增強科技創新的驅動力，加強模擬演練與測試，凝聚創新發展的驅動力。

加強黨的集中統一領導，充分發揮人民戰爭戰略戰術的巨大力量。黨的領導是中國特色社會主義制度的最大優勢，也是人民戰爭戰略戰術實現和實施的關鍵保障。我們必須堅持黨的領導，動員和組織全體群眾。要積極探索金融戰、網路戰、知識領域戰等領域的人民戰爭戰略戰術，組織群眾根據需要進行情報戰、騷擾戰、伏擊戰，靈活遏制和消耗敵人。

強化根本宗旨的實踐，是夯實人民戰爭戰略戰術發展基礎的關鍵。人民戰爭勝利的秘訣在於它真誠地為群眾利益服務，贏得了廣大群眾的信任和支持。全心全意為人民服務，是我們軍隊的根本宗旨，也是新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術發展的戰略基礎。人民軍隊必須堅定地站在人民的立場上，始終堅持人民至上、依靠人民、持續造福人民、紮根人民，永遠保持人民軍隊的性質、宗旨和真正特色。

加強技術創新將增強人民戰爭戰略戰術發展的驅動力。隨著人工智慧、大數據、區塊鏈、量子技術等高科技領域進入軍事領域，戰爭的技術內涵發生了質的飛躍。必須以資訊科技為支撐，創新發展人民戰爭戰略戰術。運用資訊科技和智慧技術，不斷推進機械化、資訊化、智慧化的融合發展，創新打造“以能製能打”的“關鍵”，使“智慧取勝”成為新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術的主要特徵，形成具有時代性、領先性和獨特性的新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術。

加強模擬演練和測試，將提升人民戰爭戰略戰術發展的效能。在資訊時代，可以利用虛擬實境技術，基於實際戰場環境和任務背景，創造高度逼真、沉浸式的虛擬場景。士兵可以在戰前透過虛擬實境技術多次「體驗」戰爭，加深對裝備性能、敵我兵力、戰爭節奏等真實戰場情況的理解。這為檢驗戰略戰術的正確性提供了平台。人民戰爭戰略戰術的發展，尤其要重視運用模擬、演習等戰前實踐方法進行定性與定量分析，並在實務上進一步完善。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4892860856.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #mosaic #warfare, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Combat Planning, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare

The Intrinsic Evolution of the Winning Mechanisms in Chinese Military Joint Operations

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中國軍事聯合作戰中獲勝機制的內在演變

現代英語:

Joint operations, as a fundamental form of modern warfare, have evolved in their winning mechanisms along with advancements in military technology and changes in the nature of warfare. From the coordinated formations of the cold weapon era to the combined arms operations of infantry and artillery in the era of firearms, from joint operations of various services and branches in the era of mechanized warfare to multi-domain joint operations in the era of informationized warfare, each military revolution has brought about fundamental changes in the winning mechanisms of warfare.

Currently, emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things are driving the evolution of warfare towards informatization and intelligence at an unprecedented pace. The connotation and extension of joint operations are constantly expanding, and the mechanisms of victory are also showing a series of new development trends. In-depth research into the development trends of the mechanisms of victory in joint operations, based on a multi-perspective analysis framework, systematically exploring the historical evolution and future development direction of these mechanisms from five dimensions—operation time, operation space, operation force, operation actions, and operation command and control—is of vital importance for accurately grasping the changes in future warfare, scientifically establishing the direction of military force development, and effectively enhancing joint operations capabilities.

From a combat time perspective: the strategy has evolved from step-by-step progression to instantaneous enemy destruction.

Time is one of the fundamental elements of war, and the art of utilizing operational time is key to victory in joint operations. In the era of mechanized warfare, limited by intelligence gathering methods, command and control capabilities, and weapon performance, joint operational operations are typically organized and implemented under strict time constraints, unfolding sequentially in stages: reconnaissance and early warning, fire preparation, forward breakthrough, deep attack, and fortification. Each branch of the armed forces carries out its operational mission according to a predetermined plan at each stage. This operational model results in a relatively slow pace of combat and inefficient use of time, often requiring several days or even months to complete a single operational phase. With the development of information technology and precision-guided weapons, the time-dimensional winning mechanism of modern joint operations is shifting towards “instantaneous enemy destruction.” The pace of combat operations has accelerated significantly, and the division of combat phases has become increasingly blurred. The traditional step-by-step approach is gradually being replaced by “instantaneous” warfare characterized by real-time perception, real-time decision-making, and real-time action. Real-time information sharing and rapid flow have drastically shortened the combat command and decision-making cycle, achieving the “detect and destroy” combat effect. The widespread application of precision-guided weapons has greatly improved the speed and accuracy of firepower strikes, enabling combat forces to carry out devastating strikes against key targets in an instant. In the future, with the development and application of artificial intelligence technology, the speed of combat decision-making and action will be further improved, and the instantaneous nature of joint operations will become more prominent.

From the perspective of operational space: expanding from the tangible battlefield to the intangible space

The operational space is the arena for joint combat forces, and its constantly evolving form and scope directly influence the mechanisms of victory in joint operations. In industrial-era warfare, the operational space was primarily confined to tangible physical spaces such as land, sea, and air. Operations mainly revolved around seizing and controlling key geographical points, transportation lines, and strategic locations, and the deployment of combat forces and the evaluation of operational effectiveness were also primarily based on the tangible spatial scope. Entering the information age, the operational space is undergoing revolutionary changes. In addition to the traditional tangible physical spaces of land, sea, air, and space, intangible spaces such as information space, cyberspace, and psychological space are increasingly becoming important battlefields for joint operations, even determining the outcome of combat to some extent. The struggle for information space has become a primary aspect of joint operations, the battle in cyberspace is intensifying, and the psychological warfare is constantly evolving. The battlefield of modern joint operations is characterized by a fusion of tangible and intangible spaces, and an equal emphasis on the physical and information domains. In the future, with the development of emerging technologies such as quantum technology, biotechnology, and artificial intelligence, the space for joint operations will further expand, potentially giving rise to new operational domains such as quantum space and biological space. The mechanisms for winning in joint operations will also undergo profound changes.

From the perspective of combat power: a shift from human-machine integration to human-machine collaboration.

Combat forces are the material foundation of joint operations, and their composition and deployment directly affect the outcome of such operations. In the era of mechanized warfare, the composition of joint combat forces was primarily a human-equipment integration model, with personnel as the main body and weapons and equipment as the tools. The effectiveness of combat forces depended mainly on the number and quality of personnel, the performance and quantity of weapons and equipment, and the degree of integration between personnel and equipment. Armies around the world emphasize improving the level of personnel-equipment integration through rigorous training to fully leverage the combat effectiveness of weapons and equipment. With the development of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and big data, the composition and deployment of modern joint combat forces are undergoing profound changes, and human-machine collaboration is becoming a new logic for winning joint combat operations. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned ships, unmanned combat vehicles, and unmanned underwater vehicles have become an important component of joint combat forces. They are capable of performing reconnaissance, surveillance, strike, and interference missions in high-risk environments, significantly improving the survivability and combat effectiveness of combat forces. The application of artificial intelligence technology has also endowed weaponry with a certain degree of autonomous action, enabling them to autonomously collaborate with humans to complete complex tasks. Machine intelligence has not only changed the composition of combat forces but also their operational methods. In the future, with the continuous advancement of human-machine integration technology, the boundaries between humans and machines will become increasingly blurred, and human-machine collaboration will reach an even higher level.

From a combat operations perspective: The shift from segmented cooperation to cross-domain integration.

Joint operations are the concrete practice of joint warfare, and their organizational form and implementation methods directly affect the overall effectiveness of joint operations. In traditional joint operations, limited by command and control capabilities and coordination mechanisms between various services and branches, forces from each service and branch can only carry out missions within their respective operational domains and conduct limited cooperation through pre-established coordination plans. This domain-specific cooperation model is prone to problems such as coordination failures and operational disconnects. In the information age, with the improvement of all-domain awareness capabilities and the refinement of command and control methods, joint operations are gradually developing towards cross-domain integration. Cross-domain integration emphasizes breaking down the boundaries between different operational domains, achieving seamless connection and deep integration of operational forces across multiple domains such as land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, and cyberspace, forming a coordinated overall operational effect. Operational forces in each domain can share battlefield information in real time, dynamically adjust operational actions, rapidly transcend geographical and domain boundaries, and conduct operations simultaneously in multiple domains. Through the integration and sharing of multi-domain information, a high degree of coordination and precise cooperation in operational actions across domains is achieved, forming a synergistic and effective overall operational effect. In the future, with the continuous development of information technology, the degree of cross-domain integration in joint operations will further deepen, becoming a key to victory in joint operations.

From the perspective of combat command and control: Evolution from central radiation to flexible periphery

Operational command and control is the “brain” and “nerve center” of joint operations; its mode selection and effectiveness directly determine the success or failure of joint operations. In the era of mechanized warfare, due to limited command and control technology, joint operational command and control typically adopted a centralized, hierarchical, tree-like organizational model. This model, centered on the highest command organization, implements operational command and control by transmitting orders downwards and feeding back information upwards, possessing significant advantages in centralized and unified action. However, it also suffers from drawbacks such as multiple command levels, slow information transmission, and poor responsiveness. With the development of information network technology and artificial intelligence technology, modern joint operational command and control is evolving towards greater flexibility. A modular and reconfigurable command structure enables the entire combat system to flexibly adjust command relationships and processes according to changes in combat missions and battlefield environments. While maintaining a centralized and unified strategic intent, it grants greater autonomy to tactical nodes at the system’s periphery, thereby enhancing the system’s flexibility and responsiveness, and better adapting to the rapidly changing challenges of future battlefields. In the future, with the development of technologies such as brain-computer interfaces and quantum communication, the real-time nature, accuracy, and flexibility of joint operations command and control will reach new heights.

In conclusion, with the development of emerging technologies such as information technology and artificial intelligence and their widespread application in the military field, the form of joint operations is undergoing continuous evolution, and the mechanisms for winning joint operations are also undergoing profound changes. This not only reshapes traditional operational concepts and methods but also poses new and higher requirements for the development of future joint operational capabilities. Therefore, we must maintain strategic clarity and innovative vitality, closely monitor global military development trends, conduct in-depth research on the mechanisms for winning joint operations, and continuously promote innovation in joint operational theory and practice to lay a solid foundation for winning informationized and intelligent warfare.

現代國語：

把握聯合作戰制勝機理內在演進

■李玉焱 楊飛龍 李忠智

寫在前面

聯合作戰作為現代戰爭的基本作戰形式，其制勝機理隨著軍事技術的進步和戰爭形態的演變而不斷發展。從冷兵器時代的方陣協同到熱兵器時代的步炮配合，從機械化戰爭時代的諸軍兵種合同作戰到信息化戰爭時代的多域聯合作戰，每一次軍事革命都帶來了作戰制勝機理的根本性變革。

當前，以人工智能、大數據、雲計算、物聯網等為代表的新興技術正以前所未有的速度推動戰爭形態向信息化智能化方向加速演進，聯合作戰的內涵和外延不斷拓展，制勝機理也呈現出一系列新的發展趨勢。深入研究聯合作戰制勝機理的發展趨勢，基於多視角分析框架，從作戰時間、作戰空間、作戰力量、作戰行動和作戰指控五個維度，系統探討聯合作戰制勝機理的歷史演進軌跡和未來發展方向，對於我們准確把握未來戰爭形態變化、科學確立軍事力量建設方向、有效提升聯合作戰能力，具有至關重要的意義。

從作戰時間視角看：由按階推進向瞬時破敵發展

時間是戰爭的基本要素之一，作戰時間的運用藝術是聯合作戰制勝的關鍵所在。在機械化戰爭時代，受限於情報獲取手段、指揮控制能力和武器裝備性能，聯合作戰行動組織實施通常遵循嚴格的時間限制，按照偵察預警、火力准備、前沿突破、縱深攻擊、鞏固防御的階段劃分依次展開，各軍兵種力量在各階段根據預定計劃遂行作戰任務。這種作戰模式下，作戰節奏相對緩慢，時間利用效率不高，往往需要數天甚至數月才能完成一個戰役階段。隨著信息技術和精確制導武器的發展，現代聯合作戰的時間維度制勝機理正在向“瞬時破敵”方向轉變。作戰行動節奏大大加快，作戰階段劃分日益模糊，傳統的按階推進模式逐漸被實時感知、實時決策、實時行動的“秒殺”式作戰所取代。信息的實時共享和快速流動使得作戰指揮決策周期大幅縮短，實現了“發現即摧毀”的作戰效果。精確制導武器的廣泛應用大大提高了火力打擊的速度和精度，使得作戰力量能夠在瞬間對關鍵目標實施毀滅性打擊。未來，隨著人工智能技術的發展和應用，作戰決策和行動的速度將進一步提升，聯合作戰的瞬時性特征將更加凸顯。

從作戰空間視角看：由有形戰場向無形空間拓展

作戰空間是聯合作戰力量活動的舞台，其形態和范圍的不斷變化直接影響著聯合作戰的制勝機理。在工業時代的戰爭中，聯合作戰的空間主要局限於陸地、海洋和空中等有形物理空間。作戰行動主要圍繞著奪取和控制地理要點、交通線和戰略要地展開，作戰力量的運用和作戰效果的評估也主要基於有形空間范圍。進入信息化時代，聯合作戰空間正在發生革命性變化，除了傳統的陸、海、空、天等有形物理空間外，信息空間、網電空間、心理空間等無形空間日益成為聯合作戰的重要戰場，甚至在某種程度上決定著作戰的勝負。信息空間的爭奪已成為聯合作戰的首要環節，網電空間的斗爭也日趨激烈，心理空間的較量更是層出不窮，現代聯合作戰的戰場空間已經呈現出“有形空間與無形空間交融、物理域與信息域並重”的鮮明特征。未來，隨著量子技術、生物技術、人工智能等新興技術的發展，聯合作戰空間還將進一步拓展，可能會出現量子空間、生物空間等新的作戰領域，聯合作戰的制勝機理也將隨之發生更深層次的變革。

從作戰力量視角看：由人裝結合向人機協作轉變

作戰力量是聯合作戰的物質基礎，其構成和運用方式直接關系到聯合作戰的勝負。在機械化戰爭時代，聯合作戰力量的構成主要是以人員為主體、以武器裝備為工具的人裝結合模式，作戰力量的效能主要取決於人員的數量、素質和武器裝備的性能、數量，以及人與裝備的結合程度。各國軍隊都強調通過嚴格的訓練提高人與裝備的結合水平，以充分發揮武器裝備的作戰效能。隨著人工智能、機器人技術、大數據等新興技術的發展，現代聯合作戰力量的構成和運用方式正在發生深刻變化，人機協作正成為聯合作戰力量制勝的新邏輯。無人機、無人艦艇、無人戰車、無人潛航器等無人裝備已經成為聯合作戰力量的重要組成部分，它們能夠在高危環境下遂行偵察、監視、打擊、干擾等任務，大大提高了作戰力量的生存能力和作戰效能。人工智能技術的應用也使得武器裝備具備了一定的自主行動能力，能夠與人自主協同完成復雜任務，機器智能不僅改變了作戰力量的構成形式，也改變了其運用方式。未來，隨著人機融合技術的持續進步，人與機器的界限會日益模糊，人機協作也將達到更高水平。

從作戰行動視角看：由分域配合向跨域融合深化

作戰行動是聯合作戰的具體實踐，其組織形式和實施方式將直接影響聯合作戰的整體效能。在傳統的聯合作戰中，受限於指揮控制能力和各軍兵種之間的協同機制，各軍兵種力量僅能在各自作戰領域內遂行任務，並通過預先制定的協同計劃進行有限的配合。這種分域配合的模式很容易出現協同失調、行動脫節等問題。進入信息時代，隨著全域感知能力的提升和指揮控制手段的完善，聯合作戰行動正逐步向跨域融合的方向發展。跨域融合強調打破各作戰領域之間的界限，實現作戰力量在陸、海、空、天、電、網等多域空間的無縫銜接和深度融合，形成整體聯動的作戰效果。各域作戰力量能夠實時共享戰場信息，動態調整作戰行動，快速跨越地理空間和領域界限，在多個域內同時展開行動，通過多域信息的融合共享，實現各域作戰行動的高度協同和精確配合，形成疊加增效的整體作戰效果。未來，隨著信息技術的不斷發展，聯合作戰行動的跨域融合程度將進一步加深，成為聯合作戰制勝的關鍵所在。

從作戰指控視角看：由中央輻射向彈性邊緣演進

作戰指揮控制是聯合作戰的“大腦”和“神經中樞”，其模式選擇和效能發揮將直接決定聯合作戰行動的成敗。在機械化戰爭時代，由於指控技術手段有限，聯合作戰指控通常采取中央輻射、層級樹狀的組織模式。這種模式以最高指揮機構為中心，通過逐級向下傳遞命令和向上反饋信息的方式實施作戰指揮控制，具有行動集中統一的顯著優勢，但也存在指揮層級多、信息傳遞慢、應變能力差等不足。隨著信息網絡技術和人工智能技術的發展，現代聯合作戰指控正在向彈性邊緣的方向發展演變。模塊化、可重組的指揮體系結構，使整個作戰體系能夠根據作戰任務和戰場環境的變化，靈活調整指揮關系和指揮流程，在保持戰略意圖集中統一的前提下，賦予體系邊緣的戰術節點更大的自主決策權，進而提高了作戰體系的靈活性和應變能力，能夠更好地適應未來戰場局勢瞬息萬變的挑戰。未來，隨著腦機接口、量子通信等技術的發展，聯合作戰指控的實時性、准確性和靈活性還將達到新的高度。

總之，隨著信息技術、人工智能等新興技術的發展及其在軍事領域的廣泛應用，聯合作戰形態正在發生持續演變，聯合作戰制勝機理也隨之發生深刻變革。這不僅重塑了傳統的作戰理念和作戰方式，也對未來聯合作戰能力建設提出了新的更高要求。對此，我們必須保持戰略清醒和創新活力，密切關注世界軍事發展趨勢，深入研究聯合作戰制勝機理，不斷推動聯合作戰理論和實踐創新，為打贏信息化智能化戰爭奠定堅實基礎。

中國原創軍事資源：

http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16848385973.html

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Analyzing the Chinese Military New Changes in Winning Methods of Intelligent Warfare

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分析中國軍隊在情報戰制勝方式上的新變化

現代英語：

From war of attrition to war of dissipation—

Analyzing the New Changes in the Winning Methods of Intelligent Warfare

President Xi Jinping pointed out that the core of studying combat issues is to understand the characteristics, laws, and winning mechanisms of modern warfare. From the clash of bronze swords to the roar of tank engines and the saturation attack of unmanned “swarms,” ​​each leap in the form of warfare has profoundly changed the way wars are won. In the long era of cold weapons, firearms, and mechanized warfare, wars of attrition were waged by offsetting the deficit of national wealth and resources to exhaust the opponent’s will to resist. However, the new military revolution, led by the information technology revolution and accelerating towards the intelligent era, is pushing the way wars are won to a completely new dimension—wars of attrition. This transforms the traditional method of warfare, which is mainly based on the consumption of materials and energy, into a comprehensive method of warfare that integrates the consumption of materials, the offsetting of energy, and information confrontation.

The war of attrition is an ironclad rule of traditional warfare.

In the long period before and during the industrial age, wars were primarily based on the struggle for material and energy resources, and the balance of power often tilted toward the side that could withstand greater material and energy losses.

War of attrition is a primary method of victory in traditional warfare. In cold weapon warfare, the focus of confrontation lies in the number of troops, physical endurance, metal weapons, and food reserves. Victory often depends on who has a larger troop size and a stronger logistical chain. For example, the siege warfare commonly seen in ancient times was essentially a war of attrition between the defender’s material reserves and the attacker’s manpower and equipment. In firearms warfare, the use of gunpowder did not reduce the attrition of war; on the contrary, it pushed it to new heights. The dense charges of line infantry in the Napoleonic Wars and the brutal trench warfare of the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme in World War I all exemplify the essence of war of attrition: “trading space for steel and flesh.” In mechanized warfare, the advent of platforms such as tanks, airplanes, and aircraft carriers pushed the scale of material and energy consumption to its peak. In World War II, the Battle of Kursk on the Eastern Front and the brutal Battle of Iwo Jima in the Pacific were the ultimate clash between national industrial capacity and the military’s ability to withstand casualties.

The war of attrition is essentially a contest of material and energy resources. It’s a contest of size and reserves, involving static or slowly accumulating factors such as population size, resource reserves, industrial capacity, and troop strength. Its primary objective is to destroy the enemy’s manpower, war materials, and deprive them of territory and resources; in essence, it’s a contest of material and energy resources between the opposing sides. Clausewitz’s assertion that “war is an act of violence that compels the enemy to submit to our will” is based on the underlying logic of violent attrition. The winning mechanism of a war of attrition is that victory belongs to the side that can more sustainably convert material resources into battlefield lethality and can withstand greater losses.

The war of attrition has revealed significant historical limitations in practice. From the long-term experience of traditional warfare, the fundamental limitations of attrition warfare manifest in the enormous loss of life and material wealth, the prohibitively high costs to society, and the waste of vast amounts of energy and resources on non-critical targets, indiscriminate artillery bombardment, and large-scale but inefficient assaults. When the strength of both sides is nearly equal and their will is firm, the outcome is difficult to predict, leading to repeated back-and-forth battles and easily resulting in a protracted quagmire like that of the Western Front in World War I. Faced with increasingly networked and information-based modern warfare systems, the attrition model relying on large-scale firepower coverage is insufficient for accurately striking the opponent’s key nodes and functional connections, resulting in diminishing returns.

The information technology revolution gave rise to the prototype of dissipation warfare

The information technology revolution in the second half of the 20th century injected disruptive variables into the form of warfare. Information began to surpass matter and energy, becoming the core element of victory, and information warfare took center stage in history.

The focus of information warfare has shifted. The Gulf War is considered a milestone in information warfare, where multinational forces, leveraging reconnaissance aircraft, early warning aircraft, electronic warfare systems, precision-guided weapons, and C4ISR systems, achieved overwhelming information superiority, realizing “one-way transparency” on the battlefield. The focus of this war was no longer on completely annihilating the opponent’s massive ground forces, but rather on systematically destroying their command and control systems, air defense systems, communication hubs, and logistical supply lines, leading to the rapid collapse of the opponent’s overall combat capability and plunging them into a chaotic state of disorganized warfare and command failure. This marks the beginning of a shift in the focus of warfare from “hard destruction” in the physical domain to “system disruption” and functional paralysis in the information domain.

The methods of winning in information warfare are changing. Information warfare alters the way and objectives of material and energy utilization through information superiority. The winning strategy is no longer simply about “consuming” the opponent’s materials and energy, but rather about guiding the flow of materials and energy through efficient information flow, precisely targeting the “critical chains” of the enemy’s operational system. This aims to achieve maximum chaos, disorder, functional collapse, and overall effectiveness reduction in the enemy system with minimal material and energy input. Therefore, information warfare is beginning to pursue “entropy increase,” or increased disorder, in the enemy’s operational system, causing it to move from order to disorder. This indicates that dissipative warfare, reflecting the complex systemic confrontation of intelligent warfare, is beginning to emerge.

Dissipation warfare is a typical form of intelligent warfare.

With the rapid development of intelligent technology and its widespread application in the military, intelligent warfare is becoming a new form of warfare after information warfare, and dissipation warfare is becoming a typical mode of intelligent warfare.

Dissipation warfare has adapted to the demands of the modern world security landscape. In the era of intelligent technology, technologies and applications such as broadband networks, big data, cloud computing, brain-computer interfaces, intelligent chips, and deep learning are rapidly developing. Connections between nations and ethnic groups are becoming more extensive, non-traditional security threats are emerging and intertwining with traditional security threats, the subjects and scope of intelligent warfare are constantly expanding, and the time and space of warfare are continuously extending. Warfare systems are shifting from relatively closed to more open, forming higher-level and broader-ranging confrontations. Dissipation warfare, a winning strategy in the intelligent era, is becoming increasingly prominent.

Dissipation warfare reflects the historical development of methods for winning wars. Dissipation warfare has always existed, but before the emergence of intelligent warfare, due to technological limitations, it remained in a relatively rudimentary and simple form, with combat primarily manifesting as a confrontation between one of the elements: matter, energy, or information. Cold weapon warfare was mainly characterized by a material-centric, human-centered confrontation; firearms and mechanized warfare were mainly characterized by an energy-centric, platform-centered confrontation; and information warfare was mainly characterized by an information-centric, network-based confrontation. In the intelligent era, intelligent technology highly unifies the cognitive, decision-making, and operational advantages in adversarial confrontation. Essentially, it unifies matter, energy, and information, forming an intelligent warfare form dominated by intelligent elements and centered on intelligent algorithms through intelligent empowerment, energy aggregation, energy drive, and energy release. Its typical form is dissipation warfare, reflecting the complex systemic confrontation of intelligent warfare.

Dissipation warfare embodies the resilience of complex warfare systems. From the perspective of its winning mechanism, to gain an advantage in a confrontation, it is necessary to construct a rapid “perception, decision-making, action, and assessment” dissipation warfare closed loop based on the principles of “negative entropy infusion, threshold identification, phase transition triggering, and victory control.” This continuously increases the enemy’s entropy value in a dynamic hybrid game, causing the enemy to lose its overall combat capability. From the perspective of its winning path, dissipation warfare emphasizes the comprehensive use of material attrition, energy counter-attack, and information confrontation. Internally, it “establishes order,” achieving logical concentration, immediate enrichment, complementary advantages, and integrated superiority to form comprehensive combat power. Externally, it “increases entropy” through the continuous operation of military, political, economic, technological, cultural, and diplomatic components until the accumulated effectiveness reaches a certain level, forming a “fluctuation,” achieving a sudden change in combat power and the emergence of system effectiveness. In terms of its basic characteristics, dissipative warfare is characterized by comprehensive confrontation and competition, multiple subjects across domains, complex and diverse forms, integrated and concentrated forces, and the cumulative emergence of effectiveness. The core of the confrontation has shifted from the destruction of the physical domain and the control of the information domain to a game of disrupting and maintaining the inherent “orderliness” of the complex system of intelligent warfare.

Dissipation warfare encompasses various forms of intelligent warfare. Beyond the traditional attrition warfare across land, sea, air, space, cyberspace, and electronic domains, it also includes forms of struggle employed by one or more nations against their adversaries in multiple social domains. These include political isolation and encirclement, economic and financial blockades, disruption of technological supply chains, cultural strategic exports, authoritative media campaigns to seize the initiative in discourse, creation of trending events to guide public perception, AI-assisted social media information cocoons, and the use of proxies to establish multilateral battlefields. The diverse forms of dissipation warfare allow it to be conducted both in wartime and peacetime. The principle of “victorious armies first secure victory and then seek battle,” as taught in Sun Tzu’s *Art of War*, takes on new meaning in the context of war preparations in the intelligent age.

The shift in winning strategies from war of attrition to war of dissipation

Dissipative warfare manifests itself in the comprehensive confrontation across multiple domains, including the physical and information domains, in the intelligent era. It embodies a high degree of unity among political contests, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflicts, and diplomatic checks and balances, reflecting the openness, complexity, and emergent nature of intelligent warfare systems.

The evolution from attrition warfare to dissipation warfare represents a comprehensive and profound transformation. The basis for victory has shifted from relying on resource reserves such as population, mineral deposits, and industrial bases to relying on information superiority, intelligent algorithm superiority, network structure superiority, and the ability to dynamically control energy and information flows. The target has shifted from focusing on destroying physical entities such as soldiers, tanks, and factories to focusing on dismantling the “function” and “order” of the war system. The pursuit of effectiveness has shifted from the absolute destruction and annihilation of manpower to the pursuit of highly efficient “asymmetric paralysis,” that is, inducing maximum chaos and incompetence in the enemy’s combat system at the lowest possible cost, aiming to “paralyze” rather than “destroy.” The focus of war has shifted from confrontation primarily in the physical domains of land, sea, and air to a comprehensive game involving multiple domains, including the physical and information domains. While confrontation in the physical domain still exists, it is often determined by advantages in higher-dimensional domains.

The evolution from attrition warfare to dissipation warfare reflects a shift in the decisive advantage. In the era of intelligent warfare, victory will no longer simply belong to the side with the largest steel army, but will inevitably belong to the side that can more efficiently “establish order” and “induce entropy”—that is, the side that can maintain a highly ordered and efficient operation of its own war system while precisely and intelligently dismantling the order of the enemy’s system, forcing it into irreversible “entropy increase” and chaos. To gain a decisive advantage in war, it is necessary to adapt to the openness, complexity, and emergent nature of intelligent warfare systems, shifting from the extensive consumption and application of single materials, energy, and information to using intelligent advantages to dominate the dissipation of the war system, striving to gain the initiative and advantage in comprehensive multi-domain competition.

The evolution from attrition warfare to dissipation warfare is an inevitable trend driven by the tide of technological revolution. Technology is the core combat capability and the most active and revolutionary factor in military development. Currently, intelligent technology is developing rapidly. Only by proactively embracing the wave of intelligence and firmly grasping the key to victory in the precise understanding, intelligent control, and efficient dissipation of the complex system of warfare can we remain invincible in the ever-changing landscape of future global competition and the profound transformation of warfare.

現代國語：

從消耗戰到耗散戰——

試析智能化戰爭制勝方式新變革

習主席指出，研究作戰問題，核心是要把現代戰爭的特點規律和制勝機理搞清楚。從青銅劍的碰撞到坦克發動機的轟鳴再到無人“蜂群”的飽和攻擊，戰爭形態的每一次躍遷都深刻改變著戰爭制勝方式。在漫長的冷兵器、熱兵器和機械化戰爭時代，消耗戰以國家財富資源的對沖抵消來耗盡對手的抵抗意志。然而，以信息技術革命為先導，並加速向智能化時代邁進的新軍事革命，正將戰爭制勝方式推向全新的維度——耗散戰，即將傳統的以物質、能量消耗為主，轉變為集物質對耗、能量對沖和信息對抗綜合一體的戰爭方式。

消耗戰是傳統戰爭形態的鐵律

在工業時代及其之前的漫長歲月裡，戰爭主要是基於物質與能量要素的對抗，勝負的天平往往向能夠承受更大物質與能量損耗的一方傾斜。

消耗戰是傳統戰爭形態的主要制勝方式。冷兵器戰爭，對抗重心在於兵員數量、體能耐力、金屬兵器與糧秣儲備的比拼，戰爭勝負往往取決於誰的兵員數量規模大，誰的後勤鏈條更牢固。如古代比較多見的圍城戰本質就是守城方物資儲備與攻城方兵力器械的消耗戰；熱兵器戰爭，火藥的運用並未削弱戰爭消耗，反而將其推至新高度。拿破侖戰爭線列步兵的密集沖鋒，第一次世界大戰的凡爾登、索姆河戰役戰壕對峙的殘酷絞殺，無不體現著“以鋼鐵和血肉換取空間”的消耗戰本質；機械化戰爭，坦克、飛機、航母等平台的登場，將物質與能量的消耗規模推向巔峰。第二次世界大戰中，蘇德戰場的庫爾斯克坦克大會戰、太平洋戰場慘烈的硫磺島爭奪戰，都是國家工業產能與軍隊承受傷亡能力的終極對撞。

消耗戰實質是基於物質與能量要素的比拼。消耗戰比拼的是體量和存量，是人口基數、資源儲備、工業產能、兵力規模等靜態或可緩慢累積的要素，主要目標是摧毀敵方有生力量、戰爭物資、剝奪其領土和資源，實質上是對抗雙方物質與能量要素的比拼。克勞塞維茨“戰爭是迫使敵人服從我們意志的一種暴力行為”的論斷，底層邏輯正是暴力消耗。消耗戰的制勝機理是：勝利屬於能更持久地將物質資源轉化為戰場殺傷力，並能承受更大損失的一方。

消耗戰在實踐中暴露出重大歷史局限性。從傳統戰爭的長期實踐看，消耗戰的根本局限性體現為巨大的生命、物質財富損失，社會難以承受的高昂成本，以及大量能量與資源被浪費在非關鍵目標或盲目炮擊、大規模但低效的沖鋒等無效對抗上。當對抗雙方實力接近且意志堅定時，勝負難分，反復拉鋸，極易陷入如第一次世界大戰西線戰場般的長期消耗泥潭。面對日益網絡化、信息化的現代作戰體系，依靠大規模火力覆蓋的消耗模式，難以精准打擊對手關鍵節點與功能連接，效果事倍功半。

信息技術革命催生耗散戰雛形

20世紀下半葉的信息技術革命，為戰爭形態注入了顛覆性變量，信息開始超越物質與能量，成為核心制勝要素，信息化戰爭形態登上歷史舞台。

信息化戰爭的重心發生轉移。海灣戰爭被視為信息化戰爭的裡程碑，多國部隊憑借偵察機、預警機、電子戰系統、精確制導武器和C4ISR系統，形成壓倒性信息優勢，實現了戰場“單向透明”。這場戰爭的重點不再是徹底殲滅對手龐大的地面部隊，而是轉向系統性摧毀其指揮控制系統、防空體系、通信樞紐和後勤補給線，導致對手整體作戰能力迅速瓦解，陷入各自為戰、指揮失靈的混亂狀態。這標志著戰爭重心開始從物理域的“硬摧毀”，向信息域的“體系破擊”和功能癱瘓轉移。

信息化戰爭的制勝方式發生變化。信息化戰爭通過信息優勢改變物質、能量運用的方式與目標。制勝方式不再是單純追求“消耗”對手的物質與能量，而是通過高效的信息流引導物質流與能量流，精確作用於敵作戰體系的“關鍵鏈”，以最小的物質與能量投入，達成敵方體系最大程度的混亂失序、功能瓦解和整體效能塌縮。由此可見，信息化戰爭開始追求敵方作戰體系的“熵增”即混亂度增加，使其從有序走向無序，表明反映智能化戰爭復雜體系對抗的耗散戰已經初露端倪。

耗散戰是智能化戰爭的典型方式

隨著智能化技術快速發展及其在軍事上的廣泛應用，智能化戰爭正成為信息化戰爭後的新戰爭形態，而耗散戰則成為智能化戰爭的典型方式。

耗散戰適應了世界安全形勢的時代要求。進入智能化時代，寬網絡、大數據、雲計算、腦機連接、智能芯片、深度學習等智能技術及其應用快速發展，各國家、民族之間的聯系更加廣泛，非傳統安全威脅興起並與傳統安全威脅交織，智能化戰爭主體和范疇不斷拓展，戰爭時間與空間不斷外延，戰爭體系從相對封閉走向更加開放，形成更高層次和更大范圍的對抗，耗散戰這一智能化時代的戰爭制勝方式日益凸顯。

耗散戰反映了戰爭制勝方式的歷史發展。耗散戰實際上始終存在，只不過在智能化戰爭形態出現之前，由於技術的制約，一直處於較為低級的形式和簡單狀態，戰爭對抗只能突出體現為物質、能量和信息某一種要素間的對抗。冷兵器戰爭主要表現為以物質要素為主導的以人體為中心的對抗，熱兵器和機械化戰爭主要表現為以能量要素為主導的以平台為中心的對抗，信息化戰爭主要表現為以信息要素為主導的以網絡信息體系為中心的對抗。進入智能時代，智能化技術將敵我對抗中的認知優勢、決策優勢和行動優勢高度統一起來，實質是將物質、能量和信息三者高度統一，通過以智賦能、以智聚能、以智驅能、以智釋能，形成了以智能要素為主導的、以智能算法為中心的智能化戰爭形態，其典型方式即為反映智能化戰爭復雜體系對抗的耗散戰。

耗散戰體現了戰爭復雜體系的韌性比拼。從制勝機理看，要取得對抗優勢，必須以“負熵灌注、閾值認定、相變觸發、勝勢控制”為基本原理，構建自身快速“感知、決策、行動、評估”耗散戰閉環，在動態混合博弈中持續增加敵方熵值，致敵喪失整體作戰能力。從制勝路徑看，耗散戰強調綜合運用物質對耗、能量對沖、信息對抗等形式，對內“制序”，達成邏輯集中、即時富聚，優勢互補、一體聚優，形成綜合戰力；對外“致熵”，通過軍事、政治、經濟、科技、文化、外交等組分系統持續發揮作用，至效能累積達到某一程度形成“漲落”，實現戰力突變和體系效能湧現。從基本特征看，耗散戰表現為對抗綜合博弈、主體跨域多元、形式復雜多樣、力量一體富聚、效能累積湧現，對抗的核心從物理域的摧毀、信息域的掌控，躍升為對智能化戰爭復雜體系內在“有序性”的破壞與維持的博弈。

耗散戰涵蓋了智能化戰爭的多種形式。除了戰爭對抗雙方在傳統的陸、海、空、天、網、電等空間的消耗對抗，耗散戰更包括了一國或者多國對作戰對手在多類社會域所采取的政治孤立圍困、經貿金融封鎖、科技產業斷鏈、文化戰略輸出、權威媒體造勢搶佔話語主動、制造熱點事件導控大眾認知、AI助力社交媒體編織信息繭房、利用代理人開設多邊戰場等斗爭形式。耗散戰的多樣化呈現形式使其在戰時和平時均可進行，《孫子兵法》講的“勝兵先勝而後求戰”，在智能化時代的戰爭准備中被賦予新的涵義。

從消耗戰到耗散戰的制勝方式之變

耗散戰表現在智能時代中物理域、信息域等多域的綜合對抗，體現出政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化沖突和外交制衡等形式的高度統一，反映了智能化戰爭體系所具有的開放性、復雜性和湧現性。

從消耗戰到耗散戰的演進是一次全方位深層次的變革。制勝基礎從依賴人口、礦藏、工業基礎等資源存量的比拼，轉向依賴信息優勢、智能算法優勢、網絡結構優勢以及對能量流、信息流的動態調控能力；作用對象從聚焦摧毀士兵、坦克、工廠等物質實體，轉向聚焦瓦解戰爭體系的“功能”與“有序性”；效能追求從對有生力量的絕對摧毀與殲滅，轉向追求高效能的“非對稱癱瘓”，即以己方最小代價，引發敵方作戰體系的最大混亂與失能，追求“打癱”而非“打爛”；戰爭重心從主要在陸地、海洋、天空等物理域的對抗，轉向物理域、信息域等多域的綜合博弈。物理域的對抗雖然依舊存在，但往往由更高維域的優勢所決定。

從消耗戰到耗散戰的演進反映了制勝優勢的變化。智能化戰爭時代，勝利將不再簡單歸屬於擁有最龐大鋼鐵洪流的一方，而必然歸屬於能更高效地“制序”與“致熵”的一方——即能夠維系己方戰爭體系高度有序、高效運轉，同時精准智能地瓦解敵方體系有序性，迫使其陷入不可逆“熵增”和混亂的一方。要贏得戰爭制勝優勢，必須適應智能化戰爭體系的開放性、復雜性和湧現性要求，從單一物質、能量和信息的粗放式消耗和運用轉變到以智能優勢主導戰爭體系的耗散，力爭在多領域的綜合博弈中贏得主動和優勢。

從消耗戰向耗散戰的演進是科技革命洪流裹挾下的必然趨勢。科技是核心戰斗力，是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。當前，智能化科技迅猛發展，只有主動擁抱智能化浪潮，將制勝之鑰牢牢掌握在對戰爭復雜體系有序性的精確認知、智能調控與高效耗散之中，才能在未來世界博弈的風雲變幻與戰爭方式的深刻變革中立於不敗之地。

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：王榮輝 責任編輯：王韻
2025-09-10 06:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/1640888718.html